https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=DenicePitcairn 2026-08-02T15:38:35Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sivakasi_Assembly_constituency&diff=536294 2026-05-08T17:33:05Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Put Up New Details!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Sivakasi<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 205<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Sivakasi.svg<br /> | established = 1957<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency|Virudhunagar]]<br /> | mla = [[Keerthana S]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}<br /> | latest_election_year = 2026<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | electors = 228,205<br /> }}<br /> '''Sivakasi''' is an assembly constituency located in [[Virudhunagar district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; It falls under [[Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency]]. The constituency has been in existence since the 1957 election. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> |rowspan=2| [[S. Ramasami Naidu]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | [[S. Alagu Thevar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | [[K. Kalimuthu]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | [[K. Ramasamy (politician)|K. Ramasamy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |rowspan=2| [[V. Balakrishnan (Sivakasi MLA)|V. Balakrishnan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | [[P. Seenivasan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | [[J. Balagangadharan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | [[R. Chokkar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | [[A. Rajagopal]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | [[R. Gnanadoss]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> |rowspan=2| [[K. T. Rajenthra Bhalaji]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | [[A. M. S. G. Ashokan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |2026<br /> |[[S. Keerthana]]<br /> |<br /> |[[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.66}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.67}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.17}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.71}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|42.45}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|40.14}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|66.75}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|31.20}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.73}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.32}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Janata Party}}|31.11}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.42}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|55.73}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|57.62}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.72}}<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivakasi}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=Keerthana S<br /> |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam<br /> |votes=68709<br /> |percentage=35.56<br /> |change=New}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=Ashokan G<br /> |party=Indian National Congress<br /> |votes=57039<br /> |percentage=29.52<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=Rajenthra Bhalaji K. T.<br /> |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |votes=51078<br /> |percentage=26.45<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=Esther Mary Diana A<br /> |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi<br /> |votes=10191<br /> |percentage=5.27<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=NOTA<br /> |party=None of the above<br /> |votes=948<br /> |percentage=0.49<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory<br /> |votes=11670<br /> |percentage=6.04<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes=193128<br /> |percentage=80.00<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box registered electors<br /> |reg. electors=241403<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam<br /> |loser=Indian National Congress<br /> |swing=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2021 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivakasi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sivakasi Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a205|access-date= 18 Jun 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. M. S. G. Ashokan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=78,947 |percentage=43.07 |change=+7.79 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lakshmi Ganesan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,628 |percentage=33.62 |change=-10.06 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kanagapriya |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=20,865 |percentage=11.38 |change=+9.53 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Samikkalai |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,893 |percentage=5.40 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Mugunthan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=6,090 |percentage=3.32 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,727 |percentage=0.94 |change=-0.6 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Lakshmanan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,430 |percentage=0.78 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,319 |percentage=9.45 |change= 1.05 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=183,320 |percentage=70.02 |change= -3.87 }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=61|percentage=0.03 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 261,809 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.61 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivakasi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. T. Rajenthra Bhalaji]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=76,734 |percentage=43.67 |change=-15.49 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Sreeraja |party=Indian National Congress |votes=61,986 |percentage=35.28 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sudhakaran |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=17,379 |percentage=9.89 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. G. Parrathashaarathi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,189 |percentage=3.52 |change=+0.68 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Babu |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=3,245 |percentage=1.85 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,704 |percentage=1.54 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thilagabama |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,350 |percentage=0.77 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thaneswaran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,235 |percentage=0.70 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Maharajan |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=981 |percentage=0.56 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,748 |percentage=8.39 |change= -15.76 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=175,702 |percentage=73.89 |change= -7.15 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 237,773 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -15.49 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2011 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivakasi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. T. Rajenthra Bhalaji]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=87,333 |percentage=59.17 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Vanaraja |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,679 |percentage=35.01 |change=-3.63 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Meera Devi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,198 |percentage=2.84 |change=+2.04 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,654 |percentage=24.16 |change= 19.09 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=147,605 |percentage=81.05 |change= 8.99 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,125 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 15.46 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivakasi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Gnanadoss]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=79,992 |percentage=43.71 |change=+27.98 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Thangaraj |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,721 |percentage=38.65 |change=-0.12 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rajendran |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=12,657 |percentage=6.92 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Manikandan |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=8,329 |percentage=4.55 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rajendran |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,698 |percentage=3.11 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Ragmathullah |party=Independent politician |votes=1,961 |percentage=1.07 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Paratha Sarathy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,476 |percentage=0.81 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,271 |percentage=5.07 |change= 1.38 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=183,001 |percentage=72.06 |change= 11.58 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 253,957 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= 1.26 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivakasi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Rajagopal]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=65,954 |percentage=42.45 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thangaraj V |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,233 |percentage=38.77 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ravichandran A |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,447 |percentage=15.74 |change=-5.17 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Jeevanandham |party=Independent politician |votes=1,593 |percentage=1.03 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Lourduraj |party=Puratchi Bharatham |votes=1,152 |percentage=0.74 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,721 |percentage=3.68 |change= -8.58 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=155,367 |percentage=60.48 |change= -8.31 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 256,918 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= 2.31 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivakasi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Chokkar]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=61,322 |percentage=40.14 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Alagarsamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,590 |percentage=27.88 |change=-38.87 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Gnanadoss |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,933 |percentage=20.90 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Alagarsamy |party=Independent politician |votes=4,867 |percentage=3.19 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Balakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,699 |percentage=1.77 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. P. A. Vinokara Vijaya Anand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,738 |percentage=1.14 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Durairaj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,577 |percentage=1.03 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Muniyandi |party=Independent politician |votes=952 |percentage=0.62 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jesudoss |party=Janata Party |votes=892 |percentage=0.58 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,732 |percentage=12.26 |change= -25.31 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=152,781 |percentage=68.79 |change= 6.16 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 235,416 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -26.61 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivakasi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. Balagangadharan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=84,785 |percentage=66.75 |change=+44.49 }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=B. Rajaram Boopathi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,059 |percentage=29.17 |change=-2.02 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Dharmar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,258 |percentage=0.99 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Rayappan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,204 |percentage=0.95 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Haridoss |party=Independent politician |votes=1,010 |percentage=0.80 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=47,726 |percentage=37.57 |change= 33.07 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=127,025 |percentage=62.63 |change= -9.35 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 208,155 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 35.55 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivakasi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Seenivasan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,027 |percentage=31.20 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ayyappan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,112 |percentage=26.70 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Balakrishnan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,268 |percentage=22.26 |change=-16.47 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Periyasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=15,011 |percentage=11.41 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Karuppiah |party=Independent politician |votes=5,399 |percentage=4.11 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Alagar Ramanujam |party=Independent politician |votes=754 |percentage=0.57 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rathinasabapathy |party=Independent politician |votes=743 |percentage=0.57 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Manmathan |party=Independent politician |votes=712 |percentage=0.54 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,915 |percentage=4.50 |change= -5.53 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=131,503 |percentage=71.98 |change= -2.45 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,980 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.53 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivakasi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Balakrishnan (Sivakasi Mla)|V. Balakrishnan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,731 |percentage=38.73 |change=-22.59 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Perumal Samy |party=Independent politician |votes=30,930 |percentage=28.71 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Graham |party=Independent politician |votes=29,736 |percentage=27.60 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Muthusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,315 |percentage=2.15 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gnanaseelant |party=Independent politician |votes=910 |percentage=0.84 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,801 |percentage=10.02 |change= -19.70 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=107,745 |percentage=74.43 |change= 10.15 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,831 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -22.59 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivakasi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Balakrishnan (Sivakasi Mla)|V. Balakrishnan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,081 |percentage=61.32 |change=+33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Alagu Thevar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,348 |percentage=31.59 |change=+21.76 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Alagar Rajan |party=Janata Party |votes=4,084 |percentage=4.72 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jesudos |party=Independent politician |votes=549 |percentage=0.63 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,733 |percentage=29.73 |change= 27.48 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=86,561 |percentage=64.27 |change= -0.07 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,976 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Janata Party |swing= 30.21 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivakasi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Ramasamy (politician)|K. Ramasamy]] |party=Janata Party |votes=24,518 |percentage=31.11 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dharwar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,746 |percentage=28.87 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ponnupandian |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,315 |percentage=28.32 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Amudan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,753 |percentage=9.84 |change=-49.58 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kaliappa Nadar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,079 |percentage=1.37 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,772 |percentage=2.25 |change= -19.17 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=78,800 |percentage=64.34 |change= -7.89 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,965 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -28.30 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivakasi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Kalimuthu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,854 |percentage=59.42 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Sundararaj Naicker |party=Swatantra Party |votes=25,486 |percentage=38.00 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Muthunadar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,063 |percentage=1.58 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. Gurusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=671 |percentage=1.00 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,368 |percentage=21.42 |change= 4.74 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=67,074 |percentage=72.23 |change= -6.89 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,587 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= 3.69 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivakasi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Alagu Thevar]] |party=Swatantra Party |votes=38,416 |percentage=55.73 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. R. Thevar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,918 |percentage=39.05 |change=-18.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Chinniah |party=Independent politician |votes=2,402 |percentage=3.48 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Nagarathinam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,200 |percentage=1.74 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,498 |percentage=16.68 |change= -3.72 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=68,936 |percentage=79.12 |change= 11.10 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,594 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Swatantra Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.89 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivakasi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Ramaswamy Naidu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,726 |percentage=57.62 |change=+3.9 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Doraisamy Thevar |party=Swatantra Party |votes=23,078 |percentage=37.22 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Prakasam |party=Independent politician |votes=3,203 |percentage=5.17 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,648 |percentage=20.40 |change= -9.08 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=62,007 |percentage=68.02 |change= 13.89 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,665 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.90 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivakasi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Ramaswamy Naidu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,421 |percentage=53.72 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Muthuramanuja Thevar |party=Independent politician |votes=11,471 |percentage=24.24 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Subbiah |party=Independent politician |votes=8,767 |percentage=18.53 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Karuppiah |party=Independent politician |votes=1,665 |percentage=3.52 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,950 |percentage=29.48 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=47,324 |percentage=54.13 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,423 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{Coord|9.46|77.80|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Virudhunagar district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br /> [[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mysuru%E2%80%93Ajmer_Express&diff=519449 2026-05-08T08:35:50Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: New Details.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Train in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | name = Mysuru–Ajmer Express<br /> | image =<br /> | caption =<br /> | type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]<br /> | locale = [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]] &amp; [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | first = <br /> | last =<br /> | operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]<br /> | ridership =<br /> | start = {{stnlnk|Mysuru Junction}} (MYS)<br /> | stops = 45<br /> | end = {{stnlnk|Ajmer Junction}} (AII)<br /> | distance = {{convert|2290|km|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime = 47 hours 05 minutes <br /> | frequency = Bi-Weekly<br /> | class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC First Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 Tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 Tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]]<br /> | seating = Yes<br /> | sleeping = Yes<br /> | autorack =<br /> | catering = Available <br /> | observation = Large windows <br /> | entertainment =<br /> | baggage = No<br /> | otherfacilities = Below the seats <br /> | stock = [[LHB coach]]<br /> | gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}<br /> | el =<br /> | trainnumber = 16209 / 16210<br /> | speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, &lt;br/&gt;{{convert|48|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.<br /> | map = <br /> | map_state =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The 16209 / 16210 '''Mysuru–Ajmer Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]]–[[South Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Mysuru Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Ajmer Junction}} in India.<br /> <br /> It operates as train number 16209 from Ajmer Junction to Mysuru Junction and as train number 16210 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]] &amp; [[Rajasthan]].<br /> <br /> ==Coach composition==<br /> <br /> The train has standard LHB with a max speed of {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}}. The train consists of 25 coaches:<br /> <br /> * 1 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 1st Class]]<br /> * 3 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]]<br /> * 4 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]]<br /> * 12 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]]<br /> * 1 [[Dining car|Pantry]] car<br /> * 2 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Unreserved/General]]<br /> * 2 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Seating cum Luggage Rake]]<br /> <br /> As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.<br /> <br /> ==Service==<br /> <br /> 16209/ Ajmer–Mysuru Express covers the distance of {{convert|2290|km|0|abbr=on}} in 48 hours 30 mins {{convert|47.22|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.<br /> <br /> The 16210/ Mysuru–Ajmer Express covers the distance of {{convert|2290|km|0|abbr=on}} in 47 hours 05 mins {{convert|48.64|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.<br /> <br /> As the average speed of the train is below {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare does not include a Superfast surcharge.<br /> <br /> ==Routeing==<br /> <br /> The 16209 / 16210 Mysore–Ajmer Express runs from Mysore Junction via {{stnlnk|KSR Bengaluru}}, {{stnlnk|Hubballi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Miraj Junction}}, [[Sangli]], [[Karad]], [[Satara (city)|Satara]], {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Vasai Road}}, {{stnlnk|Palghar}}, {{stnlnk|Surat}}, {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Palanpur}}, {{stnlnk|Abu Road}}, {{stnlnk|Falna}}, {{stnlnk|Marwar Junction}} to Ajmer Junction.<br /> <br /> ==Schedule==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day <br /> |-<br /> | 16209 || AII || Ajmer Junction || 05:30 AM || Sun, Fri || Mysore Junction || 06:00 AM || Tue, Sun<br /> |-<br /> | 16210 || MYS || Mysuru Junction || 18:35 PM || Tue, Thu || Ajmer Junction || 17:40 PM || Thu, Sat<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Rake sharing==<br /> <br /> The train shares its rake with 16217/16218 [[Mysuru–Sainagar Shirdi Express]].<br /> <br /> ==Traction==<br /> <br /> As the route is now completely electrified, a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapuram Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive hauls the train for its entire journey.<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> *{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/7-injured-as-Mysore-Ajmer-Express-derails/articleshow/5220915.cms|title=7 injured as Mysore–Ajmer Express derails – The Times of India|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}<br /> *{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mysoreajmer-express-derailment-report-soon/542636/|title=Mysore–Ajmer Express derailment: report soon–Indian Express|publisher=archive.indianexpress.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}<br /> *{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/mysore-ajmer-express-derails-near-pune-4-injured-11390|title=Mysore–Ajmer Express derails near Pune; 4 injured {{!}} NDTV.com|publisher=ndtv.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category|Mysore Ajmer Express}}<br /> *{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in|title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry|publisher=indianrail.gov.in|accessdate=2014-05-30}}<br /> *{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|archive-date=3 March 2007|url-status=dead}}<br /> *{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=&amp;#91;IRFCA&amp;#93; Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=2014-05-30}}<br /> <br /> {{Railways in Southern India}}<br /> {{Railways in Northern India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mysore-Ajmer Express}}<br /> [[Category:Transport in Ajmer]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Mysore]]<br /> [[Category:Express trains in India]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]<br /> <br /> {{India-express-train-stub}}</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakshi&diff=489226 2026-05-06T17:25:09Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Adding page.