Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Marathwada Mitra Mandal's College of Engineering

2026-05-08T04:13:17Z

Dentaltrendz: adding article - done

{{multiple issues|
{{COI|date=May 2018}}
{{lead rewrite|date=April 2026}}
{{cleanup higher education|date=May 2018}}
}}
{{Coord|18.490621|N|73.809553|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Marathwada Mitra Mandal's College of Engineering
| image = Mmcoe.jpg
| caption = Marathwada Mitra Mandal's College of Engineering
| motto = येथे बहुतांचे हित {{!}}
| established = 2006
| type = Private Engineering [[Co-ed]]
| principal = Dr. Sachin R. Sakhare
| head_label =
| head =
| students = 2000
| faculty = 200
| administrative_staff = 60
| city = [[Pune]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| address = Sr.No. 18, Plot No. 5/3, CTS No.205, Behind Vandevi Temple, Karvenagar, Pune - 411052
| sports =
| mascot =
| affiliation = [[Pune University]]<ref name="AutoHA-1">{{cite web|url=http://bcud.unipune.ac.in/utilities/college_search/CEGP012620_ENG/Pune_University_College|title=Marathwada Mitra Mandal's College of Engineering|website=bcud.unipune.ac.in|accessdate=13 February 2018}}</ref>
| website = http://www.mmcoe.edu.in
| mapframe = https://share.google/1dit7VqNixdQFkudn
}}
The trust '''''"[https://mminstitutes.in/page/143/about-trust Marathwada Mitra Mandal, Pune]"''''' was established in 1967 by Hon. Late Shri. Shankarraoji Chavan, Former Home Minister, Govt. of India as the "Founder President". The trust had started its activity with the objective of providing hostel or similar accommodation in Pune to the students. This trust is established through the inspiration of socially and educationally charged personalities, with motto "Yethe Bahutanche Hit" (Welfare of Masses).

It is centrally located in the heart of Karvenagar, Pune, recognized as the ''Best College'' by Savitribai Phule Pune University (SPPU). Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Engineering (MMCOE), Pune, stands as a prestigious institution committed to academic excellence and societal impact. Established in 2006, the institute upholds its motto, ''“Welfare of the Masses,”'' while delivering quality education aligned with Outcome-Based Education (OBE) and the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 .The institute is NAAC A++ and NBA accredited.

Mass education, co-education and dedication towards overall development of the region are the watchwords of the trust. At present the trust has four educational campuses at Deccan, Karvenagar, Lohagaon and Kalewadi.

The college located in [[Pune]], Karvenagar [[Maharashtra]]. The college offers Bachelors in Engineering (B.E) in the branch of Computer, Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication, Information Technology and Mechanical Engineering and Artificial Intelligence. The college also provides Masters in Business Management (MBA) and Computer Engineering.!.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmcoe.edu.in/|title=About Marathwada Mitra Mandal|publisher=Marathwada Mitra Mandal College}}</ref>

==Introduction==
MMCOE is affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University accredited with 'A' grade by NAAC<ref name="AutoHA-1"/> and recognized by DTE Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=6156 |title=:: Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra State, Mumbai :: |publisher=Dtemaharashtra.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2018-05-16}}</ref> and approved by AICTE New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/stfaculty/Maharastra/4.pdf |title=School listing |website=www.aicte-india.org }}</ref> MMCOE has been recognised as the BEST COLLEGE-2019 by SPPU. MMCOE is one feather in the cap of Marathwada Mitra Mandal Pune, from the academic year 2006 - 2007. It offers five engineering programmes (Computer, Electrical, E&TC, Information Technology, Mechanical and Artificial Intelligence) and two P.G programmes MBA and ME(Computer Engineering). It houses 2000+ students and 200 staff members. Along with the focus on core academics, college also takes care of overall personality development of the students. The college has an active robotics cell, NCC, Training and Placement cell etc. The students are motivated to actively participate in co-curricular and extra-curricular activities. They have brought many laurels to the Institute in the events such as Vinodottam Karandak, Firodiya Karandak, Zest, Dexterity etc.
Two departments Electrical Engineering & Mechanical Engineering Departments of MMCOE got accredited by National Board of Accreditation (NBA)

==Courses offered==
* Computer Engineering
* Mechanical Engineering
* Information Technology
* Electronics and Telecommunication
* Electrical Engineering
* Artificial Intelligence
* Master of Business Administration (MBA)
* Master in Computer Engineering

==Centre of Excellence==
* Center of Excellence in High Performance Computing
HPC is a multidisciplinary field, combining digital electronics, computer architecture, system software, programming languages, algorithms and computational techniques in [[parallel computing]] environments to model complex systems or to control transactional computing services. HPC was most frequently associated with scientific research; however, HPC has been applied recently to business, government and military uses of cluster-based computing strategies, such as data warehouses transaction processing, utility computing.

*Center of Excellence in Automation & Robotics (COEA&R)
A center of excellence (COE) is a laboratory or shared facility that provides training/ support, provides platform for students and researchers to do their research work. Center of Excellence in Automation and Robotics in Department of Mechanical Engineering is a resource formed to serve for academics and industry persons in the field of Automation and Robotics. The center's aim is to create technically sophisticated manpower for automation and robotics research, including inter-disciplinary network. In addition to the research activities, COEA&R is also involved in developing technologies that can be commercially availed by the industries.

*Center of Excellence in Advanced embedded Systems and Signal Processing
To provide the students with State-of-Art training environment so that E&TC graduates will be able to provide solutions to industry relevant problems in Embedded Systems and Signal Processing domain

*Center of Excellence in Automation & Control
Projects on conventional and digital automation need to involve people from discipline like Computer, Electrical, Mechanical, Agriculture and Electronics. These projects include hardware and software development, training curriculum etc.

*Center of Excellence in Computational Intelligence
Computational Intelligence is the ability of a computer to learn a specific task from data or experimental observation. Generally, computational intelligence is a set of nature-inspired computational methodologies and approaches to address complex real-world problems to which mathematical or traditional modeling can be useless for a few reasons: the processes might be too complex for mathematical reasoning, it might contain some uncertainties during the process, or the process might simply be stochastic in nature.

==Alumni==
*[[Akshayraj Kore]]{{year needed|date=May 2018}}{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Pune]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Pune]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in India by city|Pune]]

Gana Suraksha Party

2026-04-30T09:11:00Z

Dentaltrendz: put up new data

{{onesource|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| party_name = Gana Suraksha Party

| abbreviation = GSP
| colorcode = {{party color|Gana Suraksha Party}}
| president = Dilip Kumar Sarania
| leader = [[Heera Saraniya]]
| general_secretary = Abdul Badsha
| founder = [[Heera Saraniya]]
| publication =
| students =
| youth =
| women =
| labour =
| alliance= *[[Independent politician]] (2019-2024) {{small|([[Lok Sabha]]}} 
*[[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL+]] (2019-present) {{small|([[Bodoland Territorial Council]])}}
*[[North East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]] (2019-present)
| peasants =
| ideology = [[Secularism]] [[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]] [[Progressivism]] [[Developmentalism]]
| colours = Yellow, White & Green {{colourbox|#FFFF00}}{{colourbox|#FFFFFF}}{{colourbox|#00FF00}}
| position = [[Centrism|Centre]]
| eci = Recognized Party
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex=#2df505}}
| state2_seats_name = [[Bodoland Territorial Council]]
| state2_seats = {{Composition bar|0|40|hex=#2df505}}
| website = https://ganasurakshaparty.org
| headquarters = [[Dighilipar]], [[Tamulpur]], [[Baksa district|Baksa]], [[Assam]]
| symbol =
}}
'''Gana Suraksha Party''' ''(Trans: People's Protection Party)'' was founded by former [[Lok Sabha]] [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]], [[Heera Saraniya]] and it is a significant party in [[Bodoland Territorial Council]], an autonomous council for the [[Bodoland Territorial Region]] in Assam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/hagrama-mohilary-gana-suraksha-party-naba-sarania-412663-2021-09-10|title=Hagrama Mohilary welcome to join 'Gana Suraksha Party', says MP Naba Sarania|date=10 September 2021 }}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[[Bodoland Territorial Council]]
|-
! Year
! Party leader
! Seats contested
! Seats won
! Change in seats
! Percentage of votes
! Vote swing
! Popular vote
! Result
|-
|[[2020 Bodoland Territorial Council election|2020]]
|rowspan=1|[[Heera Saraniya]]
| 35
| 1
| {{increase}} 1
|
|
|
| Government, Later Opposition
|-
|[[2025 Bodoland Territorial Council election|2025]]
|rowspan=1|[[Heera Saraniya]]
| 11
| 0
| {{decrease}} 1
|
|
|
| Lost
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North-East Democratic Alliance}}

[[Category:Political parties in Assam]]
[[Category:Bodoland]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Assam]]

{{India-party-stub}}
{{Assam-stub}}

Independent politician

2026-04-30T00:14:07Z

Dentaltrendz:

{{Short description|Individual not affiliated to any political party}}

An '''independent politician''' or '''non-affiliated politician''' is a [[politician]] formally not affiliated with any [[political party]]. In accordance with the applicable [[electoral law]] which regulates [[electoral process]] in a [[representative democracy]], such non-affiliated politicians are not [[nomination|nominated]] by political parties, but most commonly by a qualified number of citizens, thus becoming ''independent candidates'', or ''civic candidates''. As in the case of party-candidates, an independent electoral candidacy can be individual (a single independent candidate for a [[single-seat electoral unit]]), or collective ([[electoral list]] of independent candidates for a [[electoral district#District_magnitude|multi-seat electoral unit]]).

Politicians may also become independents after losing or repudiating affiliation with a political party. Independents sometimes choose to form a party, alliance, or [[technical group]] with other independents, and may formally register that organization. Even where the word "independent" is used, such alliances can have much in common with a political party, especially if there is an organization which needs to approve the "independent" candidates.

There are various reasons why someone may stand for office as an independent. Some independent politicians disagree with the idea or concept of political parties; viewing them as politically [[Political corruption|corrupt]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Argote |first1=Pablo |last2=Visconti |first2=Giancarlo |date=2023 |title=Anti-elite attitudes and support for independent candidates |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=18 |issue=10 |article-number=e0292098 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0292098 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=10569503 |pmid=37824538 |bibcode=2023PLoSO..1892098A }}</ref> Others may have political views that do not align with the platforms of any political party and therefore they choose not to affiliate with them. Some independent politicians may be associated with a party, perhaps as former members of it or else have views that align with it, but choose not to stand in its name, or are unable to do so because the party in question has selected another candidate. Others may belong to or support a political party at the national level but believe they should not formally represent it (and thus be subject to its policies) at another level. In some cases, a politician may be a member of an unregistered party and therefore officially recognised as an independent.

==Africa==
===Algeria===
The current president of Algeria, [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]], presented himself as an independent candidate during the [[2019 Algerian presidential election|2019 presidential election]] campaign. However, he remained a member of the central committee of the [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)]] of which he has been a member since the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50782676|title=Algeria election: Fresh protests as Tebboune replaces Bouteflika|website=[[BBC News]]|date=December 13, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/algerias-fln-wins-most-seats-parliament-election-authority-says-2021-06-15/|title=Algeria's FLN remains biggest party after election|website=[[Reuters]]|date=June 15, 2021}}</ref> [[Nadir Larbaoui]], who was the prime minister of Algeria until 2025, is also an independent.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-13 |title=Algeria appoints a new prime minister to prepare for President Tebboune's second term |language=en |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2023/11/13/algeria-appoints-a-new-prime-minister-to-prepare-for-president-tebboune-s-second-term_6249854_124.html |access-date=2023-06-15}}</ref>

===Libya===
During the rule of [[Muammar Gaddafi]], most political parties were banned; Gaddafi himself did not belong to any party. After his fall, political parties began to form but still do not have a major role in [[Libyan society]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/libyas-ongoing-debate-over-role-political-parties|title=Libya's ongoing debate over the role of political parties|website=[[Middle East Institute]]|date=June 26, 2023|last1=Fitzgerald|first1=Mary}}</ref>

===Namibia===
In the [[2020 Namibian local and regional elections]], independent politicians won four seats.

===Tunisia===
The President of Tunisia [[Kais Saied]] was [[2019 Tunisian presidential election|elected in 2019]] and [[2024 Tunisian presidential election|re-elected in 2024]] by presenting himself as an independent. The heads of government [[Hichem Mechichi]], [[Najla Bouden]], [[Ahmed Hachani]] and [[Kamel Madouri]] also lack any official political affiliation.

==Americas==
===Brazil===
Independent politicians are not allowed to run for office in Brazil. The Constitution of 1988, in Article 14, §3rd, item V, says that "Are conditions for eligibility: V - party affiliation".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicaocompilado.htm|title=Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988|publisher=Palácio do Planalto|language=pt|date=5 October 1988|access-date=31 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505161928/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/ConstituicaoCompilado.htm|archive-date=5 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the Proposal Amendment to the Constitution (PEC) no. 6/2015, authored by independent senator [[José Reguffe]], would allow the independent candidacy of individuals who have the support of at least 1% of the electors able to vote in the region (city, state or country, depending on the election) in which the candidate is running.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/materias/2015/02/10/pec-propoe-candidatura-avulsa-independente-de-filiacao-partidaria|title=PEC permite candidatura avulsa a cargos eletivos|publisher=Senado Notícias|language=pt|date=10 February 2015|access-date=31 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401145849/http://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/materias/2015/02/10/pec-propoe-candidatura-avulsa-independente-de-filiacao-partidaria|archive-date=1 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www25.senado.leg.br/web/atividade/materias/-/materia/119631|title=Proposta de Emenda à Constituição nº6, de 2015|publisher=Senado Federal|last=Reguffe|first=José|language=pt|access-date=31 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401145938/http://www25.senado.leg.br/web/atividade/materias/-/materia/119631|archive-date=1 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Currently, members of the legislature can leave their respective parties after being elected, as in the case of senator Reguffe, who left the [[Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)|Democratic Labour Party]] (PDT) in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/senadores/senador/-/perfil/5236|title=Senador Reguffe|publisher=Senado Federal|language=pt|access-date=31 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316181919/https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/senadores/senador/-/perfil/5236|archive-date=16 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Jair Bolsonaro]] was independent between 2019 and 2021.

===Canada===

====Federal politics====
In Canadian federal politics, members of both the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]] and the [[Senate of Canada|Senate]] are permitted to hold office without being members of a political party. Candidates in federal elections who are not affiliated with a party have two options: independent or no affiliation. In the former case, they appear on the ballot with "Independent" following their name; in the second case, they appear with their name only. The two options are otherwise equivalent.

=====House of Commons=====
During the earliest Canadian Parliaments, a lack of coherent political identity among both the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] and [[Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)|Conservative]] parties is known to have led to [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Members of Parliament]] (MPs) occasionally demonstrating independence from their party by voting in line with the opposition.<ref name="GodboutHoyland2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Godbout |first1=Jean-François |last2=Høyland |first2=Bjørn |date=23 September 2013 |title=The Emergence of Parties in the Canadian House of Commons (1867–1908) |journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=774, 789, 793 |doi=10.1017/s0008423913000632 |s2cid=155036384 |issn=0008-4239}}</ref> Commonly, the issues which caused these MPs to act independently were religious in nature.<ref name="GodboutHoyland2013" /> These tensions began to disperse over the course of the first ten Canadian parliaments as the major political parties began to form consistent identities and MPs began affiliating themselves with the parties they knew more closely shared their core values. This in turn increased cohesion between parties and MPs, and minimized the causes and motivations for MPs to act independently.<ref name="GodboutHoyland2013" />

Many observers of the Canadian House of Commons in the 21st century have noted its incredibly high party discipline. Few MPs choose to vote against their party's official stance on any given piece of legislation.<ref name="Marland2020">{{Cite book |last=Marland |first=Alex |title=Whipped: party discipline in Canada |date=2020 |isbn=978-0-7748-6498-5 |location=Vancouver |page=8 |oclc=1156987615 |publisher= UBC Press }}</ref> Between 2011 and 2013—the first two years of the [[41st Canadian Parliament]], following the [[2011 Canadian federal election]]—the elected members of the governing [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative Party]] voted as a unified group on 76% of all votes, while members of the Liberal Party did so on 90% of all votes, and members of the [[New Democratic Party]] (NDP) did so on 100% of votes.<ref name="Marland2020" /> This unity further increased in subsequent years, as in the [[42nd Canadian Parliament|42nd Parliament]], following the [[2015 Canadian federal election|2015 election]], the governing Liberal MPs voted identically on 99.6% of all votes, Conservative MPs on 99.5% of votes, and NDP MPs on 99.8% of votes.<ref name="Marland2020" /> (Conservatives, Liberals, and NDP were the only three parties with enough MPs to qualify for [[official party status]] in the 41st and 42nd parliaments.) Thanks to this strong party discipline, it is uncommon to see politicians who are otherwise affiliated with any of the main political parties act independently of their party.

Though it is acceptable and accepted for politicians to serve as independent MPs, those who attempt to run as such often struggle to be elected without access to the resources of the major parties. As a result, there are seldom more than one or two independent MPs within modern Canadian Parliaments, with many who do sit as such being initially elected as a part of a major party before either leaving voluntarily or being removed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2019 |title=Independent MPs usually start off in parties and rarely win an election |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/article/independent-mps-usually-start-off-in-parties-and-rarely-win-an-election/ |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=CTVNews |language=en}}</ref> In the first year of the [[44th Canadian Parliament]], the House of Commons featured one sitting independent member: [[Kevin Vuong]], from the [[Ontario]] [[Electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]], or riding, of [[Spadina—Fort York (federal electoral district)|Spadina—Fort York]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Current Members of Parliament - Members of Parliament |url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/members/en/search?caucusId=8&province=all&gender=all |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=House of Commons of Canada }}</ref> Vuong had originally campaigned as a member of the Liberal Party during the [[2021 Canadian federal election|2021 federal election]] but was ejected from the party two days prior to the end of the vote due to controversy surrounding past allegations of sexual assault.<ref name="cbc20210922">{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Ashley |date=22 September 2021 |title=Expelled Liberal candidate says he'll sit as an Independent as angry voters call for byelection |work=CBC |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/undecided-races-2021-federal-election-1.6185685 |access-date=23 February 2022}}</ref> Despite his removal from the Liberal Party, Vuong won the election for his riding and chose to take his seat as an independent, though this decision was met with controversy because many voters had not known that the Liberals had expelled him before casting their votes.<ref name="cbc20210922" /> In 2022, [[Alain Rayes]], MP for the [[Quebec]] riding of [[Richmond—Arthabaska]], resigned from the Conservative caucus to sit as an independent,<ref>{{Cite news |last1 = Connolly |first1 = Amanda |last2 = Boutilier |first2= Alex |title=Quebec MP Alain Rayes leaves Conservative caucus after Poilievre victory |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9125865/alain-rayes-leaves-conservative-caucus-pierre-poilievre/ |language=en-CA |access-date=28 September 2022 |work=Global News }}</ref> becoming the second independent MP of the 44th Parliament.

Independent politicians have on occasion held considerable sway in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] in recent years, as Canada has been governed by successive [[minority government]]s (five of the seven that have been formed since the [[2004 Canadian federal election|2004 federal election]]) with independent MPs sometimes sharing in the [[balance of power (parliament)|balance of power]].

* In 2004, [[Chuck Cadman]] was elected to the House as an independent MP representing the [[British Columbia]] riding of [[Surrey North (federal electoral district)|Surrey North]]. Cadman was first elected to represent the riding as a [[Reform Party of Canada|Reform]] member in the [[1997 Canadian federal election|1997 federal election]] and re-elected as a member of the [[Canadian Alliance]], Reform's successor party, in the [[2000 Canadian federal election|2000 federal election]]. He sought the nomination for the Conservative Party (re-created in 2003 when the Alliance and [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservatives]] merged) for the 2004 election but was unsuccessful. Having retained his seat with 43% of the vote in 2004, he died in office in 2005.
* Independent [[André Arthur]] was elected in the Quebec riding of [[Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier]] in the [[2006 Canadian federal election|2006 federal election]] with 39% of the vote. He was the only independent to win a seat in that election; he was re-elected in the [[2008 Canadian federal election|2008 federal election]] with 33% of the vote. Arthur lost his seat in 2011.
* [[Bill Casey]], the MP for the [[Nova Scotia]] riding of Cumberland—Colchester—Musquoduboit Valley, was expelled from the Conservative Party for voting against the [[2007 Canadian federal budget|2007 budget]]. He also served as an independent, then ran as such in 2008 and retained his seat with 69% of the vote. Casey resigned from the Commons in 2009 but made a comeback in the same riding, now named [[Cumberland—Colchester]], when he was elected as a Liberal in 2015. He sat in the House for the 42nd Parliament and did not seek re-election in [[2019 Canadian federal election|2019]].
* In 2019, MP [[Jody Wilson-Raybould]] ran as an independent candidate in the riding of [[Vancouver Granville]] after being expelled from cabinet and the Liberal Party over the [[SNC-Lavalin affair]]. She was returned to Parliament with 32% of the vote. After sitting as an independent for the [[43rd Canadian Parliament|43rd Parliament]], Wilson-Raybould did not seek re-election in 2021.

=====Senate=====
While traditionally framed as an "independent body of sober second thought", appointments to the Senate of Canada prior to 2016 were commonly seen as highly partisan, with the majority of Canadian senators identifying themselves as members of either the Liberal or Conservative parties and serving within their party's caucus.<ref name="Thomas2019">{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Paul G. |date=2019 |title=Moving Toward a New and Improved Senate |journal=IRPP Study |pages=8, 17, 18, 24}}</ref> As these have been the only two parties to ever form government in Canada, only the Liberal and Conservative parties had been able to appoint new senators. Because Canadian senators are appointed by the [[Governor General of Canada]] on the advice of the [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] rather than being elected, senators were often accused of being appointed as a "reward" for service to the party in power,<ref name="Bridgman2020">{{Cite journal |last=Bridgman |first=Aengus |date=6 April 2020 |title=A nonpartisan legislative chamber: The influence of the Canadian Senate |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354068820911345 |journal=Party Politics |language=en |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=1009–1016 |doi=10.1177/1354068820911345 |s2cid=216428911 |issn=1354-0688|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and once appointed, of simply repeating the points and positions of their counterparts in the House of Commons rather than acting as a means of truly independent policy review.<ref name="Thomas2019" />

In 2014, as a response to growing public disapproval of the Senate and the perceived problems brought about by senator partisanship, Liberal Party leader [[Justin Trudeau]] made the decision to expel all Liberal senators from the Liberal Party caucus. Trudeau would go on to call for an overall elimination of partisanship in the Senate and pledged to end the practice of partisan appointments for senators and transition to a new system of merit-based appointments if elected prime minister.<ref name="Macfarlane2021">{{Cite book |last=Macfarlane |first=Emmett |title=Constitutional Pariah: Reference re Senate Reform and the Future of Parliament |publisher=UBCPress |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-7748-6622-4 |location=Vancouver |pages=100–102, 104–105, 133}}</ref>

Following the election of a Liberal [[majority government]] in 2015, the [[Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments]] was established with the goal of filling Senate vacancies through a selection process based on political knowledge, merit, and perceived ability to act independently of partisan affiliation.<ref name="Macfarlane2021" /> This push to remove partisan ties from the Senate resulted in the creation of the [[Independent Senators Group]], a coalition of both newly appointed independent senators and formally partisan senators who had relinquished their formal party ties, alongside the also independent [[Canadian Senators Group]] and [[Progressive Senate Group]].<ref name="Bridgman2020" />

By 2018, the majority of Canadian Senators were officially independent,<ref name="Bridgman2020" /> though some Liberal senators continued to remain affiliated with the political party despite no longer being permitted within the party caucus.<ref name="Thomas2019" /> Additionally, the Conservative Party elected not to remove its senators from the party caucus, and many Conservative Party senators kept their official partisan affiliations in public.<ref name="Thomas2019" /> During the 2019 federal election campaign, in response to reporters' questions, Conservative Party leader [[Andrew Scheer]] said that if his party were elected to form government and he became prime minister, he would reinstate the practice of partisan appointments to the Senate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scheer stands by vow to return to partisan Senate, make patronage appointments |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5966549/scheer-senate-trudeau-partisan-appointments/ |access-date=28 March 2022 |website=National {{!}} Globalnews.ca |language=en-US}}</ref>

The efforts to increase senatorial independence have led some to argue the Senate has developed an increase of importance and power in the legislative process. As of 2021, it was found that Canadian senators were facing increasing pressure from [[lobbying]] groups on a variety of issues, suggesting the more independent Senate has a greater perceived influence over legislative issues.<ref name="Bridgman2020" /> Additionally, following the appointment of senators through the Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments, there has been a noted increase in the number of amendments the Senate has proposed for legislation from the House of Commons.<ref name="Thomas2019" /> During the 42nd Parliament (2015–2019), the Senate attempted to amend 13 government bills, whereas during the 41st Parliament (2011–2015), it had attempted to amend only one government bill.<ref name="Thomas2019" /> The reformed Senate is noted as having proposed amendments on at least 20% of all legislation.<ref name="VandenBeukelCochraneGodbout2021">{{Cite journal |last1=VandenBeukel |first1=Jason Robert |last2=Cochrane |first2=Christopher |last3=Godbout |first3=Jean-François |date=11 August 2021 |title=Birds of a Feather? Loyalty and Partisanship in the Reformed Canadian Senate |journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=840, 841, 845, 846 |doi=10.1017/S0008423921000548 |s2cid=243704273 |issn=0008-4239|doi-access=free }}</ref>

======Criticism======
Several observers and those involved with the Senate itself have criticized the Trudeau government for its attempted reforms, with most accusations centering around the belief that the new appointment process is biased towards those who are ideologically supportive of the Liberal Party's objectives. Remaining Conservative senators have accused the Independent Senators Group in particular as being "too quick to endorse bills from the Liberal government".<ref name="Thomas2019" />

Supporting this claim, a 2021 study found that members of the Independent Senators Group voted in favor of legislation proposed by the incumbent Liberal government more consistently than any other group within the Senate, including those still formally aligned to the Liberal Party.<ref name="VandenBeukelCochraneGodbout2021" /> This was, however, among an overall trend in which all senators demonstrated lower levels of party loyalty, and as such its full implications are still unknown. The report also concluded that partisanship in Senate appointments was undeniably down when compared to the Senate prior to the reforms.<ref name="VandenBeukelCochraneGodbout2021" /> It is generally thought that it will only be possible to judge the success of the attempted reforms accurately when a non-Liberal government is elected to the House of Commons, at which point it can be observed if the noted trend in voting represents simple loyalty to the government, or loyalty to the Liberal Party.<ref name="VandenBeukelCochraneGodbout2021" /><ref name="Macfarlane2021" />

====Provincial and territorial politics====
The territorial legislatures of the [[Northwest Territories]] and [[Nunavut]] are [[consensus government]]s with no political parties. All members sit as independents. There are a few independent members of the other provincial and territorial legislatures, which are similar in principle to the federal House of Commons; for example, in the [[2009 British Columbia general election]], independent candidate [[Vicki Huntington]] narrowly defeated incumbent [[Attorney General of British Columbia|Attorney General]] [[Wally Oppal]] in [[Delta South]]. In the [[2019 Newfoundland and Labrador general election]], two independent candidates were elected.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/eddie-joyce-wins-seat-1.5139625|title='Dwight Ball, you can dismiss me, but you can't defeat me': Eddie Joyce nabs seat once again|date=17 May 2019 |publisher=CBC News|access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref>

===Costa Rica===
Current laws in [[Costa Rica]] do not permit a citizen to run directly for any elected position as an independent without the representation of a political party.<ref name="regAL">{{cite web|title=Reglamento de la Asamblea Legislativa|url=http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?nValor1=1&nValor2=46479|language=es|access-date=2021-05-02|archive-date=2022-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208034534/http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?nValor1=1&nValor2=46479}}</ref><ref name="contecAL">{{cite web|title=Consulta 104-2012 J*|work=Departamento de Servicios Técnicos de la Asamblea Legislativa de Costa Rica|url=http://www.asamblea.go.cr/sd/Reglamento_Asamblea/RAL%202014/Servicios%20Tecnicos/CON-104-2012%20J.pdf|language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216224015/http://www.asamblea.go.cr/sd/Reglamento_Asamblea/RAL%202014/Servicios%20Tecnicos/CON-104-2012%20J.pdf |archive-date= 16 December 2023 }}</ref> Any nomination must be made through a political party, due to the framework of the current legal system, in which the political parties have a monopoly on the nomination of candidates for elected positions according to the Electoral Code.<ref name="códigoelectoral">{{cite web|title=Código Electoral Nº 8765|url=http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param2=NRTC&nValor1=1&nValor2=66148|date=2 September 2009|language=es}}</ref>

However, becoming an independent politician after being elected is protected by virtue of Article 25 of the [[Constitution of Costa Rica]], which guarantees [[freedom of association]]; therefore, any citizen cannot be forced to remain in a specific political party and can join any other political group. It is common in each legislative period for some [[Deputy (legislator)|deputies]] ({{lang|es|diputados}}, term used for legislators) of the [[Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica]] to become independents; this has also happened with the [[mayor]]s ({{lang|es|alcaldes}}) of the municipalities of [[Cantons of Costa Rica|cantons]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Alcalde electo en Barva se desmarca del Frente Amplio: "No tengo relación con ellos" |url=https://www.elmundo.cr/costa-rica/alcalde-electo-en-barva-se-desmarca-del-frente-amplio-no-tengo-relacion-con-ellos/ |access-date=2 May 2021 |date=4 March 2016 |language=es}}</ref>

===Mexico===
[[Jaime Rodríguez Calderón|Jaime Heliodoro Rodríguez Calderón]] (born in 1957), sometimes referred to by his nickname "Bronco", is a Mexican politician and former governor for the northern state of [[Nuevo León]] and holds no political party affiliation. {{as of|2015|June|7|df=US}}, he was elected Governor of Nuevo León, making history as the first independent candidate to win in the country.

===United States===

{{See also
|Third party (U.S. politics)|List of third party and independent performances in United States elections{{!}}(List of third-party members and independents) ... in U.S. elections
|Third-party and independent members of the United States Congress{{!}}...in U.S. Congress
|List of third-party and independent United States state governors{{!}}... as state governors
|Third-party members of state legislatures of the United States{{!}}... in state legislatures
|List of party switchers in the United States{{!}}List of party switchers in U.S.}}

====President====
[[File:Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington (cropped)(2).jpg|thumb|[[George Washington]], the first [[president of the United States]], was an independent politician.]]

[[George Washington]] is the only [[President of the United States|U.S. president]] elected as an independent to date. Washington opposed the development of [[Political parties in the United States|political parties]], which had begun to solidify as the [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] faction, centered around [[John Adams]] and [[Alexander Hamilton]], and the [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] faction, centered around [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[James Madison]]. Washington feared that [[Partisan (politics)|partisanship]] would eventually destroy the country,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/01/washingtons-farewell-address-warned-us-about-hyper-partisanship-214616/|title=George Washington's Farewell Warning|last=Avlon|first=John|website=POLITICO Magazine|date=10 January 2017 |language=en|access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref> and famously warned against "the baneful effects of the spirit of party" in his 1796 [[George Washington's Farewell Address|Farewell Address]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/formation-of-political-parties.html|title=Formation of Political Parties - Creating the United States {{!}} Exhibitions |last1=Peale|first1=Charles Willson|last2=Madison|first2=James|date=1787–1812|website=Library of Congress |access-date=24 February 2020|last3=Sherman|first3=Roger|last4=Washington|first4=George|last5=Jefferson|first5=Thomas|last6=Monroe|first6=James|last7=Cooper|first7=Thomas|last8=Birch|first8=William|last9=Adams|first9=Abigail}}</ref>

[[John Tyler]] was expelled from the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]] in September 1841, and mostly remained an independent for the remainder of his presidency. He later briefly sought election in [[1844 United States presidential election|1844]] under the [[Tyler Party]], but withdrew over fear he would split the vote and give the election to Whig candidate [[Henry Clay]].

Since 1900, candidates running as independents for U.S. president have included congressman [[John B. Anderson|John Anderson]] in [[1980 United States presidential election|1980]], billionaire entrepreneur [[Ross Perot]] in [[1992 United States presidential election|1992]] and [[United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 1996|1996]] (in 1996 under the newly founded [[Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform Party]]), former [[Green Party of the United States|Green Party]] candidate [[Ralph Nader]] in the [[United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 1996|1996]] and [[United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 2000|2000]] elections, and [[Never Trump movement|"Never Trump"]] conservative candidate [[Evan McMullin]] in [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]]. Out of all independent candidates since Washington, Perot performed the best, gaining no votes in the [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]] but receiving 19 percent of the popular vote and, early in the election season, leading in polls against his opponents [[Bill Clinton]] and [[George H. W. Bush]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/11/us/the-1992-campaign-on-the-trail-poll-gives-perot-a-clear-lead.html |url-access=subscription |title=The 1992 Campaign: On the Trail – Poll Gives Perot a Clear Lead|date=11 June 1992|work=The New York Times|access-date=23 February 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411100640/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/11/us/the-1992-campaign-on-the-trail-poll-gives-perot-a-clear-lead.html |archive-date= Apr 11, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.realclearpolitics.com/lists/candidate_spenders/ross-perot.html?state=play|title= 10 Candidates Who Spent Giant Sums of Their Personal Wealth - Ross Perot (Lost)|website=RealClearPolitics |access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1992 |first1=Michael |last1=Levy |title=United States presidential election of 1992 {{!}} United States government|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref> Additionally, McMullin received 21 percent of the popular vote in his home state of [[Utah]] but received little support from the remainder of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/7782fa79d87347fdb35b14f344776c2f |first1=Brady |last1=McCombs |first2=Michelle L. |last2=Price |title=GOP call to 'come home' helps Trump win big in Utah|date=9 November 2016|website=AP NEWS|access-date=23 February 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223085926/https://apnews.com/7782fa79d87347fdb35b14f344776c2f |archive-date=23 February 2020 }}</ref> Independent senator [[Bernie Sanders]] ran in the [[2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries|2016]] and [[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries]], but ultimately did not appear on the ballot in either the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]] nor [[2020 United States presidential election|2020]] presidential elections, though he did receive [[2016 United States presidential election in Vermont|more than 5%]] of the popular vote as a [[write-in candidate]] in his home state of [[Vermont]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vtelectionresults.sec.state.vt.us/Index.html#/federal |title=Vermont Election Night Results |website=Office of the Vermont Secretary of State |access-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528035300/https://vtelectionresults.sec.state.vt.us/Index.html#/federal |archive-date=28 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[2008 United States presidential election|2008]], Nader formed Independent Parties in [[New Mexico]], [[Delaware]], and elsewhere to gain ballot access in several states. In [[2024 United States presidential election|2024]], [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] created "[[We the People Party (United States)|We the People]]" parties in several states for the same purpose, even though he is Independent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bohannon |first=Molly |date=2024-01-16 |title=RFK Jr. Starting New Political Parties In Effort To Expand Ballot Access |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mollybohannon/2024/01/16/rfk-jr-starting-new-political-parties-in-effort-to-expand-ballot-access/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Large |first=Steve |date=2024-01-16 |title=RFK Jr. announces he is creating new party to get on California ballot in presidential run |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/rfk-jr-announces-he-is-creating-new-party-to-get-on-california-ballot-in-presidential-run/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=CBS Sacramento |language=en-US}}</ref>

Several other candidates for federal races, including [[Joe Lieberman]] (who created [[Connecticut for Lieberman]]), have pursued a similar strategy.

====Governor====
[[Illinois]], [[Maine]], [[Oregon]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Texas]], [[Alaska]], and [[North Dakota]] have elected formally independent candidates as governor: Illinois's first two governors, [[Shadrach Bond]] and [[Edward Coles]]; [[James B. Longley]] in [[1974 Maine gubernatorial election|1974]] as well as [[Angus King]] in [[1994 Maine gubernatorial election|1994]] and [[1998 Maine gubernatorial election|1998]] from Maine; [[Lincoln Chafee]] in [[2010 Rhode Island gubernatorial election|2010]] from Rhode Island; [[Julius Meier]] in [[1930 Oregon gubernatorial election|1930]] from Oregon; [[Sam Houston]] in [[1859 Texas gubernatorial election|1859]] from Texas; and [[Bill Walker (American politician)|Bill Walker]] in [[2014 Alaska gubernatorial election|2014]] from Alaska. [[Lowell Weicker|Lowell P. Weicker Jr.]] of [[Connecticut]] is sometimes mentioned as an independent governor, though this is not technically correct; he ran as an [[A Connecticut Party]] candidate (which gave him better ballot placement than an unaffiliated candidate would receive), defeating the Democratic and Republican nominees. Another former governor who is sometimes mentioned as an independent is [[Jesse Ventura]], who actually ran as a member of the [[Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform Party]]'s [[Minnesota]] affiliate, which later disaffiliated from the party and reverted to its original name, the [[Independence Party of Minnesota]]. North Dakota elected William Langer Governor in 1933 as a member of the Republican/Nonpartisan League. He was later elected Governor in 1937 as an Independent.

In [[1971 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial special election|1971]], State Senator [[Henry Howell]] of [[Virginia]], a former Democrat, was elected [[Lieutenant Governor of Virginia|lieutenant governor]] as an independent. [[1973 Virginia gubernatorial election|Two years later]], he campaigned for [[Governor of Virginia|governor]] as an independent, but lost by 15,000 votes.

There were several unsuccessful independent gubernatorial candidates in 2006 who impacted their electoral races. In [[2006 Maine gubernatorial election|Maine]], state legislator [[Barbara Merrill]] (formerly a Democrat) received 21% of the vote. In [[2006 Texas gubernatorial election|Texas]], [[country music]] singer and mystery novelist [[Kinky Friedman]] received 12.43% of the vote, and State Comptroller [[Carole Keeton Strayhorn]] received 18.13%. Strayhorn and Friedman's presence in the race resulted in a splitting of the ballot four ways between themselves and the two major parties.

In [[2010 United States Senate election in Florida|2010, Florida]] governor [[Charlie Crist]] left the Republican party and became an independent. (He later became a Democrat.)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/10/27/charlie-crist-senate-race_n_774589.html |first1=Brendan |last1=Farrington |work=Huffington Post|title=Charlie Crist Comes Under Fire For Pulling Party Switch|date=27 October 2010|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305231220/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/10/27/charlie-crist-senate-race_n_774589.html|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> He left the Republicans because he did not want to run against former state house Speaker [[Marco Rubio]] in the Republican primary for the U.S. Senate election, preferring to run in the general election instead. Rubio won the election, though Crist came in ahead of Democratic nominee [[Kendrick Meek]].

In [[2014 Hawaii gubernatorial election|2014]], former [[Honolulu]] mayor [[Mufi Hannemann]] ran as an independent candidate for the [[Governor of Hawaii|governorship]] of the State of [[Hawaii]] after previously campaigning in the state's Democratic primary. As a result, Democratic candidate [[David Ige]] was elected as governor with a plurality of 49%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kitv.com/politics/ige-takes-early-lead-in-hawaii-governors-race/29545058|title=Democrat David Ige elected Hawaii governor|date=4 November 2014 |website=KITV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105212441/http://www.kitv.com/politics/ige-takes-early-lead-in-hawaii-governors-race/29545058|archive-date=5 November 2014}}</ref> Also in 2014, former mayor of [[Valdez, Alaska|Valdez]], [[Bill Walker (American politician)|Bill Walker]] won the gubernatorial election. Walker retired before the [[2018 Alaska gubernatorial election|2018 election]] but ran again in the [[2022 Alaska gubernatorial election|2022]]. He did not win but received 20% of the vote.

====Congress====

===== House of Representatives =====
The [[United States House of Representatives]] has also seen a handful of [[Third-party and independent members of the United States Congress|independent members]]. Examples include [[Bernie Sanders]] of Vermont, [[Virgil Goode]] of Virginia, [[Frazier Reams]] of [[Ohio]], [[Victor L. Berger|Victor Berger]] of [[Wisconsin]], and [[Justin Amash]] and [[Paul Mitchell (politician)|Paul Mitchell]] of [[Michigan]].

===== Senate =====
There have been several independents elected to the [[United States Senate]] throughout history. Notable examples include [[David Davis (Supreme Court justice)|David Davis]] of Illinois (a former [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) in the 19th century, and [[Harry F. Byrd Jr.]] of Virginia (who had been elected to his first term as a Democrat) in the 20th century. Some officials have been elected as members of a party but became independent while in office (without being elected as such), such as [[Wayne Morse]] of Oregon, who left the Republican party to become an independent, then joined the Democratic Party two years later. [[Nebraska]] senator [[George W. Norris]] was elected for four terms as a Republican before changing to an independent after the Republicans lost their majority in Congress in 1930. Norris won re-election as an independent in 1936, but later lost his final re-election attempt to Republican [[Kenneth S. Wherry]] in 1942.

====== Since 2000 ======
Vermont senator [[Jim Jeffords]] left the Republican Party to become an independent in 2001. Jeffords's [[party switching|change of party status]] was especially significant because it shifted the Senate composition from 50 to 50 between the Republicans and Democrats (with a Republican Vice President, [[Dick Cheney]], who would presumably break all ties in favor of the Republicans), to 49 Republicans, 50 Democrats, and one Independent. Jeffords agreed to vote for Democratic control of the Senate in exchange for being appointed chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works|Senate Environment and Public Works Committee]], and the Democrats held control of the Senate until the [[2002 United States Senate elections|2002 elections]], when the Republicans regained their majority. Jeffords retired at the end of his term in 2007. [[Dean Barkley]] of the [[Independence Party of Minnesota]] was appointed a day before the 2002 elections to fill the senate seat of [[Paul Wellstone]] who, while running for re-election, died weeks prior. Barkley refused to caucus with either party.

In [[2006 United States Senate election in Vermont|2006]], independent politician [[Bernie Sanders]] won the Senate seat vacated by the retiring Jim Jeffords as an independent and was reelected in [[2012 United States Senate election in Vermont|2012]], [[2018 United States Senate election in Vermont|2018]] and [[2024 United States Senate election in Vermont|2024]]. He was an independent member of the [[United States House of Representatives]] for [[Vermont's at-large congressional district|Vermont-at-large]] from 1991 to 2007. Sanders is the longest-serving independent member of Congress in American history.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 September 2014 |title=Vermont Independent Sen. Bernie Sanders says he may run for president as a Democrat |url=https://news.yahoo.com/bernie-sanders-president-democrat-145640890.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017230810/http://news.yahoo.com/bernie-sanders-president-democrat-145640890.html |archive-date=17 October 2014 |access-date=29 November 2014 |publisher=Yahoo! News}}</ref> Also in [[2006 United States Senate election in Connecticut|2006]], [[Joe Lieberman]] was a former [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] and ran under a third party ([[Connecticut for Lieberman|Connecticut for Lieberman Party]]) after he lost the primary. After the election, Lieberman enrolled himself as an [[Independent Democrat]] until his retirement in 2013. In 2006, Sanders and Lieberman were the only two victorious independent candidates for Congress, both caucusing with the Democrats. In [[2012 United States Senate election in Maine|2012]], [[Angus King]] was elected to the U.S. Senate as an Independent from Maine. He was reelected in [[2018 United States Senate election in Maine|2018]] and won a third term in [[2024 United States Senate election in Maine|2024]].

During the [[presidency of Joe Biden]], former members of Democratic Party [[Kyrsten Sinema]] and [[Joe Manchin]] joined Sanders and King and became Independent Democrats. They are viewed as [[New Democrats (United States)|moderate Democrats]] or [[Conservative Democrat]]s, and cited increasing partisanship to explain their decisions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watson |first=Kathryn |date=2024-05-31 |title=Sen. Joe Manchin leaves Democratic Party, registers as an independent |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/democrat-joe-manchin-registers-independent/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinema |first=Kyrsten |date=2022-12-09 |title=Sen. Kyrsten Sinema: Why I'm registering as an independent |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/opinion/op-ed/2022/12/09/sen-kyrsten-sinema-of-arizona-why-im-registering-as-an-independent/69712395007/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=The Arizona Republic |language=en-US}}</ref> After they changed their affiliations, the Senate had the highest number of independents in a single Congress since the ratification of the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|17th Amendment]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Winger |first=Richard |date=2024-05-31 |title=Senator Joe Manchin Changes His Registration from Democratic to Independent |url=https://ballot-access.org/2024/05/31/senator-joe-manchin-changes-his-registration-from-democratic-to-independent/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Ballot Access News |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''State and local independent politicians'''

Independent politicians have also played notable roles at the state and local levels, often finding success in contexts where party affiliation is less dominant or elections are nonpartisan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 Ways Independent Candidates Contribute to Bipartisanship |url=https://goodparty.org/blog/article/5-ways-independent-candidates-bipartisanship |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=GoodParty.org |language=en}}</ref>

'''Mayors and municipal leaders'''

There have been many cases where independent candidates have made a large impact on elections and have even won, particularly in large cities. For instance, former New York City mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]] served as 2002 to 2013 as a Republican but for his third term he won as an independent.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reichl |first=Alex |date=2023-06-05 |title=Mayor Michael Bloomberg: The limits of power , by Lynne A. Weikart Mayor Michael Bloomberg: The limits of power , by Lynne A. Weikart, Ithaca and London, Cornell University Press, 2021 |journal=Journal of Urban Affairs |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=1086–1087 |doi=10.1080/07352166.2023.2201141 |issn=0735-2166}}</ref> Independent politicians have also led cities like [[Minneapolis]], where [[Charles Stenvig]] served as an independent mayor throughout the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Manuel |first1=Jeffrey T. |last2=Urban |first2=Andrew |date=2008 |title='"You Can't Legislate the Heart'": Minneapolis Mayor Charles Stenvig and the Politics of Law and Order |url=https://journals.ku.edu/amsj/article/view/4011 |journal=American Studies |language=en |pages=195–219 |issn=0026-3079}}</ref> These leaders often emphasize pragmatic governance over party ideology, appealing to diverse voter bases.

'''State legislatures'''

While less common than in Congress, independents occasionally serve in state legislatures. [[Maine Legislature|Maine]] and [[Alaska State Legislature|Alaska]], in particular, have seen a history of independent state legislators. For example, in the [[Alaska House of Representatives|Alaska State House]], independents have sometimes played pivotal roles in coalition governments, demonstrating their influence in closely divided chambers. These legislators often prioritize regional or policy-specific issues over strict adherence to party platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=The rest of the country should learn from Alaska's successful ranked-choice voting experiment {{!}} Op-Ed |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/the-rest-of-the-country-should-learn-from-alaskas-successful-ranked-choice-voting-experiment/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=The Seattle Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Judicial and nonpartisan offices'''

Many state and local offices, particularly in the judiciary, are officially nonpartisan, providing opportunities for independents to succeed.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bonneau |first1=Chris W. |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781135852696 |title=In Defense of Judicial Elections |last2=Hall |first2=Melinda Gann |date=2009-06-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-87699-2 |edition=0 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780203876992}}</ref> For example, state superintendents of schools or city council members are normally politicians who identify as independent or with no party at all. This system allows voters to focus on the candidate's qualifications rather than party affiliation since this should not be stressed for these positions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jacobs |first=Richard M. |date=2016-12-06 |title=The Ethics Primer for Public Administrators in Government and Nonprofit Organizations (2nd ed.) |journal=Public Integrity |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=294–298 |doi=10.1080/10999922.2016.1248882 |issn=1099-9922}}</ref>

==Asia==
===China===
====Hong Kong====
Around half of [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Hong Kong's Legislative Council]] is made up of independents, or members whose political groups are represented by one sole member in the legislature. They are common in [[Functional constituency (Hong Kong)|functional constituencies]], and are not rare among [[Geographical constituency|geographical constituencies]].

===India===
Independent candidates can contest elections on the basis of their personal appeal or to promote an ideology different from any party. In the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]], seven independent candidates were elected to [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Nandini |date=7 June 2024 |title=Who are the 7 independent candidates who won in 2024 Lok Sabha elections? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/who-are-the-7-independent-candidates-who-won-in-2024-lok-sabha-elections-124060700701_1.html |access-date=30 October 2024 |website=Business Standard }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guidelines for Contestants |website=CEO , JK |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/ForContestants.htm |access-date=30 October 2024 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109093107/https://ceojk.nic.in/ForContestants.htm |archive-date= Nov 9, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is independent candidate? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/who-is-independent-candidate/article27004541.ece |date=2 May 2019 |access-date=30 October 2024 |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240531162333/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/who-is-independent-candidate/article27004541.ece |archive-date= 31 May 2024 }}</ref>

===Malaysia===
Independents have rarely been elected to the [[Dewan Rakyat]] and state legislative assemblies. In Malaysian elections, many independent candidates lose their election deposit because they had failed to secure at least 12.5% or one-eighth of the total votes cast. Since [[List of members of the Dewan Negara|senators]] in Malaysia are only appointed with the guidance of the prime minister by either the [[King of Malaysia]] or the respective state assemblies, independent [[List of members of the Dewan Negara|senators]] are quite rare, with most of them being technocrats or niche experts whose function is to serve a ministry.

In 2010, a group of independent MPs who were sacked from the [[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|People's Justice Party]] formed a political block called ''[[:ms:Konsensus Bebas|Konsensus Bebas]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://weechookeong.com/2010/06/07/konsensus-bebas-formed/ |title=KONSENSUS BEBAS formed today! |website=Wee Choo Keong |date= 7 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419184124/https://weechookeong.com/2010/06/07/konsensus-bebas-formed/ |archive-date=19 April 2018 }}</ref> The members were [[Zahrain Mohamed Hashim]] (Bayan Baru), [[Wee Choo Keong]] (Wangsa Maju), [[Zulkifli Noordin]] (Kulim-Bandar Bharu), [[Tan Tee Beng]] (Nibong Tebal) and [[Mohsin Fadzli Samsuri]] (Bagan Serai). It did not last beyond the 12th General Elections.

{{as of|May 2018}}, three independent MPs were elected in [[Malaysian General Election|GE14]], but later joined [[Pakatan Harapan]] ([[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|PKR]]), thus causing no representation for independent MP for that time. However, as of June 2018 and December 2018, the number increased to 13 independent Members of Parliament that sat in the [[Dewan Rakyat]] as of December 2018. At the same time in December 2018, almost all members from Sabah [[UMNO]] quit the party and became independent politicians.

====Dewan Negara (Senate)====
=====Senators=====
{{Main|Members of the Dewan Negara, 15th Malaysian Parliament}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|# Mohd Na'im Mokhtar – appointed by the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]

# Amir Hamzah Azizan – appointed by the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]
# Zulkifli Hasan – appointed by the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]
# Salehuddin Saidin – appointed by the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]
# Marhamah Rosli – appointed by the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]
}}

====Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)====
=====Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament=====
{{Main|Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament}}

{| class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:100px;"| State
! style="width:30px;"| No.
! style="width:150px;"|Parliament constituency
! style="width:240px;"|Member
|-
| rowspan=3|{{Flag|Kelantan}} || | P029 || [[Machang (federal constituency)|Machang]]|| [[Wan Ahmad Fayhsal]]
|-
|P030 || [[Jeli (federal constituency)|Jeli]] || [[Zahari Kechik]]
|-
| P032 || [[Gua Musang (federal constituency)|Gua Musang]] || [[Mohd Azizi Abu Naim]]
|-
| {{Flag|Penang}} || P042 || [[Tasek Gelugor (federal constituency)|Tasek Gelugor]] || [[Wan Saiful Wan Jan]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |{{Flag|Perak}} || P054 || [[Gerik (federal constituency)|Gerik]]|| [[Fathul Huzir Ayob]]
|-
| P056 || [[Larut (federal constituency)|Larut]] || [[Hamzah Zainudin]]
|-
| P059 || [[Bukit Gantang (federal constituency)|Bukit Gantang]] || [[Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz|Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz Syed Abdul Fasal]]
|-
|P061
|[[Padang Rengas (federal constituency)|Padang Rengas]]
|[[Azahari Hasan]]
|-
| P067 || [[Kuala Kangsar (federal constituency)|Kuala Kangsar]] || [[Iskandar Dzulkarnain Abdul Khalid]]
|-
| {{Flag|Pahang}} || P082 || [[Indera Mahkota (federal constituency)|Indera Mahkota]] || [[Saifuddin Abdullah]]
|-
| {{Flag|Selangor}} || P095 || [[Tanjong Karang (federal constituency)|Tanjong Karang]] || [[Zulkafperi Hanapi]]
|-
| {{Flag|Labuan}} || P166 || [[Labuan (federal constituency)|Labuan]] || [[Suhaili Abdul Rahman]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Sabah}} || P167 || [[Kudat (federal constituency)|Kudat]] || [[Verdon Bahanda]]
|-
|P181
|[[Tenom (federal constituency)|Tenom]]
|[[Riduan Rubin]]
|-
| Total || colspan="4" style="width:30px;" | {{small|'''[[Kelantan]]''' (3), '''[[Penang]]''' (1), '''[[Perak]]''' (5), '''[[Pahang]]''' (1), '''[[Selangor]]''' (1), '''[[Labuan]]''' (1), '''[[Sabah]]''' (2)}}
|}

====Malaysian State Assembly Representatives====
{{Main|List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2023–present)}}

[[Pahang State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|1|47|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
[[Selangor State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|1|56|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
[[Sabah State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|6|73|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
[[Sarawak State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|1|82|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
{| class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:100px;"| State
!No.
!Parliamentary constituency
! style="width:30px;"| No.
! style="width:150px;"|State constituency
! style="width:250px;"|Member
|-
|{{Flag|Perak}}
|P073
|[[Pasir Salak (federal constituency)|Pasir Salak]]
|N49
|[[Sungai Manik]]
|[[Zainol Fadzi Paharudin]]
|-
|{{Flag|Pahang}}
|colspan=3|—
|Nominated member
|Ahmad Irshadi Abdullah
|-
|{{Flag|Selangor}}
|P109
|[[Kapar (federal constituency)|Kapar]]||N44|| [[Selat Klang (state constituency)|Selat Klang]] || [[Abdul Rashid Asari]]
|-
|{{Flag|Melaka}}
|P139
|[[Jasin (federal constituency)|Jasin]]
|N24
|[[Bemban (state constituency)|Bemban]]
|[[Mohd Yadzil Yaakub]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |{{Flag|Sabah}}
|P168
|[[Kota Marudu (federal constituency)|Kota Marudu]]||N06|| [[Bandau (state constituency)|Bandau]] || [[Maijol Mahap]]
|-
|P169
|[[Kota Belud (federal constituency)|Kota Belud]]
|N08
|[[Pintasan]]
|[[Fairuz Renddan]]
|-
|P173
|[[Putatan (federal constituency)|Putatan]]
|N23
|[[Petagas]]
|[[Awang Ahmad Sah Awang Sahari]]
|-
|P182
|[[Pensiangan (federal constituency)|Pensiangan]]
|N44
|[[Tulid]]
|Jordan Jude Ellron
|-
|P171
|Kalabakan
|N70
|[[Kukusan]]
|Rina Jainal
|-
|colspan=3|—
|Nominated member
|Roger Chin Ken Fong
|-
|{{Flag|Sarawak}}
|P195
|[[Bandar Kuching (federal constituency)|Bandar Kuching]]||N11|| [[Batu Lintang (state constituency)|Batu Lintang]] || [[See Chee How]]
|-
| Total
| colspan="5" |{{small|'''[[Perak]]''' (1), '''[[Pahang]]''' (1), '''[[Selangor]]''' (1), '''[[Melaka]]''' (1), '''[[Sabah]]''' (6), '''[[Sarawak]]''' (1)}}
|}

===North Korea===
Parliamentary independent candidates: The system in place whither the DPRK allows for independent politicians to launch their own campaigns to gain a seat in parliament. The candidates however must be approved by the Fatherland Front, being the primary party of the DPRK. To cast votes to independent candidates the voting population must do so at independent voting stations.

Nearly all electoral systems currently in practice in the DPRK that exist on a local level are made up of mostly independent Candidates, as the Fatherland Front and other major party's primarily operate in the urban heartland of the DPRK. On the local level of North Korean elections, alliances between independent candidates is banned.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

===Nepal===
In Nepal, there are some independent politicians, especially in local government. Independent politician and rapper [[Balendra Shah|Balen Shah]] was elected as Mayor of [[Kathmandu]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balendra 'Balen' Shah, Sunita Dangol set to become KMC Mayor, Deputy-mayor |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/balendra-balen-shah-sunita-dangol-set-to-become-kmc-mayor-deputy-mayor |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=The Himalayan Times |date=25 May 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240110022640/https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/balendra-balen-shah-sunita-dangol-set-to-become-kmc-mayor-deputy-mayor |archive-date= 10 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Balen' canes parties with the walking stick |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/05/26/balen-canes-parties-with-the-walking-stick |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=The Kathmandu Post |first1= Binod |last1=Ghimire |date=26 May 2022 |language=English}}</ref> Similarly, [[Harka Raj Rai|Harka Sampang]] and [[Gopal Hamal]] were also elected as Mayor of some of the major cities like [[Dharan]] and [[Dhangadhi]], respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2022 |title=5 reasons why new Dharan mayor, Harka Sampang Rai, stands out |website= OnlineKhabar English News |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/dharan-mayor-harka-sampang-rai.html |access-date=26 May 2022 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2022 |title=Gopal Hamal: A trader-turned-social worker is now the mayor of Dhangadhi |website= OnlineKhabar English News |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/gopal-hamal-dhangadhi-mayor.html |access-date=26 May 2022 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
Pakistan has independent politicians standing in elections. In the [[2008 Pakistani general election]], 30 independent members of parliament were elected to [[Pakistan's parliament]]. In 2011, four candidates won seats in the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]]. In the 2013 General Election, nine seats were won by independents. In 2024, [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] backed independent candidates won 94 seats as the party was officially banned by the [[Election Commission of Pakistan]].

===Philippines===
{|class=wikitable align=right
|+Independents in elections since 1946
|-
!Year !! President !! Vice president !! Senate !! House
|-
|[[1946 Philippine general election|1946]]
|align="center"|None
|align="center"|None
|align="center"|None
|{{Composition bar|5|98|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|-
|[[1947 Philippine Senate election|1947]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|align="center"|None
| {{N/A}}
|-
|[[1949 Philippine general election|1949]]
|align="center"|None
|align="center"|None
|{{Composition bar|0|8|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|100|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|-
|[[1951 Philippine Senate election|1951]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|{{Composition bar|0|8|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
| {{N/A}}
|-
|[[1953 Philippine general election|1953]]
| {{Lost}}
|align="center"|None
|{{Composition bar|0|8|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|102|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|-
|[[1955 Philippine Senate election|1955]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|{{Composition bar|0|8|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
| {{N/A}}
|-
|[[1957 Philippine general election|1957]]
|align="center"|None
|align="center"|None
|{{Composition bar|0|8|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|102|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|-
|[[1959 Philippine Senate election|1959]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|{{Composition bar|0|8|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
| {{N/A}}
|-
|[[1961 Philippine general election|1961]]
| {{Lost}}
| {{Lost}}
|{{Composition bar|0|8|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|104|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|-
|[[1963 Philippine Senate election|1963]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|{{Composition bar|0|8|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
| {{N/A}}
|-
|[[1965 Philippine general election|1965]]
| {{Lost}}
|align="center"|None
|{{Composition bar|0|8|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|{{Composition bar|3|104|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|-
|[[1967 Philippine Senate election|1967]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|{{Composition bar|1|8|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
| {{N/A}}
|-
|[[1969 Philippine general election|1969]]
| {{Lost}}
|align="center"|None
|align="center"|None
|{{Composition bar|2|110|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|-
|[[1971 Philippine Senate election|1971]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|align="center"|None
| {{N/A}}
|-
|[[1978 Philippine parliamentary election|1978]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|{{Composition bar|1|190|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|-
|[[1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum|1981]]
| {{Lost}}
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|-
|[[1984 Philippine parliamentary election|1984]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|{{Composition bar|6|200|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|-
|[[1986 Philippine presidential election|1986]]
|align="center"|None
|align="center"|None
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|-
|[[1987 Philippine legislative election|1987]] || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{Composition bar|0|24|hex={{party color|Independent}}}} || {{Composition bar|23|214|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|-
|[[1992 Philippine general election|1992]] || align="center" | None || align="center" | None || {{Composition bar|0|24|hex={{party color|Independent}}}} || {{Composition bar|6|216|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|-
|[[1995 Philippine general election|1995]] || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{Composition bar|1|12|hex={{party color|Independent}}}} || {{Composition bar|7|220|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|-
|[[1998 Philippine general election|1998]] || {{Lost}} || align="center" | None || {{Composition bar|1|12|hex={{party color|Independent}}}} || {{Composition bar|7|220|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|-
|[[2001 Philippine general election|2001]] || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{Composition bar|5|13|hex={{party color|Independent}}}} || {{Composition bar|8|256|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|-
|[[2004 Philippine general election|2004]] || align="center" | None || {{Won}} || {{Composition bar|0|12|hex={{party color|Independent}}}} || {{Composition bar|4|261|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|-
|[[2007 Philippine general election|2007]] || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{Composition bar|1|12|hex={{party color|Independent}}}} || {{Composition bar|4|271|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|-
|[[2010 Philippine general election|2010]] || {{Lost}} || align="center" | None || {{Composition bar|1|12|hex={{party color|Independent}}}} || {{Composition bar|7|286|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|-
|[[2013 Philippine general election|2013]] || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{Composition bar|2|12|hex={{party color|Independent}}}} || {{Composition bar|6|293|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|-
|[[2016 Philippine general election|2016]] || align="center" | None || {{Lost}} || {{Composition bar|3|12|hex={{party color|Independent}}}} || {{Composition bar|4|297|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|-
|[[2019 Philippine general election|2019]] || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{Composition bar|1|12|hex={{party color|Independent}}}} || {{Composition bar|2|304|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|-
|[[2022 Philippine general election|2022]] || {{Lost}} || align="center" | None || {{Composition bar|4|12|hex={{party color|Independent}}}} || {{Composition bar|6|316|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|-
|[[2025 Philippine general election|2025]]|| {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|{{Composition bar|2|12|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|{{Composition bar|11|317|hex={{party color|Independent}}}}
|}

Ever since the first elections during the [[1907 Philippine Assembly elections]], independents have been allowed to participate and have won seats. On that first election, independents had the most members, behind the [[Nacionalista Party]]. When the [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]] was first created, its [[1916 Philippine Senate elections|first elections in 1916]] also saw independents participating and winning one seat. In the Nacionalista landslide of [[1941 Philippine general election|1941]], the three independents were the only non-members of the Nacionalista Party to win in the House of Representatives; this was also the start of independents being shut out in the Senate.

After independence was granted by the United States in 1946, the [[two-party system]] between the Nacionalistas and [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] was established, with certain candidates who failed to get the nomination of either parties appearing on the ballot as "Independent Nacionalista" or "Independent Liberal", as the case may be. Independents not associated with any party were still able to participate and sporadically win elections. In the [[1961 Philippine presidential election|1961 Philippine vice-presidential election]], independent [[Sergio Osmeña Jr.]] narrowly lost to [[Emmanuel Pelaez]]. The first breakthrough was in the [[1967 Philippine Senate election]] where [[Magnolia Antonino]], widow of Gaudencio Antonino who died on election eve, won.

[[Ferdinand Marcos]] declared martial law in 1972, dissolved Congress, and promulgated a new constitution that led to the [[1978 Philippine parliamentary election]], where one independent won, independents also won in [[1984 Philippine parliamentary election|1984]]. Marcos was overthrown after the 1986 [[People Power Revolution]] after he allegedly cheated in the [[1986 Philippine presidential election]]. [[Corazon Aquino]] succeeded Marcos, and promulgated a new constitution that ushered in a [[multi-party system]]. Here, parties are not able to present full 12-person slates in Senate elections, thus necessitating inter-party cooperation, that included independents. The [[1995 Philippine Senate election]] saw two independents winning: [[Juan Ponce Enrile]] (who later ran and lost the [[1998 Philippine presidential election]] as an independent) and [[Gregorio Honasan]], who both teamed up to stage coups during the Aquino presidency. The [[2001 EDSA Revolution]] increased the number of major candidates running as independents, with broadcaster [[Noli de Castro]] topping the Senate election. He was a guest candidate of the opposition [[Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino|Pwersa ng Masa coalition]] but he never joined their campaign rallies. In 2004, he ran [[2004 Philippine presidential election|as vice president]] as a guest candidate of the administration [[Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan|K-4 coalition]] and won with just under majority of the vote.

In the local level, former priest [[Eddie Panlilio]] was elected as governor of [[Pampanga]] in 2007, defeating two administration candidates. When Panlilio eventually transferred to the Liberal Party in time for the 2010 election, it was ruled that he was beaten in the 2007 election; in 2010, he was defeated.

In the [[2010 Philippine House of Representatives elections|2010 House of Representatives elections]], seven independents were elected, although all but two joined a political party after the elections. Independents can only run in [[Congressional districts of the Philippines|district]] elections, and cannot participate in [[Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines|party-list elections]] as independents.

In contesting elections, independent candidates can spend as much as those with parties can under the law, but they are not able to tap in spending from a political party that nominated them.

Independent candidates are different from [[Nonpartisanism|nonpartisan]] politicians; the former are elected in openly partisan elections, while the latter participate in nonpartisan elections such as [[barangay elections]]. Local legislatures may find itself with independent and nonpartisan members.

===Qatar===
In Qatar, political parties are banned by law. All elected officials are independent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stability or Elections: A look into Qatar's 2024 Constitutional Referendum |url=https://www.idea.int/blog/stability-or-elections-look-qatars-2024-constitutional-referendum |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=International IDEA |language=en}}</ref>

===Taiwan===
After the [[2018 Taiwanese local elections]], there was only one independent local head: [[Ko Wen-je]], mayor of [[Taipei]].

On 6 August 2019, Ko Wen-je founded the [[Taiwan People's Party]].

After the [[2022 Taiwanese local elections]], there was one independent local head: [[Chung Tung-chin]], County magistrate of [[Miaoli County]].

==Europe==
===Azerbaijan===
In [[Azerbaijan]], there are many independent members of the [[National Assembly (Azerbaijan)|National Assembly]], such as [[Aytən Mustafayeva]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2015 |title=Azerbaijan election: Ruling party wins amid boycott |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34692390 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304120229/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34692390 |archive-date=4 March 2020 |access-date=29 January 2020 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mustafazadə Aytən İnqlab qızı |url=http://www.meclis.gov.az/?/az/deputat/209 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615220525/http://www.meclis.gov.az/?/az/deputat/209 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=29 January 2020 |website=Milli Məclis}}</ref>
===Bulgaria===
The [[President of Bulgaria]] [[Rumen Radev]] is an independent with support from the [[Bulgarian Socialist Party]]. Radev was elected in the [[2016 Bulgarian presidential election|2016 presidential election]]. An independent politician can enter into parliament only if they gather enough votes to pass the 4% threshold, thus behaving like political parties. However, they can be part of a civic quota of a given party. Civic quotas are lists of independents candidates, who are represented on a given party's electoral list, without directly joining the party. Every party has the capability to invite independent candidates into their lists, without forcing them to join the party itself.

===Croatia===
After an inconclusive election in [[2015 Croatian parliamentary election|2015]], [[Tihomir Orešković (politician)|Tihomir Orešković]] was named the first non-partisan [[Prime Minister of Croatia]].

===Estonia===
All [[President of Estonia|Estonian presidents]] are forced to relinquish membership from any political party they may be in.

===Finland===
[[File:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim 1940.jpg|thumb|upright|Marshal Mannerheim, the 6th president of Finland]]

[[Marshal of Finland|Marshal]] [[C. G. E. Mannerheim]], who served as the [[president of Finland]] from 1944 to 1946, did not want to be affiliated with any party.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ilkkapohjalainen.fi/mielipide/kolumnit/mannerheimkin-tanssi-tangoa-1.1224896 |title=Mannerheimkin tanssi tangoa |website=Ilkka-Pohjalainen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721035106/https://ilkkapohjalainen.fi/mielipide/kolumnit/mannerheimkin-tanssi-tangoa-1.1224896 |archive-date=21 July 2021 |language=Finnish |date=14 July 2012 }}</ref> As the state regent/caretaker from December 1918 to July 1919, Mannerheim also stood as an independent in the [[1919 Finnish presidential election|July 1919 presidential election]] against the [[National Progressive Party (Finland)|National Progressive's]] candidate [[Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg]], who won.

Also, after serving six years on his first term as the 12th president of Finland in the [[National Coalition Party]] from 2012 to 2018, [[Sauli Niinistö]] was elected for his second term in 2018 after running as an independent candidate. Sauli Niinistö's status as an independent/non-partisan president has been attributed to his historical approval ratings and popularity, which stood at 90% favorable in July 2021 of which 52% said that Niinistö had handled the presidency "Very favorably".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kervinen |first=Elina |date=14 July 2021 |title=HS-gallup {{!}} Presidentti Niinistö saa yhä huippuarvosanat kansalta – hänen työtään ei moiti juuri kukaan |url=https://www.hs.fi/politiikka/art-2000008122588.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 June 2022 |website=Helsingin Sanomat |language=fi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HS: Niinistön suosio jopa huipussaan – vain prosentti kansalaisista tyytymättömiä |url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/politiikka/a/f1e9b2f0-39cf-4325-87c1-7288fcbd8c20 |access-date=7 June 2022 |website=Iltalehti |first1=Elisa |last1=Perälä |date=14 July 2021 |language=fi}}</ref>

===France===
In France, independent politicians are frequently categorised as ''sans étiquette'' ("without label") in municipal or district elections.

In the nineteenth century and first half of the twentieth century, most French national politicians were independents. The first modern French political parties date from the early 1900s (foundation of [[Popular Liberal Action|Action Libérale]] and the [[Radical Party (France)|Radical Party]]). The first legislation on political parties dates from 1911, though it was not until 1928 that parliamentarians were required to select a political party for the parliamentary register (either by formally joining a group, or by loosely working with one as an ''apparenté'', or associate), and not until after 1945 that structured political parties came to dominate parliamentary work.

Once elected, independents tended to attach themselves to a parliamentary party. In some cases independent deputies banded together to form a [[technical group]] of their own. In 1932, for instance, there were four technical groups created: the left-of-centre [[Independent Left (France)|Independent Left]], with 12 deputies; the centre-right liberal [[Independents of the Left]], with 26 deputies; the right-wing [[Agrarianism|agrarian]] [[Independents for Economic, Social and Peasant Action]], with six deputies; and the far-right [[Monarchism in France|monarchist]] [[Republican Independents|Independent Group]], with 12 deputies—these four technical groups thus accounted for one-tenth of deputies. In addition, the larger parliamentary parties, including the socialist SFIO, centre-left PRRRS, centre-right ARD and conservative FR all included a greater or lesser number of independents who sat with their group for parliamentary work (''apparentés'').

In 1920, [[Alexandre Millerand]] was elected [[President of France|president of the Republic]] under the banner "without label".

However, it is nowadays rare to have independent politicians at national level, if only because independents usually affiliate themselves to an existing political grouping. Noteworthy independents include [[José Bové]] in the [[2007 French presidential election|2007 presidential election]]. [[Emmanuel Macron]] was an independent politician as Minister, but formed his own party to stand in the [[2017 French presidential election|2017 presidential election]].