</p> <hr /> <div>'''Bakshi''' may refer to:<br /> <br /> ==Indian title==<br /> Bakshi is a historical title used in India, deriving from [[Persian language|Persian]] word for &quot;paymaster&quot;, and originating as the title of an official responsible for distributing wages in Muslim armies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford_2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book |editor1=Patrick Hanks |editor2=Richard Coates |editor3=Peter McClure |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AyDDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA123 |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-252747-9 |page=123 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---&gt; <br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---&gt; <br /> * [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]], Prime Minister of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] from 1953 to 1964.<br /> * [[Bakshi Tirath Ram Vaid]], a soldier of [[British India]].<br /> <br /> ==Indian surname==<br /> <br /> ===Kashmir===<br /> '''Bakshi''' is a surname used by [[Kashmiri Pandits]] native to the [[Kashmir Valley]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |date=August 20, 2014 |last=Agrawal |first=Premendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2E36BgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=mattu+surname&amp;pg=PT47 |access-date=April 5, 2023 |title=Accursed &amp; Jihadi Neighbour |publisher=Commercial Services |page=86 |isbn=9788193051207 |quote=Meaning of surnames found on the Kashmiri Pandit tree: Bakaya, Sapru, '''Bakshi''', Munshi, Wazir, Chalkbast, Bhan, Langar or Langroo, Wattal, Bazaz, Taimini, Mattu, Chak, Zalpuri, Khar, Hazari, Zutshi, Razdan, Tikhu, Kathju, sopori, Thussoo, Haksar, Raina, Waloo or Wali, Wantu/Wanchu, Gamkhwar, Kakh, Mushran, Sharga, Handoo, Gurtu, Kitchlu, and Ganjoo. |language=en-IN }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bansi Pandit&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=[[Bansi Pandit|Pandit, Bansi]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&amp;dq=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&amp;pg=PA99 |title=Explore Kashmiri Pandits |publisher=Dharma Publications |isbn=9780963479860 |accessdate=2010-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Odisha===<br /> In [[Odisha]] '''Bakshi''' ({{langx|or|ବକ୍ସି}}) surname mainly used by [[Karan (caste)|Zamindar Karanas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Orissa (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DS5uAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=bakshi |title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Sundargarh |date=1966 |publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Punjab===<br /> Derived from the historical title, &quot;Bakshi&quot; came to be used as a surname among [[Punjabi Hindus]] and [[Punjabi Sikhs|Sikhs]], used by the [[Brahmin]] and [[Jat Sikh|Jatt]] castes respectively, in the Punjab region in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford_2016&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---&gt; <br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---&gt; <br /> <br /> * [[Amit Singh Bakshi]] (1925–2024), Indian hockey player<br /> * [[Anand Bakshi]], Indian songwriter<br /> * [[Chandrakant Bakshi]], Indian author<br /> * [[G. D. Bakshi]], Major General of Indian Army<br /> * [[Kanwaljit Singh Bakshi]], New Zealand member of parliament<br /> * [[Padumlal Punnalal Bakshi]], Indian Hindi-language writer<br /> * [[Praveen Bakshi]], Lieutenant general of Indian army<br /> * [[Ramprasad Bakshi]] (1894–1989), Gujarati writer<br /> * [[Rohit Bakshi (actor)]], Indian actor<br /> * [[Rohit Bakshi (neurologist)]], American academic<br /> * [[Sachindra Bakshi]], Indian freedom fighter participated in kakori train robbery<br /> * [[Tirath Singh Bakshi]] Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG Police) during the British Raj<br /> * [[Zorawar Chand Bakshi]] (1921–2018) Indian general<br /> <br /> == Jewish surname ==<br /> Bakshi is also a Jewish surname, from the Turkish word for garden.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}<br /> <br /> * [[Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron]], a former Sephardi Chief Rabbi of [[Israel]]<br /> * [[Ralph Bakshi]], American animator and film director<br /> <br /> ==Other surname==<br /> * [[Aleksandre Bakshi]], Georgian tennis player<br /> <br /> ==Fictional characters==<br /> <br /> *[[Mythic Quest#Cast and characters|Brad Bakshi]], one of the main characters in Mythic Quest.<br /> *[[Byomkesh Bakshi]], a fictional Indian-Bengali [[detective]] created by author [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]].<br /> *Hrundi V. Bakshi, the main character in the 1968 film ''[[The Party (1968 film)|The Party]]''.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Bakhshi]] <br /> * [[Bakshy]] (sometime spelled bakshi) a shamanic music by Turkish people from Northern Iran and Turkish countries<br /> * [[Baksi (surname)]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{surname}}<br /> [[Category:Persian words and phrases]]<br /> [[Category:Titles in India]]<br /> [[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi-language surnames]]<br /> [[Category:Kashmiri-language surnames]]<br /> [[Category:Kashmiri tribes]]<br /> [[Category:Surnames of Jewish origin]]<br /> [[Category:Odia-language surnames]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plasma_Records&diff=549647 2026-05-06T16:27:33Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Started</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|American record label}}<br /> {{Update|reason=No information given post 2012|date=May 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Plasma Records Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.<br /> | logo =<br /> | type = [[Privately held company|Private]]<br /> | predecessor =<br /> | successor =<br /> | founder = [[Deepak Bali]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Manmohan Waris]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Sangtar]]<br /> | defunct =<br /> | fate = <br /> | area_served = Worldwide<br /> | industry = [[Music]], [[Entertainment]] and [[Clothing]]<br /> | genre =<br /> | products = [[Album|Music Albums]], [[Live album|Live Album]]s, Music DVDs, [[Shirts]]<br /> | production =<br /> | services = <br /> | revenue =<br /> | operating_income =<br /> | net_income =<br /> | aum =<br /> | assets =<br /> | equity =<br /> | owner = <br /> | parent =<br /> | divisions = Plasma Merchandise<br /> | subsid = <br /> | footnotes =<br /> | foundation = [[Jalandhar]], (2002)<br /> | location_city = 28 Gujarat Complex, Joyti Chowk, [[Jalandhar]], [[India]], 144001<br /> | location_country = <br /> | location = [[Jalandhar]], [[India]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Santa Monica, California]]<br /> | locations = <br /> | key_people = [[Manmohan Waris]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Sangtar]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Kamal Heer]]&lt;br /&gt; Deepak Bali<br /> | num_employes =<br /> | homepage = [http://plasmarecords.com/ PlasmaRecords.com]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Plasma Records Entertainment Pvt . Ltd. (Plasma Records)''' is a global music label. It was formed in 2000 by [[Manmohan Waris]], [[Kamal Heer]] and [[Sangtar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myspace.com/plasmarecords|title = Plasma Records &amp;#124; Listen and Stream Free Music, Albums, New Releases, Photos, Videos|website=Myspace.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Plasma Records is the record label for Grind Music &amp; Sound Inc., a digital audio and post-production facility. Grind Music &amp; Sound was opened in 2001 by [[Sangtar]] and Michelle Garuik. In 2002 Plasma Records was formed and set up an operation center in [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], India. Manmohan Waris said the reason for Plasma Records was &quot;Many of the top guys in record companies themselves don't have the idea of the pulse of Punjabi music but we are expected to alter stuff and work according to their notions. Now we can do our own stuff without interference.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090116/jplus1.htm|title=Overbridge plan at BMC Chowk gets govt's nod. The Chief Minister releases Rs 20 crore for the purpose|website=Tribuneindia.com|access-date=26 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The majority of music and associated materials released by Plasma Records is recorded fully or partially in the Grind Music &amp; Sound studios.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.eeproductcenter.com/article/printablePRArticle.jhtml?printable=true&amp;articleID=128581] {{Dead link|date=May 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Plasma Records first release, ''Kamli'' by [[Kamal Heer]], released in 2000. Since the formation of Plasma Records, [[Kamal Heer]], [[Manmohan Waris]] and [[Sangtar]] released the majority of their music on Plasma Records. Plasma Records has also produced hits in recent years such as: ''Punjabi Virsa 2004-Wonderland Live'', ''Nachiye Majajne'', ''Punjabi Virsa 2005-London Live, ''[[Masti Three]]'', Punjabi Virsa 2006-Toronto Live, Tasveer-Live, Chan Jiha Gabhru, Punjabi Reloaded'', ''Kankaa'', ''Punjabi Virsa Vancouver Live'' and ''[[Jinday Ni Jinday]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;aolAbout&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://plasmarecords.com/store.html |title=Plasma Records Online Store :: Buy albums online :: Manmohan Waris, Kamal Heer &amp; Sangtar |access-date=2009-07-13 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070212061236/http://plasmarecords.com/store.html |archive-date=2007-02-12 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Plasma Records has become a well known record company that releases hit albums. Plasma Records most recent releases are ''[[Jinday Ni Jinday]]'' by [[Kamal Heer]] and ''Dil Te Na Laeen'' by [[Manmohan Waris]]. Plasma Records also organizes the ''&quot;Punjabi Virsa&quot;'' tours every year with [[Kamal Heer]], [[Manmohan Waris]] and [[Sangtar]]. ''[[Punjabi Virsa 2010]]'' will be a tour of the UK, US and Canada from June–September 2010. Deepak Bali is the Plasma Records spokesperson and managing director.<br /> <br /> ==Clothing==<br /> Plasma Records also sells [[shirts]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://merch.plasmarecords.com/ |title=Plasma Records – Plasma Records |access-date=2009-07-13 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714004654/http://merch.plasmarecords.com/ |archive-date=2012-07-14 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; They feature designs with [[Kamal Heer]], [[Manmohan Waris]] on them and more. They make clothing for men,&lt;ref&gt;[http://merch.plasmerecords.com/mens.html] {{Dead link|date=May 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; women,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://merch.plasmarecords.com/women.html |title=Welcome to Plasma Record's Merchandise Store :: |access-date=2009-07-13 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070630061335/http://merch.plasmarecords.com/women.html |archive-date=2007-06-30 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and children.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://merch.plasmarecords.com/kids.html |title=Welcome to Plasma Record's Merchandise Store :: |access-date=2009-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325071701/http://merch.plasmarecords.com/kids.html |archive-date=2009-03-25 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Along with the shirts Plasma Records also sell accessories such as bags, [[mousepad]]s, [[buttons]], [[Satchel (bag)|satchels]] and more.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://merch.plasmarecords.com/accessories.html |title=Welcome to Plasma Record's Merchandise Store :: |access-date=2009-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326000005/http://merch.plasmarecords.com/accessories.html |archive-date=2009-03-26 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Artists==<br /> * [[Kamal Heer]]<br /> * [[Manmohan Waris]]<br /> * [[Sangtar]]<br /> * [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]] - ''Appearance in Shaunki Mela 2003''<br /> * Joginder Singh (Bhoutu Shah)<br /> * Harvinder Singh (Kake Shah)<br /> * Paul Sunner<br /> * Resham Sooner&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20040913221628/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2004_Feb_12/ai_113193204]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Albums released By Plasma Records==<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;aolAbout&quot; /&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Release date<br /> ! Album<br /> ! Artist(s)<br /> |-<br /> | January 2000<br /> | ''Kamli''<br /> | [[Kamal Heer]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2002<br /> | ''Dil Di Chori''<br /> | Resham Sooner<br /> |-<br /> | December 2002<br /> | ''Masti-Kanthay Vala''<br /> | [[Kamal Heer]]<br /> |-<br /> | March 2003<br /> | ''Ghar Hoon Kithni Ky Doore''<br /> | [[Manmohan Waris]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2003<br /> | ''Prem Lago Har Teer''<br /> | Ashupreet Kaur<br /> |-<br /> | August 2003<br /> | ''Shaunki Mela 2003-Surrey Live''<br /> | [[Kamal Heer]], [[Sangtar]], [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]] &amp; [[Manmohan Waris]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://sangtar.com/kamal/read.htm |title=Kamal Heers masti|access-date=2009-08-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20031205025341/http://sangtar.com/kamal/read.htm |archive-date=2003-12-05 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | November 2003<br /> | ''Masti 2''<br /> | [[Kamal Heer]]<br /> |-<br /> | January 2004<br /> | ''Bhotu Shah Ji Vihle Ne''<br /> | Bhotu Shah and Kake Shah<br /> |-<br /> | February 2004<br /> | ''Nachiye Majajne''<br /> | [[Manmohan Waris]]<br /> |-<br /> | October 2004<br /> | ''Punjabi Virsa 2004-Wonderland Live''<br /> | [[Kamal Heer]], [[Sangtar]] and [[Manmohan Waris]]<br /> |-<br /> | March 2005<br /> | ''Bhotu Shah Ji Fadde Gaye''<br /> | Bhotu Shah and Kake Shah<br /> |-<br /> | November 2005<br /> | ''Punjabi Virsa 2005-London Live''<br /> | [[Kamal Heer]], [[Sangtar]] and [[Manmohan Waris]]<br /> |-<br /> | March 2006<br /> | ''[[Masti Three]]''<br /> | [[Kamal Heer]]<br /> |-<br /> | April 2006<br /> | ''Tasveer''<br /> | [[Manmohan Waris]]<br /> |-<br /> | December 2006<br /> | ''Punjabi Virsa 2006-Toronto Live''<br /> | [[Kamal Heer]], [[Sangtar]] and [[Manmohan Waris]]<br /> |-<br /> | January 2007<br /> | ''Kankaa''<br /> | Aman Riar<br /> |-<br /> | September 2007<br /> | ''Dil Nachda''<br /> | [[Manmohan Waris]]<br /> |-<br /> | December 2007<br /> | ''Chan Jiha Gabhru''<br /> | [[Kamal Heer]]<br /> |-<br /> | June 2008<br /> | ''[[Moti Chun Ke]]''<br /> | [[Kamal Heer]]<br /> |-<br /> | September 2008<br /> | ''Punjabi Reloaded''<br /> | [[Kamal Heer]] and [[Manmohan Waris]]<br /> |-<br /> | September 2008<br /> | ''Laare Giniye''<br /> | [[Manmohan Waris]]<br /> |-<br /> | December 2008<br /> | ''Surma''<br /> | Resham Sooner<br /> |-<br /> | February 2009<br /> | ''Punjabi Virsa 2008 Vancouver Live''<br /> | [[Kamal Heer]], [[Sangtar]] and [[Manmohan Waris]]<br /> |-<br /> | November 2009<br /> | ''[[Jinday Ni Jinday]]''<br /> | [[Kamal Heer]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://blog.sangtar.com/?p=746 |title=Kamal Heer's Album- Jinday Ni Jinday &amp;#124; Sangtar's Music Blog |access-date=2009-10-23 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707005350/http://blog.sangtar.com/?p=746 |archive-date=2012-07-07 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | January 2010<br /> | ''Dil Te Na Laeen''<br /> |-<br /> | February 2012<br /> | ''Punjabi Virsa 2011'' [[Melbourne]] Live<br /> |[[Manmohan Waris]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ja-jp.facebook.com/pages/Plasma-Records/78378983458?v=feed&amp;story_fbid=80853208458&amp;ref=mf|title=このページを見るには、ログインまたは登録してください|website=ja-jp.facebook.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.in.com/music/label-listing/plasma-records-791-1.html |title=Plasma Records: Plasma Records Songs, Listen Free Plasma Records Movie Album Songs Music Mp3 Online at In.com |access-date=2010-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203742/http://www.in.com/music/label-listing/plasma-records-791-1.html |archive-date=2011-10-05 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://myspace.com/plasmarecords Plasma Records MySpace Music Page]<br /> * [http://plasmarecords.com Official Website]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:American record labels]]<br /> [[Category:Record labels established in 2002]]<br /> [[Category:Waris Brothers]]<br /> [[Category:Privately held companies of India]]<br /> [[Category:2002 establishments in Punjab, India]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zee_Gaurav_Puraskar&diff=546520 2026-05-05T13:48:39Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: created redirect page</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenali_Rama_(TV_series)&diff=540042 2026-05-01T16:32:17Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Put Up A Bio!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian historical comedy-drama television series}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | alt_name = <br /> | image = Tenali Rama.jpg<br /> | caption = &lt;!--noPlease don't use captions for obvious title cards.--&gt;<br /> | genre = {{ubl|Historical fiction|comedy-drama}}<br /> | creator = [[Abhimanyu Singh (producer)|Abhimanyu Singh]]<br /> | developer = <br /> | story = <br /> | screenplay = Timir Baxi<br /> | writer = Amit Aaryan<br /> | starring = ''[[#Cast|See below]]''<br /> | open_theme = ''Tenali Rama''<br /> | end_theme = <br /> | composer = Souvyk Chakraborty<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | num_seasons = 2<br /> | num_episodes = 990<br /> | list_episodes = <br /> | executive_producer = <br /> | producer = Abhimanyu Singh<br /> | director = Jackson Sethi&lt;br/&gt;Maan Singh Manku<br /> | creative_director = Dikshit Kaul<br /> | editor = Waseed Hussain<br /> | camera = Multiple camera<br /> | cinematography = Nishi Chandra<br /> | runtime = 20-22 minutes<br /> | company = [[Contiloe Entertainment]]<br /> | network = [[Sony SAB]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|2017|07|11|df=yes}}<br /> | last_aired = {{End date|2025|07|19|df=yes}}<br /> }}<br /> '''''Tenali Rama''''' is an Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] historical fiction [[comedy drama]] based on the life of the legendary [[Telugu language|Telugu]] poet [[Tenali Rama|Tenali Ramakrishna]], one of the [[Ashtadiggajas]] at the court of [[Vijayanagara]] emperor [[Krishnadevaraya]] (C.E. 1509–1529).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Raychaudhuri|first1=edited by Tapan|last2=Habib|first2=Irfan|title=The Cambridge economic history of India|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeeconomi00rayc|url-access=limited|date=1981|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge [Eng.]|isbn=9780521226929|page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeeconomi00rayc/page/n121 106]|edition=1. publ.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Rao|first1=P. Raghunanda|title=Indian heritage and culture|date=1989|publisher=Sterling Publishers Private Unlimited|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788120709300|edition=1st|page=38}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The series premiered on [[Sony SAB]] on 11 July 2017 and concluded on 13 November 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Maheshwari|first=Neha|title='Tenali Rama' to go off air on November|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tenali-rama-to-go-off-air-on-november-13/articleshow/78520763.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 October 2020|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110052439/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tenali-rama-to-go-off-air-on-november-13/articleshow/78520763.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The second season aired from 16 December 2024 to 19 July 2025.<br /> <br /> ==Series overview==<br /> &lt;onlyinclude&gt;{{Series overview<br /> | color1 = #FFFF00<br /> | link1 = <br /> | episodes1 = 804<br /> | start1 = {{Start date|2017|07|11|df=y}}<br /> | end1 = {{End date|2020|11|13|df=y}}<br /> | color2 = #FF5F5F<br /> | link2 = <br /> | episodes2 = 186<br /> | start2 = {{Start date|2024|12|16|df=y}}<br /> | end2 = {{End date|2025|07|19|df=y}}<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/onlyinclude&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> ===Season 1===<br /> The series begins with the preparations of Rama's marriage with Sharada. [[Tenali Rama|Ramakrishna]] is a poor [[Brahmin]] who lives in a village called [[Tenali]]. Rama is found to be absconding from his own marriage and is later found to be dozing under a tree. Gundappa, his closest friend comes to wake him up and take him to his marriage. Rama, though loves Sharada, is not of the opinion to get married immediately to her. One day, he comes across Tathacharya, the royal priest of [[Vijayanagar]]. After a series of events, Tathacharya believes that Rama has insulted him. He challenges Rama to enter the city of Vijayanagar. Soon, Gundappa's father faces crisis due to his land not being ploughed, Rama tricked the villagers into believing that the field contains a treasure full of gold coins within it. And overnight, the entire population of Tenali dig up Gundappa's father's field. Hence, Rama is successful in getting the field dug up and ready for seed planting. By seeing his wit, wisdom, humor, intelligence and cleverness, a [[Sadhu]] tells him to go to the nearby temple of [[Kali|Kaali Mata]] and chant her name a thousand times so that he can be successful in life. As soon as Rama gets Kaali Mata's blessings, he marries Sharada and leaves for Vijayanagar.<br /> Over the years, he saves Vijayanagar from various dangerous opponents and threats. By using his wit, wisdom, humor, intelligence and cleverness, he becomes legendary royal advisor and one of the famous [[Ashtadiggajas]] Pandit Ramakrishna in [[Krishnadevaraya]]'s court.<br /> <br /> '''Nine months later'''<br /> <br /> Legendary poet and royal advisor Pandit Ramakrishna in Krishnadevaraya's court uses his timely wit and intelligence to solve even the trickiest problems. His arch-rival Tathacharya, the royal priest, who wants to humiliate him, is often stumped by Rama's intelligence. Rama is very close to the King, Krishnadevaraya, often behaving and caring for each other like best friends.<br /> Rama's wife Sharada gets pregnant with their son, Bhaskara. Bhaskara is shown to have been an active part of Rama's clever ploys eve while being a baby who could just cry.<br /> <br /> '''Six years later'''<br /> <br /> Bhaskara, Ramakrishna's son, is a naughty child and causes his father to be humiliated in the court of Krishnadevaraya multiple times, to which Rama starts punishing Bhaskara for his naughtiness. He stops spoiling Bhaskara like he used to in his childhood making Bhaskara realising his mistakes. <br /> Prince Balakumara arrives in Vijaynagar. Balakumara is Krishnadevaraya second wife, Tirumalamba's, brother. Balakumara is a spoiled prince who cares a lot about his hair. Bhaskara who was in Tathacharya's home to get Tathacharya to forgive him on his father's orders had to glue together a broken vase to repent. Balakumara, who is also at Tathacharya's home to learn from him, accidentally puts on the broken vase as a crown. The vase had glue on it, which causes it to be stuck to Balakumara's hair. Later, Balakumara's hair pulled off his head to remove the vase and he never gets his hair back. Due to the incident, Balakumara is forever angry at Bhaskara, who is blamed for Balakumara's mistake. Bhaskara is then sent to [[Gurukul]] away from Vijaynagar for 20 years as punishment. Three months later, Krishnadevaraya and Ramakrishna have a debate about whether the golden era of Vijayanagar would end, foreshadowing the future.<br /> <br /> '''Twenty years later'''<br /> <br /> Bhaskara returns from Gurukul and finds from the reformed Tathacharya that Balakumara was crowned king after King Krishnadevaraya left the kingdom for an unknown reason and as there was no one else from the royal lineage to be crowned the monarch. Kaikala, Balakumara's uncle and Mahamatya, is actually running the kingdom. Bhaskara's family left Vijaynagar, and Bhaskara tries to find them. He eventually identifies Mooshak, the leader of a bandit group to be his mother, Sharada. On one of his attempts to interact with Amrapali, Mahamatya Kaikala's daughter, he eavesdrops on Kaikala revealing that he had kidnapped and imprisoned Maharaja Krishnadevaraya and Pandit Ramakrishna for twenty years. Kaikala soon received news that Pandit Ramakrishna had fled from prison after befooling the guards during a thunderstorm. Bhaskara is astounded to know all this. He then pretends to be his father, Ramakrishna, to give justice to people in Vijayanagar. He gives back Tathacharya his position as royal priest, which he had lost for many years, which causes Tathacharya to become evil again. Eventually, Kaikala is caught trying to kill Balakumara, which causes the former to be put in jail for life. Balakumara's wife and Kaikala's assistant, Sulakshana Devi eventually gets Balakumara banished from Vijayanagara and assumes the role of a ruler.<br /> <br /> '''Four months later'''<br /> <br /> Ramakrishna returns to Vijaynagar and stops Sulakshana Devi from being crowned the Empress of Vijayanagar in a way makes that in 4 years, Sulakshana Devi's adopted son, Swami, will be crowned emperor of Vijayanagar. Sulakshana Devi's Minister and Kaikala's son, Pralayankar, Sulakshana Devi's brother Bharkam, and Sulakshana Devi's sister Charulata try to beat Ramakrishna but fails. Krishnadevraya returns with his wives and punishes Sulakshana Devi by ordering her to find her husband Balakumara who was banished from the kingdom.<br /> Many people come to get rid of Ramakrishna but he stays put and saves Vijayanagar from various enemies. At last, Ramakrishna realises that the youth in Tenali are going out to achieve their jobs, leaving their native village Tenali, undeveloped. Ramakrishna immediately gets ready to leave back to Tenali, his native village, forsaking Vijayanagar kingdom to help the youth in Tenali and its development. Since then, the people gave him the name &quot;Tenali Ramakrishna&quot; for his love to his homeland.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> === Main ===<br /> *[[Krishna Bharadwaj (actor)|Krishna Bharadwaj]] as<br /> **[[Tenali Ramakrishna|Pandit Tenali &quot;Rama&quot; Ramakrishna]]: The legendary poet, chief advisor and one of the [[Ashtadiggajas|Ashtadiggaja]] in [[Krishnadevraya]]'s court.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=TNN|title=Tenali Rama is trapped between the two wives of King KrishnadevrayaIndia|date=11 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2017-2019; 2020, 2024-2025)<br /> **Sudama: A doppelganger of Rama who tried to kill Krishnadevraya but was later sent to prison. (2018)<br /> **Bhaskara Sharma: Ramakrishna and Sharada's son; He is a lookalike of his father. (2019-2020)<br /> ***Pratyaksh Panwar as Child Bhaskara. (2019)<br /> ***Ayaan as Baby Bhaskara.