From 2001 to 2008, "without label" was no longer used in the nomenclature of the [[Minister of the Interior (France)|Ministry of the Interior]]. Candidates and lists presenting themselves as "without label" are classified in DVG (various left), DVD (various right), DVC (various center) or AUT (other) according to their political sensitivity. Therefore, from 2008 onwards, the DIV (miscellaneous) or the LDIV code for the "miscellaneous" list has been created to group unclassifiable or categorical interests and, by default, mayors without a declared label claiming no political sensitivity, be it left, center or right. The AUT (other) grade replaces the DIV grade without changing its definition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.senat.fr/basile/visio.do?id=qSEQ080103109|title=Nuance politique attribuée aux maires des communes de moins de 3500 habitants |website=Site du sénat |access-date=25 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323092412/http://www.senat.fr/basile/visio.do?id=qSEQ080103109|archive-date=23 March 2019}}</ref>

===Georgia===
[[Salome Zourabichvili]] won the [[2018 Georgian presidential election]] as an independent candidate, becoming the first-ever female [[President of Georgia]].

===Germany===
[[Joachim Gauck]], [[President of Germany]] from March 2012 to March 2017 and the first Federal President without party affiliation, was to date the most prominent independent politician. In the [[2010 German presidential election|German presidential election of 2010]] he was the candidate of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrats]] and [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Greens]], in [[2012 German presidential election|2012]] the candidate of all major parties except [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]]. His presidency—though his powers are limited—constitutes an exception, as Independent politicians have rarely held high office in German history, at least not since [[World War II]]. It has nevertheless happened that a presidential candidate without any chances of election by the [[Federal Convention (Germany)|Federal Convention]] was not a party member: for example, in 1984 the Greens came up with the writer [[Luise Rinser]].

In the [[Bundestag]] parliament nearly all deputies belong to a political party. The voting system of [[mixed-member proportional representation|personalized proportional representation]] (since 1949) allows any individual holding the [[suffrage|passive right to vote]] to stand for a direct [[Mandate (politics)|mandate]] in the [[electoral districts]]—299 of the seats in parliament are distributed by districts according to a [[plurality voting system]]. Such a candidate has to present 200 signatures in favor of their candidacy, the same as a candidate of a party that had no parliamentary presentation previously. The first [[1949 West German federal election|Bundestag election in 1949]] saw three independents elected; since then, no party-independent candidate has won a seat.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=live |url=http://www.wahlrecht.de/lexikon/parteilose.html |website=Unabhängige Direktkandidaten |title=Begriff: Unabhängiger Direktkandidat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409045602/http://www.wahlrecht.de/lexikon/parteilose.html |archive-date=9 April 2019 |access-date=13 October 2012 |author1=Martin Fehndrich |orig-date=28 August 2002 |date=2012 }}</ref> At [[States of Germany|state]] level, the situation is more or less the same: only party members have a real chance to be elected to a [[Landtag]] legislature, and state ministers without party membership are just as rare as at the federal level.

In [[local election]]s however it is common for independent politicians to be elected into [[Districts of Germany|district]], city and municipal councils; sometimes independent politicians are even elected as [[mayor]] or ''[[Landrat]]'', especially in [[Northern Germany]]. In Germany it is common to form [[Grouping of electors#Germany|free voters' associations]] to contest in local elections, often to greater success. An alliance of multiple of these voters' associations formed the [[Free Voters]] which later became a political party. The Free Voters have succeeded at entering two state parliaments directly: the [[Landtag of Bavaria]] ([[Free Voters of Bavaria]]) in 2008 and the [[Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate]] in 2021. Another party associated with the Free Voters that made it into a state parliament was the [[Brandenburg United Civic Movements/Free Voters]], which first entered the [[Landtag of Brandenburg]] with three seats in 2014 but lost all of its seats in 2024.

An independent member of parliament, who also is not a member of a [[Grouping of electors#Germany|voters' association]], holds the status of ''fraktionsloser Abgeordneter'', i.e., not affiliated to any [[parliamentary group]]. A representative who either leaves their party (and their parliamentary group) or is expelled from it and does not join another becomes ''fraktionslos''. In 1989 the Bundestag MP [[Thomas Wüppesahl]], who had left the Green Party in 1987 and was excluded from the Green parliamentary group the next year, obtained more rights as a ''fraktionsloser Abgeordneter'', for example more talking time and representation in a subcommittee, when the [[Federal Constitutional Court of Germany|Federal Constitutional Court]] decided partially in their favor.

After the [[Unification of Germany|German unification]] of 1871, the first [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellors]] ([[head of government|heads of government]]) ''de jure'' served as [[executive officer]]s of the [[German Empire|German Imperial states]] as non-partisans, usually recruited from the traditional bureaucratic, aristocratic or military elites. In the fierce political conflicts during the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period after [[World War I]], several chancellors and Reich Ministers also had no party affiliation: these chancellors were [[Wilhelm Cuno]] (1922–1923), [[Hans Luther]] (1925–1926), the former [[Centre Party (Germany)|Centre]] politician [[Franz von Papen]] (1932), and [[Kurt von Schleicher]] (1932–1933). The last two [[Cabinet of Germany|cabinets]] appointed by Reich President [[Paul von Hindenburg]], a non-partisan (though strongly [[Conservatism in Germany|Conservative]]) himself, were regarded as apolitical cabinets of experts with regard to the rise of the [[Nazi Party]]; many of the ministers were not party members.

Since World War II, only two ministers of (West) German cabinets have not been party members, though "on the ticket" of the major party in the coalition, the Social Democrats: Education Minister [[Hans Leussink]] (1969–1972), and Minister of Economy [[Werner Müller (politician)|Werner Müller]] (1998–2002). Minister of Justice [[Klaus Kinkel]] only shortly after his appointment joined the [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democrats]] in 1991. A special case is the former Federal Minister and Chancellor [[Ludwig Erhard]], whose affiliation with the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]] (CDU) has not been conclusively established: although he served as Minister of Economics from 1949 to 1963 and as Federal Chancellor from 1963 to 1966, and was even elected CDU [[party chair]]man in 1966, it seems that he never signed a membership form or paid contributions. Researches by ''[[Der Stern]]'' magazine have revealed a record at the CDU party archives created only in 1968, with the faked date of entry of early March 1949.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2007 |title=Ludwig Erhard war nie CDU-Mitglied |url=https://www.stern.de/politik/deutschland/cdu-altkanzler-ludwig-erhard-war-nie-cdu-mitglied-3363530.html |access-date=7 August 2012 |website=stern.de |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026225840/http://www.stern.de/politik/deutschland/cdu-altkanzler-ludwig-erhard-war-nie-cdu-mitglied-587764.html |archive-date=26 October 2013 |url-status=live |author1=Walter Wüllenweber }}</ref>

===Iceland===
The [[President of Iceland]] (currently [[Halla Tómasdóttir]]) is independent. By convention, presidents of Iceland usually relinquish any party membership prior to or upon taking office.

===Ireland===
{{Main|Independent politician (Ireland)}}

In Ireland, constituency-based proportional representation, the comparative looseness of formal parties, and strong local sentiment have meant that independents have formed a significant part of the parliamentary landscape since the [[Irish Free State|foundation of the state]]: in the early elections to [[Dáil Éireann (Irish Free State)|Dáil Éireann]] (parliament), independents accounted for [[1922 Irish general election|7% of seats in 1922]], [[1923 Irish general election|8.5% in 1923]], [[June 1927 Irish general election|10.5% in 1927]], and [[1932 Irish general election|9% in 1932]], though with the development of relatively more structured parties their numbers declined thereafter. These were similar proportions to the number of independents elected to other interwar European democracies such as France (see above).

It was not until the 2010s that independents would see a similar electoral success, with record scores for independents surpassing the previous interwar highs.

After the [[2020 Irish general election|Irish general election in 2020]], there were 23 independent [[Teachtaí Dála|TDs]] (parliamentary deputies) in the [[Dáil Éireann|Dáil]] (the lower house of the Irish parliament), representing 14% of the total.

There are ten independent senators in the [[26th Seanad]] (the upper house of the Irish parliament), representing 16% of the total. Two of these are elected by the graduates of the [[National University of Ireland]] and three from [[Trinity College Dublin|Dublin University]]. There is also one independent senator who was nominated by the [[Taoiseach]] and four elected by the technical panels.

===Isle of Man===
The majority of the elected representatives in the [[Isle of Man]] are independents.

===Italy===
The [[Prime Minister of Italy|Prime Ministers]] [[Carlo Azeglio Ciampi]] (1993–1994), [[Lamberto Dini]] (1995–1996), [[Giuliano Amato]] (2000–2001), [[Mario Monti]] (2011–2013), [[Giuseppe Conte]] (2018–2021) and [[Mario Draghi]] (2021–2022) were independent when they were in office. Ciampi was also the [[President of Italy]] between 1999 and 2006. President [[Sergio Mattarella]], despite being a former member of the [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]] and of the [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]], was elected president in 2015 as an independent (he was member of the Constitutional Court at the moment of his election).

===Jersey===
The majority of the elected representatives in [[Jersey]] are independents.

=== Kazakhstan ===
After the dissolution of the [[Communist Party of Kazakhstan (Soviet Union)|Communist Party of Kazakhstan]], [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] formally continued to lead the country as an independent politician when being elected in [[1991 Kazakh presidential election|1991]], before later founding the [[Otan (political party)|Otan]] (later Nur Otan) party in 1999. Following the [[2022 Kazakh constitutional referendum|2022 constitutional referendum]], a new clause was added to Article 43(3) of the Constitution stating that, "for the period of exercising his powers, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan shall not be a member of a political party." This reform re-established the non-partisan status of the presidency, preventing future presidents from holding party membership while in office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rozenbergs |first=Ritums |date=2022-06-15 |title=Kazakhstan's referendum demonstrates a willingness to democratize faster |url=https://nra.lv/opinions/383902-kazakhstans-referendum-demonstrates-a-willingness-to-democratize-faster.htm |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=nra.lv |language=lv}}</ref> President [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]] subsequently left the [[Amanat (political party)|Amanat]] party in 2022 and was [[2022 Kazakh presidential election|re-elected]] later that year as an independent candidate with the support of [[People's Coalition (Kazakhstan)|People's Coalition]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seilkhanov |first=Adlet |date=2022-04-26 |title=Kassym-Jomart Tokayev steps down as Chairman of AMANAT Party |url=https://qazinform.com/news/kassym-jomart-tokayev-steps-down-as-chairman-of-amanat-party_a3927108 |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=[[Kazinform]]}}</ref> Independent presidential candidates may still receive backing from public associations, including political parties.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Нақтыбай |first=Есімжан |date=7 September 2022 |title=Президент сайлауына Қасым-Жомарт Тоқаевтың кандидатурасын өзі мүшесі емес партиялар да ұсына алады – министр |url=https://www.inform.kz/kz/article/3975944 |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=Kazinform |language=kk}}</ref> By law, presidential candidates must be nominated by a public association, which can include parties, even if they run as independents.

Parliamentary elections in Kazakhstan have historically allowed for both party-affiliated and independent deputies. In the first post-independence [[1994 Kazakh legislative election|elections of March 1994]], independents won roughly 64 of 177 seats in the [[Supreme Council of Kazakhstan]]. The [[1995 Kazakh legislative election|1995 elections]] for the newly established [[Mäjilis|Majilis]] allowed independent, self-nominated candidates to compete alongside party candidates, with independents winning 7 of 67 contested seats. From [[2007 Kazakh legislative election|2007]], Majilis elections were held entirely through [[Nationwide constituency|nationwide]] [[party-list proportional representation]], preventing independent candidates from winning office. The [[mixed electoral system]] was reinstated for the [[2023 Kazakh legislative election|2023 elections]], allowing independents to run in [[single-member district]]s while party lists continue to dominate the proportional tier.

The [[Senate of Kazakhstan]] remains non-partisan, with senators appointed by the [[President of Kazakhstan|president]] or elected indirectly by local assemblies, rather than through direct party-affiliated elections.

At the local level, ''[[mäslihat]]s'' (regional, city, and district assemblies) also allow independent candidates to run, though recent elections have combined single-member districts and party-list proportional representation. In addition, legal reforms prohibit akims and their deputies from holding positions in party branches or representative offices, restricting formal party roles in local government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-16 |title=Kazakh President lays out constitutional reforms following January unrest |url=https://www.euractiv.com/news/turning-the-page-after-the-january-unrest-kazakh-president-lays-out-constitutional-reforms/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=EURACTIV}}</ref>

===Kosovo===
[[Atifete Jahjaga]] was elected the first female and Independent [[President of Kosovo]] since the [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence]]. She was also the first female and independent elected leader in the whole of the [[Balkans]].

=== Liechtenstein ===
According to the [[1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein]], the appointed [[List of heads of government of Liechtenstein|Governor of Liechtenstein]] was required to be politically non-aligned with any party in both Austria and Liechtenstein.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Wille |first=Herbert |date=31 December 2011 |title=Verfassung |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Verfassung |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> Regardless, however, no political parties existed in Liechtenstein until 1918 and all members of the [[Landtag of Liechtenstein]] were elected as independents.<ref name=":022">[[Paul Vogt (historian)|Paul Vogt]] (1987). ''125 Jahre Landtag.'' Vaduz: Landtag of the Principality of Liechtenstein.</ref> Under the currently used [[1921 Constitution of Liechtenstein]], independent candidates are allowed to run for both the Landtag and prime minister, though an independent candidate has not been elected to either position since 1921.<ref name=":022" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=27 November 2002 |orig-date=5 October 1921 |title=Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein |url=https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL(2002)145-e#:~:text=The%20Principality%20is%20a%20constitutional,provisions%20of%20the%20present%20Constitution. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211130341/https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL(2002)145-e#:~:text=The%20Principality%20is%20a%20constitutional,provisions%20of%20the%20present%20Constitution. |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=European Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission) |pages=22–23 |publication-place=[[Strasbourg]]}}</ref><ref name="officehistory">{{Cite web |title=Mitglieder der Regierung des Fürstentums Liechtenstein 1862-2021 |url=https://www.regierung.li/files/attachments/Regierungsmitglieder-1862-2021-stand-0421.pdf?t=638338392447228367 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216125957/https://www.regierung.li/files/attachments/Regierungsmitglieder-1862-2021-stand-0421.pdf?t=638338392447228367 |archive-date=16 February 2024 |access-date=15 February 2024 |website= regierung.li}}</ref>

===The Netherlands ===
[[Dick Schoof]] was the independent [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]] from 2024 to 2026 when [[Rob Jetten]] was elected prime minister.

===Poland===
The Polish [[Sejm]] is elected by party-list ordination, which does not allow lone candidates to run, although since 2001 there has been a possibility to create a non-partisan ''Voters' Electoral Committee'' (pol. ''KWW'', ''komitet wyborczy wyborców''); they are by almost any means party lists, but no officially registered party is behind them. They can be unregistered parties, e.g. [[Kukiz'15]], or non-partisan movements, although the latter never reached the 5% threshold. National minorities candidates also form Voters' Electoral Committees (like [[German Minority Electoral Committee]], represented in Sejm between 1991 and 2023), but they do not have to reach the nationwide threshold. However, during a Sejm term many members switch parties or become independents.

Tickets such as [[Civic Platform]] during the [[2001 Polish parliamentary election|2001 election]] were formally non-partisan, Civic Platform was widely viewed as a de facto political party, as it is now.

The situation in the [[Senate of Poland|Senate]] is different, as the voting system allows independents to run as single candidates and some are elected in their own right. In the last parliamentary election ([[2023 Polish parliamentary election|2023]]) four independents won seats in the Senate.

All [[President of Poland|presidents]] of Poland have formally been independents. [[Lech Wałęsa]] was not an endorsed candidate of any party, but the chairman of the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] and he was elected without full support of the union (with some in Solidarity preferring [[Prime Minister of Poland|Prime Minister]] [[Tadeusz Mazowiecki]]). [[Aleksander Kwaśniewski]] was a leader of the [[Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland]], but formally resigned from the party after he was elected, as did [[Lech Kaczyński]], who was the first leader of [[Law and Justice (Poland)|Law and Justice]] (PiS), [[Bronisław Komorowski]] ([[Civic Platform|PO]]) and [[Andrzej Duda]] (PiS). The resignation is required because the Constitution says that the president shall hold no other offices nor discharge any public functions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/konse.htm#5 |title=The Constitution of the Republic of Poland |publisher=Sejm |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216093821/http://sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/konse.htm#5 |archive-date=16 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The aforementioned presidents often participated in their party's campaigns (e.g. Andrzej Duda in the Law and Justice campaign three months after his resignation from the party). [[Karol Nawrocki]], despite being endorsed by the Law and Justice party, was never a member of the party and stood as an independent candidate.

===Portugal===
[[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]], the current [[president of Portugal]] since 6 March 2016, was elected on 24 January 2016 while being a leading member of the [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]], but suspended his [[political affiliation]] on the day of his [[Swearing in|swearing-in]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://observador.pt/2016/04/01/marcelo-rebelo-sousa-suspendeu-militancia-do-psd/|title=Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa suspendeu a militância no PSD|last=Valente|first=Liliana|date=1 April 2016|work=Observador|access-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417025221/http://observador.pt/2016/04/01/marcelo-rebelo-sousa-suspendeu-militancia-do-psd/|archive-date=17 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Russia===
All of Russia's [[President of Russia|presidents]] have been independents. Former president [[Dmitry Medvedev]] declined an offer to join [[United Russia]], saying that he believes the President should be an independent so that he serves the interests of the country rather than his political party.

[[Vladimir Putin]], the current president of Russia, was the head of the [[United Russia]] party until 26 May 2012, but even then was not its member, thus formally was and still is independent.

===Sweden===
The Swedish election system is based on parties nominating candidate MPs for their party ballots, and each party has to receive 4% or more of the national vote (or 12% in one region, which has never happened independently of also reaching the different 4% threshold). This makes running as an independent MP impossible. Once elected, the seat is personal; MPs may resign their party membership, or be stripped of it, while retaining their [[Riksdag]] seats to become independent, commonly referred to as being a ''politisk vilde'' (''political savage'') symbol: (-).

In the [[Government of Sweden|Government]] (executive cabinet), there is no requirement for ministers to be MPs, or even have a political affiliation (though this has overwhelmingly been the case in modern times). This means that even the [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]] could technically be an independent if chosen by the Riksdag.

===The United Kingdom===
The [[Registration of Political Parties Act 1998]] laid down the first specific rules in the United Kingdom relating to the use of the term 'independent' by election candidates. That Act was repealed with most of its contents covered by Part II of the [[Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000]]. Candidates standing for United Kingdom local elections and United Kingdom parliamentary elections, including the devolved parliaments and assemblies, can use the name of a registered political party, or the term 'Independent' (or its Welsh language equivalent ''annibynol'') or no ballot paper description at all.<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction to standing as a candidate|url=http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/164109/intro-candidate.pdf|publisher=Electoral Commission|access-date=10 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202014634/http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/164109/intro-candidate.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Electoral Administration Bill|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmbills/050/en/06050x-c.htm|website=United Kingdom parliament|access-date=10 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110235148/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmbills/050/en/06050x-c.htm|archive-date=10 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some groups in the United Kingdom who are not affiliated to any national or regional party have registered locality-based political parties. Some English examples are the [[Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern]], the [[Epsom and Ewell Residents Association]], the [[Devizes Guardians]], the [[Derwentside Independents]], and the East Yorkshire Independents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.TheEYIP.co.uk|title=History of East YorkshireLearn about East Yorkshire|access-date=19 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143709/http://www.theeyip.co.uk/|archive-date=27 April 2015}}</ref>

====House of Commons====
{{See also|List of minor party and independent MPs elected in the United Kingdom}}
Before the twentieth century, it was fairly common for independents to be elected to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]], but there have been very few since 1945. [[S. O. Davies]], a veteran [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] MP, held his [[Merthyr Tydfil]] seat in the [[1970 United Kingdom general election|1970 general election]], standing as an independent, after the Labour Party had deselected him.

Journalist [[Martin Bell]] was elected at [[Tatton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tatton]] in the [[1997 United Kingdom general election|general election of 1997]], having stood on an anti-corruption platform, defeating incumbent [[Neil Hamilton (politician)|Neil Hamilton]]. He was the first independent to be newly elected to the Commons since [[1951 United Kingdom general election|1951]].<ref name="GuardianMartinBell">[[Martin Bell]]'s 1997 election was the first election of an Independent in the UK since 1951: {{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/global/2007/jun/03/martinbell | title=Martin Bell Profile | publisher=Guardian | access-date=18 October 2012 | location=London | date=3 June 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017203222/http://www.theguardian.com/global/2007/jun/03/martinbell | archive-date=17 October 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref> He stood unsuccessfully in a different constituency in 2001.

At the [[2001 United Kingdom general election|2001 general election]], [[Richard Taylor (UK politician)|Richard Taylor]] of the [[Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern]] party was elected for the constituency of [[Wyre Forest (UK Parliament constituency)|Wyre Forest]]. Taylor was re-elected for Wyre Forest at the [[2005 United Kingdom general election|2005 general election]], becoming the only independent in recent times to have been elected for a second term.

Two independent (or local party) members of parliament were elected in the [[2005 United Kingdom general election|2005 election]], although both were defeated five years later. In the same election, [[Peter Law]] was elected as an independent at [[Blaenau Gwent (UK Parliament constituency)|Blaenau Gwent]]. Law died on 25 April 2006: the resulting [[2006 Blaenau Gwent by-elections|by-election]] elected [[Dai Davies (politician)|Dai Davies]] of the local party [[Blaenau Gwent People's Voice]]. The by-election was unusual as it was the first time in over eighty years that an independent had held a seat previously occupied by another independent.

Only one independent was elected to the Commons in the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010]], [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015]] and [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 elections]]: [[Sylvia Hermon]], the member for [[North Down (UK Parliament constituency)|North Down]], a [[Unionism in Ireland|Unionist]] who left the [[Ulster Unionist Party]] because of its links with the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]].

There have also been several instances of politicians being elected to the Commons as representatives of a political party, then resigning the party's whip, or having it withdrawn. Examples in this in the 2010–2015 parliament included [[Mike Hancock (British politician)|Mike Hancock]] (formerly a [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]]), [[Eric Joyce]] (formerly Labour) and [[Nadine Dorries]], a Conservative who had the whip withdrawn for part of the parliament and thus sat as an independent during that time.

Independent candidates often stand in British parliamentary elections, often with platforms about specific local issues, but usually without success. An example from the 2001 general election was [[Aston Villa]] supporter Ian Robinson, who stood as an independent in the [[Sutton Coldfield (UK Parliament constituency)|Sutton Coldfield constituency]] in protest at the way chairman [[Doug Ellis]] ran the football club. Another example an independent candidate, in the [[Salisbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Salisbury constituency]], is [[Arthur Uther Pendragon]], a local activist and self-declared reincarnation of [[King Arthur]].

Other independent candidates are associated with a political party and may be former members of it, but cannot stand under its label. For instance, for several months after being expelled from the Labour Party but before the [[Respect Party|Respect Coalition]] was founded, [[George Galloway]] MP described himself as "Independent Labour".

On 23 March 2005, the [[Independent Network]] was set up to support independent candidates in the forthcoming general election.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independentnetwork.org.uk/Launch_news_release.html|title=Launchdate of the Independent Network}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Independent Network still supports Independent candidates in local, regional, national and European elections. It has an organic{{clarify|date=May 2014}} set of principles which are known as the Bell Principles and are very closely related to [[Committee on Standards in Public Life|Lord Nolan's Standards of Public Life]]. The Independent Network does not impose any [[ideology]] or political influence on their candidates.

In March 2009, the multi-millionaire [[Paul Judge]] established the [[Jury Team]], an umbrella organisation dedicated to increasing the number of independent candidates standing in Britain, in both national and European elections.<ref name=Independant8Mar09>{{cite news | last = Gourlay | first = Chris | title = Tycoon finances 'X Factor' party to clean up politics | publisher = [[The Sunday Times]] | date = 8 March 2009 | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article5864530.ece | access-date = 10 May 2009 | location = London | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090316004542/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article5864530.ece | archive-date = 16 March 2009 }}</ref>

In 2024, a record of six independent candidates was elected to the 59th parliament.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goodier |first=Michael |date=2024-07-07 |title=Rise of smaller parties: key takeaways from voting patterns in UK election |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/article/2024/jul/07/key-takeaways-voting-patterns-uk-general-election-2024 |access-date=2024-10-17 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} </ref>
=====Independent and undescribed candidates=====
Part II of the [[Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000]] allows individuals who wish to stand as a candidate to all parliaments and assemblies in the UK, including the House of Commons, the right to use one of three ballot paper descriptions. Those descriptions are the name of a registered political party; the word "independent"; or no description at all.<ref>{{cite web|title=Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 - Part II "Registration of Political Parties"|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/41/part/II|website=Lesiglation.gov|access-date=22 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523011659/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/41/part/II|archive-date=23 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Unless a candidate stands as "independent" or as a "No Description" candidate leaving the ballot paper description box blank, their candidature must be confirmed by a signed certificate from the relevant officer from a registered political party, as set out in Section 52 of the [[Electoral Administration Act 2006]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Electoral Administration Act 2006 - Explanatory Notes|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/22/notes/division/9/7/1?view=plain|website=Legislation.gov|access-date=22 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523082806/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/22/notes/division/9/7/1?view=plain|archive-date=23 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

====House of Lords====
{{Main|Crossbencher|Non-affiliated members of the House of Lords|Lords Spiritual}}

The [[House of Lords]] includes many peers independent from political parties. Some are simply [[Non-affiliated members of the House of Lords|not affiliated]] with any grouping, whilst another, larger, grouping is given the official designation of [[Crossbench#United Kingdom|crossbenchers]]. Additionally the [[Lords Spiritual]] (bishops of the [[Church of England]]) do not have party affiliations.

====Scottish Parliament, Senedd (Welsh Parliament) and Northern Irish Assembly====
In the [[2003 Scottish Parliament election|2003 Scottish Parliamentary elections]], three [[Member of the Scottish Parliament|MSPs]] were elected as Independents: [[Dennis Canavan]] ([[Falkirk West (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Falkirk West]]), [[Jean Turner]] ([[Strathkelvin and Bearsden (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Strathkelvin and Bearsden]]) and [[Margo MacDonald]] ([[Lothians (Scottish Parliament electoral region)|Lothians]]). In 2004 [[Campbell Martin]] ([[West of Scotland (Scottish Parliament electoral region)|West of Scotland region]]) left the [[Scottish National Party]] to become an independent and in 2005 [[Brian Monteith]] ([[Mid Scotland and Fife (Scottish Parliament electoral region)|Mid Scotland and Fife]]) left the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] to become an independent. At the [[2007 Scottish Parliament election|2007 Scottish Parliamentary elections]] Margo MacDonald was again returned as an independent MSP and was elected as an independent for the third time [[2011 Scottish Parliament election|four years later]]. She died in 2014 while still serving as member of the Parliament. As she was elected as an independent regional MSP, there could be no by-election and her seat remained vacant until the [[2016 Scottish Parliament election|2016 election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-26883278|title=Independent MSP Margo MacDonald dies|publisher=BBC|date=4 April 2014|access-date=4 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406023045/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-26883278|archive-date=6 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Peter Law]] was expelled from the Labour Party after standing against an official Labour candidate in Blaenau Gwent at the 2005 UK general election and became an independent in the National Assembly and UK Parliament. In 2006 Peter Law died from a [[brain tumour]] and his wife, [[Trish Law]], campaigned and took the seat as an independent candidate at the subsequent by-election and held onto the seat again in the [[2007 National Assembly for Wales election|2007 Welsh Assembly elections]].

In 2016, [[Nathan Gill]] as the then leader of UKIP Wales defected from the group to sit as an independent after a falling out with [[Neil Hamilton (politician)|Neil Hamilton]], who was elected UKIP Assembly group leader. [[Dafydd Elis-Thomas]] left the [[Plaid Cymru]] group later in 2016 after multiple fallings out with Plaid Cymru leader [[Leanne Wood]]. Elis-Thomas said his reason for leaving Plaid Cymru was that it not serious about working with the [[Welsh Labour]] Government. [[Neil McEvoy]] was expelled from Plaid Cymru on 16 January 2018 and sat as an independent AM until 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-42711839|title=Neil McEvoy expelled from Plaid group|work=BBC News|date=6 July 2018|access-date=6 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718073156/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-42711839|archive-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Nathan Gill stood down on 27 December 2017<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-42493743|title=Nathan Gill resigns from assembly|work=BBC News|date=27 December 2017|access-date=6 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718073145/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-42493743|archive-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and was replaced by [[Mandy Jones (politician)|Mandy Jones]]. Mandy Jones left the UKIP group on 9 January 2018 over a fallout over her staff.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-42620397|title=UKIP rejects new AM in row over staff|work=BBC News|date=6 July 2018|access-date=6 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718073132/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-42620397|archive-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Local elections====
The introduction of [[Directly elected mayors in England and Wales|directly elected mayors]] in several parts of England has witnessed the election of independents to run councils in [[Stoke-on-Trent]], [[Middlesbrough (borough)|Middlesbrough]], [[Borough of Bedford|Bedford]], [[Hartlepool (borough)|Hartlepool]] and [[Mansfield (district)|Mansfield]]. The first [[Mayor of London]], [[Ken Livingstone]], was [[2000 London mayoral election|first elected]] as an independent, having run against the official Labour candidate [[Frank Dobson]]. He was subsequently re-admitted to the Labour Party in December 2003 before his first re-election campaign.

Independent candidates frequently stand and are elected to local councils. There is a special Independent group of the [[Local Government Association]] to cater for them. A number of local authorities have been entirely or almost entirely composed of independent members, such as the [[City of London Corporation]], the [[2009 Council of the Isles of Scilly election|Isles of Scilly Council]], [[Orkney Islands Council]], [[Shetland Islands Council]] and [[Comhairle nan Eilean Siar]] (Western Isles Council) in the [[Outer Hebrides]].

In [[2023 Central Bedfordshire Council election|2023, Central Bedfordshire]] became the first [[Unitary authorities of England|unitary authority]] in England to have an independent administration.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Annual Council & Extraordinary General Purposes Committee - Thursday 25 May 2023, 6:30pm |publisher=Central Bedfordshire Council Webcasting |url=https://centralbedfordshire.public-i.tv/core/portal/webcast_interactive/776331?force_language_code=en_GB |type=Webcast |access-date=1 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Roughly a quarter of the [[police and crime commissioner]]s elected in England and Wales in the [[2012 England and Wales police and crime commissioner elections|2012 election]] were independents.<ref name=PCCs_uk>{{cite news|title=Q&A: Police and crime commissioners|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-19504639|access-date=27 November 2014|work=BBC News|date=12 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015112020/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-19504639|archive-date=15 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== European Parliament ===
In the [[European Parliament]] such politicians are called ''[[Non-Inscrits]]''.

==Oceania==
===Australia===
{{Main|Independent politicians in Australia}}

Independents are a recurrent feature of the federal [[Parliament of Australia]], and they are more commonly elected to state parliaments. There have been up to five independents in every federal parliament since 1990, and independents have won twenty-eight times during national elections in that time. A large proportion of independents are former members of one of Australia's four main parties, the [[Australian Labor Party]], the [[Liberal Party of Australia]], the [[Australian Greens]], or the [[National Party of Australia]]. In 2013 a political party named the [[Australian Independents]] was registered with the [[Australian Electoral Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registered_parties/australian-independents.htm|title=Australian Independents|work=Australian Electoral Commission|access-date=19 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330041846/http://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registered_parties/australian-independents.htm|archive-date=30 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the dissolution of parliament before the [[2019 Australian federal election|2019 federal election]], four independents sat in the [[Australian House of Representatives]]: [[Andrew Wilkie]] (Member for [[Division of Denison|Denison]]), [[Cathy McGowan (politician)|Cathy McGowan]] (Member for [[Division of Indi|Indi]]), [[Kerryn Phelps]] (Member for [[Division of Wentworth|Wentworth]]), and [[Julia Banks]] (Member for [[Division of Chisholm|Chisholm]]). Of these, Wilkie had previously been a Greens candidate, McGowan had been a Liberal staffer, and Banks was elected as a Liberal MP before resigning from the party in November 2018. At the 2019 election, Wilkie was re-elected as the Member for [[Division of Clark|Clark]], while McGowan retired, and both Phelps and Banks lost their seats. However, two new independents entered parliament: [[Zali Steggall]] (Member for [[Division of Warringah|Warringah]]) and [[Helen Haines]] (Member for [[Division of Indi|Indi]]).

After the [[2022 Australian federal election|2022 federal election]], a record ten independents were elected to the House of Representatives, including re-elected members Andrew Wilkie ([[Division of Clark|Clark]]), Zali Steggall ([[Division of Warringah|Warringah]]), and Helen Haines ([[Division of Indi|Indi]]). Seven new independents were elected to the House of Representatives: [[Dai Le]] ([[Division of Fowler|Fowler]]), [[Zoe Daniel]] ([[Division of Goldstein|Goldstein]]), [[Monique Ryan]] ([[Division of Kooyong|Kooyong]]), [[Allegra Spender]] ([[Division of Wentworth|Wentworth]]), [[Kate Chaney]] ([[Division of Curtin|Curtin]]), [[Kylea Tink]] ([[Division of North Sydney|North Sydney]]), and [[Sophie Scamps]] ([[Division of Mackellar|Mackellar]]). Several of the newly elected independents have been branded [[Teal independents]], due to their use of the colour teal in campaigning material, similar policy platforms and support from [[Climate 200]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hawley |first1=Sam |last2=Smiley |first2=Stephen |date=20 April 2022 |title=Who are the 'teal independents'? Your questions answered about the candidates fighting for some of Australia's wealthiest electorates |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-20/teal-independents-who-are-candidates-what-electorates/101000412 |access-date=5 March 2023 |website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]}}</ref>

Independent [[Australian Senate|senators]] are quite rare. In modern politics, Independent [[Brian Harradine]] served from 1975 to 2005 with considerable influence at times. [[Nick Xenophon]] was the only elected independent senator after his election to the Senate at the [[2007 Australian federal election|2007 federal election]] and was re-elected for another six-year term at the [[2013 Australian federal election|2013 federal election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/federal-election-2013/results/senate/sa/|title=Senate Results: South Australia|work=ABC News|access-date=19 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021234552/http://www.abc.net.au/news/federal-election-2013/results/senate/sa/|archive-date=21 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> He resigned from the Australian Senate in 2017 to contest a seat in the House of Assembly of South Australia. [[Democratic Labour Party (Australia, 1980)|DLP]] Senator [[John Madigan (Australian politician)|John Madigan]] became an independent senator in September 2014,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Senators_and_Members/Parliamentarian?MPID=217571|title=Senator John Madigan|access-date=19 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402084951/http://www.aph.gov.au/Senators_and_Members/Parliamentarian?MPID=217571|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> but lost his seat in the [[2016 Australian federal election|2016 election]]. [[Palmer United Party|PUP]] Senators [[Jacqui Lambie]] and [[Glenn Lazarus]] became Independent senators in November 2014 and March 2015 respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Senators_and_Members/Parliamentarian?MPID=250026|title=Senator Jacqui Lambie|publisher=APH|access-date=19 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029022640/http://www.aph.gov.au/Senators_and_Members/Parliamentarian?MPID=250026|archive-date=29 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Senator Glenn Lazarus|publisher=APH}}</ref> Lambie was re-elected in 2019 with the support of the [[Jacqui Lambie Network]].<ref>[https://results.aec.gov.au/24310/Website/SenateStateFirstPrefsByGroup-24310-TAS.htm First preferences (Tasmania)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410193934/https://results.aec.gov.au/24310/Website/SenateStateFirstPrefsByGroup-24310-TAS.htm |date=10 April 2021 }}, results.aec.gov.au, accessed 22 November 2020</ref> At the [[2022 Australian federal election]], independent senator for the ACT [[David Pocock]] was elected, becoming the first independent senator from a territory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2022 |title=Australian Capital Territory - Distribution of Preferences |url=https://tallyroom.aec.gov.au/External/SenateStateDop-27966-ACT.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614070428/https://tallyroom.aec.gov.au/External/SenateStateDop-27966-ACT.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2022 |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=Australian Electoral Commission: Tally Room - 2022 Federal Election}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gore |first=Charlotte |date=14 June 2022 |title=ACT elects David Pocock as first independent senator, unseating Liberal Zed Seselja |work=[[ABC News (Australia)]] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-06-14/david-pocock-independent-wins-act-senate-unseats-zed-seselja/101149606 |access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref>

===New Zealand===
Originally, there were no recognised parties in the New Zealand parliament, although loose groupings did exist informally (initially between supporters of central government versus provincial governments, and later between liberals and conservatives). The foundation of formal political parties, starting at the end of the 19th century, considerably diminished the number of unaffiliated politicians, although a smaller number of independent candidates continued to be elected up until the 1940s. Since then, however, there have been relatively few independent politicians in Parliament. No independent candidate has won or held a seat in a general election since [[1943 New Zealand general election|1943]], although two independent candidates have been successful in [[by-election]]s (in all cases after having held the seats in question as partisan candidates up until that point). Other politicians have become independents in the course of a parliamentary term, but not been voted into office as such.

The last person to be directly elected to Parliament as an independent in New Zealand was [[Winston Peters]], who won the {{By-election link|Tauranga|1993}} in {{NZ electorate link|Tauranga}} electorate as an independent after having previously held it as a member of the [[New Zealand National Party|National Party]]. By the time of the [[1993 New Zealand general election|next general election]], he had formed his own party ([[New Zealand First]]), and thus was no longer standing as an independent. Since that time, the only independents in Parliament have been people who quit or were expelled from their original party but retained their seats without going through a by-election. Some have gone on to found or co-found their own parties, with varying levels of success—examples include [[Peter Dunne]], [[Taito Phillip Field]], [[Gordon Copeland]], [[Tau Henare]], and [[Alamein Kopu]]. Others have joined parties which were then outside Parliament, such as [[Frank Grover]] and [[Tuariki Delamere]].

There were two independent MPs in the [[49th New Zealand Parliament]]: [[Chris Carter (New Zealand politician)|Chris Carter]] and [[Hone Harawira]]. Carter became an independent after his criticisms of the [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour Party]]'s leadership resulted in his being expelled from the Labour caucus, while Harawira resigned from the [[Māori Party]] and, after a short period as an independent, also resigned as an MP in order to force the {{By-election link|Te Tai Tokerau|2011}} when he was re-elected as representative of his new political party, [[Mana Party (New Zealand)|Mana]] and retained the seat in the 2011 General Election. There were also two other parties which had only a single MP: [[United Future]] with [[Peter Dunne]] and [[ACT New Zealand|ACT]] with [[David Seymour]]. Neither Dunne nor Seymour was classed as an independent—Dunne's presence in Parliament was due to personal votes in his home electorate, and Seymour's presence was as the sole elected MP of ACT because of a collapse in their support in the {{NZ election link|2011}}. In the [[50th New Zealand Parliament]] there was one independent MP: [[Brendan Horan]], a former New Zealand First MP who was expelled from his party because of allegations of misappropriation of family assets.

Peter Dunne effectively became an Independent MP for a short period after his United Future political party was deregistered on 25 June 2013 by the Electoral Commission, as the party no longer had the required minimum of 500 members.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 May 2013|title=United Future deregistered|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/8742802/United-Future-deregistered|access-date=22 August 2021|website=Stuff|language=en}}</ref> The party was subsequently re-registered two months later.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 June 2013|title=United Future applies to be re-registered|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/137412/united-future-applies-to-be-re-registered|access-date=22 August 2021|website=[[RNZ]] |language=en-nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2013|title=Dunne Welcomes UnitedFuture's Re-Registration|url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA1308/S00213/dunne-welcomes-unitedfutures-re-registration.htm|access-date=22 August 2021|website=Scoop News }}</ref>

===Niue===
In [[Niue]], there have been no political parties since 2003, when the [[Niue People's Party]] disbanded, and all politicians are ''de facto'' independents. The government depends on an informal coalition.<ref>{{Citation|last=Rich|first=Roland|title=Introduction: Analysing and Categorising Political Parties in the Pacific Islands |url=https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p77961/pdf/ch0165.pdf |date=April 2008|work=Political Parties in the Pacific Islands|publisher=ANU Press|doi=10.22459/pppi.04.2008.01|isbn=978-1-921313-75-2|doi-access=free |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110011614/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p77961/pdf/ch0165.pdf |archive-date= 10 January 2024 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Backbencher]]
* [[Centrism]]
* [[Electoral reform]]
* [[Benjamin Franklin]]
* [[Independent Conservative]]
* [[Independent Liberal]]
* [[Independent voter]]
* [[Non-partisan democracy]]
* [[Nonpartisanism]]
* [[Party switching]]
* [[Radical center (politics)|Radical centrism]]
* [[Swing vote]]
* [[Syncretic politics]]
* [[Third party (United States)]]
* [[Civic list (electoral)]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite news |title=Clare Short resigns as Labour MP|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/6069710.stm |publisher=BBC World News | date=20 October 2006}}
* {{cite news |title=Elected Without a Party, Lieberman Will Remain a Democrat |url=https://www.nytimes.com/cq/2006/11/08/cq_1915.html |agency=CQ |first1=Patrick |last1=Yoest |access-date=8 November 2006 |newspaper=The New York Times | date=8 November 2006}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180326202927/http://list.indecan.org/ Independent Candidate Directory] (archived 26 March 2018)

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Independent politicians| ]]
[[Category:Political terminology]]

Abirameswarar Temple

2026-04-29T20:51:18Z

Dentaltrendz: added the location w/ infobox

{{Short description|Shiva temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Abirameswarar Temple
| image = Thiruvamathur (26).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11|58|3.5|N|79|27|56.5|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Viluppuram district|Viluppuram]]
| locale =
| elevation_m =
| deity = Abirameswarar([[Shiva]])
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = Cholas and Atchudevaraya of Vijayanagar Dynasty
| website =
}}

'''Abirameswarar Temple''' (also called '''Thiruvamathur Temple''') is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Shiva]], located in [[Thiruvamaathur]], a village in [[Viluppuram district]] in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Shiva is worshiped as Abirameswarar, and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]''. His consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Manonmani Amman. The temple is located on the Chennai - Villupuram highway. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[nayanmars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.

The temple complex covers an area of two acres and all its shrines are enclosed with concentric rectangular walls. The temple has a number of shrines, with those of Abirameswarar being the most prominent. There is a temple opposite to the premises that houses the shrine of Muthamman, the consort of Abirameswarar.

The temple has three daily rituals at various times from 6:00 a.m. to 8:30 p.m., and many yearly festivals on its calendar. Sivaratri festival during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Masi'' (February–March) and Navaratri during the month of ''Purattasi'' (September - October) are the most prominent festivals celebrated in the temple.

The original complex is believed to have been built by [[Cholas]].And Main temple was built by [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] of [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend and history==
[[File:Thiruvamathur (14).jpg |250px|thumb|left|The twin temples located opposite to each other]]
As per [[Hindu]] legend, during the original creation, cows were without horns and all the other predators were troubling them. They prayed to Shiva to provide them horns. Shiva was pleased with the devotion and offered them horns. Since cows (called ''aa'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]) got horns at this place, it came to be known as ''Thiruamathur''. The presiding image of lingam is sported holding the hooves of cow. As per another legend, the image of Ambal is sported with the tail of snake.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOhiCgAAQBAJ&q=tiruvamathur&pg=PT66|page=66|work=South Indian Railway Company Ltd|publisher=Amberly Publishing|year=2015|isbn=9781445650821}}</ref> There is a small hole in the wall between the shrines of Shiva and Parvathi located in opposite shrines through which the deities see each other.<ref name=dinamalar/>

The original structure is believed to be existent from time immemorial, while the later additions are believed to have been built by Cholas, Pallavas, and the main temple was built by Atchudevaraya of Vijayanagar Dynasty. There are inscriptions from later [[Chola]] emperors like [[Rajaraja Chola I]] (985–1014), [[Kulothunga Chola I]] (1070–1120),<ref>{{cite book|title=Urban Centres of Pondicherry|publisher=Icon Publications|year=2006|last=S. |first=Chandni Bi|isbn=9788188086252|page=111}}</ref> and [[Rajendra Chola III]] (1246–1279).<ref>{{cite web|title=Thiruvamathur|url=http://www.thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/koil_view.php?koil_idField=21|publisher=Thevaaram.org|year=2011|accessdate=14 March 2016}}</ref> Rajanarayana Sambuvaraya was a chieftain of [[Medieval Chola]]s whose contributions are documented in lithic inscriptions across various temples in modern-day [[Villupuram district|Villupuram]], [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]], [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]] and [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]] districts and also in his [[Sanskrit]] work ''Madhuravijayam''. He repaired, revived the services and inaugurated festivals of the temple.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Sambuvarayas of Padaividu their roles in South|last=A.|first=Krishnaswami|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=20|year=1957|pages=190–1|jstor=44304461}}</ref>

==Architecture==
Abirameswarar temple is located in a village called [[Thiruvamathur]] on Viluppuram - Chennai highway. The temple has a seven-tiered entrance tower facing east, and all the shrines of the temple are enclosed in concentric rectangular granite walls. The shrine of Muthambigai is housed in a shrine facing west is located opposite to the central shrine outside the rajagopuram. The shrine of Muthambigai also has a three tiered entrance tower. The central shrine housing Abirameswarar is approached through pillared halls. The shrine houses the image of Abirameswarar in the form of [[Lingam]] (an iconic form of Shiva). The central shrine is approached through a Mahamandapam and Arthamandapam. As in other Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu, the shrines of [[Vinayaka]], [[Murugan]], [[Navagraha]], Chandekeswara and [[Durga]] are located around the precinct of the main shrine.<ref name=dinamalar/>

==Religious importance and festivals==
[[File:Thiruvamathur (25).jpg |250px|thumb|Festive images on the roof of the sanctum]]
It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]] - [[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu#Sthalams|Shiva Sthalams]] glorified in the early medieval ''[[Tevaram]]'' poems by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars]] [[Appar]]. Appar is believed to have visited the temple during the series of visits from [[Kripapureeswarar temple|Thiruvennainallur]] to [[Veerateeswarar temple, Thirukovilur|Thirukovilur]] and [[Sudarkozhundeeswarar Temple, Pennadam|Pennadam]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Philosophy of Šaivism: Saiva works and tantras of Kashmir; Saivism; Kashmir Shaivism I; Kashmir Shaivaism II; History of Kashmir Saivism. The universal experience : five principles of the universal subject-object; The limited individual experience; Famous Saiva saints; The Saiva Acharyas; Kashmir Shaivism in Siddha Yoga; Moksa and the means of its attainment in Kashmir Shaivism; Literature of Śaivism; Vīra Śaivism; Śaivism|section=Saiva Acharyas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuRfquoAGrcC&q=tiruvamathur&pg=PA501|page=501|publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd|editor-first=Subodh |editor-last=Kapoor|isbn=9788177558852|year=2004}}</ref> [[Rama]], an [[avatar]] and hero of ''[[Ramayana]]'' is believed to have purified himself of the sin of killing [[Ravana]] by worshipping Shiva at this place. The image of Shiva is believed to have been self manifested. The image of Muthamai is believed to have been installed by [[Adi Sankaracharya]]. It is also believed to be the place where [[Muruga]] attained the [[Vel]], his weapon from [[Parvathi]] to kill the demon Surapadma. The presiding deity has been worshipped by various celestial deities. [[Arunagirinathar]] has sung praises about Muruga in the temple.

The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed three times a day; ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 11:30 a.m. and ''Sayarakshai'' at 5:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for Abirameswarar and Muthambigai. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'', and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''. Sivaratri festival during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Masi'' (February–March) and Navaratri during the month of ''Purattasi'' (September - October) are the most prominent festivals celebrated in the temple.<ref name=dinamalar>{{cite web|title=Sri Abirameswarar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=162|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|year=2014|access-date=24 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=345–6}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Famous Shiva temples|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Viluppuram district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]

Madhavaram, Chennai

2026-04-28T00:01:37Z

Dentaltrendz: adding info - done

{{other places|Madhavaram (disambiguation){{!}}Madhavaram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madhavaram
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Madhavaram (Chennai)
| coordinates = {{coord|13.148800|N|80.230600|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Madhavaram taluk|Madhavaram]]
| subdivision_type4 = Metro
| subdivision_name4 = [[Chennai]]
| subdivision_type5 = Chennai Corporation Zone
| subdivision_name5 = III
| subdivision_type6 = Division
| subdivision_name6 = Tondiarpet
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 34
| population_total = 119,105
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 600060
| registration_plate = '''TN-18'''
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|Parliamentary]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Tiruvallur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruvallur]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[Madhavaram (state assembly constituency)|Madhavaram]]
| blank3_name_sec2 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec2 = [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Member of parliament|MP]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Sasikanth Senthil]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[S. Sudharsanam]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Madhavaram''' is a neighbourhood of [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India. Located in the northern part of Chennai, it is also a ''taluk'' in [[Chennai District]] and a ''zone'' in [[Greater Chennai Corporation]]. It is located in between [[Perambur]] and [[Kodungaiyur]]. As of 2011, the neighbourhood had a population of 119,105. The Chennai district was expanded on 16 August 2018 by transferring Madhavaram taluk from [[Tiruvallur district]] to [[Chennai district]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kabirdoss|first1=Yogesh|title=Chennai district boundaries likely to be redrawn on April 1|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-district-boundaries-likely-to-be-redrawn-on-april-1/articleshow/62560754.cms|work=The Times of India |date=19 January 2018 |access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kabirdoss |first1=Yogesh |title=Withsuburbs, Chennai district officially doubles in size |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/with-suburbs-chennai-district-officially-doubles-in-size/articleshow/65668183.cms |work=The Times of India| date=4 September 2018 |access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref>

==History==
The Madhavaram ''taluk'' was formed on 1 July 2009 when the large Ambattur ''taluk'' was split into two. The latter was considered the largest land area in Chennai, which consisted of five ''fircas'' (towns). The new Madhavaram ''taluk'' consists of two ''fircas'' (Madhavaram and Red Hills) and 36 villages.<ref name="taluk">{{cite news | url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article98891.ece| title= Bifurcation of the large Ambattur taluk | author= The Hindu (2 February 2010) | access-date=15 July 2010 | location=Chennai, India | date=2 February 2010}}</ref>

==Geography==

Madhavaram is located at {{Coord|13.15|N|80.24|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Madavaram.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Madavaram]</ref> It has an average elevation of 13 metres (42 [[foot (length)|feet]]).

==Demographics==

{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[Hindu|Orange|82.73}}{{bar percent|Muslim|Green|4.08}}{{bar percent|Christian|purple|12.48}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.05}}{{bar percent|Buddhist|Gold|0.04}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.16}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.46}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.01}}}}
According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Madhavaram had a population of 119,105 with a sex-ratio of 989 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 13,030 were under the age of six, constituting 6,703 males and 6,327 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 12.4% and 0.28% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 80.61%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The town had a total of 29,792 households. There were a total of 43,385 workers, comprising 148 cultivators, 233 main agricultural labourers, 765 in house hold industries, 36,871 other workers, 5,368 marginal workers, 89 marginal cultivators, 65 marginal agricultural labourers, 283 marginal workers in household industries and 4,931 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Madhavaram|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=674609|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref>
During 2001–2011, Madhavaram registered a population growth of 56% with a 2011 population of 118,525.<ref>{{cite news | last = Kalyanaraman | first = M. | title = Migration Spurs Suburban Sprawl | newspaper = The Times of India, epaper | location = Chennai | date = 25 October 2011 | url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2011/10/25&PageLabel=4&EntityId=Ar00600&ViewMode=HTML | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130518060156/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2011/10/25&PageLabel=4&EntityId=Ar00600&ViewMode=HTML | url-status = dead | archive-date = 18 May 2013 | access-date = 25 October 2011}}</ref>

===Religion===
As per the religious census of 2011, Madhavaram (M) had 82.73% Hindus, 4.08% Muslims, 12.48% Christians, 0.05% [[Sikhs]], 0.04% Buddhists, 0.16% [[Jainism|Jains]], 0.46% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

There is a Shivan temple<ref>[http://www.greenmesg.org/temples_chennai/m/madhavaram_kailasanathar_temple.php Kailasanathar Temple]</ref> in Madhavaram which is believed to be 1,300 years old. There is also a Vishnu Temple.<ref>[http://www.greenmesg.org/temples_chennai/m/madhavaram_kari_varadaraja_perumal_temple.php Kari Varadharaja Perumal Koil]</ref>

==Colleges==
*Jayagovind Harigopal Agarwal Agarsen College

==Universities==
* [[Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Fisheries University|Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Madhavaram Campus]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University|Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madhavaram Campus]]

==Administration and politics==

Madhavaram is a newly formed state legislative constituency with more than 200,000 (2 [[lakh]]) voters. It consists of areas like Madhavaram, Mathur MMDA, Manali, [[Madhavaram Milk Colony|Milk Colony]], Puzhal, [[Red Hills, Chennai|Red Hills]], Sholavaram and Vadakarai. Madhavaram belongs to Chennai's corporation zone lll. Presently, Mr.S.Sudarsanam is the Member of Legislative Assembly. {{clarify |date=December 2016 |reason= Election of what? Mayor, perhaps?}}

==Transportation==
[[Madhavaram Mofussil Bus Terminus]], one of the satellite termini of Chennai, is located in the neighbourhood, chiefly handling buses to [[Trichy]] [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], including cities such as [[Chittoor]], [[Tirupati]], [[Nellore]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Kurnool]], [[Puttaparthi]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Bhadrachalam]], and [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="TOI_TerminusReady">{{cite news
| last = Kabirdoss
| first = Yogesh
| title = Madhavaram bus terminus ready for launch but Kilambakkam facility still in limbo
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| date = 25 March 2018
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madhavaram-bus-terminus-ready-for-launch-but-kilambakkam-facility-still-in-limbo/articleshow/64310738.cms
| access-date = 9 September 2018}}</ref>

Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC) runs passenger buses to Madhavaram from other major parts of Chennai like Mint, Broadway, Ambattur Estate, Koyambedu, Redhills etc. A bus terminus serves the residents. [[Share Autos]] play an important role in transportation.

MTC Routes

Some of the routes originating or passing by Madhavaram New Bus Terminal
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|style="background:pink; color:White"|Ordinary||style="background:green; color:yellow"|Express||style="background:navy; color:white"|Deluxe
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsable plainrowheaders"
|-
|+MTC Routes
|-
!Route
!Origin
!Destination
!Via
!Status
!Fare
|-
|38H
|Madhavaram
|Broadway
|Thapal Petti, Moolakadai, Sharma Nagar, Ambedkar College Vyasarpadi, MKB Nagar East, Vallalar Nagar, Stanley Hospital, Bharathi Arts College, Thambu Chetty St., Beach Station, Parrys Corner
|Frequent
|style="background:pink; color:White"|Ordinary
|-
|38Hct
|Madhavaram
|Vallalar Nagar
|Thapal Petti, Moolakadai, Sharma Nagar, Ambedkar College Vyasarpadi, MKB Nagar East
|Cut service
|style="background:pink; color:White"|Ordinary
|-
|48A
|Madhavaram
|Ambattur IE
|Thapal Petti, Moolakadai, Simpson Chembium, BB Road, Perambur R.S., Jamalya, Podi Kadai, Sayani, Joint Office, ICF, Villivakkam Kalpana, Padi Lucas, Brittania
|Less Frequent
|style="background:pink; color:White"|Ordinary
|-
|48Aet
|JJ Nagar West
|Madhavaram
|Mogappair Road Junction, Ambattur IE, Brittania, Padi Lucas, Villivakkam Kalpana, ICF, Joint Office, Sayani, Podi Kadai, Jamalya, Perambur R.S., Perambur Market, Simpsons Chembium, Moolakadai, Thapal Petti
|Less Frequent
|style="background:pink; color:White"|Ordinary
|-
|38G
|Broadway
|Vazhuthigaimedu
|Beach Station, Thambu Chetty St., Bharathi Arts College, Stanley Hospital, Vallalar Nagar, Ambedkar College Vyasarpadi, Sharma Nagar, Thapal petti, Madhavaram New B.S., Manjampakkam, Vilangadupakkam, Arumandai Road Junction, Periyamullaivoyal
|1 bus running per day
|style="background:pink; color:White"|Ordinary
|-
|38Gct
|Broadway
|Padiyanallur
|Beach Station, Stanley, Vallalar Nagar, Vyasarpadi, Sharma Nagar, Moolakadai, Thapal Petti, Madhavaram, Vilangadupakkam, Vadakarai, Redhills BS
|Cut service
|style="background:pink; color:White"|Ordinary
|-
|121Met
|Manali
|MGR CMBT
|Manali Market, Periya Mathur, Manjampakkam, Madhavaram, Thapal Petti, Moolakadai, Madhavaram MBT, Retteri Junction, Wheels India, Anna Nagar West, Thirumanagalam, CPWD Towers
|1 bus running per day
|style="background:pink; color:White"|Ordinary
|-
|121Mx
|MGR CMBT
|Vazhuthigaimedu
|CPWD Towers, Thirumangalam, Wheels India, Retteri Junction, MMBT, Moolakadai, Madhavaram, Manjambakkam, Vilangadupakkam, Arumandai Road Junction, Periyamullaivoyal
|1 bus per day
|style="background:pink; color:White"|Ordinary
|-
|S64
|Assisi Nagar
|Perambur
|Telephone Exchange, Madhavaram PUO, Leather Factory, Moolakadai, Simpsons Chembium, Perambur Market, BB Road
|Frequent
|style="background:green; color:yellow"|Express
|-
|121F
|Madhavaram
|Tambaram
|Thapal Petti, Mooolakadai, MMBT, Retteri Junction, Wheels India, Thirumangalam, CMBT, Vadapalani, Ekkatuthangal, Guindy IE, Airport, Pallavaram BS, Chromepet, Tamabaram MEPZ
|Frequent
|style="background:navy; color:white"|Deluxe
|-
|121M
|Madhavaram
|MGR CMBT
|Thapal Petti, Moolakadai, MMBT, Retteri Junction, Wheels India, Thirumangalam, CPWD Towers
|Frequent
|style="background:navy; color:white"|Deluxe
|-
|104F
|Madhavaram
|Kilambakkam KCBT
|Thapal Petti, Moolakadai, MMBT, Retteri Juunction, Padi Lucas, Ambattur IE, Maduravoyal, Porur TollPlaza, Perungalathur, Vandalooe
|Frequent
|style="background:navy; color:white"|Deluxe
|-
|70F
|Madhavaram
|Kilambakkam KCBT
|Moolakkadai, MMBT, Retteri Junction, Wheels India, Thirumangalam, CMBT, Vadapalani, Guindy IE, St.Thomas Mount, Airport, Chromepet, Tambaram, Perungalathur, Vandaloot
|Frequent
|style="background:navy; color:white"|Deluxe
|-
|}

===Truck Terminal===
In the interest of the economy and trade and to decongest the central business district, [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]] has developed the truck terminal at Madhavaram over an extent about {{convert|100|acre|km2}} at the cost of about [[Indian rupee|₹]] 60 million (6 [[crore]]s). It is located near the junction of 100 Feet Road and the GNT Road, with easy access to [[Chennai city]], port and railways. The terminal has been functioning since 1992. The objective of the project is to provide modern and functionally efficient truck terminals for the benefit of the city.

==Botanical garden==

A [[Madhavaram botanical garden|botanical garden]] development broke ground on a 28-acre site in September 2010. The project was expected to complete in February 2013, at a cost of ₹57.3 million. The facility has almost 400 species of plants and also a herbal garden along with a nursery. A glasshouse, fountains, a birds' sanctuary, an auditorium and a children's play area are other facilities of the garden.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://tnhorticulture.tn.gov.in/horti/node/576 |title= Botanical Garden at Madhavaram |date= 11 August 2012 |publisher= Agriculture Department, Government of Tamil Nadu |access-date=16 December 2016 }}</ref>

The Horticulture Training Centre in Madhavaram was also to be upgraded to Horticulture Management Institute, at a cost of ₹39 million.<ref name="HortiGarden">{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Stone-laid-for-ornamental-garden-at-Madhavaram/article15949293.ece |title= Stone laid for ornamental garden at Madhavaram |work=The Hindu|date=16 September 2010 |access-date=16 December 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Portal|India}}
<references/>

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110816225643/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/madhavaram/ Madhavaram Municipality]
 
{{Chennai district}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Neighborhoods of Chennai}}
{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Chennai]]

Supervasi

2026-04-26T17:06:28Z

Dentaltrendz: Stub

{{short description|Indian non-profit for improving society}}
{{Infobox organisation
| name = Supervasi Foundation
| native_name =
| image =
| image_border =
| image_size = 250px
| image_alt = supervasi logo
| caption =
| formation = {{Start date and age|2012|06|08}}<ref name="company"/>
| founder = Glenn Fernandes<ref name="toigreet"/><ref name="tvaibhav"/>
| extinction =
| type = [[Non-governmental organisation|NGO]]
| status = Non-profit Company (Section 25)<ref name="company">[http://supervasi.com/organization/company-profile.html Company Profile], Supervasi</ref>
| purpose =
| headquarters = [[Thane]], [[Maharashtra]]
| location =
| region_served = [[India]]
| services = [[Medical Devices]], [[Enterprise resource planning|ERP systems]], [[Business software]], [[HTML5]] [[web development|Websites]], [[business process outsourcing|BPO services]]
| num_members =
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| general_secretary =
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| website = [https://supervasi.com/ supervasi.com]
| remarks =
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}}
'''Supervasi''' is a non-profit organisation and movement based in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]], formed for the purpose of using technology to improve e-governance, business and society.<ref name="toigreet">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/Yeoor-tribal-girls-may-soon-greet-you-in-Arabic-German/articleshow/32411361.cms Yeoor tribal girls may soon greet you in Arabic, German], [[Times of India]], Thane, Mar 21, 2014</ref><ref name="tvaibhav">Yeoor girls speak German!, Thane Vaibhav, Know Your Town, 21.3.2014</ref><ref name="mtyouth">{{cite news|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/thane-kokan/tribal/articleshow/31804026.cms|title=आदिवासी तरुणी होताहेत सक्षम (Young Tribal Women Get Empowered)|publisher=[[Maharashtra Times]]|date=2014-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311081844/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/thane-kokan/tribal/articleshow/31804026.cms|archive-date=2014-03-11|first=Anupama|last=Gunde}} [http://supervasi.com/articles/MahTimes_11mar14_EN.pdf Alt URL]</ref><ref name="mcharity"/>

Supervasi is run by members from various fields. Volunteers come from various parts of India and Europe, and work on a non-salaried basis.<ref name="toigreet"/><ref name="tvaibhav"/><ref name="mtyouth"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://supervasi.com/articles/MahTimes_8mar16.pdf|title=बार्बरा बिंदर इज नाऊ ठाणेकर (Barbara Binder is now a "Thanekar" (Woman's Day Special)|publisher=[[Maharashtra Times]]|date=2016-03-08|first=Anupama|last=Gunde}}</ref> It has developed low-cost medical devices such as the Snakeathon Ambulance and Super Ventilator. It provides job opportunities and apprenticeship programs for the underprivileged [[Adivasi|indigenous tribals]] (Adivasis) and hearing disabled.<ref name="toigreet"/><ref name="tvaibhav"/><ref name="mtyouth"/> It also provides various educational, medical and legal services to the tribals of [[Yeoor]], Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://supervasi.com/articles/MahTimes_2015.02.19.pdf|title=येऊरचा होतोय कायापालट (Transformation happening in Yeoor, Education program)|publisher=[[Maharashtra Times]]|date=2015-02-11|first=Anupama|last=Gunde}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://supervasi.com/articles/2016-08-26_MahTimes.pdf|title=आदिवासी पाड्यांत सायकलची सैर (Cycle Library for children of Yeoor)|publisher=[[Maharashtra Times]]|date=2016-09-28|first=Pankaj|last=Chavan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://supervasi.com/articles/2016-11-22_MahTimes.pdf|title=५० वर्षांनंतर येऊर पाड्यात स्वच्छतागृहे (50 years later, some cleanliness at Yeoor, Toilet project)|publisher=[[Maharashtra Times]]|date=2016-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://supervasi.com/articles/MahTimes_20160107.pdf|title=आदिवासिंच्या विकासासाठी (Adivasi education & upliftment in Yeoor)|date=2016-01-07|publisher=[[Maharashtra Times]]|first=Seema|last=Sheikh}}</ref>

Supervasi's funding comes from [[information technology]] projects undertaken by the organization, which funds their social projects.<ref name="toigreet"/><ref name="tvaibhav"/><ref name="mcharity"/> Their services include development of [[enterprise resource planning]] systems, [[business software]] and [[web development|websites]].<ref name="toigreet"/><ref name="tvaibhav"/> Supporting services include [[business process outsourcing]] and [[Data entry clerk|data entry]].<ref name="toigreet"/><ref name="tvaibhav"/>

The programs run by the organization target the [[Adivasi|tribal population]] of India, which suffer from poor [[living conditions]] and lack of livelihood, many of whom are illiterate and uneducated.<ref>[http://www.minorityrights.org/5659/india/adivasis.html Adivasis of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311151633/http://www.minorityrights.org/5659/india/adivasis.html |date=2014-03-11 }}, "Current issues", Minority Rights</ref>

==History==
In 2003, a team of 10 volunteers assembled in [[Mumbai]] for the development of integrated social systems, from disciplines such as software, electronics, medical, bio-technology, sustainable development & management.<ref name="org">[http://supervasi.com/organization.html About Supervasi], Supervasi</ref><ref name="mcharity"/> They conducted [[research & development]] into software, education, healthcare, agriculture, and construction.<ref name="loksatta1"/>

After nearly a decade of research, Supervasi was founded in June 2012 by Glenn Fernandes, a visionary technologist who worked in [[Siemens|Siemens India]] for 20 years before he quit his job to dedicate his life to social work.<ref name="company"/><ref name="mcharity"/><ref name="loksatta1"/> The organization was registered as a [[non-profit]] [[private company]], "Creative Responsible Integrated Systems Foundation" (then known as "CriSys Foundation").<ref name="company"/><ref name="mcharity">[http://www.moneylife.in/article/dont-give-me-charity-give-me-a-chance-says-crisys/39262.html Don’t Give Me Charity, Give Me a Chance, says Crisys], Moneylife Magazine</ref> It was officially renamed to ''Supervasi Foundation'' in March 2017.

Between 2009 and 2012, they toured the "Tribal Belt of India", to study and understand the problems of the impoverished [[Adivasi|tribals]] living in remote regions.<ref name="leadership"/><ref name="loksatta1">{{cite news|url=http://www.loksatta.com/thane-news/sanitation-campaign-in-tribal-area-1063745/|title=ठाणे तिथे : खरंच 'लय भारी' (Truly Awesome)|publisher=[[Loksatta]]|date=2015-01-22|first=Suchitra|last=Sathe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220093850/http://www.loksatta.com/thane-news/sanitation-campaign-in-tribal-area-1063745/|archive-date=2016-12-20}} [http://supervasi.com/articles/Loksatta_22jan15_EN.pdf Alt URL]</ref><ref name="loksatta2">[http://supervasi.com/articles/Loksatta_22jan15_EN.pdf Truly “Awesome” (english translation)], Loksatta, 2015-01-22, Suchitra Sathe</ref> They decided to start with the development of the [[Yeoor]]-based tribal population.<ref name="loksatta1"/><ref name="loksatta2"/>

In 2012, they launched the SuperBusiness ERP cloud platform with the "Artificial Intelligence for Business" engine (5th Generation Language), in order to fund the rehabilitation and non-profit activities of the organization.<ref name="leadership">[http://supervasi.com/organization/leadership.html Leadership], Supervasi</ref><ref>[http://supervasi.com/projects/super-business.html SuperBusiness Cloud ERP], Supervasi</ref><ref name="mcharity"/> They also began the Jungle BPO program, which provides a complete range of [[Business Process Outsourcing]] services wherein work is completed by tribal apprentices.<ref>[http://supervasi.com/projects/jungle-bpo.html Jungle BPO], Supervasi</ref> Jungle BPO centers create computer job opportunities in remote regions.<ref name="mcharity"/>

In 2015, Glenn Fernandes and Dr. Sarita Parikh designed an ultra low-cost [[Mechanical ventilator|ventilator]] (Super Ventilator), which is an essential component of modern healthcare and many first-aid situations.<ref name="leadership"/> The device is low-power that imitates natural breathing, and causes no harm or further illness to patients.<ref name="mcharity"/>

On March 8, 2015 (International [[Woman's Day]]), Ms. Apoorva Agwan, VP of Sustainable Development at Supervasi was awarded the Samarth Ti Puraskar Award 2015 from the Samarth Bharat Vyaspeeth institution, for her "outstanding contribution to the field of women empowerment, women education and snakebite management".<ref>[http://supervasi.com/organization/leadership.html Samarth Ti Puraskar Award 2015], Leadership at Supervasi</ref>

In April 2015, Supervasi conducted a free Vaccination and Health Camp for over 350 tribal residents of Yeoor, in collaboration with [[Rotary Club]] of Thane Premium and Mumbai Lakers.<ref name="medical">[http://supervasi.com/projects/medical-aid.html Medical Aid], Supervasi</ref> They also conducted a free Health Checkup Camp with Salvage Nation NGO, in the same month.