(2018–2019)<br /> *[[Pankaj Berry]] as<br /> **Tathacharya: Krishnadevraya's father figure; Varunmala's husband; Saudamini's love interest; Ananta Lakshmi's brother; Amrapali's foster father. The royal priest of Vijayanagar. He is cunning, opportunistic, greedy, hypocritical and Rama's rival. He doesn't want Krishnadevraya to favour and applaud Rama and is always jealous of Rama's achievements. Over the years, he becomes fond of Rama and repents. He becomes a just and wise man. (2017-2020) He turns to his cunning, opportunistic, greedy, hypocritical self following Rama's banishment from the royal court. (2024-2025)<br /> **Venkanna: A hardworking washerman who was a lookalike of Tathacharya. Rama uses his addiction of betting to prove himself innocent to the king. (2025)<br /> *[[Manav Gohil]] as Maharaja [[Krishnadevaraya]]: Queen Chinna Devi and Queen Tirumalamba's husband; Achyutadevaraya's elder brother. A notable emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire. He is a just, courageous, wise and far-sighted king who loves his people populace immensely. (2017-2019)<br /> **[[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]] replaced Gohil as Maharaja Krishnadevaraya: He came after 20 years of exile into the Vijayanagara Empire and was shocked by the problems faced by the people of the Empire. He rebuilds the Golden Era of the Vijayanagara Empire after the reign of Balakumaran and Sulakshana Devi. (2020)<br /> **[[Aditya Redij]] replaced Khanna as Maharaja Krishnadevraya: He banishes Rama from the royal court and faces a looming threat to the Kingdom's security. (2024-2025)<br /> **Hari Om: A woodcutter who is a lookalike of the king. The king called him to Vijayanagar to test his courtiers. (2017)<br /> * Jiten Mukhi as Mahamantri [[Timmarusu|Timmarasu]]: Krishnadevraya's Chief Minister and father figure; Rama's friend. He is an Honest, Loyal and Hardworking minister and one of the few characters who knew about Tathacharya's greed and selfishness. He always supported and helped Rama. (2017–2019) <br /> **[[Amit Pachori]] replaced Mukhi as Mahamantri Timmarasu: He is believed to have strength of 10 bulls and is known as Heart of Vijayanagar. (2024-2025)<br /> *<br /> * [[Sumit Kaul]] as Girgit Raj: He is cunning and versatile, known for his ability to disguise himself and deceive others. (2024-2025)<br /> * [[Pavitra Punia]] as Laila: Sultanet assassin and a Vishkanya. (2025)<br /> <br /> === Recurring ===<br /> * [[Priyamvada Kant]] as Sharada: Rama's wife; Lakshmi Amma's daughter-in-law; Bhaskara's mother; Govind's elder sister. A naive but kind-hearted lady. She has a catchphrase &quot;Uthalo&quot; (trans. Pick Up). (2017–2018 ; 2024-2025)<br /> **Niya Sharma replaced Kant as Sharada (2018–2019) <br /> **[[Aasiya Kazi]] replaced Sharma as Sharada (2019–2020)<br /> * [[Nimisha Vakharia]] as Lakshmi Amma: Rama's mother; Sharada's mother-in-law; Bhaskara's grandmother. After becoming a widow, she took a vow of silence for life and uses sign language which can only be understood by Sharada. (2017–2019; 2020 ; 2024-2025)<br /> * Krish Parekh as Gundappa: Rama's brother-like-friend. He left his parents in Tenali to become successful in life by living with Rama in Vijayanagar. (2017-2019)<br /> ** Aman Mishra as Adult Gundappa: He helped Bhaskara against Kaikala and other enemies. (2019–2020)<br /> * Sonia Sharma as Maharani [[Chinna Devi]]: Krishnadevraya's first wife. She was a former royal dancer whom Krishnadevaraya marries and was crowned as Vijaynagar's senior queen. (2017–2019; 2020 ; 2024-2025)<br /> * Priyanka Singh as Maharani [[Tirumala Devi|Tirumalamba]]: Krishnadevraya's second wife. She was the princess of [[Srirangapatna|Srirangapatana]] who marries to Krishnadevraya and was crowned as Vijaynagar's junior queen. (2017–2019; 2020 ; 2024-2025)<br /> *[[Sohit Soni]] as Manicharya: Tathacharya's Disciple and Dhanicharya's friend. He always silent insults Tathacharya along with Dhani. (2017–2020 ; 2024-2025)<br /> * Sanjay Mangnani as Dhanicharya: Tathacharya's Disciple and Manicharya's friend. He always silent insults Tathacharya along with Mani. (2017–2020 ; 2024-2025)<br /> * Shreya Patel as Padmavati: eldest among chatur chaar, her parents were abducted by girgat raj and started living with rama's family.(2024-2025)<br /> * Aria Sakaria as Lachamma: her life was in danger when she was exposed to poisionus gas from gajashastra made by girgit raj and later was saved by rama and tathacharya by bringing Rakht Pushp. (2024-2025)<br /> * Jitendra Pathak as Nagar Kotwal: He was an accomplice of Tathacharya but later left his side. His real name is probably Sarvapalli as mentioned in a subtitle of a season 1 episode. (2017–2019 ; 2024-2025)<br /> * Neha Chauhan as Varunmala: Tathacharya's wife. She is dedicated to her husband and she always thought him as a divine person who is blessed by the God. (2017–2019 ; 2024-2025)<br /> * Heer Chopra as Saudamini: Royal Dancer in Krishnadevraya's court; Tathacharya's love interest. (2017–2019; 2020; 2025)<br /> * Trishaan Shah as Vachaspati (2024-2025)<br /> * Afnaf Khatri as Balabhadra: Because of overeating, he was kicked out of his house by his step-mother. He later became part of the Chatur Chaar. (2024-2025)<br /> * Nishi Singh as Pushpavalli: Kotwal's wife and a plump woman. (2017–2018)<br /> * Tejal Adivarekar: replaced Nishi singh as Pushpavalli. (2025) <br /> * [[Rishina Kandhari]] as Goddess [[Laxmi]]. Also portrayed, Navadurga, Kaali and [[Saraswati]]. (2018–2019; 2020)<br /> * [[Chahat Pandey]] as Ananta Lakshmi: Tathacharya's younger sister; Govind's love interest. (2018)<br /> * [[Meghan Jadhav]] as Govind: Sharda's younger brother; Ananta Lakshmi's love interest. (2018)<br /> * [[Shakti Anand]] as Maharaja Balakumaran: Tirumalamba's cousin brother; Sulakshana Devi's husband; Kaikala's maternal nephew; Swami's adopted father. He was made King by royal priest, Tathacharya after Krishnadevaraya's exile. Later, He was exiled from Vijayanagar by his own wife and Kaikala. (2019–2020)<br /> * [[Neetha Shetty]] as Maharani Sulakshana Devi: Balakumaran's wife; Swami's adopted mother. She was Kaikala's partner and was cunning like him. When Krishnadevaraya returned, She was exiled from Vijayanagar to find her husband. (2019–2020)<br /> * [[Manul Chudasama]] as Princess Amrapali: Kaikala's daughter; Pralayankar's sister; Tathacharya's adopted daughter; Bhaskara's love interest. Upon finding out about her father and brother's deeds, she went to the forest to perform Tapasya to repent for their sins. (2019–2020)<br /> * Dhruvi Jani as Kanta: Bhaskara's childhood best friend. She admires Bhaskara and supports him. (2019–2020)<br /> **Mahi Soni as Child Kanta (2019)<br /> * Pradeep Kabra as Senapati Nakush: Kaikala's accomplice who was killed by Kaikala when he was trying to save himself. (2019–2020)<br /> * [[Ajay Chaudhary]] as Mahamathya Pralayankar: Kaikala's son; Amrapali's brother; Charulata's husband. He is cunning, just like his father, but he was unmasked by Rama and declared a traitor. (2020)<br /> * Deeksha Sonalkar as Mandakini: Royal dancer in Balakumaran's court. (2020)<br /> * Cheshta Mehta as Charulata: Sulakshana Devi's sister; Pralyankar's wife. (2020)<br /> * [[Ketan Karande]] as Bharkam: Sulakshana Devi's cousin (2020)<br /> ** [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as Mahamatya Kaikala: Maharaja Balakumar's maternal uncle; Pralayankar and Amrapali's father; Vijayanagar's High Minister; Nakush's master. A sly, merciless, evil official. He came to run the kingdom of Vijayanagar after his nephew Balakumara was crowned king. (2019-2020) <br /> * Behazaad Khan as Salamat Khan: Army chief of Bahamani sultanate. Enemy of Vijaynagar and Krishnadevaraya. He joined hands with Girgit Raj against Vijaynagar. He also unleashes Vishkanya to kill Krishnadevaraya. (2024-2025)<br /> * Ram Awana as <br /> ** Kaalbelu / Somaiya (2018)<br /> ** [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II|Sultan Mahmood Shah Bahmani]]: Sultan of [[Bahmani Sultanate]], rival to Krishnadevaraya and tries to overthrow him through different treacheries. (2025)<br /> * [[Kunal Karan Kapoor]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=6 May 2025|title=Kunal Karan Kapoor joins Tenali Rama, marks debut in period costume drama|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/tenali-rama-kunal-karan-kapoor-dedicates-period-costume-drama-debut-to-father-23535651|access-date=14 May 2025|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Lakshmanappa &quot;Lakshman&quot; Swaminarayan Bhattaru (2025)<br /> * Nikhil Arya&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=6 May 2025|title=Nikkhil Arya joins Tenali Rama as Kotwal; says ‘I’ve never played a character quite like this’|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nikhil-arya-joins-tenali-rama-as-kotwal-says-ive-never-played-a-character-quite-like-this/articleshow/120904267.cms|access-date=14 May 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Kotwal (2025)<br /> <br /> === Cameo ===<br /> * [[Barkha Sengupta]] as Goddess [[Kali|Kaali]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/barkha-bisht-turns-goddess-kali-in-tenali-rama/articleshow/58944570.cms|title=Barkha Bisht turns Goddess Kali in 'Tenali Rama'|website=The Times of India|date=2 June 2017 |access-date=2 March 2020|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925090105/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/barkha-bisht-turns-goddess-kali-in-tenali-rama/articleshow/58944570.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2017,2024-25)<br /> * Amit Sinha as Mathuradas, a singer.<br /> * [[Rajesh Puri]] as Ramleela's Trainer.<br /> * [[Anand Goradia]] as Bheeshan Babu, alias Ghungroo, [[Bahmani]]'s assassin.<br /> * [[Rajesh Khera]] as Samsuddin Zafar Khan, Kalikutta's sultan.<br /> * [[Debina Bonnerjee]] as Mohini<br /> * [[Nirbhay Wadhwa]] as Dhuaandhar Durjan, a wrestler.<br /> * [[Vikas Verma]] as Marques de Pompador, The Portuguese [[magician (illusionist)|magician]]. <br /> * [[Omkar Das Manikpuri]] as Aghori Baba Danyebanye, alias Futlubin Pimpin, Bahmani's commander and Ghungroo's elder brother. <br /> * Ajay Sharma as Shambhuya, a pirate.<br /> * [[Raja Chaudhary]] as Dimdima<br /> * Mahesh Raja as Lakhanna<br /> * Aliraza Namdar as Matrubhasha Gupt<br /> * [[Abhishek Rawat]] as Kalluri Dinkar<br /> * Raman Thukral as Child Tenali Rama<br /> * [[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]] as King Dhananjay Mudriya<br /> * [[Amit Dolawat]] as Bala<br /> * [[Reema Vohra]] as [[Charulata]]<br /> * [[Minissha Lamba]] as Chandrakala, a [[Vishkanya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/bollywood-actress-minissha-lamba-enters-tenali-rama-as-vishkanya-180220|title=Bollywood actress Minissha Lamba enters Tenali Rama as Vishkanya|date=20 February 2018|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=2 March 2020|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303121144/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/bollywood-actress-minissha-lamba-enters-tenali-rama-as-vishkanya-180220|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Monica Castelino]] as Kalavati<br /> * Mahi sharma as Manjeet<br /> * Tarakesh Chauhan as Acharya Chakrapani<br /> * Raju Pandit as [[Dharmapala of Kotte|King Dharmapala]]<br /> * [[Madhura Naik]] as Queen Munmun<br /> * [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] as [[Babur]]<br /> * Mukesh Tripathi as Wazir Malik <br /> * [[Rupali Bhosale]] as Maya, Mohini's sister.<br /> * Sooraj Thapar as [[Prataparudra Deva|Gajpati Pratap Rudra Dev]], [[Orissa]]'s King.<br /> * Haelyn Shastri as Varlaxmi, a friend and neighbour of Sharada.<br /> * Urvashi S Sharma / Poonam Rajput as Princess Jaganmohini, Gajpati Pratap Rudra Dev's Daughter.<br /> * Piyali Munshi as Bhajani Devi / Sajani as Chandrakala (s2) <br /> * Deepak Qazir as Annacharya, Tathacharya and Ananta Lakshmi's elder brother.<br /> * Bhavesh Balchandani / [[Amit Mistry]] as [[Birbal]]<br /> * Bhupinder Singh as Shaitan<br /> * Saud Mansuri as Yudhveer<br /> * Aishwarya Raj Bhakuni as Sugandha, King [[Krishnadevaraya|Krishnadeva Raya]]'s assumed sister Bhanumati's niece.<br /> * Athar Siddiqui as Chandrelu<br /> * [[Mehmood Junior]] as [[Nasreddin|Mullah Naseruddin]]<br /> * Shoaib Ali as Kamaal-e-Mustafa, the Prince of [[Tehran]].<br /> * Vijay Baldani as Siddhsen<br /> * Ssumier S Pasricha as [[Sheikh Chilli (character)|Sheikh Chilli]]<br /> * [[Kajal Jain]] as Chitrangada<br /> * [[Kapil Arya]] as Achyuta Deva raaya<br /> * Hridyansh Shekhawat as Somu / Krodh<br /> * Heena Rajput as Timmarasu's wife.<br /> * Jahaan Arora as a Magician.<br /> * Patrali Chattopdhyay as Hanchhi, Chinese businesswoman.<br /> * Pratima Rasaily as Khashi, Chinese businesswoman.<br /> * Puneet Vashisht as Daku<br /> * [[Rati Pandey]] as Princess Devyani&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rati-pandey-joins-the-cast-of-tenali-rama/articleshow/71504289.cms|title=Rati Pandey joins the cast of Tenali Rama|website=The Times of India|date=9 October 2019 |access-date=20 October 2019|archive-date=9 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009130141/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rati-pandey-joins-the-cast-of-tenali-rama/articleshow/71504289.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Bhavin Bhanushali as Mirza Liyaqat Ali, Humayun's son.<br /> * [[Iqbal Azad]] as [[Humayun]]<br /> * Manish Bishla as King Durjan<br /> * Naveen Pandita as [[Akbar]]<br /> * Nimesh Soni as Vaidya Gopal krishnan<br /> * Satyajit Gaonkar as King of Him Dong&lt;ref name=&quot;tellychakkar.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/nirisha-basnett-pradeep-gurang-and-satyajeet-gaonkar-enter-tenali-rama-200903|title=Nirisha Basnett, Pradeep Gurang and Satyajeet Gaonkar to enter Tenali Rama|access-date=13 November 2020|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925090104/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/nirisha-basnett-pradeep-gurang-and-satyajeet-gaonkar-enter-tenali-rama-200903|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Pradeep Gurang as King of Him Dong assistant.&lt;ref name=&quot;tellychakkar.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Nirisha Basnett as King of Him Dong advisor and secretary.&lt;ref name=&quot;tellychakkar.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Krutika Desai as Radha, the fraud Devi Maa.<br /> * Riney Aryaa as Rukmani<br /> * [[Sailesh Gulabani]] as Vengdu Swami, a magician with hypnotising skills and Tathacharya's friend.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/sailesh-gulabani-enter-sab-tv-s-tenali-rama-200929|title=Sailesh Gulabani to enter SAB TV's Tenali Rama|access-date=13 November 2020|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113230803/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/sailesh-gulabani-enter-sab-tv-s-tenali-rama-200929|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Vinay Rohrra]] as Abdullah, the storyteller.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/vinay-rohrra-and-visha-vira-roped-sab-tvs-tenali-rama-201014|title=Vinay Rohrra and Visha Vira roped in for SAB TV's Tenali Rama|access-date=13 November 2020|archive-date=14 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114181945/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/vinay-rohrra-and-visha-vira-roped-sab-tvs-tenali-rama-201014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Visha Vira as Abdullah's wife.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reference&quot; /&gt;<br /> *Raja Chaudhary as Chowdappa Raya (s2 ) , emperor of Keladi ( not Keezhadi in Tamil Nadu )<br /> *Rajesh Dubey as Achambha tribhuti, (s2) <br /> *Priya Shinde as Rajkumaari Vasudha (s2)<br /> *Hemant Bharati as Senapati Sevappa (s2)<br /> *Romil Chaudhary as Fake Govinda devaraaya (s2)<br /> *Ankit Bharadwaj as Anantaiyaa (s2)<br /> *Mrunali Shirke as Dharani (s2)<br /> *Garima Jain as Rajkumaari Madhumati (s2)<br /> *Aliraza Namdar as Bhaukaal Maharaj ( s2 )<br /> *Pankaj Vishnu as Acharya Devomay (s2)<br /> *Vinayak Bhave as Acharya Bhaskar (s2)<br /> *Priyanshu Singh as Singharaju (s2)<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> Regarding the series ''Tenali Rama'', Neeraj Vyas, Senior EVP &amp; Head, Channel SAB and MAX cluster of channels, said, &quot;India has a compelling tradition of both written and oral folklore. Our epics are treasures that teach life lessons via stories. Tenali Rama was a legendary poet of the 15th century. He is immortal, his wit being admired even in today's times. With Tenali Rama's adaptation on SAB, we intend to offer a restored and renewed version of this classic chronicle.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=TNN|title=Tenali Rama tales come alive on television|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tenali-rama-tales-come-alive-on-television/articleshow/59528490.cms|access-date=16 August 2017|work=The Times of India|date=11 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Casting===<br /> Krishna Bharadwaj was chosen to play the titular role of Tenali Rama and went bald for it. Speaking on how he got the role, he said, {{Blockquote|&quot;I have been waiting for something good to come my way. When I received a call for Tenali Rama, I was shocked to be informed that I would have to go bald. But then I decided to give it a try, and it all fell into places. I feel there has been a divine force blessing me for I have managed to sink my teeth into the character so well. I did not do any research nor read about it but I can assure I am doing a good job, even though I do not consider myself so capable. As for the baldness, the first day, I was really upset but now I see Tenali in the mirror and not Krishna, and that takes away the blues.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Farzeen|first1=Sana|title=TV show Tenali Rama earnings will bail me out of debts: Actor Krishna Bhardwaj|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tv-show-tenali-rama-actor-krishna-bhardwaj-4735560/|access-date=16 August 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=4 July 2017|archive-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816191035/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tv-show-tenali-rama-actor-krishna-bhardwaj-4735560/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> It was reported in June 2017 that Manav Gohil had been cast to play the pivotal role of Krishnadevaraya. Gohil, who worked with SAB TV on ''[[Yam Hain Hum]]'', where he played the titular role, said, &quot;This time it's Krishnadevaraya, a very powerful king that I am portraying. It's a comedy show and I am looking forward to working with a new set of people. The show is &quot;Tenali Rama&quot; and I am so ready to get rolling with this one.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=IANS|title=Manav Gohil excited for 'Tenali Rama'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/manav-gohil-excited-for-tenali-rama/articleshow/59228966.cms|access-date=16 August 2017|work=The Times of India|date=20 June 2017|archive-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824205601/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/manav-gohil-excited-for-tenali-rama/articleshow/59228966.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Veteran actor Pankaj Berry was cast to play the series' antagonist and Tenali Rama's foe frenemy, Tathacharya, who is the royal priest in the court of Emperor Krishnadevaraya, and always creates trouble for Tenali Rama with the help of his fellow disciples, Dhani and Mani. Berry said, &quot;I am very excited to play Tathacharya. It is a very different kind of challenging role, there are different layers to the character even though it's a negative character.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Team|first1=Tellychakkar|title=Veteran actor Pankaj Berry joins SAB TV's Tenali Rama|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/releases/veteran-actor-pankaj-berry-joins-sab-tv-s-tenali-rama-170623|website=Tellychakkar.com|access-date=16 August 2017|date=23 June 2017|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802061900/http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/releases/veteran-actor-pankaj-berry-joins-sab-tv-s-tenali-rama-170623|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was reported in July 2017 that Sonia Sharma and Priyanka Singh had been cast to play the roles of Krishnadevaraya's wives, Chinna Devi and [[Tirumala Devi|Tirumalamba]], respectively.&lt;ref name=PS&gt;{{cite news|last1=TNN|title=Actress Priyanka Singh and Sonia Sharma plays the role of Krishnadevraya's wives in Tenali Rama|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/actress-priyanka-singh-and-sonia-sharma-plays-the-role-of-krishnadevrayas-wives-in-tenali-rama/articleshow/59666735.cms|access-date=16 August 2017|work=The Times of India|date=19 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Revival===<br /> In October 2024, It was announced that a sequel to Tenali Rama was in development. On 30 October 2024, first promo was released of Tenali Rama's sequel on the occasion of Diwali. It confirmed that [[Pankaj Berry]], [[Sohit Soni]] and Sanjay Mangani would reprise their roles as Tattacharya, Mani and Dhani respectively. It premiered on Sony Sab on 16 December 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=7 November 2024 |title=WATCH: TV show Tenali Rama to premiere this December; Krishna Bharadwaj says 'I'm thrilled to bring him back' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/watch-tv-show-tenali-rama-to-premiere-this-december-krishna-bharadwaj-says-im-thrilled-to-bring-him-back/articleshow/115058595.cms |access-date=15 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 November 2024 |title=Historical entertainer Tenali Rama launches on Sony SAB this December |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/historical-entertainer-tenali-rama-launches-on-sony-sab-this-december-1357285 |access-date=15 November 2024 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards and nominations==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Result<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]] <br /> |Best Actor in a Negative Role <br /> |[[Pankaj Berry]] <br /> |{{Nominated}} <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|2018<br /> |Best Children's Program<br /> |Tenali Rama&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Tenali Rama : Best Children's Show|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ita-awards-2018-winners-list-surbhi-chandna-divyanka-tripathi-harshad-chopda-win-big-1407672-2018-12-12|access-date=12 December 2018|work=India Today|date=12 December 2018|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402163432/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/television/top-stories/story/ita-awards-2018-winners-list-surbhi-chandna-divyanka-tripathi-harshad-chopda-win-big-1407672-2018-12-12|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{Win}} <br /> |-<br /> |Best Actress in a Comic Role<br /> |[[Nimisha Vakharia]]<br /> |{{Nominated}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|2019<br /> |Best Actor in a Supporting Role<br /> |[[Manav Gohil]]<br /> |{{Nominated}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian Telly Awards]]<br /> |Best Actor in a Comic Role<br /> |[[Pankaj Berry]]<br /> |{{Nominated}}<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |Indian Telly Awards<br /> |Best Child Actor<br /> |Krish Parekh<br /> |Won<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Historical inaccuracies==<br /> The series portrays Chinna Devi as Krishnadevaraya's senior wife and chief queen and [[Tirumala Devi|Tirumalamba]] as his junior wife.&lt;ref name=&quot;PS&quot; /&gt; This is inaccurate. Tirumalamba (also known as Tirumala Devi) was actually Krishnadevaraya's senior wife and his chief queen or ''patta mahishi''.&lt;ref name=Jackson16&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=William J.|title=Vijayanagara Voices: Exploring South Indian History and Hindu Literature|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317001928|language=en|chapter=7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Verghese|first1=Anila|title=Hampi|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Delhi|isbn=9780195654332|page=15}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was the princess of [[Srirangapattana]] and Krishnadevaraya had married her most probably in 1498, long before his accession to the throne in 1509.&lt;ref name=Life&gt;{{cite book|title=Life and Achievements of Sri Krishnadevaraya|date=2010|publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Karnataka|page=27|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chinna Devi was actually a Royal Dancer whom Krishnadevaraya had married immediately after birth of his first daughter in 1502.&lt;ref name=Jackson16/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> Shweta Keshri of ''[[India Today]]'' gave the series a positive review, praising Krishna Bharadwaj's portrayal of Tenali Rama, the [[VFX]] and special effects of the series, the colourful sets and comic content which &quot;can easily lure viewers to the show and takes you back to the 16th century.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Keshri|first1=Shweta|title=Tenali Rama review: 5 things we loved about this historic comedy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/tenali-rama-review-5-things-we-loved-about-this-historic-comedy-lifetv-1023884-2017-07-12|access-date=16 August 2017|date=12 July 2017|archive-date=14 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714084311/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/tenali-rama-review-5-things-we-loved-about-this-historic-comedy-lifetv/1/1000352.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Broadcast==<br /> ''Tenali Rama'' was dubbed and aired in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/lite/2018/01/zee-tamil-to-launch-a-new-historical-fiction-tenali-raman/|title=Zee Tamil to launch a new historical fiction Tenali Raman|website=Best Media Info}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; on [[Zee Tamil]] under the title ''Thenali Raaman''. Later, it was dubbed and aired in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] on [[Zee Telugu]] as ''Vikata Kavi Thenali Ramakrishna''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/zee-telugu-brings-thenali-ramakrishna-and-his-witty-antics-every-weeknight-75917.html|title=Zee Telugu brings Thenali Ramakrishna and his witty antics every weeknight|website=Adgully.com|date=19 January 2018|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001072632/https://www.adgully.com/zee-telugu-brings-thenali-ramakrishna-and-his-witty-antics-every-weeknight-75917.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was also dubbed in [[Malayalam]] and aired on [[Zee Keralam]] as ''Thenaali Raman''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/tennali-raman-to-go-on-air-from-april-6/articleshow/74998620.cms|title=Tennali Raman to go on air from April 6|website=Times Of India|date=7 April 2020|access-date=3 November 2022|archive-date=3 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103161709/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/tennali-raman-to-go-on-air-from-april-6/articleshow/74998620.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;It was also dubbed in [[Kannada]] and aired on Dangal Kannada as ''Tenali Rama''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Enterr10 TV Network expands regional footprint with launch of Dangal Kannada - The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/enterr10-tv-network-expands-regional-footprint-with-launch-of-dangal-kannada/articleshow/78389804.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=m.economictimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * ''[[Tenali Ramakrishna]]''<br /> * ''[[The Adventures of Tenali Raman]]''<br /> * ''[[Tenali Ramakrishna (film)]]''<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|7401524}}<br /> * [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/tenali-rama-1700000003 Tenali Rama] on [[SonyLIV]]<br /> <br /> {{SAB TV Programmes}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]<br /> [[Category:Indian comedy television series]]<br /> [[Category:Tenali Rama]]<br /> [[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Television shows set in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Works set in the Mughal Empire]]<br /> [[Category:Indian historical television series]]<br /> [[Category:Television series set in the 16th century]]<br /> [[Category:Television shows set in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gautam_Buddha_Nagar_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=500073 2026-04-25T02:07:53Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Added new details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = LS<br /> | name = Gautam Buddha Nagar &lt;Br&gt;{{Small|UP-13}}<br /> | established = 2008-present<br /> | electors = 26,74,938&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=26 May 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | mp = Dr. [[Mahesh Sharma]]<br /> | incumbent_image =Dr._Mahesh_Sharma_taking_charge_as_the_Minister_of_State_for_(Independent_Charge)_Tourism%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_November_12%2C_2014_(cropped).jpg<br /> | constituency_no = UP-13<br /> | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Gautam Buddh Nagar.map}}<br /> | map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Gautam Buddha Nagar Lok Sabha constituency<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]<br /> | state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | assembly_cons = [[Noida Assembly constituency|Noida]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Dadri, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Dadri]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Jewar Assembly constituency|Jewar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sikandrabad Assembly constituency|Sikandrabad]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Khurja Assembly constituency|Khurja]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Gautam Buddha Nagar Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{IPA|hi|gɔːt̪əm bʊd̪d̪ʱ n̪əgəɾ}}) is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern [[India]]. This constituency, spread over [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]] and [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|Gautam Buddha Nagar]] districts came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.