In August 2015, Supervasi conducted a Free Documents Registration Camp in Yeoor for over 500 tribal residents of Yeoor, to help them obtain vital legal identification such as [[Permanent Account Number|PAN Card]], Voter's ID, Income Certificate, etc.<ref>[http://supervasi.com/projects/legal-aid.html Legal Aid], Supervasi</ref>

In September 2015, Supervasi and Rotary Club of Thane North jointly conducted a Lung Health Checkup Camp to identify and help treat Tuberculosis (TB) patients in Yeoor.<ref name="medical"/> Over 200 people attended. Further lung camps were conducted the same year.<ref name="medical"/>

In October 2016, Supervasi conducted an Eye and Blood Test Camp for over 350 tribal residents of Yeoor.<ref name="medical"/> The event was sponsored by Rotary Club of Thane North and Rotary Club of Thane Premium.<ref name="medical"/>

In 2016, they conducted child education and adult literacy courses for the tribal population of Yeoor as part of the Unmol Education program, using multimedia based education.<ref name="leadership"/><ref>[http://supervasi.com/projects/unmol-program.html Unmol Program], Supervasi</ref>

On 8 April 2017, Ms. Apoorva Agwan of Supervasi won the Gaurav Stree Kartutvacha 2017 Award from Pudhari Thane, awarded for her outstanding contribution to the Adivasi community of Yeoor, Thane.<ref name="award2">{{cite news |title=उद्या होणार पुढारी गौरव स्त्री कर्तृत्वाचा (Apoorva Agwan of Supervasi wins the Gaurav Stree Kartutvacha 2017 Award) |url=http://supervasi.com/articles/2017-04-07_Pudhari.pdf |publisher=Pudhari Thane |first=Pudhari |last=Thane |date=2017-04-07}}</ref>

==Projects==

===Super Ventilator===
[[File:SupervasiVentilator2017.jpg|thumb|right|A patient wearing the Super Ventilator, a low-cost first aid device]]
Since 2015, Supervasi has been developing the Super Ventilator, which is an ultra low-cost [[mechanical ventilator]], essential to many first-aid situations.<ref name="toisnake2">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/Snakebite-victims-get-lifeline-in-the-form-of-mono-ambulances-portable-ventilators/articleshow/35796852.cms Snakebite victims get lifeline in the form of mono-ambulances, portable ventilators] ([https://archive.today/20140531153127/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31839&articlexml=Snakebite-victims-get-lifeline-in-the-form-of-31052014008060 ePaper version]), [[Times of India]], May 30, 2014</ref><ref name="sv">[http://www.supervasi.com/projects/super-ventilator.html Super Ventilator], Supervasi</ref> The device is low-power and imitates natural breathing, and causes no harm or further illness to patients.<ref name="mcharity"/> It is an innovative non-invasive ventilator, useful for anyone with respiratory illnesses such as asthma or bronchitis, and even useful in cases of heart-attack, strokes, accidents, poisoning, etc.<ref name="sv"/>

There is an acute shortage of mechanical ventilators in India; based on hospital-bed-to-ventilator statistics, India is short of one million mechanical ventilators.<ref name="oneb">{{cite news |title=OneBreath Is Low-Cost, Portable Mechanical Ventilator Designed For Developing Countries |url=https://www.indianweb2.com/2014/10/10/onebreath-ventilator/ |publisher=Indian Web 2 |first=Kirti |last=Sharma |date=2014-10-10}}</ref><ref name="vent1">{{cite news |title=Delhi CM raps Health Minister over ventilator 'shortage' at hospital |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/delhi-cm-raps-health-minister-over-ventilator-shortage-at-hospital-4422253/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |first=PTI |last=PTI |date=2016-12-11}}</ref><ref name="vent2">{{cite news |title=Govt. hospitals facing ventilator shortage |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/govt-hospitals-facing-ventilator-shortage/article7759027.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |first=Afshan |last=Yasmeen |date=2015-10-14}}</ref><ref name="vent3">{{cite news |title=Mumbai: BMC hospitals turn away 3,000 patients every year for lack of ventilators |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-bmc-hospitals-turn-away-3000-patients-every-year-for-lack-of-ventilators/17509186 |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |first=Rupsa |last=Chakraborty |date=2016-08-09}}</ref><ref name="vent4">{{cite news |title=Indian clinic oxygen shortage blamed for infant deaths |url=http://www.dw.com/en/indian-clinic-oxygen-shortage-blamed-for-infant-deaths/a-40069874 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |first=DW |last=DW |date=2017-08-12 }}</ref><ref name="vent5">{{cite news |title=PGIMER: Patients face ventilator shortage, attendants lend a helping hand |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/pgimer-patients-face-ventilator-shortage-attenda-nts-lend-a-helping-hand-4685312/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |first=Adil |last=Akhzer |date=2017-06-02}}</ref> Ventilators are required in seven major departments like medicine, pediatrics, pediatric surgery, surgery, orthopedics, chest medicine and TB, ENT and gynecology.<ref name="sv"/>

Compared to conventional mechanical ventilators that cost around 2.5 Million Indian Rupees (upwards of $20,000),<ref name="oneb"/><ref name="sv"/> the Super Ventilator costs just 25,000 Indian Rupees, making it affordable by all hospitals and villages.<ref name="sv"/> Also, conventional ventilators are often too complex and fragile for use in harsh rural environments.<ref name="oneb"/> The goal of the device is "one ventilator per bed" in every hospital.<ref name="sv"/>

===PACT Program===
[[File:Crisys PACT Nov 2013.png|thumb|right|Tribal youth students learning [[3D modeling]] within the PACT program.]]
Since 2014, Supervasi has been training tribal youth in advanced computer skills and foreign languages, in a residential program known as Pratigya Apprenticeship for Community Transformation (PACT).<ref name="toigreet"/><ref name="tvaibhav"/><ref name="mcharity"/> In 2014, it started a pilot PACT center in [[Yeoor]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="toigreet"/><ref name="tvaibhav"/>

Apprentices are trained in [[computer software]], [[graphic design]], [[animation]], and [[digitization]] of documents.<ref name="toigreet"/><ref name="tvaibhav"/><ref name="mcharity"/><ref name="dnavillage">[http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-for-these-girls-earning-means-helping-their-village-1968622 For these girls, earning means helping their village], [[DNA India]], 12 March 2014</ref> Language experts also volunteer with the organization, to teach apprentices foreign languages like [[German language|German]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref name="toigreet"/><ref name="tvaibhav"/><ref name="dnavillage"/><ref name="pudhari">[http://epaper.pudhari.com/details.aspx?id=442112&boxid=23566265 आदिवासी मूली बोलणार परदेशी भाषा] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325084739/http://epaper.pudhari.com/details.aspx?id=442112&boxid=23566265 |date=2014-03-25 }} (Adivasi girls speak foreign languages), [[Pudhari]] Kolapur (पुढारी), 24 March 2014</ref> The apprentices are also developing educational multimedia relevant for tribals, which will be used to provide free education for tribals across the India. The candidates also use their skills to train youth from their local villages, and help them earn a living.<ref name="toigreet"/><ref name="tvaibhav"/>

The trained apprentices are required to help the NGO in carrying out their snakebite project by distributing safety kits developed by it.<ref name="dna50"/>

===Snakeathon Project===
[[File:Crisys snakeathon ambulance.png|thumb|right|The mono-wheel stretcher designed for off-road transport of snakebite victims]]
In 2014, Supervasi developed innovative relief measures for victims of snakebite.<ref name="toigreet"/><ref name="tvaibhav"/> The primary relief measure is a "mono-wheel ambulance" for areas that lack roads and vehicles, areas that are completely disconnected from the [[Roads in India|road network]].<ref name="toisnake2"/>

The mono-wheel ambulance is a [[stretcher]] that can be carried or pulled by a [[bicycle]], with an integrated [[Medical ventilator|portable ventilator]] to provide [[Mechanical ventilation|respiratory support]] to the victim.<ref name="mcharity"/><ref name="dnavillage"/> Its single-wheel design enables transport on rough and jungle terrain.<ref name="mcharity"/> The relief measures also include a [[first aid kit]].<ref name="mcharity"/><ref name="dnavillage"/> The ambulance kit is to be distributed free of cost to over 300 jungle settlements by June 2014.<ref name="mcharity"/><ref name="mtsnake">{{cite news|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/thane-kokan/snake-bite-monowill/articleshow/35911432.cms|title=सर्पदंशावर मोनोव्हीलचा 'उतारा' (Snakebites to get the 'antidote' of a Monowheel)|publisher=[[Maharashtra Times]]|date=2014-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605032449/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/thane-kokan/snake-bite-monowill/articleshow/35911432.cms|archive-date=2014-06-05|first=Anupama|last=Gunde}} [http://supervasi.com/articles/MahTimes_2jun14_EN.pdf Alt URL]</ref>

The mono-wheel ambulance is suited for rough and rocky terrain, and the portable low/no power ventilator can be used in villages with no electricity.<ref name="mcharity"/><ref name="toihcnotice"/>

50% of snakebite cases in the world take place in India.<ref name="dna50"/> In [[Thane]] district alone, snakebites claim up to 10 people a day, and in the monsoon season, the toll rises to 20.<ref name="dna50"/> A close study of the deaths has shown that it was mostly the male members of the family who had died, bringing hardships to the family. Moreover, three of the four victims had died only because they were unable to reach a hospital in time due to lack of roads in rural areas.<ref name="dna50"/>

===Public Interest Litigation===
In 2014, Dr. Sarita Parikh and Apoorva Agwan of Supervasi filed a [[Public Interest Litigation]] in the [[Bombay High Court]], requesting removal of obstructions in distributing the free mono-wheel ambulance kit to tribal areas.<ref name="dna50">[http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-50-of-snakebite-cases-in-the-world-take-place-in-india-1995767 50% of snakebite cases in the world take place in India], [[DNA India]], Monday, 16 June 2014</ref><ref name="toihcnotice">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Mumbai/HC-notice-to-Maharashtra-government-on-relief-for-snake-bite-victims/articleshow/36313122.cms HC notice to Maharashtra government on relief for snake-bite victims], [[Times of India]], Jun 9, 2014</ref><ref name="moneylife">[http://www.moneylife.in/article/will-there-be-a-new-emergency-medical-services-act-in-maharashtra/39155.html Will there be a new Emergency Medical Services Act in Maharashtra?], Moneylife Magazine, 16/10/2014</ref> The petition urged for direction to the government to set up an emergency team to organise logistics and funding to help deliver snake-bite kits to all affected persons.<ref name="toihcnotice"/> The petition also stated that the organization was helping the tribals save their lives, and if an individual or an organisation hindered their life-saving work, it amounted to an offence under section 304-A of the [[Indian Penal Code]] (culpable homicide not amounting to murder).<ref name="dna50"/>

In response, the High Court stated that it was "quite impressed by the research which has been done by Supervasi", and acknowledged that they had provided "statistical data about snakebites in Maharashtra and the other States in India" and that they gave "a definite proposal how this problem can be resolved".<ref name="moneylife"/> There has been resistance to their NGO work from Anantashram Trust and some adivasis, including an ex-sarpanch and a social worker.<ref name="dna50" /><ref name="moneylife" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/hc-seeks-to-know-govt-s-action-plan-to-curb-snakebite-deaths-114072101223_1.html|title=HC seeks to know govt's action plan to curb snakebite deaths|date=2014-07-21|publisher=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/city-news/hc-spell-out-plan-to-curb-snakebite-deaths/article_115475|title=HC: Spell out plan to curb snakebite deaths|date=2014-07-22|publisher=The Afternoon}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/thane-kokan/snake-bite/articleshow/38030756.cms|title=सर्पदंश कीटच्या वितरणातील अडथळे दूर करा!|date=2014-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221092033/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/thane-kokan-news/snake-bite/articleshow/38030756.cms|archive-date=2016-12-21|publisher=[[Maharashtra Times]]}} [http://supervasi.com/articles/MahTimes_9july14.pdf Alt URL]</ref> The High Court directed the police in Thane, Maharashtra to ensure that members and apprentices of Supervasi are not obstructed by anyone in carrying out their work.<ref name="dna50"/><ref name="moneylife"/>

Following the PIL filed by Dr. Sarita Parikh, on the increasing number of deaths due to snake bites in rural Maharashtra, the Bombay High Court ordered the state government to consider framing an Emergency Medical Services Act along the lines of the one in Gujarat, that will make emergency medical aid as good as a fundamental right.<ref name="moneylife"/><ref>[http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/HC-asks-state-to-frame-new-law-to-deal-with-medical-emergencies/articleshow/44842543.cms HC asks state to frame new law to deal with medical emergencies], [[Mumbai Mirror]], Oct 17, 2014</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://supervasi.com/ supervasi.com], organisation's website

{{Indian non-profit}}

[[Category:2012 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2012]]

Granville Henry Loch

2026-04-25T02:51:03Z

Dentaltrendz: put up a stub!

{{Short description|British military officer and administrator (1859–1929)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant Colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant Colonel]]
| name = Granville Henry Loch
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}}
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Superintendent of the Lushai Hills
| status = 
| term_start = 1905
| term_end = 1906
| monarch =
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| taoiseach =
| chancellor =
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| succeeding = 
| constituency =
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| predecessor = W.N. Kennedy
| successor = F.C. Henniker
| office2 = Commandant of the Lushai Hills Military Police
| term_start2 = 1898
| term_end2 = 1914
| predecessor2 = R.H. Sneyd Hutchinson, [[Imperial Police|IP]] (South Lushai Hills) Capt. G.H. Loch (North Lushai Hills)
| successor2 = Capt. H.C. Nicolay [[2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)|2nd Gurkha Rifles]]
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1859|1|26}}
| birth_place = [[St George Hanover Square]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1929|12|30|1859|1|26}}
| death_place = [[London]], England
| death_cause = 
| relations = William Adam Loch (Father) Sophia Loch (b. Bates, Mother)
| relatives =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for = Founder of Fort Aijal, (now [[Aizawl]])
| awards = [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
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| allegiance = [[United Kingdom]]
| branch = [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]]
| service_years = 1878-1914
| rank = [[Lieutenant Colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant Colonel]]
| unit = [[3rd Gorkha Rifles]] [[Assam Rifles|Lushai Hills Military Police]]
| commands =
| battles = [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]] [[Lushai Rising]]
| mawards =
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}}

[[Lieutenant Colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant Colonel]] '''Granville Henry Loch''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}} ({{langx|lus|Mandingputara}},{{sfn|Chaltuahkhuma|1987}} 26 January 1859 – 30 December 1929) also known as '''G.H. Loch''', was an [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] officer and administrator. He served as the [[Commandant]] of the [[Assam Rifles|North Lushai Hills Military Police Battalion]] from 1891 to 1898 and the [[Assam Rifles|Lushai Hills Military Police Battalion]] from 1898 to 1914, while also holding additional charge as Political Officer of the North Lushai Hills in 1894 and the Superintendent of the Lushai Hills from 1905 to 1906. He is credited with the expansion and development of Fort Aijal, which would become the city of [[Aizawl]].<ref>{{cite web |date=5 August 2022|title=BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OFFICE, AIZAWL|url=https://gad.mizoram.gov.in/page/brief-history-of-dc-aizawl|access-date=13 March 2025|website=General Administration Department Mizoram|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Loch was born on 26 January 1859 in [[St George Hanover Square]]. Among seven siblings, Loch was the second son of William Adam Loch and Sophia Brownrigg Loch. He had five sisters, namely Edith, Katherine, Sophy, Mary and Margaret, with two brothers, James and William.{{sfn|Geni}}

==Career==
Loch was commissioned in August 1878 and participated in the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]. He would continue on to serve in the Zhob Valley campaign of 1884. Later, Loch was assigned to the Shan States column and fought at Fort Stedman, receiving a medal with two clasps. Loch participated in the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]] and pacified the Burmese frontier in 1895–1896. During the Chin-Lushai Expedition, Loch contributed and developed the city of Aizawl from the establishment of Fort Aijal.{{sfn|The Times|1930}}

Shortly the [[Battle of Ahmed Khel]], Loch who was attached to the [[3rd Gorkha Rifles]] and Ninth Gorkhas oversaw the construction of the Officer's Mess at [[Almora]]. The building was constructed by all ranks of the battalion under Loch's supervision.{{sfn|39 Gorkha Training Centre|2003|p=74}}

===Construction of Aizawl===
When the British decided to settle on the abandoned site that would become Fort Aijal, Loch was assigned to blast away boulders on the river between Changsil and Sairang. This would make the boats passable and able to open communications and logistics. After the [[Lushai Rising|Western Lushai Rising]] under [[Khalkam]] was subdued by [[Robert Blair McCabe|R.B. McCabe]], Fort Aijal was expanded under the volition of the commandant of the Lushai Hills military police which was Captain Granville Henry Loch. Loch alongside Mr Davies worked together to develop Aizawl. Loch developed masonry barracks for the military police. Loch was described by [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]] as having the inclination of an engineer. After a storm which destroyed the temporary jungle thatched housings, Loch became determined to engineer long term stable development of Fort Aijal and its surrounding buildings. When Davies questioned the necessity of such quality of building materials, Loch replied that even after ten years of service in [[Kohima]] there weren't any stone houses there yet. Loch took on the costs himself personally to build his own houses. The public works department further commented on his built house as "good and fit for issue". Loch was requested an estimate of the budget required to upgrade the buildings in and around Fort Aijal in a strictly necessary manner which became approved. Loch employed women during construction and relied on a Khasi contractor, Sahon Roy, to achieve these goals.{{sfn|Shakespear|1939}}

By 1897, Loch had built the personal bungalow of the assistant commandant of the Lushai Hills military police. Furthermore, police barracks and a hospital were established. During that year, the construction of a quarter guard and office headquarters was also in progress to be completed in the same year with an armourer's workshop under delay. When Loch was granted the check for his construction the costs of building had exceeded the budget. This was attributed due to the lack of consideration for terrain development in the hilly locations that affected building costs. The matter was not noticed by the Public Works Department until the completion of the quarter guard exceeded the budget by twice the original amount. The chief engineer became enraged upon the revelation and an order was placed on Loch to discontinue any further building around Aijal. As a result, the armourer's workshop was finished early to an acceptable standard under the Executive Engineer. John Shakespear sent a report to the government on the Public Works Department's incompetence in finishing the armourer's workshop, which became contracted to Loch, who finished it in a few months.{{sfn|Shakespear|1939}}

Loch had also added a [[Queen Victoria]] memorial porch to the Quarter Guard. Loch privately financed a bust of Queen Victoria to accomplish the memorial. After moving the married quarters from the bachelor barracks, the emptied space contained a knoll of land which Loch began to pave. Loch cut away parts of the eastern roads and levelled the knoll into a parade ground. The labour for the parade ground was found by sepoys while Loch gave out contracts. The canteen fund provided the money for the whole operation, which was produced by the sums the workers paid to satisfy the labourers. As a result, the government were only made to pay {{currency|1200|INR}} for the new parade ground. A range was also built by Sepoy Labour. The military police battalion, on Saturdays, was instructed to carry out eight-hour shifts in construction. Loch's battalion never had issues with the labour quotas for construction, as the excess manpower on Saturdays permitted little work per person. Regarding the Saturday shifts, Loch was recorded by Shakespear to jokingly state that he "was a good man". When Shakespear asked to elaborate, Loch explained that while the sepoys wished for rainy weather on Saturday, he prayed for dry weather and thus was favoured as a good man.{{sfn|Shakespear|1939}}

The construction of the Superintendent House was overseen by Shakespear's wife, who designed the building. Loch contributed to the construction by supplying his sepoys as labourers.{{sfn|Shakespear|1939}}

==Later life==
Granville Henry Loch was appointed [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] in 1901. He retired in 1914 and moved back to London. However the outbreak of [[World War One]] saw him placed in special service under the war office in the censorship branch. He was discharged in 1919. He died on 30 December 1929 in a nursing home in London.{{sfn|The Times|1930}}{{sfn|The Irish Catholic Herald|1930}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
===BMD===
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=kxhIqNSIQaX4oXmY770UnQ&scan=1|title=Index entry|accessdate=3 February 2025|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}}

===Books===
*{{cite book |last=Reid |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Reid (civil servant)|date=1942 |title=The Lushai Hills: culled from History of the frontier areas bordering on Assam from 1883-1941 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16551/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Firma KLM}}
*{{cite book |last1=Shakespear |first1=John|author-link=John Shakespear (British Army officer) |title=The Making of Aizawl |date=13 July 1939 |publisher=British Library |location=London |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP454-20-2#?xywh=487%2C663%2C2179%2C2777&cv=12 |access-date=5 February 2025}}
*{{cite book |last1=Chaltuahkhuma |title=History of Mizoram |date=1987 |publisher=M.D.C and Sons |location=Aizawl |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467312/page/n1/mode/2up |access-date=11 February 2025}}
*{{cite book |last1=39 Gorkha Training Centre |title=Third and Ninth Gorkhas |date=2003 |publisher=Lancer Publishers & Distributers |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7062-290-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9B5b-NGDhgC |access-date=14 March 2025}}

===News===
*{{cite news |last1=The Irish Cathlolic Herald |title=In Memoriam |work=The Irish Catholic Herald |issue=1870 |date=11 January 1930|ref = {{SfnRef|The Irish Catholic Herald|1930}} }}
*{{cite news |last1=The Times |title=Obituary: Lieutenant.Colonel Loch |work=The Times |issue=45399 |date=1 January 1930}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |last1=Geni |title=Granville Henry Loch |url=https://records.myheritagelibraryedition.com/research/record-40000-121613908/granville-henry-loch-in-geni-world-family-tree |website=MyHeritage |access-date=3 February 2025}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Loch, Granville Henry}}
[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1929 deaths]]
[[Category:British military personnel in colonial India]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers of punitive expeditions in the Lushai Hills]]
[[Category:Superintendents of Lushai Hills district]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]

Strategic lawsuit against public participation

2026-04-22T01:21:35Z

Dentaltrendz: Started

{{Short description|Litigation intended to silence critics}}
{{Redirect|SLAPP suits|the ''Last Week Tonight with John Oliver'' segment|SLAPP Suits}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
'''Strategic lawsuits against public participation''' (also known as '''SLAPP suits''' or '''intimidation lawsuits'''),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pring |first1=George William |last2=Canan |first2=Penelope |title=SLAPPs: Getting Sued for Speaking Out |date=1996 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-56639-369-0 |page=x |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SEaAjENdpJkC&q=%22intimidation+lawsuits%22&pg=PR9 |language=en}}</ref> or '''strategic litigation against public participation''',<ref>{{cite Hansard |jurisdiction=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=Strategic Litigation Against Public Participation (Freedom of Expression) Bill [HL] |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/2022-03-18/debates/0FA3F130-8A2D-4E14-9608-825ABEB61967/StrategicLitigationAgainstPublicParticipation(FreedomOfExpression)Bill(HL) |house=House of Lords |date=18 March 2022 |volume=820 |column=571}}</ref> are [[lawsuit]]s intended to [[censorship|censor]], [[intimidate]], and silence critics by burdening them with the cost of a [[legal defense]] until they abandon their criticism or opposition.<ref name="onthemedia_01">{{cite web|url=http://www.onthemedia.org/2010/apr/02/slapp-back/transcript/|title=SLAPP Back: Transcript|date=2 April 2010|website=[[On The Media]]|publisher=[[WNYC]] ([[National Public Radio]], [[PBS]])|first=Nazanin|last=Rafsanjani|access-date=29 June 2011|archive-date=21 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521082813/http://www.onthemedia.org/2010/apr/02/slapp-back/transcript/}}</ref>

In a typical SLAPP, the [[plaintiff]] does not normally expect to win the lawsuit. The plaintiff's goals are accomplished if the [[defendant]] succumbs to fear, intimidation, mounting [[legal costs]], or simple exhaustion and abandons the criticism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hartley |first=Sophie |date=2025-02-17 |title=Tactics Used by Fossil Fuel Companies to Suppress Critique and Obstruct Climate Action |url=https://commonslibrary.org/tactics-used-by-fossil-fuel-companies-to-suppress-critique-and-obstruct-climate-action/ |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref> In some cases, particularly in the context of [[investigative journalism]], repeated [[frivolous litigation]] against a defendant may raise the cost of [[Directors and officers liability insurance|directors and officers]] and other [[liability insurance]] for that party, interfering with an organization's ability to operate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2013/05/16/whacked-by-lawsuit-costs-old-city-civic-association-disbands/ |first=John |last=McDevitt |title=Whacked By Lawsuit Costs, Old City Civic Association Disbands |website=KYW-TV, CBS |location=Philadelphia |date=16 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Czajkowski|first=Elise|title=Why media liability insurance is key to making sure your newsroom continues to exist|publisher=[[Institute for Nonprofit News]]|url=https://inn.org/research/case-studies/why-media-liability-insurance-is-key-to-making-sure-your-newsroom-continues-to-exist/|access-date=January 13, 2025}}</ref> A SLAPP may also intimidate others from participating in the debate. A SLAPP is often preceded by a [[legal threat]]. SLAPPs bring about freedom of speech concerns due to their [[chilling effect]] and are often difficult to filter out and penalize because the plaintiffs attempt to obfuscate their intent to censor, intimidate, or silence their critics.

== Characteristics ==
SLAPP is a form of [[strategic litigation]] or impact litigation in which the plaintiff does not have true legal claims but is focused on deterring a message that they do not like.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=SLAPP suit |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/slapp_suit |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |language=en}}</ref> A common feature of SLAPPs is [[forum shopping]], wherein plaintiffs find courts that are more favourable towards the claims to be brought than the court in which the defendant (or sometimes plaintiffs) live.<ref name=Sheldrick2014>{{cite book |last1=Sheldrick |first1=Byron |title=Blocking Public Participation: The Use of Strategic Litigation to Silence Political Expression |date=2014 |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press |isbn=978-1-55458-930-2 |page=50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbNlAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 |access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref>

Other widely mentioned elements of a SLAPP are the actual effectiveness at silencing critics, the timing of the suit, inclusion of extra or spurious defendants (such as relatives or hosts of legitimate defendants), inclusion of plaintiffs with no real claim (such as corporations that are affiliated with legitimate plaintiffs), making claims that are very difficult to disprove or rely on no written record, ambiguous or deliberately mangled wording that lets plaintiffs make spurious allegations without fear of [[perjury]], refusal to consider any settlement (or none other than cash), characterization of all offers to settle as insincere, extensive and unnecessary demands for [[discovery (law)|discovery]], attempts to identify [[anonymity|anonymous or pseudonymous]] critics, appeals on minor points of law, and demands for broad rulings when appeal is accepted on such minor points of law. In some instances it is clear that plaintiffs are attempting to drain defendants of their financial resources by making the lawsuit as costly as possible,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sheldrick |first1=Byron |title=Blocking Public Participation: The Use of Strategic Litigation to Silence Political Expression |date=18 February 2014 |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press |isbn=978-1-55458-931-9 |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7NlAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT202 |language=en}} "The strength of a SLAPP lawsuit is in its capacity to tie the defendants up in legal manoeuvring, prolong the litigation, and drain resources."</ref> and in these cases the plaintiff's motive may not be legal victory, but merely to waste the defendant's time and money.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gillers |first1=Stephen |title=Journalism Under Fire: Protecting the Future of Investigative Reporting |date=2018 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-54733-8 |page=116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0tBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT16 |language=en}} "For some plaintiffs, the prospect of court victory may not be primary. Instead, the goal may be to force the defendant to spend both time and money by making the court fight as prolonged and expensive as possible."</ref>

When SLAPPs involve [[copyright law]], they can be considered as a type of [[censorship by copyright]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Radsch |first=Courtney |date=2023 |title=Weaponizing Privacy and Copyright Law for Censorship |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.4464300 |issn=1556-5068|hdl=10419/299973 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

== History ==
The [[acronym]] was coined in the 1980s by [[University of Denver]] professors Penelope Canan and [[George W. Pring]].<ref name= "pring_canan_01">{{cite book |title= SLAPPs: Getting Sued for Speaking Out |isbn=978-0-375-75258-2 |last1=Pring |first1=George W. |last2=Canan |first2= Penelope |publisher=Temple University Press |pages=8–9 |year=1996}}</ref> The term was originally defined as "a lawsuit involving communications made to influence a governmental action or outcome, which resulted in a civil complaint or counterclaim filed against nongovernment individuals or organizations on a substantive issue of some public interest or social significance." The concept's originators later dropped the notion that government contact had to be about a public issue to be protected by the [[Right to petition in the United States|right to petition]] the government, as provided in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. It has since been defined less broadly by some US states, and more broadly in one state (California) where it includes suits about speech on any public issue.<ref name= "ccp_425_16_01">{{cite web |url=http://www.casp.net/california-anti-slapp-first-amendment-law-resources/statutes/c-c-p-section-425-16 |title= (California) Code of Civil Procedure – Section 425.16 |website= casp.net| publisher=California Anti-SLAPP Project |year=2009 |orig-date=Ratified 1992, last amended 2009 |quote=The Legislature finds and declares that it is in the public interest to encourage continued participation in matters of public significance, and that this participation should not be chilled through abuse of the judicial process.}}</ref>

The original conceptualization proffered by Canan and Pring emphasized the right to petition as protected in the US under its Constitution's specific protection in the First Amendment's fifth clause. It is still definitional: SLAPPs are civil lawsuits filed against those who have communicated to government officialdom (in its entire constitutional apparatus). The right to petition, granted by [[Edgar the Peaceful]], King of England in the 10th century, antedates [[Magna Carta]] in terms of its significance in the development of democratic institutions. As currently conceived, the right claims that democracy cannot properly function in the presence of barriers between the governed and the governing.<ref name="right_to_petition_01">{{cite journal |url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3486&context=flr |journal= [[Fordham Law Review]] |volume=66 |issue=6 |date=1 January 1998 |title=The Vestigial Constitution: The History and Significance of the Right to Petition |first=Gregory A. |last=Mark| publisher = Fordham Law School, Fordham University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kingsengland.co.uk/queen-mary-ii-of-stuart-1689%E2%80%931694.html |title=Queen Mary II of Stuart (1689–1694) |website=Kings of England |year= 2010 |access-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326094857/http://www.kingsengland.co.uk/queen-mary-ii-of-stuart-1689%E2%80%931694.html |archive-date=26 March 2012 }}</ref>

[[New York Supreme Court]] Judge J. Nicholas Colabella said in reference to SLAPPs: "Short of a gun to the head, a greater threat to First Amendment expression can scarcely be imagined."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pring |first1=George William |last2=Canan |first2=Penelope |title=SLAPPs: Getting Sued for Speaking Out |date=1996 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-56639-369-0 |page=ix |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SEaAjENdpJkC&pg=PR9 |language=en}}</ref> In the US a number of jurisdictions have made such suits illegal, but the conditions that a defendant must satisfy for a dismissal of the suit vary from state to state. In some states, such as California, defendants may be entitled to counter-sue SLAPP plaintiffs under some circumstances.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Belmas |first1=Genelle |last2=Overbeck |first2=Wayne |title=Major Principles of Media Law, 2015 |date=4 August 2014 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn= 978-1-305-44555-0 |pages=178–189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsVhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 |language= en| via= Google Books}}</ref> This is commonly referred to as ''SLAPPback''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rcfp.org/anti-slapp-guide/california/|title=California Anti-SLAPP |website= rcfp.org | publisher= Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press}}</ref>

== Jurisdictional variations ==

=== Australia ===
In the [[Australian Capital Territory]], the ''Protection of Public Participation Act 2008'' (ACT) protects conduct intended to influence public opinion or promote or further action in relation to an issue of public interest. A party starting or maintaining a proceeding against a defendant for an improper purpose may be ordered to pay a financial penalty to the territory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/a/2008-48/20111212-50372/pdf/2008-48.pdf |title=Protection of Public Participation Act 2008 |website=Parliamentary Counsel's Office |location=Australian Capital Territory |date=12 December 2011 |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref>

=== Canada ===
Canada's three most populous provinces (Quebec, British Columbia, and Ontario) have enacted anti-SLAPP legislation.

==== British Columbia ====
Since the repeal, BC activists especially the [[BCCLA]] have argued repeatedly for a broad understanding of SLAPP and a broad interpretation of judicial powers especially in intervener applications in BC and other common law jurisdictions and when arguing for new legislation to prevent SLAPPs. The activist literature contains extensive research on particular cases and criteria. The [[West Coast Environmental Law]] organization agrees and generally considers BC to lag other jurisdictions.<ref name="WCELJune2010">{{cite web |url=http://wcel.org/resources/environmental-law-alert/bc-trails-quebec-ontario-protecting-public-chilling-lawsuits |title=BC trails Quebec, Ontario in protecting public from chilling lawsuits |date=6 June 2010 |website=West Coast Environmental Law Association |access-date=6 July 2017}}</ref>

In March 2019, the legislature voted unanimously to pass another anti-SLAPP bill, the Protection of Public Participation Act.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/legislature-passes-anti-slapp-1.5049927|title=B.C. legislature unanimously passes anti-SLAPP legislation |work=CBC News|date=8 March 2019|first=Ryan Patrick |last=Jones|language=en|access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref>

==== Manitoba ====

Manitoba enacted The Public Interest Expression Defence Act in 2025. It is similar to the British Colombia's Protection of Public Participation Act, except without the provision covering [[qualified privilege]] on matters of public interest.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plain Language Summary: Bill 46: Prevention of Proceedings that Hamper Expression on Matters of Public Interest Act |url=https://www.ntlegislativeassembly.ca/sites/default/files/tabled-documents/2026-03/TD%20496-20%281%29%20Bill%2046_%20Plain%20Language%20Summary.PDF |website=NWT Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[NWT Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=5 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260405211909/https://www.ntlegislativeassembly.ca/sites/default/files/tabled-documents/2026-03/TD%20496-20(1)%20Bill%2046_%20Plain%20Language%20Summary.PDF |archive-date=5 April 2026 |date=6 March 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Nova Scotia ====
A [[private member's bill]] introduced in 2001 by [[Graham Steele]] (NDP, [[Halifax Fairview]]) proposed a "Protection of Public Participation Act" to dismiss proceedings or claims brought or maintained for an improper purpose, awarding punitive or exemplary damages (effectively, a "SLAPP back") and protection from liability for communication or conduct which constitutes public participation. The bill did not progress beyond first reading.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nslegislature.ca/legc/bills/58th_2nd/1st_read/b061.htm |title=Protection of Public Participation Act |website=Nova Scotia legislature |date=23 May 2001}}</ref>

==== Ontario ====
By 2010, the Ontario attorney-general had issued a major report which identified SLAPP as a major problem<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/english/anti_slapp/ |title=Anti-SLAPP Advisory Panel |website=Ministry of the Attorney General |date=June 2013 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> but initially little to nothing was done.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lawiscool.com/2011/10/06/renewing-the-debate-on-anti-slapp-legislation-in-ontario/ |title=Renewing the Debate on Anti-SLAPP Legislation in Ontario |website=Law is Cool |date=6 October 2011}}</ref>

In June 2013, the attorney general introduced legislation to implement the recommendations of the report. The bill proposed a mechanism for an order to dismiss strategic lawsuits which attack free expression on matters of public interest, with full costs (but not punitive damages) and on a relatively short timeframe, if the underlying claims had no reasonable prospect of success.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rabble.ca/columnists/2014/08/protecting-public-debate-through-anti-slapp-legislation |title=Protecting public debate through anti-SLAPP legislation |first=Shelina |last=Ali |date=28 August 2014 |website=[[rabble.ca]]}}</ref>

The bill enjoyed support from a wide range of groups including municipalities,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://billingstwp.ca/meeting-minutes/august-21-2014-meeting-minutes/ |title=August 21, 2014 Meeting Minutes |date=21 August 2014 |website=Council of the Corporation of The Township of [[Billings, Ontario|Billings]]}}</ref> the [[Canadian Environmental Law Association]], EcoJustice, [[Environmental Defence]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://environmentaldefence.ca/blog/slapp-silly |title=SLAPP silly |date=3 March 2014 |website=Environmental Defence Canada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110001136/http://environmentaldefence.ca/blog/slapp-silly |archive-date=10 November 2014}}</ref> Ontario Clean Air Alliance, [[Ontario Nature]], [[Canadian Civil Liberties Association]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ccla.org/2013/12/02/ccla-urges-ontario-attorney-general-to-pass-protection-of-public-participation-bill/ |title=CCLA Urges Ontario Attorney General to Pass Protection of Public Participation Bill |date=2 December 2013 |website=Canadian Civil Liberties Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110003848/http://ccla.org/2013/12/02/ccla-urges-ontario-attorney-general-to-pass-protection-of-public-participation-bill |archive-date=10 November 2014}}</ref> [[Canadian Journalists for Free Expression]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cjfe.org/resources/protest_letters/organizations-continue-call-anti-slapp-legislation-ontario |title=Organizations continue call for anti-SLAPP legislation in Ontario |website=Canadian Journalists for Free Expression |date=6 October 2014}}</ref> Citizens Environment Alliance of Southwestern Ontario, [[The Council of Canadians]], CPAWS Wildlands League, [[Sierra Club]] Ontario, [[Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rnao.ca/policy/submissions/letter-minister-john-gerretson-attorney-general-bill-83-protection-public-partici |title=Letter Minister John Gerretson, Attorney General: Bill 83, Protection of Public Participation Act, 2013 |date=29 November 2013 |website=Registered Nurses Association of Ontario}}</ref> and [[Greenpeace]] Canada.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/commentary/2014/02/09/ontario_still_has_time_to_pass_environmental_bills.html |title=Ontario still has time to pass environmental bills |first=Yossi |last=Cadan |date=9 February 2014 |newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]}}</ref>

The legislation was re-introduced following the [[2014 Ontario election]] as Bill 52, and on 3 November 2015, Ontario enacted it as the Protection of Public Participation Act, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-41/session-1/bill-52|title=Protection of Public Participation Act, 2015|website=Legislative Assembly of Ontario|language=en|access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref>

==== Quebec ====
Québec's then Justice Minister, Jacques Dupuis, proposed an anti-SLAPP bill on 13 June 2008.<ref name="ulcc_slapp_01">{{cite web |url=http://www.ulcc.ca/en/poam2/SLAPP%20Report.pdf |title=Strategic Lawsuits against Public Participation (SLAPPs) (and other abusive lawsuits) |last=Pelletier |first=Vincent |website=Uniform Law Conference of Canada, Civil Section (English & French) |date=August 2008 |access-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001130753/http://www.ulcc.ca/en/poam2/SLAPP%20Report.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2011 }}</ref>
The bill was adopted by the [[National Assembly of Quebec]] on 3 June 2009. Quebec's amended Code of Civil Procedure was the first anti-SLAPP mechanism in force in Canada.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

Prior to Ontario enacting its own Anti-SLAPP law the bill was invoked there (and then [[Supreme Court of Canada]] docket 33819). In the case of Les Éditions Écosociété Inc., [[Alain Deneault]], [[Delphine Abadie]] and [[William Sacher]] vs. [[Banro]] Inc., in which the publisher Écosociété pleaded (supported by the [[BCCLA]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bccla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/2011-BCCLA-Legal-Case-Ecosociete-v-Banro.pdf |url-status=live|date=10 March 2011|title=Les Editions Ecosociete Inc., Alain Deneault, Delphine Abadie and William Sacher v. Banro Corporation |website=British Columbia Civil Liberties Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406224405/http://www.bccla.org/othercontent/Ecosociete_BCCLA_argument.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2012}}</ref>) that it should not face Ontario liability for a publication in Quebec, as the suit was a SLAPP and the Quebec law explicitly provided to dismiss these. The court denied the request, ruling it had jurisdiction.<ref>{{Lexum-scc|2012|18}}</ref> A separate 2011 decision in Quebec Superior Court had ruled that [[Barrick Gold]] had to pay $143,000 to the book's three authors and publisher, Les Éditions Écosociété Inc., to prepare their defence in a "seemingly abusive" strategic lawsuit against public participation.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://www.cautbulletin.ca/en_article.asp?ArticleID=3342 |title=Noir Canada Defamation Lawsuit Settled, Publication of Book Stopped |website=Canadian Association of University Teachers Bulletin |access-date=16 January 2017 |archive-date=30 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930174411/https://www.cautbulletin.ca/en_article.asp?ArticleID=3342 }}</ref> Despite the Québec ruling, the book ''Noir Canada'' that documented the relationship between Canadian mining corporations, armed conflict and political actors in Africa was never published as part of a settlement which, according to the authors, was only made for the sole purpose of resolving the three-and-a-half-year legal battle.<ref name=":1" />

The Quebec law is substantially different in structure than that of California<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://www.citmedialaw.org/legal-guide/anti-slapp-law-california |title=Anti-SLAPP Law in California |website=Digital Media Law Project |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> or other jurisdictions, however, as Quebec's Constitution generally subordinates itself to [[international law]], and as such the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] applies. That treaty only permits liability for arbitrary and unlawful speech. The ICCPR has also been cited, in the BC case ''Crookes v. Newton'', as the standard for balancing free speech versus reputation rights. The Supreme Court of Canada in October 2011, ruling in that case, neither reiterated nor rescinded that standard.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

===European Union===
On 11 April 2024, the [[European Parliament]] approved an anti-SLAPP directive.<ref>{{Cite web |orig-date=11 April 2024 |title=Directive (EU) 2024/1069 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 April 2024 on protecting natural or legal persons who engage in public participation from manifestly unfounded claims or abusive court proceedings ('Strategic lawsuits against public participation') |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/1069/oj |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=eur-lex.europa.eu |series=Official Journal L. 2024/1069 |language=en |issn=1977-0677}}</ref> The [[Directive (European Union)|directive]], which is legally binding tool for Member States, comes in addition to the non binding Recommendation (EU) 2022/758 to member states issued by the [[European Commission]] on 27 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2022 |orig-date=17 May 2022 |title=COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION (EU) 2022/758 of 27 April 2022 on protecting journalists and human rights defenders who engage in public participation from manifestly unfounded or abusive court proceedings ('Strategic lawsuits against public participation') |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32022H0758&from=EN |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=Official Journal of the European Union |series=L. 138/30 |publisher=European Commission |at=}}</ref> The directive's approval came after long series of drafts, discussions and consultations between the European Commission, European Parliament and the EU member states, initiated by the European Parliament's resolution of 25 November 2020 expressing "its continued deep concern about the state of media freedom within the EU in the context of the abuses and attacks still being perpetrated against journalists and media workers in some Member States because of their work" and called on the European Commission to "establish minimum standards against SLAPP practices across the EU".<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU Parliament to counter lawsuits designed to silence journalists, NGOs |last=Pollet |first=Mathieu |publisher=EURACTIV France|date=13 May 2021|url= https://www.euractiv.com/section/digital/news/eu-parliament-to-counter-lawsuits-designed-to-silence-journalists-ngos/ }}</ref> The directive, due to the limited competences of the European Union, has a limited material scope of application as it only covers civil and commercial matters with a cross-border implications.

=== Council of Europe ===
In April 2024, the [[Council of Europe]] has adopted the Recommendation CM/Rec(2024)2,<ref>{{Cite web| title=Recommendation CM/Rec(2024)2 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on countering the use of strategic lawsuits against public participation (SLAPPs) | url=https://rm.coe.int/0900001680af2805 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405183600/https://rm.coe.int/0900001680af2805 | archive-date=2024-04-05}}</ref> which contains a set of non-binding recommendations to Member States. More particularly, it covers criminal and administrative matters, contains a set of indicators to help identifying a SLAPP as such and identifies as a specific types of SLAPPs those ones targeting anonymous public participation calling for an appropriate protection of the anonymous public participants.

=== United Kingdom ===
{{See also|Defamation Act 2013}}
The most common SLAPP suit used to be a [[civil action]] for [[defamation]], which in the [[English common law]] tradition was a [[tort]]. The [[common law of libel]] dates to the early 17th century and, unlike most English law, is [[reverse onus]], meaning that once someone alleges a statement is libelous, the burden is on the defendant to prove that it is not.

The [[Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023]] contains provisions allowing courts in England and Wales to strike out cases deemed by the courts to amount to SLAPPs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coe |first=Peter |date=2023-11-17 |title=Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPPs) and the Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023 – Birmingham Law School Research and Scholarship Blog |url=https://blog.bham.ac.uk/lawresearch/2023/11/strategic-lawsuits-against-public-participation-slapps-and-the-economic-crime-and-corporate-transparency-act-2023/ |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Birmingham Law School Research and Scholarship Blog}}</ref> This power was used for the first time in March 2026 in a case brought against tax lawyer and journalist [[Dan Neidle]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cross |first=Michael |title=Judge makes first 'statutory SLAPP' declaration |url=https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/judge-makes-first-statutory-slapp-declaration/5126163.article |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Law Gazette |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite BAILII|litigants=Kamal v Tax Policy Associates Ltd & Anor|court=EWHC|division=KB|year=2026|num=551|date=11 March 2026}}</ref>

As in the European Union there has been increasing anti-SLAPP activism in the UK led by a coalition including [[English PEN]], [[Index on Censorship]], the [[National Union of Journalists]], and [[Amnesty International]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wragg |first=P. |date=2024-12-19 |title=SLAPPs in England and Wales: The Issues and the Evidence |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/221028/ |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=eprints.whiterose.ac.uk |language=en |doi=10.48785/100/302}}</ref>

=== United States ===

==== State courts ====
As of 2024, trends have pointed towards defendants receiving more protection from SLAPP suits in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web |title=*Latest Developments: Recent changes in state anti-SLAPP laws |url=https://www.rcfp.org/anti-slapp-guide/latest-developments/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=[[The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Thirty-three states, the District of Columbia, and [[Guam]] have enacted statutory protections against SLAPPs as of 2023.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |title=Anti-SLAPP Statutes: 2023 Report Card |language=en-US |work=Institute for Free Speech |url=https://www.ifs.org/anti-slapp-report/ |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref> These states are Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wiggin.com/news/wiggin-and-dana-secures-dismissal-of-defamation-suit-under-new-anti-slapp-law/|title=Wiggin and Dana Secures Dismissal of Defamation Suit under New 'Anti-SLAPP' Law|website=Wiggin and Dana LLP|language=en-US|access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pfannenstiel |first=Kyle |date=March 10, 2025 |title=Idaho joins states with anti-SLAPP laws, aimed at combatting frivolous lawsuits |url=https://idahocapitalsun.com/briefs/idaho-joins-states-with-anti-slapp-laws-aimed-at-combatting-frivolous-lawsuits/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |newspaper=Idaho Capital Sun |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Graf |first=Gregory |date=2025-01-16 |title=Idaho Needs Good Faith Anti-SLAPP Legislation |url=https://politicalpotatoes.substack.com/p/idaho-needs-good-faith-anti-slapp |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Political Potatoes}}</ref> Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adkisson |first=Jay |date=18 April 2022 |title=Kentucky Adopts The Uniform Public Expression Protection Act |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jayadkisson/2022/04/18/kentucky-adopts-the-uniform-public-expression-protection-act/?sh=3547fed08404 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts,<ref>{{cite news |work=Boston Bar Journal |date=9 July 2014 |access-date=2 June 2016 |title=The Scalpel or the Bludgeon? Twenty Years of Anti-SLAPP in Massachusetts |url=https://bostonbarjournal.com/2014/07/09/the-scalpel-or-the-bludgeon-twenty-years-of-anti-slapp-in-massachusetts/ |first=David A. |last=Kluft}}</ref> Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.alpineavalanche.com/news/article_954b7e62-5ba6-11e0-8e92-001cc4c002e0.html |title=Citizen Participation Act takes aim at frivolous lawsuits |newspaper=[[Alpine Avalanche]] |date=31 March 2011 |access-date=10 November 2014 |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228074007/https://www.alpineavalanche.com/news/article_954b7e62-5ba6-11e0-8e92-001cc4c002e0.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=f032bf80-61c3-42c7-800e-1d94c242c0e1 |title=Texas' Citizen Participation Act gets stronger |website=Lexology.com |date=21 June 2013}}</ref> Utah, Vermont, Virginia,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?171+ful+SB1413ER|title=Bill Tracking – 2017 session > Legislation|website=lis.virginia.gov|access-date=28 September 2017}}</ref> and Washington. Eleven of these states have adopted some version of the Uniform Public Expression Protection Act, a [[uniform act]] of the [[Uniform Law Commission]].<ref>[https://www.uniformlaws.org/committees/community-home?CommunityKey=4f486460-199c-49d7-9fac-05570be1e7b1 Public Expression Protection Act], [[Uniform Law Commission]]</ref> In West Virginia, the courts have adopted protections against SLAPPs. These laws vary in scope and level of protection, while the remaining states lack specific protections.<ref name=":3" /> These protections, however, only apply to suits filed in courts in those states,<ref name=":3" /> and plaintiffs often seek jurisdictions more favorable, including federal courts, that lack the same added protections that many defendants would have received in their state court.

For example, in 1992 California enacted Code of Civil Procedure § 425.16, a [[statute]] intended to frustrate SLAPPs by providing a quick and inexpensive defense.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tate |first=Kathryn W. |date=1 April 2000 |title=California's Anti-Slapp Legislation: A Summary of and Commentary on Its Operation and Scope |url=http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2214&context=llr |journal=[[Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review]] |volume=33 |pages=801–886 |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="ccp_425_16_01" /> It provides for a [[special motion to strike]] that a [[defendant]] can file at the outset of a lawsuit to strike a [[complaint]] when it arises from conduct that falls within the rights of [[petition]] or [[free speech]]. The statute expressly applies to any writing or speech made in connection with an issue under consideration or review by a legislative, executive, or judicial proceeding, or any other official proceeding authorized by law, but there is no requirement that the writing or speech be promulgated directly to the official body. It also applies to speech in a public forum about an issue of public interest and to any other petition or speech conduct about an issue of public interest.<ref name=":2" />

In February 2025, Greenpeace went on trial against Energy Transfer in North Dakota, where it had been sued by Energy Transfer itself in 2017 claiming "Greenpeace spread misinformation that incited the protests and severely damaged its ability to run its business." Greenpeace considers this lawsuit a SLAPP; importantly ND does not have a law to dismiss lawsuits shown to be SLAPP cases.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zraick |first=Karen |date=2025-02-24 |title=Greenpeace Goes to Court in $300 Million Suit That Poses Bankruptcy Risk |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/24/climate/greenpeace-energy-transfer-dakota-access-lawsuit.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In May 2025, the Republican governor of Iowa adopted an anti-SLAPP law.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Belin |first=Laura |date=2025-07-25 |title=Why the Iowa Senate finally approved enhanced First Amendment protections • Iowa Capital Dispatch |url=https://iowacapitaldispatch.com/2025/07/25/why-the-iowa-senate-finally-approved-enhanced-first-amendment-protections/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> It forced Donald Trump to drop his federal lawsuit against the [[Des Moines Register]], which was widely considered a SLAPP lawsuit, so he refiled it at the state level.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-01 |title=Trump drops federal lawsuit against Iowa pollster Ann Selzer, refiles in state court |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-lawsuit-iowa-poll-ann-selzer-des-moines-register-kamala-harris-rcna216078 |access-date=2025-07-27 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, author [[Toni Marek]] became involved in litigation with [[Phi Theta Kappa]] after the organization sought a temporary restraining order preventing distribution of her manuscript. The dispute resulted in the case ''[[Marek v. Phi Theta Kappa]]'', in which a Texas district court initially granted the restraining order on an ex parte basis but later dissolved it and denied a request for a temporary injunction following a hearing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Victoria College alum battles against injunction on tell-all book |url=https://www.crossroadstoday.com/news/victoria-college-alum-battles-against-injunction-on-tell-all-book/article_a665d8c4-457b-4a0e-8fa9-ad6a619c2ce0.html |website=Crossroads Today |publisher=Saga Communications |access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Former VC student's book raises concerns about honor society's operations |work=The Victoria Advocate |date=April 2025 |url=https://www.victoriaadvocate.com/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cushing |first=Tim |title=Texas Judge Says Prior Restraint Is Cool And Legal While Silencing A Critic Of PTK Honor Society |work=Techdirt |date=April 8, 2025 |url=https://www.techdirt.com/}}</ref>

====Federal law====
In 2010, Obama signed the [[SPEECH Act]] on the closely related issue of [[libel tourism]], offering more protections for suits filed in foreign countries.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Obama Signs Libel Tourism Law |first=Andrew |last=Albanese |date=12 August 2010 |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/44148-obama-signs-libel-tourism-law.html |magazine=[[Publishers Weekly]] |access-date=26 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Harris |first1=Paul |last2=Tran |first2=Mark |date=2010-07-14 |title=US Senate committee moves to curb libel tourism |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/14/us-senate-legislation-libel-tourism |access-date=2024-11-21 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

The [[SPEAK FREE Act of 2015]] did not receive a vote after being introduced.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SPEAK FREE Act of 2015 (2015 - H.R. 2304) |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/hr2304 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=GovTrack.us |language=en}}</ref>

==== Anti-SLAPP laws at state level ====
To protect [[freedom of speech]], some US jurisdictions have passed anti-SLAPP laws. These laws often function by allowing a defendant to file a [[Motion to strike (court of law)|motion to strike]] or [[motion to dismiss|dismiss]] on the grounds that the case involves protected speech on a matter of public concern. The plaintiff then bears the burden of showing a probability that they will prevail. If the plaintiffs fail to meet the burden, their claim is dismissed and the plaintiffs may be required to pay a penalty for bringing the case. They vary widely by jurisdiction.<ref name=":4" /> Anti-SLAPP laws are generally considered to have a favorable effect, and many lawyers have fought to enact stronger laws protecting against SLAPPs.<ref name="Farrington">{{Cite web |last1=Farrington |first1=Francesca |last2=Borg-Barthet |first2=Justin |date=2023-11-28 |title=Slapps: inside Europe's struggle to protect journalists from malicious lawsuits |url=https://theconversation.com/slapps-inside-europes-struggle-to-protect-journalists-from-malicious-lawsuits-218632 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="ABA">{{Cite news |last1=Jankowski |first1=Shannon |last2=Hogle |first2=Charles |date=March 16, 2022 |title=SLAPP-ing Back: Recent Legal Challenges to the Application of State Anti-SLAPP Laws |url=https://www.americanbar.org/groups/communications_law/publications/communications_lawyer/2022-winter/slapping-back-recent-legal-challenges-the-application-state-antislapp-laws/ |work=American Bar Association}}</ref>

== Notable SLAPPs ==
=== Australia ===
* "[[Gunns 20]]": In the 2005 ''Gunns Limited v Marr & Ors'' case,<ref name="vsc2005_251">{{Cite AustLII|VSC|251|2005}}</ref> [[Gunns]] filed a [[writ]] in the [[Supreme Court of Victoria]] against 20 individuals and organisations, including Senator [[Bob Brown]], for over A$7.8 million.<ref name="vsc2006_386">{{Cite AustLII|VSC|386|2006}}</ref> The defendants have become collectively known as the "Gunns 20".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/in-depth/gunns-greenies-and-the-law/2006/08/29/1156617279358.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1 |title=Gunns, greenies and the law |first=Andrew |last=Darby |newspaper=[[The Age]] |date=29 August 2006 |access-date=10 June 2007}}</ref> Gunns claimed that the defendants sullied its reputation and caused it to lose jobs and profits. The defendants claimed that they are protecting the environment. Opponents and critics of the case have suggested that the writ was filed with the intent to discourage public criticism of the company. Gunns has maintained the position that they were merely trying to prevent parties enjoined to the writ from undertaking unlawful activities that disrupt their business. The statement of claim alleged incidents of assault against forestry workers and vandalism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/lawrpt/stories/s1287516.htm |title=The Law Report |website=[[ABC Radio National]] |date=25 January 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201041751/http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/lawrpt/stories/s1287516.htm |archive-date=1 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/Opinion/Middleground-views-are-up-against-battleground-tactics/2005/04/06/1112489558868.html |title=Middle ground views are up against battleground tactics |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=7 April 2005}}</ref> At a hearing before the [[Supreme Court of Victoria]], an amended statement of claim lodged by the company and served on defendants on 1 July 2005, was dismissed.<ref name="vsc2005_251" /> However, the judge in the case granted the company leave to lodge a third version of their statement of claim with the court no later than 15 August 2005.<ref name="vsc2005_251" /> The application continued before the court, before being brought to a close on 20 October 2006.<ref name="vsc2006_386" /> In his ruling, Justice [[Bernard Bongiorno]] made an award of costs in favour of the respondents only as far as it covered those costs incurred with striking out the third version of the statement of claim, and costs incurred associated with their application for costs.<ref name="vsc2006_386" /> In 2006, Gunns dropped the case against Helen Gee, Peter Pullinger and Doctors for Forests. In December 2006, it abandoned the claim against [[Australian Greens|Greens]] MPs Bob Brown and [[Peg Putt]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2006-12-13/gunns-abandons-legal-action-against-greens-leaders/2153212 |title=Gunns abandons legal action against Greens leaders |date=13 December 2006 |work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC News Online]] |access-date=11 June 2007}}</ref> The other matters were all settled in favour of Gunns following the payment of more than $150,000 in damages or, in some cases, undertakings to the court not to protest at certain locations.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

=== Brazil ===
* [[ThyssenKrupp]] Atlantic Steel Company (TKCSA), one of the largest private enterprises in Latin America, sued Brazilian researchers from public universities as UERJ ([[Rio de Janeiro State University]]) and Fiocruz ([[Oswaldo Cruz Foundation]]) for moral damages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internacional: as motivações em inglês para nomer Vale pior multinacional do mundo |url=http://www.justicanostrilhos.org/nota/882 |website=Justica nos Trilhos |access-date=9 September 2012 |date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616101029/http://www.justicanostrilhos.org/nota/882 |archive-date=16 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Nick |title=Thyssen-Krup Steel Company tries to silence EJOLT partner with a slapp suit |url=http://www.ejolt.org/2012/01/urgent-campaign-to-stop-tkcsa-doing-damage/ |access-date=9 September 2012 |website=[[Environmental Justice Organisations, Liabilities and Trade]] |date=9 January 2012}}</ref> First, TKCSA sued research [[Pulmonology|pulmonologist]] Hermano Albuquerque de Castro from Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP – Fiocruz). Then TKCSA sued Alexandre Pessoa Dias, research professor of the Joaquim Venâncio Polytechnic School of Health (EPSJV – Fiocruz), and Monica Cristina Lima, a biologist from Pedro Ernesto University Hospital and board member of the Public University Workers Union of Rio de Janeiro State (Sintuperj). The last two lawsuits occurred after the disclosure of the technical report "Evaluation of social, environmental and health impacts caused by the setup and operation of TKCSA in Santa Cruz".{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

=== Canada ===
* ''Daishowa Inc. v. Friends of the Lubicon'': From 1995 to 1998 a series of judgements (OJ 1536 1995, OJ 1429 1998 (ONGD)) established that defendants, who had accused a global company of engaging in "[[genocide]]", were entitled to recover court costs<ref>{{cite news |url=http://sisis.nativeweb.org/lubicon/nov1098.html |title=Daishowa off hook for Lubicon boycott court costs |newspaper=Record-Gazette |date=10 November 1998 |first=Deb |last=Guerette}}</ref> due to the public interest in the criticism, even if it was rhetorically unjustifiable. This was the first case to establish clearly the SLAPP criteria.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
* ''Fraser v. Saanich (District)'' 1995, [BCJ 3100 BCSC] was held explicitly to be a SLAPP, the first known case to be so described. Justice Singh found plaintiff's conduct to be "reprehensible and deserving of censure", ordering he pay "special costs" (page 48, ''Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation: The British Columbia Experience'', RECEIL 19(1) 2010 {{ISSN|0962-8797}}) to compensate.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
* Canadian Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] filed a suit against the [[Liberal Party of Canada]], the Official Opposition, after the latter paid for trucks to drive through the streets playing a journalist's tape of Harper admitting he knew of "financial considerations" offered to dying MP [[Chuck Cadman]] before a critical [[House of Commons of Canada]] vote in 2005. This, the Liberals and most commentators and authorities agreed, would be a serious crime if proven. Harper alleged the tape had been altered but a court found no evidence of this. The suit was dropped by [[Michael Ignatieff]] after he replaced [[Stephane Dion]] as Leader of the Opposition, and so was not heard in court, but was transparently a (successful) effort to get the trucks off the streets.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sheldrick |first1=Byron |title=Blocking Public Participation: The Use of Strategic Litigation to Silence Political Expression |date=25 March 2014 |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press |isbn=978-1-55458-930-2 |pages=71–76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbNlAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Crookes v. Openpolitics.ca'', filed May 2006 [S063287, Supreme Court of BC], and a series of related suits leading to a unanimous October 2011 ruling by the [[Supreme Court of Canada]] in ''Crookes v. Newton'', upheld the rights of online debaters to link freely to third parties without fear of liability for contents at the other end of the link.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/article/1072362 |newspaper=Toronto Star |first=Tracey |last=Tyler |title=Supreme Court ruling big victory for Internet freedom |date=19 October 2011}}</ref> A number of related rulings had previously established that transient comments on the Internet could not be, in themselves, simply printed and used to prove that "publication" had occurred for purposes of libel and defamation law in Canada. Other elements of the ruling clarified how [[Journalism#Ethics and standards|responsible journalism]] (and therefore the right to protect [[anonymous source]]s), [[qualified privilege]] and [[innocent dissemination]] defenses applied to persons accused of online defamation.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
* In May 2010, [[Youthdale Treatment Centres]] of Toronto, Ontario filed a defamation suit against various former patients, parents of former patients, and other persons, claiming C$5 million in damages.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} The lawsuit, filed on 5 May 2010, on behalf of Youthdale by Harvin Pitch and Jennifer Lake of Teplitsky, Colson LLP, claimed that these persons were involved in a conspiracy to, among other things, have Youthdale's licence to operate revoked. Youthdale also claimed their reputation was damaged as a result of various actions by the named defendants, which Youthdale alleged included the creation of websites and blogs containing complaints against Youthdale, including alleged accusations of unlawful administration of psychotropic medications. A notable left-turn for Youthdale occurred in July 2010, when Youthdale became the subject of a [[Toronto Star]] investigation, in which it was found that Youthdale had been admitting children to its Secure Treatment Unit that did not have mental disorders.<ref>{{cite news |last=Zlomislic |first=Diana |url=https://www.thestar.com/News/Investigations/article/832911 |title=Youth lock-ups blasted |newspaper=Toronto Star|date=7 July 2010}}</ref> The case has since been dismissed.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
* In 2011, in ''Robin Scory v. Glen Valley Watersheds Society'', a BC court ruled that "an order for special costs acts as a deterrent to litigants whose purpose is to interfere with the democratic process", and that "Public participation and dissent is an important part of our democratic system."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ecojustice.ca/pressrelease/b-c-developer-ordered-to-pay-for-failed-defamation-suit-against-local-conservation-group/ |title=B.C. developer ordered to pay for failed defamation suit against local conservation group |date=12 October 2011 |website=[[Ecojustice Canada]] |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124174554/https://ecojustice.ca/pressrelease/b-c-developer-ordered-to-pay-for-failed-defamation-suit-against-local-conservation-group/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ecojustice.ca/pressrelease/ecojustice-scores-big-victory-for-the-little-guys/ |title=Ecojustice scores big victory for the little guys |website=Ecojustice Canada |date=26 May 2011 |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129081452/https://ecojustice.ca/pressrelease/ecojustice-scores-big-victory-for-the-little-guys/ }}</ref> However, such awards remained rare.<ref name="WCELJune2010"/>
* In 2012, [[Sino-Forest]] sued Muddy Waters Research for $4 billion for defamation in the [[Ontario Superior Court of Justice]]. Muddy Waters had accused Sino-Forest of fraudulently inflating its assets and earnings, and had claimed the company's shares were essentially worthless.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2012/03/30/sino-forest-sues-muddy-waters-for-4-billion/ |date=30 March 2012 |first=David |last=Benoit |title=Sino-Forest Sues Muddy Waters for $4 Billion |newspaper=[[Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> However, on 10 January 2012, Sino-Forest announced that its historic financial statements and related audit reports should not be relied upon.<ref>{{cite web |title=Settlement Agreement between Staff and David Horsley |url=http://www.osc.gov.on.ca/en/Proceedings_set_20140626_sino-forest.htm |website=Ontario Securities Commission |access-date=18 September 2016 |at=¶ 12 |language=en|date=21 July 2014 }}</ref> Sino-forest also filed for bankruptcy protection. In response to the lawsuit, Muddy Waters stated that Sino's bankruptcy protection filing vindicated its accusations since the company would not require bankruptcy protection if it was really generating close to $2 billion in cash flow.<ref name="SF-BBC">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-17569840 |date=30 March 2012 |title=Sino-Forest files for bankruptcy protection |work=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Sino-Forest was represented by [[Bennett Jones LLP]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Statement of Claim – Sino-Forest v Muddy Waters |url=https://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/SinoForestvMuddyWaters.pdf |access-date=18 September 2016 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |language=en}}</ref>
* In September 2014, [[Brampton, Ontario]] mayor [[Susan Fennell]] used [[legal threat|threats of legal action]] against fellow councillors, the [[Toronto Star]], the city's integrity commissioner, and auditor [[Deloitte Touche|Deloitte]] to delay a city council meeting which was to discuss a major spending scandal.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/toronto/everybody-is-suing-everybody-a-guide-to-whos-taking-whom-to-court-in-toronto-right-now |title=Everybody is suing everybody: A guide to whom is threatening whom with legal action in Toronto's political scene |newspaper=[[National Post]] |first=Tristin |last=Hopper |date=24 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/11/06/brampton_mayor_susan_fennell_threatens_to_sue_councillors.html |title=Brampton Mayor Susan Fennell threatens to sue councillors |first=Alex |last=Ballingall |date=6 November 2014 |newspaper=Toronto Star}}</ref> As the parties involved needed an opportunity to seek legal advice, regardless of the merit (or spuriousness) of the claims, this tactic served to defer a key debate which otherwise would have, and should have, taken place before the city's 27 October municipal election.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/brampton-council-puts-off-issue-of-misspending-by-mayor-councillors/article20771709/ |title=Brampton council puts off issue of misspending by mayor, councillors |first=Dakshana |last=Bascaramurty |date=24 September 2014 |newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}</ref>

=== France ===
* In 2010 and 2011, a French blogger was summoned twice by the communication company Cometik (NOVA-SEO) over exposing their quick-selling method (also known as one shot method) and suggesting a financial compensation for his first trial.<ref name="cometik_2010_01">{{cite web
|url=http://www.cometik.com/intl/en/
|title=Cometik home page |language=en
|website=Cometik }} (''Warning: on each site, a video is automatically played after the loading of the page''.)</ref> The company's case was dismissed twice, but appealed both times. On 31 March 2011, the company won:
** the censorship of any reference (of its name) on Mathias Poujol-Rost's weblog,
** €2,000 as damages,
** the obligation to publish the judicial decision for 3 months,
** €2,000 as procedural allowance,
** all legal fees for both first and appeal instances.<ref name="cometik_2010_02">{{cite web
|url=http://affaireeo.wordpress.com/?page_id=2387
|title=Publication judiciaire à la demande de la société Cometik |language=fr
|website=Agences Web surprenantes
|date=7 April 2011
|access-date=29 June 2011}}</ref>

=== Germany ===
In September 2017, a [[Naturopathy|naturopath]] in Arizona named Colleen Huber filed a defamation lawsuit, preceded by two [[cease and desist]] letters, against [[Britt Marie Hermes]], a naturopathy whistleblower. The lawsuit was filed for Hermes' blog post criticizing Huber for using naturopathic remedies to treat cancer and speculating that Hermes' name was being used without her permission in several registered domain names owned by Huber.<ref name="HuberHermes">{{cite web |last1=Bellamy |first1=Jann |title=Cancer quack Colleen Huber sues Britt Hermes over criticism |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/cancer-quack-colleen-huber-sues-britt-hermes-over-criticism/ |website=Science-Based Medicine |date=18 January 2018 |access-date=16 November 2019}}</ref><ref>Devlin, Hannah (27 March 2018) "[https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/mar/27/naturopath-whistleblower-snake-oil-multi-billion-dollar The naturopath whistleblower: 'It is surprisingly easy to sell snake oil']", ''[[The Guardian]]''. Retrieved 23 June 2020.</ref> The lawsuit was filed in Kiel, Germany where Hermes was residing to pursue her PhD in [[Genome evolution|evolutionary genomics]]. Jann Bellamy of [[Science-Based Medicine]] speculates that this is "due to good old forum shopping for a more plaintiff-friendly jurisdiction" as there are no protections against SLAPP lawsuits in Germany.<ref name="HuberHermes"/> Britt Hermes is a notable [[scientific skeptic]] and the organization [[Australian Skeptics]] set up a fund to help with legal costs on the case. In an interview at [[CSICon]] 2019, Britt Hermes told [[Susan Gerbic]] that she had won her case on 24 May 2019. According to Britt Hermes, "the court ruled that my post is protected speech under Article 5 (1) of the German constitution".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gerbic |first1=Susan |author-link= Susan Gerbic |title=Catching Up With Britt Hermes – CSICon 2019 |url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/catching-up-with-britt-hermes-csicon-2019/ |website=Skeptical Inquirer |access-date=16 November 2019|date=15 July 2019 }}</ref>

=== Greece ===
{{See also|Kyriakos Mitsotakis#Wiretapping Scandal}}
In 2022, in the wake of revelations that Greece's [[National Intelligence Service (Greece)]] was spying on the leader of [[PASOK]], the third largest party, [[Nikos Androulakis]], the executive director of NIS, Grigoris Kontoleon, and the Secretary General to prime minister [[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]], Grigoris Dimitriadis (also a close relative of Kyriakos Mitsotakis) resigned from office. Grigoris Dimitriadis filed lawsuits against two journalists who had helped uncover the scandal, Thodoris Chondrogiannos and Nikolas Leontopoulos, demanding 150,000 euros as damages for false publications and the removal of those publications, but also against Thanassis Koukakis, a journalist who during 2021 was spied upon because of his investigations on Greek businessmen.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

=== India ===
In 2020, [[Karan Bajaj]], the founder of [[WhiteHat Jr.]], now owned by [[Byju's]], filed a 2.6 million dollar lawsuit against Pradeep Poonia, a [[software engineer]] who publicly accused the company of having a toxic work environment and unethical business practices.<ref name="ectimes2021">{{cite web | title = WhiteHat Jr withdraws defamation suit against vocal critic | website = The Economic Times | url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/whitehat-jr-withdraws-defamation-suit-against-vocal-critic/articleshow/82388210.cms | date = 4 May 2021 | access-date = 17 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="mandhani2020">{{cite web | title = Boon for locked down kids or 'marketing hype'? Decoding WhiteHat Jr's legal brawls with critics | last1 = Mandhani | first1 = Apoorva | last2 = Mihindukulasuriya | first2 = Regina | date = 30 November 2020 | url = https://theprint.in/india/boon-for-locked-down-kids-or-marketing-hype-decoding-whitehat-jrs-legal-brawls-with-critics/554008/ | access-date = 17 November 2021 | website = [[ThePrint]]}}</ref><ref name="ectimes2020">{{cite web | title = Whitehat Jr to foray into Brazil, Mexico; create 1 lakh teaching jobs in India in 3 years | url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/whitehat-jr-to-foray-into-brazil-mexico-create-1-lakh-teaching-jobs-in-india-in-3-years/articleshow/79704830.cms | website = The Economic Times | date = 13 December 2020 | access-date = 17 November 2021}}</ref> The [[Delhi High Court]] issued an [[interim order]] requiring Poonia to remove certain tweets from his [[Twitter]] account.<ref name="ectimes2021" /> In 2021, Bajaj rescinded the lawsuit.<ref name="ectimes2021" />

=== Israel ===
During 2016, [[Amir Bramly]], who at the time was being investigated and subsequently indicted for an alleged [[Ponzi scheme]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.calcalist.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3691528,00.html |title=כתב אישום על גניבה, מרמה, זיוף והלבנת הון נגד אמיר ברמלי |trans-title=An indictment for theft, fraud, forgery and money laundering against Amir Bramli |date=26 June 2016 |website=calcalist.co.il |access-date=6 July 2017 |language=he}}</ref> sued for libel [[Tomer Ganon]], a [[Calcalist]] reporter, privately for [[Israeli new shekel|₪]]1 million in damages, due to a news item linking him to [[Bar Refaeli]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/supermodel-bar-refaeli-alleges-identity-theft/ |title=Supermodel Bar Refaeli alleges identity theft |newspaper=[[Times of Israel]] |date=14 January 2016 |access-date=6 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://b.walla.co.il/item/3009119 |title=ברמלי תובע מיליון שקל מכתב "כלכליסט": "פרסם ידיעות השזורות דברי השמצה" |trans-title=Bramly sues NIS 1 million from Calcalist: 'Published reports slanderous' |website=[[Walla!]] |date=31 October 2016 |access-date=6 July 2017}}</ref> In addition Bramly sued [[Israeli News Company|Channel-2 News]] and its reporters and managers for ₪5 million in damages due to an alleged libel in an in-depth TV news item and interview with the court appointed liquidator of his companies,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.themarker.com/advertising/1.2882234 |title=Amir Bramly opens another front: 'News2 presented me as a crook' |newspaper=[[TheMarker]] |date=14 March 2016}}</ref> and has threatened to sue additional bodies.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?fbdid=1001085041 |title=ברמלי מתכוון להגיש שורת תביעות לשון הרע נגד "מכפישיו" |trans-title=Bramly intends to file a series of libel claims against his detractors |newspaper=[[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]] |date=1 December 2015 |access-date=6 July 2017}}</ref> The sued individuals and bodies have claimed that these are SLAPP actions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://b.walla.co.il/item/3025994 |title=כתב כלכליסט משיב לברמלי: "תביעת השתקה כוחנית ובריונית" |trans-title=Calcalist responds to Bramly: 'Demand for aggressive and brutal silencing' |website=Walla! |date=26 December 2016 |access-date=6 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://b.walla.co.il/item/2965051 |title="תביעתו של ברמלי – ניסיון פסול להסיט את תשומת הלב מהחשדות נגדו" – וואלה! ברנז'ה |trans-title=Channel2 News: 'Bramly's lawsuit is misguided attempt to divert attention from the suspicions against him' |website=Walla! |date=26 May 2016 |access-date=6 July 2017}}</ref>

=== Japan ===
In 2006, [[Oricon]] Inc., Japan's music chart provider, sued freelance journalist Hiro Ugaya due to his suggesting in an article for business and culture magazine ''{{Interlanguage link|Cyzo|ja|3=サイゾー}}'' that the company was fiddling its statistics to benefit certain management companies and labels, specifically [[Johnny and Associates]]. The company sought [[Japanese yen|¥]]50 million and apology from him.<ref name="OriconVSUgaya">{{cite news
|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20070208f2.html
|date=8 February 2007
|title=Oricon Sues Over Interviewee's Comment, Libel suit attacks free speech: defendant
|first=Eric |last=Prideaux
|newspaper=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref> He found allies in the magazine's editor-in-chief Tadashi Ibi,<ref name="OriconVSUgaya" /> lawyer Kentaro Shirosaki,<ref name="OriconVSUgaya" /> and [[Reporters Without Borders|Reporters Sans Frontières (RSF)]].<ref name="RSFUgaya">{{cite web
|url=http://en.rsf.org/japan-abandonment-of-the-claim-against-a-06-08-2009,34102.html
|date=6 August 2009
|title=Abandonment of the Claim Against a Japanese Journalist
|website=[[Reporters Without Borders|Reporters Sans Frontières (RSF)]]
|access-date=2 November 2015
|archive-date=20 March 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320133943/https://en.rsf.org/japan-abandonment-of-the-claim-against-a-06-08-2009,34102.html
}}</ref>

He was found guilty in 2008 by the [[Tokyo District Court]] and ordered to pay one million [[Japanese yen|yen]], but he appealed and won. Oricon did not appeal later. His 33-month struggle against Oricon and his research on SLAPPs through his self-expense trip in the United States was featured on the [[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]] program [[Japan News Network|''JNN'']] ''Reportage'', titled as "Legal Intimidation Against Free Speech: What is SLAPP?"<ref>"JNN Reportage – Legal Intimidation Against Free Speech: What is SLAPP?" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NciG6PbVjqk Part 1] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z37fAf9j128 Part 2] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1ykOmJlLNE Part 3] Created by Hiroyuki Akiyama. Copyright [[Tokyo Broadcasting System Television]], Inc.</ref>

RSF expressed its support to the journalist and was relieved on the abandonment of the suit.<ref name="RSFUgaya" />

===Mexico===
The [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] noted that [[vexatious litigation]] by politicians against journalists increased following a 2016 resolution in Mexico City, drawing comparisons to SLAPP suits. Between 2020 and 2025, 158 journalists faced [[libel]] lawsuits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpj.org/2025/05/female-politicians-use-meritless-lawsuits-to-censor-journalists-in-mexico-lawyer-says/|title=Female politicians use meritless lawsuits to censor journalists in Mexico, lawyer says|date=29 May 2025|location=Mexico City|website=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]|access-date=23 June 2025}}</ref>

=== Norway ===
On 17 May 2018, a non-profit project [[rettspraksis.no]] challenged a perceived monopoly on the publication of pre-2009 [[Supreme Court of Norway]] decisions by publishing a large back catalogue of historical decisions. To prevent publication, the government-established [[Lovdata]] foundation demanded an immediate injunction against two project volunteers, [[Håkon Wium Lie]] and [[Fredrik Ljone]], that the website be shut down. The foundation claimed that rettspraksis.no had "developed or used software to systematically download rulings from Lovdatas online services"<ref>Oslo District Court decision on 1 Juni 2018 in the matter TOBYF-2018-83936</ref> in order to publish the rulings in violation of Lovdata's rights according to the Norwegian Copyright Act section 43, the Database Rights Section. The District Court granted the injunction without a hearing based on finding that the volunteer actions was in violation of section 43, and that the publication on rettspraksis.no would enable other commercial actors to exploit the material in violation of Lovdata's rights even if the project itself did not.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20180615/00411540044/norwegian-court-orders-website-public-domain-court-decisions-shut-down-with-no-due-process.shtml
|date=18 June 2018
|title=Norwegian Court Orders Website Of Public Domain Court Decisions Shut Down With No Due Process
|newspaper=[[Techdirt]]}}</ref> A postjudgement hearing on 30 and 31 August 2018 resulted in a reduction in the injunction's effects, most significantly that the Database Rights Section did not extend to rulings published before 2005. Appeals from Ljone and Wium Lie to the Appeals Court and the Supreme Court were denied.<ref>Supreme Court of Norway decision on 11 September 2019 in the matter HR-2019-1725-A. [https://www.domstol.no/no/hoyesterett/avgjorelser/2019/hoyesterett-sivil/hr-2019-1725-a/]. Accessed 21 October 2022.</ref>

=== Serbia ===

In the late 1990s, many SLAPP cases against independent and pro-opposition media ensued after [[Propaganda during the Yugoslav Wars|adoption of the infamous media law]], proposed by then minister of information, [[Aleksandar Vučić]].<ref name="N1Serbia">{{Cite web|url=https://n1info.rs/vesti/slap-tuzbe-protiv-medija-koji-nisu-po-volji-bilo-nekad-sad-se-ponavlja/|title="Slap tužbe" protiv medija koji nisu po volji - bilo nekad, sad se ponavlja|first=Mladen|last=Savatović|date=21 April 2021|website=N1}}</ref> The main characteristic of these cases were quick trials and extremely high fines, most of which were unaffordable for journalists and their media houses.<ref name="N1Serbia" />
While SLAPP cases became, more or less, rare after the [[Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević]], they gradually reappeared in the late 2010s, and especially in the early 2020s, during [[Serbian Progressive Party|SNS]]-led cabinets.<ref name="N1Serbia" /> Notably, Aleksandar Vučić is current [[president of Serbia]], the most influential figure of the regime, and he is often accused of suppression of media freedoms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2020/05/05/serbias-fall-on-media-freedom-list-if-it-continues-like-this-there-will-no-longer-be-anything-to-measure/|title=Serbia's fall on media freedom list: "If it continues like this, there will no longer be anything to measure"|date=5 May 2020}}</ref>

=== Sweden ===
In 2020, the Swedish businessman Svante Kumlin domiciled in Monaco sued the on-line magazine Realtid, its editor-in-chief, Camilla Jonsson, and the reporters, Per Agerman and Annelie Östlund of defamation for publishing false information, and breaching a non-disclosure agreement in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Realtid |url=https://antislapp.uk/project/realtid/ |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=UK Anti-Slapp Coalition |language=en-US}}</ref> The legal action was strongly condemned by press freedom organizations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-08 |title=SLAPP lawsuit suing Swedish online magazine Realtid filed in London |url=https://www.article19.org/resources/slapp-realtid-in-london/ |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=ARTICLE 19 |language=en-US}}</ref> Most of the businessman's libel claims were thrown out.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Judge throws out most of Swedish businessman’s libel claim in England |url=https://londondaily.com/judge-throws-out-most-of-swedish-businessman-s-libel-claim-in-england |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=London Daily |language=en}}</ref> The case was eventually settled by the journal publishing an apology for three of its articles, which [[Reporters Without Borders]] (RSF) fears negatively impacts media freedom and urged the Swedish authorities to take new measures against SLAPP.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kavaliauskaitė |first=Justė |date=2024-09-16 |title=Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPP) |url=https://doi.org/10.15388/teise.2024.132.7 |journal=Teisė |volume=132 |pages=94–106 |doi=10.15388/teise.2024.132.7 |issn=2424-6050|doi-access=free }}</ref> In the same year, the [[European Parliament]] adopted Directive (EU) 2024/1069 on protecting persons who engage in public participation from unfounded or abusive legal proceedings (“strategic lawsuits against public participation”). Following this, the [[Ministry of Justice (Sweden)|Swedish Department of Justice]] began consultations on how the directive should be implemented in Swedish law.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directive - EU - 2024/1069 - EN - EUR-Lex |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/1069/oj/eng |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=eur-lex.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Regeringskansliet |first=Regeringen och |date=2025-02-13 |title=Genomförande av direktivet om skydd för personer som deltar i den offentliga debatten |url=https://www.regeringen.se/rattsliga-dokument/departementsserien-och-promemorior/2025/02/ds-20255/ |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=Regeringskansliet |language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Regeringskansliet |first=Regeringen och |date=2025-02-13 |title=Remiss av promemorian Genomförande av direktivet om skydd för personer som deltar i den offentliga debatten (Ds 2025:5) |url=https://www.regeringen.se/remisser/2025/02/remiss-av-genomforande-av-direktivet-om-skydd-for-personer-som-deltar-i-den-offentliga-debatten-ds-20255/ |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=Regeringskansliet |language=sv}}</ref>

=== Thailand ===
On 6 March 2024, [[Chutima Sidasathian]] won a SLAPP suit against Thanonthorn Kaveekitrattana, after facing defamation charges for a 2022 post exposing misappropriation of funds from the Village Fund program.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Bangkok Post Public Company |title=Journalist prevails in another 'Slapp' case |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2754188/journalist-prevails-in-another-slapp-case |access-date=2024-03-28 |work=Bangkok Post |date=6 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thailand: Judicial harassment against community rights and anti-corruption activist Chutima Sidasathian |url=https://www.fidh.org/en/issues/human-rights-defenders/thailand-judicial-harassment-against-community-rights-and-anti |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=International Federation for Human Rights |language=en}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
A 2021 libel action brought against the publisher [[HarperCollins]] and the author and journalist [[Catherine Belton]] over the latter's book ''[[Putin's People]]'' was described by former Conservative cabinet minister [[David Davis (British politician)|David Davis]] as a SLAPP.<ref name= "Press Gazette">{{cite news| last= Tobitt| first= Charlotte| title= SLAPP down: David Davis says Putin's People libel case cost ex-FT journalist £1.5m| url= https://pressgazette.co.uk/slapps-threat-press-freedom-lawfare-david-davis/ | date= 24 January 2022| work= [[Press Gazette]]}}</ref> Despite winning the legal case brought by several Russian oligarchs, including [[Roman Abramovich]], Belton was left facing legal costs of £1.5 million.<ref name= "Press Gazette"/> UK Government justice minister [[James Cartlidge]] said, "the Ministry of Justice is monitoring SLAPP threats against journalists and announced that the UK will be a member of the Council of Europe's inaugural working group on SLAPPs with an anti-SLAPP draft recommendation for member states due in December 2023. I will be giving SLAPPs in UK courts urgent consideration. I want to make it clear that the Government are committed to a robust defence of transparency and freedom of speech. We will not tolerate anything that risks tarnishing the integrity of our judicial and legal profession".<ref name= "Press Gazette"/>

In 2021, [[Yevgeny Prigozhin|Yevgeni Prigozhin]], the Russian warlord and oligarch, had his UK-based lawyers file a SLAPP lawsuit against [[Eliot Higgins|Elliot Higgins]], the founder of [[Bellingcat]], for identifying Prigozhin as the commander of the Wagner Group.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Colley |first=Thomas |last2=Dylan |first2=Huw |date=2025 |title=The War on Open-Source Intelligence |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2025.2554477 |journal=The Washington Quarterly |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=147–162 |doi=10.1080/0163660X.2025.2554477 |issn=0163-660X|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Ministers later said that they would reform the legal system to prevent "intimidation lawsuits"; amendments to this effect were proposed for an anti-corruption economic crime bill before Parliament in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Move to add free speech protections to UK anti-corruption bill |last=Pegg |first=Simon |newspaper=The Guardian |date=4 March 2022 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/04/free-speech-protections-uk-anti-corruption-bill-economic-crime-oligarchs-intimidation-lawsuits}}</ref> In October 2023, royal assent was given to the [[Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023]]. The final Act includes anti-SLAPP provisions covering economic crimes (e.g. corruption, embezzlement), but does not venture beyond those areas.

In February 2024, the Conservative government under Rishi Sunak supported legislation to extend anti-SLAPP protections in all cases whatsoever, but this was not passed before the 4 July 2024 election ended Sunak's government.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Government backs bill to end intimidatory SLAPPs lawsuits stifling free speech |date=23 February 2024 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-backs-bill-to-end-intimidatory-slapps-lawsuits-stifling-free-speech}}</ref>

=== United States ===
* From 1981 to 1986, [[Pacific Legal Foundation]] (PLF) and [[San Luis Obispo County, California]], filed a suit attempting to obtain the mailing list of the [[Abalone Alliance]] to get the group to pay for the police costs of the largest [[anti-nuclear]] [[civil disobedience|civil-disobedience]] act in U.S. history at the [[Diablo Canyon Power Plant]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Turner |first1=Wallace |title=NUCLEAR PROTEST LEADS TO LAWSUIT |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/14/us/nuclear-protest-leads-to-lawsuit.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=18 November 2022 |date=14 February 1982}}</ref> The September 1981 demonstration involved tens of thousands of people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Abalone Alliance campaigns against Diablo Canyon Nuclear Plant, California, 1976-1984 |url=https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/abalone-alliance-campaigns-against-diablo-canyon-nuclear-plant-california-1976-1984 |website=Global Nonviolent Action Database |publisher=Swarthmore College |access-date=18 November 2022}}</ref> The County was dismissed from the case by the trial judge, and lost on appeal for recovery of police costs (including in part because such costs are intended to be covered by taxes).<ref>{{cite web |title=County of San Luis Obispo v. Abalone Alliance (1986) |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/california/court-of-appeal/3d/178/848.html |website=Justia |access-date=18 November 2022 |date=13 March 1986}}</ref> In 1985, the Supreme Court of California declined to block a lower court ruling that allowed PLF to sue "leaders of the demonstration [for] costs associated with the protest", which defendants said was an attempt to chill dissent.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Morain |first1=Dan |title=Court Upholds Client's Right to Sue Lawyer |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-03-29-mn-20371-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=18 November 2022 |date=29 March 1985}}</ref> Pacific Legal Foundation lost at every court level and withdrew the suit the day before it was due to be heard by the [[U.S. Supreme Court]].{{citation needed|date=June 2011}}{{Original research inline|date=May 2025}}
* Karen Winner, the author of ''Divorced From Justice'', is recognized as "[the] catalyst for the changes that we adopted", said [[Leo Milonas]], a retired justice with the [[New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division|Appellate Division]] of the [[New York state courts]] who chaired a special commission that recommended the changes adopted by Chief Judge [[Judith Kaye]].<ref name="winner_01">{{cite book
|first=Karen
|last=Winner
|title=Divorced from Justice: The Abuse of Women and Children by Divorce Lawyers and Judges
|publisher=ReganBooks/Harper Collins
|year=1996
|isbn=978-0-06-039184-3
|url=https://archive.org/details/divorcedfromjust00winn
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.geocities.com/promanowsky/firestorm.html&date=2009-10-26+01:03:08
|title=The spark behind the court firestorm
|first=Guy |last=Ashley
|newspaper=[[Marin Independent Journal]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022160050/http://geocities.com/promanowsky/firestorm.html
|archive-date=22 October 2009}}</ref> (The NY state court report's committee cited a previous New York City Commissioner of Consumer Protection report as a "major" reason for its study. Karen Winner was the author of the earlier study.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barron |first1=James |title=Divorce Lawyers Criticized By Consumer Affairs Chief |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/13/nyregion/divorce-lawyers-criticized-by-consumer-affairs-chief.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=19 November 2022 |date=13 March 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dao |first1=James |title=DIVORCE LAWYERS ASSAILED IN STUDY BY ALBANY PANEL |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/05/nyregion/divorce-lawyers-assailed-in-study-by-albany-panel.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=19 November 2022 |date=5 May 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Winner |first1=Karen |title=Women in divorce: lawyers, ethics, fees & fairness: a study |date=March 1992 |publisher=City of New York Dept. of Consumer Affairs |location=New York, NY |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/25739725 |access-date=19 November 2022}}</ref>) But in 1999, Winner, along with a psychologist/whistleblower, and several citizens were SLAPPed for criticizing the [[Legal guardian#United States|guardian ad litem]] system and a former judge in South Carolina. Winner's report, "Findings on Judicial Practices & Court-appointed Personnel in the Family Courts in Dorchester, Charleston & Berkeley Counties, South Carolina" and citizen demonstrations led to the first laws in South Carolina to establish minimum standards and licensing requirements for guardians ad litem, who represent the interests of children in court cases.<ref>William J. Cook, "Final Reply Brief of Appellant/Respondent Ernie Weaver in the Charleston County case", 2001-CP-10-2967.</ref> The retaliatory SLAPPs have been dragging on for nearly 10 years, with judgments totaling more than $11 million against the co-defendants collectively. Reflecting the retaliatory nature of these suits, at least one of the co-defendants is still waiting to find out from the judges which particular statements, if any, he made were false.<ref>Final Reply Brief of Appellant/Respondent Ernie Weaver in the Charleston County case, 2001-CP-10-2967.</ref>
* Before the rise of Internet litigation, anti-SLAPP protections were typically associated with traditional media. The first known motion to extend those protections to online communications was filed on July 27, 1999, in Business Wire v. Jeffrey S. Mitchell et al.<ref>https://www.siliconinvestor.com/readmsg.aspx?msgid=10165384</ref>
* [[Barbra Streisand]], as plaintiff, lost a 2003 SLAPP motion after she sued an aerial photographer involved in the [[California Coastal Records Project]]. ''[[Streisand v. Adelman]]'', (California Superior Court Case SC077257)<ref name="barbra_streisand_sues_to_suppress_free_speech_protection_for_widely_acclaimed_website_01_etc">{{cite web
|url=http://www.californiacoastline.org/streisand/lawsuit.html
|title=Streisand Sues to Suppress Free Speech Protection (and additional items)
|website=California Coastline.org
|publisher=Kenneth Adelman}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/2003/Barbra-Streisand-Coastal3dec03.htm
|title=Streisand's Lawsuit to Silence Coastal Website Dismissed
|website=Mindfully.org
|publisher=Kenneth Adelman
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041221023249/http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/2003/Barbra-Streisand-Coastal3dec03.htm
|archive-date=21 December 2004}}</ref> See [[Streisand effect]].
* In 2004, [[RadioShack]] Corporation sued Bradley D. Jones, the webmaster of RadioShackSucks.com and a former RadioShack dealer for 17 years, in an attempt to suppress online discussion of a [[class action]] lawsuit in which more than 3,300 current or former RadioShack managers were alleging the company required them to work long hours without overtime pay.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.fwweekly.com/content.asp?article=1531 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129221115/http://archive.fwweekly.com/content.asp?article=1531 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |title=Metropolis: Suing to Silence? |date=28 January 2004 |first=Dan |last=Malone |newspaper=[[Fort Worth Weekly]] |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref>
* Nationally syndicated talk radio host [[Tom Martino]] prevailed in an anti-SLAPP motion in 2009 after he was sued for libel by a watercraft retailer. The case received national attention for its suggestion that [[Reasonable person|no one reasonably expects]] objective facts from a typical talk show host, who is often a comedian telling jokes.<ref name="tom_martino_01">{{cite news
|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/04/25/BA4B178L0N.DTL
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429063012/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/04/25/BA4B178L0N.DTL
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=29 April 2009
|title=What Do You Expect? It's Talk Radio, Court Says
|first=Bob |last=Egelko |website=[[SFGate]]
|date=25 April 2009
|publisher=Hearst Communications}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.metnews.com/articles/2009/gra042709.htm
|title=Court: Radio Talk Show Host's Statements Not Actionable: Panel Concludes Reasonable Listeners Would Consider Comments Opinion
|first=Sherri M. |last=Okamoto
|date=27 April 2009
|newspaper=[[Metropolitan News-Enterprise]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2009/04/23/0635437.pdf
|title=Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Oregon: Gardner v. Martino
|last1=
|date=7 July 2008
|website=United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
|access-date=30 June 2011 }}</ref>
* In March 2009, [[MagicJack]] (a company that promotes a USB VoIP device) filed a defamation suit against [[Boing Boing]] for exposing their unfair and deceptive business tactics regarding their [[EULA]], visitor counter, and 30-day trial period. This was dismissed as a SLAPP by a California judge in late 2009. In the resulting ruling, MagicJack was made responsible for most of Boing Boing's legal costs.<ref name="magic_jack_boing_boing">{{cite web
|url=http://www.boingboing.net/2010/02/23/magicjack-legal-docu.html
|title=MagicJack Legal Documents
|date=23 February 2010
|first=Rob |last=Beschizza
|website=BoingBoing
|access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref>
* In the 2009 case ''Comins vs. VanVoorhis'', a Florida man named Christopher Comins filed a defamation suit against a University of Florida graduate student after the student blogged about a video of Comins repeatedly shooting someone's pet dogs. This was cited as an example of a SLAPP by the radio show ''[[On the Media]]''.<ref name="onthemedia_01" />
* In November 2010, filmmaker Fredrik Gertten, as defendant, won an anti-SLAPP motion after he was sued for defamation by Dole Fruit Company. The case concerned Gertten's documentary film about farm workers. The lengthy lawsuit was documented in Gertten's film ''[[Big Boys Gone Bananas!*]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bananasthemovie.com/wp-content/uploads/resources/slapp_ruling_nov17_10.pdf |title=Dole Fruit Company Inc. v. Fredrik Gertten et.al., Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles |date=17 November 2010 |website=bananasthemovie.com}}</ref>
* "[[Scientology versus the Internet]]" refers to a number of disputes relating to the Church of Scientology's efforts to suppress material critical of Scientology on the Internet through the use of lawsuits and legal threats.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}
* ''Saltsman v. Goddard'' (the [[Steubenville High School rape case]]): In an effort to stop blogger [[Alexandria Goddard]]'s website from allowing allegedly defamatory posts about their son, two parents of a teenaged boy from [[Steubenville, Ohio]] sued Goddard and a dozen anonymous posters in October 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://randazza.wordpress.com/2012/12/02/steubenville-ohio-gang-rape-defamation-suit-against-anonymous-defendants/ |website=The Legal Satyricon |title=Steubenville, Ohio: Gang Rape + SLAPP Suit |date=3 December 2012 |access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref> The lawsuit asked for an [[injunction]] against the blogger, a public apology, acknowledgement that he was not involved in the rape, and $25,000 in damages.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hsconnect.com/page/content.detail/id/579636/Suit-filed-against-site-operator.html?nav=5010 |newspaper=[[Herald-Star]] |title=Suit filed against site operator |last=Law |first=Mark |date=31 October 2012 |access-date=21 March 2013 |archive-date=4 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504121019/http://www.hsconnect.com/page/content.detail/id/579636/Suit-filed-against-site-operator.html?nav=5010 }}</ref>
{{external media
|headerimage=[[File:Last Week Tonight.svg|alt=Last Week Tonight with John Oliver logo|x200px]]
|video1={{YouTube|id=UN8bJb8biZU|title=SLAPP Suits: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO)}}
}}
* On 27 August 2012, [[Robert E. Murray]] and [[Murray Energy]] filed a lawsuit against environment reporter Ken Ward Jr. and the ''[[Charleston Gazette-Mail]]'' of [[Charleston, West Virginia]]. The lawsuit alleged Ken Ward Jr. posted libelous statements on his blog. Murray claims the blog post entitled "Mitt Romney, Murray Energy and Coal Criminals" has damaged his business, reputation, and has jeopardized the jobs Murray Energy provides in [[Belmont County, Ohio]]. In June 2017, Murray Energy issued a cease and desist letter to the [[HBO]] television show ''[[Last Week Tonight with John Oliver]]'' following the show's attempt to obtain comment about the coal industry. The show went ahead with the episode (18 June), in which host [[John Oliver]] discussed the [[Crandall Canyon Mine]] collapse in Utah in 2007, and expressed the opinion that Murray did not do enough to protect his miners' safety. Three days later, Murray and his companies brought suit against Oliver, the show's writers, HBO, and [[Time Warner]]. The lawsuit alleged that, in the ''Last Week Tonight'' show, Oliver "incited viewers to do harm to Mr. Murray and his companies". The [[ACLU]] filed an amicus brief in support of HBO in the case; the brief has been described as "hilarious"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bradley |first=Laura |date=2 August 2017 |title=A.C.L.U. Defends John Oliver from Stupid Lawsuit in Hilarious Amicus Brief |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/08/john-oliver-bob-murray-aclu-west-virginia-amicus-brief |access-date=7 September 2021 |work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref> and the "snarkiest legal brief ever".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Luperon |first=Alberto |date=1 August 2017 |title=ACLU Files Snarkiest Legal Brief Ever Defending John Oliver |url=https://lawandcrime.com/celebrity/aclu-files-snarkiest-legal-brief-ever-defending-john-oliver/ |access-date=7 September 2021 |work=[[Law and Crime]]}}</ref> The brief also included a comparison of Murray with the fictional character [[Dr. Evil]] that was used in the Oliver show, with the explanation that "it should be remembered that truth is an absolute defense to a claim of defamation". On 11 August 2017, a federal district court judge ruled that Murray Energy suits against ''[[The New York Times]]'' and HBO could each proceed in a lower state court. The suit against HBO was dismissed with prejudice on 21 February 2018. In November 2019, John Oliver discussed the implications of the lawsuit (and of SLAPP suits in general) on his [[SLAPP Suits (Last Week Tonight)|show]] after Murray dropped the suit.<ref>{{cite news |last=Oliver |first=John |date=10 November 2019 |title=SLAPP Suits |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UN8bJb8biZU |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/UN8bJb8biZU |archive-date=2021-12-11 |access-date=11 November 2019 |newspaper=[[Last Week Tonight with John Oliver]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* In August 2015, the State Fair of Texas was sanctioned more than $75,000 for filing a SLAPP suit against a lawyer who had requested financial documents from the State Fair.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://cityhallblog.dallasnews.com/2015/08/judge-says-the-state-fair-of-texas-slaap-ed-attorney-who-wants-to-see-big-texs-checkbook.html |title=Judge sanctions State Fair of Texas after it sued lawyer who wants to see Big Tex's checkbook |first=Robert |last=Wilonsky |date=14 August 2015 |newspaper=[[The Dallas Morning News]] |access-date=16 January 2017 |archive-date=7 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907091906/http://cityhallblog.dallasnews.com/2015/08/judge-says-the-state-fair-of-texas-slaap-ed-attorney-who-wants-to-see-big-texs-checkbook.html/ }}</ref>
* In March 2019, Republican [[US Representative]] for California, [[Devin Nunes]] filed a defamation lawsuit against Twitter, [[Liz Mair|Elizabeth "Liz" Mair]], Mair Strategies LLC, and the people behind the parody Twitter accounts "Devin Nunes' Cow" (@DevinCow) and "Devin Nunes' Mom" (@DevinNunesMom), seeking $250 million in damages. The lawsuit has been described by legal experts as a SLAPP.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Jouvenal|first=Justin|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/legal-issues/devin-nunes-johnny-depp-lawsuits-seen-as-threats-to-free-speech-and-press/2019/12/22/eef43bc8-1788-11ea-a659-7d69641c6ff7_story.html|title=Devin Nunes, Johnny Depp lawsuits seen as threats to free speech and press|date=22 December 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abovethelaw.com/2019/12/devin-nunes-virginia-slapp-suits-causing-virginia-legislators-to-consider-a-new-anti-slapp-law/|title=Devin Nunes' Virginia SLAPP Suits Causing Virginia Legislators To Consider A New Anti-SLAPP Law|last=Techdirt|date=6 December 2019|website=Above the Law|access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref> The suit was filed in Virginia, a state known to have weak anti-SLAPP laws, rather than in California, where Nunes lives and where Twitter is headquartered, which has strong anti-SLAPP laws.<ref name=":0" /> In April 2019, Nunes filed, again in Virginia, a defamation suit against [[The Fresno Bee]], his hometown newspaper, and its owner, [[McClatchy]], after it published a story about investors in his winery partying on a yacht with cocaine and prostitutes.<ref name=":0" /> Nunes has since filed defamation lawsuits against [[CNN]], [[Ryan Lizza]], [[Hearst Communications|Hearst Magazines]], [[Campaign for Accountability]], [[Fusion GPS]], and others.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/03/politics/nunes-lawsuit-defamation-cnn-ukraine/index.html|title=Nunes disputes claim that he met with former Ukrainian prosecutor to get dirt on Bidens|author=Vicky Ward and Katelyn Polantz|website=CNN|date=4 December 2019|access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Irby|first=Kate|url=https://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/article235667107.html|title=Another Devin Nunes lawsuit: Congressman sues magazine over story about family's Iowa farm|date=1 October 2019|work=The Fresno Bee|access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref> In February 2020 (following the [[2019 Virginia elections|2019 elections]] in which Democrats took control of both chambers for the first time since 1994), the [[Virginia General Assembly]] passed bills intended to discourage future SLAPPs in the state by strengthening defendant protections.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jouvenal|first=Justin|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/va-house-passes-bill-aimed-at-lawsuits-by-devin-nunes-johnny-depp/2020/02/11/865115f4-4cef-11ea-9b5c-eac5b16dafaa_story.html|title=Va. legislature passes bills aimed at lawsuits by Devin Nunes, Johnny Depp|date=11 February 2020|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref>
* In November 2020, [[BYD Company]] filed a libel lawsuit against [[Vice Media]] and the non-profit [[Alliance for American Manufacturing]] (AAM) and some of its employees.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Bethany |date=2024-07-28 |title=Libel Lawfare |url=https://www.thewirechina.com/2024/07/28/libel-lawfare-chinese-companies-defamation-suit-anti-slapp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729015033/https://www.thewirechina.com/2024/07/28/libel-lawfare-chinese-companies-defamation-suit-anti-slapp/ |archive-date=29 July 2024 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=[[The Wire China]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] rejected BYD's suit in August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-11 |title=BYD Company Ltd., Petitioner v. Alliance for American Manufacturing, et al. |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/DocketFiles/html/Public/22-137.html&eType=EmailBlastContent&eId=24965dda-6113-4e33-8953-74dfd3f5c5ab |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604162942/https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/DocketFiles/html/Public/22-137.html&eType=EmailBlastContent&eId=24965dda-6113-4e33-8953-74dfd3f5c5ab |archive-date=4 June 2024 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=[[Supreme Court of the United States]]}}</ref><ref name=":14" />{{Additional source needed|date=May 2025}}

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* [[Barratry (common law)]], [[Frivolous litigation]], [[Spamigation]], [[Vexatious litigation]]/[[Paper terrorism]]
* [[Cease and desist]]
* [[Chilling effect (term)|Chilling effect]]
* [[DARVO]] ("deny, attack, and reverse victim and offender")
* [[Lawfare]]
* [[Legal threat]]
* [[Media transparency]]
* [[Reputation management]]{{div col end}}

=== Case studies (U.S.) ===
* ''[[Horizon Group v. Bonnen]]'', No.{{nbsp}}2009{{nbsp}}L{{nbsp}}008675 (Ill.{{nbsp}}Cir.{{nbsp}}Ct. July{{nbsp}}20, 2009)
* ''[[McDonald's Restaurants v Morris & Steel]]'' [1997] EWHC 366 (QB)
* [[Santa Barbara News-Press controversy|''Santa Barbara News-Press'' controversy]]
* [[Scientology and the legal system]]
* [[Steven Donziger]]
* ''[[Varian v. Delfino]]'', 35 Cal.4th 180 (2005)

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{Library resources box}}
{{refbegin}}

* {{Cite web |last=Merriam |first=Dwight H. |title=Identifying And Beating A Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation |url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1214&context=delpf |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum}}
* {{cite book |first1=Michelangelo |last1=Delfino |first2=Mary E. |last2=Day |title=Be careful who you SLAPP |publisher=MoBeta Pub |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-9725141-0-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/becarefulwhoyous00delf}}
* {{cite book |first1=Ralph |last1=Nader |first2=Wesley J. |last2=Smith |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/nocontestcorpora00nade/page/158/mode/2up |title=No Contest: Corporate Lawyers and the Perversion of Justice in America |publisher=Random House |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-375-75258-2 |pages=158–192 |chapter=Chapter 5: SLAPP: Taking Care of Business}}

{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/slapp_suit SLAPP suit definition] ([[Cornell Law School]])
* [https://www.rcfp.org/resources/anti-slapp-laws/ Understanding Anti-SLAPP laws] ([[Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press]])
* [https://www.ifs.org/anti-slapp-report/ Anti-SLAPP Statutes: A Report Card on the 50 States] ([[Institute for Free Speech]])

{{Censorship}}

[[Category:Abuse of the legal system]]
[[Category:Lawsuits]]
[[Category:Legal terminology]]
[[Category:Right to petition]]
[[Category:Strategic lawsuits against public participation| ]]
[[Category:Tort law]]
[[Category:1980s neologisms]]
[[Category:Censorship]]

Kopargaon Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T08:57:07Z

Dentaltrendz: made a data!

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Kopargaon
| map_image =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| established = 1952
| abolished = 2009
| reservation = None
}}
'''Kopargaon''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] parliamentary [[constituency]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| Pandarinath Kanavade Patil
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| Babu C Kamble
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}"|
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Annasaheb Shinde]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="4"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| rowspan="5"|[[Balasaheb Vikhe Patil]]
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress |rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| [[Shankarrao Kale]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| [[Bhimrao Badade]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| [[Prasad Tanpure]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Balasaheb Vikhe Patil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''2008 onwards : See [[Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency]]''}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: '''Kopargaon''' <ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Balasaheb Vikhe Patil]]
|votes = 3,56,688
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Bhanudas Kashinath Murkute
|votes = 2,69,357
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 87,331
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=6,68,700|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =Indian National Congress
|loser = Shiv Sena
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general elections]]: [[Kopargaon]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Balasaheb Vikhe Patil|Balasaheb Vikhe]]
|votes = 2,53,498
|percentage = 38.82%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Gulabrao Sakharam Shelke
|votes = 2,06,083
|percentage = 31.56%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Govindrao Adik|Govindrao Wamanrao Adik]]
|votes = 1,77,643
|percentage = 27.21%
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 47,415
|percentage = 5.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,52,938
|percentage = 72.30%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Shiv Sena
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1998===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: [[Kopargaon]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Prasad Tanpure]]
|votes = 3,35,730
|percentage = 56.29%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bhartiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bhimrao Badade]]
|votes = 2,56,490
|percentage = 43.00%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 47,415
|percentage = 5.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,96,427
|percentage = 64.85%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bhartiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General elections 1996===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1996 Indian general election]]: [[Kopargaon]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bhartiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bhimrao Badade]]
|votes = 2,43,543
|percentage = 47.81%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Shankarrao Kale]]
|votes = 2,23,292
|percentage = 43.83%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20,251
|percentage = 5.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,09,427
|percentage = 56.33%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bhartiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General elections 1991===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: [[Kopargaon]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Shankarrao Kale]]
|votes = 3,11,367
|percentage = 63.40%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bhartiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vasantrao Sakharam Gunjal
|votes = 1,38,910
|percentage = 28.28%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Babasaheb Appasaheb Thube
|votes = 32,225
|percentage = 6.56%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,72,457
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,91,144
|percentage = 57.10%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bhartiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General elections 1989===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: [[Kopargaon]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Balasaheb Vikhe Patil|Balasaheb Vikhe]]
|votes = 2,48,106
|percentage = 49.73%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bhartiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vasantrao Sakharam Gunjal
|votes = 1,27,048
|percentage = 25.47%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = A. P. Kadu
|votes = 1,13,911
|percentage = 22.83%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,21,058
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,98,865
|percentage = 59.99%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bhartiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General elections 1984===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: [[Kopargaon]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Balasaheb Vikhe Patil|Balasaheb Vikhe]]
|votes = 2,17,982
|percentage = 57.60%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Madhavrao Bayaji Gaikwad
|votes = 1,46,497
|percentage = 38.71%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 71,485
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,78,438
|percentage = 58.60%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bhartiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General elections 1980===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: [[Kopargaon]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Balasaheb Vikhe Patil|Balasaheb Vikhe]]
|votes = 2,81,221
|percentage = 67.36%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress (U)
|candidate = [[Annasaheb Shinde|Annasaheb Pandurang Shinde Patil]]
|votes = 1,21,382
|percentage = 29.07%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,59,839
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,78,438
|percentage = 58.60%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress (I)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1977===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: [[Kopargaon]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Balasaheb Vikhe Patil|Balasaheb Vikhe]]
|votes = 1,81,013
|percentage = 66.88%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Lok Dal
|candidate = Kishore Rameshwar Pawar
|votes = 82,469
|percentage = 30.47%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 98,544
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,70,656
|percentage = 54.42%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General elections 1971===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: [[Kopargaon]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Balasaheb Vikhe Patil|Balasaheb Vikhe]]
|votes = 1,79,492
|percentage = 60.68%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Punjaji Bapuji Kadu
|votes = 1,10,050
|percentage = 37.20%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 69,442
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,95,819
|percentage = 59.69%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General elections 1967===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: [[Kopargaon]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Annasaheb Shinde|Annasaheb Pandurang Shinde Patil]]
|votes = 1,38,774
|percentage = 46.27%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Punjaji Bapuji Kadu
|votes = 1,23,812
|percentage = 41.28%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Jan Sangh
|candidate = V. S. Chandekar
|votes = 37,323
|percentage = 12.44%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,962
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,99,909
|percentage = 65.94%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1962===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1962 Indian general election]]: [[Kopargaon]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Annasaheb Shinde|Annasaheb Pandurang Shinde Patil]]
|votes = 1,22,057
|percentage = 53.48%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Republican Party of India
|candidate = [[Yashwant Ambedkar]]
|votes = 55,527
|percentage = 24.33%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Dadasaheb Rupwate|Damodhar Tatyaba Rupwate]]
|votes = 50,626
|percentage = 22.18%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 66,530
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,28,210
|percentage = 60.63%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1957===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1957 Indian general election]]: [[Kopargaon]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bapu Chandrasen Kamble
|votes = 92,501
|percentage = 64.43%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pandharinath Ramchandra Kanawade
|votes = 51,072
|percentage = 35.57%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 41,429
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,43,573
|percentage = 43.87%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General elections 1952===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1952 Indian general election]]: [[Kopargaon]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pandharinath Ramchandra Kanawade
|votes = 1,02,300
|percentage = 55.59%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Jagannath Kanoji Kakde
|votes = 42,935
|percentage = 23.33%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Party (India, 1948)
|candidate = Gangadhar Janardan Ogale
|votes = 38,789
|percentage = 21.08%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 59,365
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,84,024
|percentage = 46.64%
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kopargaon]]
* [[Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.9|74.5|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kopargaon Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

Narayanpatna Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T12:04:28Z

Dentaltrendz: adding a post - done

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Narayanpatna
| type = SLA
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Koraput district|Koraput]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Koraput Lok Sabha constituency|Koraput]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = ST
| abolished = 1973
| electors =
}}

'''Narayanpatna''' was an Assembly constituency from [[Koraput district]] of [[Odisha]]. It was established in 1967 and abolished in 1973. It was reserved for ST.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/delimitation-orders-1967 |title=1963–1967 Delimitation Orders Statewise Notifications |date=1967}}</ref>
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
Between 1967 & 1973, 2 elections were held.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=orissa.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Narayanpatna Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/Narayanpatna-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

List of members elected from Narayanpatna constituency are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Bidika Mallana
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| Jogi Tadingi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Koraput district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}

[[Category:Koraput district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1973]]
[[Category:1973 disestablishments in India]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}

Ichchapuram Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:44Z

Dentaltrendz: made new entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ichchapuram
| type = SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (1-Ichchapuram highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Ichchapuram Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| map_alt =
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Srikakulam]]
| constituency_no = 1
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished =
| mla = [[Ashok Bendalam]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = {{Formatnum:246228}}
}}

'''Ichchapuram Assembly constituency''' is a [https://apconstituencies.ap.gov.in/home constituency] in [[Srikakulam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electors Summary |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=24 May 2019 |date=25 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=16, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|value1=56.25
|value2=18.75
|value3=12.5
|value4=12.5
|label1=[[Telugu Desam Party|'''TDP '''(9 Times)]]
|label2=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (3 Times)]]
|label3=[[Krishikar Lok Party|'''KLP''' (2 times)]]
|label4='''others''' (2 Times) |color1={{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}
|color3={{party color|Krishikar Lok party}}
|color4={{party color|Swatantra Party}}
|caption=Most Successful parties from Ichchapuram Assembly}}

[[Ashok Bendalam]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the 2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|title=Assembly Election 2019|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 246,228 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{Cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.<ref name="ic ref1">{{Cite news |title=Ichchapuram Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Ichchapuram Constituency (Seat) Election Results, Live News. |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/andhra-pradesh/ichchapuram-election-result-s01a001/ |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=News18}}</ref>

== Mandals ==

The four [[Tehsil|mandals]] that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />{{Static row numbers}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
! Mandals
|-
| [[Kanchili]]
|-
| [[Ichchapuram]]
|-
| [[Kaviti]]
|-
| [[Sompeta]]
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Ichchapuram Assembly constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q11110009,Q59834152,Q59834150,Q2229065"}</mapframe>
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

Following is the list of members who have been elected from the constituency to the Andhra Pradesh Legislature till date.<ref name="ic ref2">{{Cite news |title=Ichchapuram Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Ichchapuram, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/ichchapuram.html |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=Elections in India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"| Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Asi Neeladri Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Krishikar Lok Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Uppada Rangababu Reddy
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Kirti Chandra Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| L. K. Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Uppada Rangababu Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Bendalam Venkateswara Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan="3" | M. V. Krishnarao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| Dakkata Achuta Ramayya Reddy
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| M. V. Krishnarao
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Naresh Kumar Agarwal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Piriya Sairaj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Ashok Bendalam]]
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram (2,70,180)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Ashok Bendalam]]
|votes = 1,10,612
|percentage = 40.94
|change = {{Increase}}8.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =YSR Congress Party
|candidate =[[Piriya Vijaya]]
|votes =70,829
|percentage =26.22
|change = {{Decrease}}3.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate = Remaining
|votes = 3,000
|percentage = 1.1
|change = {{Decrease}}0.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=NOTA
|candidate=[[None of the above]]
|votes=4,374
|percentage=1.62
|change={{Increase}}0.06
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=1,88,815
|percentage=69.88
|change={{Increase}}0.34
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 2,70,180
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes=39,783
|percentage=14.72
|change=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram (2,47,941)
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Ashok Bendalam]]
| votes = 79,992
| percentage = 32.26
| change = {{Decrease}}6.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=YSR Congress Party
|candidate=[[Piriya sairaj]]
|votes=72,847
|percentage=29.38
|change={{Increase}}2.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Janasena Party
|candidate=[[Dasari Raju]]
|votes=11,123
|percentage=4.49
|change=''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=
|candidate= Remaining
|votes=4,581
|percentage=1.85
|change={{Decrease}}0.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=NOTA
|candidate=None of the Above
|votes=3,880
|percentage=1.56
|change={{Increase}}1.19
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes=1,72,423
|percentage=69.54
|change={{Decrease}}1.98
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 2,47,941
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes=7,145
|percentage=2.88
|change=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram (2,24,989)
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Ashok Bendalam]]
| votes = 86,815
| percentage = 38.59
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = [[Narthu Rama Rao]]
| votes = 61,537
| percentage = 27.35
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Agarwal Naresh]]
| votes = 6,582
| percentage = 2.93
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=
|candidate=Remaining
|votes=5,140
|percentage=2.28
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=NOTA
|candidate=None of the Above
|votes=845
|percentage=0.37
|change=
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,60,919
| percentage = 71.52
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 2,24,989
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 25,278
| percentage = 11.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1952 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Neeladri Rao Reddy
| party = Krishikar Lok Party
| votes = 9,246
| percentage = 24.71%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Harihara Patnaik
| party = Independent politician
| votes = 7,579
| percentage = 20.26%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Modekunti Kameswara Rao
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 7,501
| percentage = 20.05%
| change = 20.05%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = G. Padmanabham Dora
| party = Independent politician
| votes = 6,746
| percentage = 18.03%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Dakkata Ramaswamy
| party = Independent politician
| votes = 6,345
| percentage = 16.96%
| change=
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 1,667
| percentage = 4.46%
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 37,417
| percentage = 59.25%
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 63,149
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Krishikar Lok Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1955 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Krishikar Lok Party
| candidate = Uppada Rangababu
| votes = 14,565
| percentage = 66.28
| change = {{increase}} 41.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Harihara Patnaik|votes=7,408|percentage=33.71|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority|votes=7,157|percentage=N/A|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=21,973|percentage=N/A|change=N/A}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Krishikar Lok Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Kirti Deo
| votes = 21,677
| percentage = 63.37
| change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Swatantra Party|candidate=Dakkata Pitambaru|votes=12,527|percentage=36.62|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority|votes=9,150|percentage=26.75|change={{Decrease}}10.9}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=34,204|percentage=N/A|change=N/A}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Krishikar Lok Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Swatantra Party
| candidate = L.K. Reddy
| votes = 26,571
| percentage = 53.24
| change = {{increase}}16.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=K. Deo|votes=20,138|percentage=40.35|change={{decrease}}23.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=A. K. Reddy|votes=3,201|percentage=6.41|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority|votes=6,433|percentage=12.89|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=49,910|percentage=76.08|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Swatantra Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Uppada Rangababu
| votes = 26,956
| percentage = 52.38
| change = {{increase}}12.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Swatantra Party
| candidate = Bendalam V. Sharma
| votes = 24,503
| percentage = 47.62
| change = {{decrease}}5.62
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,453
| percentage = 4.76
| change = -8.13
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 51,459
| percentage = 72.56
| change = {{decrease}}3.52
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Swatantra Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Janata Party
| candidate = Bendalam Sharma
| votes = 34,251
| percentage = 56.1
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=La::a Swarmy|votes=19,805|percentage=32.5|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Uppada Rangababu|votes=4,427|percentage=7.3|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Appadu Sahu|votes=1,743|percentage=2.9|change={''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Manabala Ramarao|votes=813|percentage=1.3|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority|votes=14,446|percentage=23.6|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=62,585|percentage=75.2|change={{increase}}2.64}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = M.V. Krishna Rao
| votes = 28,168
| percentage = 47.4
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Labala Rao|votes=19,062|percentage=32.1|change={{decrease}}0.4}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Lokdal|candidate=Krishan Bodda|votes=7,943|percentage=13.4|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=Krishnamurthy Potula|votes=2,052|percentage=3.5|change={''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Buddapu Chandramani|votes=1,656|percentage=2.8|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Rama Manbala|votes=545|percentage=0.9|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority|votes=9,106|percentage=15.3|change={{Decrease}}8.9}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=60,835|percentage=71.0|change={{decrease}}4.2}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = M.V. Krishnarao
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| votes = 47,333
| percentage = 77.9%
| change = +30.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Rao Labala
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 11,965
| percentage = 19.7%
| change = -12.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Reddy Buddepu
| party = Independent politician
| votes = 872
| percentage = 1.4%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Madina Ramarao
| party = Independent politician
| votes = 604
| percentage = 1.0%
| change=
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 35,368
| percentage = 58.2%
| change = +42.9
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 61,818
| percentage = 67.8%
| change = -3.2
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 91,224
| change = 5,504
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = M.V. Krishnarao
| votes = 46,984
| percentage = 60.7
| change = {{decrease}}17.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Buddala Trinadha
| votes = 30,485
| percentage = 39.4
| change = {{increase}}19.7
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 16,499
| percentage = 21.3
| change = -36.9
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 80,924
| percentage = 69.8
| change = {{Increase}}2.00
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Dakkata Achuta
| votes = 37,859
| percentage = 44.6
| change = {{Decrease}}16.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Buddhala Trinadha|votes=24,375|percentage=28.7|change={{decrease}}10.7}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Rao Bendalam|votes=19,635|percentage=23.1|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Bisai Vedavara|votes=1,091|percentage=1.3|change={''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Kanababu Pullata|votes=867|percentage=1.0|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Rao Mohana|votes=779|percentage=0.9|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Ratnala Narayana|votes=257|percentage=0.3|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority|votes=13,484|percentage=15.9|change={{Decrease}}5.4}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=86,875|percentage=72.6|change={{increase}}2.8}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = M. V. Krishnarao
| votes = 44,633
| percentage = 51.6
| change = {{increase}}7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kumar Naresh Agrawal|votes=40,290|percentage=46.6|change={{increase}}17.9}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Anna Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Yadav Vasulu Kollo|votes=1,624|percentage=1.9|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority|votes=4,343|percentage=5|change={{Decrease}}10.9}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=89,715|percentage=68.9|change={{Decrease}}3.7}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Naresh Kumar Agarwal
| votes = 51,927
| percentage = 54.0
| change = {{Increase}}7.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Yakambari Dakkata
| votes = 44,182
| percentage = 46.0
| change = {{Decrease}}5.60
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 7,745
| percentage = 8.1
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 96,109
| percentage = 73.5
| change = {{Increase}}7.05
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing = {{Increase}}6.54
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Piriya Sairaj]]
| votes = 45,277
| percentage = 33.2
| change = {{Decrease}}12.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Narthu Ramarao|votes=43,002|percentage=31.6|change={{Decrease}}22.4}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Nartu Seshagiri Rao|votes=39,256|percentage=28.8|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority|votes=2,275|percentage=1.7|change={{Decrease}}6.4}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,36,222|percentage=73.1|change={{Decrease}}0.4}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = {{Increase}}4.8
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Ashok Bendalam]]<ref name="eci_2014">{{Cite web |title=The Andhra Pradesh Gazette, Part-V Extraordinary |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/GE_2014/(GE,%202014)%20-%20DUE%20Constitution%20(APLA_ELECTED%20List).pdf |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=13 June 2019 |location=Hyderabad |page=9 |date=20 May 2014}}</ref>
| votes = 86,815
| percentage = 54.2
| change = {{Decrease}}21.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = Narthu Rama Rao
| votes = 61,537
| percentage = 38.4
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Agarwal Naresh
| votes = 6,582
| percentage = 4.1
| change = {{Decrease}}27.5
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 25,278
| percentage = 15.7
| change = {{Increase}}14.0
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,60,919
| percentage = 71.8
| change = {{Decrease}}1.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Ashok Bendalam]]
| votes = 79,992
| percentage = 47.5
| change = {{Decrease}}6.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Piriya sairaj]]|votes=72,847|percentage=43.2|change={{Increase}}4.8}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janasena Party|candidate=Dasari Raju|votes=11,123|percentage=6.6|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kolli Eshwar Rao|votes=2138|percentage=1.24|change={{Decrease}}2.9}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=J. S. V. Prasad|votes=1826|percentage=1.1|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=None of the Above|votes=3880|percentage=2.25|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=7,145|percentage=4.14|change={{Decrease}}11.57}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,68,543|percentage=69.6|change={{Decrease}}2.2}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = YSR Congress Party
| swing = {{Decrease}}5.75
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Ashok Bendalam]]
|votes = 1,10,612
|percentage = 58.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Piriya Vijaya]]|votes=70,829|percentage=37.51|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Masupatri Chakravarthi Reddy|votes=792|percentage=0.42|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=4,374|percentage=2.32|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=39,783|percentage=21.07|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,88,815|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = M.V. Krishnarao
| votes = 46,984
| percentage = 60.7
| change = {{decrease}}17.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Buddala Trinadha
| votes = 30,485
| percentage = 39.4
| change = {{increase}}19.7
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 16,499
| percentage = 21.3
| change = -36.9
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 80,924
| percentage = 69.8
| change = {{Increase}}2.00
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Dakkata Achuta
| votes = 37,859
| percentage = 44.6
| change = {{Decrease}}16.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Buddhala Trinadha|votes=24,375|percentage=28.7|change={{decrease}}10.7}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Rao Bendalam|votes=19,635|percentage=23.1|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Bisai Vedavara|votes=1,091|percentage=1.3|change={''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Kanababu Pullata|votes=867|percentage=1.0|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Rao Mohana|votes=779|percentage=0.9|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Ratnala Narayana|votes=257|percentage=0.3|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority|votes=13,484|percentage=15.9|change={{Decrease}}5.4}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=86,875|percentage=72.6|change={{increase}}2.8}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = M. V. Krishnarao
| votes = 44,633
| percentage = 51.6
| change = {{increase}}7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kumar Naresh Agrawal|votes=40,290|percentage=46.6|change={{increase}}17.9}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Anna Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Yadav Vasulu Kollo|votes=1,624|percentage=1.9|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority|votes=4,343|percentage=5|change={{Decrease}}10.9}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=89,715|percentage=68.9|change={{Decrease}}3.7}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Naresh Kumar Agarwal
| votes = 51,927
| percentage = 54.0
| change = {{Increase}}7.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Yakambari Dakkata
| votes = 44,182
| percentage = 46.0
| change = {{Decrease}}5.60
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 7,745
| percentage = 8.1
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 96,109
| percentage = 73.5
| change = {{Increase}}7.05
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing = {{Increase}}6.54
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ichchapuram
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Piriya Sairaj]]
| votes = 45,277
| percentage = 33.2
| change = {{Decrease}}12.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Narthu Ramarao|votes=43,002|percentage=31.6|change={{Decrease}}22.4}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Nartu Seshagiri Rao|votes=39,256|percentage=28.8|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority|votes=2,275|percentage=1.7|change={{Decrease}}6.4}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,36,222|percentage=73.1|change={{Decrease}}0.4}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = {{Increase}}4.8
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|19.11|84.69|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

List of ambassadors of India to France

2026-04-14T01:43:29Z

Dentaltrendz: adding entry

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox Political post
| post = Ambassador
| salary =
| deputy = K M Praphullachandra Sharma
| succession =
| abolished =
| last =
| formation = October 1949
| inaugural = H.S. Malik
| termlength = No fixed tenure
| appointerpost =
| appointer = [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
| nominator = [[President of India]]
| body = India to France
| residence =
| style =
| incumbentsince = January 2025
| incumbent = Sanjeev Singla<ref>{{Cite web|last=Current Ambassador|first=Jawed Ashraf|title=Jawed Ashraf Current Ambassador|url=https://www.eoiparis.gov.in/page/amb/|access-date=25 March 2021|website=eoiparis.gov.in}}</ref>
| image =
| department =
| insigniacaption =
| insigniasize = 100px
| insignia = File:Emblem of India.svg
| nativename =
| website = [https://www.eoiparis.gov.in/ Embassy of India, Paris, France]
}}

[[File:Indian_embassy_Paris_6311.JPG|thumb|Embassy of India in [[Paris]]]]
The '''Indian Ambassador to France''' is the chief diplomatic representative of [[India]] to [[France]], housed in the [[Embassy of India, Paris]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mission to France|first=Indian|title=Indian Mission to France|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/indian-mission.htm?74/France|access-date=25 March 2021|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref> The current ambassador is [[Sanjeev Singla]].

==List of Indian Ambassadors to France==
The following persons have served as the Ambassador of India to France and Principality of Monaco.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Official List|first=Indian Ambassadors|title=Indian Ambassadors, Official List|url=https://www.eoiparis.gov.in/page/history/ |access-date=25 March 2021|website=eoiparis.gov.in}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
! Name
! Term start
! Term end
|-
|1
| [[Hardit Malik|Wing Commander. Sardar H.S. Malik]] || 4 October 1949<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 2 |page=1569 |date=12 November 1949|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1949/O-2356-1949-0000-109475.pdf |publisher=[[The Gazette of India]]}}</ref> || 1954
|-
|2 || Y.K. Puri || December 1954 || 1955
|-
|(1) || [[Hardit Malik|Wing Commander. Sardar H.S. Malik]] || April 1955 || 1956
|-
|3 || [[K. M. Panikkar|K.M. Panikkar]] ||February 1956 ||1959
|-
|4 || N. Raghavan ||June 1959 ||1961
|-
|5
|[[Ali Yavar Jung|Nawab Ali Yavar Jung Bahadur]] ||February 1961 ||1965
|-
|6 || [[Rajeshwar Dayal]] ||June 1965 ||1967
|-
|7
|Chandra Shekhar ||August 1967 ||1969
|-
|8
|Dwarka Nath Chatterjee ||February 1969 ||1976
|-
|9 ||Ramchandra Dattatraya Sathe ||July 1976 ||November 1978
|-
|10
| [[Maharaja Krishna Rasgotra|Maharajakrishna Rasgotra]] ||February, 1979 ||March, 1982
|-
|11 || Narendra Singh ||March 1982 ||1985
|-
|12 || [[Idris Hasan Latif|I.H. Latif]] ||April, 1985 ||1988
|-
|13
|Soonu Kochhar ||August 1988 ||April 1991
|-
|14 || [[C. V. Ranganathan]] ||June 1991 ||September 1993
|-
|15 || Ranjit Sethi ||November 1993 ||October 1997
|-
|16 ||[[Kanwal Sibal]] ||March 1998 ||April 2002
|-
|17 || Savitri Kunadi ||April 2002 ||September 2003
|-
|18 || Dalip Lahiri || May 2004 ||July 2005
|-
|19 ||T.C.A. Rangachari ||August 2005 ||October 2006
|-
|20
|[[Ranjan Mathai]] ||January 2007 ||July 2011
|-
|21 ||[[Rakesh Sood]] ||August 2011 ||March 2013
|-
|22 ||[[Arun Kumar Singh]] ||April 2013 ||April 2015
|-
|23 ||Dr. Mohan Kumar ||May 2015 ||July 2017
|-
|24 ||[[Vinay Mohan Kwatra]] ||July 2017 ||February 2020
|-
|25 || Jawed Ashraf || 13 July 2020 ||December 2024
|-
|26 || [[Sanjeev Singla]] || January 2025 || Incumbent
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of ambassadors of India to the United States]]

==References==
<references />

{{Ambassadors of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ambassadors of India to France}}
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to France| ]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors to France|India]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors of India|France]]

Anirudh Ravichander discography

2026-04-10T01:23:59Z

Dentaltrendz: added the details and citations

{{Short description|Indian music composer discography}}
[[File:Anirudh Ravichander at Audi Ritz Style Awards 2017 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Anirudh Ravichander]], made his music debut in 2012, with the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film [[3 (2012 Indian film)|''3'']]. During the course of his decade-long career, he has composed and produced original scores and songs for more than 30 films in various languages, predominantly in Tamil, in addition to [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi language|Hindi]].

His debut song "[[Why This Kolaveri Di]]", composed for the 2012 film ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]'', went viral across the globe and has achieved over 400 million views on [[YouTube]]. [[AR Murugadoss|A.R. Murugadoss]] signed him to compose music for [[Kaththi|''Kaththi'' (2014)]] starring [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], which included the viral hit "[[Selfie Pulla]]".

== As composer ==
{{pending films key}}

* The films are listed in the order of their release, and the soundtrack release year is provided separately.
* # Indicates Film released year.
*♦ Indicates Soundtracks released year.

{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;
|+ List of soundtrack and score credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2012
|''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]''
|[[Aishwarya Rajinikanth]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2013
|''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]''
|[[R. S. Durai Senthilkumar]]
|
|
|-
|''[[David (2013 Hindi film)|David]]'' / ''[[David (2013 Tamil film)|David]]''{{efn|name=guest-composer|Guest composer of the film released.}}
|[[Bejoy Nambiar]]
| {{br list | [[Hindi language|Hindi]]{{efn|name=orig-lang-simul|Original language release or simultaneous makes (if featuring in more languages).}} | Tamil}}
|Debut in [[Hindi cinema]]; Guest composer; 1 song only (which released in Tamil first)
|
|-
|''[[Vanakkam Chennai]]''
|[[Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi]]
| rowspan="14" |Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Irandaam Ulagam]]''{{efn|name=guest-composer}}
|[[Selvaraghavan]]
|3 songs and Background score
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
|''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]''
|[[R. Velraj]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Maan Karate]]''
|Krish Thirukumaran
|
|
|-
|''[[Kaththi]]''
|[[A. R. Murugadoss]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2015
|''[[Kaaki Sattai]]''
|[[R. S. Durai Senthilkumar]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Maari (film)|Maari]]''
|[[Balaji Mohan]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Naanum Rowdydhaan]]''
|[[Vignesh Shivan]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Vedalam]]''
|[[Siva (director)|Siva]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Thanga Magan (2015 film)|Thanga Magan]]''
|[[R. Velraj]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2016
|''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]''
|[[Bakkiyaraj Kannan]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''[[Rum (film)|Rum]]''
|Sai Bharath
|
|
|-
|''[[Vivegam]]''
|[[Siva (director)|Siva]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]''
|[[Mohan Raja]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
|''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]''
|[[Trivikram Srinivas]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Debut in [[Telugu Cinema]]
|
|-
|''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam]]''
|[[Vignesh Shivan]]
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Kolamaavu Kokila]]''
|[[Nelson Dilipkumar]]
|
|
|-
|[[U Turn (2018 film)|''U Turn'']]{{efn|name=guest-composer}}
|[[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]]
| {{br list | Tamil{{efn|name=orig-lang-simul}} | Telugu}}
|Guest composer; 1 song only
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]''
|[[Karthik Subbaraj]]
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]]''
|[[Gowtam Tinnanuri]]
|Telugu{{efn|name=orig-lang-simul}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Thumbaa]]''{{efn|name=guest-composer}}
|Harish Ram L. H
|Tamil
|Guest composer; 1 song only
|
|-
|''[[Nani's Gang Leader|Gang Leader]]''
|[[Vikram Kumar]]
|Telugu{{efn|name=orig-lang-simul}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
|''[[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]''
|[[A. R. Murugadoss]]
| rowspan="7" |Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Dharala Prabhu]]''{{efn|name=guest-composer}}
|Krishna Marimuthu
|Guest composer; 1 song only; Reused from ''Gang Leader''
|
|-
|''[[Paava Kadhaigal]]''
|[[Vignesh Shivan]]
|Segment "Love Panna Uttranum"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Master (soundtrack)|Master]]''
|[[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Doctor (soundtrack)|Doctor]]''
|[[Nelson Dilipkumar]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2022
|''[[Naai Sekar]]''{{efn|name=guest-composer}}
|Kishore Rajkumar
|Guest composer; 1 song only
|
|-
|''[[Beast (soundtrack)|Beast]]''
|[[Nelson Dilipkumar]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Jersey (2022 film)|Jersey]]''{{efn|name=guest-composer}}
|[[Gowtam Tinnanuri]]
|Hindi{{efn|name=orig-lang-simul}}
|Background score only; Remake of [[Jersey (2019 film)|Telugu film of the same name]]
|
|-
|''[[Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal#Music|Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal]]''
|[[Vignesh Shivan]]
| rowspan="5" |Tamil
|25th Film
|
|-
|''[[Don (2022 film)#Music|Don]]''
|Cibi Chakaravarthi
|
|
|-
|''[[Vikram (soundtrack)|Vikram]]''
|[[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Thiruchitrambalam (soundtrack)|Thiruchitrambalam]]''
|[[Mithran Jawahar]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''[[Jailer (soundtrack)|Jailer]]''
|[[Nelson Dilipkumar]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Jawan (soundtrack)|Jawan]]''
|[[Atlee Kumar|Atlee]]
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/jul/31/anirudh-ravichander-on-composing-for-srks-jawan-i-was-determined-to-do-justice-to-his-stardom-46134.html|title=Anirudh Ravichander on composing for SRK's Jawan: I was determined to do justice to his stardom|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=31 July 2023 |access-date=2023-09-02|archive-date=2023-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902091603/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/jul/31/anirudh-ravichander-on-composing-for-srks-jawan-i-was-determined-to-do-justice-to-his-stardom-46134.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Leo (soundtrack)|Leo]]''
|[[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]
|rowspan="2"|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2018 |title=Confirmed: Anirudh to compose music for Kamal Haasan-Shankar's Indian 2 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/dec/11/confirmed-anirudh-to-compose-music-for-kamal-haasan-shankars-indian-2-9178.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622004929/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/dec/11/confirmed-anirudh-to-compose-music-for-kamal-haasan-shankars-indian-2-9178.html |archive-date=22 June 2021 |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 2019 |title=Kamal Haasan's 'Indian 2' to go on floors in August |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-haasans-indian-2-to-go-on-floors-in-august/articleshow/70226682.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803165803/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-haasans-indian-2-to-go-on-floors-in-august/articleshow/70226682.cms |archive-date=3 August 2022 |access-date=28 October 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2024
|''[[Indian 2 (soundtrack)|Indian 2]]''
|[[S. Shankar]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Devara: Part 1 (soundtrack)|Devara: Part 1]]''
|[[Koratala Siva]]
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2022 |title=NTR30: Anirudh Ravichander teams up with Jr NTR; Begins music discussion with Koratala Siva |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/anirudh-ravichander-koratala-sivas-deep-talk-on-music-for-jr-ntr-starrer-ntr30-dont-miss-trophies-in-pic-1199780 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205171920/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/anirudh-ravichander-koratala-sivas-deep-talk-on-music-for-jr-ntr-starrer-ntr30-dont-miss-trophies-in-pic-1199780 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: Jr NTR walks into the sets of NTR 30 in style, starts shooting for Koratala Siva's directorial |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-watch-jr-ntr-walks-into-the-sets-of-ntr30-in-style-starts-shooting-for-koratala-siva-s-directorial-3033738 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401164529/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-watch-jr-ntr-walks-into-the-sets-of-ntr30-in-style-starts-shooting-for-koratala-siva-s-directorial-3033738 |archive-date=1 April 2023 |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vettaiyan (soundtrack)|Vettaiyan]]''
|[[T. J. Gnanavel]]
|rowspan="2"|Tamil
|
| style="text.align:center:" |<ref>{{"Rajinikanth to team up with 'Jai Bhim' TJ Gnanavel for 'Thalaivar 170'". The Hindu. 2 March 2023. Archived from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023. "'Vettaiyan' is the title of Rajinikanth's 'Thalaivar 170' with TJ Gnanavel". The Hindu. 12 December 2023. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2025
|''[[Vidaamuyarchi]]''
|[[Magizh Thirumeni]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Kingdom (2025 film)|Kingdom]]''
|[[Gowtam Tinnanuri]]
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|''[[Coolie (soundtrack)|Coolie]]''
|[[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]
|rowspan="2"|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Madharaasi]]''
|[[A. R. Murugadoss]]
|
|
|-
|''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]''
|[[Aryan Khan]]
|Hindi
|[[List of Netflix original programming|Netflix Original]]; 1 song
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Love Insurance Kompany]]''
|[[Vignesh Shivan]]
|Tamil
|
|
|}

===Upcoming projects===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;
|+ {{sronly|List of A. R. Rahman 1990s film credits}}
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="7" |2026
|''[[Jana Nayagan]]''
|[[H. Vinoth]]
|Tamil
| rowspan="2" |Post-production
|
|-
|''Magic''
|[[Gowtam Tinnanuri]]
|rowspan="2"|Telugu
|
|-
|''The Paradise''
|[[Srikanth Odela]]
| rowspan="5" |Filming
|
|-
|''DC''
|[[Arun Matheswaran]]
| rowspan="3" |Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Jailer 2]]''
|[[Nelson Dilipkumar]]
|
|-
|''Arasan''
|[[Vetrimaaran]]
|
|-
|''[[King (2026 film)|King]]''
|[[Siddharth Anand]]
|Hindi
|
|-
| 2027
|''Thalaivar 173''
|Cibi Chakravarthi
|Tamil
| rowspan="3" |Pre-production
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Cibi Chakravarthi to helm Rajini-Kamal project | date=3 January 2026 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/cibi-chakravarthi-to-helm-rajini-kamal-project-1928080 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|TBA
|''AA23''
|[[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]
|Telugu
|<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://x.com/MythriOfficial/status/2011398409064956139}}</ref>
|-
|''KH × RK''
|[[Nelson Dilipkumar]]
|Tamil
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=One for the Magic. One for the Win. Red Giant Movies on X.com |url=https://x.com/RedGiantMovies_/status/2024857887156453623 |website=One for the Magic. One for the Win. Red Giant Movies on X.com}}</ref>
|}