<br /> <br /> ==Assembly segments==<br /> Presently, Gautam Buddh Nagar (G. B. Nagar) Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/013_PC_Statistics_English.aspx |title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-13-Gautam Buddh Nagar |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website |date=22 January 2009 |access-date=12 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Noida, Jewar &amp; Dadri fall under G. B. Nagar district, whereas Sikandrabad and Khurja fall under Bulandshahr district.<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; <br /> !No<br /> !Name<br /> !District<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Party<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2024 Lead<br /> |-<br /> |61<br /> |[[Noida Assembly constituency|Noida]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[Gautam Buddh Nagar district|Gautam Buddh Nagar]]<br /> |[[Pankaj Singh (politician)|Pankaj Singh]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> |62<br /> |[[Dadri, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Dadri]]<br /> |[[Tejpal Singh Nagar]]<br /> |-<br /> |63<br /> |[[Jewar Assembly constituency|Jewar]] <br /> |[[Dhirendra Singh]]<br /> |-<br /> |64<br /> |[[Sikandrabad Assembly constituency|Sikandrabad]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]<br /> |[[Lakshmi Raj Singh]]<br /> |-<br /> |70<br /> |[[Khurja Assembly constituency|Khurja]] (SC) <br /> |[[Meenakshi Singh]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Members of Parliament ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;4&quot;|{{center|''Till 2008 : See [[Khurja Lok Sabha constituency|Khurja]]''}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> |[[Surendra Singh Nagar]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Mahesh Sharma]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> === General Election 2024 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Gautam Buddh Nagar]]&lt;ref name=&quot;2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Gautam Buddha Nagar&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Gautam Buddha Nagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2413.htm |access-date=3 October 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003054441/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2413.htm |archive-date=3 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate= [[Mahesh Sharma]]<br /> |party= Bharatiya Janata Party <br /> |votes= 8,57,829<br /> |percentage= 59.69<br /> |change={{up}}0.05<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate= Mahendra Singh Nagar<br /> |party= Samajwadi Party<br /> |votes= 2,98,357<br /> |percentage=20.76<br /> |change=New<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate= [[Rajendra Singh Solanki]]<br /> |party= Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes=2,51,615<br /> |percentage=17.51<br /> |change={{down}}17.95<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes =10,324 <br /> |percentage = 0.72<br /> |change = {{up}}0.44<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 5,59,472<br /> |percentage =38.92<br /> |change ={{up}}14.74<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes =14,37,244<br /> |percentage =53.73<br /> |change ={{down}}6.76<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2019===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Gautam Buddh Nagar]] }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Mahesh Sharma]]<br /> |votes = 8,30,812<br /> |percentage = 59.64<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Satveer Nagar<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party <br /> |votes = 4,93,890<br /> |percentage = 35.46<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress <br /> |candidate = Dr. Arvind Kumar Singh<br /> |votes = 42,077<br /> |percentage = 3.02<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 8,371<br /> |percentage = 0.60<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate |<br /> |party = [[Independent politician|IND]]<br /> |candidate = Ashok Kumar Adhana<br /> |votes = 3,939<br /> |percentage = 0.28<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 3,36,922<br /> |percentage = 24.18<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 13,93,141<br /> |percentage = 60.49<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2014 results===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Gautam Buddh Nagar]] }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Mahesh Sharma|Dr. Mahesh Sharma]]<br /> |votes = 5,99,702 <br /> |percentage = 50.00<br /> |change = +18.92<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party <br /> |candidate = [[Narendra Bhati]]<br /> |votes = 3,19,490 <br /> |percentage = 26.64<br /> |change = +10.59<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Satish Kumar<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party <br /> |votes = 1,98,237<br /> |percentage = 16.53<br /> |change = -16.71<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> |candidate = Kishan Pal Singh<br /> |votes = 32,358 <br /> |percentage = 2.70<br /> |change = +2.70<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress <br /> |candidate = [[Dr. Ramesh Chand Tomar|Ramesh Chand Tomar]]<br /> |votes = 12,727<br /> |percentage = 1.06<br /> |change = -14.67<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 3,836<br /> |percentage = 0.32<br /> |change = +0.32<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 2,80,212<br /> |percentage = 23.36<br /> |change = +21.20<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 11,99,365<br /> |percentage = 60.39<br /> |change = +11.84<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |swing = +16.76<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2009 results===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Gautam Buddh Nagar]] }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Surendra Singh Nagar]]|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2,45,613|percentage=33.24|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Dr. Mahesh Sharma]]|votes=2,29,709|percentage=31.08|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Narendra Bhati|Narendra Singh Bhati]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=1,18,584|percentage=16.05|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Dr. Ramesh Chand Tomar|Ramesh Chandra Tomar]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,16,230|percentage=15.73|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Jamal Ahmad Khan|party=NLHP|votes=4,753|percentage=0.64|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. K. Sharma|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=2,912|percentage=0.39|change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box majority||votes=15,904|percentage=2.16|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=7,38,984|percentage=48.54|change=}}<br /> {{Election box new seat win|<br /> |winner = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Gautam Buddh Nagar district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/gautam_buddha_nagar/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Gautam Buddha Nagar lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]<br /> *[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/gautam_buddha_nagar/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Gautam Buddha Nagar lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{Meerut division topics}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{Coord|28.36|77.55|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gautam Buddh Nagar Lok Sabha constituency}}<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Gautam Buddha Nagar district]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rachita_Ram&diff=527886 2026-04-22T23:39:23Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1993)}}<br /> {{Indian patronymic|Rachita|Ram}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Rachita Ram<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = Bindhiya Ram<br /> | birth_date = 3 October 1992&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/the-cult-team-celebrates-rachita-ram-s-birthday-on-set-article-113917027/amp |title=The 'Cult' team celebrates Rachita Ram's birthday on set |date=3 October 2024 |work=Times Now |accessdate=12 November 2024 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003210405/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/the-cult-team-celebrates-rachita-ram-s-birthday-on-set-article-113917027/amp |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ramesh-aravind-dhananjaya-and-others-wish-rachita-ram-on-her-birthday/articleshow/78461294.cms |title=Ramesh Aravind, Dhananjaya and others wish Rachita Ram on her birthday |date=3 October 2020 |work=Times of India |accessdate=13 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = &lt;!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--&gt;<br /> | othername = <br /> | occupation = Actress<br /> | years active = 2010–present<br /> | relatives = [[Nithya Ram]] (sister)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rachita Ram''' (born '''Bindhya Ram'''; 3 October), is an Indian actress who predominantly works in [[Kannada films|Kannada]] films. One of the highest paid Kannada actresses,&lt;ref name=&quot;leading&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/photo-gallery/these-are-the-highest-paid-kannada-actresses-130716/amp |title=Exclusive - These are the highest-paid Kannada actresses |date=23 April 2023 |work=Zee News Kannada |accessdate=29 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rachita is a recipient of one [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award South]] and three [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Rachita Ram finally selected for 'Bulbul' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Rachita-Ram-finally-selected-for-Bulbul/articleshow/15002857.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216065024/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-16/news-interviews/32697610_1_deepika-kamaiah-darshan-bulbul |url-status=live |archive-date=16 February 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After appearing in various television shows, Rachita made her film debut with the 2013 film, ''[[Bulbul (2013 film)|Bulbul]]'', for which she earned the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada]] nomination. She later won the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada]] for her performance in ''[[Ranna (film)|Ranna]]'' (2015). Rachita went onto established herself with successful films such as ''[[Chakravyuha (2016 film)|Chakravyuha]]'' (2016), ''[[Pushpaka Vimana (2017 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]]'' (2017), ''[[Bharjari]]'' (2017), ''[[Ayogya (2018 film)|Ayogya]]'' (2018), ''[[Seetharama Kalyana]]'' (2019), ''[[Natasaarvabhowma]]'' (2019), ''[[Ayushman Bhava (2019 film)|Ayushman Bhava]]'' (2019), ''[[Monsoon Raaga]]'' (2022) and [[Kranti (2023 film)|''Kranti'']] (2023). Her highest grossing release came with the Tamil film ''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]'' (2025).<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> She is a trained classical [[Bharata Natyam]] dancer who has given more than 50 performances.<br /> <br /> She has a sister, [[Nithya Ram]], who is also a television and film actress.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Rachita Ram and Nithya Ram are sisters|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know-/Rachita-Ram-and-Nithya-Ram-are-sisters/articleshow/33495015.cms|website=The Times of India|date=9 April 2014|accessdate=15 August 2015|archive-date=9 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909002445/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know-/Rachita-Ram-and-Nithya-Ram-are-sisters/articleshow/33495015.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Rachita Ram's sister to debut in Sandalwood |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Rachita-Rams-sister-to-debut-in-Sandalwood/articleshow/25260881.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 November 2013 |archive-date=9 November 2017 |access-date=19 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109022234/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Rachita-Rams-sister-to-debut-in-Sandalwood/articleshow/25260881.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> === Early work and success (2010–2017) ===<br /> In 2012, she auditioned for a lead role in ''[[Bulbul (2013 film)|Bulbul]]'' alongside 200 participants and was selected. Before that she worked in the Kannada television soap ''Benkiyalli Aralida Hoovu'' along with her sister [[Nithya Ram]].&lt;ref name=&quot;tnie1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Way to go, Rachita |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Way-to-go-Rachita/2013/05/01/article1569324.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504075151/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Way-to-go-Rachita/2013/05/01/article1569324.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 May 2013 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=1 May 2013 |access-date=2 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was paired opposite [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] in the film that went on to become a success commercially.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='Arasi' Bindya gets 'Bulbul' |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article562443.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413020730/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article562443.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 April 2013 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=9 July 2012 |access-date=2 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; On her performance, G. S. Kumar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, &quot;Rachita Ram has presented an excellent performance in her first movie&quot; and added, &quot;Rachita is amazing with her dialogue delivery, body language and excellent expressions.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bul Bul Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Bul-Bul/movie-review/19993546.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 May 2013 |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-date=2 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002031014/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Bul-Bul/movie-review/19993546.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Her first release of 2014 was ''[[Dil Rangeela]]'', in which she was paired opposite [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]]. B. S. Srivani of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' felt that she &quot;delivers a seasoned performance&quot; in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Lies never could get the girl or golden egg! |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/390540/lies-never-could-get-girl.html |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=7 March 2014 |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094340/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/390540/lies-never-could-get-girl.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Her second release of the year saw her paired opposite Darshan again in ''[[Ambareesha]]''. The film and her performance earned negative reviews from critics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ambareesha Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Ambareesha/movie-review/45248979.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=23 November 2014 |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-date=25 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125151135/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Ambareesha/movie-review/45248979.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Resurrecting Kempegowda to right a wrong |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/442833/resurrecting-kempegowda-right-wrong.html |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129221248/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/442833/resurrecting-kempegowda-right-wrong.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In ''[[Ranna (film)|Ranna]]'', she played Rukmini, the love interest of [[Sudeep]], appearing in a small yet pivotal role.&lt;ref&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sudeep-to-romance-Rachita-Ram-and-Hariprriya/articleshow/39108086.cms Sudeepa to romance Rachita Ram and Hariprriya – The Times of India]. ''The Times of India''. (28 July 2014). Retrieved 5 May 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first1=Muralidhara |last1=Khajane |title=A right royal Kichcha show |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/a-right-royal-kichcha-show/article7287925.ece |website=The Hindu |date=5 June 2015 |access-date=7 October 2015 |archive-date=23 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123201354/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/a-right-royal-kichcha-show/article7287925.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In ''[[Rathavara]]'', she appeared as the love interest of [[Sriimurali]], who plays a gangster and key aide of an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]. Sunayana Suresh wrote, &quot;Rachita Ram looks pretty and has acted every bit the cutesy girl-next-door that is required of her&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana |title=Rathaavara Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Rathaavara/movie-review/50072307.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=31 December 2015 |date=7 December 2015 |archive-date=10 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210193111/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Rathaavara/movie-review/50072307.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rachita starred in the 2016 Kannada movie ''[[Chakravyuha (2016 film)|Chakravyuha]]'' opposite [[Puneeth Rajkumar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-Review-Chakravyuha/articleshow/52046384.cms |title=Movie Review: Chakravyuha |newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |accessdate=2016-06-15 |archive-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104212547/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-Review-Chakravyuha/articleshow/52046384.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; She made a cameo appearance in ''[[Jaggu Dada]]'' starring [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Jaggu-Dada-Has-a-New-Address/2016/04/07/article3366628.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409091046/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Jaggu-Dada-Has-a-New-Address/2016/04/07/article3366628.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 April 2016|title=Jaggu Dada Has a New Address|publisher=The New Indian Express|accessdate=13 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also appeared in a song opposite [[Sudeep]] in ''[[Mukunda Murari]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Sudeep-and-Uppi-now-Mukunda-Murari/2016/01/27/article3246442.ece|title=Sudeep and Uppi now Mukunda Murari|work=The New Indian Express|date=27 January 2016|access-date=1 September 2016|archive-date=29 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929185746/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Sudeep-and-Uppi-now-Mukunda-Murari/2016/01/27/article3246442.ece|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rachita's first release of 2017 was [[Pushpaka Vimana (2017 film)|''Pushpaka Vimana'']] opposite [[Ramesh Aravind]], where she played his daughter.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Watch-Ramesh-Aravinds-Pushpaka-Vimana/articleshow/50611359.cms|title=Watch: Ramesh Aravind's Pushpaka Vimana|work=The Times of India|date=17 January 2016|accessdate=21 April 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120143620/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Watch-Ramesh-Aravinds-Pushpaka-Vimana/articleshow/50611359.cms|archivedate=20 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her next release was [[Chethan Kumar (director)|Chethan Kumar]]'s ''[[Bharjari]]'' opposite [[Dhruva Sarja]]; it is also her second movie with actress [[Haripriya]], after ''Ranna''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/Sep/16/dhruva-sarja-shines-as-the-soldier-in-bharjari-1657974.html|title=Dhruva Sarja shines as the Soldier in Bharjari|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-date=12 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912091522/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/Sep/16/dhruva-sarja-shines-as-the-soldier-in-bharjari-1657974.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Critical acclaim and fluctuations (2018–2024) ===<br /> In 2018 her first release was [[Preetham Gubbi]]'s [[Johnny Johnny Yes Papa (film)|''Johnny Johnny Yes Papa'']] opposite [[Duniya Vijay]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Vivek |first=MV |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/667519/johnny-johnny-yes-papa-no.html |title=Johnny Johnny Yes Papa? No. |date=30 March 2018 |work=Deccan Herald |accessdate=23 September 2018 |archive-date=23 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923042800/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/667519/johnny-johnny-yes-papa-no.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Her next release was Mahesh Kumar's [[Ayogya (2018 film)|''Ayogya'']] opposite [[Sathish Ninasam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/nov/27/mahesh-kumars-ayogya-gets-fresh-start-1711819.html|title=Mahesh Kumar's Ayogya gets fresh start|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=27 November 2017|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401140850/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/nov/27/mahesh-kumars-ayogya-gets-fresh-start-1711819.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' critic stated that she &quot;charms her way&quot; through the film. She also appeared in a song opposite [[Shiva Rajkumar]] in the film ''[[The Villain (2018 film)|The Villain]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/ayogya-movie-review-lively-amusements-a-potent-plot/articleshow/65441617.cms| title = Ayogya movie review: Lively amusements, a potent plot| website = Bangalore Mirror| access-date = 18 November 2024| archive-date = 17 August 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180817191844/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/ayogya-movie-review-lively-amusements-a-potent-plot/articleshow/65441617.cms| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, Rachita had several successful films. Her first release was ''[[Seetharama Kalyana]],'' opposite [[Nikhil Kumar (actor)|Nikhil Kumar]], which emerged as a blockbuster hit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/nov/20/130-artistes-come-together-for-seetharama-kalyana-1900407.html |title=130 artistes come together for 'Seetharama Kalyana' |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=20 November 2018 |access-date=18 November 2024 |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130084330/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/nov/20/130-artistes-come-together-for-seetharama-kalyana-1900407.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Aravind Shwetha of ''[[The News Minute]]'' noted, &quot;Rachita is highly convincing. It looks like a tailor-made role for her and it is a treat to watch her on the big screen.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/seetharama-kalyana-review-nikhils-action-drama-verges-political-propaganda-95654 |title=Seetharama Kalyana review: Nikhil's action drama verges on political propaganda |publisher=[[The News Minute]] |date=27 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her next release was [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]'s ''[[Natasaarvabhowma]]'' directed by [[Pavan Wadeyar]], her second collaboration with Puneeth after ''Chakravyuva''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/natasaarvabhowma-pawan-wodeyar-wraps-up-films-shoot-in-kolkata/articleshow/65992823.cms|title='Natasaarvabhowma': Pawan Wodeyar wraps up film's shoot in Kolkata|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020185107/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/natasaarvabhowma-pawan-wodeyar-wraps-up-films-shoot-in-kolkata/articleshow/65992823.cms|archive-date=2018-10-20|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was a box office success.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/natasaarvabhowma-going-strong-at-the-bo/articleshow/67982105.cms | title=Natasaarvabhowma going strong at the BO | date=14 February 2019 | newspaper=Bangalore Mirror | access-date=26 March 2019 | archive-date=30 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030171640/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/natasaarvabhowma-going-strong-at-the-bo/articleshow/67982105.cms | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; She appeared in a song in the movie [[Amar (2019 film)|''Amar'']] starring [[Abhishek Gowda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/amar-review-abhishek-gowdas-big-debut-pleasant-love-story-102763|title='Amar' review: Abhishek Gowda's big debut is a pleasant love story|date=31 May 2019|access-date=19 November 2024|archive-date=30 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130092410/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/amar-review-abhishek-gowdas-big-debut-pleasant-love-story-102763|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her next release was [[R. Chandru]]'s [[I Love You (2019 film)|''I Love You'']] opposite star [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Upendra's I Love You to release in Telugu on June 14 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/upendras-i-love-you-to-release-in-telugu-on-june-14/articleshow/69689784.cms |access-date=18 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 June 2019 |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318154936/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/upendras-i-love-you-to-release-in-telugu-on-june-14/articleshow/69689784.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; She also made an appearance in [[Shiva Rajkumar]]'s [[Rustum (2019 film)|''Rustum'']] directed by [[Ravi Varma (stunt director)|Ravi Varma]], where she was paired up with [[Vivek Oberoi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/ravi-varma-springs-a-surprise-with-rustum/articleshow/70006497.cms|title=Ravi Varma springs a surprise with Rustum|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-date=30 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130192349/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/ravi-varma-springs-a-surprise-with-rustum/articleshow/70006497.