== As a playback singer ==
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%;
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2012
|[[3 (2012 Indian film)|''3'']]
|"Come on Girls"
| rowspan="14" |Himself
| rowspan="5" |Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="14" |2013
| rowspan="3" |[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|''Ethir Neechal'']]
|"Boomi Ennai"
|
|-
|"Un Paarvayil"
|
|-
|"Ethir Neechal"
|Sung with [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-07 |title=Throwback: Did you know Anirudh and Honey Singh collaborated on a song in 2013? |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/146477-jawan-composer-anirudh-and-honey-singh-collaboration-on-ethir-neechal-song.html |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=MensXP |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''[[David (2013 Tamil film)|David]]''
|"Kanave Kanave"
|
|-
|''[[David (2013 Hindi film)|David]]''
|"Yu Hi Re"
|Hindi
|Sung with [[Shweta Mohan]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |''[[Vanakkam Chennai]]''
|"Chennai City"
| rowspan="8" |Tamil
|
|-
|"Engadi Porandha"
|
|-
|"Ailasa Ailasa"
|
|-
|"Osaka"
|
|-
|"Oh Penne"
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Irandaam Ulagam]]''
|"Penne Naa Enna Solla"
|
|-
|"Iravinil Oruvanai"
|
|-
|"Un Kaadhal Ingu Unmaiya"
|
|-
|''[[Backbench Student]]''
|"Sachin Tendulkar Back Bencher"
| [[Sunil Kashyap]]
|Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="17" |2014
| rowspan="4" |''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]''
|"Velaiyilla Pattathari"
| rowspan="7" |Himself
| rowspan="12" |Tamil
|
|-
|"Udhungada Sangu"
|
|-
|"What a Karuvaad"
|
|-
|"Ey Inga Paaru"
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Maan Karate]]''
|"Maanja
|
|-
|"Open The Tasmac"
|
|-
|"Un Vizhigalil"
|
|-
|''[[Vadacurry]]''
|"Low Aana Life-u"
| [[Vivek-Mervin]]
|
|-
|''[[Vaalu]]''
|"Hey Vasamoakka"
| [[S. Thaman|S.Thaman]]
|
|-
|''[[Yennamo Yedho]]''
|"Nee Yenna Periya Appatakkaraa ?"
| [[D. Imman]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Kaththi]]''
|"Pakkam Vanthu"
| rowspan="7" |Himself
|
|-
|"Aathi"
|
|-
|"Selfie Bomma"
|Telugu
|Dubbed version of Selfie Pulla (Tamil)
|-
| rowspan="4" |''[[Kaaki Sattai]]''
|"Kadhal Kan Kattudhe"
| rowspan="4" |Tamil
|
|-
|"I'm So Cool"
|
|-
|"Shake That"
|
|-
|"Trooper Theme"
|
|-
| rowspan="21" |2015
| rowspan="2" |[[I (2015 film)|''I'']]
|"Mersalaayiten"
| rowspan="2" | [[A. R. Rahman]]
| rowspan="3" |Tamil
|
|-
|"Mersalaayiten (Remix)"
|
|-
|[[Romeo Juliet (2015 film)|''Romeo Juliet'']]
|"Dandanakka"
| [[D. Imman]]
|
|-
|''[[Premam]]''
|"Rockankuthu"
| [[Rajesh Murugesan]]
|Malayalam
|
|-
|''[[Palakkattu Madhavan]]''
|"Uchi Mela"
| [[Srikanth Deva]]
| rowspan="5" |Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Demonte Colony]]''
|"Vaada Vaa Machi"
| [[Keba Jeremiah]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Maari (film)|''Maari'']]
|"Maari Thara Local"
| rowspan="2" |Himself
|
|-
|"Don'u Don'u Don'u"
|
|-
|''[[Pugazh (film)|Pugazh]]''
|"Naanga Podiyan"
| [[Vivek-Mervin]]
|
|-
|''Jwalantham''
|"Tamate Tamate"
| Vikram Subramanya
|Kannada
|
|-
|''[[Vil Ambu]]''
|"Aale Saachuputta Kannale"
| Navin
| rowspan="24" |Tamil
|
|-
|[[Saagasam|''Saahasam'']]
|"Oh Madhu"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |''[[Naanum Rowdy Dhaan]]''
|"Thangamey"
| rowspan="7" |Himself
|
|-
|"Neeyum Naanum"
|
|-
|"Yennai Maatrum Kadhale"
|
|-
|"Varavaa Varavaa"
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Vedalam]]''
|"Aaluma Doluma"
|
|-
|"The Theri Theme"
|
|-
|"Veera Vinayaka"
|
|-
|''[[Jil Jung Juk]]''
|"Shoot The Kuruvi"
| [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
|
|-
|[[Thanga Magan (2015 film)|''Thanga Magan'']]
|"Tak Bak"
|Himself
|
|-
| rowspan="15" |2016
|[[Sethupathi (film)|''Sethupathi'']]
|"Hey Mama"
| [[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
|
|-
|''[[Kanithan]]''
|"Yappa Chappa"
|[[Sivamani (percussionist)|Sivamani]]
|
|-
|[[Zero (2016 film)|''Zero'']]
|"Uyire Un Uyirena"
| [[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
|
|-
|''[[Mappillai Singam]]''
|"Edhuku Machan Kadhalu"
| [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
|Film version only Sung with [[Sivakarthikeyan]]
|-
|[[Oopiri|''Thozha'']]
|"Thozhaa"
| [[Gopi Sunder]]
|
|-
|''[[Manal Kayiru 2]]''
|"Adiye Thangamatanya"
| [[Dharan Kumar]]
|
|-
|[[Manithan (2016 film)|''Manithan'']]
|"Munsellada"
| [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|
|-
|''[[Marudhu]]''
|"Akka Petha Jakkavandi"
| [[D. Imman]]
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Remo (film)|''Remo'']]
|"Remo Nee Kadhalan"
| rowspan="7" |Himself
|
|-
|"Senjitaley"
|
|-
|"Meesa Beauty"
|
|-
|"Tamilselvi"
|
|-
|"Veshangalil Poiyillai (Additional Song)"
|
|-
|"Remo Nee Styleki"
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
| rowspan="2" |Dubbed version
|-
|"Kollegottey"
|-
| rowspan="32" |2017
|''[[Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal]]''
|"Ondroduthan Ondroga"
| [[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]]
| rowspan="20" |Tamil
|
|-
|[[Bogan (film)|''Bogan'']]
|"[[Bogan (film)|Damaalu Dumeelu]]"
| [[D. Imman]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Rum (film)|''Rum'']]
|"Holá Amigö"
| rowspan="4" |Himself
|
|-
|"Peiyophobilia"
|
|-
|"Kadavulae Vidai (Reprise)"
|
|-
|"Hola Senorita"
|
|-
|''[[Naalu Peruku Nalladhuna Edhuvum Thappilla]]''
|"Kullanari Kootam"
| [[Bjorn Surrao]]-[[Navin (music director)|Navin]]
|
|-
|[[Sivalinga (2017 film)|''Sivalinga'']]
|"Rangu Rakkara"
| [[Thaman S]]
|
|-
|[[Dora (2017 film)|''Dora'']]
|"Ra Ra Ra"
| [[Vivek-Mervin]]
|
|-
|[[Simba (2017 film)|''Simba'']]
|"Marandhadhae"
| [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
|
|-
|''[[Neruppu Da]]''
|"Karukku Kallangolu"
| [[Sean Roldan]]
|
|-
|''[[Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae]]''
|"Hai En Kai Mela"
| rowspan="2" | [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
|
|-
|[[Rangoon (2017 Tamil film)|''Rangoon'']]
|"Foreign Return"
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Vivegam]]''
|"Surviva"
| rowspan="3" |Himself
|
|-
|"Thalai Viduthalai"
|
|-
|"Kadhalaada (Reprise)"
|
|-
|''[[Vikram Vedha]]''
|"Yaanji"
| [[Sam C. S.]]
|
|-
|[[Katha Nayagan (2017 film)|''Katha Nayagan'']]
|"On Nenappu"
| [[Sean Roldan]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Balloon (2017 film)|Balloon]]''
|"Shut Up Pannunga Titbit"
| rowspan="2" | [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|-
|"Shut Up Pannunga"
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]''
|"Baitikochi Chuste"
| rowspan="10" |Himself
| rowspan="3" |Telugu
|
|-
|"Gaali Vaaluga"
|
|-
|"Dhaga Dhagamaney"
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Thaana Serndha Kootam]]''
|"Naana Thaana"
| rowspan="20" |Tamil
|
|-
|"Enge Endru Povadhu"
|
|-
|"Thaana Serntha Kootam Title song"
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|''Velaikkaran'']]
|"Karuthavanlaam Galeejaam"
|
|-
|"Iraiva"
|
|-
|"Uyire"
|
|-
|"Idhayane"
|
|-
|[[Sakka Podu Podu Raja (2017 film)|''Sakka Podu Podu Raja'']]
|"Kalakku Machan"
| [[Silambarasan]]
|
|-
|''[[Gulaebaghavali]]''
|"Guleba"
| [[Vivek-Mervin]]
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2018
| rowspan="3" |''[[Kolamavu Kokila]]''
|"Kalyana Vayasu"
| rowspan="3" |Himself
|
|-
|"Orey Oru"
|
|-
|"Thittam Poda Theriyala"
|
|-
|[[NOTA (film)|''NOTA'']]
|"Raja Raja Kula"
| [[Sam C. S.]]
|
|-
|[[Kanaa (film)|''Kanaa'']]
|"Othayadi Paathaiyila"
| [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
|
|-
|[[Party (2019 film)|''Party'']]
|"Kanampoochi"
| [[Premgi Amaren]]
|
|-
|''[[Ezhumin]]''
|"Ezhu Ezhu"
|Ganesh Chandrasekaran
|
|-
| rowspan="24" |2019
| rowspan="3" |[[Petta (film)|''Petta'']]
|"[[Marana Mass]]"
| rowspan="3" |Himself
|
|-
|"Ilamai Thirumbuthe"
|
|-
|"Petta Paraak"
|
|-
|''[[Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum]]''
|"Kanamma"
|[[Sam C. S.]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Jersey (2019 film)|''Jersey'']]
|"Adhento Gaani Vunnapaatuga"
| rowspan="4" |Himself
| rowspan="3" |Telugu
|
|-
|"Padhe Padhe"
|
|-
|"Aarambhame Le"
|
|-
|"Marakkavillayae"
| rowspan="4" |Tamil
|Dubbed version
|-
|''[[Mr.Local]]''
|"Takkunu Takkunu"
| [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
|
|-
|''[[Thumbaa]]''
|"Pudhusaatam"
|Himself
|
|-
|[[Ayogya (2019 film)|''Ayogya'']]
|"Kanne Kanne"
| [[Sam C. S.|Sam C.S.]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Saaho]]''
|"Psycho Saiyaan"
| rowspan="2" | [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|"Kadhal Psycho"
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|-
|[[Sixer (2019 film)|''Sixer'']]
|"Baa Baa Black Sheep"
|[[Ghibran]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Gang Leader (2019 film)|''Gang Leader'']]
|"Gang-u Leader"
| rowspan="2" |Himself
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|-
|"Hoyna Hoyna"
|
|-
|''[[Namma Veetu Pillai]]''
|"GaandaKannazhagi"
| [[D. Imman]]
| rowspan="15" |Tamil
|
|-
|[[Puppy (2019 film)|''Puppy'']]
|"Superstar song"
| [[Dharan Kumar]]
|
|-
|''[[Sangathamizhan]]''
|"Sandakaari Neethan"
| [[Vivek-Mervin]]
|
|-
|''[[Vennila Kabaddi Kuzhu 2]]''
|"Tiruvizha"
| [[V. Selvaganesh]]
|
|-
|''[[Dhanusu Raasi Neyargale]]''
|"I Want A Girl"
|[[Ghibran]]
|
|-
|''[[Oh My Kadavule]]''
|"Friendship Anthem"
| [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]
|
|-
|''[[Capmaari]]''
|"Ummunu Irukkanum Usupethuna"
| [[Siddharth Vipin]]
|
|-
|''[[Pattas]]''
|"Jigidi Killaadi"
| [[Vivek-Mervin]]
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2020
| rowspan="3" |[[Darbar (film)|''Darbar'']]
|"[[Chumma Kizhi]]"
| rowspan="3" |Anirudh
|
|-
|"Tharam Maara"
|
|-
|"Thani Vazhi"
|
|-
|''[[Ranga (2022 film)|Ranga]]''
|"Theeramal"
| Ram Jeevan
|
|-
|''[[Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal]]''
|"Yelo Pullelo"
| [[Masala Coffee]]
|
|-
|''[[Dharala Prabhu]]''
|"Dharala Prabhu"
| rowspan="2" |Himself
|
|-
|''[[Paava Kadhaigal]]''
|"Love Panna Uttranum" (Dad Song)
|
|-
| rowspan="22" |2021
|[[Krack (film)|''Krack'']]
|"Balega Tagilavey Bangaram"
| [[S. Thaman]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|[[Teddy (film)|''Teddy'']]
|"Nanbiye"
| [[D. Imman]]
| rowspan="13" |Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Ranga (2022 film)|Ranga]]''
|"Theeramal"
| Ramjeevan
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Master (2021 film)|''Master'']]
|"[[Vaathi Coming]]"
| rowspan="4" |Himself
|
|-
|"Vaathi Raid"
|
|-
|"[[Kutti Story]]"
|
|-
|"Quit Pannuda"
|
|-
|[[Bhoomi (2021 film)|''Bhoomi'']]
|"Thamizhan Endru Sollada"
| [[D. Imman]]
|
|-
|[[Sulthan (2021 film)|''Sulthan'']]
|"Jai Sulthan"
| [[Vivek-Mervin]]
|
|-
|''[[Jagame Thandhiram]]''
|"Bujji"
| [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|
|-
|''[[Annabelle Sethupathi]]''
|"Ginger Soda"
|Krishna Kishor
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Doctor (2021 film)|''Doctor'']]
|"[[Chellamma]]"
| rowspan="5" |Himself
|
|-
|"Nenjame"
|
|-
|"So Baby"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''Varun Doctor''
|"Chittemma"
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
| rowspan="2" |Dubbed version
|-
|"So Baby"
|-
|''[[Arasiyalla Idhellam Saadharnamappa]]''
|"Knockout song"
| Madley Blues
| rowspan="5" |Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Oh Manapenne]]''
|"Bodhai Kaname"
| [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
|
|-
|''[[Enna Solla Pogirai]]''
|"Cute Ponnu"
| [[Vivek–Mervin]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kaathu Vaakula Rendu Kaadhal]]''
|"Rendu Kadhal"
| rowspan="2" |Himself
|
|-
|"Two Two Two"
|
|-
|''[[Bommala Koluvu (film)|Bommala Koluvu]]''
|"Mudhiche Na Sukumari"
| Pravin Lakkaraju
|Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="24" |2022
|''[[Etharkkum Thunindhavan]]''
|"Vaada Thambi"
| [[D Imman]]
|Tamil
|Sung with GV Prakash Kumar
|-
|''[[Radhe Shyam]]''
|"Sanchari"
| [[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[RRR]]''
|"Natpu"
| [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| rowspan="3" |Tamil
|Dubbed version
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Don (2022 film)|''Don'']]
|"Jalabula Jangu"
| rowspan="2" |Himself
|
|-
|"Private Party"
|
|-
|''[[DJ Tillu]]''
|"Pataas Pilla"
| [[Sricharan Pakala]]
|Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Beast (2022 Indian film)|''Beast'']]
|"[[Arabic Kuthu]]"
| rowspan="14" |Himself
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|-
|"Beast Mode"
|
|-
|"Halamathi Habibo"
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
| rowspan="2" |Dubbed version
|-
|"Beast Mode"
|-
| rowspan="2" |''Raw''
|"Halamathi Habibo"
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
| rowspan="2" |Dubbed version
|-
|"Beast Mode"
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Kaathu Vaakula Rendu Kaadhal]]''
|"Kaathu Vaakula Rendu (Title Track)"
| rowspan="10" |Tamil
|Additional tracks, sung with Santhosh Narayanan for KRK Title Track
|-
|"Kanne Kanmaniyae"
|
|-
|"Azha Thonudhe"
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Vikram (2022 film)|''Vikram'']]
|"Vikram (Title Track)"
|
|-
|"Wasted"
|
|-
|"Once Upon A Time"
|
|-
|"Porkanda Singam (EDM Version)"
|
|-
|''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]''
|"Life of Pazham"
|
|-
|''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
|"Dancela Bodha Yethuda"
| [[Pritam]]
|
|-
|''[[Prince (2022 film)|Prince]]''
|"Bimbilikki Pilapi"
| [[S. Thaman|S.Thaman]]
|
|-
|''[[Ori Devuda]]''
|"Gundellonaa"
|[[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Singappenney (film)|Singappenney]]''
|"Ezhundhu Vaa"
| Kumaran Sivamani
|Tamil
| Sung with [[Arivu]].
|-
| rowspan="31" |2023
|''[[Thunivu]]''
|"Chilla Chilla"
| [[Ghibran]]
| rowspan="5" |Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Varisu]]''
|"Jimikki Ponnu"
| [[S. Thaman|S.Thaman]]
|
|-
|''[[Maaveeran (2023 film)|Maaveeran]]''
|"Scene Ah Scene Ah"
| Bharath Sankar
|
|-
|''[[Veeran (film)|Veeran]]''
|"Thunderkaaran"
| [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
| Sung with Hiphop Tamizha
|-
|[[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']]
|"Mainaru Vetti Katti"
| [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|Dubbed version
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]''
|"Hukum – Thalaivar Alappara"
| rowspan="18" |Himself
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|-
|"Jujubee"
|
|-
| rowspan="16" | [[Jawan (film)|''Jawan'']]
|"[[Zinda Banda]]"
| rowspan="5" |Hindi
|
|-
|"[[Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya]]"
|
|-
|"Jawan Title Track"
|
|-
|"Vikram Rathore" (English)
|
|-
|"Maasi Theme"
|
|-
|"Vandha Edam"
| rowspan="6" |Tamil
| rowspan="6" |Dubbed version
|-
|"[[Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya]]"
|-
|"Jawan Title Track"
|-
|"Hayyoda"
|-
|"Vikram Rathore" (English)
|-
|"Maasi Theme"
|-
|"Dhumme Dhulipelaa"
| rowspan="5" |Telugu
| rowspan="5" |Dubbed version
|-
|"[[Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya]]"
|-
|"Jawan Title Track"
|-
|"Vikram Rathore" (English)
|-
|"Maasi Theme"
|-
|''[[Paramporul (film)|Paramporul]]''
|"Adiyaathi"
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| rowspan="7" |Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]''
|"Bloody Sweet"
| rowspan="6" |Himself
|
|-
|"Badass"
|
|-
|"Anbenum"
|
|-
|"Villian Yaaru"
|
|-
|"Im Scared"
|
|-
|"Ratata"
|
|-
|''[[Sesham Mike-il Fathima]]''
|"Tatta Tattara"
|[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
|Malayalam
|
|-
| rowspan="18" | 2024
| rowspan="4" |''[[Indian 2]]''
|"Come Back Indian"
| rowspan="4" |Himself
| rowspan="3" |Tamil
|
|-
|"Paaraa"
|
|-
|"Kadharalz"
|
|-
|"Dada Aara Re"
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|Dubbed version
|-
|''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (2024 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]''
|"Bade Miyan Chote Miyan"
|[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
|Sung with [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovK-9hXK0z8 |title=Bade Miyan Chote Miyan - Title Track {{!}} Akshay Kumar, Tiger Shroff {{!}} Vishal Mishra, Anirudh, Irshad K |date=18 February 2024 |publisher=Zee Music Company |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Andhagan]]'' || "The Andhagan Anthem" || [[Santhosh Narayanan]] || Tamil || Sung with [[Vijay Sethupathi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhagan: Vijay Sethupathi, Anirudh sing for actor Prashanth! |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/33514/andhagan-vijay-sethupathi-anirudh-sing-for-actor-prashanth |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5"| ''[[Devara: Part 1]]'' || rowspan="3" | "Fear Song" || rowspan="11" | Himself || Telugu ||
|-
|Hindi
| rowspan="2" | Dubbed version
|-
|Tamil
|-
|"All Hail the Tiger"
| rowspan="2"|Non-album single
|
|-
|"Red Sea"
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |''[[Vettaiyan]]''
|"Manasilaayo"
| rowspan="3" |Tamil
|Sung with [[Malaysia Vasudevan]],{{efn|via artificial intelligence|name=“VAI”}} [[Yugendran]] and [[Deepthi Suresh]]
|-
|"Hands Up"
|
|-
|"Vaazh Veesum"
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |"Hands Up"
|Hindi
| rowspan="3" |Dubbed version
|-
|Kannada
|-
|Telugu
|-
|''[[Sorgavaasal]]''
|"The End"
|Christo Xavier
| rowspan="7" |Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="40" |2025
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Vidaamuyarchi]]''
|"Thaniye"
| rowspan="3" | Himself
|
|-
| "Sawadeeka"
| Sung with Anthony Daasan
|-
| "Pathikichu"
| Sung with Yogi Sekar and Amogh Balaji
|-
|[[Dragon (2025 film)|''Dragon'']]
|"Rise Of Dragon"
|[[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]
| Co-sung with Nadisha Thomas, El Fé Choir
|-
|''Leg Piece''
|"Dikila Dikila"
|Bjorn Surrao
|<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_-3X1wPeKQ|title=Dikila Dikila - Lyric Video {{!}} Leg Piece {{!}} Anirudh {{!}} Bjorn Surrao {{!}} Vignesh {{!}} Srinath {{!}} Yogi Babu |publisher=New Music India|access-date=16 February 2025|date=16 February 2025|via=Youtube}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Good Bad Ugly]]''
|"God Bless U"
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|
|-
|''[[HIT: The Third Case]]''
|"Thanu"
|[[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| rowspan="3" |Telugu
|
|-
|[[Kingdom (2025 film)|''Kingdom'']]
|"Hridayam Lopala", "Anna Antene"
|Himself
|
|-
|[[Andhra King Taluka|''Andhra King Taluka'']]
|"Nuvvunte Chaley"
|[[Vivek–Mervin|Vivek-Mervin]]
|
|-
| rowspan="25" |''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]''
|"Coolie Disco"
| rowspan="25" |Himself
| rowspan="7" |Tamil
|
|-
|"Chikitu"
| Sung with [[T. Rajendar]], Arivu
|-
|"Uyirnaadi Nanbane"
| Sung with Sai Smriti
|-
|"I Am The Danger"
| Sung with Siddharth Basrur
|-
|"[[Monica (Coolie song)|Monica]]"
| Sung with Sublahshini, Asal Kolaar
|-
|"Powerhouse"
| Sung with Arivu
|-
|"Mobsta"
|
|-
|"Coolie Disco"
| rowspan="6"|Telugu
|
|-
|"Chikitu"
| Sung with [[T. Rajendar]], Arivu
|-
|"Oopirive"
| Sung with Sai Smriti
|-
|"I Am The Danger"
| Sung with Siddharth Basrur
|-
|"[[Monica (Coolie song)|Monica]]"
| Sung with Sublahshini
|-
|"Mobsta"
| Sung with Pavan Charan, Siddharth Shandilyasa, Saatvik G Rao, Ritesh G Rao
|-
|"Coolie Disco"
| rowspan="5"|Hindi
|
|-
|"Chikitu"
| Sung with [[T. Rajendar]], Arivu
|-
|"Milna Ye Aakhri Hai Kya"
| Sung with Sai Smriti
|-
|"[[Monica (Coolie song)|Monica]]"
| Sung with Sublahshini
|-
|"Mobsta"
| Sung with Pavan Charan, Siddharth Shandilyasa, Saatvik G Rao, Ritesh G Rao
|-
|"Coolie Disco"
| rowspan="7"|Malayalam
|
|-
|"Chikitu"
| Sung with [[T. Rajendar]], Arivu, Amogh Balaji
|-
|"Uyirakum Bandhame"
| Sung with Priya Mali
|-
|"I Am The Danger"
| Sung with Siddharth Basrur
|-
|"[[Monica (Coolie song)|Monica]]"
| Sung with Sublahshini, Asal Kolaar
|-
|"Powerhouse"
| Sung with Dinker Kalvala, Amogh Balaji
|-
|"Mobsta"
|
|-
|[[Kiss (2025 film)|''Kiss'']]
|"Thirudi"
|Jen Martin
| rowspan="11" |Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | ''[[Madharaasi]]''
| "Vazhiyiraen"
| rowspan="10" | Himself
|
|-
|"Unadhu Enadhu"
| Sung with Ravi G and Shilpa Rao
|-
|"Usara Uruvi"
| Sung with Ravi G
|-
|"Madharaasi Flow"
| Sung with Kwame Fyah
|-
|"Thangapoovey"
| Sung with Ravi G
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2026
| rowspan="3" |''[[Jana Nayagan]]''
|"[[Thalapathy Kacheri]]"
|Sung with Vijay, Arivu
|-
|"Oru Pere Varalaaru"
|Sung With [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
|-
|"Raavana Mavandaa"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Love Insurance Kompany]]''
|"Dheema"
|-
|"Pattuma"
|Sung with Anantha Krishnan
|-
|}

== Independent works and Music videos ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Anirudh Ravichander independent works and music video credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Languages
! scope="col" | Artist
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
|"Sachin Anthem"
|Tamil
| rowspan="2" |with [[Dhanush]]
|Promotional video as an ode to [[Sachin Tendulkar]] for health drink company [[Boost (drink)|Boost]]
|-
|"TATA Nano"
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|Promotional Jingle for [[Tata Nano]] by [[Tata Motors]]
|-
|"Ai Dil Mere"
|
|Promotional video for MTV Rush in collaboration with [[Bejoy Nambiar]]
|-
|2014
|"Chancey Illa"
| rowspan="4" |Tamil
|
|Promotional video for the city connect campaign by [[Times of India]]
|-
|2015
|"Enakenna Yaarum Illaye"
|
|Single from ''[[Aakko]]'' Released on Valentine's Day
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|"Avalukena"
|with Srinidhi Venkatesh
|Single for Valentine's Day
|-
|"Damkutla Dumkutla"
|with [[Shabareesh Varma]]
|Promotional anthem of [[Tamil Nadu Premier League]]
|-
|"[[Cold Water (song)|Cold Water]]" Diwali Edition
|English
|
|Remix of [[Major Lazer]]-[[Cold Water (song)|Cold Water]] (feat. [[Justin Bieber]] & [[MØ]])
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|"Onnume Aagala"
|Tamil
|with [[Maalavika Manoj|Mali Manoj]]
|Single for Valentine's Day
|-
|"Bewajah"
|Hindi
|with [[Irene (singer)|Irene]], Srinidhi Venkatesh and Caesar & Loui
|India's First Vertical Video in collaboration with Sony Music India
|-
| rowspan="6" |2018
|"Julie" (Free play)
|Tamil
|
|Single for Valentine's Day
|-
|"Going to America"
|English
|with [[Anthony Daasan]] & [[Nucleya]]
|Promotional song for TotaMyna
|-
|"Kettavano"
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|with Sajith Satya
|7UP Madras Gig S01 Single track in collaboration with Sony Music and Knack Studios
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Composed by Sajith Satya
|-
|"Enakenna Yaarum Illaye" (Zingaroe Remix)
|with Zingaroe
|7UP Madras Gig S01 bonus track in collaboration with Sony Music and Knack Studios
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Produced & remixed by Zingaroe
|-
|Myntra's Kids Day Out
|Hindi
|
|Advert Jingle in collaboration with [[Myntra]] for Kids Day Out Sale
|-
|"GumOn Groove"
|English
|
|Promotional song for GumOn in collaboration with Sony Music India
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|"[[Arivum Anbum]]"
|Tamil
|with [[Ghibran]], [[Kamal Haasan]] and 9 others
|Song in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic crisis in India]], in collaboration with [[Think Music|Think Music India]]
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Composed and Arranged by [[Ghibran]]
|-
|"Its All Gonna Be Okay"
|Tamil, Telugu
|with Alisha Thomas
|Orchestral version of "The Karma Theme" from the film [[U Turn (2018 film)|''U Turn'']], as an Ode to the frontline workers of [[COVID-19 pandemic]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
|"Nithirai Nila"
| rowspan="4" |Tamil
|with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Nakkhul]] and [[Sunaina]]a
|Independent Single Album in collaboration with Maii Studios International.
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Composed by Mathews Pulickan
|-
|"Summa Semma Zomato"
|
|Promotional Jingle for [[Zomato]]
|-
|"Criminal Crush"
|with Godson Rudolph, [[Srinisha Jayaseelan]]
|Independent Single Album featuring Cooku with Comali fame [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan|Ashwin Kumar]] & [[Tanya Ravichandran]], in collaboration with Vels Signature
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Composed by Godson Rudolph
|-
|"Oosingo"
|with [[Arivu]]
|PSA on taking the [[COVID-19 vaccine|COVID-19 Vaccine]]<ref>{{cite web |date=25 October 2021 |title=Oosingo: Anirudh and Arivu's new song on COVID-19 vaccines, myths and anti-vaxxers |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/oosingo-anirudh-and-arivus-new-song-covid-19-vaccines-myths-and-anti-vaxxers-156887 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120165814/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/oosingo-anirudh-and-arivus-new-song-covid-19-vaccines-myths-and-anti-vaxxers-156887 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> in collaboration with [[Sundaram Finance]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|Aitha Lakka
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|with Ganesh Chandrasekaran
|Independent Single featuring [Tharshan] in association with [[Lahari Music]]
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Equanimous by Ganesh Chandrasekaran
|-
|"Payani"
|with [[Ankit Tiwari]]
|Independent Single Album by [[Aishwarya Rajinikanth]], in association with [[Tips Industries|Tips Music]]
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Composed by Ankit Tiwari
|-
|"Swipe Right Material"
|English, Hindi, Tamil
|with [[Guru Randhawa]], Dee MC
|Promotional video as an ode to [[Tinder (app)|Tinder India]]
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Composed by Kartik Shah
|-
|"Varlaam Vaa.."
|Tamil
|
|Promotional Jingle for Casagrand Platinum by Casagrand Builder (Pvt) Ltd.
|-
|2023
|"7UP Super Duper Refresher"
|Tamil
|
|Promotional Jingle for ‘Super Duper Refresher musical campaign’ by [[PepsiCo|Pepsico's]] [[7 Up|7UP]] India.
|-
|2024
|"Aao Killelle"
|Tamil
|
|Independent Single presented by Be Ready Music
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Composed by [[Pravin Mani]]
|}

== Concerts ==

* ''Once Upon a Time World Tour'' (2022{{Ndash}}2023)
* ''Hukum World Tour'' (2024-2025)

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Anirudh Ravichander}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravichander, Anirudh}}
[[Category:Discographies of Indian artists]]

Rajesh Singh Kushwaha

2026-04-05T00:39:59Z

Dentaltrendz: Added Biography - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{About|||Rajesh Kumar Singh (disambiguation){{!}}Rajesh Kumar Singh}}
{{Distinguish|Rajesh Kushwaha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajesh Kumar Singh
| image = Rajesh Singh Kushwaha.jpg
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Hathua Assembly constituency|Hathua]]
| term_start = 2020
| predecessor = [[Ramsewak Singh Kushwaha]]
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| succeeded = Ramsewak Singh Kushwaha
| term_end = 2025
}}
'''Rajesh Kumar Singh'''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Hrishikesh |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/gopalganj/rjd-mla-accused-for-firing-when-trying-to-vacate-local-school-in-gopalganj-bihar/articleshow/79936075.cms |title=गोपालगंज: एक और RJD विधायक की दबंगई, स्कूल खाली कराने के दौरान कई राउंड फायरिंग करने का लगा आरोप |work=Navbharat Times |date=24 December 2020 |access-date=25 February 2023 |trans-title=Another RJD MLA accused of firing several rounds while evacuating school |language=hi |archive-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226211547/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/gopalganj/rjd-mla-accused-for-firing-when-trying-to-vacate-local-school-in-gopalganj-bihar/articleshow/79936075.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/rajesh-kumar-singh|title=Rajesh Kumar Singh|website=PRS legislative research|access-date=25 February 2023|archive-date=25 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225173851/https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/rajesh-kumar-singh|url-status=live}}</ref> also known as '''Rajesh Singh Kushwaha'''<ref>{{cite news |date=24 December 2020 |language=hi |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/bihar-mla-mob-attack-on-rjd-mla-rajesh-singh-kushwaha-and-his-supporters-after-land-dispute-in-gopalganj-bihar-firing-upl |trans-title=RJD MLA and supporters, firing in air after clash |title=स्कूल की जमीन खाली कराने पहुंचे RJD विधायक और समर्थकों को भीड़ |work=Prabhat Khabar |access-date=25 February 2023 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225172025/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/bihar-mla-mob-attack-on-rjd-mla-rajesh-singh-kushwaha-and-his-supporters-after-land-dispute-in-gopalganj-bihar-firing-upl |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=18 May 2021 |work=Live Hindustan |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/gopalganj/story-hathua-mla-inspected-the-referral-hospital-4040559.html |trans-title=Hathua MLA inspected referral hospital |access-date=25 February 2023 |title=हथुआ विधायक ने किया रेफरल अस्पताल का निरीक्षण |language=hi |archive-date=25 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225173823/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/gopalganj/story-hathua-mla-inspected-the-referral-hospital-4040559.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 November 2022 |work=Live Hindustan |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/gopalganj/story-hathua-mla-inaugurated-rural-road-7413332.html |title=हथुआ विधायक ने ग्रामीण सड़क का किया लोकार्पण |access-date=25 February 2023 |language=hi |archive-date=25 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225173759/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/gopalganj/story-hathua-mla-inaugurated-rural-road-7413332.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/rivals-wary-of-states-lone-kinnar-candidate-in-hathua/articleshow/78974384.cms|title=Rivals wary of Bihar's lone 'kinnar' candidate in Hathua|date=1 November 2020|newspaper=Times of India|access-date=25 February 2023|language=en|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101051631/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/rivals-wary-of-states-lone-kinnar-candidate-in-hathua/articleshow/78974384.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> is a [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] for [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Hathua Assembly constituency]] in [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj district]]. Singh was elected to the Assembly in 2020 Assembly elections by defeating [[Ramsewak Singh Kushwaha|Ram Sewak Singh]] of [[Janata Dal (United)]], by a margin of more than 30,000 votes. He was elected as a candidate of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatv.in/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-chunav-2020-hathua-seat-election-result-ramsewak-singh-rajesh-kumar-singh-jdu-rjd-752429|title=Hathua Election Result: हथुआ सीट पर RJD के राजेश कुमार 30 हजार वोटों से जीते|work=India TV|access-date=25 February 2023|date=11 November 2020|language=hi|archive-date=25 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225171740/https://www.indiatv.in/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-chunav-2020-hathua-seat-election-result-ramsewak-singh-rajesh-kumar-singh-jdu-rjd-752429|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Manish|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/gopalganj-six-convicted-including-rjd-mla-rajesh-kumar-singh-in-case-of-model-code-of-conduct-violation-court-imposed-fine-23286648.html|title=आदर्श आचार संहिता उल्लंघन के मामले में RJD विधायक राजेश कुमार सिंह समेत छह दोषी करार, कोर्ट ने लगाया जुर्माना|language=hi|date=7 January 2023|work=Jagran|access-date=25 February 2023|trans-title=Six convicted including RJD MLA Rajesh Kumar Singh in case of model code of conduct violation, court imposed fine|archive-date=25 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225173546/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/gopalganj-six-convicted-including-rjd-mla-rajesh-kumar-singh-in-case-of-model-code-of-conduct-violation-court-imposed-fine-23286648.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political career==
Rajesh Singh Kushwaha belongs to a political family of Gopalganj district. He is the nephew of [[Prabhu Dayal Singh]], the three term MLA from [[Mirganj Assembly constituency]] of Gopalganj district. He served as district president of Rashtriya Janata Dal for Gopalganj before getting the party symbol in 2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly elections. In 2010, he was candidate of RJD from Hathua Assembly constituency, but was defeated by [[Ramsewak Singh Kushwaha]] of Janata Dal (United).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/bihar-election-2020-lalu-prasad-yadav-hathua-assembly-seat-rjd-vs-jdu-nitish-kumar/1532971/|title=Bihar Election: लालू के 'घर' में ही अब तक एक बार भी नहीं जीत सका है राजद, 35 साल से जीत के इंतजार में कांग्रेस|website=Jansatta|access-date=2024-05-04|archive-date=2022-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820070906/https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/bihar-election-2020-lalu-prasad-yadav-hathua-assembly-seat-rjd-vs-jdu-nitish-kumar/1532971/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/gopalganj/lalu-prasad-yadav-village-fulwariya-in-goplaganj/bh20201018060133277|title=ग्राउंड रिपोर्ट: लालू के पैतृक गांव पहुंचा ईटीवी भारत, यहां हर चेहरा दिखा उदास|access-date=2024-05-04|archive-date=2020-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101001800/https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/gopalganj/lalu-prasad-yadav-village-fulwariya-in-goplaganj/bh20201018060133277|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, he contested as independent candidate from Hathua and finished in third position. He got 32,959 votes while the runner-up Maha Chandra Singh got 34,933 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/hathua-assembly-elections-br-104/|title=Hathua election result}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In 2020, Sabeya Siddiqui, the director of Sara International school, located at ITI square Hathua alleged that Kushwaha's brother Vijay Bahadur Singh demanded a ransom of 20 lakhs from her. When she disagreed the men of Kushwaha fired several rounds at her school premises. The situation of the region became tense as the victim and their dependents protested near the police station for undertaking the action by the administration against Hathua MLA Kushwaha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/gopalganj-rjd-mla-of-gopalganj-rajesh-kumar-singh-blamed-for-firing-and-extortion-money-in-school-campus-bramk-3388605.html|title=आरोप: भाई को रंगदारी नहीं मिली तो RJD विधायक ने स्कूल कैंपस में चलवाई गोलियां|website=news18}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ram Lakhan Mahato]]
* [[Sunil Kumar Kushwaha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Facebook}}

[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:People from Gopalganj district, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Beach Road Chetan

2026-04-01T01:28:53Z

Dentaltrendz: added the article basic info

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language action thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Beach Road Chetan
| image = Beach Road Chetan.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Chetan Maddineni]]
| writer = Chetan Maddineni
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Chetan Maddineni
| starring = Chetan Maddineni Teja Reddy
| narrator =
| cinematography = Nishant Reddy
| editing = M.R. Varma
| music = Samuel J. Benaiah
| studio = Chetan Maddineni Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2019|11|22|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Beach Road Chetan''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed, produced, and written by [[Chetan Maddineni]] who also stars in the lead alongside Teja Reddy.

The film was released on 22 November 2019 to mixed reviews although the film was noted for its free premiere show.

== Cast ==
''Source''<ref name="Production 1">{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/functions1/teaser-beachroadchetan.html|title=Beach Road Chetan teaser launch ర అండ్ రియలిస్టిక్ రస్టిక్ తో రూపొందిన "బీచ్ రోడ్ చేతన్" టీజర్ విడుదల|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|language=te|date=6 September 2019|location=Hyderabad|access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>
*[[Chetan Maddineni]] as Chetan
*Teja Reddy as Shruthi
*Razia Abdul
*Veeresh Babu
*Ravi Nag
*Mohan
*Rupesh

== Production ==
Actor [[Chetan Maddineni]] decided to take up direction after being dissatisfied with his previous works.<ref name="Production 1"/> The film featured 150 new actors with the crew members taking on negative roles.<ref name="Production 1"/><ref name="Production 2">{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/functions1/pressmeet-beachroadchetan.html|title=Beach Road Chetan press meet నవంబర్ 22న బీచ్ రోడ్ చేతన్ విడుదల, ఫస్ట్ డే మార్నింగ్ షో టికెట్స్ ఏపీ, తెలంగాణలో ఉచితంగా ఇస్తున్నాము - చేతన్|date=16 November 2019|work=Idlebrain.com|language=te|location=Hyderabad|access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref> Mohan and Rupesh, short film makers from Visakhapatnam (Vizag), made their feature film debut through this film.<ref name="Production 1"/> The film was entirely shot on an iPhone 7 predominately in Vizag with some portions shot in Hyderabad.<ref name="Social Media">{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/theiphonefilm/?hl=en|title=Beach Road Chetan #theiphonefilm|date=2019|work=Instagram|access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Production 1"/><ref name="Production 2"/> The locations in Vizag included Beach Road, Siripuram and [[Jagadamba Centre|Jagadamba]].<ref name="Production 3">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/chetan-maddinenis-beach-road-chetan-teaser-released/articleshow/71023303.cms|title=Chetan Maddineni's 'Beach Road Chetan' teaser released|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Neeshitha|last=Nyayapati|date=7 September 2019|access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref> The film was named ''Beach Road Chetan'' after the film's main character with Beach Road signifying his youth and also being a significant shooting spot for the film.<ref name="Production 3"/>

''Beach Road Chetan'' was given an [[Central Board of Film Certification#A certificate|A certificate]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/today/beachroadchetancensored.html|title=Beach Road Chetan censored; release date locked|location=Hyderabad|work=Idlebrain.com|date=15 November 2019|access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film has music composed by Samuel J. Benaiah.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beach Road Chetan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Samuel J Benaiah |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/beach-road-chetan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1488597154 |website=[[Apple Music]] |date=19 November 2019}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Degree Mukhyam Kaadhura
| length1 = 3:37
| all_lyrics = Bhatluru Rajaratnam
| extra1 = Simha
| title2 = Swachaga
| length2 = 3:20
| extra2 = Lipsika, Deepu
| title3 = Pedave Pilichene
| length3 = 3:35
| extra3 = [[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra]]
| title4 = Kokkorokko
| length4 = 3:16
| extra4 = [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| total_length = 13:48
}}

== Release ==
The film was released on 22 November 2019 in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana in 200 theatres with the first morning show on release day being free for everyone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/beachroadchetan-with-freemorningshows.html|title=Beach Road Chetan With Free Morning Shows|date=16 November 2019|location=Hyderabad|work=Idlebrain.com|access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/freeticketsforthisfilmsmorningshow.html|title=Free tickets for this film's morning show!|date=15 November 2019|location=Hyderabad|work=Idlebrain.com|access-date=30 June 2025|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607173703/http://idlebrain.com/news/today/freeticketsforthisfilmsmorningshow.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/beach-road-chetan-to-release-with-free-morning-shows/articleshow/72109347.cms|title=Beach Road Chetan to release with free morning shows|work=The Times of India|first=Neeshitha|last=Nyayapati|date=18 November 2019|access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/beach-road-chetan-movie-first-day-first-show-free-for-all/articleshow/72083790.cms|title=మా సినిమా తొలి షో అందరికీ ఫ్రీ.. బంపర్‌ ఆఫర్‌ ఇచ్చిన నిర్మాతలు|work=[[The Times of India|The Times of India Samayam]]|language=te|date=16 November 2019|access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref> The film is available to stream on [[Amazon Prime Video]] since 2020.<ref name="Social Media"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|11296054}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|beach_road_chetan}}

[[Category:2019 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 action thriller films]]

Myladi, Tamil Nadu

2026-03-26T08:21:35Z

Dentaltrendz: enhance article for clarity and updated info

{{Short description|Town in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Myladi/Mylaudy
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| other_name = Art made of Stone
| official_name = Mylaudy
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname = myladi
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|8.155|N|77.505|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|22px]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Tamil Nadu|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = dancing of peacock, English man calls her wife as "mylady"
| government_type = [[Nagar panchayat|Town panchayat]]
| governing_body = Mylaudy Town Panchayat
| leader_title = [[District Collector]]
| leader_name = R.Alagu Meena, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8961
| population_as_of = [[2011 census of India|2011]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 629403
| area_code = 91-4652 & +91
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = TN 74
| website = {{URL|www.mylaudytownpanchayat.nic.in}}
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| leader_name1 = Dr. Stalin, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| leader_title1 = [[Police Commissioner]]
| leader_name2 = [[Vijay Vasanth]]
| leader_title2 = Member of Parliament (MP)
| leader_name3 = [[Thalavai Sundaram]]
| leader_title3 = Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA)
| leader_name4 = Vijayalakshmi Babu
| leader_title4 = Panchayath Leader
}}

'''Mylaudy''' is one of the [[panchayat town|town panchayats]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Myilaudy Town Panchayat- |url=https://www.townpanchayat.in/myilaudy |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=www.townpanchayat.in |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315192734/https://www.townpanchayat.in/myilaudy |url-status=live }}</ref> in [[Kanniyakumari district]] in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is a town rich in fields, mountains, rivers and natural resources.
Before 1950, Mylaudy was part of [[South Travancore]]. Now it is in [[Kanniyakumari district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].

It consist of [[Post office]] (Mylaudy Post office-629403),<ref>{{Cite web |title=MAYILADI Pin Code - 629403, Agastheeswaram All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search KANYAKUMARI Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/tamil-nadu/kanyakumari/mayiladi-pincode-629403.html |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=news.abplive.com |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315192734/https://news.abplive.com/pincode/tamil-nadu/kanyakumari/mayiladi-pincode-629403.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayiladi Sub Post Office, Agastheeswaram 03, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.postoffices.co.in/tamilnadu-tn/mayiladi-agastheeswaram-03-kanyakumari/ |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Post Offices |language=en-US |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315193923/https://www.postoffices.co.in/tamilnadu-tn/mayiladi-agastheeswaram-03-kanyakumari/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Weekly Vegetables Market (Wednesday & Saturday),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mappls.com/rqct3y | title=Weekly Market }}</ref> Assistant Engineer of PWD office, [[TNEB]] Office (Junior Engineer in Tamil nadu Electricity Board Office, Mylaudy),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electricity Department {{!}} Kanniyakumari District, Government of TamilNadu {{!}} India |url=https://kanniyakumari.nic.in/department/electricity-department/page/4/ |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=24 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224053235/https://kanniyakumari.nic.in/department/electricity-department/page/4/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and Mylaudy Village Office<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village Administrator Officer(Mylaudy) {{!}} Kanniyakumari District, Government of TamilNadu {{!}} India |url=https://kanniyakumari.nic.in/directory/a-chenthil-karthikeyan/ |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=24 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224053307/https://kanniyakumari.nic.in/directory/a-chenthil-karthikeyan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> among other facilities.

==Transport Facilities==
* Bus facilities
[[Government of Tamilnadu]] is operating buses from Vadaseri, [[Nagercoil]], [[Aralvaimozhi]], Rajavoor, [[Tiruchendur]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Uvari]], [[Kanyakumari]] ''(1A, 3, 3A, 3B, 3C, 3E, 3F, 3G, V3, 570, 70C, 30C, 30, 33B, 23....)'' (Bus stops in mylaudy)

[[Government of Kerala]] is operating [[KSRTC SWIFT|KSRTC]] bus between Holy Places [[Haripad]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Nagercoil]], [[Suchindram]], [[Mylaudy]], [[Athankarai Dargah|Athankarai Pallivasal]] (Tirunelveli dist).

* Nearest Airport: Trivandrum International & Domestic Airport. Distance is about 74 KM
* Nearest Railway Station: Nagercoil Junction. Distance is about 5 KM

==Uzhavar Santhai==

[[File:uzhavar santhai mylaudy.JPG|thumb|Mylaudy uzhavar santhai]]
There are only 2 uzhavar santhai in Kanyakumari district, one in Vadaseri, Nagercoil, and another in Mylaudy. Mylaudy Market has 60 shops where farmers can sell their products without paying the entrance fees and shop rent.

Generally, the middlemen and wholesale businessmen purchase the Agricultural products from the farmers at a lower price. They also get the commission from the farmers for the transactions made. In turn, fresh vegetables and fruits purchased at the lower price from the farmers are sold out to retail businessmen at higher price and the retail businessmen sell those Agricultural Products further at higher price to the consumers. As a result, the farmers get only the lower price for their produce whereas the consumers have to pay higher price for the same produce. Hence, the Government of Tamilnadu has introduced an alternate scheme of marketing, which is known as “UZHAVAR SANTHAI” in order to derive more benefits to the farmers as well as consumers.

==Marungoor Soora Samharam and mylaudy Arattu fest==
The [[Lord Murugan|Subramania]] Swamy Temple, which is situated atop a small hillock is worth a place to visit. This temple area is called as Kumarapuram thoppur, [[Marungoor]]. Because of Kumaran's (Subramania swamy) name. Shashti and [[Surasamharam]] are the famous festivals at this temple. The famous kandhashashti kavasam festival is very popular over here and celebrated as major festival. after 5 days later [[Lord Murugan|Subramania]] Swamy come to [[mylaudy]] by the silver horse car and bath in Mylaudy river and abishekam with 17 products. Every year it was celebrated only in kanyakumari district after 5 days of [[Surasamharam]] fest.
The people from various place join during the festival. During the festival other religious people also Get together.

== Educational institutions ==
* Ringle Taube Higher Secondary School (est.1809)
* S.M Matriculation Higher Secondary School<ref>{{Cite web | title=S.M Matriculation Higher Secondary School {{endash}} Mylaudy, Kanyakumari | url=http://smmhrsscl.com/ | access-date=2025-07-18 | website=smmhrsscl.com}}</ref>
* Moses Matriculation Higher Secondary School (former: Joseph School)
* Government Primary School (Mylaudy west)
* Government Primary School (Mylaudy East)
* Mount Litera CBSE School Mylaudy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mountliteraschool.edu.in/|title=Mount Litera Zee School Mylaudy}}</ref>
* Arokia Annai Academy Secondary CBSE School<ref>{{Cite web | title=Top CBSE School in Kanniyakumari | url=http://www.aaacbseschool.in/ | access-date=2025-07-18 | website=www.aaacbseschool.in}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of India|Demographics of Tamil Nadu|Demographics of Kerala}}
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Mylaudy had a population of 8961. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Myladi has an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 76%, and female literacy is 68%. In Mylaudy, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. Here religions like Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam are followed.

{{bar box|title=Literacy rate 72%|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Sex|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|
Male|Red|76}}{{bar percent|Female|Blue|68}}}}

The [[Ringeltaube Vethamonikam Memorial Church, Mylaudy|Ringeltaube Vethamonikam Memorial Church]] here,<ref>{{Cite web|title=CSI Mylaudy {{!}} Home|url=http://www.csimylaudy.com/|access-date=2021-05-11|website=www.csimylaudy.com|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129222548/http://csimylaudy.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> founded by [[William Tobias Ringeltaube|Christian missionary William Tobias Ringeltaube]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=CHIRGWIN|first=Arthur Mitchell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjT6MgEACAAJ|title=Ringletaube [sic]. [An Account of William Tobias Ringeltaube.].|date=1926|publisher=London Missionary Society|language=en}}</ref> is one of the largest and oldest churches in India, 1st CSI Church in [[South Travancore]].

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Tamil Nadu}}
[[File:Marmor-spalten.jpg|thumb|Splitting a block of marble with plug and feathers]]
Stone sculpture, stone cutting with large machine's, stone temple making is famous in Mylaudy.<ref name="issuu.com">{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/aswinskumar1998/docs/ar._portfolio|title=Stone makings of god in mylaudy|date=23 February 2021 }}</ref> famous for making many God's statute next to [[Mahabalipuram]]. Kattabomman statue in [[Kayatharu]] and Thiruvalluvar statue in Chennai were created in Myaudy. Mylaudy sirpi's were skilled in carving idols in one stone. Mylaudy stone sculpture got [[geographical indications | geographical indications in Tamil Nadu]] on March 31, 2023.<ref name="search.ipindia.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/428|title=Details | Geographical Indications | Intellectual Property India|access-date=24 August 2024|archive-date=11 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111213849/https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/428|url-status=live}}</ref> [[coconut]], [[Paddy field|paddy]] is a major plantation. Mylaudy is surrounded by two mountains ([[Western Ghats]], Eastern Ghats) and scientists says there is no possibilities of earthquake in Mylaudy followed by [[Tsunami]].

[[File:MarinaBeach Thiruvalluvar statue 2Feb2013.jpg|thumb|Thiruvalluvar statue in marina beach]]

== Notable people ==
# Sivanandi Rajadurai
# {{ill|S.M. Rajendran |qid=Q36681670|short=yes}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kanyakumari district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Villages in Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Kanniyakumari-geo-stub}}

Varamala

2026-03-23T13:21:18Z

Dentaltrendz:

{{Short description|Sanskrit term for a wedding garland}}
{{About|the Indian wedding garland|The Kannada actress|Jaimala (actress)}}
[[File:Exchange of Garlands IMG 3901 1.jpg|thumb|A modern jayamala ceremony during a Hindu wedding.]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

A '''varamala''' ({{Langx|sa|वरमाला|lit=boon garland|translit=Varamālā}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ratra |first=Amiteshwar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XV5iBV_pYm0C&dq=varamala&pg=PA157 |title=Marriage and Family: In Diverse and Changing Scenario |date=2006 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7629-758-5 |pages=157 |language=en}}</ref> or a '''jayamala''' ({{Langx|sa|जयमाला|lit=victory garland|translit=Jayamālā}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Mandakranta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Ar2Qfr-UeQC&dq=jayamala+garland&pg=PA174 |title=The Ramayana Revisited |date=2004-09-30 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-516832-7 |pages=174 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shrinivasan |first=A. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5emDwAAQBAJ&dq=jayamala+wedding&pg=PT203 |title=The Vedic Wedding Book |date=2019-08-01 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-570-7 |pages=203 |language=en}}</ref> is an [[Ancient India]]n garland that is most commonly associated with its eponymous ritual during a [[Hindu wedding]] ceremony.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mittal |first1=Sushil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdBFq2Ia79AC&dq=hindu+garland+funerals&pg=PA315 |title=Studying Hinduism: Key Concepts and Methods |last2=Thursby |first2=Gene |date=2009-01-19 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-41829-9 |pages=315 |language=en}}</ref> Traditionally, a varamala is made of roses and other flowers,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malamud |first=Randy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7gY6EAAAQBAJ&dq=jaimala+flowers&pg=PT12 |title=Strange Bright Blooms: A History of Cut Flowers |date=2021-09-27 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78914-421-5 |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref> though modern variations exist, such as garlands made from [[rupee]] notes, and other regional traditions.

The jayamala ceremony is a well-known ritual during a [[Hindu wedding]], where a bride and a groom exchange garlands, as an indication of acceptance of each other as their spouse, and a pledge to respect them throughout the rest of their lives.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Capo |first=Ava Laboy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjwfAgAAQBAJ&dq=jaimala+meaning&pg=PA116 |title=Wedding Traditions from Around the World |date=2013-11-15 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4918-3545-6 |pages=116 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=Bansi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PT5h4IjBMk0C&dq=rose+garland+hindu&pg=PA121 |title=Explore Hinduism |date=2005 |publisher=Heart of Albion |isbn=978-1-872883-81-6 |pages=121 |language=en}}</ref>

== Hinduism ==
During the [[Samudra Manthana]]m, the legend of the churning of the ocean, the newly emerged [[Lakshmi]] garlands [[Vishnu]] with her varamala of lotus flowers, accepting him to be her divine consort.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vaswani |first=J. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ePNvEAAAQBAJ&dq=varmala+garland&pg=PT98 |title=Stories with a difference from the Bhagavata Purana |date=2019-06-20 |publisher=Gita Publishing House |isbn=978-93-86004-23-9 |pages=98 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:This wedding took place in the presence of Janaka, father of Sita and Guru of Rama - Museu do Oriente - Lisbon, Portugal - DSC06649.JPG|alt=Varmala of Sita and Rama|thumb|281x281px|Exhibit of Rama and Sita exchanging varamalas.]]In the [[Ramayana]], [[Sita]] places a varamala around the neck of [[Rama]] after he wins her hand in the [[Sita Swayamvara]], breaking the [[Pinaka (Hinduism)|Pinaka]] bow.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Bulbul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=on_ZhlB5taUC&dq=sita+rama+garland&pg=PA91 |title=The Book of Devi |date=June 2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-306766-5 |pages=90–91 |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[Mahabharata]], [[Draupadi]] chooses [[Arjuna]] to be her husband by garlanding him during her svayamvara.<ref>Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. pp. 136–137. {{verify source |date=September 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/909951530 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot in plain-text form. The original cite can be found at Special:Permalink/909052788 (or in a rev close it it) as cite #8 - find and verify the cite and replace this template with it (4). [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref>

[[File:Siva Parvati Kalyanam(originally Meenakshi Sundareswara Wedding).JPG|alt=Shiva Parvati Vivah(Wedding Ceremony)|thumb|Parvati and Shiva wearing varamalas during their [[Hindu wedding|kalyanam]].]]
The wedding of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] is also described to have occurred with the ritual of the garland exchange.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lutgendorf |first=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19zvfkwXyzUC&dq=parvati+garland+shiva+wedding&pg=PA94 |title=The Life of a Text: Performing the Rāmcaritmānas of Tulsidas |date=1991 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06690-8 |pages=94 |language=en}}</ref>

A [[gandharva marriage]] in Hinduism is a non-righteous form of marriage recognised by the [[Manusmriti]], where lovers marry by exchanging garlands, without the consent of their families or performance of rituals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sachdeva |first=G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9V35DwAAQBAJ&dq=varamala+wedding&pg=PA73 |title=Sacred and Profane: Unusual Customs and Strange Rituals |date=2020-09-23 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5388-517-5 |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian wedding}}
{{Bengali wedding}}

[[Category:Indian wedding traditions]]
[[Category:Flowers in religion]]

2014 CFL Premier Division

2026-03-21T18:30:32Z

Dentaltrendz: added the info needs work

{{Short description|Calcutta Football League season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = CFL Premier Division A
| logo =
| image =
| pixels = 250
| alt =
| caption =
| season = 2014–15
| winners = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] (36th title)
| promoted =
| relegated =
| matches =
| matches footnote =
| total goals =
| total goals footnote =
| average goals =
| best player =
| league topscorer =
| best goalkeeper =
| biggest home win =
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring =
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest winless =
| longest losses =
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason = [[2013 CFL Premier Division|2013]]
| nextseason = [[2015 CFL Premier Division|2015]]
}}

The '''2014 [[Calcutta Football League]] Premier Division A''' was the 116th season of the CFL Premier Division, a state league within the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]]. The season kicked off on 16 September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kolkata local league gets a title sponsor|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kolkata-local-league-gets-a-title-sponsor-115080301140_1.html|website=business-standard.com|accessdate=16 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Premier League Group B results|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_2015_premier_divn/group_b.html#horizontalTab3|website=kolkatafootball.com|accessdate=7 August 2015}}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] won the title for a record 36th time and also created a record by clinching the title for the 5th consecutive time.

==Standings==
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=football
|update=complete
|show_limit=5
|source=[https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/calcutta-premier-division/20152016/group-a/r31949/ Soccerway]

|team1=KEB |team2=MMB |team3=TOL |team4=MSC |team5=ARM |team6=KMS |team7=SOU |team8=BNR |team9=PAC |team10=SAI |team11=ARN
|result1=C |result10=R |result11=R


|win_ARM=6 |draw_ARM=1 |loss_ARM=3 |gf_ARM=19 |ga_ARM=13 |status_ARM= 
|win_ARN=0 |draw_ARN=4 |loss_ARN=6 |gf_ARN=5 |ga_ARN=14 |status_ARN=R 
|win_BNR=1 |draw_BNR=4 |loss_BNR=5 |gf_BNR=10 |ga_BNR=19 |status_BNR= 
|win_KEB=8 |draw_KEB=1 |loss_KEB=1 |gf_KEB=27 |ga_KEB=8 |status_KEB=C 
|win_KMS=3 |draw_KMS=4 |loss_KMS=3 |gf_KMS=14 |ga_KMS=15 |status_KMS= 
|win_MMB=8 |draw_MMB= |loss_MMB=2 |gf_MMB=19 |ga_MMB= 9 |status_MMB= 
|win_MSC=6 |draw_MSC=2 |loss_MSC=2 |gf_MSC=17 |ga_MSC=12 |status_MSC= 
|win_PAC=1|draw_PAC=3 |loss_PAC=6 |gf_PAC=5 |ga_PAC=18 |status_PAC= 
|win_SAI=1 |draw_SAI=2 |loss_SAI=7 |gf_SAI=9 |ga_SAI=22 |status_SAI=R 
|win_SOU=2 |draw_SOU=2 |loss_SOU=6 |gf_SOU=8 |ga_SOU=20 |status_SOU= 
|win_TOL=7 |draw_TOL=1 |loss_TOL=2 |gf_TOL=24 |ga_TOL=7 |stauts_TOL= 


|name_ARM=[[Army Red football team|Army XI]]
|name_ARN=[[Aryan FC|Aryan]]
|name_BNR=[[Bengal Nagpur Railway FC|Bengal Nagpur Railway]]
|name_KEB=[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|name_KMS=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]]
|name_MSC=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|name_MMB=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|name_PAC=Police A.C.
|name_SAI=[[Sports Authority of India|SAI Darjeeling]]
|name_SOU=[[Southern Samity]]
|name_TOL=[[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]


|res_col_header=QR
|col_C=#ccffcc |text_C=[[Champion]]
|col_R=red1 |text_R=Relegation to [[2016 CFL Premier Division#Premier Division B|Group B]]
}}</onlyinclude>

==Results==

{{#invoke:Sports results|main
|update=complete
|source=[https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/calcutta-premier-division/20152016/group-a/r31949/ Soccerway]
|matches_style=FBR
|team1=ARM |team2=ARN |team3=BNR |team4=KEB |team5=KMS |team6=MSC |team7=MMB |team8=PAC |team9=SAI |team10=SOU |team11=TOL


|name_ARM=[[Army Red football team|Army XI]]
|name_ARN=[[Aryan FC|Aryan]]
|name_BNR=[[Bengal Nagpur Railway FC|Bengal Nagpur Railway]]
|name_KEB=[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|name_KMS=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]]
|name_MSC=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|name_MMB=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|name_PAC=Police A.C.
|name_SAI=[[Sports Authority of India|SAI Darjeeling]]
|name_SOU=[[Southern Samity]]
|name_TOL=[[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]


|short_ARM=[[Army Red football team|ARM]]
|short_ARN=[[Aryan FC|ARN]]
|short_BNR=[[Bengal Nagpur Railway FC|BNR]]
|short_KEB=[[East Bengal FC|KEB]]
|short_GTL=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]]
|short_MSC=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|MSC]]
|short_MMB=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|MMB]]
|short_PAC=PAC
|short_SAI=[[Sports Authority of India|SAI]]
|short_SOU=[[Southern Samity|SOU]]
|short_TOL=[[Tollygunge Agragami FC|TOL]]


|match_ARM_ARN=3–1
|match_ARM_BNR=1–0
|match_ARM_KEB=1–4
|match_ARM_KMS=5–0
|match_ARM_MSC=2–1
|match_ARM_MMB=4–2
|match_ARM_PAC=1–1
|match_ARM_SAI=2–0
|match_ARM_SOU=2–0
|match_ARM_TOL=2–1


|match_ARN_ARM=1–3
|match_ARN_BNR=2–2
|match_ARN_KEB=1–2
|match_ARN_KMS=0–0
|match_ARN_MSC=0–2
|match_ARN_MMB=0–1
|match_ARN_PAC=0–0
|match_ARN_SAI=1–1
|match_ARN_SOU=0–1
|match_ARN_TOL=0–2


|match_BNR_ARM=0–1
|match_BNR_ARN=2–2
|match_BNR_KEB=1–4
|match_BNR_KMS=1–1
|match_BNR_MSC=1–1
|match_BNR_MMB=1–2
|match_BNR_PAC=0–0
|match_BNR_SAI=1–4
|match_BNR_SOU=3–1
|match_BNR_TOL=0–3


|match_KEB_ARM=4–1
|match_KEB_ARN=2–1
|match_KEB_BNR=4–1
|match_KEB_KMS=1–1
|match_KEB_MSC=0–1
|match_KEB_MMB=3-1
|match_KEB_PAC=4–1
|match_KEB_SAI=6–0
|match_KEB_SOU=1–0
|match_KEB_TOL=2–1


|match_KMS_ARM=0–5
|match_KMS_ARN=0–0
|match_KMS_BNR=1–1
|match_KMS_KEB=1–1
|match_KMS_MSC=1–3
|match_KMS_MMB=0–2
|match_KMS_PAC=6–1
|match_KMS_SAI=3–2
|match_KMS_SOU=2-0
|match_KMS_TOL=0–0


|match_MSC_ARM=1-2
|match_MSC_ARN=2-0
|match_MSC_BNR=1-1
|match_MSC_KEB=1-0
|match_MSC_KMS=3-1
|match_MSC_MMB=2–1
|match_MSC_PAC=1–0
|match_MSC_SAI=1–0
|match_MSC_SOU=2–2
|match_MSC_TOL=3–5


|match_MMB_ARM=1-2
|match_MMB_ARN=1-0
|match_MMB_BNR=2-1
|match_MMB_KEB=1-3
|match_MMB_KMS=2-0
|match_MMB_MSC=1-2
|match_MMB_PAC=3–0
|match_MMB_SAI=1–0
|match_MMB_SOU=3–1
|match_MMB_TOL=1-01


|match_PAC_ARM=1-1
|match_PAC_ARN=0–0
|match_PAC_BNR=0–0
|match_PAC_KEB=1–4
|match_PAC_KMS=1–6
|match_PAC_MSC=0–1
|match_PAC_MMB=0–3
|match_PAC_SAI=1–0
|match_PAC_SOU=0–1
|match_PAC_TOL=1–2


|match_SAI_ARM=0–2
|match_SAI_ARN=1–1
|match_SAI_BNR=4–1
|match_SAI_KEB=0–6
|match_SAI_KMS=2–3
|match_SAI_MSC=0–1
|match_SAI_MMB=0–1
|match_SAI_PAC=0–1
|match_SAI_SOU=2–2
|match_SAI_TOL=0–4


|match_SOU_ARM=0–2
|match_SOU_ARN=1–0
|match_SOU_BNR=1–3
|match_SOU_KEB=0–1
|match_SOU_KMS=0–2
|match_SOU_MSC=2–2
|match_SOU_MMB=1–3
|match_SOU_PAC=1–0
|match_SOU_SAI=2–2
|match_SOU_TOL=0–5


|match_TOL_ARM=1–2
|match_TOL_ARN=2–0
|match_TOL_BNR=3–0
|match_TOL_KEB=1–2
|match_TOL_KMS=0–0
|match_TOL_MSC=3–5
|match_TOL_MMB=0–1
|match_TOL_PAC=2–1
|match_TOL_SAI=4–0
|match_TOL_SOU=5–0
}}

==Top scorers==
{{updated|16 September 2014}}
Source:[http://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_2015_premier_divn/group_a.html kolkatafootball.com]

;8 goals
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Dudu Omagbemi]] ([[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]])
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]] ([[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]])
;7 goals
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Ranti Martins]] ([[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]])
;5 goals
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Ashim Biswas (footballer)|Ashim Biswas]] ([[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]])
* {{flagicon|CMR}} [[Pierre Boya]] ([[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]])
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Oluwaunmi Somide]] ([[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]])
;4 goals
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Koko Sakibo]] ([[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]])
;3 goals
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Taro Hasegawa]] ([[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]])

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Calcutta Premier Division}}
{{2014–15 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2014 CFL Premier Division}}
[[Category:CFL Premier Division seasons]]
[[Category:2014–15 in Indian football leagues|Cal]]
[[Category:2014–15 in Indian football]]

Jaganmohini (2009 film)

2026-03-19T06:30:38Z

Dentaltrendz: formatting fix

{{short description|2009 Indian Tamil horror film by N. K. Viswanathan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Jaganmohini 2009.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[N. K. Viswanathan]]
| writer = Pugazhmani (dialogues)
| based_on = ''[[Jaganmohini (1951 film)|Jaganmohini]]'' (Kannada)
| producer = H. Murali
| starring = [[Raja (Telugu actor)|Raja]] [[Namitha]] [[Meera Chopra|Nila]]
| cinematography = N. K. Viswanathan
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Murali Cine Arts
| released = {{Film date|2009|10|16|df=y}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Jaganmohini''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Historical fiction|historical]] [[horror film]] directed by [[N. K. Viswanathan]]. It is based on [[B. Vittalacharya]]'s 1978 Telugu film [[Jaganmohini (1978 film)|of the same name]] which itself was a remake of the 1951 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Jaganmohini (1951 film)|Jaganmohini]]''. The film stars [[Raja (Telugu actor)|Raja]], [[Namitha]] and [[Meera Chopra]], credited as Nila. It was partially reshot into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] with the same name, with [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] replacing [[Vadivelu]] and [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] replacing [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]].

== Plot ==

The film begins at Pachai Theevu, ruled by a mighty king (Narasimha Raju). His son and prince Jagathalapradhapan (Raja) is a valorous youth who sets out on a mission to capture pirates in the sea. He lands at Sangu Theevu, where the head of the sea pirates Alai Kallan lives. Jagathalapradhapan comes across Mohini (Namitha) from the local fishing community on the island. Romance blossoms between them. Jagathalapradhapan manages to capture Alai Kallan and decides to return to his country. He promises Mohini that he would bring his parents to arrange for their wedding. However the King and his wife Mangayarkarasi (Yuvarani) arranges for their son's marriage with a princess Azhagu Nachiyar (Nila). Jagathalapradhapan tries hard to convince his parents that he would marry only Mohini.

To put an end to the problem, the king and his wife hatch a conspiracy and kills Mohini while she is in underwater using thugs. Enters a cruel [[Tantra|tantrik]] (Kota Sreenivasa Rao), who uses the feud between Jagathalapradhapan and Alai Kallan and plans to kill Jagathalapradhapan and thereby get the ultimate power to rule the world. But all his plans are altered when Mohini's spirit comes back to earth. She prevents tantrum to near Jagathalaprathapan. Meanwhile, Mohini wishes to kill Jagathalaprathapan by luring him to have sex with her in an isolated forest so that she can unite with him in heaven, but the plan gets spoiled by Azhagu Nachiyar's smart tricks. Tantrik wants to kill Jagathalaprathapan using Alaikalan so that Goddess will get happy and grant his wish, but instead Jagathalaprathapan kills Alaikalan diverting it. Goddess wants him to ask his wish and she asks for Mohini to get back to her body but it's naturally impossible. Instead she inserts her soul into Azhagu Nachiyar's as alternative so that she gets "motcham" (salvation). They happily rule the kingdom ever after in the end.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Raja Abel|Raja]] as Jagathalapradhapan
* [[Namitha]] as Jaganmohini
* [[Meera Chopra|Nila]] as Azhagu Nachiyar
* [[Vadivelu]] as Jaganmohan
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Sidhar
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as Indrajith
* [[Narasimharaju (Telugu actor)|Narasimha Raju]] as the King
* [[Yuvarani]] as Mangayarkarasi
* [[Jyothi Lakshmi]] as Jaganmohini and Jaganmohan's mother
* [[Bala Singh]]
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Jaganmohan's Assistant
* Shobana as Koda Molakki Kokila
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Azhagu Nachiyar's brother
* [[Alex (actor)|Alex]]
* [[Suruli Manohar]]
* [[Crane Manohar]]
}}

== Production ==
Producer H. Murali said Namitha was the only choice for playing the title character because the team felt she had both glam and acting skills. While the film acts as a remake, minor changes were made to "suit the times". The scene where Jaganmohini harvests pearls underwater was filmed at [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2008 |title=Jaganmohini returns |url=https://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/08/29/stories/2008082950050400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013105920/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/08/29/stories/2008082950050400.htm |archive-date=13 October 2008 |access-date=28 February 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jagan Mohini (2009) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/jagan-mohini-songs-T0001998 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928120346/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/jagan-mohini-songs-T0001998 |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=29 June 2020 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The audio was launched in August 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2009 |title='Jaganmohini' audio launched |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2009/Aug/25/jaganmohini-audio-launched-80450.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250220114148/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2009/Aug/25/jaganmohini-audio-launched-80450.html |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Ponmanatheril" || [[Bela Shende]] || rowspan=2|[[Na. Muthukumar]]
|-
| "Nilavu Varum" || Ujjaini, [[Shweta Mohan]]
|-
| "Poothadu Poo" || [[Rita Thyagarajan|Rita]], [[Rahul Nambiar]] || rowspan=3|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|-
| "Kattikitta" || Nancy Vincent, Rahul Nambiar, Chorus
|-
| "Unnai Vittal" || [[K. S. Chithra]]
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Jaganmohini'' was previously scheduled to release on 15 June 2009,<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2009 |title=Jaganmohini to release on June 15 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Apr/16/jaganmohini-to-release-on-june-15-41609.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250220114201/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Apr/16/jaganmohini-to-release-on-june-15-41609.html |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> and 25 September,<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2009 |title=Namita's 'Jaganmohini' to hit screen on Sept 25 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2009/Sep/21/namitas-jaganmohini-to-hit-screen-on-sept-25-88217.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250220114244/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2009/Sep/21/namitas-jaganmohini-to-hit-screen-on-sept-25-88217.html |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> but the [[Madras High Court]] put a stay on its release until 15 October due to the producer's financial debts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2009 |title=HC stays release of Jaganmohini |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2009/Oct/14/hc-stays-release-of-jaganmohini-94651.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250220114239/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2009/Oct/14/hc-stays-release-of-jaganmohini-94651.html |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "With its silly storyline and terrible costumes, ''Jaganmohini'' is a half-baked remake of the original, with plenty of skin-show and terrible graphics".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=19 October 2009 |title=''Jaganmohini'' is a half-baked remake |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-movie-review/20091019.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630150832/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-movie-review/20091019.htm |archive-date=30 June 2020 |access-date=29 June 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "The basic trouble with the film is that story and presentation of NK Viswanathan is outdated with tacky special effects that have the audiences jeering. The film simply doesn’t work".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaganmohini |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14915729&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091023042247/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14915729&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=23 October 2009 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "with all the technical advancement over the years since the earlier version, one expects the special effects to be of a much higher quality and provide more thrill and fun".<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2009 |title=Jaganmohini |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2009/Oct/19/jaganmohini-95797.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250220170450/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2009/Oct/19/jaganmohini-95797.html |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Big technicians have aided director Viswanathan who deserves credit for his camera work. But he could have worked more on the script".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=23 October 2009 |title=Will the recipe work? |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/10/23/stories/2009102350070200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091128064837/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/10/23/stories/2009102350070200.htm |archive-date=28 November 2009 |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Post-release, Chopra expressed displeasure with the fact that many of her scenes were deleted from the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sangeetha |first=P |date=11 February 2012 |title=Meera Chopra makes debut with Sunny Deol |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/meera-chopra-makes-debut-with-sunny-deol/articleshow/11836204.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/NR3a9 |archive-date=22 December 2024 |access-date=22 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2000s historical horror films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by N. K. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Indian historical horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Niranam

2026-03-17T16:20:47Z

Dentaltrendz: adding a data - done

{{Short description|Diocese of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
[[File:St Mary's Church Niranam.jpg|thumb|[[Niranam Church|St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Niranam]]]]
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction =
|name = Diocese of Niranam
|image = Malankara Emblem.png
|imagewidth =
|alt =
|caption = '''Catholicate Emblem'''
|country = [[India]]
|headquarters = Bethany Aramana, Thiruvalla, Kerala – 689 101
|coordinates =
|denomination =
|border = Orthodox
|territory = [[Niranam]]
|metropolitan = H. G. [[Yuhanon Chrysostamos|Yuhanon Mar Chrysostamos]]
|established = 1876, by [[Ignatius Peter IV]]
|website = [https://mosc.in/dioceses/diocese-of-niranam/ Niranam Diocese]
|first_incumbent = [[Gregorios of Parumala]]
|diocese = Niranam Diocese
|rite = [[Malankara Rite]]
|bishop =
|parent_church = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
}}

The '''Diocese of Niranam''' is one of the 32 [[diocese]] of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] located at [[Niranam]], [[Kerala]], India.

==History==
The Diocese of Niranam is created in 1876 with 22 parishes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dioceseofniranam.org/260/377/about-diocese/brief-history |title=History of the Diocese |publisher=dioceseofniranam.org |date= |accessdate=2012-11-24}}</ref> The first [[Metropolitan Bishop| Metropolitan]] of the diocese was [[Gheevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala|Parumala Mar Gregorios]] who was later declared by the Holy Synod in 1947 as the saint of the church. Parumala Seminary was the first Diocesan Headquarters.

Today there are 76 parishes and 6 chapels in the [[diocese]]. [[Niranam Church|St. Mary's Orthodox Church]], [[Niranam]] popularly known as Niranam Valiyapally, which is believed to be established by [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas the Apostle]] in AD 54 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://niranamchurch.com/NiranamChurch.htm |title=Niranam Valiyapally - St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Church, Niranam |publisher=Niranamchurch.com |date= |accessdate=2012-11-24}}</ref> is a parish under the Niranam diocese. The [[diocese]] controls Karunagiri M.G.D Ashram, Balabhavan, Thiruvalla Marthamariam Mandiram Hostel and Aged Home.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dioceseofniranam.org/260/377/about-diocese/brief-history |title=History of the Diocese |publisher=dioceseofniranam.org |date= |accessdate=2012-11-24}}</ref>

The diocesan headquarters is at Bethany Aramana, Thiruvalla. In 2023, the present Metropolitan is [[Yuhanon Chrysostamos| Dr. Yuhanon Mar Crysostomos]].<ref>[https://www.kalloopparapally.com/new_bishops.html Kalloopparapally Church website, Retrieved 2023-05-31]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=185&Itemid=313 |title=Diocesan Bishop
|publisher=malankaraorthodoxchurch.in |date= |accessdate=2012-11-24}}</ref>

==Diocesan Metropolitan==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
|-
! colspan="4" style="background-color: #7F1734; color: white;" | Niranam Orthodox Diocesan Metropolitan
|-
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 15%;" | From
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 15%;" | Until
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 35%;" | Metropolitan
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 35%;" | Notes

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 10-Dec-1876
| style="text-align: center;" | 02-Nov-1902
| [[Gregorios of Parumala|Saint Gregorios of Parumala]]
| Saint of the church and first Indian origin to declared as Saint, entombed at [[Parumala Church]]

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 02-Nov-1902
| style="text-align: center;" | 11-Jul-1909
| [[Pulikkottil Joseph Mar Dionysious II]]
| [[Malankara Metropolitan]], entombed at [[Orthodox Pazhaya Seminary|Pazhaya Seminary]], [[Kottayam]]

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 11-Jul-1909
| style="text-align: center;" | 1912
| [[Geevarghese Mar Dionysius of Vattasseril]]
| [[Malankara Metropolitan]], entombed at [[Orthodox Pazhaya Seminary|Pazhaya Seminary]], [[Kottayam]]

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1912
| style="text-align: center;" | 1933
| [[Baselios Geevarghese II|Geevarghese Mar Gregorios]]
| Later [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan]], entombed at Aramana Chapel, Devalokam

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1933
| style="text-align: center;" | 1937
| Joseph Mar Severios, Valakkuzhiyil
| Joined Syro Malankara Catholic Church in 1937

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1937
| style="text-align: center;" | 1940
| '''[[Baselios Geevarghese II]]'''
| [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan]], entombed at Aramana Chapel, Devalokam

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1940
| style="text-align: center;" | 1972
| Thoma Mar Dionysius
| Entombed at Mount Tabor Dayara, [[Pathanapuram]]

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1972
| style="text-align: center;" | 1975
| [[Baselios Augen I]]
| [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan]], entombed at Aramana Chapel, Devalokam

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1975
| style="text-align: center;" | 1976
| [[Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews I]]
| [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan]], entombed at Aramana Chapel, Devalokam

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1976
| style="text-align: center;" | 2007
| [[Geevarghese Mar Osthathios]]
| Entombed at St. Paul's Mission Chapel, [[Mavelikkara]]

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 2007
| style="text-align: center;" | Present
| [[Yuhanon Chrysostamos|Yuhanon Mar Chrysostamos]]
| 10th Metropolitan of the diocese
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
|-
! colspan="4" style="background-color: #7F1734; color: white;" | Assistant Metropolitan
|-
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 15%;" | From
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 15%;" | Until
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 35%;" | Metropolitan
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 35%;" | Notes

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1972
| style="text-align: center;" | 1975
| Mathews Mar Athanasius
| Assistant metropolitan

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 2005
| style="text-align: center;" | 2007
| [[Yuhanon Chrysostamos|Yuhanon Mar Chrysostamos]]
| Assistant metropolitan
|}

==List of Parishes==
{{div col}}
* St. George Orthodox Church, Kattappuram, [[Thiruvalla]]
* St. Thomas Orthodox Church, [[Alappuzha]]
* St. George Orthodox Church, [[Anaprambal|Anaprampal]]
* Mar Baselios Orthodox Church, [[Anicadu (Pathanamthitta)|Anicad]]
* St. Thomas Sleeba Orthodox Church, Anjilithanam
* St George Orthodox Church, [[Chengaroor]]
* St. George Orthodox Valiyapally, [[Chennithala]]
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Chennithala South
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Elavumkal
* St George Orthodox Church, Erathodu [[Veeyapuram]]
* St. Thomas Orthodox Church, [[Eraviperoor]]
* St. George Orthodox Church, [[Kadamankulam]]
* St. George Orthodox Church, [[Kadapra]] Bethlehem
* St. Thomas Orthodox Church, Kadapra-Mannar
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Kaipatta
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Kallooppara
* St. Stephen's Orthodox Church, Kallooppara
* St. George Orthodox Church, Karakkal
* Sleeba Orthodox Church, Kaviyoor
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Kuttoor
* St. Mary's Sehion Orthodox Church, Kunnamthanam, Vallamala
* St. George Orthodox Church, Vellampoika, Kunnamthanam
* Mar Gregorios Orthodox Church, Kuttapuzha
* St. John's Orthodox Church, Mallappally Bethany
* Marthamariam Orthodox Church, Mannar
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Manthanam
* St. Stephen's Orthodox Church, Meethalakara
* St. Kuriakose Orthodox Church, Melpadom
* St. John's Orthodox Valiyapally, Mepral
* St. Elias Orthodox Church, Kalikavu, Mepral
* Mar Gregorios Orthodox Church, Mundiapally
* St. Kuriakose Orthodox Church, Mundukuzhy
* St. George Orthodox Church, Muthoor
* St. George Orthodox Church, Mylamon
* St. George Orthodox Church, [[Nedumpuram|Nedumpram]]
* St. George Orthodox Church, Nedumpram Vengal
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Nellimoode Bethany
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Niranam
* St. Thomas Orthodox Church, Vadakkumbhagom, [[Niranam]]
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Panayampala North
* St. Stephen's Orthodox Church, Panayampala South
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Pandankery
* St. Peter's Sehion Orthodox Church, Parumala Seminary
* St. Thomas Orthodox Church, [[Parumala]]
* St. George Orthodox Church, Parumala
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Parumala
* St Peter's & Paul’s Orthodox Church, Pathicadu
* St. Thomas Orthodox Church, Pavukkara
* St. George Orthodox Church, Perumpettimon
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Pulikeezhu
* St John's Orthodox Church, [[Punnavely|Punnaveli]]
* St. Mary's Oorsalem Orthodox Church, Puramattom
* St. Kuriakose Orthodox Church, [[Puramattam|Puramattom]]
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Thalakulam
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Kizhakkekara, [[Thalavady]]
* St. Stephen's Orthodox Church, Thalavady
* St. Thomas Orthodox Church, Thalavady West
* St. George Orthodox Church, Thengeli
* Baselios Mar Gregorios Orthodox Church, Thirumoolapuram
* St. Mulk Orthodox Church, [[Kavumbhagom]], [[Thiruvalla]]
* St. George Orthodox Church, Paliakkara, Thiruvalla
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Valanjavattom
* St Mary's Orthodox Church, Valanjavattom East
* St. George Orthodox Church, Valanjavattom West
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Veeyapuram
* St. George Orthodox Church, Vengal Bethany
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, [[Venpala]]
* Mar Baselios Orthodox Church, Kudakkapathal
* Mar Yacob Burdhana Orthodox Church, Murani
* Mar Baselios Orthodox Church, [[Thelliyoor]]
* St. John's Orthodox Church, [[Vennikulam]] Bethany
* St. George Orthodox Church, Vennikulam Muthupala
* St. Behanans Orthodox Church, Vennikulam
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Vennikulam
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Dioceses of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church}}

==External links==
* [http://dioceseofniranam.org Website of Niranam Diocese]
* [http://mosc.in Website of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church dioceses]]
[[Category:1876 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Dioceses established in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Oriental Orthodox dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Dioceses in Kerala]]

K.R. Mangalam University

2026-03-12T05:31:25Z

Dentaltrendz:

{{Short description|Private university in Haryana, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=January 2022}}
{{Primary sources|date=March 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| motto = The Complete World of Education
| name = K. R. Mangalam University
| established = 2013
| image = K.R. Mangalam University logo.svg
| chairman = Yashdev Gupta
| chancellor = [[Dinesh Singh (academic)|Dinesh Singh]]
| vice_chancellor = Raghuvir Singh
| academic_staff = 700+
| students =
| city = [[Gurugram]]
| type = [[Nonprofit Organization|Not-for-profit]] [[Private University|private]]
| campus_type = Urban
| campus_size = {{convert|35|acre}}
| colours = {{Color box|#0060AA}}{{Color box|#E31E24}} Blue and Red
| nickname = KRMU
| affiliations = UGC, AIU
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|28.2712|77.0679|display=inline, title}}
| website = {{URL|http://krmangalam.edu.in}}
}}
'''K. R. Mangalam University''', a NAAC A–accredited private university, is located in Gurugram district, India. The university was established in 2013 by the K. R. Mangalam Group through the Haryana Private Universities (Amendment) Act, 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The University|url=https://krmangalam.edu.in/overview|access-date=2021-01-08|website=krmangalam.edu.in|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128085455/https://www.krmangalam.edu.in/overview|url-status=live}}</ref> The university is approved by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission (UGC)]] and is competent to award degrees as instructed by the UGC under section 22 of the UGC Act, 1956.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.krmangalamuniv.com/rgupta11/krmugcperforma/Act%20and%20Gazette%20Notification.pdf | title=The Haryana private universities (amendment) act, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525073803/http://www.krmangalamuniv.com/rgupta11/krmugcperforma/Act%20and%20Gazette%20Notification.pdf | archive-date=25 May 2015 }}</ref>

== Campus ==

The K.R. Mangalam University campus is located on Sohna Road, [[Gurugram]], Haryana. A campus of over {{convert|35|acre}} is {{cvt|39.9|km}} away from [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] via [[National Highway 248A (India)|NH248A]] and [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH48]]. The university is between the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli Hills]] and is connected with the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] within proximity. Facilities at KRMU include a library, Amphitheatre classrooms, conference rooms, computer labs, an engineering kitchen, subsidized buses, and a Wi-Fi enabled campus.

K.R. Mangalam University has a separate girls' and boys' hostel with full-time security. The campus provides a designated area for extra-curricular activities, such as a football field, cricket pitch, badminton and tennis courts, an indoor sports area, theatre space, and more. The university also has a gym. The campus is fully secured under 24x7 camera surveillance and security guards. More than 100 buses provide transportation around the capital. KRMU also has an ambulance, doctor-on-call and fire engine to respond to emergencies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.krmangalam.edu.in/campus-life/campus-facilities|title=Campus Facilities | K.R. Mangalam|access-date=14 August 2021|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814052749/https://www.krmangalam.edu.in/campus-life/campus-facilities|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Schools ==
* School of Engineering & Technology
* School of Management & Commerce
* School of Legal Studies
* School of Medical & Allied Sciences
* School of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences
* School of Liberal Arts
* School of Architecture & Design
* School of Basic & Applied Sciences
* School of Emerging Media & Creator Economy
* School of Education
* School of Agricultural Sciences

== Academics ==
=== Admission ===
Admissions at K.R. Mangalam University are open from March to July every year. Applications are accepted in both online and offline formats. They are reviewed according to prior academic performance, their agility, and the candidate's suitability for the program they have applied for. If the candidate is found to be eligible, they are asked to appear for a written exam (either online or offline).

KRMU accepts [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]], [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|CISCE]], [[National Institute of Open Schooling|NIOS]] and other recognized state boards. K.R. Mangalam University now accepts scores and percentiles achieved in [[Joint Entrance Examination – Main|JEE Main]], [[Common University Entrance Test|CUET]], [[National Aptitude Test in Architecture|NATA]], [[Common Law Admission Test|CLAT]], [[Law School Admission Test|LSAT]], Pearson Undergraduate Entrance Exam.{{cn|date=June 2024}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=KR Mangalam University Courses and Programs |url=https://collegeandcourse.com/courses/krmu-kr-mangalam-university/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=College and Course |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925124815/https://collegeandcourse.com/courses/krmu-kr-mangalam-university/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Academic Programmes ===
The university has 11 schools and offers more than 100 undergraduate, postgraduate, doctoral and diploma programmes in various disciplines, including Basic and Applied Science, Engineering, Pharmacy, Journalism and Mass Communication, Agricultural Science, Hotel Management, Humanities, and Education.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Universities in Haryana}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Private universities in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Universities in Haryana]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Haryana]]

Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research

2026-03-09T17:57:57Z

Dentaltrendz: fixed issues

{{Short description|Research unit of the Government of India}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD)
| established = {{start date and age|1949}}
| image_name = Atomic_Minerals_Directorate_for_Exploration_and_Research_Logo.png
| city = [[Hyderabad, Telangana]]
| country = [[India]]
| type = Exploration and Research
| website = http://www.amd.gov.in
| director = Dheeraj Pande
| address = 1-10-153-156, AMD Complex, Begumpet, Hyderabad-500 016 India
}}

'''Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research''' (AMD), with headquarters at [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]] and seven regional centers, is the oldest unit of the [[Department of Atomic Energy (India)]] (DAE), [[Government of India]]. The principal mandate of the organisation is to carry out geological exploration and discover mineral deposits required for [[nuclear power]] programme of [[India]].

==History==

AMD started functioning from [[New Delhi]] on 10 August 1948 as ‘Rare Minerals Survey Unit'. Renamed first as ‘Raw Materials Division’ and then as ‘Atomic Minerals Division’ in 1958, it was shifted to Hyderabad in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atomic Minerals Directorate (AMD) for Exploration and Research {{!}} EVISA's Company Database |url=https://speciation.net/Database/Companies/Atomic-Minerals-Directorate-AMD-for-Exploration-and-Research/-;i1226a-1 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=speciation.net}}</ref> On 29 July 1998 it underwent the latest name change as 'Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research' to assert its status as a premier geological exploration and research organisation. Professor [[Darashaw Nosherwan Wadia|D.N. Wadia]], FRS, a doyen among Indian geologists guided the organisation from its inception to 1970 as Geological Adviser to [[Government of India]].

On 29 July 2024, AMD celebrated its Diamond Jubilee year.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krishnamurthy |first=P. |date=2024-10-01 |title=Diamond Jubilee of the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD), Hyderabad, India |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geosocindia/jour-geosocindia/article/100/10/1367/648470/Diamond-Jubilee-of-the-Atomic-Minerals-Directorate |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India |volume=100 |issue=10 |pages=1367–1372 |doi=10.17491/jgsi/2024/173992 |issn=0016-7622|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Work spectrum==

The prime mandate of Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research is to identify and evaluate uranium resources required for the successful implementation of Atomic Energy programme of the country. AMD over the past five decades has been instrumental in locating [[Uranium]] resources in [[Singhbhum]] Shear Zone, Jharkhand; KPM (Domiasiat), Wahkut, Wahkyn, [[Meghalaya]]; Lambapur - Chitrial, Peddagattu, [[Telangana]]; [[Tummalapalle]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]; Gogi, [[Karnataka]] and Rohil, [[Rajasthan]]. AMD also has established vast resources of thorium in the coastal tracts of [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Orissa, India|Odisha]]. AMD has also extended its contribution towards recovery of Rare Metals and Rare Earths elements.

==Organisation==

Apart from the headquarters, centralised laboratories and specialised groups at Hyderabad, AMD has seven regional centres at [[New Delhi]], [[Jaipur]], [[Shillong]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Nagpur]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Hyderabad]]. Two sectional offices are located at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Vishakhapatnam]] for beach sand and offshore investigations. AMD commenced its operations with a nucleus of 17 geoscientists which has grown to 2777 personnel today.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.amd.gov.in AMD Home]

{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Nuclear power in India}}
{{Hyderabad topics}}
{{coord missing|Telangana}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Atomic Energy Commission of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Science and Technology (India)]]
[[Category:Nuclear research institutes]]
[[Category:Nuclear technology in India]]
[[Category:Atomic and nuclear energy research in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1948]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Economic geology]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1948]]

Krishnasami Venkataraman

2026-03-05T06:25:07Z

Dentaltrendz: made a data

{{Short description|Indian chemist (1901–1981)}}
{{Use Indian English|date = August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Krishnaswami Venkataraman
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1901|6|7}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1981|5|12|1901|7|6}}
| death_place =
| relatives = [[K. Swaminathan]] (brother) [[Krishnaswami Srinivas Sanjivi]] (brother) [[Madhav Sharma]] (nephew)
| fields = {{ublist | [[Organic chemistry]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[National Chemical Laboratory]] | [[University of Mumbai]] | [[Institute of Chemical Technology|University Department
of Chemical Technology]] | [[Forman Christian College]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Madras]] | [[University of Manchester]] | [[D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia|Mendeleev Institute of Chemical Technology]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = [[Robert Robinson (organic chemist)|Robert Robinson]]
| doctoral_students = {{ublist|[[Bal Dattatreya Tilak|B. D. Tilak]]|[[Nitya Anand]]|[[A. V. Rama Rao]]}}
| known_for = [[Baker-Venkataraman transformation]]
| awards = {{ublist|1961 [[Padma Bhushan]] | 1975 INSA Professor TR Seshadri Medal | [[Indian Chemical Society|ICS]] PC Ray Medal }}
}}
{{Indian name|Venkataraman|Krishnaswami}}'''Krishnaswami Venkataraman''' [[Indian National Science Academy|FNA]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences|FASc]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India|FNASc]], [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry|FRSC]] (7 June 1901 – 12 May 1981), popularly known as '''KV''', was an Indian organic chemist and the first Indian director at [[National Chemical Laboratory]] (NCL Pune) and [[Institute of Chemical Technology|University Department of Chemical Technology]], Mumbai (UDCT). He was known for the demonstration of an organic chemical reaction involving 2-acetoxyacetophenones which later came to be known as the [[Baker–Venkataraman rearrangement]] and for his contributions in developing NCL into one of the leading research centres in organic chemistry. He was an elected fellow of several science academies which included the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]], [[Academy of Sciences Leopoldina]], [[USSR Academy of Sciences]], [[Prussian Academy of Sciences]], [[Polish Academy of Sciences]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], and the [[Indian National Science Academy]]. The [[Government of India]] awarded him the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest Indian civilian award, in 1961.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Year=1961-1961&Place=Maharashtra&Field=Trade%20and%20Industry&Award=Padma%20Bhushan|title=Padma Awards {{!}} Interactive Dashboard|website=www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Chennai Presidency College Main.jpg|thumb|left|Chennai Presidency College]]
[[File:Jackfruit hanging.JPG|thumb|Jackfruit]]
[[File:Morus alba - Tehran.JPG|thumb|Morus alba]]
Krishnaswami Venkataraman was born on 7 June 1901 in Madras (present-day [[Chennai]]), Madras Presidency during the [[British Raj| British Colonial rule]], in a learned [[Tamil Brahmin]] family, to P. S. Krishnaswami, a civil engineer, [[Sanskrit]] scholar and the translator of [[Valmiki Ramayana]] into [[Tamil language|Tamil]], as the middle-born of his three sons.<ref name="Krishnaswami Venkataraman (1901–1981)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/BM/BM20_9514.pdf |title=Krishnaswami Venkataraman (1901–1981) |last=Anand |first=Nitya |date=2018-05-22 |website=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2018-05-22}}</ref> His brothers were [[K. Swaminathan]], a professor of English who was the chief editor of the collected works of [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] and [[Krishnaswami Srinivas Sanjivi]], a noted medical doctor who founded [[Voluntary Health Services]] and is considered by many to be the father of the primary health care movement in India.<ref name="Visionary doctor's legacy">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/03/28/stories/2005032803131200.htm |title=Visionary doctor's legacy |date=28 March 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2018-05-22}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[Madhav Sharma]], an actor of films and television, is his nephew.

He studied chemistry at [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]], Madras and obtained his MA from [[University of Madras|Madras University]] in 1923.<ref name="Father of dyestuff research">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/seta/2003/02/13/stories/2003021300010300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030517165834/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/seta/2003/02/13/stories/2003021300010300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-05-17 |website=[[The Hindu]] |title=Father of dyestuff research |access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> Subsequently, he moved to England where he joined the [[University of Manchester]] on a scholarship from the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] and obtained MSc (Tech) in colour chemistry. He remained in England for his doctoral research, along with another noted chemist, [[T. R. Seshadri]], at the laboratory of [[Robert Robinson (organic chemist)|Robert Robinson]] which earned him a PhD and later a DSc from the [[University of Manchester]].<ref name="Krishnaswami Venkataraman (1901–1981)" />

On his return to India in 1927, he worked at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] as a research fellow for almost a year and in 1928, joined [[Forman Christian College]], [[Lahore]] (then part of [[undivided India]]).<ref name="Krishnaswami Venkataraman (1901–1981)" /> He stayed in Lahore until 1934 when he joined the then newly formed University Department of Chemical Technology (UDCT-present-day [[Institute of Chemical Technology]]) of the [[University of Bombay]] as a reader and became a full Professor of Chemical Engineering in 1936. In 1938, he was appointed as the head of the department and as the director in 1943, thus becoming the first Indian director of the Institute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/DisplayPage.aspx?page=em&ItemID=2|title=ICT Mumbai|website=www.ictmumbai.edu.in|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> After retiring from UDCT in 1957, he became the third director of the [[National Chemical Laboratory]] (NCL), [[Pune]], the first Indian director to hold the post.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncl-india.org/files/AboutNCL/HistoryMilestones/1950_1959.aspx?menuid=ql4&childmenustripid=divSubQL4|title=CSIR- National Chemical Laboratory|website=www.ncl-india.org|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> He served as the director of NCL until 1966, but continued his association with the laboratory eve after his retirement.<ref name="Krishnaswami Venkataraman (1901–1981)" />

Venkataraman married Shakunthala at the age of nineteen when his bride was only fourteen.<ref name="Krishnaswami Venkataraman (1901–1981)" /> The couple had one daughter, [[Dharma Kumar]], who went on to become a noted [[economic historian]].<ref name="The last liberal">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/mag/2001/11/04/stories/2001110400120200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020825192940/http://thehindu.com/mag/2001/11/04/stories/2001110400120200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 August 2002 |title=The last liberal |date=4 November 2001 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2018-05-22}}</ref> [[Lovraj Kumar]], an Indian civil servant and a former secretary of the ministries of [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Petroleum and Natural Gas]] and [[Ministry of Steel|Steel]], was his son-in-law and [[Radha Kumar]], a noted author, historian, feminist and academic was his granddaughter.<ref name="Obituary: Lovraj Kumar">{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-lovraj-kumar-1367199.html |title=Obituary: Lovraj Kumar |date=1994-04-01 |work=The Independent |access-date=2018-05-22 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Venkataraman died on 12 May 1981 at New Delhi, survived by his wife and daughter.<ref name="Krishnaswami Venkataraman (1901–1981)" />

== Scientific and professional contributions ==
One of the major scientific achievements of Venkataraman was his experiments with [[Acetophenone|2-acetoxyacetophenones]] when he demonstrated, along with [[Wilson Baker]], and English organic chemist, that the compound transformed into [[Dibenzoylmethane|o-hydroxydibenzoylmethanes]] and finally to [[flavones]] which later came to be known as [[Baker-Venkataraman transformation]].<ref name="INSA :: Deceased Fellow Detail">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/detail/N39-0866 |title=INSA :: Deceased Fellow Detail |date=2018-05-22 |website=www.insaindia.res.in |access-date=2018-05-22}}</ref><ref name="387. Synthetical experiments in the chromone group. Part XIV. The action of sodamide on 1-acyloxy-2-acetonaphthones">{{Cite journal |last1=Mahal |first1=Harbhajan S. |last2=Venkataraman |first2=Krishnasami |date=1934 |title=387. Synthetical experiments in the chromone group. Part XIV. The action of sodamide on 1-acyloxy-2-acetonaphthones |url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=jr9340001767 |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed) |language=en |pages=1767–1769 |doi=10.1039/jr9340001767 |issn=0368-1769|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This process, a variant of [[Allan–Robinson reaction]], is in use for the synthesis of flavones and [[chromones]]. Through his experiments with [[Artocarpus heterophyllus]], commonly known as Jackfruit, he was able to isolate artocarpanone, a [[tyrosinase]] inhibitor, as well as eight flavones and later, he isolated similar flavones from [[Morus alba]] (White Mulberry). These experiments helped establish the [[taxonomical]] relationship between the two species.<ref name="Krishnaswami Venkataraman (1901–1981)" />{{Refn|group=note|Page 152}}

Shortly after the [[World War II|Second World War]], Venkataraman was invited for a visit [[IG Farben]], a German [[dyestuff]] manufacturing company, and this gave him an opportunity to study the international dyestuff industry.<ref name="Krishnaswami Venkataraman (1901–1981)" />{{Refn|group=note|Page 154}} He collected data which was later copied and published as an 8-volume book, ''The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes'', which is considered by many as a seminal work on dye chemistry.<ref name="The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes. Volume 1 (Venkataraman, K.) Book Review -1 ">{{Cite journal |last=Atkinson |first=Edward R. |date=1952 |title=The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes. Volume 1 (Venkataraman, K.) |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |language=EN |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=426 |doi=10.1021/ed029p426.3 |issn=0021-9584|bibcode=1952JChEd..29..426A |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes, Vols. I and II. K. Venkataraman. New York: Academic Press, 1952. 1442 pp. Illus. $29.00 for set of 2 vols">{{Cite journal |last=Brode |first=Wallace R. |date=1953-12-18 |title=The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes, Vols. I and II. K. Venkataraman. New York: Academic Press, 1952. 1442 pp. Illus. $29.00 for set of 2 vols |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.118.3077.757.b |journal=Science |language=en |volume=118 |issue=3077 |pages=757 |doi=10.1126/science.118.3077.757-a |issn=0036-8075|bibcode=1953Sci...118..757B |url-access=subscription }}</ref> He also submitted a report to the Government of India for the development of dyestuff and intermediaries industry in India, known as the ''Pai/Venkataraman report'' which paved way for the development of the industry in the country, earning him the moniker, the ''father of the Indian dyestuff industry''.<ref name="Chemistry Tree - Krishnaswami Venkataraman">{{Cite web |url=https://academictree.org/chemistry/peopleinfo.php?pid=687595 |title=Chemistry Tree - Krishnaswami Venkataraman |date=2018-05-22 |website=academictree.org |access-date=2018-05-22}}</ref>

Another of Venkataraman's contributions was his work on [[Lac (resin)|lac pigments]].<ref name="INSA :: Deceased Fellow Detail" /> He focused his research on the chemistry of laccaic acid and later on other [[anthraquinonoid]] insect pigments. With the help of his findings, he ''proposed revised structures for [[kermesic acid]] and ceroalbolinic acid''.{{Refn|group=note|Quoted directly from source}} He was the first scientist in India to use [[X-ray crystallography|X-ray crystallographers]] for finding solutions to problems of organic structure.<ref name="Father of dyestuff research" />

During his tenure at UDCT, Venkataraman was instrumental in starting several courses chemical technology, combining pure science and technology.<ref name="Father of dyestuff research" /> He guided around 85 students in their doctoral research which included such notable chemists as [[Bal Dattatreya Tilak|B. D. Tilak]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Panse|first=G.T.|title=Bal Dattatreya Tilak Obituary |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/dec251999/articles33.htm |access-date=4 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040225173309/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/dec251999/articles33.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2004 }}</ref><ref name="Abramovitch2009">{{cite book|author=R. A. Abramovitch|title=Pyridine and Its Derivatives, Supplement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCo7OJCKorUC&pg=PA615|date=15 September 2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-18816-3|pages=615–}}</ref> B. S. Joshi,<ref name="B.S. Joshi's scientific contributions">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/2126940790_BS_Joshi |title=B.S. Joshi's scientific contributions |date=2018-05-22 |website=ResearchGate |language=en |access-date=2018-05-22}}</ref> [[Nitya Anand]] and [[A. V. Rama Rao]].<ref name="Krishnaswami Venkataraman (1901–1981)" />{{Refn|group=note|Page 155}} His contributions are reported in the development of National Chemical Laboratory into one of World's leading research centre in dyestuff chemistry.<ref name="INSA :: Deceased Fellow Detail" /> He sat in the editorial boards of many journals, which included [[Tetrahedron (journal)|''Tetrahedron'']], ''[[Tetrahedron Letters]]'' and ''Indian Journal of Chemistry''. Besides ''The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes'', he also edited another 612-page book, ''The Analytical Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes''<ref name="The Analytical chemistry of synthetic dyes">{{Cite book |title=The Analytical chemistry of synthetic dyes |date=1977 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0471905752 |location=New York |oclc=2542360}}</ref> and these nine books remain reference texts in the discipline.<ref name="Book Review: The Analytical Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes. Edited by K. Venkataraman">{{Cite journal |last=Augart |first=Dietmar |date=1978 |title=Book Review: The Analytical Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes. Edited by K. Venkataraman |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=139 |doi=10.1002/anie.197801391 |issn=0570-0833}}</ref> Besides, he also published 271 scientific articles.<ref name="Krishnaswami Venkataraman - NeglectedScience">{{Cite web |url=http://www.neglectedscience.com/alphabetical-list/v/krishnaswami-venkataraman |title=Krishnaswami Venkataraman - NeglectedScience |date=2018-05-22 |website=www.neglectedscience.com |access-date=2018-05-22}}</ref>

Venkataraman served as the president of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] for three terms (1943–46, 1949–55, 1965–67) and as the vice president from 1952 to 1955.<ref name="Fellow profile - Indian Academy of Sciences">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Venkataraman,__Krishnasami |title=Fellow profile - Indian Academy of Sciences |date=2018-05-22 |website=www.ias.ac.in |language=en |access-date=2018-05-22}}</ref> He also served as the vice president of the [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref name="INSA :: Deceased Fellow Detail" />

== Awards ==
Venkataraman was elected a fellow of the [[Chemical Society]] (FCS) in 1932,<ref>{{cite journal |author= |date=1932 |title=Proceedings of the Chemical Society: Ordinary Scientific Meeting |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed) |volume= |issue= |pages=A001–A097 |doi=10.1039/JR93200BA001}}</ref> which became the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] in 1980. He was elected a founding fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (FASc) in 1934,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/listing/fellows/deceased |title=Fellowship - Indian Academy of Sciences |date=2018-05-22 |website=www.ias.ac.in |language=en |access-date=2018-05-22}}</ref> and as a Fellow of the National Institute of Sciences of India (FNI, now the [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 1939.{{refn|Prior to 1970, the [[Indian National Science Academy]] was named the "National Institute of Sciences of India", and its fellows bore the post-nominal "FNI". The post-nominal became "FNA" in 1970 when the association adopted its present name.|group= n}} <ref name="INSA :: Biographical Memoirs">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/bm.php |title=INSA :: Biographical Memoirs |website=insaindia.res.in |access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> He was also a fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (FNASc).<ref name="INSA :: Biographical Memoirs"/> In 1960, [[Academy of Sciences Leopoldina]] elected him as a member.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leopoldina.org/de/mitglieder/mitgliederverzeichnis/member/5336/|title=Mitgliederverzeichnis|website=www.leopoldina.org|language=de|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> He was also a fellow of the [[Prussian Academy of Sciences]], [[USSR Academy of Sciences]], and the [[Polish Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="INSA :: Deceased Fellow Detail" />

The Government of India awarded Venkataraman the third highest civilian award of the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1961.<ref name=":0" /> He received the Professor T. R. Seshadri 60th birthday commemoration medal in 1973.<ref name="INSA :: Awards Recipients">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#ptr |title=INSA :: Awards Recipients |date=2018-05-22 |website=www.insaindia.res.in |access-date=2018-05-22}}</ref> He was also a recipient of the [[Prafulla Chandra Rây|Acharya P.C. Ray Medal]] of the [[Indian Chemical Society]].<ref name="INSA :: Deceased Fellow Detail" />

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|author=Krishnasami Venkataraman|title=The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes - Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6MjZ7y_IsVYC|year=1952|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780127170015}}
* {{cite book|author=Krishnasami Venkataraman|title=The chemistry of synthetic dyes - Volume II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITRMtAEACAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Acad. Press|isbn=9780127170022}}
* {{cite book|author=Krishnasami Venkataraman|title=The chemistry of synthetic dyes - Vol III|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DxD85Z9_PG8C|year=1978|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780127170046}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes Volume IV |last=K. |first=Venkataraman |date=1971 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=9780323145701 |location=Oxford}}
* {{Cite book |title=The chemistry of synthetic dyes. Volume V |date=1971 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=9780323142953 |location=New York }}
* {{Cite book |title=The chemistry of synthetic dyes Volume VI|date=1972 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=9780323148597 |location=New York}}
* {{cite book|author=Krishnasami Venkataraman|title=The chemistry of synthetic dyes Volume VII|year=1974|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-717007-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/chemistryofsynth0008venk}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Analytical chemistry of synthetic dyes |date=1977 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0471905752 |location=New York |oclc=2542360}}
* {{Cite book |title=The chemistry of synthetic dyes Volume VIII |date=1978 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=9780323149372 |location=New York |oclc=849921776}}

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Subramania Ranganathan]]
* [[T. R. Govindachari]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Nagendrappa |first=G. |date=2004-12-01 |title=An epitome of K Venkataraman's chemistry |journal=Resonance |language=en |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=45–51 |doi=10.1007/BF02834306 |s2cid=56234414 |issn=0971-8044|url=http://eprints-bangaloreuniversity.in/5566/1/nagappa.pdf }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Nagendrappa |first=G. |date=2004-12-01 |title=K Venkataraman a biographical sketch |journal=Resonance |language=en |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=3–5 |doi=10.1007/BF02834301 |s2cid=123449690 |issn=0971-8044}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}{{Institute of Chemical Technology vice-chancellors|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkataraman, Krishnaswami}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian organic chemists]]
[[Category:Tamil chemists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chennai]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Chemistry]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Manchester]]
[[Category:D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Forman Christian College]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Foreign members of the USSR Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the Polish Academy of Sciences]]

Mayooranritham

2026-03-03T21:19:49Z

Dentaltrendz: adding new stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mayooranritham
| image = Mayooranritham.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Vijayakrishnan]]
| producer = C. Radhakrishnan
| writer =
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] Kumarakam Raghunath [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] [[Madhupal]] [[Beena Antony]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1996|1|26|df=y}}
| runtime = 175 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Mayooranritham''''' ({{Translation|Peacock dance}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]-language [[romantic drama film]], directed by [[Vijayakrishnan]]. The film stars [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]], Kumarakam Raghunath, [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Madhupal]] and [[Beena Antony]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[G. Devarajan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2930|title=Mayooranrutham|accessdate=2014-10-27|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com|archive-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027173412/http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2930|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/has-vikram-signed-biju-menon-s-rosapoo-72184|title=Has Vikram signed Biju Menon's 'Rosapoo'?|date=25 November 2017|work=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/wished-to-stay-in-hotel-where-mammookka-took-accommodation-vikram-1.7895628|title=Vikram cherishes a lodge in TVM and has taken his family there; Find out why|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=22 September 2022|access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ragini's wedding is negatively affected when her boyfriend's family learns that her mother is a prostitute. Ragini is mad at her mother for disturbing her marriage; howerver, she is unaware of the truth.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] as Ragini
*Kumarakam Raghunath as Professor Balachandran
*[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] as Rajeev
*[[Madhupal]] as Jayadevan
*[[Beena Antony]] as Sujatha
*[[Narendra Prasad]] as Sankaranarayan
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Sarangathan Pilla
*[[Jagannathan (actor)|Jagannathan]] as Gopalan
*[[Kanakalatha]] as Sakuntala
*[[Azeez (actor)|Azeez]] as Avarachan
*Karyavattom Sasikumar as Rajendran
*[[Adoor Pankajam]] as Bhavaniyamma
*[[Indrans]] as Dr Kulkarni
*[[Thikkurussy Sukumaran Nair]]
*Poojappura Radhakrishnan
}}

== Production ==
Actor Karyavattom Sasikumar worked as the executive producer of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/kerala/actor-karyavattom-sasikumar-passed-away-109487|title=Karyavattom Sasikumar Passed Away: സിനിമ-സീരിയൽ നടൻ കാര്യവട്ടം ശശികുമാർ അന്തരിച്ചു|date=10 October 2022|work=[[Zee News]]|language=ml|access-date=29 March 2025|archive-date=30 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130143248/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/kerala/actor-karyavattom-sasikumar-passed-away-109487|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] and the lyrics were written by [[P. Bhaskaran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1793|title=Mayooranrutham|accessdate=2014-10-27|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|archive-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027164328/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1793|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCF" align="center"
| '''No.''' || '''Song''' || '''Singers''' ||'''Lyrics''' || '''Length (m:ss)'''
|-
| 1 || "Manjin Yavanika" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Paada Pooja" || K. J. Yesudas, [[K. S. Chithra]] || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 3 || "Shilpi Vishwashilpi" || K. J. Yesudas || P. Bhaskaran ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDB title|0355759}}

[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:1996 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Ramarjuna

2026-03-03T12:15:58Z

Dentaltrendz: further adjusted lead as per guidelines and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|2021 Kannada film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ramarjuna
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Anish Tejeshwar]]
| producer = Anish Tejeshwar [[Rakshit Shetty]]
| writer = Anish Tejeshwar
| screenplay =
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Anish Tejeshwar]]
*[[Nishvika Naidu]]
}}
| music = Anand Rajavikram
| cinematography = Naveen Kumar S
| editing = Sharath Kumar
| studio = Winkwhistle Productions
| distributor = KRG films
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|01|29}}
| language = Kannada
| runtime = 130 minutes <ref name="Ramarjuna Review">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ramarjuna/movie-review/80566462.cms|title=RAMARJUNA MOVIE REVIEW|date=29 January 2021|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref>
| budget =
| gross = 
}}
'''''Ramarjuna''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[Anish Tejeshwar]] in his directorial debut. It stars Anish Tejeshwar and [[Nishvika Naidu]] in their second collaboration after ''[[Vaasu Naan Pakka Commercial]]''.<ref name="Anish">{{cite web|date=30 January 2021|title=ಬದುಕಿನ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆ ರಾಮಾರ್ಜುನ: ಅನೀಶ್‌ ತೇಜೇಶ್ವರ್‌|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/anish-tejeshwar-talks-about-ramarjuna-film-vcs-qnq9ra|access-date=30 January 2021|website=Asianet News}}</ref><ref name="Nishvika">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/my-character-in-ramarjuna-is-really-funny-nishvika-naidu/articleshow/80476454.cms|title=‌My character in Ramarjuna is really funny: Nishvika Naidu|date= 27 January 2021|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="Nishvika Telugu">{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/nishvika-naidu-lends-her-voice-to-the-telugu-version-of-ramarjuna/articleshow/80059988.cms|title=Nishvika Naidu lends her voice to the Telugu version of Ramarjuna|date= 1 January 2021|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/anish-reunites-with-nishvika-in-his-directorial-debut/articleshow/67472580.cms|title=Anish reunites with Nishvika in his directorial debut|author=Madhu Daithota|date= 11 January 2019|website=The Times of India |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/jan/28/was-longing-to-execute-my-vision-on-the-silver-screen-aniissh-ahead-of-directorial-debut-ramarjuna-2255831.html|title=Was longing to execute my vision on the silver screen: Aniissh ahead of directorial debut 'Ramarjuna' |date= 28 January 2021|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref>

==Plot ==
Ram is an [[insurance agent]] living in a village. He is beloved by his mother and the villagers and will go to any extent to help them and also had assured insurance policy to them for their welfare. Badrinarayana is a real estate dealer, who wants to evacuate the slum for his personal profits and has been troubling the villagers in this regard. However, his attempts are thwarted by Ram. Meanwhile, Ram meets Khushi, who is a law student and falls in love with her. He impresses her using a few tricks given by his artist friend Peter, a middle-aged man.

However, it is revealed that Khushi is actually Peter's daughter, who has separated from his wife Janaki, due to a misunderstanding. Hariprasad is an [[altruistic]] doctor, who organizes a free medical [[checkup]]/[[welfare spending|welfare]] for the villagers with Ram and their village president Rajanna's help and also tries to help the villagers whenever need arises. One night, a few henchman barge into the neighbourhood and brutally hack 20 villagers to death. Ram deduces that they are Badrinarayana's henchmen where he along with the villagers held Badrinaryanan and his henchman at knife point, but Badrinarayan denies the killings.

Realizing that someone else is behind the villagers's deaths, they decide to investigate. Ram also clears the misunderstanding between Peter and Janaki, who realizes her mistake in snot trusting Peter and eventually accepts his and Khushi's relationship. Janaki reveals to Kushi about Peter and ask Ram to take her to him to seek forgiveness. However, they learn that Peter has been hacked to death, much to everyone's devastation. While checking the [[insurance policy]] info to distribute to the deceased's families, Ram learns that their blood groups details have been swapped and heads to the blood lab.

Ram inquires a nurse only to learn that their village corporator Gopalayya is behind Peter and the villagers' death (Peter recognized and followed one of the henchman where he finds out about Gopalayya's involvement in the murders). Gopalayya is stabbed to death by the mastermind with the help of his henchman. The henchman chases Hariprasad where he seeks Ram's help, who evade the henchman and rush to Gopalayya's house only to find him dead. Ram asks Kushi to check the death certificates of the dead people, where they learn that the people were already dead due to [[multi organ failure]]. After inquiring from another doctor, they learn that Hariprasad was supplying non-[[experimental medicine]] to the villagers.

The experiments are actually [[Clinical trial|Human-trials]], which is illegal and also related to medical mafia. Realizing that Hariprasad is the mastermind behind the murders, Ram, along with Rajanna lead Hariprasad and his henchman into a trap where Hariprasad divulges that he had injected viruses into 20 people for medical-trials. When the experiment resulted in disastrous reports, he decide to finish off the villagers using the henchmen, by making everyone believe that Badrinarayana is behind the murders, thus leaving no evidence tying him to the crime.

However, Ram's insurance policy had landed them in trouble. Due to this, Hariprasad had to kill Gopalayya and targeted Ram. After the confession, Ram reveals about knowing Hariprasad's involvement in medical mafia where he along with Rajanna kills the henchmen and Hariprasad. After killing Hariprasad, Rajanna tells Ram to reveal the truth about Hariprasad's ''ugly intentions''. but Ram disagrees stating that every doctor, who are dedicating their lives to stop the [[COVID-19]] [[virus]] will be degraded and their reputation will be spoiled, thus leaving the truth to be buried.

== Cast ==
* [[Anish Tejeshwar]] as Ramarjuna alias Ram
* [[Nishvika Naidu]] as Kushi
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Peter, Kushi's father
* [[Bala Rajwadi]] as Badrinarayan's henchman
* [[Ravi Kale]] as Badrinarayana
* [[Sharath Lohitashwa]] as Rajanna
* Appanna as Ram's boss
* Manjunath Gowda as Badrinarayana's henchman
* [[Harish Raj]] as Dr. Hariprasad

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ramarjuna
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Ananda Rajavikrama
| alt =
| released = 2021
| recorded = 2020
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 17:41
| label = Winkwhistle Production
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}

===Songs===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Manase chooru
| extra1 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar discography|Puneeth Rajkumar]]
| length1 = 04:19
| lyrics1 = Naveen Reddy G
| title2 = Bloodshed of Ramarjuna
| extra2 = [[Vasishta N. Simha|Vasishta Simha]]
| length2 = 04:49
| lyrics2 = Sai Sarvesh
| title3 = Bad Boy
| extra3 = [[Chandan Shetty]]
| length3 = 04:17
| lyrics3 = Kiran Chandra
| title4 = Oh Jeeva
| extra4 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length4 = 04:16
| lyrics4 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| title5 =
| extra5 =
| length5 =
| lyrics5 =
}}

==Release==
The movie was released on 29 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-rakshit-shetty-to-present-aniisshs-ramarjuna-in-cinema-halls/articleshow/79775316.cms |title=EXCLUSIVE: Rakshit Shetty to present Aniissh's Ramarjuna in cinema halls |date=17 December 2020|work=The Times of India| author=Sunayana Suresh|access-date= 30 January 2021}}</ref> Karthik Gowda of KRG Studios released both the Kannada and Telugu versions of the movie.<ref name="Nishvika Telugu"/>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Ramarjuna is a fun commercial entertainer if you're in the mood for one."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ramarjuna/movie-review/80566462.cms|title=Ramarjuna Movie Review: A Promising Directorial Debut By Aniissh|website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''[[Udayavani]]'' wrote "Anish tried to tell a common story in a thrilling way with some turn and twist. If more attention had been paid to the screenplay and if the pace of the narration had been increased a bit, ''Ramarjuna'' could have reached the audience more effectively."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/movie-review/anish-directorial-debut-ramarjuna-review|title= ಕಮರ್ಷಿಯಲ್‌ 'ರಾಮಾರ್ಜುನ' ವಿಜಯ |publisher=Udayavani|access-date= 30 January 2021}}</ref> ''[[Asianet Suvarna News]]'' wrote "Aneesh, who has told a story that is interesting and connected to current developments, has won as a director in the very first step."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/kannada-movie-ramarjuna-film-review-vcs-qnqbn0|title=ಚಿತ್ರ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆ: ರಾಮಾರ್ಜುನ|website=Asianet Suvarna News}}</ref>

A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Aniissh had good and sensitive content, with various subplots, however, the execution has been sensationalised with commercial aspects. With a good background score and a couple of nice songs, Ramarjuna by, for and of Aniissh makes for a decent one-time watch."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2021/jan/29/ramarjuna-movie-review-the-film-trips-on-commercial-stereotypes-22538.html|title=Ramarjuna Movie Review: The film trips on commercial stereotypes|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=29 January 2021 }}</ref> ''[[The Hans India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Ramarjuna could have been a little more fun-filled. Overall, the approach to the subject is very casual. The film lacks sensitive touch and loses entertaining element as the director has followed the same old mass formula."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/ramarjuna-movie-review-turns-out-to-be-a-mass-entertainer-78101|title=Ramarjuna Movie Review: Turns out to be a mass entertainer|website=The Hans India|date=29 January 2021 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|9592348}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramarjuna}}
[[Category:2021 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 action films]]
[[Category:2021 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Viraivil Isai

2026-03-03T03:05:19Z

Dentaltrendz: Done!

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by V. S. Prabhakaran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Viraivil Isai
| image = Viraivil-isai.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = V. S. Prabhakaran
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]]
*[[Dilip Rogger]]
* Sanjay Shankar
*[[Sonu Gowda|Shruti Ramakrishnan]]
* Arpana
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Shiva
| editing = Yuresh Kumar
| music = M. S Ram
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|10|31}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Viraivil Isai''''' ({{Translation|Music coming soon}}) is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by V. S. Prabhakaran and stars [[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]], [[Dilip Rogger]], Sanjay Shankar, [[Sonu Gowda|Shruti Ramakrishnan]] and Arpana.

== Cast ==
*[[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]] as Susi
*[[Dilip Rogger]] as Ram
* Sanjay Shankar as Shankar
*[[Sonu Gowda|Shruti Ramakrishnan]] as Lekha
* Arpana as Kavya
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as a tea stall owner

== Production ==
The film's director worked under [[G. N. R. Kumaravelan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Master Mahendran's next, Viraivil Isai is all set for release |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/master-mahendrans-next-viraivil-isai-is-all-set-for-release.html |website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> Mahendran plays a man who abandons his girlfriend to become a film director. The film was shot at [[Kodambakkam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2014 |title=Mahendran signs his next movie |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140509/entertainment-kollywood/article/mahendran-signs-his-next-movie |access-date=13 November 2022 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Neither meaningful nor entertaining, It’s a film that has nothing to offer a viewer". M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' said that "The story might seem intriguing, but the film actually takes quite an effort to sit through".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viraivil Isai Review: Meandering Screenplay and Plot Offers No High Note |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2015/nov/01/viraivil-isai-review-meandering-screenplay-and-plot-offers-no-high-note-837096.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Viraivil Isai Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Viraivil Isai by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/viraivil-isai/movie-review/49605495.cms |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13057614}}

[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Gol Gumbaz Express

2026-03-02T10:11:13Z

Dentaltrendz: expand section per sources

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Gol Gumbaz Express
| image = Hampi & Gol Gumbaz Express.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Gol Gumbaz express trainboard
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1971|04|01}}
| last =
| status =
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Mysore}} (MYS)
| stops = 30
| end = {{stnlnk|Pandharpur}} (PVR)
| locale = [[Karnataka]] & [[Maharashtra]]
| distance = {{convert|1098|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 20 hrs 55 mins
| frequency = Daily
| trainnumber = 16535 / 16536
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| catering = E-catering, On-board catering
| observation = Large Windows
| baggage = Available
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}} [[Broad Gauge]]
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| speed = {{convert|52|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| sharing = Rake sharing with 16591/16592 [[Hampi Express]]
| map =
}}

The 16535 / 16536 '''Gol Gumbaz Express''' is a daily express train running between [[Mysuru]] and [[Pandharpur]]. It is belongs to [[Indian Railways]] of [[South Western Railway zone]], [[Hubballi railway division]]. Usually 165XX numbering is assigned to [[Bengaluru railway division]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=16535/Gol Gumbaz Express - Mysuru jn to Pandharpur SWR/South Western Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-gol-gumbaz-express-16535/7830/1430/3156 |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ - Train Numbers |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-number.html |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-24 |title=what do the 5 digits in a train number mean? |url=https://erail.in/blog/5-digits-in-a-train-number-mean/44 |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=erail.in}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=16536/Gol Gumbaz Express (PT) - Pandharpur to Mysuru Jn SWR/South Western Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-gol-gumbaz-express-16536/7833/3156/1430 |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==Relevance==
The train is named after the famous [[Gol Gumbaz]], a historical monument located in [[Vijayapura]]. It is an important train that connects North Karnataka with Bangalore. This train covers important districts of [[Karnataka]] which include [[Mysuru]], [[Bangalore]], [[Tumkur]] from south Karnataka, and [[Haveri]], [[Dharwad]], [[Gadag]], [[Bagalkot]], [[Vijayapura]] from North Karnataka. Initially ran upto [[Solapur]] now upto extended [[Pandharpur]].{{cn|date=June 2024}}

==Route and halts==
The train runs from Mysore via {{stnlnk|Kengeri}}, {{stnlnk|KSR Bengaluru}}, {{stnlnk|Yesvantpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Arsikere Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Davangere}}, {{stnlnk|Hubballi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Gadag Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bagalkot}}, {{stnlnk|Bijapur}}, {{stnlnk|Hotgi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Solapur Junction}} to Pandharpur.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==Schedule==
* 16536 Gol Gumbaz Express leaves Pandharpur at 13:00 IST, arrive at 06:50 IST arrives in Mysuru jn at 10:45 IST at with an average speed of 52 km/h<ref name=":1" />
* 16535 Gol Gumbaz Express leaves Mysuru jn at 15:30 IST, arrives in Pandharpur 12:25 IST with an average speed of 52km/h.<ref name=":0" />

==Traction==
earlier was used to run with [[WDP-4]]. It is hauled by a [[Hubballi]] based [[WAP-7]] from pandharapura to Hubballi and after reversing direction at Hubballi, a [[Diesel & Electric Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapuram Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive hauls the train for its remainder leg of journey from hubballi to Mysuru and vice-versa.

==Rake sharing==
This train shares its rake with 16591/16592 [[Hampi Express]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Gol Gumbaz Express negotiating curve near Yeliyur.jpg|Gol Gumbaz Express near Yeliyur
File:Gol Gumbaz Express negotiating curve near Yeliyur 2.jpg|Gol Gumbaz Express negotiating curve near Yeliyur
File:Hampi & Gol Gumbaz Express 05.jpg|Panorama view of Hampi & Gol Gumbaz Express rake parked at [[Mysore Junction railway station|Mysore junction]]
File:Hampi & Gol Gumbaz Express 04.jpg
File:Hampi & Gol Gumbaz Express 07.jpg
File:Hampi & Gol Gumbaz Express 06.jpg
File:Hampi & Gol Gumbaz Express 01.jpg
File:Hampi & Gol Gumbaz Express 02.jpg
File:Hampi & Gol Gumbaz Express 03.jpg
File:Gol Gumbaz Express negotiating curve near Yeliyur 3.jpg
</gallery>

==Direction reversal==
The train reverses its direction twice at;
* {{stnlnk|Hubballi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Gadag Junction}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gol Gumbaz Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mysore]]
[[Category:Transport in Solapur]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2009]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

Ntangki National Park

2026-02-24T02:37:06Z

Dentaltrendz: small changes

{{short description|National park in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Ntangki National Park
| alt_name = Intangki
| iucn_category = II
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_size =
| map = India Nagaland#India
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = Nagaland, India
| nearest_city = [[Chümoukedima]]
| coordinates = {{coord|25|44|24|N|93|31|36|E}}
| coords_ref =
| area = {{convert|200|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| established = 3 March 1993
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Government of Nagaland
| url =
}}

'''Ntangki National Park''' is a national park located in [[Peren District]] of [[Nagaland]], India. It was first designated as a national park in 1993. Among the species that inhabit the park are the rare [[hoolock gibbon]], [[golden langur]], [[hornbill]], [[Asian palm civet]], [[black stork]], [[tiger]], [[white-breasted kingfisher]], [[monitor lizard]], [[Pythonidae|python]] and [[sloth bear]]. The name "Ntangki" is derived from the [[Zeme language|Zeme]] dialect of the [[Zeliangrong|Zeliangrong Naga]]s.

==History==
Ntangki Reserved Forest was established in 1923 with an approximate area of {{cvt|44800|acres|km2|order=flip}}. In 1927, Ntangki Reserved Forest was enlarged by {{cvt|5120|acres|km2|order=flip}}. In April 1975, the Government of Nagaland declared the Ntangki Reserved Forest as Ntangki Wildlife Sanctuary with an area of {{cvt|20202|ha|km2|order=flip}}. In March 1993, it was converted to Ntangki National Park.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

==Fauna ==
In 2022, [[Asian forest tortoise]]s (''Manouria emys'') were reintroduced into Ntangki National Park in collaboration with the Turtle Survival Alliance and Wildlife Conservation Society India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022 |title=Endangered Asian Giant Tortoise rewilded in protected forest: Nagaland official |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/endangered-asian-giant-tortoise-rewilded-in-protected-forest-nagaland-official-101671507498066.html |access-date=2023-11-11}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{National Parks of India}}

{{coord|25|33|36|N|93|27|00|E|type:city_source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:National parks in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Nagaland]]
[[Category:1923 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1923]]

Amar Jawan Jyoti

2026-02-23T11:13:30Z

Dentaltrendz: expand structure for consistency and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|India's National War Memorial from 1971 to 2019 and Flame of the Immortal Soldier}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox military memorial
| name = Amar Jawan Jyoti
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Hi
| body = {{flag|India}}
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = India Gate 020.jpg
| photo2a =
| photo4a =
| spacing = 2
| position = center
| color_border = white
| color =
| size = 270
| foot_montage =''' Top Image:''' Amar Jawan Jyoti under [[India Gate]] 
'''Bottom Image:''' Amar Jawan Jyoti at Amar Chakra of [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]]}}
| caption =
| commemorates = martyrs and soldiers of [[Indian Armed Forces]].
| use_dates = 
| established = *{{start date|df=yes|1971|12}} under India Gate
* {{start date|df=yes|2019|02}} at War Memorial
| unveiled = *{{start date|df=yes|1972|01|26}} under India Gate
* {{start date|df=yes|2019|02|25}} at War Memorial
| coordinates = {{coord|28.612|77.233|display=inline,title}}
| location = Both monuments at C-Hexagon [[New Delhi]]
| nearest_town =
| designer = [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers]]
| unknowns =
| commemorated =
| by_country =
| by_war =
| inscription = '''अमर जवान''' (English: "Immortal soldier")
| embedded =
| findagrave =
| source = {{URL|https://nationalwarmemorial.gov.in/}}
|country=India}}
'''Amar Jawan Jyoti''' ({{Translation|Immortal Soldier Flame|literal=yes}}, or light{{Efn|Flame of the Immortal Soldier{{snd}}''Flame'', as opposed to ''tomb''. See [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]]. Immortal, as opposed to eternal. The soldier and flame have been referred to as both immortal and eternal.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTbfAAAAMAAJ&q=amar+jawan+jyoti+flame+immortal+soldier|title=... by Prime Minister, Smt Indira Gandhi at the "Amar Jawan" memorial under the India Gate, where she stood in silence for two minutes before the "Amar Jyoti"{{em dash}} the immortal flame...|date=1983|publisher=[[Sainik Samachar]]|volume=30|pages=18|language=en|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mishra|first=Kavya|date=2022-01-24|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti is called 'Amar' for a reason, can't be snuffed: Shashi Tharoor|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/amar-jawan-jyoti-is-called-amar-for-a-reason-cant-be-snuffed-shashi-tharoor-2430485.html|access-date=2022-01-25|website=Zee News}}</ref><ref name=":flame" /> Jyoti ([[:wiktionary:ज्योति|ज्योति]]) can also mean light.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ज्योति (Jyoti) meaning in English|url=https://dict.hinkhoj.com/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF-meaning-in-english.words|access-date=|website=HinKhoj Dictionary}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=English translation of 'ज्योति'|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/hindi-english/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF|website=Collins Dictionary}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSLZBfKwgw8C&dq=amar+jawan+jyoti&pg=PT13|title=The Puffin History of India For Children: Volume 2. 1947 to the Present|date=2003|publisher=[[Puffin Books]], [[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-8184758344|language=en|chapter=1|author-link=Roshen Dalal}}</ref>}}) is an Indian [[memorial]] conceptualised and constructed after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] and inaugurated on 26 January 1972. It was the national war memorial in India until February 2019,{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=161}}<ref name=":3">{{cite web|last=Anand|first=Col Rohan|date=January 2016|title=National War Memorial, At Last|url=http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2016/jan16-16/h14.htm|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[Sainik Samachar]]}}</ref> when the new [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]] and its own flame was inaugurated and lit.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|date=2022-01-21|title=Burning for 5 decades, flame at Amar Jawan Jyoti will be put out at India Gate, merged with National War Memorial|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/amar-jawan-jyoti-to-be-extinguished-national-war-memorial-flame-7734184/|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[Indian Express Limited]]}}</ref> On 21 January 2022, the older flame was merged with the newer one at National War Memorial.<ref name=":1" />

The Amar Jawan Jyoti at India Gate consisted of a base of 15 [[Square foot|square feet]] with a height of 4 feet 3 inches on which there was a black marble pedestal, a [[cenotaph]], 3 feet 2 inches in height. "Amar Jawan" was scripted in gold in Hindi on all four sides of the cenotaph and on top, a [[Reverse arms|reversed rifle]] capped by a war helmet. The pedestal was bound by four urns.<ref name=":6">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=acoBAAAAMAAJ|title=Delhi Gazetteer|publisher=Gazetteer Unit, Delhi Administration|date=April 1976|location=Delhi|pages=1001–1002|chapter=XIX: Place of Interest|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> On observances the flames were lit accordingly. It was constructed in a short timeframe as per Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] wishes.

A new flame was installed at the [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]] to honour all known martyrs of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] of independent India''.'' It was completed in February 2019 and inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 25 February with the igniting of the flame''.'' The flame at the center of India Gate was merged with this new one by the [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]], [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Balabhadra Radha Krishna|Balabhadhra Radha Krishna]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Bose|first=Joydeep|date=2022-01-21|title=In historic move, Amar Jawan Jyoti merged with National War Memorial flame|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-historic-move-amar-jawan-jyoti-merged-with-national-war-memorial-flame-101642759893068.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121103432/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-historic-move-amar-jawan-jyoti-merged-with-national-war-memorial-flame-101642759893068.html |archive-date=21 January 2022 }}</ref> Debate ensued with regard to the old and new monuments, related to semantics, history, politicisation and symbolism.<ref name=":5" />

{{National War Memorial complex and India Gate OSM Location map}}

==History==
[[India Gate]] was designed by [[Edwin Lutyens]] and unveiled in 1931.<ref name="DELHI MEMORIAL">{{cite web|year=|title=Delhi Memorial (India Gate)|url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/142700/DELHI%20MEMORIAL%20%28INDIA%20GATE%29|url-status=live |access-date=3 September 2014|publisher=[[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019114512/http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/142700/DELHI%20MEMORIAL%20(INDIA%20GATE) |archive-date=19 October 2012 }}</ref> Traffic and parades would pass through the monument. Vehicular movement under the arch was restricted in the 1950s.<ref name=":4" />

Amar Jawan Jyoti was added under India Gate following the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. The war, which lasted from 3 to 16 December 1971, and ended with the [[Fall of Dhaka]], was part of the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|liberation war]] in [[East Pakistan]].<ref name="India-Pakistan 1971 war">{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Sushant|date=2 January 2020|title=India-Pakistan 1971 war|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-pakistan-1971-war-bangladesh-indira-gandhi-4429236/ |access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> On 26 January 1972, the twenty-third Republic Day of India, the monument was officially inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name=":3" /> This short timeframe for setting up a memorial to honour those of who fought only the previous month was as per Indira Gandhi's wishes.<ref name=":4" /> Author Vedica Kants has written in her 2014 book "India and the First World War" that the location of Amar Jawan Jyoti under the arch of India Gate rewrote the symbolic intention of India Gate.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|last=Anand|first=Col Rohan|date=May 2015|title=India Gate. An Indian Legacy|url=http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2015/may01-15/h8.htm|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[Sainik Samachar]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kant|first=Vedica|date=2014-06-28|title=Why did we fight the war?|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/VfpJyUSGqCbFo9114UpALP/Why-did-we-fight-the-war.html|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en|quote=...was a refashioning of the symbolism of the site away from its colonial legacy...}}</ref>

For many years after Independence, there was no clear cut policy on war memorials.{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=161}} In 1973, the military top brass observed that memorials to commemorate war related events and martyrs were being constructed across the country without any coordination.{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=161}} These memorials were often left untended and were not constructed with much commemorative or architectural thought.{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=161}} There are at least 150 war memorials in the country.{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=162-171}} However, as the national war memorial construction was delayed, individual structures continued to be built.{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=161}} The construction of a [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]] started in 2017 and was inaugurated in 2019.<ref name=":02">{{cite web|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=1 January 2019|title=Delhi: War memorial ready, 60 years after it was first proposed|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/war-museum-ready-60-yrs-after-it-was-first-proposed/articleshow/67330108.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103074259/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//city/delhi/war-museum-ready-60-yrs-after-it-was-first-proposed/articleshow/67330108.cms|archive-date=3 January 2019|access-date=23 January 2022|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite web|last=Bhatnagar|first=Gaurav Vivek|date=21 April 2018|title=National War Memorial Takes Shape Six Decades After Being Conceived|url=https://thewire.in/urban/national-war-museum-delhi-india-gate|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130125759/https://thewire.in/urban/national-war-museum-delhi-india-gate|archive-date=30 January 2019|access-date=23 January 2022|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> When the National War Memorial was inaugurated in 2019 with a new flame the [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]] and a [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Army Staff]] had said that the old Amar Jyoti Jawan would be retained, however no specifics were given.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramdas|first=Admiral L.|author-link=Laxminarayan Ramdas|date=2022-01-24|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti: Symbolism, respect can't be forced, it evolves over time; new will never take place of old|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/amar-jawan-jyoti-symbolism-respect-cant-be-forced-it-evolves-over-time-new-will-never-take-place-of-old|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[National Herald]]}}</ref><ref name=":flame">{{cite web|last=Channan|first=Lt Col (Retd) Manoj K|date=22 January 2022|title=The Eternal Flame: The Indian Armed Forces should not be milked for political ambitions|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/the-eternal-flame-the-indian-armed-forces-should-not-be-milked-for-political-ambitions/2413295/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=The Financial Express|language=en}}</ref>

Following the ceremony on 21 January 2022, debate ensued related to semantics, legacy, politicisation and symbolism{{Em dash}} whether the shifted flame was merged, or extinguished; whether the five decades old memorial was temporary, irrespective of government plans to construct a permanent one; whether there could be two "eternal" flames; and how the location of the old Amar Jyoti Jawan under the Indian Gate was symbolised and its colonial linkages.<ref name=":5">{{multiref2|{{cite web|last=Shivshankar|first=Rahul|author-link=Rahul Shivshankar|date=24 January 2022|title=There's no blame in shifting the flame|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/theres-no-blame-in-shifting-the-flame/articleshow/89098912.cms|url-access=subscription|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[The Times of India]]}}|{{cite web|last=Ramdas|first=Admiral L.|author-link=Laxminarayan Ramdas|date=2022-01-24|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti: Symbolism, respect can't be forced, it evolves over time; new will never take place of old|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/amar-jawan-jyoti-symbolism-respect-cant-be-forced-it-evolves-over-time-new-will-never-take-place-of-old|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[National Herald]]}}|{{cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=2022-01-24|title=Explained: The significance of Amar Jawan Jyoti, and why it was merged with National War Memorial flame|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-amar-jawan-jyoti-national-war-memorial-7735258/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}|{{cite web|author1=Editorial|date=2022-01-24|title=Side by side|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/amar-jawan-jyoti-national-war-memorial-showcase-a-rich-history-7738405/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}|{{cite web|last=Thapar|first=Karan|author-link=Karan Thapar|date=22 January 2022|title=Watch {{!}} Do Not Politicise Merging of Amar Jawan Jyoti: Former Army Chief V.P. Malik|url=https://thewire.in/video/watch-karan-thapar-vp-malik-amar-jawan-jyoti-india-gate|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}|{{cite web|last=Swami|first=Praveen|author-link=Praveen Swami|date=2022-01-24|title=Liberals mourning India Gate flame must also recall some dark aspects of the colonial Army|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/liberals-mourning-india-gate-flame-must-also-recall-some-dark-aspects-of-the-colonial-army/811232/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[ThePrint]]}}|{{cite web|last=Chadha|first=Saroj|date=2022-01-24|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti and National War Memorial|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/blunt-frank/amar-jawan-jyoti-and-national-war-memorial/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[The Times of India]] Blog|language=en-US}}|{{cite web|last=Tandon|first=Aditi|date=23 January 2022|title=In 1972, Indira Gandhi govt too proposed permanent war memorial|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/in-1972-indira-govt-too-proposed-permanent-war-memorial-363848|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|Tribune India]]}}|{{cite web|last=Abdi|first=Mehmood |date=22 January 2022|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti: Merging flames and submerging history|url=https://theprobe.in/amar-jawan-jyoti-merging-flames-and-submerging-history/|access-date=2022-02-02|website=The Probe}}
}}</ref>

==Construction and structure==

=== Under India Gate, in 1971 ===
The Amar Jawan Jyoti was conceptualised and constructed in less than a month as per Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's wishes, to be made ready for Republic Day on 26 January 1972.<ref name=":4" /> The limited timeframe constrained both the location and the scale of the memorial.<ref name=":4" />

The base was {{Convert|15|sqft|sqin}} with a height of 4 feet 3 inches. At the centre of this was a pedestal 3 feet 2 inches in height. Here a reversed rifle was placed with a war helmet on the top. All the four sides of the memorial were inscribed the words 'Amar Jawan' in Hindi. At each of the four corners of the main platform on which rests the pedestal are the urn which contain the flames.<ref name=":6" /> It was white at the time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Galleries/Wars/Memorials/Monuments/0011.jpg.html|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[Bharat Rakshak]]}}</ref>

[[File:Amar Jawan Jyoti-2.jpg|thumb|left|Cenotaph with a [[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle]] placed on its barrel and capped by a helmet of the Unknown Soldier.|236x236px]]
From 1971 to 2006, the flame was fueled by [[Liquefied petroleum gas|Liquified Petroleum Gas]] (LPG) cylinders.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|last=Sharma|first=Nidhi|date=25 January 2006|title=Amar Jawan Jyoti to glow with green fuel|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/amar-jawan-jyoti-to-glow-with-green-fuel/articleshow/1386411.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709132449/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com:80/city/delhi/Amar-Jawan-Jyoti-to-glow-with-green-fuel/articleshow/1386411.cms? |archive-date=9 July 2010 }}</ref> The pedestal was bound by four urns. Each of the urns are controlled by a separate burner.<ref name=":2" /> A single LPG cylinder would be able to provide fuel for one urn for about 36 hours.<ref name=":2" /> The cylinders were stacked in a room in the memorial.<ref name=":2" /> Sanctioned in December 2005, LPG cylinders were replaced by Piped Natural Gas (PNG), a safer and more economical option.<ref name=":2" /> A pipeline had been laid from Kasturba Gandhi Marg.<ref name=":2" /> The staff responsible for maintaining the burning flame resided in a room under the [[India Gate|arch]], next to the flame.<ref name="Keeper of the flame">{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Geeta|date=10 June 2012|title=Keeper of the flame|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/keeper-of-the-flame/960016/0 |access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> The overall responsibility of the flame was under the [[Military Engineer Services (India)|Military Engineer Services]].<ref name=":2" /> Chander Singh Bisht, a retired military engineer service personnel, operated the flame for four decades.<ref name=":4" /> The monument was always guarded.<ref name="5 things about Amar Jawan Jyoti">{{cite news|last=Garcia|first=Meryl|date=19 January 2016|title=5 things about Amar Jawan Jyoti|publisher=[[The Better India]]|url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/43484/amar-jawan-jyoti-republic-day-delhi/ |access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref>

=== At Amar Chakra, in 2019 ===
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi lighting the eternal flame, to mark the dedication of the National War Memorial, in New Delhi on February 25, 2019 (1).JPG|thumb|300x300px|The flame at the National War Memorial being lit for the first time on 25 February 2019.]]
Amar Jawan Jyoti is now located at the inner ring, the Amar Chakra (Circle of Immortality), of the [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]]. The Memorial has four concentric circles representing a [[Padmavyuha|Chakravyuh]] and a central obelisk at the bottom of which burns the flame.<ref>{{cite news|last=Yadav|first=Namrata|date=3 March 2019|title=Are you looking for someone you lost, Ma'am? They asked my mother at National War Memorial|work=[[ThePrint]]|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/are-you-looking-for-someone-you-lost-maam-they-asked-my-mother-at-national-war-memorial/200744/|access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref>