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2019/jun/28/rustum-movie-review-this-action-film-is-a-treat-for-shivarajkumar-fans-12612.html|title=Rustum Movie Review: A safe, commercial, action film that will be a treat for Shivarajkumar fans|website=Cinema Express|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-date=15 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915195820/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2019/jun/28/rustum-movie-review-this-action-film-is-a-treat-for-shivarajkumar-fans-12612.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, she made a special appearance in a song in ''[[Bharaate]]'' opposite [[Sriimurali]]. This was followed by ''[[Ayushman Bhava (2019 film)|Ayushman Bhava]]'' where she played a musician opposite [[Shiva Rajkumar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/sep/14/ayushman-bhava-to-come-out-on-kannada-rajyotsava-14278.html|title=Ayushman Bhava to come out on Kannada Rajyotsava|date=14 September 2019|publisher=Cinema Express|access-date=18 October 2019|archive-date=18 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018173251/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/sep/14/ayushman-bhava-to-come-out-on-kannada-rajyotsava-14278.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Shraddha of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' noted, &quot;Rachita is seen in total contrast from her previous film, and she outshines others with her performance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2019/Nov/15/ayushman-bhava-shivanna-gives-a-therapeutic-touch-to-vasus-musical-thriller-15521.html|title=Ayushman Bhava: Shivanna brings to life P Vasu's musical thriller|work=Cinema Express|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919100332/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2019/Nov/15/ayushman-bhava-shivanna-gives-a-therapeutic-touch-to-vasus-musical-thriller-15521.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After a gap of a year, In 2021 her first release was with [[Ramesh Aravind]] directorial ''[[100 (2021 film)|100]]'' where she played Ramesh's sister character. The movie became an average grosser at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jun/21/shivaji-surathkal-director-akash-srivatsa-turns-editor-for-ramesh-aravinds-100-12457.html|title=Shivaji Surathkal director Akash Srivatsa turns editor for Ramesh Aravind's 100|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=21 June 2019 |access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204224106/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jun/21/shivaji-surathkal-director-akash-srivatsa-turns-editor-for-ramesh-aravinds-100-12457.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her next release in the year was Shankar's ''[[Love You Rachchu]]'' where she was paired opposite [[Ajay Rao]], the film failed at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Love You Rachchu Movie Review: This romantic thriller comes with interesting twists but leads to a dead-end|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/jan/01/love-you-rachchu-movie-reviewthis-romantic-thriller-comes-with-interesting-twists-but-leads-to-a-d-28744.html|access-date=2022-02-08|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=January 2022|language=en|archive-date=28 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228133610/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/jan/01/love-you-rachchu-movie-reviewthis-romantic-thriller-comes-with-interesting-twists-but-leads-to-a-d-28744.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=vaishnavi |title=Guru Deshpande Apologizes: ನಟನಿಗೆ ಸಾರಿ ಕೇಳಿದ ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕ, ಫಿಲ್ಮ್ ಮುಗಿದ್ಮೇಲೆ ನಿಮ್ಮನ್ನ ಕರೆಯೋಲ್ಲ! |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/kannada-producer-guru-deshpande-asks-sorry-to-love-you-racchu-actor-ajai-rao-vcs-r4teij |access-date=16 January 2022 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=kn |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116055528/https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/kannada-producer-guru-deshpande-asks-sorry-to-love-you-racchu-actor-ajai-rao-vcs-r4teij |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2022, Rachita expanded to Telugu films, opposite [[Kalyaan Dhev|Kalyan Dev]] in ''[[Super Machi]]'', which had an average run at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 Jan 2022|title=Kalyaan Dhev's 'Super Machi' Joins List Of Sankranth Releases|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-sankranth-2022-kalyaan-dhevs/407863|website=Outlook India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Bhavana|date=2022-01-14|title=Super Machi Movie Review: Entertaining in bits and pieces|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/super-machi-movie-review-entertaining-bits-and-pieces-994487|access-date=|website=Pinkvilla|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120080417/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/super-machi-movie-review-entertaining-bits-and-pieces-994487|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; She then appeared in ''[[Ek Love Ya]]'', in a cameo in ''[[James (2022 film)|James]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/ek-love-ya-movie-review-prem-delivers-a-dud-again-1085006.html|title=Ek Love Ya movie review: Prem delivers a dud again|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127152619/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/ek-love-ya-movie-review-prem-delivers-a-dud-again-1085006.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in ''[[Monsoon Raaga]]'' opposite [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dhananjay, Rachita Ram's film titled 'Monsoon Raaga' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/aug/13/dhananjay-rachita-rams-film-titled-monsoon-raaga-2182584.html |access-date=14 August 2020 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127233614/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/aug/13/dhananjay-rachita-rams-film-titled-monsoon-raaga-2182584.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2023, Rachita appeared opposite [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]], in ''[[Kranti (2023 film)|Kranti]]'', which was a box office hit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-01-31 |title=After a record 2022, Kannada cinema saw a STEEP decline in box office numbers in 2023; not a SINGLE film crossed even the Rs. 70 cr. mark; footfalls down from 8.1 cr. to 3.2 cr. :Bollywood Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/record-2022-kannada-cinema-saw-steep-decline-box-office-numbers-2023-not-single-film-crossed-even-rs-70-cr-mark-footfalls-8-1-cr-3-2-cr/ |access-date=2024-03-26 |language=en |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322062827/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/record-2022-kannada-cinema-saw-steep-decline-box-office-numbers-2023-not-single-film-crossed-even-rs-70-cr-mark-footfalls-8-1-cr-3-2-cr/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, she played the lead in ''[[Veeram (2023 film)|Veeram]]'' opposite [[Prajwal Devraj]] and ''[[Bad Manners (2023 film)|Bad Manners]]'' opposite [[Abhishek Ambareesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2023 |title= Veeram Movie Review: If you want some action, you will get it here |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/veeram-movie-review-if-you-want-some-action-you-will-get-it-here/articleshow/99324666.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611013008/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/veeram-movie-review-if-you-want-some-action-you-will-get-it-here/articleshow/99324666.cms |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=11 June 2023 |website= [[Bangalore Mirror]] |language=english <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/nov/25/bad-manners-movie-review-an-actioner-with-suris-mix-masala-all-over-2635921.html|title='Bad Manners' movie review: An actioner with Suri's mix masala all over|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-date=17 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217034350/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/nov/25/bad-manners-movie-review-an-actioner-with-suris-mix-masala-all-over-2635921.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her first release of 2024 became ''[[Matinee (2024 film)|Matinee]]'' opposite [[Sathish Ninasam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sathish Ninasam and Rachita Ram's 'Matinee' to hit theatres on this date|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Mar/18/sathish-ninasam-and-rachita-rams-matinee-to-hit-theatres-on-this-date|access-date=2024-03-18|website=The New Indian Express|date=18 March 2024|language=en|archive-date=23 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423103119/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Mar/18/sathish-ninasam-and-rachita-rams-matinee-to-hit-theatres-on-this-date|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Recent work (2025–present) ===<br /> Rachita started 2025 with the sequel ''[[Sanju Weds Geetha 2]]'', opposite [[Srinagara Kitty]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jan/08/sanju-weds-geetha-2-is-like-a-yash-chopra-film-nagashekar |title=Sanju Weds Geetha 2 is like a Yash Chopra film: Nagashekar |website=The New Indian Express |date=8 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was a critical and commercial failure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/sanju-weds-geetha-2/movie-review/117330862.cms |title=Sanju Weds Geetha 2 Movie Review : Sanju Weds Geetha 2 review: A love story stuck in time wrap |website=The Times of India |date=17 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |archive-date=20 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120211027/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/sanju-weds-geetha-2/movie-review/117330862.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She then made her debut in Tamil films with ''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]'', where she played a criminal and smuggler's wife opposite [[Soubin Shahir]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/meet-the-kannada-actress-who-made-her-debut-in-kollywood-with-rajnikanths-coolie-as-a-villain/articleshow/123323000.cms|title=Meet the Kannada actress who made her debut in Kollywood, with Rajnikanth's Coolie, as a villain |work=The Times of India|accessdate=16 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' stated, &quot;Rachita Ram leaves a mark with her short yet effective performance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 August 2025 |title=Coolie review: Rajinikanth's film has too many ideas, but too little impact |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/coolie-review-rajinikanth-lokesh-kanagaraj-too-many-ideas-too-little-impact-2771082-2025-08-14 |access-date=14 August 2025 |website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Media image==<br /> Rachita has established herself as a leading actress in Kannada cinema.&lt;ref name=&quot;leading&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/kannada-cinema/article/rachita-ram-to-hariprriya-leading-actresses-of-kannada-film-industry/767379 |title=Rachita Ram to Shraddha Srinath: Leading actresses of Kannada film industry |publisher=Zoom TV |access-date=27 September 2021 |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501041153/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/amp/kannada-cinema/article/rachita-ram-to-hariprriya-leading-actresses-of-kannada-film-industry/767379 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Times of India|Bangalore Times Most Desirable Women]] list, Rachita was placed 8th in 2017, 11th in 2018 and 2019, and 15th in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The Queens of Desire: Here are the top 30 winners of the Bangalore Times Most Desirable Women |access-date=10 March 2018 |work=Times of India |date=3 March 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/the-queens-of-desire-here-are-the-top-30-winners-of-the-bangalore-times-most-desirable-women/articleshow/63129625.cms |archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429072156/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/the-queens-of-desire-here-are-the-top-30-winners-of-the-bangalore-times-most-desirable-women/articleshow/63129625.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/the-queens-of-desire/articleshow/68012314.cms |title=Bangalore Times' Most Desirable Women of 2018: The queens of desire |work=Times of India |access-date=26 September 2019 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512212253/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/the-queens-of-desire/articleshow/68012314.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bangalore-times-top-30-most-desirable-women-of-2019/articleshow/74224298.cms |title=Bangalore Times' 30 Most Desirable Women of 2019 |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429071611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bangalore-times-top-30-most-desirable-women-of-2019/amp_articleshow/74224298.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/meet-the-beautiful-ladies-who-make-up-bangalore-times-30-most-desirable-women-of-2020/articleshow/83095404.cms |title=Meet the beautiful ladies who make up Bangalore Times' 30 Most Desirable Women of 2020 |work=The Times of India |access-date=15 November 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603221044/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/meet-the-beautiful-ladies-who-make-up-bangalore-times-30-most-desirable-women-of-2020/articleshow/83095404.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; She is one of the most followed Kannada actress on [[Instagram]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/rashmika-mandanna-to-ramya-check-the-most-followed-kannada-actresses-on-instagram-8268835.html |title=Radhika Pandit to Milana Nagaraj: The most followed Kannada actresses on Instagram |work=News18 India |access-date=12 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ===Films===<br /> *''All films are in Kannada, unless otherwise noted.''<br /> {{Pending films key}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+List of Rachita Ram films and roles<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br /> |-<br /> |2013<br /> |''[[Bulbul (2013 film)|Bulbul]]'' || Kaveri <br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2014<br /> |''[[Ambareesha]]''|| Karuna || ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Dil Rangeela]]''|| Khushi ||<br /> ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2015<br /> |''[[Ranna (film)|Ranna]]'' || Rukmini || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rathavara]]'' ||Navami || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2016<br /> |''[[Chakravyuha (2016 film)|Chakravyuha]]'' || Anjali ||<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jaggu Dada]]'' || Herself <br /> | Guest appearance||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mukunda Murari]]'' || Radhe <br /> |Special appearance||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rachita Ram and Bhavana dance to Murali lola hai Gopala |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/sep/21/rachita-ram-and-bhavana-dance-to-murali-lola-hai-gopala-1522028.html |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=1 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101164332/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/sep/21/Rachita-Ram-and-Bhavana-dance-to-Murali-lola-hai-Gopala-1522028.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017<br /> |''[[Pushpaka Vimana (2017 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]]'' || Puttalakshmi ||<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bharjari]]'' || Gowri ||<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Rishibhapriya'' || Herself || Short film; also producer ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2018<br /> |''[[Johnny Johnny Yes Papa (film)|Johnny Johnny Yes Papa]]''<br /> |Priya || ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Ayogya (2018 film)|Ayogya]]''<br /> |Nandini || ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[The Villain (2018 film)|The Villain]]''<br /> |Herself<br /> |Special appearance<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/kannada/the-villain-song-bolo-bolo-raamappa/videoshow/66633830.cms |title=The Villain Song – Bolo Bolo Raamappa |website=The Times of India |date=15 November 2018 |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119172050/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/kannada/the-villain-song-bolo-bolo-raamappa/videoshow/66633830.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2019<br /> |''[[Seetharama Kalyana]]''<br /> |Geetha<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Natasaarvabhowma]]''<br /> |Sakshi<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=S.M. |first1=Shashiprasad |title=Natasaarvabhowma movie review: High on spirit |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/070219/natasaarvabhowma-movie-review-high-on-spirit.html |access-date=20 March 2024 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=7 February 2010 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331043755/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/070219/natasaarvabhowma-movie-review-high-on-spirit.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Amar (2019 film)|Amar]]''<br /> |Herself<br /> |Special appearance<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |[[I Love You (2019 film)|''I Love You'']]<br /> |Dharmika<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rustum (2019 film)|''Rustum'']]<br /> |Rachana<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Bharaate]]''<br /> |Herself <br /> |Special appearance<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Ayushman Bhava (2019 film)|Ayushman Bhava]]''<br /> |Lakshmi || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2021<br /> |''[[100 (2021 film)|100]]''<br /> |Hima<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ramesh Aravind's latest movie '100' to hit the screens on November 19 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/ramesh-aravinds-latest-movie-100-to-hit-the-screens-on-november-19-1051320.html |access-date=19 November 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |date=16 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116110039/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/ramesh-aravinds-latest-movie-100-to-hit-the-screens-on-november-19-1051320.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Love You Rachchu]]''<br /> |Rachchu<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2022<br /> |''[[Super Machi]]''<br /> |Meenakshi <br /> |[[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Ek Love Ya]]''<br /> |Swathi<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[James (2022 film)|''James'']]<br /> |Herself <br /> |Special appearance <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Monsoon Raaga]]''<br /> |Asma Begum<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dhananjay and Rachita Ram join hands for film? - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/Jul/29/dhananjay-and-rachita-ram-join-hands-for-film--2176047.html |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Manjula |title=Rachita Ram's Next With Dhananjay Aka Dolly Under S Ravindranath Direction |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sandalwood/rachita-rams-next-with-dhananjay-aka-dolly-under-s-ravindranath-direction-636517 |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=The Hans India |date=31 July 2020 |language=en |archive-date=19 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119172221/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sandalwood/rachita-rams-next-with-dhananjay-aka-dolly-under-s-ravindranath-direction-636517 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2023<br /> |[[Kranti (2023 film)|''Kranti'']]<br /> |Usha<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rachita Ram and Darshan set to reunite on screen for Kranti - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rachita-ram-and-darshan-set-to-reunite-on-screen-for-kranti/articleshow/87060884.cms |access-date=6 December 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925193025/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rachita-ram-and-darshan-set-to-reunite-on-screen-for-kranti/articleshow/87060884.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Veeram (2023 film)|Veeram]]''<br /> |Dhatri<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rachita-ram-now-set-to-romance-prajwal-devaraj/articleshow/71922997.cms |title=Rachita Ram now set to romance Prajwal Devaraj - Times of India |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=6 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/nov/05/prajwal-devarajs-veeram-gets-rachita-ram-on-board-2057529.html |title=Prajwal Devaraj's 'Veeram' gets Rachita Ram on board |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=6 November 2019 |archive-date=6 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106131821/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/nov/05/prajwal-devarajs-veeram-gets-rachita-ram-on-board-2057529.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bad Manners (2023 film)|''Bad Manners'']]<br /> | Veena <br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rachita Ram and Priyanka are female leads in Abishek Ambareesh's next film - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rachita-ram-and-priyanka-are-female-leads-in-abishek-ambareeshs-next-film/articleshow/80784027.cms |access-date=10 February 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210083935/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rachita-ram-and-priyanka-are-female-leads-in-abishek-ambareeshs-next-film/articleshow/80784027.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2024<br /> | ''[[Matinee (2024 film)|Matinee]]''<br /> |Akshara<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sathish Ninasam and Rachita Ram team up once again - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sathish-ninasam-and-rachita-ram-team-up-once-again/articleshow/78446303.cms |access-date=2 October 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011202818/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sathish-ninasam-and-rachita-ram-team-up-once-again/articleshow/78446303.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2025<br /> |''[[Sanju Weds Geetha 2]]''<br /> |Geetha<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sanju Weds Geetha 2 is more splendid than the previous one: Director Nagashekar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jan/02/sanju-weds-geetha-2-is-more-splendid-than-the-previous-onedirector-nagashekar-2646867.html |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922155419/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jan/02/sanju-weds-geetha-2-is-more-splendid-than-the-previous-onedirector-nagashekar-2646867.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]''<br /> |Kalyani Dilip<br /> |[[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film<br /> ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=A Sharadhaa |date=26 August 2024 |title=Rachita Ram to star in Rajinikanth-Lokesh Kanagaraj's Coolie? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Aug/26/rachita-ram-to-star-in-rajinikanth-lokesh-kanagarajs-coolie |access-date=2 August 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Interview {{!}} Rachita Ram on Lokesh Kanagaraj’s ‘Coolie’: Always wanted to play a Neelambari-like character in Rajini sir’s movie&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Interview {{!}} Rachita Ram on Lokesh Kanagaraj's 'Coolie': Always wanted to play a Neelambari-like character in Rajini sir's movie |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rachita-ram-interview-coolie-rajinikanth-lokesh-kanagaraj-upendra-nagarjuna-anbariv-masters-padayappa-neelambari/article69950132.ece |access-date=24 August 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=19 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824051316/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rachita-ram-interview-coolie-rajinikanth-lokesh-kanagaraj-upendra-nagarjuna-anbariv-masters-padayappa-neelambari/article69950132.ece |archive-date=24 August 2025 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2026<br /> |''[[Landlord (film)|Landlord]]''<br /> |Ningavva<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title='Ningavva Ningavva' is a gentle romantic prelude to Landlord |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Dec/20/ningavva-ningavva-is-a-gentle-romantic-prelude-to-landlord |access-date=30 December 2025 |work=Cinema Express |date=20 December 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Cult (2026 film)|Cult]]''<br /> |Ithi<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Rachita Ram onboard for Zaid Khan's 'Cult' as female lead |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Sep/03/rachita-ram-onboard-for-zaid-khans-cult-as-female-lead |accessdate=14 September 2024 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909103143/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/kannada/2024/Sep/03/rachita-ram-onboard-for-zaid-khans-cult-as-female-lead |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{Pending film|Shabari Searching For Ravana}} <br /> |{{TableTBA}}<br /> |Completed<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rachita Ram next titled 'Shabari Searching For Ravana' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/apr/21/rachita-ram-next-titled-shabari-searching-for-ravana-2292536.html |access-date=21 April 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{Pending film|Love Me Or Hate Me}}<br /> |{{TableTBA}}<br /> |Completed<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Darling Krishna and Rachita Ram to star opposite each other in Deepak Gangadhar's directorial debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/darling-krishna-and-rachita-ram-to-star-opposite-each-other-in-deepak-gangadhars-directorial-debut/articleshow/80209005.cms |access-date=28 May 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111065213/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/darling-krishna-and-rachita-ram-to-star-opposite-each-other-in-deepak-gangadhars-directorial-debut/articleshow/80209005.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{Pending film|Ayogya 2}}<br /> |{{TableTBA}}<br /> |Filming<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Rachita Ram and Sathish Ninasam reunite for 'Ayogya 2'; shoot begins |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Dec/04/rachita-ram-and-sathish-ninasam-reunite-for-ayogya-2 |accessdate=10 December 2024 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214034751/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/kannada/2024/Dec/04/rachita-ram-and-sathish-ninasam-reunite-for-ayogya-2 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+List of television roles<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br /> |-<br /> |2011 <br /> || ''Benkiyalli Aralida Hoovu'' || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |2012 <br /> || ''Arasi '' || Rashmi <br /> | Lead role <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |''Kick''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Judge<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2017–2018 <br /> |''Comedy Talkies'' <br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Srujan Lokesh, Rachita Ram to judge Comedy Talkies|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/Oct/23/srujan-lokesh-rachita-ram-to-judge-comedy-talkies-1680140.html|accessdate=10 December 2022|newspaper=The New Indian Express|archive-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022212232/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/oct/23/srujan-lokesh-rachita-ram-to-judge-comedy-talkies-1680140.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2018–2021<br /> |''Majabharatha''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |''Drama Juniors Season 4''<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Rachitha Ram to join 'Drama Juniors season 4' as a judge|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/rachitha-ram-to-join-drama-juniors-season-4-as-a-judge/articleshow/90204706.cms|accessdate=11 November 2023|newspaper=The Times of India|archive-date=21 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321230849/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/rachitha-ram-to-join-drama-juniors-season-4-as-a-judge/articleshow/90204706.