A global design competition was conducted and the result was announced in early April 2017. A [[Chennai]] architectural firm, WeBe Design Lab's proposal was declared the winner and was accordingly chosen for the conceptualization of the architectural design and for coordinating the construction of the project. The chief architect of the memorial is Yogesh Chandrahasan of WeBe Design Lab, Chennai, chosen through a global design competition and a jury chaired by [[Christopher Charles Benninger]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhatnagar|first=Gaurav Vivek|date=21 April 2018|title=National War Memorial Takes Shape Six Decades After Being Conceived|url=https://thewire.in/urban/national-war-museum-delhi-india-gate|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130125759/https://thewire.in/urban/national-war-museum-delhi-india-gate |archive-date=30 January 2019 }}</ref>

== Observances, remembrances and celebrations ==
Since 1972, every-year on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]], before the [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parade]], it had been customary for the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and three service chiefs and dignitaries to place a [[wreath]] at Amar Jawan Jyoti.{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=161}} On Independence Day, the President laid a wreath.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Search results for "Amar Jawan Jyoti"|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&limit=500&offset=500&profile=default&search=Amar+Jawan+Jyoti|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[Wikimedia Commons]]}}</ref> On 16 December, [[Vijay Diwas (India)|Vijay Diwas]], the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] laid a wreath.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ceremonials, Department Of Defence|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/ceremonials|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123075925/https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/ceremonials|archive-date=2021-01-23|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], Government of India}}</ref>

{{Gallery
|title=Visuals from the old Amar Jawan Jyoti
|width=150 |height=
|align=center
|footer=A representative group. For more images see [[:commons:Category:Amar Jawan Jyoti (Tomb of the Unknown Soldier)|Wikimedia Commons]]
|File:Picture of service chiefs on Navy Day, 2017 (high res).jpg
|'''Service days:''' Tri Service Chiefs paying homage on [[Navy Day (India)|Navy Day]], 2017
|File:Tri Service Chiefs paying homage at Amar Jawan Jyoti, India Gate on the occasion of Navy Day in New Delhi on December 04, 2012.jpg
|'''Service days:''' Tri Service Chiefs paying homage on [[Navy Day (India)|Navy Day]], 2012
|File:The Defence Secretary, Shri G Mohan Kumar laying wreath at Amar Jawan Jyoti, India Gate, on the occasion of 68th Anniversary of National Cadet Corps (NCC), in New Delhi.jpg
|'''Select anniversaries:''' Defence Secretary [[G. Mohan Kumar]] on 68th anniversary of [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]]
|File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind paying homage at the Amar Jawan Jyoti, India Gate, on the occasion of 71st Independence Day, in New Delhi.jpg
|'''National days:''' The President and service chiefs on [[Independence Day (India)]], 2017
|File:The Kyrgyzstan Defence Minister, Maj. Gen. Abibilla Kudaberdiev paying homage to the martyrs at Amar Jawan Jyoti, in New Delhi on September 09, 2011.jpg
|'''Foreign dignitaries:''' [[Ministry of Defense (Kyrgyzstan)|Kyrgyzstan Defence Minister]], Major General [[Abibilla Kudayberdiev]] rendering a [[hand salute]], 2011
|File:The Chief of Ground Forces of Israel Defence Forces, Major General Guy Zur paying floral tributes at Amar Jawan Jyoti, India Gate, in New Delhi on November 12, 2013.jpg|'''Foreign dignitaries:''' Wreath laying by Chief of Ground Forces of [[Israel Defense Forces]], Major General [[Guy Tzur]]}}

From 2020 onwards the Prime Minister, on the occasion of the 71st Republic Day, placed the wreath at the [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]] instead of the Amar Jyoti Jawan at India Gate. The Prime Minister is accompanied by the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]], along with the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Army Chief]], [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Navy Chief]], and [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Air Force Chief]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=January 23, 2020|title=Not Amar Jawan Jyoti, Republic Day wreath-laying ceremony at National War Memorial from this year|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/republic-day-amar-jawan-jyoti-ceremony-national-war-memorial-1639434-2020-01-23|access-date=2020-12-14|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=2020-01-24|title=This year, Republic Day ceremony to start from War Memorial, not India Gate|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/this-year-republic-day-ceremony-to-start-from-war-memorial-not-india-gate-6232317/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124033916/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/this-year-republic-day-ceremony-to-start-from-war-memorial-not-india-gate-6232317/ |archive-date=24 January 2020 }}</ref>

{{Gallery
|title=Visuals from the new Amar Jawan Jyoti
|width=200 |height=
|align=center
|footer=Representative; for more images see [[:commons:Category:National War Memorial (India)|Wikimedia Commons]]
|File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi at the dedication ceremony of the National War Memorial, in New Delhi on February 25, 2019.JPG|Dedication ceremony, 2019
|File:The Chief of Staff, Japan Air Self Defense Force, General Izutsu Shunji paying homage at National War Memorial, in New Delhi on December 10, 2020.jpg|The Chief of Staff, [[Japan Air Self Defense Force]], General [[:ja:井筒俊司|Izutsu Shunji]], 2020.|Secretary Pompeo and Defense Secretary Esper Participate in a Wreath Laying at the National War Memorial in New Delhi, India (50537513647).jpg|Wreath laying by the [[United States Secretary of State]] and [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]], 2020}}

== See also ==
{{commons category}}
{{Portal|India}}
* [[National Military Memorial]] in Bengaluru
* [[National War Memorial Southern Command]] in Pune
* [[Jharkhand War Memorial]] in Ranchi
* [[Kargil Chowk]] in Patna
* [[Kargil War Memorial]] at Dras, Kargil
* [[Victory at Sea Memorial]] in Visakhapatnam
* [[National Police Memorial (India)|National Police Memorial]] in New Delhi
* [[Kargil Vijay Diwas]]
* [[Vijay Diwas (India)]]
* [[Victory day of Bangladesh|Bijoy Dibos]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
;Notes
{{Notelist}}

;Citations
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book|last=Chhina|first=Rana T.S.|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/23460_IWM_Book__11-06-2014_.pdf|title=Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World.|publisher=Centre for Armed Forces Historical Research, United Service Institution of India|others=A public diplomacy initiative of the Ministry of External Affairs|year=2014|isbn=978-8190209793|ref={{sfnref|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014}}|author-link=Rana Chhina|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120044036/https://mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/23460_IWM_Book__11-06-2014_.pdf|archive-date=20 January 2022|url-status=live}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book|last=Nayyar|first=Vice-Admiral (retd.) K.K.|title=Amar Jawan, A Book of Remembrance|publisher=[[India Book House]]|year=1997|isbn=978-8175081055|quote=A book of remembrance in memory of our soldiers, sailors, and airmen who laid down their lives in defence of their country, India, 1947–1997}}
:: {{Em dash}} {{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Manoj|author-link=Manoj Joshi (journalist)|date=1 December 1997|title=Amar Jawan, A Book of Remembrance: A sailor's monumental record of the war dead|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19971201-amar-jawan-a-book-of-remembrance-a-sailors-monumental-record-of-the-war-dead-830980-1997-12-01|website=India Today|language=en}}

{{Delhi}}
{{Military of India}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1971]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Commonwealth War Graves Commission memorials]]
[[Category:Indian military memorials and cemeteries]]
[[Category:Military of India]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Delhi]]
[[Category:Terminating vistas in India]]
[[Category:Tombs of Unknown Soldiers]]

Mayo Memorial Hall

2026-02-19T22:24:57Z

Dentaltrendz: brief reworked details per standard format and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{other uses|Mayo Hall (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox building
| name = Mayo Memorial Hall
| designated_other1_name =
| designated_other1_date =
| designated_other1_abbr =
| designated_other1_link =
| designated_other1_color =
| image = File:Mayo Memorial Hall.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| location= [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|25.4601607|81.8434835|display=inline,title}}
| completion_date =1879
| architect= [[Richard Roskell Bayne]]
| architecture=
| added =
| governing_body = Local
}}

'''Mayo Memorial and Town Hall'''<ref>{{cite book |last=Khandekar |first=G. H. |date=1894 |title=The Indian Companion: Being a Manual of Universal Statistics of All the Provinces in and the Countries Adjacent to India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dh8aAAAAMAAJ&q=mayo+town+hall+allahabad |publisher=Law Printing Press |page=922 |access-date=6 November 2014 }}</ref> (commonly '''Mayo Hall'''<ref>{{cite book |last=Renford |first=Raymond K. |date=1987 |title=The non-official British in India to 1920 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf9tAAAAMAAJ&q=mayo+town+hall+prayagraj |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=226 |isbn=978-0-19-561388-9 |access-date=6 November 2014 }}</ref>) is a large meeting hall in [[Prayagraj]], situated near the [[Thornhill Mayne Memorial]], having a 180 feet high tower . The interior of this memorial hall was ornamented with designs by Professor Gamble of the South Kensington Museum, London. Mayo Memorial Hall was designed by [[Richard Roskell Bayne]] and was completed in 1879.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://library.uvic.ca/spcoll/guides/sc131.html |title=Richard Roskell Bayne collection |access-date=2015-08-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704112639/http://library.uvic.ca/spcoll/guides/sc131.html |archive-date=2013-07-04 }}</ref> The hall was meant for public meetings, balls and receptions in commemoration of the assassinated [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Viceroy Mayo]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indianmirror.com/tourism/allahabad.html | title=Prayagraj| publisher=Indian Mirror | access-date=13 August 2018 }}</ref>

== History ==
The Mayo Memorial Hall was constructed in 1879 and served as a venue for public functions, funded by subscription. The hall was established to commemorate the assassinated Viceroy of India. It was intended for hosting public meetings, balls, and official receptions of Lieutenant-Governor's Council during the [[British Empire|British colonial period]].<ref name="UP">{{Cite web |title=Mayo Memorial Hall (1879) |url=https://www.uptourism.gov.in/en/post/mayo-memorial-hall |access-date=15 July 2025 |website=www.uptourism.gov.in}}</ref> The hall's interior was decorated according to designs sent from England by Professor Gamble of the South Kensington Museum (now the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]), [[London]]. A further wing of the building was added in 1954.<ref name="Bloom">{{Cite book |last=Bloom |first=Jonathan |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Grove_Encyclopedia_of_Islamic_Art_Archit/un4WcfEASZwC |title=Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set |last2=Blair |first2=Sheila |date=2009-05-14 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-530991-1 |page=57 |language=en}}</ref> The building is now known as the [[Amitabh Bachchan Sports Complex]].<ref name="Mayo">{{Cite web |title=The Mayo Hall, Allahabad |url=https://www.paperjewels.org/postcard/mayo-hall-allahabad |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=www.paperjewels.org}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
Designed by Richard Roskell Bayne (1837–1901), an engineer with the [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]], the Mayo Memorial Hall features a semicircular concrete roof and a 55-metre high tower. The interior includes a notable dance floor and exhibits decorative elements in line with Victorian-era design sensibilities.<ref name="Bloom"/> Its original design was influenced by British institutional aesthetics, with contributions from Professor Gamble of the museum that later became the Victoria and Albert Museum. The building stands as a prominent example of [[British Raj|Raj-era]] architecture.<ref name="Mayo"/>It was situated near the Thornhill and Myne Memorial. This hall is known for its large 180 feet high tower.<ref name="UP"/>

==See also==
* [[List of tourist attractions in Allahabad|List of tourist attractions in Prayagraj]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Allahabad landmarks}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Prayagraj]]
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Pentala Harikrishna

2026-02-09T11:34:41Z

Dentaltrendz: Added New Post - done

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 1986)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{family name hatnote|Pentala|lang=Telugu}}
{{Infobox chess player
| name = Pentala Harikrishna
| image= Pentala Harikrishna in 2025 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Pentala in 2025
| country = India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|5|10}}
| birth_place = [[Guntur]], Andhra Pradesh, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2001)
| worldchampion =
| rating =
| peakrating = 2770 (December 2016)
| peakranking = No. 10 (November 2016)
| FideID = 5007003
}}

'''Pentala Harikrishna''' (born 10 May 1986) is an Indian [[Grandmaster (chess)|chess grandmaster]]. He achieved a peak world ranking of 10 in November 2016, and a peak [[Elo rating system|Elo rating]] of 2770 in December 2016.

On 17 August 2001, he became the youngest Indian to attain the title of grandmaster, a record which was subsequently held by [[Koneru Humpy]], [[Parimarjan Negi]], [[Praggnanandhaa Rameshbabu]] and [[Gukesh Dommaraju]] in that order. He was [[Commonwealth Chess Championship|Commonwealth Champion]] in 2001, World Junior Champion in 2004, and Asian Individual Champion in 2011.

Harikrishna won the Tata Steel Group B in 2012 and the Biel MTO Masters Tournament Open event in 2013. He represented [[India]] at seven [[Chess Olympiad]]s from 2000 to 2012 and won team Bronze at the World Team Chess Championships in 2010. At the Asian Team Championships, Harikrishna won his teams gold medal (2009) and two silver medals (2003 and 2012).

In February 2013, Harikrishna achieved an Elo rating 2700 for the first time, only the third Indian player to do so.

==Early life==
Pentala Harikrishna{{refn|Pentala is the family name.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/people-and-personalities-photo-retrospect-part-two-|last= Friedel|first=Frederic|title=People and personalities – photo retrospect (part two)|date=2008-02-14|access-date=2020-07-17|publisher=ChessBase}}</ref>}} was born in [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. He learned chess at the age of 4 from his grandfather Ranga Rao, who was also his first chess coach.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chessbase.in/news/Interview_with_Pentala_Harikrishna|title=From Pratipadu to Belgrade: The journey of Harikrishna Pentala|date=30 October 2017|publisher=ChessBase India}}</ref>

==Chess career==
===Junior===
Harikrishna was a highly successful junior player winning the Indian Under-08 (1993), Under-10 (1995), Under-14 (1999), Under-15 (1998) and Under-18 (1998) titles. He won the Under 18 prize at the Commonwealth Chess Championship in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99apr28/sports.htm#2|title=Atanu Lahiri wins C'wealth chess title|date=1999-04-27|newspaper=The Tribune | location=India|access-date=5 February 2016}}</ref> He won the World Under-10 Championship in 1996.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

His progress was such that, at the age of 14 years 5 months, he joined the Indian team for the 2000 Chess Olympiad, scoring 6.5 out of 11 rounds and earning his first Grandmaster norm. The second and third norms came soon after with a solid 6.5/13 result placing fifth in Corus Group B and sharing seventh place at the Asian Individual Championship with 7/11.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic325.html|title=The Week in Chess 325|date=29 January 2001|publisher=Mark Crowther|access-date=10 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic354.html|title=The Week in Chess 354|date=20 August 2001|publisher=Mark Crowther|access-date=10 February 2016}}</ref> This last norm both qualified him for the [[FIDE World Chess Championship 2002]] (knocked in the first round to [[Alexander Beliavsky]]){{cite needed|date=February 2025}} and secured his Grandmaster title, having reached the required FIDE rating of 2500 in the July 2000 rating list.<ref name="chart"/>

=== 2001–2004===
Immediately after that he won on tiebreak the Commonwealth Championship, held in London,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic356.html|title=The Week in Chess 356|date=3 September 2001|publisher=Mark Crowther|access-date=10 February 2016}}</ref> then claimed first on tiebreak with [[Alexei Barsov]] and [[Krishnan Sasikiran]] at Hastings Chess Congress at the start of 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic374.html#2|title=The Week in Chess 374|date=3 September 2001|publisher=Mark Crowther|access-date=10 February 2016}}</ref> Finishing half a point behind Sasikiran in the 2002 National "A" Championship. Despite a series of weaker results costing him 29 rating points between July 2002 and January 2003, Harikrishna regained nearly all of them the next rating period with third place at Hastings and second place at the National "A" Championship in Mumbai. He shared second place with [[Vasilios Kotronias]] and [[Paul Motwani]] in the 2003 British Championships then shared first with Vasily Yemelin, [[Smbat Lputian]] and [[Pavel Kotsur]] in Abu Dhabi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessscotland.com/archives/brit2003results.htm|title=Chess Scotland|date=2 August 2003|publisher=Chess Scotland|access-date=11 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905063238/http://www.chessscotland.com/archives/brit2003results.htm|archive-date=5 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ratings.fide.com/tournament_report.phtml?event16=25181&t=0|title=13. Abu Dhabi In.Fest.Mast|publisher=FIDE|access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref>

Harikrishna's form continued with shared second at the Sharjah Open half a point behind Kotsur, shared seventh at the Parsvnath Open, shared fifth at the Tata Open and second at the Asian Zonal 3.1b tournament held in [[Dhaka]], a point behind [[Surya Shekhar Ganguly]] and shared third at GibTelecom Masters, a point behind [[Nigel Short]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ratings.fide.com/individual_calculations.phtml?idnumber=5007003&rating_period=2004-01-01&t=0|title=Harikrishna, P January 2004|publisher=FIDE|access-date=11 February 2016|archive-date=14 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314035247/http://ratings.fide.com/individual_calculations.phtml?idnumber=5007003&rating_period=2004-01-01&t=0|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Week in Chess 483|url=http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic483.html|website=The Week in Chess|publisher=Mark Crowther|access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref> A few months later he came sixth on tiebreaks (a dozen players tied half a point behind [[Shakriyar Mamedyarov]] at the strong Dubai Open.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Week in Chess 495|url=http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic495.html#3|website=The Week in Chess|publisher=Mark Crowther|access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref>

Between the January 2003 and October 2005 rating lists, Harikrishna experienced a steady increase from 2539 to 2673, first reaching 2600 in July 2004.<ref name="chart"/>

Harikrishna was knocked out of the [[FIDE World Chess Championship 2004]], held in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], in the second round after rapid tiebreaks 3-1 against [[Vasyl Ivanchuk]] but bounced back with fourth place on tiebreaks at the Abu Dhabi Open, half a point behind [[Dmitry Bocharov (chess player)|Dmitry Bocharov]]. He came third in the Pune Super GM event, a point behind winner [[Liviu-Dieter Nisipeanu]] but winning their individual game and was solid for India at the Chess Olympiad.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Week in Chess 514|url=http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic514.html#2|website=The Week in Chess|publisher=Mark Crowther|access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref> This string of performances culminated in winning the [[World Junior Chess Championship]] held in Kochi, India in November 2004, scoring 10/13 with [[Tigran L Petrosian]] and [[Zhao Jun (chess player)|Zhao Jun]] half a point behind.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.chessbase.com/post/harikrishna-korbut-win-junior-titles|title=Harikrishna, Korbut win Junior titles|date=2004-12-01|publisher=ChessBase|access-date=8 February 2016}}</ref>

===2005–2009===
Such success saw invitations to stronger events, such as Bermuda in early 2005 where despite losing to [[Boris Gelfand]] in the eighth round, victory in the two last rounds enabled him to catch up with him to tie for first,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Week in Chess 536|url=http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic536.html#2|website=The Week in Chess|publisher=Mark Crowther|access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref> followed by an even score at Dos Hermanas and fifth on tiebreak at HB Global Challenge. Harikrishna joined up with former [[Viswanathan Anand]] coach [[Elizbar Ubilava]], looking to improve his game.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Sport / Chess : Harikrishna to train with Ubilava from June 4|url = http://www.thehindu.com/2005/06/03/stories/2005060307282200.htm|archive-url = https://archive.today/20160422163903/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/06/03/stories/2005060307282200.htm|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2016-04-22|website = [[The Hindu]]|date = 2005-06-03|access-date = 2016-02-13}}</ref> He then won the Sanjin Hotel Cup, a point clear of the field with 8.5/11.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Week in Chess 550|url=http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic550.html#5|website=The Week in Chess|publisher=Mark Crowther|access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Week in Chess 559|url=http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic559.html#3|website=The Week in Chess|publisher=Mark Crowther|access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref> He tied for second at the Mainz Ordiz Open. An even result at the Lausanne Masters was followed up by winning the Essent Crown Group in October 2005, scoring 4/6.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2710|title=Harikrishna wins Essent Crown Group|date=2 November 2005 }}</ref> December's [[Chess World Cup 2005]] saw Harikrishna defeat [[Yu Shaoteng]] 3-1 and Giovanni Vescovi 4-2 before being knocked out in the third round against [[Alexei Dreev]] 2.5-1.5, then tied for second at Pamplona, half a point behind [[Ruslan Ponomariov]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Week in Chess 582|url=http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic582.html#4|website=The Week in Chess|publisher=Mark Crowther|access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Harikrishna Torino 2006.JPG|left|thumb|Harikrishna at 37th Chess Olympiad, Turin, Italy|273x273px]]

In March 2006, Harikrishna tied for first (fifth on tiebreak) with winner [[Gabriel Sargissian]], [[Ahmed Adly]], Mamedyarov, and Igor-Alexander Nataf at the Reykjavik Open with 7/9.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Week in Chess 593|url=http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic593.html#8|website=The Week in Chess|publisher=Mark Crowther|access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref> After competing in the [[37th Chess Olympiad]], he performed badly a month later with shared last place at Aerosvit, though he bounced back with victory at Marx Gyorgy Memorial then won the [[Chess960]] Junior Chess Championship winning the last four games against [[Arkadij Naiditsch]] with the final score 4½–3½.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3281 |title=Harikrishna wins György Marx Memorial|date=11 August 2006|publisher=ChessBase.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3293|website=ChessBase.com|title=Chess Classic Chess960 results, Anand and Aronian simuls|date=17 August 2006 }}</ref> 2007 started on a bad note with 3.5/9 at the Aeroflot Open but he recovered to come third at the Montreal International, losing in the final round to tournament winner Ivanchuk.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Week in Chess 642|url=http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic642.html#3|website=The Week in Chess|publisher=Mark Crowther|access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref> Harikrishna tied for first (second on wins tiebreak) at Marx Gyorgy then finished 20th at the Mainz FiNet Rapid Open.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Week in Chess 667|url=http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic667.html|website=The Week in Chess|publisher=Mark Crowther|access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref> At the end of 2007, he lost 3-1 in the final of the [[Carlos Torre Repetto Memorial|Carlos Torre Memorial]] to Ivanchuk and came fourth on tiebreak at the Reggio Emilia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic685.html#4|title=XX Carlos Torre Memorial|date=24 December 2007|publisher=The Week in Chess|access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic687.html#4|title=The Week in Chess 687|website=theweekinchess.com|access-date=2016-04-20}}</ref>

Harikrishna played tournaments less frequently after 2007 but finished fourth at the 2008 Corus Group B with 7.5/13,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Wijk R13: Aronian, Carlsen win Wijk aan Zee 2008|url = http://en.chessbase.com/post/wijk-r13-aronian-carlsen-win-wijk-aan-zee-2008|website = Chess News|date = 2008-01-27|access-date = 2016-02-13|language = en-US}}</ref> followed by several team events and winning on tiebreak in September 2008 at the Spice Cup in Lubbock, United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Week in Chess 725|url = http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic725.html#3|website = theweekinchess.com|access-date = 2016-02-13}}</ref> He was seeded to the knockout stages of the XXI Carlos Tore Memorial but was eliminated 3-2 by [[Jan Ehlvest]] in the quarter finals.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Week in Chess 738|url = http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic738.html|website = theweekinchess.com|access-date = 2016-02-16}}</ref>

A last round loss to [[Peter Svidler]] saw Harikrishna slip from co-leader to shared seventh at the January 2009 Gibraltar Chess Congress,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Peter Svidler wins the 7th Gibtelecom tournament in Gibraltar|url = http://en.chessbase.com/post/peter-svidler-wins-the-7th-gibtelecom-tournament-in-gibraltar|website = Chess News|date = 2009-02-06|access-date = 2016-02-16|language = en-US}}</ref> but won the Nancy Rapid event the next month, a point ahead of [[Georg Meier (chess player)|Georg Meier]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=5252|title=Harikrishna wins category 13 in Nancy, France|date=28 February 2009|publisher=ChessBase.com|access-date=15 February 2012}}</ref> He lost three consecutive games at the 39th Bosna Tournament to finish fifth out of six and scoring 4/10,<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Week in Chess 758|url = http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic758.html|website = theweekinchess.com|access-date = 2016-02-16}}</ref> also struggling at Zurich's 200th Anniversary event, finishing shared 27th with 6/9.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Week in Chess 771|url = http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic771.html|website = theweekinchess.com|access-date = 2016-02-16}}</ref> At the Chigorin Memorial he came fifteenth after tiebreaks in the Open section and won the blitz section.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Week in Chess 781|url = http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic781.html#5|website = theweekinchess.com|access-date = 2016-02-16}}</ref> He finished the year helping India win the Asian Team Championships.<ref name="Asian TCC"/>

===2010–2013===
Harikrishna came tied sixth at Corus Chess Group B with 6.5/13 in January 2010 before a poor performance at the Asian Individual Championship, finishing 23rd after tiebreaks and losing 17 rating points<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Week in Chess 808|url = http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic808.html#14|website = theweekinchess.com|access-date = 2016-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Magnus Carlsen wins Wijk aan Zee 2010|url = http://en.chessbase.com/post/magnus-carlsen-wins-wijk-aan-zee-2010|website = Chess News|date = 2010-01-31|access-date = 2016-02-16|language = en-US}}</ref> Some consolation came with shared first with Ehlvest at the New York International.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The United States Chess Federation - New York International: Ehlvest and Harikrishna Tie|url = http://www.uschess.org/content/view/10500/593|website = www.uschess.org|access-date = 2016-02-16|first = Jennifer|last = Shahade}}</ref> He shared second place scoring 7/9 at the World Open, half a point behind [[Viktor Láznička]],<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Week in Chess 818|url = http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic818.html#15|website = theweekinchess.com|access-date = 2016-02-16}}</ref> but lost his rating gains at the Canadian Open with 6/9 sharing 23rd place.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Week in Chess 819|url = http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic819.html#7|website = theweekinchess.com|access-date = 2016-02-16}}</ref> His strong performance in the Asian Games and Spanish league (including a win over [[Maxime Vachier-Lagrave]]) along with a solid performance in the Chess Olympiad{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} helped recover his rating back to 2667 after a steady fall between April 2009 (2686) and July 2010 (2645).<ref name="chart"/>

In January 2011, he came ninth on tiebreak scoring 7/10 at Gibraltar then sixth on tiebreak with 6.5/9 at Cappelle-la-Grande.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Tradewise Gibraltar Chess Festival 2011 {{!}} The Week in Chess|url = http://theweekinchess.com/chessnews/events/tradewise-gibraltar-chess-festival-2011|website = theweekinchess.com|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = The Week in Chess 852|url = http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic852.html#3|website = theweekinchess.com|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref> May 2011 he won the [[Asian Chess Championship]] after tying with [[Yu Yangyi]] and [[Nguyễn Ngọc Trường Sơn|Nguyen Ngoc Truong Son]] 6.5/9, shared second place on 7/9 with [[Robert Hess (chess player)|Robert Hess]] and [[Alejandro Ramírez (chess player)|Alejandro Ramirez]] at the Chicago Open half a point behind [[Timur Gareyev|Timur Gareev]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = A momentous occasion for India|url = http://www.sportstaronnet.com/tss3421/stories/20110526506103600.htm|website = www.sportstaronnet.com|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = The Week in Chess 865|url = http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic865.html#14|website = theweekinchess.com|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref> Harikrishna's form dipped at the New York International scoring only 4.5/9 for shared 25th place,<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Week in Chess 868|url = http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic868.html#37|website = theweekinchess.com|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref> but shared third at the World Open scoring 6.5/9.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Week in Chess 870|url = http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic870.html#5|website = theweekinchess.com|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref> He struggled at the World Team Championships competing against almost exclusively 2700 rated players, scoring 3.5/9 and was eliminated from the [[Chess World Cup 2011|Chess World Cup]] in the second round 1.5-0.5 by [[Dmitry Jakovenko]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://ratings.fide.com/individual_calculations.phtml?idnumber=5007003&rating_period=2011-09-01&t=0|title = Harikrishna, P September 2011 FIDE Individual Chess Calculations|access-date = 17 February 2016|website = FIDE}}</ref>
[[File:PentalaHarikrishna13a.jpg|thumb|330x330px|Harikrishna at Tata Steel Group A in 2013]]

Harikrishna started 2012 in style winning the Group B of [[Tata Steel Chess Tournament|Tata Steel]], scoring 9/13, half a point ahead of [[Alexander Motylev]] and [[Lázaro Bruzón|Lazaro Bruzon]], earning himself a place in the 2013 Group A followed up with victory at the Cappelle-la-Grande Open on tiebreaks with 7/9.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Wijk aan Zee Rd13: Aronian is sole winner!|url = http://en.chessbase.com/post/wijk-aan-zee-rd13-aronian-is-sole-winner-|website = Chess News|date = 2012-01-30|access-date = 2016-02-17|language = en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Harikrishna tops 74 GMs in Cappelle-La-Grande|url = http://en.chessbase.com/post/harikrishna-tops-74-gms-in-cappelle-la-grande|website = Chess News|date = 2012-03-12|access-date = 2016-02-17|language = en-US}}</ref> In July, he was third on tiebreaks at the Benasque Open scoring 8/10 and fifth on tiebreaks at the Biel Master event with 7.5/11.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Week in Chess 923|url = http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic923.html#11|website = theweekinchess.com|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = The Week in Chess 926|url = http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic926.html#2|website = theweekinchess.com|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref> Harikrishna rounded off the year with the 40th Chess Olympiad and league games, ending the year at his highest rating so far with 2698.<ref name="chart">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/profile/5007003/chart|title=Harikrishna's rating chart published by FIDE}}</ref>

Making his first appearance in the Tata Steel A group in January 2013, Harikrishna finished in seventh place with 6.5/13 and breaking 2700 for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Tata R13: Karjakin, Wang score, Carlsen wins Wijk by 1½ points|url = http://en.chessbase.com/post/tata-r13-karjakin-wang-score-carlsen-wins-wijk-by-1-points|website = Chess News|date = 2013-01-27|access-date = 2016-02-17|language = en-US}}</ref> Despite a collapse of form at the Capablanca Memorial in which Harikrishna scored 3/10, losing four games and failing to win and pushing him back under 2700,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Almasi shines at 2013 Capablanca Memorial|url = http://en.chessbase.com/post/almasi-shines-at-2013-capablanca-memorial-030513|website = Chess News|date = 2013-05-03|access-date = 2016-02-17|language = en-US}}</ref> his form returned in July with a strong performance in the Greek league, winning at the [[Biel chess tournament|Biel Masters]] with 8½/11 and tied fifth place at the HZ Open with an unbeaten 7/9.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessdom.com/pentala-harikrishna-claims-first-place-at-biel-masters-international-tournament/|title=Pentala Harikrishna claims first place at Biel Masters International Tournament|date=3 August 2013|publisher=Chessdom.com|access-date=27 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = The Week in Chess 979|url = http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic979.html#6|website = theweekinchess.com|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref>

===2014–2016===
In January 2014, Harikrishna finished seventh in the rejigged Tata Steel Masters with 5.5/11 after a last round loss against [[Boris Gelfand]] and came 12th on tiebreak scoring 7/10 at Gibraltar soon after.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Tata 11: Giri and Timman take silver|url = http://en.chessbase.com/post/tata-11-giri-and-timman-take-silver|website = Chess News|date = 2014-01-26|access-date = 2016-02-17|language = en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = The Week in Chess 1005|url = http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic1005.html#3|website = theweekinchess.com|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref> After claiming silver at the Asian Blitz Championship,<ref>{{Cite news|title = Silver lining for Hyderabad Grandmasters|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/silver-lining-for-hyderabad-grandmasters/article5932687.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2014-04-21|access-date = 2016-02-17|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN}}</ref> he played only league games until July when he finished third on tiebreak at Biel.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Week in Chess 1029|url = http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic1029.html#2|website = theweekinchess.com|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref> Despite playing for the Indian team at the previous seven Chess Olympiads, he did not participate in the 2014 edition, taking part in the Turkish league instead. At the inaugural Qatar Masters he scored 5.5/9 to tie for 25th place.<ref>{{Cite news|title = India's top players have little respect for Chess Olympiad (News Analysis)|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 29 July 2014|url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/india-s-top-players-have-little-respect-for-chess-olympiad-news-analysis-114072901100_1.html|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Qatar Masters Open 2014 {{!}} The Week in Chess|url = http://theweekinchess.com/chessnews/events/qatar-masters-open-2014|website = theweekinchess.com|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref>

Harikrishna started 2015 by scoring 7.5/10 for ninth place by tiebreak at Gibraltar,<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Week in Chess 1057|url = http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic1057.html#3|website = theweekinchess.com|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref> with several team events following including the World Team Championships in which he scored 5/9. In June, he won the 10th Edmonton International scoring 7.5/9, including a 5/5 start.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Week in Chess 1077|url = http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic1077.html#5|website = theweekinchess.com|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref> An early second round exit from the World Cup against [[S. P. Sethuraman|Sethuraman]] allowed Harikrishna to enter and tied for first from [[Gabriel Sargissian]] and [[Laurent Fressinet]] at the Isle of Man International on tiebreak, scoring 7/9.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Harikrishna wins PokerStars Isle of Man International Chess Tournament 2015 - Isle of Man International Chess Tournament|url = http://www.iominternationalchess.com/news/119-harikrishna-wins-pokerstars-isle-of-man-international-chess-tournament-2015.html|website = www.iominternationalchess.com|access-date = 2015-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = The Week in Chess 1092|url = http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic1092.html#6|website = theweekinchess.com|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref> He rounded off the year by scoring an unbeaten 6/9 at the Qatar Masters Open for eleventh place on tiebreak.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Week in Chess 1104|url = http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic1104.html#2|website = theweekinchess.com|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref>

In February–March 2016, he participated in IMSA Elite Mind Games held in China. He finished the event placed seventh in the rapid and third in blitz events gaining a staggering 113 points in live ratings to reach the career best rating of 2774 in blitz.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chess.com/news/imsa-elite-mind-games-speed-chess-in-china-7435|title=IMSA Elite Mind Games: Speed Chess In China|website=Chess.com|date=5 March 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-05}}</ref>

===2020–2025===
In July 2020, he won with 5.5 points out of 7 games the [[Chess960]] event, that was part of the chess tournament in [[Biel]]. Because of [[COVID-19]], the players were separated from each other by plexiglass.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/chess-biel-festival-harikrishna-win-seven-rounds-chess960-tournament/article32130145.ece|title=Indian GM Harikrishna wins Chess960 event at Biel Festival]|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|date=19 July 2020 }}</ref> He also represented India in the [[FIDE Online Chess Olympiad 2020]] where India won the gold medal along with Russia.<ref>{{cite web|title=The entire Gold medal winning Indian team from Online Olympiad 2020 interviewed by ChessBase India|author=Sagar Shah|date=18 September 2020|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/12-interviews-from-the-Online-Olympiad-2020?srsltid=AfmBOoool6Ducy3Vj3cW64M6RlPhdHBZwgjhcpgkqRfSjFXdVjLXskxV|website=Chessbase.com}}</ref>

Through February and March 2022, Harikrishna played in the [[FIDE Grand Prix 2022]]. In the first leg, he placed fourth in Pool D with a 2.5/6 result.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chess.com/events/2022-fide-chess-grand-prix-1-pool-d/results&ved=2ahUKEwj2_Z6NmJuLAxVlHBAIHcy1Fb4QFnoECDoQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1KCYQsfdFc4YOTu1RF4VRW|website=Chess.com|title=Results & Standings - FIDE Chess Grand Prix 1 2022 - Pool D}}</ref> In the second leg, he finished fourth in Pool B with a result of 2/6, finishing 23rd in the standings with two points.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chess.com/article/view/fide-grand-prix-2022&ved=2ahUKEwiT_bPcmJuLAxVTKxAIHfDSAJ0QFnoECE4QAQ&usg=AOvVaw0FK92OUb4UsSjnlThjUyF5|website=Chess.com|title=FIDE Grand Prix 2022: All The Information}}</ref>

Hari worked as a second to [[Ju Wenjun]] during her [[Women's World Chess Championship 2023|Women's World Championship]] match in 2023.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/indian-helping-hand-in-ju-wenjuns-womens-world-chess-triumph-101690643941065-amp.html|title=Indian helping hand in Ju Wenjun's women's world chess triumph|author=Susan Ninan|date=Jul 30, 2023|magazine=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

He was a member of the gold medal winning Indian team at [[45th Chess Olympiad|Chess Olympiad 2024]] held at [[Budapest|Budapest, Hungary]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/45th-Chess-Olympiad-2024-Round-2-report?srsltid=AfmBOopZla0iCwtDtc6lt0H-d-FMl5oCT4XQ29KL-tHVXzVzRwZ2HGAV|website=Chessbase|title=45th Chess Olympiad R2: Harikrishna's romantic rook sacrifice|author=Shahid Ahmed|date=13 September 2024}}</ref> Gukesh Dommaraju, the World Chess Champion, has revealed that Harikrishna was a part of his preparation team for the [[World Chess Championship 2024]], which Gukesh won against [[Ding Liren]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/first-sports-harikrishna-pentala-chinese-connection-d-gukesh-world-chess-championship-win-13847096.html|website=Firstpost.com|title=First Sports: How Harikrishna Pentala's Chinese connection helped Gukesh win World Chess Championship title|date=December 24, 2024}}</ref>

He was part of the team that won the [[World Rapid and Blitz Team Chess Championships 2025|World Rapid Team Chess Championship]] in London in June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MGD1 convincingly clinches World Rapid Team 2025 Championship, Hexamind second and Freedom third |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/FIDE-World-Blitz-Team-Championship-2025-Round-9-12-report |website=Chessbase India |date=14 June 2025 }}</ref>

== Team results ==
Harikrishna has represented India at eleven Chess Olympiads, making his debut at the age of 14 years 5 months during the [[34th Chess Olympiad]] held in Istanbul with results as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olimpbase.org/players/amsimwml.html|title=Pentala Harikrishna|website=Olimpbase.org|accessdate=30 September 2014}}</ref>

:{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! Olympiad
! Individual result
! Team result
|-
|[[34th Chess Olympiad|Istanbul 2000]] || 6.5/11 (27th) || 8th
|-
|[[35th Chess Olympiad|Bled 2002]] || 3.5/10 (102nd) || 29th
|-
|[[36th Chess Olympiad|Calvia 2004]] || 5.5/11 (62nd) || 6th
|-
|[[37th Chess Olympiad|Turin 2006]] || 8/12 (14th) || 30th
|-
|[[38th Chess Olympiad|Dresden 2008]] || 6/10 (13th) || 16th
|-
|[[39th Chess Olympiad|Khanty-Mansiysk 2010]] || 6/10 (19th) || 18th
|-
|[[40th Chess Olympiad|Istanbul 2012]] || 5.5/10 (12th) || 35th
|-
|[[42nd Chess Olympiad|Baku 2016]] || 5.5/9 (11th) || 4th
|-
|[[43rd Chess Olympiad|Batumi 2018]] || 7/10 (17th) || 6th
|-
|[[44th Chess Olympiad|Chennai 2022]] || 5.5/10 (29th) || 4th
|-
|[[45th Chess Olympiad|Budapest 2024]] || 2.5/3 (13th) || 1st
|}

Harikrishna also took part in World Team Chess Championships, Asian Team Chess Championships and Asian Games events with results as follows:<ref name="Asian TCC">{{cite web|url=https://www.chess.com/players/harikrishna-pentala|title=GM Harikrishna Pentala - Top Chess Players|website=Chess.com}}</ref>

:{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! Event
! Individual result
! Team result
|-
|13th Asian TCC 2003, [[Jodhpur]] India || 5/8 (4th) || Silver
|-
|15th Asian Games 2006, Doha Qatar || 6.5/9 (Silver) || Gold
|-
|3rd Asian Indoor Games 2009, Hanoi Vietnam || 4.5/8 || Bronze
|-
|16th Asian TCC 2009, Kolkata India || 4/6 (Bronze) || Gold
|-
|7th World TCC 2010, Bursa Turkey || 4/8 (6th) || Bronze
|-
|16h Asian Games 2010, Guangzhou China || 6/9 || Bronze
|-
|8th World TCC 2011, Ningbo China|| 3.5/9 (7th) || 8th
|-
|17th Asian TCC 2012, Zaozhuang China || 6/9 (4th) || Silver
|-
|10th World TCC 2015, Tsakhkadzor Armenia || 5/9 (4th) || 9th
|}

=== Other team results ===
Harikrishna has played for a variety of teams in league events. He played for Baden Baden in three of their title wins from 2007 to 2009.

* Silver medal with chess club Baden-Baden 2008 in [[European Chess Club Cup]], Kallithea, Greece.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecc2008.chessdom.com/european-club-cup-final-standings/|title=European Club Cup Final Standings|date=23 October 2008|publisher=Ecc2008.Chessdom.com|access-date=15 February 2012|archive-date=21 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121041910/http://ecc2008.chessdom.com/european-club-cup-final-standings/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Greek league Champion 2008 and Bronze medal 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chess-results.com/tnr105511.aspx?art=0&rd=7&lan=1&wi=821|title={{sic|4|1th|nolink=yes}} Greek Team Championship 2013 Premier League Final Standings|publisher=chess-results.com|access-date=27 August 2013}}</ref> with chess club Kavala.
* Bronze in Russian league 2008 with chess club Elara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_harikrishna-s-victory-guides-elara-to-bronze_1096375|title=Harikrishna's victory guides Elara to Bronze|date=12 May 2007|publisher=DnaIndia.com|access-date=15 February 2012}}</ref>
* Spanish Team Chess Championship, 2005, Spain, Team Gold (first board player).{{cite needed|date=February 2025}}
* Silver in Spanish league 2006 with chess club Cuna de Dragones.{{cite needed|date=February 2025}}
* Four Nations Chess League ([[4NCL]]), 2006, England, Team Silver.{{cite needed|date=February 2025}}
* In 2009, he participated in the League of Bosnia and Herzegovina with SK "Bosna" Sarajevo team that ultimately won the league.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.chess-results.com/tnr22762.aspx?lan=1&turdet=YES&transfer=J|title=The 8th Premier League of Bosnia & Herzegovina|website=Chess-results.com}}</ref>
* Spanish Team Chess Championship, November 2012, [[León, Spain]], as a member of C.A. Solvay scored 4½/7 points on the first board; team finished second and qualified for European Club Cup.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessvibes.com/reports/sestao-naturgas-wins-spanish-team-championship-in-le%C3%B3n/|title=Sestao Naturgas wins Spanish Team Championship in León|date=12 November 2012|publisher=chessvibes|access-date=18 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128163635/http://www.chessvibes.com/reports/sestao-naturgas-wins-spanish-team-championship-in-le%C3%B3n|archive-date=28 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://feda.org/clasificacion.php?id=119|title=Final Standings|publisher=Feda.org|access-date=18 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204010629/http://feda.org/clasificacion.php?id=119|archive-date=4 February 2013}}</ref>
* Bronze with Chess Club Kavala at Greek team Championship 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aethniki14.chessdom.com/?page_id=1107|title=Greek Team Championship 2014|access-date=30 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006104343/http://aethniki14.chessdom.com/?page_id=1107|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> and silver in Greek Chess Cup 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://finaleight14.chessdom.com/?page_id=146#|title=Greek Team Championship 2014|access-date=30 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084723/http://finaleight14.chessdom.com/?page_id=146|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Champion of Turkish Super League 2014 with chess club Istanbul Technical University.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://superlig2014.tsf.org.tr/|title=Turkish Super League Official|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref>
*Silver medal with Czech club G-Team Novy Bor and individual gold medal on the 3rd board at the [[European Chess Club Cup]] 2014 in Bilbao, Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/Hari-strikes-gold-in-European-Club-Cup/articleshow/43410627.cms|title=Hari strikes gold in European Club Cup|date=25 September 2014|work=The Times of India|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chess.com/news/bilbao-aronian-beats-anand-in-last-round-socar-wins-all-seven-3783|title=Bilbao: Aronian Beats Anand in Last Round, SOCAR Wins All Seven|date=20 September 2014|publisher=Chess.com|access-date=30 September 2014|archive-date=20 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920123957/https://www.chess.com/news/bilbao-aronian-beats-anand-in-last-round-socar-wins-all-seven-3783|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*From 2012 to 2014, GM Harikrishna played first board for chess club Eppingen in [[Chess Bundesliga]], and he is a member of Spanish chess club Solvay since 2007 (first board). Harikrishna is also the first board for BPCL A team, which has won PSPB Inter Unit Chess Tournaments in 2010 and 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/chess/bpcl/A-win-title/articleshow/11176796.cms|title=BPCL A win title|date=20 December 2011|publisher=TimesOfIndia.IndiaTimes.com}}</ref>
*Played the top board for China Mobil Shanghai [[chess club]] in 2019 edition of [[China Chess League]], winning over [[Wei Yi]] from team Jiangsu, which placed him into top 20 list in world rankings (2nd highest Indian player at the time).<ref>{{cite web|title=Harikrishna enters top 20 in world rankings with a win over Wei Yi|author=Sagar Shah|date=20 August 2019|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Harikrishna-beats-Wei-Yi-at-the-Chinese-League-2019?srsltid=AfmBOoq1ce1gOR4YL2yMsA4sdsH2YVi-yIoExf6Udg4b-x9mLRaKlR8q|website=ChessBase.com}}</ref>
*In the [[Professional Rapid Online Chess League]] 2020, he played for the India Yogis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prochessleague.com/india-yogis.html |title= PRO Chess League 2020 |publisher=prochessleague.com |access-date=2020-02-06}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He married Serbian chess player Nadezda Stojanovic in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chessbase.in/news/Harikrishna_weds_Nadezda#:~:text=Harikrishna%20tied%20the%20knot%20with,play%20original%20and%20creative%20chess.&text=Just%20like%20his%20chess%20games,A%20wedding%20report.|title=The grand wedding of Harikrishna and Nadezda|date=22 March 2018|publisher=ChessBase India}}</ref> Their daughter Maya was born in March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/chess-world-cup-sochi-july-p-harikrishna-prague-home-covid-19-magnus-carlsen-sports-news/article34536951.ece|title = P. Harikrishna: My focus is the World Cup scheduled in July| date=11 May 2021 }}</ref> Since 2018, he has lived in Prague. He plays for the chess club Nový Bor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/culture-and-society/120820/winning-is-a-habit-dont-lose-it-says-grandmaster-pentala-harikrish.html|title = Winning is a habit; don't lose it says Grandmaster Pentala Harikrishna|date = 12 August 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Pentala Harikrishna}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628075138/http://www.harikrishnachess.com/ |title=Official website}}
* {{FIDE}}
* {{Chessgames.com player|49246}}
* {{365Chess.com player|Pentala_Harikrishna}}
* {{Chess.com player|pentala-harikrishna}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816005103/http://chesslive.com/es/profile/harichess |title=Pentala Harikrishna at Chesslive.com}}

{{Indian grandmasters}}
{{Footer Asian Games Champions Chess}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pentala, Harikrishna}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Guntur]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Chess Olympiad competitors]]
[[Category:World Youth Chess Champions]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:World Junior Chess Champions]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in chess]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in chess]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in chess]]
[[Category:Chess players at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Chess players at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]
[[Category:Chess players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]

Ponneelan

2026-02-04T21:20:04Z

Dentaltrendz: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ponneelan
| image = எழுத்தாளர் பொன்னீலன்.JPG
| caption = Ponneelan in 2011
| birth_name = Kandeswara Bhaktavatsalan
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1940}}
| birth_place = Manikatti Pottal, [[Kanyakumari District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = Writer, teacher
| organization = Tamil Nadu Kalai Ilakkiya Perumandram
| movement = [[Marxism]]
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1994)
}}

'''Ponneelan''', born 1940 at Manikatti Pottal, [[Kanyakumari district]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/12/19/stories/2002121902600200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106005111/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/12/19/stories/2002121902600200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2012|title= A writer with vision and mission |last=Saqaf|first=Syed Muthahar|date=19 December 2002|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=29 March 2010}}</ref> is the [[pen name]] of '''Kandeswara Bhaktavatsalan''', a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] writer from [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/24/stories/2010032459300200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330130425/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/24/stories/2010032459300200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 March 2010|title= Buddha tried to develop social harmony, says Ponneelan |date=24 March 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=29 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/03/05/stories/2005030500820300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050411095901/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/03/05/stories/2005030500820300.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 April 2005|title= Novel tips |last=Balaganessin|first=M|date=5 March 2005|work=The Hindu|accessdate=29 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/03/26/stories/2010032650470300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713081010/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/03/26/stories/2010032650470300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 July 2010|title= Beyond linguistic barriers |last=Saqaf|first=Syed Muthahar|date=26 March 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=29 March 2010}}</ref> He is a [[Marxist]] and was influenced by Tamil Communist leader [[P. Jeevanandham]] in his younger days. He became a teacher and retired as the deputy director of school education for Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/23/stories/2005112304440200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902230900/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/23/stories/2005112304440200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 September 2006|title= Teachers can trim character of youths |date=23 November 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=29 March 2010}}</ref> He won the 1994 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Tamil language|Tamil]] his novel ''Pudhiya Dharisanangal''.<ref name=sahitya>[http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10320.htm#tamil Tamil Sahitya Akademi Awards 1955-2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124032426/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10320.htm |date=24 January 2010 }} [[Sahitya Akademi]] Official website.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thinnai.com/?module=displaystory&story_id=60306071&format=print|title=பொன்னீலன் – சாகித்ய அகாடமி பரிசு|last=[[Sundara Ramasami]]|date=April 1994|work=Thinnai|language=Tamil|accessdate=29 March 2010}}</ref> He is currently the state president of the Tamil literary organisation ''Tamil Nadu Kalai Ilakkiya Perumandram''. During 2005–2008, he was a member of the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (censor board).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/art-culture/essays/2008/0902-ponneelan-on-inter-religious-literature.html|title=பல்சமய எழுத்துக்கள் அவசியம்-பொன்னீலன்|date=2 September 2008|work=Thats Tamil|access-date=29 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1015489.cms|title=18 new 'cuts' in Censor Board |date=9 February 2005|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=29 March 2010}}</ref> He also wrote the script for the 2008 film ''Ayyavazhi''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/hollywood/news/2015/watch-ellen-spoof-george-clooneys-acceptance-speech-170507.html|title=Sujibala without a blouse in Ayyavazhi|date=20 July 2007|work=Oneindia|access-date=29 March 2010}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
[[File:பொன்னீலன் (Ponneelan).jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ponneelan at the World Tamil Classical Language Conference, 2010]]

===Fiction===
{{refbegin|2}}
;Novels
*''Karisal'' (1976)
*''Pudhiya Dharisanangal'' (1992)
*''Kollaikarargal''
*''Marupakkam'' (2010)
{{refend}}
{{refbegin|2}}
;Short story anthologies
*''Atthaani Makkal''
*''Pottal Kadhaigal''
*''Thedal''
*''Oorril malarndadhu''
*''Pudhiya mottugal''
*''Idam maari vantha vaergal''
*''Pullin kuzhanthaigal''
*''Uravugal''
*''Anbulla''
*''Nithyamanadhu''
*''Thirumanangal sorgathil nichayikka padukindrana''
{{refend}}

===Non-fiction===
{{refbegin|2}}
;Biographies
*''Jeeva enra manudan''
*''Thamilagathin aanmeega vazhikaatti''
*''Ragunathanin ilakkiya thadam''
*''Therkilirundhu''
*''Vaikunthar kaattum vaazhkai neri''
{{refend}}
{{refbegin|2}}
;Essay anthologies
*''Puvi engum santhi nilavuga''
*''Tharkala thamil ilakkiyamum dravida sidhathangalum''
*''Murpokku ilakkiya iyakkangal''
*''Sudhanthira thamilagathil kalai ilakkiya iyakkangal''
*''Sathi madhangalai paraom''
*''Thaimozhi kalvi''
*''Tamil nadu kalai ilakkiya perumandra varalaaru''

{{refend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.tamilauthors.com/writers/india/Ponneelan.html Ponneelan page at Tamil Authors.com]
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Tamil}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:People from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Tamil]]
[[Category:Writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil writers]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]

Gadkhark Malla

2026-01-30T18:39:04Z

Dentaltrendz: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Pauri Garhwal district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Pooja Olla

2026-01-24T16:57:29Z

Dentaltrendz: Added Info

{{short description|Indian middle-distance runner (born 2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Pooja Olla
| image = Pooja Olla.jpg
| caption = Olla in 2025
| nationality = {{IND}}n
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2002|06|17}}
| birth_place = [[Fatehabad, Haryana]], India
| employer = [[Indian Railways]]
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[800 m]], [[1500 m]]
| pb = ''[[800 m]]'': 2:01.03 ([[2025 World Athletics Championships – Women's 800 metres|2025]]) ''[[1500 m]]'': 4:09.52 ([[Kalinga Stadium|2023]])
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}[[File:Athletics pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 Asian Athletics Championships|2025 Gumi]]|[[2025 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 1500 metres|1500m]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 Asian Athletics Championships|2025 Gumi]]|[[2025 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 800 metres|800m]]}}
}}

'''Pooja Olla''' (born 17 June 2002) is an Indian [[Middle-distance running|middle-distance runner]] who competes in the [[800 metres|800 m]] and [[1500 metres|1500 m]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pooja OLLA{{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/india/pooja-14818407 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=worldathletics.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Olla was born on 17 June 2002 in [[Fatehabad, Haryana]]. She initially took up [[Field hockey|hockey]] during her youth, but at around age 15, while training at the [[Sports Authority of India]] centre in [[Badal, Punjab]], a coach recognized her potential for running and encouraged her to switch to [[Sport of athletics|athletics]], focusing on [[Middle-distance running|middle-distance]] events.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Abhishek |date=2025-09-01 |title=From Hockey Fields to Athletics: Pooja Olla's Journey to the World Stage |url=https://revsportz.in/from-hockey-fields-to-athletics-pooja-ollas-journey-to-the-world-stage/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Revsportz {{!}} Sports News Portal {{!}} Latest Sports Articles |language=en-US}}</ref> She works as a ticket collector-cum-commercial clerk at the [[Bilaspur railway division|Bilaspur Railway Division]] in Chhattisgarh.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==

Olla competed in national competitions including the National School Games, Khelo India Youth Games and the Federation Cup before progressing to senior-level athletics.<ref>{{cite news |title=Athlete Pooja wins silver at Asian Championship, Korea |work=Hari Bhoomi |url=https://www.haribhoomi.com/state-local/haryana/fatehabad/athlete-pooja-wins-silver-asian-championship-korea-629985 |access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref>

At the [[2025 Asian Athletics Championships]], Olla won the silver medal in the [[2025 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 1500 metres|1500 m event]] with a time of 4:10.83 and the bronze medal in the [[2025 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 800 metres|800 m event]], setting a personal best of 2:01.89 in the latter event.<ref>{{cite news |title=Asian Athletics Championships 2025: Day 2 wrap — India medals |work=Outlook India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/others/asian-athletics-championships-2025-day-2-wrap-indias-rupal-chaudhary-pooja-win-silver-yoonus-bags-bronze-in-gumi |access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Asian Athletics: India win silver in women's 4x100 relay; Pooja bags bronze in 800m |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/asian-athletics-india-win-silver-in-womens-4x100-relay-pooja-bags-bronze-in-800m-2733675-2025-05-31 |access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref>

The following week she won gold medals in both the 800 m and 1500 m at the 2025 Taiwan Open Athletics Meet; she set a meet record of 2:02.79 in the 800 m and recorded 4:11.63 in the 1500 m.<ref>{{cite news |title=SECR's Pooja sprints to 2 gold medals at Taiwan Open Meet |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/secrs-pooja-sprints-to-2-gold-medals-at-taiwan-open-meet/articleshow/121737268.cms |access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref> Later in 2025, representing [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]], Olla won the 1500 metres gold medal at the [[2025 World Athletics Continental Tour|World Continental Bronze Athletic Meet]] held in Bhubaneswar.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=SECR's athlete secures gold in 1500m race at World Continental Athletic Meet |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/secrs-athlete-secures-gold-in-1500-m-race-at-world-continental-athletic-meet/articleshow/123533616.cms |access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref> At the 64th National Inter-State Athletics Championships 2025 in Chennai, Olla won gold in the women's 800 m with a time of 2:02.27, she also clinched the 1500 m gold medal, clocking 4:10.68.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Olla, Pooja}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women middle-distance runners]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Shri Naimishnath Vishnu Temple

2026-01-24T03:37:05Z

Dentaltrendz: New!

{{Short description|Hindu temple}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Naimisharanyam
| image =Naimisanatha mandir.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_caption = Location in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| coordinates = {{coord|27|20|54.90|N|80|29|11.21|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Sitapur]]
| location = [[Naimisharanya]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Naimishnath (Devaraja) ([[Vishnu]]) Naimish-Lakshmi (Pundarikavalli)([[Lakshmi]])
| temple_tank = Chakra kund (Chakra Teertha temple) and Gomati river
| festivals=Purnima
| architecture = Dravida and Nagara
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Shri Naimishnath Vishnu Temple,''' also known as the Naimishnath Devaraja temple or Naimishnarayan Temple or Ramanuj Kot Temple is a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to Lord [[Vishnu]] and Goddess [[Lakshmi]] located in [[Uttar Pradesh]] in Naimisharanya town, Sitapur district.<ref name="Ramesh">{{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya Desams in Malai Nadu and Vada Nadu|last= M. S. |first=Ramesh|publisher= Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam|year=2000|page=188}}</ref> It is one of the ''[[Divya Desams]]'', the 108 temples of [[Vishnu]] revered in [[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]] by the 12 poet saints called the [[Alwars|Alvars]], specifically [[Thirumangai]] Alvar. Technically, the whole city is considered a [[Divya Desam]], not just the temple.

The temple is believed to be of significant antiquity with contributions at different times from various ruling kings. The temple is counted as one of the eight temples of Vishnu that self-manifested and is classified as ''Swayamvyaktha Kshetra''. The holy teerths Chankra Kunda and [[Gomati river]] are associated with the temple and it is a pilgrimage centre where people take a holy dip during festive occasions. [[Ahobilam|Ahobila]] Matt’s Nava [[Narasimha]] Swamy Hanuman Garhi temples are also located nearby.

{{Vaishnavism}}

==Legend==
[[Indra]], the king of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], was once driven out of [[Devaloka]] by an [[asura]] named [[Vritra]]. Vritra was granted the boon that he could not be killed by any weapon that was known till the time of the boon; additionally that no weapon made of wood or metal could harm him. On the advice of the god [[Brahma]], Indra performed penance to the god [[Vishnu]] at the Naimish forest for 2000 years. Pleased, Vishnu appeared before Indra and revealed that only the weapon made from the bones of the [[Rishi|sage]] [[Dadhichi]] would defeat Vritra. Indra requested the sage for his bones; the sage acceded the request and sacrificed his life. Indra created the [[vajra]] (thunderbolt) from the sage's spine and slew Vritra.<ref name="Saraswati131" />

==Location and Architecture==
[[File:Ugcigvivuivouv)()(-$% 940.jpg|thumb|Naimishnath Vishnu idol inside the sanctum sanctorum]]
Naimisaranya is located at the junction of the roads from [[Sitapur]] and Khairabad, 32 km from Sitapur and 42 km from the Sandila railway station, 45 miles north of [[Lucknow]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Naimisaranya is also known as Nimsar or Nimkhar and is located on the left bank of the river Gomati.<ref>{{cite book|title=Four reports made during the years, 1862-63-64-65, Volume 1|first=Sir Alexander|last= Cunningham}}</ref>

The Namishnath Vishnu temple is constructed in South Indian architectural style with a [[Gopuram]] outside, while exhibiting North Indian architectural features inside. It boasts a golden [[Garuda]] stambh facing Lord Vishnu in the garbagriha, with the Garuda murti engraved on it. It has small Sabha mandap connected with garbagriha. There are three garbagrihas dedicated to Lord Vishnu, Sri Lakshmi, and [[Ramanuja|Jagadguru Ramanujacharya]]. All the three garbagrihas are aligned adjacently.

The mool garbagriha of Lord Vishnu, made of black stone, in standing posture facing Garuda stambh. There is chal (utsava) vigrahas of Lord Vishnu with Sridevi and Bhudevi standing beside Him, made of Panchaloha. The murtis are richly decorated in ornaments.

Here, Mahalakshmi is Pundarikavalli also fondly called Naimish-Lakshmi ji, covered in red clothes and jewelry. It is located on the left of Lord Vishnu's shrine with Ramanujacharya's shrine in the right side. All the shrines have steel gates.

==Religious significance==
[[File:Namisharanya Chakra Tirth.jpg|250px|thumb|Chakra Kund (chakra teerth) is located at a distance of 600 meters from Vishnu Temple.]]
This place has also been visited by [[Shankaracharya]]<ref>''New dimensions in Vedanta philosophy, Volume 1''.Sahajānanda (Swami), Bochasanwasi Shri Aksharpurushottam Sanstha</ref> and the famous poet, [[Surdas]] resided here. [[Ugrashravas|Maharishi Suta]], the author of 18 [[puranas]] is believed to have lived here and presented his sayings to the sages. The forest is considered to be under the divine guardianship of Lord Vishnu, and therefore, the [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] (ritual worship) offered to him is regarded as an act of reverence toward the sacred grove itself.<ref name="Ayyar">{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=Naimisaranyam&pg=PA540 |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1991 |isbn=81-206-0151-3 |location=New Delhi |page=540}}</ref>

The temple is counted as one of the eight temples of Vishnu that self-manifested and is classified as ''Swayamvyakta Kshetra''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Temples of South India |first=Ambujam |last=Anantharaman |publisher=East West books |year=2006  |isbn=8188661422|page=130}}</ref> (Seven other temples in the line are [[Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]], [[Bhu Varaha Swamy temple]], [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirumala Venkateshvara Temple]], and [[Vanamamalai Perumal Temple]] in [[South India]] and [[Muktinath|Saligrama]] (Muktinath Temple), [[Pushkar]](Varah temple) and [[Badrinath Temple]] in [[North India]]).<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|title=Symbolising religious unity|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/symbolising-religious-unity/article3404308.ece|publisher=The Hindu|last=S.|first=Prabhu|date=10 May 2012|access-date=13 October 2014}}</ref> Naimishnath Vishnu temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Thirumangai Alvar]] in ten hymns. The temple is classified as a ''[[divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', the 108 Vishnu temples that are revered in the Vaishnava canon. It is one of the 5 major Vaishnavite temple located in the state of uttar pradesh along with Ram Janmabhoomi Temple (Ayodhya),Krishna Janmbhoomi Temple (Mathura),Kamtanath Temple (Chitrakoot) and Beni Madhav Temple (Prayagraj).

Every new moon day, a large number of people purify themselves with a dip in the holy well. If the new moon falls on a Monday, it is believed that a holy bath in the well and offering to the nearby deity Lalita will wash away all the sins committed in their lifetime.<ref name="Saraswati131">[[#Saraswati|Saraswati]] 1984, p. 131</ref>

Naimisharanya’s Chakra Tirtha is a remarkably unique hydrological feature where water emerges from an underground source and flows in a circular motion. It is revered as the spot where Lord Vishnu’s [[Sudarshana Chakra]] touched the earth.

==See also==
*[[Naimisha Forest|Naimiṣāraṇya]]
*[[Divya Desam]]
*[[Misrikh Neemsar]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|20em}}

==References==
* {{cite book|title=The Spectrum of the Sacred :Essays on the Religious Traditions of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HazzvPDMgz8C&q=The+Spectrum+of+the+Sacred+naimisaranya&pg=PA131|last=Saraswati|first=Baidyanath|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1984|ref=Saraswati}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Shri Naimishnath Vishnu Temple}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}
[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Sitapur district]]

Jehu Anderson

2026-01-21T03:47:13Z

Dentaltrendz: made a article

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Jehu Anderson
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|11|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Wicketkeeper
| role =
| club1 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| year1 = 2022-present
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =
| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 22
| runs1 = 837
| bat avg1 = 23.9
| 100s/50s1 = 1/5
| top score1 = 100*
| deliveries1 = -
| wickets1 = -
| bowl avg1 = -
| fivefor1 = -
| tenfor1 = -
| best bowling1 = -
| catches/stumpings1 = -
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 20
| runs2 = 262
| bat avg2 = 13.1
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 38
| deliveries2 =
| wickets2 =
| bowl avg2 =
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 0
| catches/stumpings2 =
| column3 = [[Twenty20 cricket|T20]]
| matches3 = 20
| runs3 = 399
| bat avg3 = 21.0
| 100s/50s3 = 0/1
| top score3 = 82*
| deliveries3 = -
| wickets3 = -
| bowl avg3 = -
| fivefor3 = -
| tenfor3 = -
| best bowling3 = -
| catches/stumpings3 = -
| date = 21 January 2026
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/jehu-anderson-1339016 ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Jehu Anderson''' (born 12 November 1999) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jehu Anderson Profile - Cricket Player India {{!}} Stats, Records, Video |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/jehu-anderson-1339016 |website=[[ESPN|ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Agrawal |first1=Himanshu |title=Growing pains - the present is about the future for North East Zone |url=https://www.espn.in/cricket/story/_/id/46126243/duleep-trophy-present-future-north-east-zone-cricketers |access-date=4 September 2025 |work=[[ESPN]] |date=1 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]] in the [[2022–23 Ranji Trophy]] on 13 December 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizoram vs Meghalaya, Plate Group at Nadiad, Ranji Trophy, Dec 13 2022 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2022-23-1332913/mizoram-vs-meghalaya-plate-group-1333211/full-scorecard |website=[[ESPN|ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref> Anderson made his [[Twenty20]] debut for [[Mizoram]] in the [[2023–24 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] on 16 October 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=CGARH vs MIZO, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy 2023/24, Group A at Jaipur, October 16, 2023 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2023-24-1383410/chhattisgarh-vs-mizoram-group-a-1383435/full-scorecard |website=[[ESPN|ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Anderson scored 64 runs from 96 balls in the [[2025–26 Duleep Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Duleep Trophy Quarterfinals Day 4 Highlights: North Zone, Central Zone Enter Semifinals |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/duleep-trophy-2025-live-cricket-score-quarterfinal-day-4-north-zone-vs-east-zone-central-zone-vs-north-east-zone-live-updates-scorecard-liveblog-ws-l-9539140.html%231047302 |website=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |access-date=31 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Duleep Trophy: Ayush Badoni hits double ton as North Zone & Central Zone ease their way to the semifinals |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/duleep-trophy-ayush-badoni-north-zone-double-100-east-zone-10222688/ |access-date=4 September 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=31 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anderson, Jehu}}
[[Category:Mizoram cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Mizoram]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Wicket-keepers]]

Bawara Dil

2026-01-05T20:28:57Z

Dentaltrendz:

{{short description|Indian Hindi-language romance drama series}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bawara Dil.jpg
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| based_on =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 128
| producer = Nikhil Sheth (2021) Saurabh Tewari (2021)
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Happy High Creations (2021) Parin Multimedia (2021)
| channel = [[Colors TV]]
| related = [[Jeev Zala Yeda Pisa]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2021|2|1}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2021|08|20}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| director = Randip Shantaram Mahadik
| story = Chinmay Mandlekar '''Dialogues''' Anil Deshmukh
| editor = Ram Naidu Vishal Mhatre Pankaj M Singh
| composer = Vijay Gawande
| narrated = [[Salman Khan]]
| writer = [[Chinmay Mandlekar]]
| caption =
| opentheme = ''Bawara Dil theme''
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| developer =
| alt_name =
| theme_music_composer = A.V. Prafullachandra
| creative_director = Saurabh Arora
| executive_producer = Vishal Upasani
| cinematography = Anil Katke Mangesh Mahadik
| creator = Nikhil Sheth
}}

'''''Bawara Dil''''' ({{translation|''Crazy heart''}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language television drama series that aired on [[Colors TV]]. It stars [[Aditya Redij]] and Kinjal Dhamecha,<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Drew TV Star Aditya Redij To 'Bawara Dil'|date=23 January 2021|url=https://www.glamsham.com/tv/telly-news/tv-star-aditya-redij-on-what-drew-him-to-role-in-bawara-dil|access-date=2021-01-24}}</ref> and is the remake of the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] TV Series ''[[Jeev Zala Yedapisa]]''. It premiered on 22 February 2021<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-11|title='Bawara Dil' to replace 'Bigg Boss 14' on Colors|url=http://www.bizasialive.com/bawara-dil-to-replace-bigg-boss-14-on-colors/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-18|website=BizAsia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212032020/https://www.bizasialive.com/bawara-dil-to-replace-bigg-boss-14-on-colors/ |archive-date=12 February 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Colors TV's new fiction show 'Bawara Dil' premieres on February 1 - Exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/colors-new-fiction-show-bawara-dil-premieres-on-february-22-110890.html|access-date=2021-02-22|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|date=12 February 2021 }}</ref> and ended on 20 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bawara-dil-wraps-up-in-six-months-the-last-episode-to-air-on-august-20/amp_articleshow/85007036.cms|title=Bawara Dil wraps up in Six months: The last episode to air on August 20|website=Times of India}}</ref>

==Premise ==
In the [[Sangli district]], a kind-hearted but uneducated man named Shiva and a righteous, educated and simple girl named Siddhi are forced by a local politician into a marriage.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Aditya Redij]] as Shiva Lashkare:
**Mangala and Yashwant's son, Sonal's brother, Siddhi's husband, Ishwar and Malini's son-in-law.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-01-17|title=Aditya Redij to be seen on Colors TV new show 'Bawara Dil'|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-aditya-redij-to-be-seen-on-colors-tv-new-show-shiva-1439774|access-date=2021-01-20|website=[[ABP Live]]|language=en}}</ref> He works for the local politician, Akka Bai.
* Kinjal Dhamecha as Siddhi Lashkare/Gokarna:
**Malini and Ishwar's daughter, Sagar's sister, Shiva's wife, Yaahwant and Mangal's daughter-in-law.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kinjal Dhamecha: I don't want to be a selfish actor - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kinjal-dhamecha-i-dont-want-to-be-a-selfish-actor/articleshow/80881167.cms|access-date=2021-02-18|website=The Times of India|date=12 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

===Recurring===
*Sumukhi Pendse as Chandrakanta Sarnaik aka Akka Bai– Sarkar's mother, head of the political party . She is a clever woman who is a mastermind in the field of politics. Shiva works under her .
*[[Sharad Ponkshe]] as Ishwar Gokarna – Malini's husband, Siddhi and Sagar's father, Shiva's father-in-law(2021. He is a teacher and is the most educated and reputed person of Rudrayat who is immensely respected by everyone. He has a very strong connection with his daughter, Siddhi.
*Mrunal Deshpande as Malini Gokarna – Ishwar's wife, Siddhi and Sagar's mother, Shiva's mother-in-law. She is a housewife and a very spiritual woman who always scolds Siddhi to perform house chores.
*Siddhesh Prabhakar as Sagar Gokarna– Ishwar and Malini's son, Siddhi's brother, Shiva's brother-in-law. He is a greedy person who is fantasised by Akka Bai's wealth and political power and wants to work with her.
*Rudra Kaushik as Ashish aka Aashu – Siddhi's friend .
*Akansha Sakharkar as Akshita – Siddhi's friend . She is a close friend of Siddhi and her fiance Gaurav. She attends all the pre-wedding ceremonies at Siddhi's house.
*Dharyashil Gholap as Sarkar Deshmane – Akka Bai's son, Sonal's fiance . He is the spoiled child of Akka Bai and is a drug addicted person who always has bad intentions towards women.
*Vihan Verma as Vinay – Siddhi's friend
*Neeraj Goswami as Gaurav Inamdaar– Siddhi's fiance. He is the former fiance of Siddhi before her marriage to Shiva. They both had been dating each other for a few years.
*[[Kiran Karmarkar]] as Yashwant Lashkare– Shiva and Sonal's father, Mangal's husband, Siddhi's father-in-law. He is a government official and a man of ethics. He always opposed Shiva's work for Akka Bai and her political party and always made him realise that his money has been earned from wrong deeds. He has a strong bond of father-daughter with Siddhi and he always appreciates her.
*Ruchi Tripathi as Sonal Lashkare aka Soni– Mangal and Yashwant's daughter, Shiva's sister, Siddhi's sister-in-law. She is a young, beautiful and cheerful girl who is loved by everyone in the family. She wants Shiva and Siddhi to be together forever with their whole heart. She is an average student studying in a college.
*Smita Saravade as Mangal Lashkare– Shiva and Sonal's mother, Yashwant's wife, Siddhi's mother-in-law. She's a clever, greedy woman enjoying a comfortable life with Shiva's money. She initially hates Siddhi extremely and tries her best to throw her out of her house.
*Mayur Khandge as Vilas Lashkare– Vijaya's husband, Yashwant's brother, Mangal's brother-in-law, Shiva and Sonal's paternal uncle, Bunty-Bablu's father. He is the partner-in-crime of Mangal. They both hate Siddhi initially and plot and execute different plans together, in order to drag Siddhi out of their house.
*Vibhawari Pradhan as Vijaya Lashkare– Shiva and Sonal's paternal aunt, Vilas' wife, Bunty-Bablu's mother . She is a kind-hearted, sweet and simple woman. She is a housewife and cooks delicious food. All the children in house have a strong bond with her due to her loving and caring nature.
*Dinesh Vadhya as Bunty– Vilas and Vijaya's son, Bablu's brother, Shiva and Sonal's paternal cousin brother, Siddhi's brother-in-law.
*Gandhar Kharpudikar as Bablu– Vilas and Vijaya's son, Bunty's brother, Shiva and Sonal's paternal cousin brother, Siddhi's brother-in-law.
*Tushar Phulke as Bhave– Akka Bai's personal secretary.
*Radha Sagar as Soumya– The girl who was harassed by Sarkar in public but was saved by Shiva.
*[[Abhidnya Bhave]] as Jhanvi– Shiva's former lover who left him 5 years ago and married some other guy for his wealth.
*Sandeep Kumaar as Kiran– Sonal's teacher.
*Chitragupta Sinha as Old Man (Tempo Driver), (Episode 30, "Shiva Siddhi face a challenge")
* [[Krishna Kant Singh Bundela]] as Jyotish

== Production ==

''Bawara Dil''<nowiki/>'s first episode was narrated by [[Salman Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-22|title=Salman Khan lends his voice for upcoming show Bawara Dil|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/bhai-turns-narrator-215926|access-date=2021-02-22|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref> The show's broadcast time slot was swapped with ''[[Pinjara Khubsurti Ka]]'' from 1 July 2021.

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable"
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Language
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Title
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Original release
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Network(s)
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Last aired
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Notes
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Jeev Zala Yedapisa]]'' ''जीव झाला येडापिसा''
| 1 April 2019
| [[Colors Marathi]]
| 3 April 2021
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Idhayathai Thirudathe]]'' ''இதயத்தை திருடாதே''
| 14 February 2020
| [[Colors Tamil]]
| 3 June 2022
| rowspan="4" | Remake
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Ginirama]]'' ''ಗಿಣಿರಾಮ''
| 17 August 2020
| [[Colors Kannada]]
| 17 June 2023
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''Bawara Dil'' ''बावरा दिल''
| 22 February 2021
| [[Colors TV]]
| 20 August 2021
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Mon Mane Na (TV series)|Mon Mane Na]]'' ''মন মানে না''
| 30 August 2021
| [[Colors Bangla]]
| 5 June 2022
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=13855868}}

{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]

Ramapriya

2025-12-21T17:37:02Z

Dentaltrendz:

{{Short description|52nd raga in the Melakarta}}
{{Infobox ragam
| name = Ramapriya
| synonym =
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| mela =
| chakra =
| type =
| arohanam = {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D2|N2|S'}}
| avarohanam = {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G3|R1|S}}
| jeeva =
| chhaya =
| nyasa =
| vishesha =
| equivalent = [[Romanian major scale]]
| similar =
}}
{{Carnatic}}
'''Ramapriya''' (pronounced rāmapriya) is a [[rāga]]m in [[Carnatic music]] (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is the 52nd ''[[melakarta]]'' rāgam (parent scale) in the 72 ''melakarta'' scale system of Carnatic music. It is called '''Ramāmanōhari''' in [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] school of Carnatic music.<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref><ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref>

==Structure and Lakshana==
[[Image:Ramapriya scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|''Ramapriya'' scale with ''shadjam'' at C]]

It is the 4th rāgam in the 9th ''chakra Brahma''. The mnemonic name is ''Brahma-Bhu''. The mnemonic phrase is ''sa ra gu mi pa dhi ni''.<ref name="ragas" /> Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see [[Swara#Svaras in Carnatic music|''swaras'' in Carnatic music]] for details on below notation and terms):
*[[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]]: {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|foot=yes}}
*[[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]]: {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G3|R1|S|foot=yes}}

(the notes ''shuddha rishabham, antara gandharam, prati madhyamam, chathusruthi dhaivatham, kaisiki nishadham'' are used in this scale)

As it is a ''melakarta'' rāgam, by definition it is a [[sampoorna raga|''sampoorna'' rāgam]] (has all seven notes in ascending and descending scale). It is the ''prati madhyamam'' equivalent of ''[[Chakravakam (raga)|Chakravakam]]'', which is the 16th ''melakarta'' scale.

== ''Janya'' rāgams ==
''Ramapriya'' has a few minor ''[[janya]]'' rāgams (derived scales) associated with it. See [[List of Janya Ragas#Ramapriya|List of ''janya'' rāgams]] for full list of rāgams associated with ''Ramapriya'' scale.

== Compositions ==
Here are some compositions sung in concerts, set to ''Ramapriya''.

*''Chalamu Jese([[Varnam]])'' by Dr. [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
*''Rama Bhaktha Hanumantha([[Varnam]])'' by Amrutha Venkatesh
*''Bare Raghuvamsha([[Varnam]])''
*''Saamodam Paripaalaya'' by [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]]
*''Mahadevamanisham'' by [[Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna]]
*''Smaramyaham Sada Rahum'', ''Shringhara Shakthyayudhadhara'' and ''Matangi Sri Rajarajeshwari'' by [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]. ''Smaramyaham Sada Rahum'' is disputed to be his disciple's composition by some.
*''Korinavara Mosagu'' by [[Patnam Subramania Iyer]]
*''Sandehamunu Deerpavayya'' by [[Tyagaraja]]
*''Sri Rajarajeshwari'' by Ponniah Pillai of the [[Tanjore Quartet]]
*''Mangala Vinayakane'' by [[Periyasaamy Thooran]]
*''Sami Sadha'' by [[Koteeswara Iyer]]

== Film Songs ==
===Language: [[Tamil language|Tamil]]===
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Movie
!Composer
!Singer
!Lyricist
|-
|Kamalam Paatha
|[[Mogamul]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|rowspan="2"|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|rowspan=2|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|-
|Thom Thom Thom
|Oorellam Un Paattu
|}

== Related rāgams ==
This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.

''Ramapriya's'' notes when shifted using ''[[Graha bhedam]]'', yields no other ''melakarta'' rāgam, as such a step taken on any of the 6 ''swarams'' (Ri to Ni) comes up with scales that do not conform to the ''melakarta'' rules. ''Graha bhedam'' is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the ''shadjam'' to the next note in the rāgam.

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Melakarta ragas]]

Eicher Polaris Multix

2025-12-21T16:14:03Z

Dentaltrendz: put up new pg!

{{For|the operating system|Multics}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Eicher Polaris Multix

| caption =
|image =
| type = [[Personal utility vehicle]]
| manufacturer = [[Eicher Motors]] & Polaris India
| aka =
| production = August 2015 – March 2018
| model_years = 2015-2018
| assembly = [[Kukas]], [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| designer = [[Polaris Industries]]
| class = [[Personal utility vehicle]]
| body_style = 4-door
| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout]]
| platform =
| related =
| engine = {{convert|31.18|cuin|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}
{{unbulleted list
| Greaves four-stroke [[Single-cylinder engine|single-cylinder]] [[BS III]] (diesel)
}}
| transmission = [[Manual transmission|Manual]]
| propulsion =
| wheelbase = {{convert|78.94|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}
| length = {{convert|127.36|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}
| width = {{convert|62.40|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}
| height = {{convert|73.07|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}
| weight = 650 & 750 kg
| predecessor =
| successor =
| sp = us
}}

The '''Eicher Polaris Multix''' (or '''Multix''') is a [[personal utility vehicle]] manufactured by [[Eicher Motors]] and Polaris India (the Indian arm of [[Polaris Inc.]]). The vehicle was announced in June 2015, and the first vehicle was delivered on 26 August 2015. Multix is promoted by its manufacturer as "India's first personal utility vehicle", able to be used as a [[people carrier]], a [[Commercial vehicle|cargo carrier]] and also a [[power generators|power generator]].<ref name=oncars/><ref name="Multix personal utility vehicle launched">{{cite news|title=Multix personal utility vehicle launched|work=[[The Hindu]]|last=Balachandar|first=G.|access-date=8 October 2015|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/multix-personal-utility-vehicle-launched/article7520477.ece}}</ref><ref name="Multix model comparisons">{{cite news|title=Multix model comparisons|publisher=carewale.com|access-date=8 October 2015|url=http://www.carwale.com/comparecars/eicherpolaris-multix-vs-eicherpolaris-multix/?car1=4113&car2=4112}}</ref><ref name="About Multix">{{cite news|title=About Multix|publisher=Official website|access-date=8 October 2015|url=http://www.multix.in/aboutus1.html#eicher1}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==History==
In July 2012, [[Eicher Motors]] and [[Polaris Inc.]] formed a 50:50 [[joint venture]] (JV) to manufacture vehicles in [[India]].<ref name="Eicher-Polaris start delivery of Multix">{{cite news|title=Eicher-Polaris start delivery of Multix|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=8 October 2015|url=http://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/passenger-vehicle/uv/eicher-polaris-starts-delivery-of-multix-gets-its-first-owner/48691388}}</ref><ref name=cardekho/> This [[Joint venture|JV]] was formed with an initial investment of {{INRConvert|350|c|1|no|to=USD|year=2012}} and the new company was named "Eicher Polaris Pvt. Ltd." Thereafter, [[Eicher Motors]] and [[Polaris Industries]] combined their [[research and development]] facilities in their new [[manufacturing plant]] in [[Kukas]], [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref name="Eicher-Polaris start delivery of Multix"/>

In May 2018, Eicher and Polaris announced they were closing down the Indian-joint venture, and discontinuing the Multix.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://auto.ndtv.com/news/eicher-motors-closes-down-jv-with-polaris-multix-to-be-discontinued-1822655|title=Eicher Motors Closes Down JV with Polaris; Multix to be Discontinued}}</ref>

==Design==
The Multix was designed with the aim of being used for both family and business purposes, and has been called a "3-in-1" vehicle.<ref name=oncars>{{cite news|title=Eicher Polaris launches Multix, first Personal Vehicle in India|url=http://www.oncars.in/car-news/eicher-polaris-launches-multix-first-personal-vehicle-in-india/8098|access-date=8 October 2015|work=On Cars India|date=2 October 2015}}</ref> Its cargo capacity is 400 litres.<ref name=gopalan/> Multix also generates 3 [[kilowatts]] of [[electricity]] and can thus be used as a [[power generators|power generator]] as well.<ref name="Eicher-Polaris start delivery of Multix"/><ref name=gopalan/>

===Variants===
The Multix has two variants, the AX+ and the MX. With the exception of doors (and the overall weight of the vehicle), both the variants are identical. AX+ has open doorways, whilst MX has doors. The [[curb weight]] of the MX is 100 kg more than that of AX+.<ref name="Multix model comparisons"/><ref name="Specification: AX+">{{cite news|title=Specification: AX+|publisher=Official website|access-date=8 October 2015|url=http://www.multix.in/AX1.html|archive-date=29 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929042509/http://multix.in/AX1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Specification: MX">{{cite news|title=Specification: MX|publisher=Official website|access-date=8 October 2015|url=http://www.multix.in/MX.html|archive-date=29 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929042544/http://www.multix.in/MX.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Availability==
As of October 2015, 30 JV dealerships had been set up to sell Multix models, in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=gopalan>{{cite news|last1=Gopalan|first1=Murali|title=It's one step at a time for Multix|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/auto-focus/its-one-step-at-a-time-for-multix/article7712620.ece|access-date=8 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]] Business Line|date=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Eicher-Polaris JV"/> Eicher Polaris Pvt. Ltd plans to have dealerships throughout India by mid-2017.<ref name=gopalan/>

Four colors were available as of June 2015.<ref name=cardekho/>

The first Multix vehicle was sold in August 2015, to Ganesh Narayan Choudhary.<ref name="Eicher-Polaris start delivery of Multix"/> The company expects to sell 60,000 vehicles per year.<ref name=gopalan/>

===Financing===
Eicher Polaris Pvt. Ltd has contracted with Cholamandalam Investment, and as of August 2015 was in negotiations with a number of other financial institutions, to provide financing to customers wanting to buy a Multix AX+ or MX.<ref name="Eicher-Polaris JV">{{cite news|title=Eicher-Polaris JV|work=[[The Hindu]]|last=Balachandar|first=G.|access-date=8 October 2015|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/eicher-polaris-jv-in-talks-to-tie-up-financing-for-multix/article7512934.ece}}</ref>

==Reception==
As a new entrant in the Indian automotive market, the Eicher Motors-Polaris India partnership is expected to face challenges in establishing its brand.<ref name="Eicher-Polaris JV"/> G. Balachandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' referred to the Multix as able to convert from "a small car with space for family of 5 [to] a small truck with storage space" and said the innovative vehicle would "create its own segment of buyers."<ref name="Eicher-Polaris JV"/> Another article in ''The Hindu''{{'}}s "Business Line" praised the Multix's "smooth ride" and ability to "handl[e] rough terrain", and suggested it could "replace other mobility options" such as trucks, tractors and traditional automobiles.<ref name=gopalan/> Santanu Choudhury, blogging for ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', noted that the Multix was both small enough to give buyers the maneuverability needed for narrow or congested streets, and equipped to handle adverse road conditions including severe ruts and minor flooding.<ref name=wsj>{{cite news|last1=Choudhury|first1=Santanu|title=Meet the Multix, India's Newest Pickup Truck With Extra Charge|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2015/06/22/meet-the-multix-indias-newest-pickup-truck-with-extra-charge/|access-date=8 October 2015|publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]] (blog)|date=22 June 2015}}</ref> He also praised the possibilities opened up by the Multix's power generation capability, suggesting it could be used "to light up homes, power tools or even run a DJ console."<ref name=wsj/>

==Specifications==
''Multix AX+''
*Seating capacity: 5 (including driver)<ref name=wsj/>
*Displacement: 511 cm3<ref name=wsj/>
*Max Engine power: 9.78 [[Horsepower#Brake horsepower|Bhp]]<ref name="Specification: AX+"/>
*Max Torque: 27.1 [[Newton metre|Nm]] @ 1,400 [[Revolutions per minute|rpm]]<ref name=cardekho/>
*Wheel base: 2,005 [[Millimetre|mm]]<ref name="Specification: AX+"/>
*Length: 3,235 mm<ref name="Specification: AX+"/>
*Width: 1,585 mm<ref name="Specification: AX+"/>
*Height: 1,856 mm<ref name="Specification: AX+"/>
*Curb weight: 650 kg<ref name="Specification: AX+"/>
*Engine: Greaves four-stroke [[Single-cylinder engine|single-cylinder]] [[BS III]]<ref name=cardekho>{{cite news|last1=Shenoy|first1=Arun|title=Eicher Polaris Pvt Ltd launches Multix, a 'Personal Utility Vehicle' for Rs. 2.32 Lakhs|url=http://www.cardekho.com/india-car-news/eicher-polaris-pvt-ltd-launches-multix-a-personal-utility-vehicle-for-rs-232-lakhs-16079.htm|access-date=8 October 2015|work=CarDekho.com|date=18 June 2015}}</ref>
*Fuel: [[Diesel fuel|Diesel]]<ref name=wsj/>
*Ground clearance: 225 mm<ref name=wsj/>
*Cargo capacity: 1,918 liters<ref name=wsj/>
*Transmission: four-speed manual<ref name=cardekho/>

==See also==
*[[Eicher Motors]]
*[[Polaris Inc.]]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151222155940/http://multix.in/ Official page]

{{Portal bar|India|Cars}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Cars in India}}

[[Category:Minivans]]
[[Category:Cars of India]]
[[Category:Former joint ventures]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2015]]
[[Category:Eicher Motors]]

Jnanananda Bharati

2025-12-08T02:31:52Z

Dentaltrendz: made a page!

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}
{{one source|date=April 2018}}
}}

'''Jnanananda Bharati''' (1889–1975), also spelled '''Gnanananda Bharati''', was a [[Sanyasi]], lawyer, philosopher, writer and author. Born as Krishnaswamy Iyer to Vakil G. Ramachandra Iyer and Janaki Ammal on 26 October 1889, Krishnaswamy passed his BA, MA and BL degrees at the [[University of Madras]] and practiced as a successful lawyer at [[Tirunelveli]].

==Family==

His father Ramachandra Iyer took Sanyasa in 1922 with the name of "Ramananda Saraswathi" in the presence of Sringeri Jagadguru Sri Chandrashekhara Bharati Mahaswamigal at Sringeri. He spent his last days in Kolli hills near [Namakkal] where his Samadhi is located near viswambal Samudram.

==Books==
Sri Jnanananda Bharathi Swamigal was a scholar in [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]] and had command over English and had written more than 80 books on [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]] Philosophy and on [[Jagadguru]]s of [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Sringeri Mutt]].{{Refn|For example: The Eternal Law, Stray thoughts on Dharma, Outlines of Vedanta, English Translation of Panchadasi, the Great Equation, an Introduction to Vedanta, Viveka Choodamani, A peep into Advaita, Dialogues with the Guru, Sparks from the Divine Anvil etc., in English (about 44 books), Panchadasi and Vivekachoodamani, Neethimanjari, Valmiki Hridayam in Tamil (about 33 books), and about 10 books (e.g. Sangrahaavali etc.) in Sanskrit|group=note}} His religious and philosophical articles were published in [[The Hindu]], Bhavan's journal, [[Gita Press|Kalyana Kalpataru]], Sankara Krupa etc., and his books were published by reputed publishers like Chetna Publications, Bombay, Geetha Press, Gorakhpur, Vani Vilas Press, Srirangam etc. He was a regular contributor to the book review section of the Hindu, where he specialized in reviewing Hindu religious and philosophical books. He voluntarily stopped practicing as a lawyer, retiring at 60 to spread the message of [[Vedanta]] among the general population. He had researched various ancient manuscripts available at the Sringeri Mutt and brought to light important ancient works.

==Sanyasa and samadhi==

On 3 November 1966, he took Sanyasa in the presence of Jagadguru Sri Abhinava Vidya Tirtha Mahaswamigal of Sringeri, at [[Vrindavan|Brindavan]] on the banks of river [[Yamuna]], [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]], and was given the Sanyasa [[Ashrama (stage)|Ashrama]] name Jnanananda Bharathi. He attained [[Samadhi]] at Mannadimangalam, near [[Sholavandan]], [[Madurai District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], on 9 April 1975.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
*{{cite book|last1=Sankara Iyer|first1=R|title=Shree Jnanananda Swamigal Charitram|date=1976|publisher=City Printing Works, Chennai|language=Tamil}}
*{{cite web|title=Sri Jnanananda Bharati Archives - Sringeri Sharada Peetham|url=https://www.sringeri.net/label/sri-jnanananda-bharati|website=Sringeri Sharada Peetham|publisher=Dakshinâmnâya Sri Sharada Peetham|accessdate=4 April 2018|location=Sringeri|date=2016}}
*{{cite web|title=Gnanananda Bharathi Swaminah|url=http://www.gnananandabharathi.org|website=gnananandabharathi.org|accessdate=4 April 2018}}

[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Sringeri Sharada Peetham]]

Maaya Thotta

2025-11-10T16:42:04Z

Dentaltrendz: adding a entry - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Maaya Thotta.jpg
| caption =
| genre = {{ubl|
* [[Action film|Action]]
* [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
}}
| director = Nandhakumar Raju
| writer = Nandhakumar Raju
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| starring = {{ubl|
* [[Amit Bhargav]]
* [[Chaitra Reddy]]
* Kumaran Thangarajan
}}
| country = [[India]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| language = Tamil
| music =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| runtime = 25-30 minutes
| company = Roox Media Pvt Ltd
| producer = Madhu Alexander Prabhu Antony
| network = [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|2|28|df=y}}
| last_aired =
| related =
}}

'''''Maaya Thotta''''' (மாய தோட்டா) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] [[Action film|Action]] [[crime thriller]] [[streaming television]] series.

The principal characters of the series include [[Amit Bhargav]], [[Chaitra Reddy]] and Kumaran Thangarajan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/111449/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Maaya-Thotta-:-New-websries.htm|title='மாய தோட்டா' தொடரில் நடிக்கும் சின்னத்திரை பிரபலங்கள்|date=25 February 2023|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=|language=ta|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227121839/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/111449/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Maaya-Thotta-:-New-websries.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/feb/27/serial-actors-new-web-series-maya-thotta-released-in-hungama-ott-platform-4008200.html|title=சின்னத்திரை நட்சத்திரங்களின் புதிய இணையத் தொடர் 'மாய தோட்டா'|date=27 February 2023|publisher=www.dinamani.com|access-date=|language=ta|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227121840/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/feb/27/serial-actors-new-web-series-maya-thotta-released-in-hungama-ott-platform-4008200.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The six episodes series premiered on [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama]] on 28 February 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businessnewsthisweek.com/news/hungama-digital-media-launches-maaya-thotta/|title=Hungama Digital Media launches 'Maaya Thotta'|date=22 February 2023|publisher=businessnewsthisweek.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227121839/http://businessnewsthisweek.com/news/hungama-digital-media-launches-maaya-thotta/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Amit Bhargav]] as Ranjan
* [[Chaitra Reddy]] as Maya
* Kumaran Thangarajan as Bharath, Z level protection.
* Vaishali Thaniga as Akalya Ranjan

==Development==
===Production===
The series is produced by Madhu Alexander and Prabhu Antony under the production Roox Media Private limited. It was first Tamil Original series for [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifeandtrendz.com/entertainment/hungama-is-gearing-up-for-its-first-ever-tamil-original-series-maaya-thotta-a-suspense-action-mystery-of-whodunnit/|title=Hungama is Gearing up for its First ever Tamil Original Series 'Maaya Thotta'|publisher=lifeandtrendz.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227121838/https://lifeandtrendz.com/entertainment/hungama-is-gearing-up-for-its-first-ever-tamil-original-series-maaya-thotta-a-suspense-action-mystery-of-whodunnit/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=26773239}}

[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hungama TV original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language political television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]

Wildlife of Kerala

2025-10-10T12:16:50Z

Dentaltrendz: updated details

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Short description|Overview of the wildlife in the Indian state of Kerala}}
{{Wikiquote}}
[[File:Kerala forest divisions.pdf|thumb|Kerala forest divisions]]
[[File:Bird at Chirakkal Chira-2.jpg|thumb|right|Cattle egret at the Chirakkal Chira, Chirakkal, Kannur]]
[[File:Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus Kadalundi.jpg|thumbnail|A migratory bird at [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary]]]]
[[File:Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary IMG 6944.JPG|thumb|Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary]]

Most of [[Kerala]]'s native habitat, which consists of wet evergreen [[rainforest]]s at lower elevations and [[Highland (geography)|highland]] [[deciduous]] and semi-[[evergreen]] forests in the east, has a humid tropical climate. However, significant variations in terrain and elevation lead to high [[biodiversity]]. But [[Alappuzha district]] has no forests.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alappuzha {{!}} District Alappuzha, Government of Kerala {{!}} India|url=https://alappuzha.nic.in/about-district/|access-date=2021-06-08|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Evergreen forests==
Most of Kerala's significantly biodiverse tracts of wilderness lie in the evergreen forests of its easternmost districts;<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_11">{{Harv|Sreedharan|2004|p=11}}.</ref> coastal Kerala (along with portions of the east) mostly lies under cultivation and is home to comparatively little wildlife. Despite this, Kerala contains 9,400 km2 of natural forests. Out of the approximately 7,500 km2 of non-[[Plantation#Forestry|plantation]] forest cover, there are wild regions of tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests (lower and middle elevations — 3,470 km2), tropical moist and dry deciduous forests (mid-elevations — 4,100 km2 and 100 km2, respectively), and montane subtropical and [[temperate]] (''shola'') forests (highest elevations — 100 km2). Such forests together cover 24% of Kerala's landmass.<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_12">{{Harv|Sreedharan|2004|p=12}}.</ref> Kerala also hosts four of the world's [[Ramsar Convention]]-listed [[wetland]]s: [[Ashtamudi Lake]], [[Sasthamkotta Lake|Lake Sasthamkotta]], [[Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands]], and the [[Vembanad Lake|Vembanad-Kol wetlands]] are noted as being [[List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance|wetlands of international importance]].{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=342}} There are also numerous protected conservation areas, including 1455.4 km2 of the vast [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] and 1828 km2 of the [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve]].{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
'''Parambikulam forest''' in [[Palakkad district]] is one of the jungle regions in Kerala.
[[File:Strangler fig kerala.jpg|right|thumb|Figs (''[[Ficus]]'' species) like this [[strangler fig]] are an important floral element and support many frugivores]]

==Flora==
[[File:Kerala forest types.pdf|thumb|Vegetation types]]
Eastern Kerala's [[windward]] mountains shelter [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical moist forests]] and [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|tropical dry forests]] which are generally characteristic of the wider Western Ghats: crowns of giant ''sonokeling'' ([[binomial nomenclature]]: ''[[Dalbergia latifolia]]'' — Indian [[rosewood]]), ''anjili'' (''Artocarpus hirsuta''), ''mullumurikku'' (''Erythrina''), ''Cassia'', and other trees dominate the canopies of large tracts of virgin forest. Overall, Kerala's forests are home to more than 1,000 species of trees. Smaller [[flora]] include [[bamboo]], wild [[black pepper]] (''Piper nigrum''), wild [[cardamom]], the [[calamus (palm)|calamus]] [[rattan]] palm (''Calamus rotang'' — a type of giant [[grass]]), and aromatic [[vetiver]] grass (''Vetiveria zizanioides'').<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_12"/> The world's oldest teak plantation, Conolly's Plot, is in [[Nilambur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-world-s-oldest-teak-trees-dying-in-kerala-1255723|title=World's oldest teak trees dying in Kerala|date=13 May 2009|website=DNA India}}</ref>

==Fauna==
In turn, the forests play host to such major [[fauna]] as the [[Asian elephant]] (''Elephas maximus''), [[Bengal tiger]] (''Panthera tigris tigris''), [[leopard]] (''Panthera pardus''), [[Nilgiri tahr]] (''Nilgiritragus hylocrius''), and [[grizzled giant squirrel]] (''Ratufa macroura'').<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_12"/> More remote preserves, including [[Silent Valley National Park]] in the Kundali Hills, harbour endangered species such as the [[Lion-tailed macaque]] (''Macaca silenus''), [[sloth bear|Indian sloth bear]] (''Melursus'' (''Ursus'') ''ursinus ursinus''), and [[gaur]] (the so-called "Indian bison" — ''Bos gaurus''). More common species include the [[Indian porcupine]] (''Hystrix indica''), [[chital]] (''Axis axis''), [[sambar deer|sambar]] (''Cervus unicolor''), [[gray langur]], [[flying squirrel]], [[jungle cat|swamp lynx]] (''Felis chaus kutas''), [[boar]] (''Sus scrofa''), a variety of [[Catarrhini|catarrhine]] [[Old World monkey]] species, the [[dhole]], and the [[Asian palm civet]] (''Paradoxurus hermaphroditus'').<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_174-175">{{Harv|Sreedharan|2004|pp=174–175}}.</ref>
[[File:KINGCOBRA.jpg|thumb|right|The [[king cobra]] (''Ophiophagus hannah'')]]

Many reptiles, such as the [[tree snake]], green snake, [[king cobra]], [[Viperidae|viper]], [[Pythonidae|python]], and various turtles and crocodiles are to be found in Kerala — again, disproportionately in the east. Kerala has about [[List of birds of Kerala|453 species of birds]] such as the [[Sri Lanka frogmouth]] (''Batrachostomus moniliger''), leaf picking bird, [[Oriental bay owl]], large frugivores like the [[great hornbill]] (''Buceros bicornis'') and [[Indian grey hornbill]], as well as the more widespread birds such as [[peafowl]], [[Indian cormorant]], [[jungle myna|jungle]] and [[Common hill myna|hill mynas]], the [[Oriental darter]], [[black-hooded oriole]], [[greater racket-tailed drongo|greater racket-tailed]] and [[black drongo|black]] [[drongo]]es, [[bulbul]] (''Pycnonotidae''), species of [[kingfisher]] and [[woodpecker]], [[jungle fowl]], [[Alexandrine parakeet]]s, and assorted ducks and migratory birds. Additionally, freshwater fish such as kadu ([[Heteropneustes fossilis|stinging catfish]])<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_163">{{Harv|Sreedharan|2004|p=163}}.</ref> and [[brackishwater]] species such as choottachi ([[orange chromide]] — ''Etroplus maculatus''; valued as an [[aquarium]] specimen) are native to Kerala's lakes and waterways.<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_164-165">{{Harv|Sreedharan|2004|pp=164–165}}.</ref>
[[File:Nilgiri Tahr 1.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Nilgiri tahr]], spotted in the [[Eravikulam National Park]] in [[Idukki district]]]]
[[File:Lightmatter lion-tailed macaque.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lion-tailed macaque]]]]

==Parks, reserves and sanctuaries==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! National park !! Area (km2) !! Year started
|-
| [[Eravikulam National Park]] || 97 || 1978{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Silent Valley National Park]] || 237. 52 || 1984{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Anamudi Shola National Park]] || 7.5 || 2003{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Mathikettan Shola National Park]] || 12.817 || 2003{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Pambadum Shola National Park]] || 1.318 || 2003{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Biosphere reserve !! Area (km2) !! Year started
|-
| [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] || 1455.4 || 1986{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve]] || 1828 || 2001{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Wildlife sanctuary !! Area (km2) !! Year started
|-
| [[Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 925 || 1950{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 128 || 1958{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 125 || 1958{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 344.44 || 1973{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 286 || 1973{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 70 || 1976{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 53 || 1983{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 85 || 1984{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 90.44 || 1984{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 171 || 1984{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 55 || 1984{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Kurinjimala Sanctuary]] || 32 || 2006{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 74.21 || 2009{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Kottiyoor Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 30.38 || 2011{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 227.97 || 2020<ref name="Times of India">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/karimpuzha-to-be-states-18th-wildlife-sanctuary/articleshow/76718468.cms|title=Karimpuzha to be Kerala's 18th wildlife sanctuary|newspaper=Times of India|author=K R Rajeev|date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Bird sanctuary !! Area (km2) !! Year started
|-
| [[Thattekad Bird Sanctuary]] || 25 || 1983{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary]] || 0.0274 || 2004{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Chulanur|Chulanur Bird Sanctuary]] || 3.42 || 2007{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary]] || 0.0566 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Kumarakom|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=41|access-date=21 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716231211/http://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=41|archive-date=16 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Tiger reserve !! Area (km2) !! Year started
|-
| [[Periyar Tiger Reserve]] || 925 || 1978
|-
| [[Parambikulam Tiger Reserve]] || 648.50 || 1973
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Community reserve !! Area (km2) !! Year started
|-
| [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary]] || 1.5 || 2007{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}<ref name="KBS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2011/kadalundi-bird-sanctuary/122|title=The Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary|access-date=2021-05-02|website=keralatourism.org}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of Odonata of Kerala]]
*[[List of butterflies of Kerala]]
*[[List of amphibians of Kerala]]
*[[List of reptiles of Kerala]]
*[[List of birds of Kerala]]
*[[List of mammals of Kerala]]

== Notes ==
* [[Idukki]] district has the most forest land in Kerala while [[Alappuzha]] has none.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP |edition=Malayalam }}
{{refend}}
* {{Citation
|surname1 = Sreedharan
|given1 = TP
|year = 2004
|title = Biological Diversity of Kerala: A survey of Kalliasseri panchayat, Kannur district
|journal = Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development (Centre for Development Studies)
|url = http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/62.pdf
|access-date = 13 January 2006
|archive-date = 26 March 2009
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326054155/http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/62.pdf
|url-status = dead
}}

{{Kerala topics}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}
{{Kerala}}

[[Category:Wildlife of India|Kerala]]
[[Category:Environment of Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourism in Kerala]]

Santhosh Balaraj

2025-10-09T22:50:53Z

Dentaltrendz: Stub!

{{Short description|Indian actor (1990–2025)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Santhosh Balaraj
| image = Cropped_Photo_of_Santhosh_Balaraj.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1990|3|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|8|5|1990|3|31|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Banashankari]], Bangaluru, Karnataka, India
| years_active = 2009–2025
| occupation = Actor
}}

'''Santhosh Balaraj''' (31 March 1990 – 5 August 2025) was an Indian actor who predominantly worked on [[Kannada]]-language films. The son of producer Anekal Balaraj, Santhosh began his career in the lead role in ''[[Kempa (film)|Kempa]]''. He gained popularity for his performance in the 2015 action thriller ''[[Ganapa]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/an-actor-for-all-seasons/articleshow/61056965.cms|title=An actor for all seasons|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2009, he played the lead role in his debut film ''[[Kempa (film)|Kempa]]'', produced by his father Anekal Balaraj.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/09sld3-sankranti-releases.htm|title=Newest Kannada movies fight it out|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Later films include a family drama titled ''[[Olavina Ole]]'' in 2012 and action film ''Janma'' in 2013. While the former released to mixed reviews, the latter released to positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/olavina-ole/movie-review/17417113.cms|title=Olavina Ole Movie Review|work=The Times of India|access-date=11 October 2017|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331043335/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Olavina-Ole/movie-review/17417113.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/janma/movie-review/19802748.cms?from=mdr|title=Janma Movie Review|work= The Times of India}}</ref> In ''[[Ganapa]]'', he played an innocent man forced into lawlessness. A critic wrote that "Santhosh, especially, has grown as a performer".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/film-review/articleshow/47835078.cms|title=Film Review: Ganapa|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ganapa/movie-review/47862520.cms?from=mdr|title=Ganapa Movie Review|work=The Times of India}}</ref> His last film, ''[[Kariya 2]],'' an action romantic thriller set in the backdrop of a criminal underworld was released in October 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kariya-2-will-do-for-santhosh-balaraj-what-kariya-did-for-darshan/articleshow/60962276.cms|title=Kariya 2 will do for Santhosh Balaraj what Kariya did for Darshan|newspaper=The Times of India|date=7 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://regional.pinkvilla.com/kannada/news/kariya-2-completely-new-story-two-dimensions-says-producer-paramesh/|title=Kariya 2 is a completely new story and has two dimensions to it, says producer Paramesh|website=pinkvilla.com|access-date=11 October 2017|archive-date=21 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621062458/https://regional.pinkvilla.com/kannada/news/kariya-2-completely-new-story-two-dimensions-says-producer-paramesh/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film opened to mixed to positive reviews, and his role as Kariya was well received.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kariya-2-movie-review-a-smartly-woven-tale/articleshow/61073027.cms|title=Kariya 2 movie review: A smartly woven tale|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kariya-2/movie-review/61069297.cms?from=mdr|title=Kariya 2 Movie Review|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was receiving treatment for jaundice when he fell into a coma at Sagar Apollo Hospital, Bengaluru. His last film ''Sathyam'' remains unreleased.<ref>https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Aug/05/kannada-actor-santhosh-balaraj-passes-away-at-38</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Kempa (film)|Kempa]]'' || Kempa || rowspan="3" | credited as Santhosh
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Olavina Ole]]'' || Narasimha
|-
| 2013 || ''Janma'' || Kanteerava
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Ganapa]]'' || Ganapa ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Kariya 2]]'' || Kariya ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=7993566}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balaraj, Santhosh}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Kannada male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Civic Chandran v. Ammini Amma

2025-10-07T18:04:16Z

Dentaltrendz: put up entry

{{Short description|Indian copyright law case}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{multiple issues|
{{tone|date=May 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2015}}
{{original research|date=May 2015}}
}}
{{Infobox court case
| name = ''[[Civic Chandran]] v. Ammini Amma''
| court = [[Kerala High Court]]
| imagesize =
| date decided = 27 February 1996
| full name =
| judges = T. V. Ramakrishnan
| opinions =
| citations = 16 PTC 329 (Kerala)
| keywords = [[Copyright law]], [[India]], [[Fair dealing]]
}}

'''[[Civic Chandran]] v. Ammini Amma''' is a landmark case in [[Copyright law in India|Indian copyright law]] decided by [[Kerala High Court]] in which the judgment held that even substantial copying of copyrighted work is permissible under the [[fair dealing]] exception; if the copying is in public interest.<ref name="Malcolm2013">{{cite book|editor=Malcolm|others=Jeremy |title=Updating the UN Guidelines for Consumer Protection for the Digital Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_hrhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105|date=1 June 2013|publisher=Consumers International|isbn=978-0-9569943-7-0|pages=105–106}}</ref><ref name="Strba2012">{{cite book|last=Štrba|first=Susan |title=International Copyright Law and Access to Education in Developing Countries: Exploring Multilateral Legal and Quasi-Legal Solutions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xe38BX5HSUIC&pg=PA162|date=22 August 2012|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=978-90-04-22899-3|page=162}}</ref>

==Facts==
In 1952, playwright [[Thoppil Bhasi]] wrote the play ''[[Ningalenne Communistakki]]''. Since then the drama has been staged over 10,000 times and has garnered widespread appreciation. Thoppil Bhasi was an active member of the Communist Party of India and through his play he aimed to garner support for his party as well as to organize the people belonging to the allegedly lower strata of the society in a struggle against oppression, exploitation and poverty in order to bring about a revolution which would result in the victory of the workers. This drama was instrumental in the [[First E. M. S. Namboodiripad ministry|political victory]] of the [[Communist Party of India]] in [[Kerala]] in 1957. All the rights in the play were first vested in Thoppil Bhasi and after his demise, the same were transferred to his legal heirs, who are also the plaintiffs of the present suit. In 1995, Defendant no. 1 wrote a drama called "Ningal Are Communistakki" (hereinafter referred to as the counter-drama). This drama was styled as a counter-drama to the drama written by Thoppil Bhasi and was published in the Malayalam edition of ''[[India Today]]'', the owner of which is defendant no. 2, a private company. Defendant no. 3 is the executive director, printer and publisher of the said company. Defendant 4 is the president of "Rangabhasha", a drama troop and defendant no. 5 is the secretary of the same. This drama troop had been making preparations to stage the counter-drama.

The drama contained the following categories of characters:
*Upper class landlords: Vallya Veettil Kesavan Nair is the character representing this class.
*Socially and educationally backward classes
*Workers of the Communist Party: Mala, Karampan, Suman, Gopalan, Mathew and Pappu are characters representing this class.

Mala is the protagonist of the drama and belongs to the most depressed class of people. While initially, Gopalan and Mala were in love with each other, eventually Gopalan fell in love with Suman, the upper caste daughter of VV Kesavan Nair. By the end of the play, Nair is left in a helpless condition as his own blood fell in love with a class he was exploiting and sympathized with them. Furthermore, Paramupilla, Gopalan's father, who was initially against the CPI, joins Mala and the members of the same party. The drama ends with Paramupilla taking the red flag from Mala symbolizing his change of heart. The counter-drama also contains the same characters and 9 scenes as opposed to 14 in the original drama. The opening scene shows the red flag and deals with the failure of the war waged by Mala and the other members. This introductory scene ends with the entry to a character playing Thoppil Bhasi who says that he has come to see the real condition of Mala. The counter-drama then continues and contains many scenes that have been copied from the drama. However, all of these scenes were followed by commentary criticizing the play and had been authored by Defendant no. 1. Furthermore, the stage was divided into two parts- the upper platform and the lower platform. The scenes copied from the drama were enacted on the upper platform, whereas he criticism of it was enacted on the lower platform. The plaintiffs alleged that the counter-drama had infringed upon their copyright in the drama and filed a suit against the defendants. They also prayed for an interlocutory order restraining the staging of the counter-drama. The Additional District Judge who was hearing the suit granted the interlocutory injunction in favor of the [[plaintiff]]. The defendants then appealed to the Kerala High Court and beseeched it to set aside the order restraining them from staging the play. This appeal was disposed of by the Kerala High Court in the instant case.

== Main arguments of the plaintiffs/respondents ==
The plaintiffs/respondents alleged that the counter-drama created by Defendant no. 1 contained substantial portions of the drama as well as a reproduction of the characters and dialogues with some mere comments here and there. It was contested by the plaintiff that this was done in order to take "undue advantage of the creative talents and labor of Thoppil Bhasi" which was in violation of the Copyright Act. The defendants argued that since the Additional District Judge did not consider the aspects of balance of convenience and irreparable injury and hence the order passed by him was perverse. Since there was high probability of the defense of fair dealing being applicable in the case, irreparable injury that could have been caused to the defendants should have been taken into consideration. In response to the defendants' contention, the plaintiffs' argued that in an appeal concerning the grant of a temporary injunction in a pending suit, the lower court's decision should not be reversed unless the same is found to be completely illegal and perverse and the same was not the case in the matter before the Court.

==Key issue discussed by the court==
Whether the use of copyrighted material for preparing a counter-drama can be considered as fair dealing?

== Key aspects of the judgment ==
Since the Indian Copyright Act does not provide a definition of fair dealing, the Court relied heavily on the decision given in [[Hubbard v Vosper]]. In that case, [[Lord Denning]] had clarified that fair dealing is a question of degree. The number and extent of extracts and quotations and the use made of them need to be given due consideration.

In the instant case, the Court mentioned that three factors are relevant for deciding whether the plaintiffs' rights had been violated:

# Quantum and value of the matter taken in relation to the comment or criticism
# The purpose for which it was taken
# The likelihood of competition between the two

After doing a scene by scene analysis of the counter drama and the drama, the Court reached the conclusion that the scenes and characters were not borrowed from the latter for the purpose of reproduction of the drama in any substantial manner. Moreover, the Court noted that the purpose was not to misappropriate the theme, form of presentation, theme, character, dialogues and the techniques adopted in writing the drama. The aim was not to imitate the drama or to produce anything similar. The real objective of the counter-drama was to criticize the ideology depicted in the drama and to show how the drama had been unsuccessful in achieving the targets it had purported to have aimed for. Moreover, the counter-drama also contained references to popular social and political leaders of Kerala which was not there in the drama. Hence, the Court said that there was enough material in the counter-drama to show that the Defendant had used labor and skill of his own and the differences between the original drama and the counter-drama could not be considered inconsequential. The portions of the original drama which were copied in the counter-drama were taken only to make the criticism more effective. Hence, the Court opined that there was no prima facie case against the defendants as a strong defense is available to them.

The Court also refused to grant the injunction on the ground that the counter-drama leveled unfounded allegations against Thoppil Bhasi, the CPI and its leaders. This rejection was due to the fact that even if the allegation was true, it was not a ground to get injunction for the infringement of copyright. Moreover, keeping in mind the real aim of the counter-drama, an injunction against it would be a restriction on the [[freedom of expression]] of the Defendant.

The Court also took note of the fact that there was no competition between the drama and the counter-drama. Likelihood of competition was a relevant consideration as per Hubbard v Vosper and the same was not met in the instant case. Another important factor is the Court's decision that though the counter-drama was published in January, 1995, the suit was instituted in July of the same year, just a day before the day on which the play had to be staged. Though this delay was not considered decisive and fatal, it definitely was a consideration that weighed against the plaintiffs.

Lastly, the Court also noted that the interim injunction would cause irreparable injury to the defendants as they had spent a large amount of money for staging the play. On the other hand, no such irreparable harm would accrue to the plaintiffs as any damage suffered by them in the absence of an injunction could be sufficiently compensated for through the payment of damages.

Hence, the decision of the Additional District Judge was reversed and it was held that even if the copying was of substantial portions, the same could be excused as it constituted fair dealing.

==Significance of the judgment==
This case can very well be considered a landmark decision on fair dealing in the [[Indian copyright law]]. This is especially because of the enumeration of the relevant determining factors. Even though the Court expressly mentioned "quantum and value of the matter taken" as a relevant consideration and performed a meticulous scene by scene analysis of the drama as well as the counter-drama, it did not make any observation on this issue. After carrying out this analysis, it discussed how the purpose of the counter-drama was not to reproduce the drama or to convey the same idea in any substantial manner. Hence, a perfect opportunity to discuss all the relevant considerations was lost by the Court.

This case has been referred to in two judicial decisions till now. In The Chancellor Masters and Scholars of the [[University of Oxford]] v. Narendera Publishing House, this case was discussed and followed. This case involved the making of guides by the defendants of the text books published by the plaintiff. On the basis of the four factors mentioned in the US copyright statute and the decision in the instant case, the Indian Courts ruled in favor of the Defendants. The second case is of ICC Development (International) Ltd. v. [[NDTV|New Delhi Television Ltd]]. It merely mentioned the case along with a host of other cases and did not discuss or significantly rely upon it.

==Comparison with US and EU law==
For a comparative perspective, it is also essential to understand the difference between "[[fair use]]" and "fair dealing". In jurisdictions that follow the latter approach, the specific purposes listed down within fair dealing are the only ones for which "fair dealing" is permitted. It cannot be done for any other purpose irrespective of how "fair" the other purpose is. The specific provisions and purposes mentioned within fair dealing are not mere examples of how the judges can enforce the fair dealing exception. Fair use, on the other hand, is much broader in scope as it only provides guidelines using which the Judges can decide whether a particular use is fair or not. This implies that unlike in fair dealing, the fair use exemption is not exhaustive and the Judges are free to use their discretion to permit anything that could qualify as "fair" for them. The fair use approach is followed in the [[United States]] whereas the fair dealing approach is followed in [[India]]. Understanding the difference between these two is crucial as they define the limits of judicial discretion in [[copyright]] cases.
Section 107 of the US Copyright statute deals with the fair use limitation. It mentions certain situations to which fair use exception would apply but in doing so it uses the words "purposes such as", thereby making it amply clear that the list is merely indicative and not exhaustive. It also enlists the 4 factors that have to be considered while determining whether the exception would apply. These factors are as follows:
# the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes
# the nature of the copyrighted work
# the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole
# the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work
None of these 4 factors are decisive and a weighing and balancing of all have to be done. Furthermore, this list of factors is inclusive in nature as is evident from the wordings of the provision. This exception applies to unpublished works as well. Furthermore, the US law has evolved and now mandates that the defendant's work should be transformative which means that it should be different in character and should not be meant to be a replacement.

The corresponding position in the European Union is governed by the Information Society Directive of 2001. Article 5(3) of this Directive mentions 15 purposes for which member states can carve out an exception. Copyright cannot be limited for any other purposes. This is a fair dealing provision. This Directive expressly requires the research or private study for which copyrighted material is used to be of non-commercial nature. Furthermore, in relation to the defense of criticism or review of a work, the Directives mention that the same will be applicable only to those works which have been lawfully made available to the public. Thus, many unpublished work fall beyond the ambit of the protection offered by it. Unlike their US counterparts, these Directives also do not provide a list of factors that need to be considered.

The position in India is closer to that in EU. First, we follow the fair dealing approach and not the fair use approach. Section 52(1)(a) and (b) mention the specific purposes for which fair dealing exception is available. Hence, the Indian law has not given the Judges wide discretion with respect to this. Second, our statute does not lay down the factors that need to be considered while determining whether fair dealing has been done. We rely on judicial decisions for the same. The Indian Courts have frequently relied on Hubbard v Vosper . In the instant case, the Court laid down the relevant factors and tried to follow a factored approach. However, their approach was actually piecemeal as they did not apply one of the factors and gave more than required stress on some other factor. The first factor was not applied here and the second factor was treated as definitive. Such an approach can be seen in other cases as well. For instance, in The Chancellor Masters and Scholars of The University of Oxford v. Narendera Publishing House and Ors. the ultimate question was whether the work was transformative and the other factors were not given the same amount of weight. The above-mentioned case also points out to how the Indian judiciary has adopted the requirement of transformation from the United States.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|last1=Goel|first1=A.|title=Limits of Fair Dealing with Literary Works in India|journal=University of Botswana Law Journal|date=December 2010|volume=11|pages=169–176|url=http://www.pulp.up.ac.za/pdf/2011_02/2011_02_m_chapter9.pdf|access-date=17 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012101910/http://www.pulp.up.ac.za/pdf/2011_02/2011_02_m_chapter9.pdf|archive-date=12 October 2014|url-status=dead}}

[[Category:High courts of India cases]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]
[[Category:1996 in Indian case law]]

National Football League (under-19)

2025-08-24T13:14:48Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football league
| image =
| country = {{flagicon|IND}} India
| confed = [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
| founded = 2001
| folded = 2005
| chairman =
| teams =
| levels =
| promotion =
| relegation =
| domest_cup =
| champions =
| season =
| most successful club = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]] (2 titles)
}}

The '''National Football League (under-19)''' ('''NFL under-19''') was an annual played a youth league competition featuring [[Association football|football]] clubs from [[India]]. Founded in 2001 through the [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF), the NFL was the first youth football league in India to be organized on a national scale. The U19 teams of the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] teams took part in the competition.<ref>{{cite web |title=NFL U19 |url= http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nflj.html |website=Indianfootball.de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223130635/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nflj.html|archive-date=23 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NFL U19 2001-02 |url= http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2001-02nlj.html |website=Indianfootball.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NFL U19 2002-03 |url= http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2002-03nlj.html |website=Indianfootball.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NFL U19 2004-05 |url= http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2004-05nlj.html |website=Indianfootball.de}}</ref> The [[Elite League (India)|I-League U19]] was founded in 2008 as new youth league.

== Champions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Season
! Champions
! Runners-up
! Results
! Teams
|-
| align=center|2001–02
| [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
| [[India national under-16 football team|India U16]]
| 3–2
| 8
|-
| align=center|2002–03
| {{nowrap|[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]] (2)}}
| {{nowrap|[[JCT Football Academy]]}}
| 1–0
| 9
|-
| align=center|{{nowrap|2004–05}}
| [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]
| [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
| 0–0 {{pso|3–1}}
| 12
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Soccer}}
*[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]]
*[[I-League]]
*[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
*[[Indian Super League]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Youth League (India)}}
{{Football in India}}

[[Category:National Football League (India)| ]]
[[Category:Indian Youth League]]
[[Category:Youth football in India]]
[[Category:Football leagues in India]]
[[Category:Sports leagues in India]]
[[Category:Professional sports leagues in India]]
[[Category:Defunct football leagues in India]]

{{India-footy-competition-stub}}

Civil Registration System (India)

2025-07-22T23:40:07Z

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{{Short description|Indian vital statistics recording system}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Civil Registration System
| formed = {{start date and age|1969|df=yes}}
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| chief1_position = Registrar General of India
| parent_department = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| website = {{URL|crsorgi.gov.in}}
}}

'''Civil Registration System''' or '''CRS''' in India is the unified process of continuous, permanent, compulsory and universal recording of the vital events (birth, deaths, stillbirths) and characteristics thereof. The data generated through CRS is essential for socio-economic planning.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Vijaita |date=2022-04-27 |title=Birth, death reporting to be automated |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/registration-of-birth-death-to-be-real-time-with-minimum-human-interface/article65359979.ece |access-date=2023-03-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2022-05-03 |title=Centre releases India's civil registration system report for 2020 |url=https://theprint.in/india/centre-releases-indias-civil-registration-system-report-for-2020/941299/ |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''crsorgi.gov.in'''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Vijaita |date=2022-07-13 |title=Birth certificates of children born after August 2015 will be available on DigiLocker |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/birth-certificates-of-children-born-after-august-2015-and-issued-through-crs-will-be-available-on-digilocker/article65636578.ece |access-date=2023-03-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> is a dedicated website for birth and death recording in India.

== History ==
The Civil Registration System (CRS) in India has a long story dating back to middle of 19th century. A central [[Birth1974|Births1974]], [[Death]]s, and Marriages registration bill was passed in 1886 to allow consensual registrations across [[British India]]. The Registration of Births and Deaths Act (RBD) was passed in 1969 after independence to improve consistency and comparability in the recording of births and deaths throughout the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Civil Registration System |url=https://crsorgi.gov.in/about-us.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=crsorgi.gov.in}}</ref>

== Website ==

* ''official website [https://crsorgi.gov.in]''

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Civil registration and vital statistics]]

Tombs of Battashewala Complex

2025-07-14T16:24:10Z

Dentaltrendz: Done

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
[[File:Bara Batashewala.JPG|thumbnail|Bara Batasha before renovation]]
'''Tombs of Battashewala Complex''' is an [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) protected monument in [[Nizamuddin East]], [[Delhi]]. The funerary complex, consists of three Mughal period tombs, known as the Bara Batashewala Mahal, the Chota Batashewala Mahal, an unidentified Mughal tomb and arched compound wall enclosures.

==Location==
The complex is located in an {{Convert|11|acre}} land within arcaded enclosures. It was an integral part of the 16th century [[necropolis]] of Delhi. Within its neighbourhood is the famous [[dargah]] (shrine) of [[Sufi]] saint [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] who lived during the 14th century.<ref name=PTI/> The tomb complex is located next to the [[Humayun's Tomb|Humayun Tomb]]'s enclosure.{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=85}} Access to the tomb is also from the north gate of Humayun's Tomb and also from the Sunder Nursery.<ref name=Delhi/>

==Features==
The Tombs of Batashewala Complex lie in the buffer zone of the World Heritage Site of the [[Humayun's Tomb|Humayun Tomb Complex]]; the two complexes are separated by a small road but enclosed within their own separate compound walls. The complex has three tombs which are identified as Bara Batashewala Mahal and the Chota Batashewala Mahal, enclosed within a compound wall with arches of {{Convert|1000|ft}} length built with stone masonry; and a Mughal tomb of an unidentified person, to the east of the other two tombs, in a separate enclosure. All three tombs are reported to have been built during the late 16th – early 17th century. It is said that such a funerary complex does not exist anywhere else in India.<ref name=Bara>{{Cite web|url=http://archnet.org/sites/10123|title= Batashewala Complex Conservation|access-date=21 April 2015|publisher=Archnet}}</ref>

===Bara Batashewala Mahal===
[[File:Refurbished_Battashewala_tomb_in_Delhi.jpg|thumb|right|Refurbished Bara Battashewala Tomb]]
The tomb, known as the Bara Batashewala Mahal, is a funerary structure where [[Mirza Muzaffar Husain]], son-in-law of [[Akbar]] and the great-nephew of [[Humayun]], is kept. It was built during 1603–4. Built in [[Mughal architecture|Mughal architectural style]], it has a flat roof, which in the past, is stated to have been covered by a "textile canopy".{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=85}} A single storied square structure of {{Convert|30| ft}} square, its architecture is similar to the [[Jal Mahal]] and Humayun tomb. It has a central chamber consisting of eight small rooms, and it is said to be a replica of an Iranian design.{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=85}}<ref name=Bara/> The interiors around the [[sarcophagus]] (crypt) is richly decorated with incised plaster and tiles. All four identical facades of the square tomb have five half-domed entrances, also decorated on plaster and tiles. In the past, the west facing facade had collapsed and the southern facade had been repaired poorly during the 20th century. However, during 2012–15, this tomb, including the entire complex, has been renovated.<ref name=Bara/><ref name=Plaque>{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plaque_at_the_Barabattashewala_Mahal.jpg|title=Plaque at the Bara Battashewala Mahal|date=13 May 2015 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref>

===Chota Batashewala Mahal===
{{multiple image
|direction = horizontal
|align = left
|width = 175
|image1 = Ruins_of_Chota_Batteshawla_tomb_in_Delhi.jpg
|caption1 = Ruins of Chota Batteshawla tomb
|image2 = Renovated_Chota_Battashewala_tomb_in_Delhi.jpg
|caption2 = Renovated Chota Battashewala Tomb}}
As originally built, the tomb was in the form of an octagonal dome, extensively decorated. During the later part of the 20th century it had substantially deteriorated. The tomb has been partially restored now on the basis of the pictures of the structure as it existed during the 1960s, old drawings and from an examination of the features of the existing parts.<ref name=Bara/>

===Mughal tomb===
[[File:Unnamed_tomb_in_Battehawla_tomb_complex_in_Delhi.jpg|right|thumb|Unnamed Mughal tomb after renovation]]
This tomb is a tall structure and is located in the eastern part of the Battashewala Complex. It is built with stone masonry over a raised fort-type platform. It measures {{Convert|100| m}} in length and {{Convert|60|m}} in width. It is a domed structure with rich decorations. As part of the structure had collapsed, restoration works were undertaken in a planned manner.<ref name=Bara/>

==Conservation measures==
On account of the site's occupation, on a perpetual lease basis, by the [[Delhi State Bharat Scouts and Guides]] since 1941 as a camping ground, the tomb structures in the complex suffered serious deterioration;<ref name=Lahiri>{{Cite web|last=Lahiri|first= Nayanjot |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/platform/in-a-ruinous-state/article1-344443.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518141629/http://www.hindustantimes.com/platform/in-a-ruinous-state/article1-344443.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2015|title= In a ruinous state|date=1 October 2008|work=The Hindustan Times}}</ref> the tombs were also ignored for several decades. However, after considerable efforts the ownership of the site was transferred to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in 2010 to undertake conservation works of the tombs.<ref name=Bara/> Soon after, in 2011, conservation efforts were initiated by the [[Aga Khan Trust for Culture]] (AKTC). A multi-disciplinary team of AKTC carried out the restoration works over a period of four years. The team adopted "traditional construction material and building techniques". The cement based repairs carried out in earlier times were all replaced.<ref name=Delhi/>

The complex of tombs have been refurbished at a cost of US$750,000, the first of its kind funded under the US [[Ambassadors Fund for Cultural Preservation]] Projects (AFCP).{{Sfn|Luke|Kersel|2013|p=112-13}} The initiative to restore this complex was taken after the visit of [[Barack Obama|President Obama]] to the Humayun Tomb Complex in 2010.<ref name=Delhi>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/humayuns-tombs-forgotten-neighbour-gets-back-lost-glory/articleshow/46973705.cms|title=Humayun's Tomb's forgotten neighbour gets back lost glory |access-date=21 April 2015 |date=19 April 2015|work=The Times of India}}</ref> The restoration works have been carried out by the AFCP in association with the Archaeological Survey of India. The restored structures were formally opened to the public on 18 April 2015, which was also observed as the [[UNESCO]] declared World Heritage Day.<ref name=PTI>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/restored-batashewala-garden-tomb-complex-rises-from-ruins-115041800805_1.html |title=Restored Batashewala garden tomb complex rises from ruins |access-date=21 April 2015 |date=18 April 2015 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> The Ministry of Culture, Government of India, has now plans to pose this tomb complex for inclusion as part of the UNESCO heritage complex of the Humayun Tomb.<ref name=Delhi/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last= Asher |first=Catherine Blanshard |title=Architecture of Mughal India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&pg=PA85|date=24 September 1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26728-1}}
*{{cite book|last1= Luke|first1=Christina|last2=Kersel |first2=Morag|title=US Cultural Diplomacy and Archaeology: Soft Power, Hard Heritage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fysVIbZttAIC&pg=PA113|date=4 January 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-15570-3}}

{{coord|28|35|46|N|77|14|56|E|display=title|region:IN}}

[[Category:Mughal tombs]]
[[Category:Mehrauli]]
[[Category:Mausoleums in Delhi]]
[[Category:Buildings on the Indian Archaeological Register]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1610]]
[[Category:1610 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1610s establishments in the Mughal Empire]]

Shah Umair

2025-07-04T17:22:35Z

Dentaltrendz: Started

{{Short description|Indian numismatist, historian and social media influencer}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Shah Umair
| image = Shah Umair (2023).jpg
| birth_place = India
| nationality =
| other_names = Sikkawala
| occupation = Numismatist, historian, social media influencer
}}

'''Shah Umair''' is an Indian [[numismatist]], amateur historian and social media influencer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ameer |first=Sabine |date=2024-01-04 |title=India’s heritage influencers: Unearthing stories, archiving the past |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/indias-heritage-influencers-are-reviving-history/article67704962.ece |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Swati |date=2024-04-18 |title=World Heritage Day: Restoring the lost glory |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/world-heritage-day-restoring-the-lost-glory-889919 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Umair, originally trained as a fashion consultant and from [[Eastern India]], moved to [[Delhi]] to start ''Noon Social'', a digital marketing and creative studio for fashion brands.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tausalkar |first=Ramsha |date=2021-11-22 |title=The chroniclers of Delhi: preserving the city's soul on Instagram |url=https://thepatriot.in/lifestyle/the-chroniclers-of-delhi-preserving-the-citys-soul-on-instagram-23650 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=The Patriot |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dsouza |first=Krystelle |date=2022-07-05 |title=10 Tales of Delhi’s Lesser-Known Monuments Through Stunning Pics |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/289984/delhi-lesser-known-monuments-history-stories-in-pictures/ |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhargava |first=Aaina |title=Meet the influencers preserving India’s history and safeguarding its culture |url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/lifestyle/arts/india-cultural-heritage-documenting-preserving |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=Tatler Asia |language=en}}</ref>

Umair leads heritage walks around Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-27 |title=Umair Shah wants you to fall in love with Delhi’s history: ‘My focus is on the stories’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/umair-shah-wants-you-to-fall-in-love-with-delhis-history-7938364/ |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Devadeepa |date=2023-07-27 |title=East India Company fought hard for its coins in India. Even Aurangzeb’s fury couldn’t stop it |url=https://theprint.in/feature/around-town/east-india-company-fought-hard-for-its-coins-in-india-even-aurangzebs-fury-couldnt-stop-it/1687918/ |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> His aim is to popularize lesser-known monuments of the city.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-19 |title=The amateur historians chronicling Delhi's past on Instagram |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60299136 |access-date= |work=BBC. |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Narang |first=Gaurvi |date=2022-06-29 |title=Jamali Kamali, hijron ka khanqah, Sarmad's tomb — Delhi history's safe spaces for LGBTQ |url=https://theprint.in/feature/jamali-kamali-hijron-ka-khanqah-sarmads-tomb-delhi-historys-safe-spaces-for-lgbtq/1016724/ |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-06 |title=Shikhara on top, Urdu name plaque: This church is a testament to Mehrauli’s diversity |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/shikhara-on-top-urdu-name-plaque-this-church-is-a-testament-to-mehraulis-diversity-9310323/ |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Umair is also an [[Instagram]] influencer (under the moniker ''Sikkawala''), and he uses the social media platform to chronicle his research of Delhi's history and advocate for heritage preservation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-15 |title=The Afterlife of Zafar Mahal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2023/Dec/15/the-afterlife-of-zafar-mahal-2641596.html |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=JAIN |first=NIKITA |date=2023-12-30 |title=Older Than New Delhi, Sunehri Masjid Is A Living Monument |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/india/older-than-new-delhi-sunehri-masjid-is-a-living-monument-984370 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=www.thecitizen.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-22 |title=Kucha Pati Ram: Amid Old Delhi chaos, a quiet street marked by crumbling, abandoned havelis |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/kucha-pati-ram-amid-old-delhi-chaos-a-quiet-street-marked-by-crumbling-abandoned-havelis-9120998/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mogul |first=Rhea |date=2023-12-13 |title=This monument stood for hundreds of years before vandals smashed it. Historians say it must never happen again |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/13/india/india-delhi-zafar-mahal-mughal-vandalism-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

*

{{DEFAULTSORT:Umair, Shah}}
[[Category:Indian numismatists]]
[[Category:Internet celebrities]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Social media influencers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Puthur (Kasaragod)

2025-05-31T16:06:41Z

Dentaltrendz:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Puthur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.5525|N|74.9605|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kannur district|Kasaragod]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Mogral Puthur]] Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 8.4
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 14,271
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911111246/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 671124
| registration_plate = KL-14
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Puthur''' is a [[census town]] in [[Kasaragod district]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. Puthur is a suburb of [[Kasaragod|Kasaragod city]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/kerala/| title = Kerala (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Puthur had a population of 14,271 with 6,749 males and 7,522 females. Puthur census town has an area of {{cvt|8.4|km2}} with 2,659 families residing in it. The average sex ratio was 1114 higher than the state average of 1084. 14.4% of the population was under 6 years of age. Puthur had average literacy of 89.75% higher than the national average of 74.04% and lower than state average of 94.00%; male literacy was 93.87% and female literacy was 86.14%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Kasaragod |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=100,101 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_B_KASARAGOD.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==Religions==
As of 2011 census, Puthur census town had total population of 14,271, among which 70.8% are Muslims, 28.6% Hindus, 0.5% Christians, and 0.1% Others.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web
|title = Population by Religious Community
|publisher = Census of India
|url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html
|access-date = 28 March 2018
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html
|archive-date = 13 September 2015
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

==Administration==
Puthur is part of [[Mogral Puthur]] [[Grama Panchayat]] in Kasaragod Block. This area comes under [[Kasaragod (State Assembly constituency)|Kasaragod Assembly constituency]] which is part of [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod Loksabha]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-18
|work = Kerala
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archivedate = 2009-03-04
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kasaragod district}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Kasaragod]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kasaragod district]]

{{Kasaragod-geo-stub}}

Sasimadhanam

2025-03-07T15:48:17Z

Dentaltrendz: Stub

{{Short description|Indian Telugu-language webseries}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| executive_producer = Rahul Rao
| producer = Harish Kohirkar
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| genre = [[Romantic comedy]]
| music = Sinjith Yerramilli
| creator =
| writer = Winod Gali
| director = Winod Gali
| starring = {{plain list|
* Pavan Sidhu
* Soniya Singh
}}
| cinematography = Rehan Shaik
| editor = Anil Kumar P
| camera =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| company = Mark My Words Entertainment
| network = [[ETV Win]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|7|4}}
| last_aired =
| image = Sasimadhanam.jpg
}}

'''''Sasimadhanam''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] television series written and directed by Winod Gali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sasi Madhanam on ETV Win: The family drama clocks record streaming minutes |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sasi-madhanam-on-etv-win-the-family-drama-clocks-record-streaming-minutes/6c69b1c49c744 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=TV9 |date=2024-06-30 |title=Sasimadhanam: ఓటీటీలోకి సోనియా రొమాంటిక్ కామెడీ సిరీస్.. స్ట్రీమింగ్ ఎప్పటినుంచంటే.. |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/ott/sonia-singhs-sasimadhanam-telugu-web-series-will-stream-on-july-4th-trailer-released-1291793.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te |archive-date=31 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231072917/https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/ott/sonia-singhs-sasimadhanam-telugu-web-series-will-stream-on-july-4th-trailer-released-1291793.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The series featured Pavan Sidhu and Soniya Singh in lead roles. It was premiered on 4 July 2024 on [[ETV Win]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2024-07-02 |title=Sasi Madhanam : పొట్ట చెక్కలయ్యేలా నవ్వించేందుకు రాబోతున్న ‘ శశి మధనం ‘.. |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/news/a-comedy-web-series-sasi-madhanam-has-been-streeming-from-july-4-in-etv-win-627486.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN |archive-date=2 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702025459/https://ntvtelugu.com/news/a-comedy-web-series-sasi-madhanam-has-been-streeming-from-july-4-in-etv-win-627486.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-06-29 |title=Sasimadhanam Trailer: A young couple struggles to keep their relationship afloat in this new-age comedy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jun/29/sasimadhanam-trailer-a-young-couple-struggles-to-keep-their-relationship-afloat-in-this-new-age-comedy |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719085010/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jun/29/sasimadhanam-trailer-a-young-couple-struggles-to-keep-their-relationship-afloat-in-this-new-age-comedy |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Pavan Sidhu as Madhan
* Soniya Singh as Sasi
* [[Kireeti Damaraju]] as the groom
* [[Rupa Lakshmi]] as Rangammatha
* Kruthika as Ramya
* Ashok Chandra as Rama Kotayya
* Keshav Deepak as Chandrabose
* Srilalitha Pamidipati as Saraswathi

== Episodes ==

{{Episode table |background=#F0D107 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR= |country= |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Calling Bell
|DirectedBy = Winod Gali
|WrittenBy = Winod Gali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|7|4}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = F0D107
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = The Rangammatha
|DirectedBy = Winod Gali
|WrittenBy = Winod Gali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|7|4}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = F0D107
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Who is the groom?
|DirectedBy = Winod Gali
|WrittenBy = Winod Gali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|7|4}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = F0D107
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = OMG{{ndash}}Oh My Ghost
|DirectedBy = Winod Gali
|WrittenBy = Winod Gali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|7|4}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = F0D107
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = The Tape Recorder
|DirectedBy = Winod Gali
|WrittenBy = Winod Gali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|7|4}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = F0D107
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = The Cat Got Caught
|DirectedBy = Winod Gali
|WrittenBy = Winod Gali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|7|4}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = F0D107
}}
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = Sinjith Yerramilli
| title1 = Daarulu
| length1 = 3:52
| lyrics1 = Swaroop Goli
| extra1 = Saathwik Yadavalli
| title2 = Andala O Chilaka
| length2 = 3:00
| lyrics2 = Swaroop Goli
| extra2 = Gowtham Bharadwaj, Sindhuja Tanuku
| title3 = Raagam Edhemaina
| length3 = 3:51
| lyrics3 = Swaroop Goli
| extra3 = Sinjith Yerramilli
| title4 = Manasuke
| length4 = 2:52
| lyrics4 = Srikanth Allapu
| extra4 = Saathwik Yadavalli
}}

== Reception ==
Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' rated it 3 out 5 and wrote, "''Sasi Madhanam'' is a romantic comedy that has some well-executed moments".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sasi Madhanam Review - Pawan Sidhu and Soniya Singh's chemistry make things work |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/sasi-madhanam-review-pawan-sidhu-and-soniya-singhs-lovable-chemistry-holds-your-attention/2df3115e92662 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> BH Harsh of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5 and called it "<bdi>middling yet breezy rom-com</bdi>".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-07-06 |title=Sasimadhanam Series Review: A middling yet breezy rom-com that sails through its flaws |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2024/Jul/06/sasimadhanam-review-a-middling-yet-breezy-rom-com-that-sails-through-its-flaws |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822111147/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2024/Jul/06/sasimadhanam-review-a-middling-yet-breezy-rom-com-that-sails-through-its-flaws |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|32176549|Sasimadhanam}}
* [https://www.etvwin.com/win-exclusive/sasimadhanam ''Sasimadhanam''] on [[ETV Win]]
[[Category:2024 web series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 web series endings]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Indian comedy web series]]
[[Category:2020s romantic comedy television series]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:ETV Win original programming]]