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2022–2023 <br /> |''Super Queen''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2023–present<br /> |''[[Bharjari Bachelors]]''<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bharjari Bachelors- Ravichandran as Love Guru for 'Bharjari Bachelors', Rachita Ram as 'Dream Girl'|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/v-ravichandran-rachita-ram-starrer-bharjari-bachelors-reality-show/articleshow/101181313.cms|date=22 June 2023|accessdate=13 July 2023|author=Padmashree Bhat|newspaper=Vijaya Karnataka|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713021511/https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/v-ravichandran-rachita-ram-starrer-bharjari-bachelors-reality-show/articleshow/101181313.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Music videos===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title <br /> ! Singer<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2016<br /> | &quot;Kalidaasa Kannada Meshtru&quot;<br /> | Arjun Itagi, Sanvi Shetty, Gunashree, Hitaishi, Neha Pallavi, Rahul Chinna<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/director-kaviraj-ropes-in-21-actresses-for-kalidasa-kannada-meshtru/articleshow/71735679.cms|title=Director Kaviraj ropes in 21 actresses for 'Kalidasa Kannada Meshtru'|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2021<br /> | &quot;Laka Laka Lambargini&quot;<br /> | [[Chandan Shetty]]<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awards and nominations==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Award<br /> ! Category<br /> ! Film<br /> ! Result<br /> ! Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | [[61st Filmfare Awards South|2014]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Filmfare Awards South]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]]<br /> | ''[[Bulbul (2013 film)|Bulbul]]''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-6712.html|title=Winners of 61st Idea Filmfare Awards South|work=Filmfare|access-date=22 September 2024|archive-date=20 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020193231/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-6712.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2016]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|''[[Ranna (film)|Ranna]]''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Winners of 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards South 2016 (Telugu) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Winners-of-63rd-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-South-2016-Telugu/articleshow/52814271.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 January 2017 |access-date=18 June 2016 |archive-date=19 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619071638/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Winners-of-63rd-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-South-2016-Telugu/articleshow/52814271.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Critics Best Actress – Kannada]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress – Kannada]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/siima-2016-kannada-winners-list |title=SIIMA Awards 2016 Kannada films complete winners list |accessdate=29 September 2016 |work=Asianet News |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613085930/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/siima-2016-kannada-winners-list |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2019<br /> | ''[[Ayogya (2018 film)|Ayogya]]''<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siima-awards-2019-heres-a-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/70287216.cms 9th SIIMA Awards 2019: Here’s the complete list of nominees for the awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801183932/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siima-awards-2019-heres-a-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/70287216.cms |date=1 August 2019 }} ''The Times of India'' Retrieved 20 September 2019&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2021<br /> | ''[[Ayushman Bhava (2019 film)|Ayushman Bhava]]''<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manju-warrier-suriya-others-win-siima-awards-full-list-winners-155560 |title=Manju Warrier, Suriya, others win at SIIMA Awards: Full list of winners |website=The News Minute |date=21 September 2021 |access-date=21 September 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921174049/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manju-warrier-suriya-others-win-siima-awards-full-list-winners-155560 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2022<br /> | ''[[Love You Rachchu]]''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 August 2022 |title=Allu Arjun's Pushpa: The Rise Leads SIIMA Nominations; Check Full List Here |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/allu-arjuns-pushpa-the-rise-leads-siima-nominations-check-full-list-here-5766859.html |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104225654/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/allu-arjuns-pushpa-the-rise-leads-siima-nominations-check-full-list-here-5766859.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 2023<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Monsoon Raaga]]''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |title=SIIMA 2023 nomination out. 'PS 1', 'RRR', 'KGF 2' and 'Kantara' bag top spots |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2023-nomination-list-out-ps-1-rrr-kantara-bag-top-spots-2415011-2023-08-02 |access-date=5 August 2023 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805103403/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2023-nomination-list-out-ps-1-rrr-kantara-bag-top-spots-2415011-2023-08-02 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[68th Filmfare Awards South|2024]]<br /> | [[Filmfare Awards South]]<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-kannada-2023_-67191.html |title=Winners: 68th Filmfare Awards South 2023 (Kannada) |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=18 October 2022 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716220320/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-kannada-2023_-67191.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]]<br /> | ''[[Kranti (2023 film)|Kranti]]''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/south-cinema/siima-2024-dasara-jailer-2018-lead-the-nominations-check-out-the-details-inside |title=SIIMA 2024: 'Dasara', 'Jailer', 'Kantara', '2018' lead the nominations - Check out the details inside |website=Outlook India |date=17 July 2024 |access-date=17 July 2024 |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717100649/https://www.outlookindia.com/amp/story/art-entertainment/south-cinema/siima-2024-dasara-jailer-2018-lead-the-nominations-check-out-the-details-inside |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2025<br /> | ''[[Matinee (2024 film)|Matinee]]''<br /> | {{pending}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://siima.in/vote |title=SIIMA 2025: Check out the nominations details inside |website=South Indian International Movie Awards |date=20 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of Indian film actresses]]<br /> *[[Nithya Ram]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> * {{IMDb name|5796361}}<br /> * {{Instagram|rachita_instaofficial}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}{{Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Rachita}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada actresses]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Bhopal]]<br /> [[Category:1993 births]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dakhil_Darwaza&diff=495358 2026-04-22T03:17:38Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Added a entry...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Monument in Gaur, West Bengal}}<br /> {{Infobox building<br /> | name = Dakhil Darwaza<br /> | native_name = দাখিল দরওয়াজা<br /> | native_name_lang = bn<br /> | image = Dakhil or SALAMI Darwaza 02.jpg<br /> | image_size = 300px<br /> | caption = Façade of the gate<br /> | location = [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]], [[Malda District|Malda]], [[West Bengal]]<br /> | location_country = [[India]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|24.880397|N|88.124875|E|region:IN-WB_type:mosque|display=inline,title|format=dms}}<br /> | status = <br /> | years_built = <br /> | completion_date = {{start date and age|1425}}<br /> | owner = <br /> | embedded = {{Infobox historic site<br /> | embed = yes<br /> | designation1 = MANI<br /> | designation1_offname = Dakhil Darwaza<br /> | designation1_type =<br /> | designation1_criteria =<br /> | designation1_date =<br /> | delisted1_date =<br /> | designation1_partof =<br /> | designation1_number = N-WB-87<br /> | designation1_free1name =<br /> | designation1_free1value =<br /> | designation1_free2name =<br /> | designation1_free2value =<br /> | designation1_free3name =<br /> | designation1_free3value =<br /> }}<br /> | pushpin_map = India West Bengal<br /> | building_type = [[Gate]]<br /> | height = {{Convert|14.95|m|ft|abbr=on}}<br /> | image_upright = 1.4<br /> | pushpin_mapsize = 250px<br /> | governing_body = [[Archaeology of India]]<br /> | material = [[Brick]], [[Stone]]<br /> | size = 2306.25 m²<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dakhil Darwaza''', ({{Langx|bn|দাখিল দরওয়াজা|4=Main gate}}) also known as Salami Darwaza, is a grand 15th-16th century gateway located in [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]], [[Malda district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It served as the main northern entrance to the citadel of [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]], the capital of the [[Bengal Sultanate]]. Constructed primarily with red bricks and terracotta, often attributed to the [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]] ({{Circa|1494-1538}}), it exemplifies the Bengal style of architecture, blending Islamic and regional elements. The gateway, also called Salami Darwaza due to cannons fired from it as a salute,&lt;ref name=&quot;maldagov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dakhil Darwaja |url=https://malda.gov.in/tourist-place/dakhil-darwaja/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Malda District |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; remains a significant historical monument protected by the [[Archaeological Survey of India|Archeological Survey of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of Centrally Protected Monuments (ASI) |url=https://www.nma.gov.in/showfile.php?lang=1&amp;level=1&amp;ls_id=965&amp;lid=1276&amp;nma_type=0 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=National Monument Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Scholarly opinions on the Dakhil Darwaza's date and patron differ. It is assumed that the gate was built by Sultan [[Mahmud Shah of Bengal|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]] ({{Reign|1435|1459}}) in 1425 AD.&lt;ref name=&quot;maldagov&quot; /&gt; Some attribute its construction to the early 15th century under the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty#Restored dynasty|restored Ilyas Shahi dynasty]]. Others link it to a 1519 inscription crediting [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah|Nusrat Shah]] ({{Reign|1519|1533}}) of the Husain Shahi dynasty, suggesting it was built as a ceremonial gateway connecting the Gaur citadel to the [[Baro Shona Masjid|Baro Sona Mosque]] (1526), about one kilometer northeast.{{Sfn|Michell|1984|p=70}}<br /> <br /> == Architecture ==<br /> The gate is primarily constructed of [[brick]], with [[stone]] facing on the piers between the doorways up to the [[arch]] springs. The structure measures {{Convert|102.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length and {{Convert|22.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} in width,{{Efn|According to Michell the width of the gate is 35m,{{Sfn|Michell|1984|p=70}} while Malda government website indicates 34.5.&lt;ref name=&quot;maldagov&quot; /&gt;}} featuring a central passage {{Convert|4.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide. Flanking the corridor are two guardrooms on each side, each measuring {{Convert|22.7|by|2.9|m|abbr=on}}. According to measurements by [[Alexander Cunningham]], the gateway reaches a height of approximately {{Convert|14.95|m|ft|abbr=on}}, with the main entrance arch rising to {{Convert|10.35|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Other measurements indicates the exterior {{Convert|18.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} high.{{Sfn|Michell|1984|p=70}} A smaller archway behind the wider arch leads to the vaulted passage. The architecture of Dakhil Darwaza resembles [[Baro Shona Masjid|Baro Sona Mosque]], [[Choto Sona Mosque]] and [[Adina Mosque]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bdpedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite Banglapedia|last=Husain|first=ABM|article=Dakhil Darwaza|article-url=Dakhil_Darwaza}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> &lt;gallery widths=&quot;250&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Dakhil Darwaza 2, Malda.jpg|Side view of the gateway<br /> File:Dakhil Darwaza 3, Malda.jpg|Corner turret<br /> File:Dakhil Darwaja alias Salami Darwaja at Gaur 19.jpg|High point of the ruined corner turrets<br /> File:Dakhil or SALAMI Darwaza 04.jpg|Inside of the gateway<br /> File:Dakhil Darwaja alias Salami Darwaja at Gaur 16.jpg|Entrance arch<br /> File:Dakhil Darwaja alias Salami Darwaja at Gaur 10.jpg|Side view of the gate<br /> File:Oriental Scenery Fig 4.jpg|The doorway painted in 1795 AD<br /> File:The Dakhil Gate, an aquatint by Henry Gordon Creighton, 1817.jpg|Dakhil Darwaza painted by Henry Gordon Creighton in 1817 AD<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Gumti Darwaza]]<br /> * [[Kotwali Gate]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> *{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iiNUAAAAMAAJ |title=The Islamic Heritage of Bengal |date=1984 |publisher=Unesco |isbn=978-92-3-102174-9 |editor-last=Michell |editor-first=George |language=en}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category|Dakhil Darwaza}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Gates in India]]<br /> [[Category:Monuments and memorials in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Bengal Sultanate]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic architecture in India]]<br /> [[Category:Architecture of the Bengal Sultanate]]<br /> [[Category:Malda district]]<br /> [[Category:City gates]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oru_Kidayin_Karunai_Manu&diff=523163 2026-04-18T20:48:53Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2017 Indian film by Suresh Sangaiah}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Oru Kidayin Karunai Manu<br /> | image = Oru Kidayin Karunai Manu.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Suresh Sangaiah]]<br /> | producer = [[Eros International]]<br /> | writer = Suresh Sangaiah<br /> | starring = [[Vidharth]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Raveena Ravi]]<br /> | music = R. Raghuram<br /> | cinematography = R. V. Saran<br /> | editing = [[Praveen K. L.]]<br /> | studio = [[Eros International]]<br /> | released = {{film date|2017|6|2|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 116 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Oru Kidayin Karunai Manu''''' ({{translation|A scapegoat's petition for mercy}}) is a 2017 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language drama film, written and directed by [[Suresh Sangaiah]]. The film stars [[Vidharth]] and [[Raveena Ravi]], with a goat playing a pivotal role. ''Oru Kidayin Karunai Manu'' is produced by [[Eros International]].&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A story from the point of view of a goat |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/A-story-from-the-point-of-view-of-a-goat/articleshow/51927066.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207194740/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/A-story-from-the-point-of-view-of-a-goat/articleshow/51927066.cms |archive-date=7 February 2017 |access-date=2016-11-27 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-05-29 |title=Letting a goat emote! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/290517/letting-a-goat-emote.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529085852/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/290517/letting-a-goat-emote.html |archive-date=29 May 2017 |access-date=2017-05-29 |work=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film received positive reviews and critical acclaim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oru Kidayin Karunai Manu Movie Review {4/5}: Critic Review of Oru Kidayin Karunai Manu by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/oru-kidayin-karunai-manu/movie-review/58940257.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Vidharth]] as Ramamoorthy<br /> *[[Raveena Ravi]] as Seetha<br /> * Jayaraj Periyamayathevar as Seetha's father<br /> * [[George Maryan]] as Lawyer Vasudevan<br /> *Hello Kandasamy as Arumbaatupatu<br /> *Krishnamoorthy as Village man<br /> *K. G. Mohan as Seval<br /> *[[TSR Srinivasan]]<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> Music composed by R. Raghuram<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | all_writing = [[Velmurugan]], V. Gurunathan<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Engo Irukkura<br /> | length1 = 2:58<br /> | extra1 = V.M. Mahalingam, M. S. Nehru, M. Raghuraam<br /> | title2 = Kolaisindhu<br /> | length2 = 3:31<br /> | extra2 = Hello Kandasamy<br /> | title3 = Naan Ketta Kedu<br /> | length3 = 2:01<br /> | extra3 = M. S. Nehru<br /> | title4 = <br /> | length4 = <br /> | title5 = <br /> | length5 = <br /> | title6 = <br /> | length6 = <br /> | title7 = <br /> | length7 = <br /> | title8 = <br /> | length8 = <br /> | title9 = <br /> | length9 = <br /> | title10 = <br /> | length10 = <br /> | title11 = <br /> | length11 = <br /> | title12 = <br /> | length12 = <br /> | title13 = <br /> | length13 = <br /> | title14 = <br /> | length14 = <br /> | title15 = <br /> | length15 = <br /> | title16 = <br /> | length16 = <br /> | title17 = <br /> | length17 = <br /> | title18 = <br /> | length18 = <br /> | title19 = <br /> | length19 = <br /> | title20 = <br /> | length20 = <br /> | total_length = 8:30<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> In July 2015, it was reported that director [[M. Manikandan|Manikandan]]' assistant Suresh Sangaiah had written a script titled ''Oru Kidayin Karunai Manu'' and was considering making it into a feature film. Later in February 2016, it was announced that Vidharth would work on the film.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiaglitz&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 July 2015 |title=Manikandan next to be a comedy entertainer – Tamil Movie News – IndiaGlitz.com |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/manikandan-next-to-be-a-comedy-entertainer-tamil-news-137585.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407064136/https://www.indiaglitz.com/manikandan-next-to-be-a-comedy-entertainer-tamil-news-137585.html |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=2016-11-27 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;magzter&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vidharth's next will go on floors from March |url=https://www.magzter.com/news/74/218/022016/03aes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121732/https://www.magzter.com/news/74/218/022016/03aes |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=2016-11-27 |publisher=magzter.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was officially launched in April 2016, with [[Eros International]] coming on board as the film's producers.&lt;ref name=&quot;cineinfotv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 April 2016 |title=Pooja of new movie &quot;Oru Kidayin Karunai Manu&quot; held yesterday 19/4/16 – Cine Info TV {{pipe}}{{pipe}} Exclusive Website for cine fans |url=http://cineinfotv.com/pooja-of-new-movie-oru-kidayin-karunai-manu-held-yesterday-19416/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127153134/http://cineinfotv.com/pooja-of-new-movie-oru-kidayin-karunai-manu-held-yesterday-19416/ |archive-date=27 November 2016 |access-date=2016-11-27 |publisher=cineinfotv.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Raveena Ravi]], who had previously worked in films as a dubbing artiste, was auditioned for the lead female role in early 2016 and was selected to make her acting debut.&lt;ref name=&quot;deccanchronicle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2016 |title=Dubbing artist Raveena Ravi giving life to characters |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/020616/giving-life-to-characters.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127085352/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/020616/giving-life-to-characters.html |archive-date=27 November 2016 |access-date=2016-11-27 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt; The director revealed &quot;the plot revolves around the ritual of offering goats to Gods and present things from the point of view of a goat&quot;. The film progressed in Aruppukottai from April to May 2016, before the team moved on to shoot scenes in Rajapalayam.&lt;ref name=&quot;behindwoods&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2016 |title=Dubbing artist Raveena on her debut film Oru Kidayin Karunai Manu |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/dubbing-artist-raveena-on-her-debut-film-oru-kidayin-karunai-manu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025105657/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/dubbing-artist-raveena-on-her-debut-film-oru-kidayin-karunai-manu.html |archive-date=25 October 2016 |access-date=2016-11-27 |publisher=behindwoods.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In late 2016, the team sent the film to the organisers of the [[Berlin Film Festival]] for consideration for a possible screening.&lt;ref name=&quot;behindwoods2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 November 2016 |title=Raveena's maiden film Oru Kidayin Karunai Manu sent to Berlin Film Festival |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/raveenas-maiden-film-oru-kidayin-karunai-manu-sent-to-berlin-film-festival.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124180558/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/raveenas-maiden-film-oru-kidayin-karunai-manu-sent-to-berlin-film-festival.html |archive-date=24 November 2016 |access-date=2016-11-27 |publisher=behindwoods.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; With a run time of just 2 hours and 1 minute, the film leaves a lasting impression on us. It conveys the message that it intended, but nothing goes overboard and things are never preachy. And that makes OKKM far better than its counterparts in the recent times.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-06-06 |title=Oru Kidayin Karunai Manu Tamil Movie Review – Chennai Vision |url=https://chennaivision.com/tamil-movies/oru-kidayin-karunai-manu-tamil-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903050338/https://chennaivision.com/tamil-movies/oru-kidayin-karunai-manu-tamil-movie-review/ |archive-date=3 September 2017 |access-date=2017-06-06 |work=Chennai Vision |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> The film released on 2 June 2017 and The film received mostly positives reviews and critical acclaim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Oru Kidayin Karunai Manu Movie Review {4/5}: Critic Review of Oru Kidayin Karunai Manu by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/oru-kidayin-karunai-manu/movie-review/58940257.cms |access-date=2019-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2017-06-03 |title=Oru Kidayin Karunai Manu movie review: A sharp and intelligent screenplay |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/030617/oru-kidayin-karunai-manu-movie-review-a-sharp-and-intelligent-screenplay.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121857/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/030617/oru-kidayin-karunai-manu-movie-review-a-sharp-and-intelligent-screenplay.html |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=2019-01-18 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of Film Companion wrote &quot;But these last five-odd minutes apart, Oru Kidayin is a quiet gem.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/oru-kidayin-karunai-manu-movie-review]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=6998574}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2017 films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian satirical films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]<br /> [[Category:2010s satirical films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_in_India&diff=498363 2026-04-17T22:03:07Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Added new info...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Serious public health and environmental issues in India}}<br /> [[Electronic waste]] is emerging as a serious public health and environmental issue in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Joon|first1=Veenu|last2=Shahrawat|first2=Renu|last3=Kapahi|first3=Meena|date=September 2017|title=The Emerging Environmental and Public Health Problem of Electronic Waste in India|journal=Journal of Health and Pollution|volume=7|issue=15|pages=1–7|doi=10.5696/2156-9614-7.15.1|issn=2156-9614|pmc=6236536|pmid=30524825}}&lt;/ref&gt; India is the &quot;Third largest electronic waste producer in the world&quot;; approximately 2 million tons of e-waste are generated annually, and an undisclosed amount of e-waste is imported from other countries around the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-08-24 |title=From Trash To Treasure |url=https://www.nagrika.org/post/e-waste-management |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Nagrika |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/India-fifth-largest-producer-of-e-waste-study/article14340415.ece#|title=India fifth largest producer of e-waste: study - The Hindu|date=15 May 2016|website=The Hindu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128124727/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/India-fifth-largest-producer-of-e-waste-study/article14340415.ece|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/electronic-waste-is-recycled-in-appalling-conditions-in-india-110363|title=Electronic waste is recycled in appalling conditions in India|last=Park|first=Miles|website=The Conversation|date=14 February 2019 |access-date=2019-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> India saw the highest 163 per cent growth globally in generating electronic waste from screens, computers, and small IT and telecommunication equipment (SCSIT) between 2010 and 2022, according to a [[UN Trade and Development|United Nations Trade and Development (Unctad)]] report. The ‘2024 Digital Economy Report: Shaping an environmentally sustainable and inclusive digital future’ notes that India doubled its share in SCSIT waste generation in the world from 3.1 per cent in 2010 to 6.4 per cent in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=India sees fastest growth in electronic waste generation: Unctad report |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/india-records-163-increase-in-electronic-waste-says-unctad-report-124071400395_1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Electronic waste at Agbogbloshie, Ghana.jpg|thumb|352x352px|Discarded electronic waste.]] Annually, computer devices account for nearly 70% of e-waste, 12% comes from the telecom sector, 8% from medical equipment and 7% from electric equipment. The government, public sector companies, and private sector companies generate nearly 75% of electronic waste, with the contribution of individual household being only 16%.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> E-waste is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their &quot;useful life.&quot; Computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, copiers, and fax machines are common electronic products. Many of these products can be reused, refurbished, or recycled. There has been an upgrade to this E-waste garbage list to include gadgets like smartphones, tablets, laptops, video game consoles, cameras, e-bikes, and many more. India had 1.012&amp;nbsp;billion active mobile connections in January 2018. Every year, this number is growing exponentially.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sellyt.com/blogs/e-waste-disposal/|title=E-Waste Disposal Methods And How To Do It? [Complete Guide]|date=2019-01-10|website=Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-11|archive-date=2020-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430163930/https://www.sellyt.com/blogs/e-waste-disposal/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to [[ASSOCHAM]], an industrial body in India, the [[compound annual growth rate]] of electronic waste is 30%. With changing consumer behavior and rapid economic growth, ASSOCHAM estimates that India will generate 5.2&amp;nbsp;million tonnes of e-waste by 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indias-e-waste-to-touch-5-2-mmt-by-2020-assocham-ey-study/articleshow/68240340.cms|title=India's e-waste to touch 5.2 MMT by 2020: ASSOCHAM-EY study - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=3 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/business/in-other-news/030319/india-to-generate-over-5-million-tonnes-of-e-waste-next-year-assocham-ey-study.html|title=India to generate over 5 million tonnes of e-waste next year: ASSOCHAM-EY study|date=2019-03-03|website=The Asian Age|access-date=2019-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While [[e-waste recycling]] is a source of income for many people in India, it also poses numerous health and environmental risks. More than 95% of India's e-waste is illegally recycled by informal waste pickers called ''kabadiwalas'' or ''raddiwalas'' (scrap traders).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; These workers operate independently, outside of any formal organization which makes enforcing e-waste regulations difficult-to-impossible. Recyclers often rely on rudimentary recycling techniques that can release toxic pollutants into the surrounding area. The release of toxic pollutants associated with crude e-waste recycling can have far reaching, irreversible consequences.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/indias-ewaste-growing-at-30-annually/article8686442.ece|title=India likely to generate 5.2 million tonnes of e-waste by 2020: Study - Business Line|last=Pandit|first=Virendra|date=3 June 2016|website=The Hindu Business Line|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712083018/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/indias-ewaste-growing-at-30-annually/article8686442.ece|archive-date=12 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == By region ==<br /> [[File:E waste cities.jpg|thumb|309x309px|Major e-waste generating cities in India&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Joon|first1=Veenu|last2=Shahrawat|first2=Renu|last3=Kapahi|first3=Meena|date=September 2017|title=The Emerging Environmental and Public Health Problem of Electronic Waste in India|journal=Journal of Health and Pollution|volume=7|issue=15|pages=1–7|doi=10.5696/2156-9614-7.15.1|pmid=30524825|issn=2156-9614|pmc=6236536}}&lt;/ref&gt;|alt=]]<br /> In India, the amount of e-waste generated differs by state. The three states that produce the most e-waste are as follows: [[Maharashtra]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Other states that produce significant e-waste are [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[West Bengal]], [[Delhi]], [[Karnataka]], [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Punjab]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Additionally, e-waste is disproportionately generated in urban areas—65 Indian cities generate more than 60% of India's total e-waste. [[Mumbai]] is the top e-waste producer followed by [[Delhi]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Chennai]], and [[Kolkata]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Health and safety ==<br /> <br /> === Health hazards ===<br /> [[File:Mother and Child - Kozhikode - India.JPG|thumb|Women and children are particularly vulnerable to the health effects of toxic e-waste exposure.]]<br /> E-waste is a repository of numerous hazardous substances that pose significant risks to both human health and the environment. Unfortunately, it is frequently disposed of without adequate safety measures in place. This is largely because a substantial portion of e-waste is processed illegally by workers operating outside of formal, regulated systems. These informal laborers often employ unregulated and perilous recycling methods, leading to potentially severe health consequences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Park |first1=Miles |title=India's two-million-tonne e-waste problem has deadly consequences |url=https://qz.com/india/1553483/indias-two-million-tonne-e-waste-problem-has-deadly-consequences/ |website=Quartz India |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=28 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Regrettably, the recycling labor force exhibits a low literacy rate and limited awareness of the hazards associated with e-waste. Consequently, many of these workers unwittingly partake in activities that jeopardize their health.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; In Delhi alone, an estimated 25,000 workers including children are involved in crude e-waste dismantling units—annually these units dismantle 10,000–20,000 tons of e-waste with bare hands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Monika |first1=Jugal |title=E-waste management: As a challenge to public health in India |journal=Indian Journal of Community Medicine |year=2010 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=382–5 |doi=10.4103/0970-0218.69251 |pmid=21031101 |pmc=2963874 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; They lack proper [[personal protective equipment]] and are exposed to toxins through the e-waste. The materials that are not recycled by waste pickers are often left in landfills or burned. Both methods can lead to toxic chemicals leaking into the air, water and soil. Workers in these facilities often do not have adequate safety gear and exposure to e-waste can lead to many health issues. Exposure can happen directly or indirectly through skin contact, inhalation of fine particles and ingestion of contaminated dust. Potential health outcomes from e-waste exposure include changes in thyroid functions, poor neonatal outcomes, including spontaneous abortions, stillbirths and premature births.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Grant |first1=Kristen |title=Health consequences of exposure to e-waste: a systematic review |journal=The Lancet. Global Health |year=2013 |volume=1 |issue=6 |pages=e350-61 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70101-3 |pmid=25104600 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Side effects also included changes in behaviors and decreased lung function. There is also evidence of significant DNA damage.<br /> <br /> === Vulnerable populations ===<br /> Vulnerable populations such as pregnant women, children and the elderly are particularly susceptible to the health risks of e-waste. It is estimated that throughout India, 400,000–500,000 child workers between the ages of 10 and 15 are involved in e-waste recycling activities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Hazardous chemical absorption can have a negative effect on a child's growth and can cause permanent damages. Children are particularly sensitive to [[lead poisoning]]; it is found that the e-waste recycling activities had contributed to the elevated blood lead levels in children.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Brigden |first1=K |title=Recycling of electronic wastes in China and India: workplace and environmental contamination |url=http://www.greenpeace.org/india/press/reports/recycling-of-electronic-wastes |publisher=Greenpeace |accessdate=28 March 2019 |archive-date=12 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812185319/http://www.greenpeace.org/india/press/reports/recycling-of-electronic-wastes |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pregnant women have risks of spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, premature births, and reduced birth weights associated with exposure to the electronic waste<br /> <br /> == Environmental impacts ==<br /> The processes used to recycle and dispose of e-waste in India have led to a number of detrimental environmental impacts. As a result, improper recycling and disposal techniques, air, water and soil throughout much of India is now contaminated with toxic e-waste byproducts.<br /> <br /> === Air ===<br /> Air pollution is a widespread problem in India—nine out of the ten most polluted cities on earth are in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/11/world/asia/india-air-pollution.html|title=India Finally Has Plan to Fight Air Pollution. Environmentalists Are Wary.|last1=Abi-Habib|first1=Maria|date=2019-01-11|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-03-28|last2=Kumar|first2=Hari|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; An important contributor to India's air pollution problem is widespread, improper recycling and disposal of e-waste.<br /> <br /> For example, dismantling and shredding of e-waste releases dust and particulates into the surrounding air. Low value e-waste products like plastics are often burned—this releases fine particles into the air that can travel hundreds-to-thousands of miles.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ewaste.ee.washington.edu/students/impacts-of-e-waste-on-the-environment/|title=WEEE: Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment – Impact of WEEE|access-date=2019-03-28|archive-date=2019-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328203402/https://ewaste.ee.washington.edu/students/impacts-of-e-waste-on-the-environment/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Desoldering is a technique used to extract higher-value materials like gold and silver which can release chemicals and damaging fumes when done improperly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition to contributing to air pollution, these toxic e-waste particulates can contaminate water and soil. When it rains, particulates in the air are deposited back into the water and soil. Toxic e-waste air particulates easily spread throughout the environment by contaminating water and soil which can have damaging effects on the ecosystem.<br /> <br /> === Water ===<br /> [[File:Slum and dirty river.jpg|thumb|288x288px|A child walks in a trash-laden river in the Indian Himalayas.]]<br /> India's sacred [[Yamuna|Yamuna river]] and [[Ganges|Ganges river]] are considered to be among the most polluted rivers in the world. It is estimated that nearly 80% of India's surface water is polluted.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/pollution/80-of-Indias-surface-water-may-be-polluted-report-by-international-body-says/articleshow/47848532.cms|title=80% of India's surface water may be polluted, report by international body says - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=28 June 2015 |access-date=2019-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sewage, pesticide runoff and [[industrial waste]], including e-waste, all contribute to [[Water pollution in India|India's water pollution problem]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> E-waste contaminates water in two major ways:<br /> # Landfills: Dumping e-waste into landfills that are not designed to contain e-waste can lead to contamination of surface and groundwater because the toxic chemicals can leach from landfills into the water supply.<br /> # Improper recycling: Improper recycling produces toxic byproducts that may be disposed of using existing drainage such as city sewers and street drains. Once these products have been introduced into the local water supply, they can cause further pollution by entering surface water such as streams, ponds, and rivers.  <br /> <br /> Researchers at [[Jamia Millia Islamia|Jamia Millia Islamia University]] collected samples of soil and groundwater from five locations with high e-waste activity and found dangerous levels of contamination near unregulated e-waste sites.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/waste/e-waste-contaminating-delhi-s-groundwater-and-soil-59522|title=E-waste contaminating Delhi's groundwater and soil. (2019)|date=23 March 2019|website=Downtoearth.org.}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to this study the average concentration of all heavy metals (except zinc) in water near e-waste sites in New Delhi was significantly higher than reference samples.<br /> <br /> In addition to being measurable, the effects of industrial waste pollution in India are easily observable. Approximately 500 liters of industrial waste, which includes e-waste, are dumped into the Ganges and Yamuna river daily which has led to the formation of toxic foam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Toxic foam pollutes India's sacred Yamuna River |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725110755/https://abcnews.go.com/International/toxic-foam-pollutes-indias-sacred-yamuna-river/story?id=57995346 |archive-date=2023-07-25 |url-status=live |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/toxic-foam-pollutes-indias-sacred-yamuna-river/story?id=57995346}}&lt;/ref&gt; which covers large regions of the rivers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://abc7chicago.com/4343375/|title=Toxic foam pollutes India's sacred Yamuna River|date=2018-09-27|website=ABC7 Chicago|access-date=2019-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Soil ===<br /> According to research by Jamia Millia Islamia University, the average concentration of heavy metals in topsoil near e-waste sites in India is significantly higher than in standard agriculture soil samples. Another study tested soil samples from 28 e-waste recycling sites in India and found that the soil contained high levels of toxic [[polychlorinated biphenyl]]s (PCBs), [[polychlorinated dibenzodioxins]] (PCDDs) and [[polychlorinated dibenzofurans]] (PCDFs).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/e-waste-is-releasing-toxic-chemicals-into-soil-in-india-s-metros-says-study/story-MRoQt6UKc1pLxR30waFw7O.html|title=E-waste is releasing toxic chemicals into soil in India's metros, says study|date=2018-02-27|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2019-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Further soil sample analysis conducted by the [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]] found the average concentration PCBs in Indian soil to be two times higher than the average amount globally.  In India, PCB compounds are most prevalent in urban areas with the highest rate of [[soil-contamination]] found in Chennai (a city that imports e-waste), followed by Bengaluru, Delhi and Mumbai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/chennai-s-soil-and-delhi-s-air-most-contaminated-due-to-pcb-concentration-study-57217|title=Chennai's soil, Delhi's air most contaminated due to high PCB concentration: study|website=downtoearth.org.in|date=25 February 2017 |access-date=2019-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Disposal techniques ==<br /> [[File:Ewaste-delhi.jpg|thumb|Workers dismanteling e-waste in Delhi|304x304px]]<br /> The current e-waste disposal techniques in India have operated mostly in an informal manner due to the lack of enforcement laws and regulations. This has created a new area of economic gain for the country, especially among the urban and rural poor. Though it helps many make a living, those that are disposing of e-waste are usually not aware of the risks and health hazards that result from certain disposal techniques. There are two sectors that handle e-waste disposal, and they can be divided into informal or formal sectors.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Borthakur, A., &amp; Sinha, K. Borthakur, A., &amp; Sinha, K. |title=Electronic Waste Management in India: A Stakeholder's Perspective |journal=Electronic Green Journal |volume=1 |issue=36}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Formal sector ===<br /> The formal sector includes two facilities authorized to deconstruct electronics for the entire country of India and are at capacity with five tons being disposed each day. These facilities primarily receive electronic waste from the producers of &quot;service centers or take-back schemes&quot; or companies that follow the environmental policies on disposing electronic waste. These facilities, though reaching capacity daily, are not the mainstream method of disposal. The formal sector only follows procedure of dismantling and segregating parts. They do not physically dispose of the electronic waste. The informal sector has made it difficult to compete.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Informal sector ===<br /> The informal sector handles electronic waste by recycling or final disposal. Much of electronics that reach India are out of date to more developed countries. Then, within India, these electronics are passed around until no longer of use. There is a whole economic market for electronic waste because the parts can be dismantled and the scrap metals can be recycled. There are recycling techniques that are not following any type of environmental or health standards. Some of the methods used are acid baths, burning cables, and disposing in nature which can be detrimental to the health of those participating in these disposal techniques.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Initiatives to tackle e-waste ==<br /> In 2023, the Minister for Industries and IT, [[K. T. Rama Rao|K.T. Rama Rao]], also inaugurated a programme to promote the secure disposal of electronic waste called 'Mission E-waste’. Under this mission, Celekt will set up particular store bins for customers to dispose of old phones, laptops, tablets, and other electronic devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-08-24 |title=From Trash To Treasure |url=https://www.nagrika.org/post/e-waste-management |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Nagrika |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a reward, customers who use these bins will receive discount coupons ranging from ₹1,000 to ₹10,000, valid for up to six months for new purchases. Celekt is partnering with three e-waste disposal companies to ensure the responsible treatment of the collected electronic waste.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=India launches 'Mission E-waste' to promote responsible disposal of electronic devices {{!}} Digital Watch Observatory |url=https://dig.watch/updates/india-launches-mission-e-waste-to-promote-responsible-disposal-of-electronic-devices |access-date=2025-09-11 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Initiatives like The Kabadiwala and Karo Sambhav in cities like [[Bhopal]], [[Indore]], [[Durg]], and [[Mapusa]] have helped city dwellers to manage their e-waste efficiently. [[Jamshedpur]] has joined hands with Hulladek Recycling Pvt Ltd. to make the city e-waste-free. Moreover, e-waste artworks are gaining popularity among artists and are an innovative way of using discarded materials in captivating works of art.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-08-24 |title=From Trash To Treasure |url=https://www.nagrika.org/post/e-waste-management |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Nagrika |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Regulations ==<br /> The Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change (MoEFCC) is primarily responsible for regulations regarding electronic waste. Additionally, the [[Central Pollution Control Board]] (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) produce implementation procedures to ensure proper management of rules set forth by the MoEFCC.<br /> <br /> === E-Waste Management and Handling Rules, 2011 ===<br /> An addition to the Environmental Protection Act of 1986, the E-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules of 2011 came into effect in May 2012. The rules stated that all manufacturers and importers of electronic goods were required to come up with a plan to manage their electronic waste. Producers or importers had to establish e-waste collection centers or employ take back systems. These rules also mandated that sellers of electronic goods must provide consumers with information on how to properly dispose of the electronics in order to prevent people from dumping their electronics with domestic waste. Further, companies that produce electronics which have the potential to become e-waste must make the consumer aware of the hazardous materials in their product.<br /> These rules established and placed specific responsibilities for each party involved in the production, disposal, and management of electronic waste. Specific responsibilities were given to the producer, collection centers, consumer or bulk consumer, dismantlers, and recyclers. These rules also mandated that commercial consumers and government departments must keep records of their electronic waste and make them available to state and federal Pollution Control Boards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ecoraksha.com/index.php?page=complete_rules |website=E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 |accessdate=28 March 2019|title=Home - Eco Raksha }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === E-Waste Management Rules, 2016 ===<br /> In October 2016, the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016 replaced the E-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011. This set of rules clarifies duties of responsible parties, enacts more stringent regulations on e-waste production, as well as clarifies the general definition of e-waste. In these rules, e-waste is defined as &quot;electrical and electronic equipment, whole or in part discarded as waste by the consumer or bulk consumer as well as rejects from manufacturing, refurbishment and repair processes. ‘Electrical and electronic equipment’ in turn has been defined to mean equipment which are dependent on electric current or electro-magnetic field in order to become functional.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=E-waste Management Rules, 2016 |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/426933/e-waste-management-rules-2016/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A major concept presented in these rules is the idea of [[extended producer responsibility]] (EPR). Producers of electronic products must implement EPR to ensure that their electronic waste is delivered to authorized recyclers or dismantlers. These rules establish and place specific responsibilities for each party involved in the production, disposal, and management of electronic waste. Specific responsibilities were given to the manufacturer, producer, collection centers, dealers, refurbisher, consumer or bulk consumer, recycler, and the state government. These rules also stated target goals for certain industries to drastically reduce their collection of electronic waste.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=E-waste Management Rules, 2016 |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/426933/e-waste-management-rules-2016/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Amendment to the E-Waste Management Rules, 2018 ===<br /> This amendment relaxes certain aspects of the strict E- Waste (Management Rules of 2016). Specifically, the amendment focusses on the e-waste collection targets by 10% during 2017–2018, 20% during 2018–2019, 30% during 2019–2020, and so on. This amendment also gives the Central Pollution Control Board power to randomly select electronic equipment on the market to test for compliance of rules. The financial cost associated with this testing shall be the responsibility of the government, whereas previously, this responsibility was of the producer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://blog.scconline.com/post/2018/03/27/e-waste-management-amendment-rules-2018-notified/ |website=E-Waste Management Rules Amended (Key Highlights)|title=E- Waste Management Rules amended &amp;#91;Key Highlights&amp;#93; |date=27 March 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{World topic|Electronic waste in|noredlinks=yes}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Electronic waste by country]]<br /> [[Category:Science and technology in India]]<br /> [[Category:Waste in India]]<br /> [[Category:Electronic waste in Asia|India]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghatiya_Assembly_constituency&diff=500377 2026-04-16T04:49:39Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Added new post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Ghatiya<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 215<br /> | map_image = 215-Ghatiya.svg<br /> | state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Ujjain district|Ujjain]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujjain]]<br /> | established = 1977<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | mla = [[Satish Malviya]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | preceded_by = [[Ramlal Malviya]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Ghatiya''' is one of the 230 assembly constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] a central Indian state. Ghatiya is also part of [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujjain Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/ghatiya.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Ghatiya (SC) Assembly Constituency]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ceo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=eci2&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website|access-date=5 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155640/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Election<br /> !Name<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | Gangaram Parmar<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | Nagulal Malviya<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> | Avantika Prasad Marmat<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Rameshwar Akhand<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br /> | [[Ramlal Malviya]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br /> | Narayan Parmar<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br /> | [[Ramlal Malviya]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br /> | [[Satish Malviya]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot; /&gt;<br /> |[[Ramlal Malviya]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | [[Satish Malviya]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghatiya&lt;ref name=&quot;BJP Candidates MP 2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-candidates-for-39-assembly-seats-in-madhya-pradesh-3-months-ahead-of-state-election-101692298341918.html|title=BJP releases first list of candidates for 39 seats in MP|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=18 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Satish Malviya]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:96236}}<br /> |percentage = 52.27<br /> |change = +6.61<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Ramlal Malviya]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:78570}}<br /> |percentage = 42.68<br /> |change = -5.79<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)<br /> |candidate = Ravi Gujrati<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3671}}<br /> |percentage = 1.99<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Jeevan Singh Dewda<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2212}}<br /> |percentage = 1.2<br /> |change = -0.39<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1257}}<br /> |percentage = 0.68<br /> |change = -0.69<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:17666}}<br /> |percentage = 9.59<br /> |change = +6.78<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:184098}}<br /> |percentage = 82.66<br /> |change = +2.44<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghatiya&lt;ref name=election2018&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Ramlal Malviya]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:79639}}<br /> |percentage = 48.47<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Ajit Premchand Guddu<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:75011}}<br /> |percentage = 45.66<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Nathulal Dholpure<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2618}}<br /> |percentage = 1.59<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Sangharsh Dal<br /> |candidate = Nirbhay Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1800}}<br /> |percentage = 1.1<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2256}}<br /> |percentage = 1.37<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4628}}<br /> |percentage = 2.81<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:164296}}<br /> |percentage = 80.22<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Ujjain]]<br /> * [[Ghatiya]]<br /> * [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{City of Ujjain}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}<br /> {{coord|23.382|75.851|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Ujjain]]<br /> [[Category:Year of establishment missing]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]<br /> [[Category:1977 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Ujjain district]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajay_Seth&diff=485106 2026-04-06T11:46:52Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Chairman of IRDAI}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder <br /> | name = Ajay Seth<br /> | birth_name = Ajay Seth <br /> | caption = <br /> | occupation = [[Bureaucrat]] <br /> | image = Shri Ajay Seth IAS.jpg<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1965|06|30}}<br /> | birth_place = [[India]]<br /> | office = [[Chairman|Chairman of]] [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority|Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India]]<br /> | predecessor = Debasish Panda<br /> |appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]<br /> | term_start = 1 September 2025<br /> | office1 = [[Finance Secretary of India]]<br /> | term_start1 = 24 March 2025<br /> | term_end1 = 30 June 2025<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Tuhin Kanta Pandey]]<br /> |successor1= '''Vacant'''<br /> |appointer1 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]<br /> | office2 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Economic Affairs Secretary of India]]<br /> |appointer2 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]<br /> | term_start2 = 16 April 2021<br /> | term_end2 = 30 June 2025<br /> | predecessor2 = Tarun Bajaj <br /> |successor2= Anuradha Thakur<br /> | office3 = [[chief executive officer|CEO of]] [[Namma Metro|Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]<br /> | term_start3 = July 2018<br /> | term_end3 = April 2021<br /> |successor3 = Rakesh Singh&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= 10 April 2021|title= Rakesh Singh is the new MD of Bangalore Metro |url= https://metrorailnews.in/rakesh-singh-is-new-md-of-bangalore-metro/|access-date= 13 November 2025|website= Metro Rail News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |appointer3 = [[Government of Karnataka]]<br /> | alma_mater = ([[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]]) [[IIT Roorkee]]&lt;br&gt;([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]) [[Ateneo de Manila University]] <br /> |awards = [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India#Other national awards|Prime Minister's Award for Excellence in Public Administration]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Ajay Seth''' (born 30 June 1965&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ajay Seth |url= https://thesecretariat.in/bureautrack/ajai-seth-01kn027400|access-date= 13 November 2025|website= The Secretariat|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;) is a retired 1987 batch [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]] from [[Karnataka]] cadre who is serving as the [[Chairman|Chairman of]] [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority]] since September 2025. He previously served in other roles within the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance Ministry of India]] such as [[Finance Secretary of India|Finance Secretary]] and [[Secretary to the Government of India|Economic Affairs Secretary]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date = 24 July 2025|title = Govt appoints former Finance Secretary Ajay Seth as IRDAI chief|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/former-finance-secretary-ajay-seth-set-to-become-new-irdai-chairman-10146651/|website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Ajay Seth was born on 30 June 1965 in [[India]].<br /> He completed his [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]] degree in [[mechanical engineering]] <br /> from <br /> [[IIT Roorkee]] and his [[Master in Business Administration|MBA]] degree from [[Ateneo de Manila University]] in [[Philippines]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= 24 March 2025 |title= Budget 2025: Economic Affairs Secretary Ajay Seth's educational qualification – Key points to know|url= https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/world/budget-2025-economic-affairs-secretary-ajay-seth-s-educational-qualification-key-points-to-know/ar-AA1ydALR|access-date= 13 November 2025|website= ET Now |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Civil Service career==<br /> Seth has worked in various positions in the [[Government of Karnataka]] as [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] of Infrastructure Development, Urban Development and Planning department in [[Government of Karnataka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= 24 March 2025|title= Ajay Seth appointed new Finance Secretary of India All you need to know about him |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/ajay-seth-appointed-new-finance-secretary-of-india-all-you-need-to-know-about-him-2025-03-24-982123 |access-date= 13 November 2025|website= [[India TV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Between 2000 and 2004 Seth was the Deputy Secretary in [[Ministry of Finance (India)#Department of Expenditure|Department of Expenditure]] and in [[Ministry of Finance (India)#Department of Economic Affairs|Department of Economic Affairs]] in [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] [[Government of India]]. From 2004 to 2008 he was an advisor to the executive director at [[Asian Development Bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= 16 April 2021|title=Senior IAS officer Ajay Seth takes over as new Economic Affairs Secretary |url= https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/ajay-seth-takes-over-as-new-economic-affairs-secretary-7276192/?utm_source=chatgpt.com|access-date=13 November 2025|website= [[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He then was the chief secretary in health and family welfare ministry and commissioner of Commercial Taxes in [[Government of Karnataka]]. As commissner of Commercial Tax department of Karnataka Government his tenure was known for transforming the Commercial Tax administration for which he got the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India#Other national awards|Prime Minister's Award for Excellence in Public Enterprises]] in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= 24 July 2025 |title= Ajay Seth appointed as IRDAI Chairman|url=https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/articles/ajay-seth-takes-office-as-chairperson-of-irdai/122879195|access-date= 1 December 2025|website= [[The Economic Times|BFSI The Economic Times]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1= Noronha|first1= Gaurav|date= 16 April 2021|title= Ajay Seth takes over as Economic Affairs Secretary|url= https://m.economictimes.com/news/economy/policy/ajay-seth-takes-over-as-new-economic-affairs-secretary/articleshow/82098544.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com|access-date= 13 November 2025|website= [[The Economic Times]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2018 he was appointed as the [[managing director]] of [[Namma Metro|Bangalore Metro Railway Corporation Ltd]] where he worked until April 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= 16 April 2021 |title= Bangalore metro gets new MD|url= https://trafficinfratech.com/bmrcl-gets-new-md/|access-date= 13 November 2025|website= Traffic Infra Tech}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2021, the Government of India appointed Ajay Seth as the [[Secretary to the Government of India|Economic Affairs Secretary of India]], his return to Central Government after a gap of 13 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= 21 April 2021|title= Ajay Seth takes over as the New Economic Affairs Secretary|url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/amp/news/governance/ajay-seth-takes-over-as-new-economic-affairs-secretary/82102338 |access-date= 13 November 2025|website= [[The Economic Times|The Economic Times Government]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 2025, the Government appointed Seth as the new [[Finance Secretary of India]] after the departure of [[Tuhin Kanta Pandey]] to take up the role as Chairman of [[SEBI]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= 24 March 2025|title= Senior most Officer is now the Finance Secretary|url= https://thesecretariat.in/article/senior-most-finmin-officer-ajay-seth-is-now-finance-secretary |access-date= 13 November 2025|website= Fortune India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After stepping down from both of his previous posts, Ajay Seth took over the office as the chairman of the [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority]] for a period of 3 years, starting on 1 September 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 July 2025 |title= India appoints Ajay Seth as the Insurance regulator chair order shows|url= https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-appoints-ajay-seth-insurance-regulators-chair-order-shows-2025-07-24/|access-date= 13 November 2025|website= [[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Seth, Ajay}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1965 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]<br /> [[Category:IIT Roorkee alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Ateneo de Manila University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology alumni]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Mangaluru&diff=541804 2026-04-05T09:11:52Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Put Up Stub!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br /> [[Mangaluru]]'s location in the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]] makes it accessible by all forms of transport: road, rail, air and sea. It is the largest city in the [[Coastal Karnataka]] region, and is the only city in [[Karnataka]] and one among the six cities in [[India]] to have an International Airport, a Major Seaport, railway &amp; road connectivities. It is the second prominent city of [[Karnataka]] after the state capital [[Bengaluru]] in all aspects. It is one of the fastest developing cities in [[India]]. <br /> <br /> ==Local public transport==<br /> {{Main|Mangaluru City Bus routes}}<br /> [[File:Mangalore Rickshaw.jpg|250px|thumb|right|A typical Mangaluru [[Autorickshaw]]]]<br /> Even though [[Mangaluru]]'s city bus service is dominated by private operators such as [[Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators' Association|DKBOA]], with routes covering the full extent of the city and beyond, in recent days [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]] is plying buses in multiple routes. There are two distinct sets of routes for the buses, with the city routes being covered by city buses, and the intercity routes being covered by service and express buses. KSRTC also operates green coloured [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission|JnNurm]] city buses from [[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]] bus stand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/3-yr-demand-materialises-city-gets-JnNURM-depot-35-buses/articleshow/55259143.cms<br /> |title=3-yr demand materialises; city gets JnNURM depot, 35 buses<br /> |date=5 November 2016 <br /> |accessdate=21 February 2017 <br /> |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; These buses travel to different parts of the city and its suburbs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url= http://www.udayavani.com/english/news/mangaluru/93794/finally-nurm-buses-get-permit-mangaluru<br /> |title= Finally Nurm buses get permit in Mangaluru<br /> |date=22 August 2015<br /> |accessdate=11 October 2016<br /> |publisher= [[Udayavani]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Service buses essentially touch some towns and villages on the intercity route. Service are run to various location like Udupi, Karkala and Kateel. However the frequency of service buses are extremely low. Express buses reach their destination with very limited stops in between. A list of bus routes inside Mangaluru can be found [[Mangalore City Bus routes|here]].<br /> <br /> Another mode for local transportation is the [[autorickshaw]]. The minimum cost charged by an autorickshaw up to 1.5 km is Rs 35.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Udayavani |title=Mangaluru: RTA notifies revised auto fares again! New rates applicable from Dec 1 |url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/mangaluru-rta-notifies-revised-auto-fares-again-new-rates-applicable-from-dec-1#:~:text=Mangaluru:%20The%20Dakshina%20Kannada%20Regional,is%20fixed%20at%20Rs%2020. |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Udayavani |language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meters are used in all autorickshaws plying inside the city and the suburbs, but most of the autorickshaw drivers do not charge according to meter. However charges are 1.5 times the displayed reading between 10 pm and 5 am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=679091|title=Mangaluru: Auto-rickshaw fare revised - Minimum charge Rs 30|date=28 February 2020|newspaper=Daijiworld|author=Spoorthi Ullal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taxi services in Mangaluru are provided by [[Ola Cabs]] and [[Uber]], whose services extend to the Mangaluru International Airport.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=372975|title=Uber launches operations in Mangaluru|date=18 December 2015|access-date=6 October 2016|newspaper=Daijiworld}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/get-a-cab-on-call-ola-launches-service-in-mangaluru/article6966575.ece|title=Get a cab on call, Ola launches service in Mangaluru|author=Anil Kumar Sastry|date=6 March 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=6 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Motorcycle rental providers have also begun offering transport services in the city.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/22/indian-bike-rental-startup-bounce-raises-105m/|title=Indian bike rental startup Bounce raises $105M|last=Singh|first=Manisha|date=23 January 2020|website=TechCrunch|language=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Long distance bus routes ==<br /> [[File:Volvo 9400 B11R Airavat Club Class.jpg|thumb|A Volvo B11R [[Airavat Club Class]] bus operated by Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation between Bengaluru and Mangaluru.]]<br /> [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC) runs the long distance bus services from Mangalore(from [[Bejai bus stand]]) to other parts of the state. The [[Mangaluru]]-[[Bengaluru]] route is the most lucrative route and is equally served by public &amp; private players.<br /> <br /> The longest bus route served is the [[Mangaluru]] - [[Ankola]]- [[Hubli]]- [[Belgaum]]- [[Pune]]- [[Mumbai]] bus route run by a number of private players and KSRTC. The journey is about 22 hours by normal buses &amp; 16 hours by [[Volvo Buses]].<br /> <br /> Many private companies based out of Mangaluru, [[Udupi]], Bengaluru also ply multiple buses between Mangaluru and other cities on daily basis. Ganesh Travels, SRS Travels, Ideal Travels, Sugama Tourists, Durgamba Motors, [[VRL Group|VRL]], and Aero Bus being the popular operators. These operators provide services in different categories such as [[Air conditioning|A/C]] Volvo Bus, Sleeper, Seater etc. There will be a huge hike in number of passengers during the festive seasons such as [[Mangaluru Dasara]], [[Diwali]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Christmas]] which will also result in hike in bus fares unlike the KSRTC buses.<br /> <br /> ==Roads and Highways==<br /> [[File:Mangalore City Corporation.jpg|250px|thumb|MG Road - Bejai Road junction in Mangaluru]]<br /> [[File:Clock Tower to Nehru Maidan Road in Mangalore - 2.jpg|thumb|right|Clock Tower to Nehru Maidan Road]]<br /> [[File:Balmatta Road in Mangalore.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Balmatta Road in Mangalore]]<br /> Five national highways connect Mangalore with various parts of Karnataka and India. <br /> * [[National Highway 17 (India, old numbering)|NH-17 (now NH-66)]] connects Mangaluru with [[Udupi]], [[Bhatkal]], [[Karwar]], [[Mumbai]], [[Goa]], [[Kochi]], [[Trivandrum]] and [[Kozhikode]]. <br /> * [[National Highway 13 (India, old numbering)|NH-13 (now NH-169)]] connects with [[Shimoga]]. <br /> * [[National Highway 48 (India, old numbering)|NH-48 (now NH-75)]] connects with [[Vellore]], Bangalore, [[Kunigal]], Hassan and [[Sakleshpura]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf <br /> |title=NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI <br /> |accessdate=4 July 2008 <br /> |publisher=[[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) <br /> |url-status=dead <br /> |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225142615/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf <br /> |archivedate=25 February 2009 <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[National Highway 73 (India)|NH-73]] connects to [[Tumkur]] via [[Charmadi]], [[Mudigere]] and [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]]. <br /> * [[National Highway 275 (India)|NH-275]] also connects with Bengaluru via Mysuru.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/bangaloremysore-highway-to-be-upgraded-to-sixlane-on-ppp-basis/article6043414.ece<br /> |title=Bangalore-Mysore highway to be upgraded to six-lane on PPP basis <br /> |accessdate=8 April 2017 <br /> |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; It starts at [[Bantwal]] near Mangaluru and passes through [[Madikeri]], [[Mysore]] and [[Mandya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pwdsh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.kpwd.gov.in/roads.asp#dsh |title=Details Of State Highways |work=[[Karnataka PWD]] |accessdate=2012-08-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502055107/http://www.kpwd.gov.in/roads.asp#dsh |archivedate=2 May 2012 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt; It ends at [[Bengaluru]] spanning a total length of {{convert|378|km|mi}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;krdclmbrd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://krdcl.in/html/District_Details/Mysore/Mysore_details.html |title=WIDENING &amp; IMPROVEMENTS TO MYSORE BANTWAL ROAD (SH 88)|work=KRDCL |accessdate=2012-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Railways==<br /> {{Main|Konkan Railway}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Mangalore Junction 6.jpg|thumb|312x312px|[[Mangalore Junction railway station]]]]<br /> Mangalore has 3 railway stations - [[Mangalore Central railway station|Mangalore Central]], [[Mangalore Junction railway station|Mangalore Junction]] &amp; [[Surathkal railway station]].<br /> <br /> A [[metre gauge]] railway track was built through the [[Western Ghats]] in the east, connecting Mangalore with [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]. The broad gauge track connecting Mangalore to [[Bangalore]] via Hassan is open for freight traffic since May 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/05/06/stories/2006050601880700.htm| date = 2006-05-06<br /> |title = Mangalore-Hassan rail line open for freight traffic| accessdate = 2006-10-13| newspaper = Hindu Business Line}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the movement of passenger traffic was supposed to start after December 2006, the inaugural train was eventually flagged off from Mangalore Central railway station for Bengaluru only on 8 December 2007 by Union Minister for Railways Laloo Prasad Yadav.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | url = http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Dec82007/state2007120840210.asp?section=updatenews<br /> | date = 2007-12-08<br /> |title = Lalu flags off Mangalore-Bangalore train, at last<br /> | accessdate = 2007-12-14<br /> | newspaper = Deccan Herald |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071211145453/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Dec82007/state2007120840210.asp?section=updatenews &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archivedate = 2007-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> When India gained independence, Mangaluru was not connected to Mumbai by rail. The railway network established before independence terminated at Mangalore. Since then there had been a strong need to connect Mangaluru to Mumbai and hence the [[Konkan Railway]] came into being. The project was completed in 1998 and since then the travel time to the north of the country has come down considerably and provides a convenient alternative for passengers.<br /> <br /> Mangaluru has direct trains to [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kochi]], [[Kollam|Kollam(Quilon)]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]], [[Nagercoil]] through the [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/mangalore-central-maq/1470<br /> |title=MAQ - Mangalore Central Station <br /> |accessdate=8 April 2017 <br /> |publisher=India Rail Info<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; and to [[Mumbai]], Bhatkal, Karwar,[[Thane]] and [[Goa]] via the [[Konkan Railway]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://www.konkanrailway.com/node/39<br /> |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127150157/http://www.konkanrailway.com/node/39<br /> |url-status=dead<br /> |archive-date=27 January 2013<br /> |title=The Beginning <br /> |accessdate=16 April 2008 <br /> |publisher=Konkan Railway Corporation Limited <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2387166.ece<br /> |title=Southern Railway to operate special trains<br /> |date= 23 August 2011<br /> |accessdate=15 December 2011<br /> |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Navyug Express]] train connects Mangalore with [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url= http://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-navyug-express-16687/1170/1470/10091<br /> |title=MAQ/Mangalore Central to SVDK/Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra<br /> |accessdate=8 April 2017<br /> |publisher=India Rail Info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Exclusive-AC-III-tier-coach-for-CAPF-personnel-on-Navyug-Express-from-today/articleshow/20147158.cms<br /> |title=Exclusive AC-III tier coach for CAPF personnel on Navyug Express from today<br /> |date=20 May 2013<br /> |accessdate=8 April 2017<br /> |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express]] connects Mangalore with the national capital [[New Delhi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Rajadhani-Express-five-days-a-week-Suresh-Prabhu/articleshow/56190669.cms<br /> |title=Rajadhani Express five days a week: Suresh Prabhu<br /> |date=26 December 2016<br /> |accessdate=9 April 2017<br /> |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Sea==<br /> [[File:Mangalore Harbour entrance 0452.jpg|thumb|321x321px|right|Sea entrance to [[New Mangalore Port]]]]<br /> [[File:MV Amindivi 001.JPG|thumb|317x317px|M.V. Amindivi, a passenger ship of the [[Lakshadweep]] Islands administration docked at the Old Mangalore Port.]]<br /> The Mangaluru Harbour provides a connection by sea to the rest of the world. Currently dry, bulk and fluid cargos are handled by the [[New Mangalore Port]], providing an important gateway to the state of Karnataka. It is also the station for the Coast Guard and has a unit of CISF. This modern artificial harbour 10&amp;nbsp;km north of the Central Business District (CBD), is now India's eight largest cargo handling port.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url = http://www.newmangalore-port.com/| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040611112845/http://newmangalore-port.com/| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 11 June 2004| title = New Mangalore Port| accessdate = 2006-10-13| publisher = New Mangalore Port}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Various [[cruise ship]]s such as [[Regent Seven Seas Cruises|Regent Seven Seas]], [[Norwegian Star]], [[Oceania Cruises|Oceania]], [[Celebrity Cruises|Celebrity]], [[Costa Cruises|Costa]], [[AIDA Cruises|AIDA]], [[MS Nautica|Nautica]] and [[Royal Caribbean International]] have visited the New Mangalore Port.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/first-cruise-ship-of-the-fiscal-calls-at-new-mangalore-port/article3268963.ece<br /> |title=First cruise ship of the fiscal calls at New Mangalore Port<br /> |date=1 April 2012<br /> |accessdate=9 April 2017<br /> |newspaper=[[Business Line]] <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://www.traveldailymedia.com/244528/dubai-tourism-commemorates-inaugural-visit-of-celebrity-constellation/<br /> |title=Dubai Tourism commemorates inaugural visit of Celebrity Constellation<br /> |date=2 December 2016<br /> |accessdate=9 April 2017<br /> |publisher=Travel Daily Media <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Foreigners can enter Mangalore through the New Mangalore Port with the help of [[E-Visa|Electronic visa (e-visa)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Foreigners-can-enter-India-through-five-ports-on-e-visa/article16738695.ece | title=Foreigners can enter India through five ports on e-visa |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=9 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cruise ships from [[Europe]], [[North America]] and [[UAE]] arrive at New Mangalore Port to visit the tourist places around Mangalore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/584097/nautica-norwegian-star-cruise-through.html|title=Nautica and Norwegian Star cruise through M'luru coast|access-date=9 April 2017|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151210/nation-current-affairs/article/aida-aura-arrives-mangaluru|title=Aida Aura arrives in Mangaluru|access-date=9 April 2017|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Air==<br /> [[File:Mangalore Airport jet bridge.jpg|thumb|316x316px|[[Mangalore Airport|Mangalore International Airport]] jet bridge]]<br /> [[Mangalore International Airport]] ([[IATA]]: IXE) is located near [[Bajpe]], around 14&amp;nbsp;km north-east of the city. It is the second-largest and second-busiest airport in Karnataka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/centre-okays-leasing-out-702121.html<br /> |title= Centre okays leasing out Mangalore airport<br /> |date=8 November 2018<br /> |access-date=14 December 2019<br /> |author=Sagar Kulkarni<br /> |newspaper=Deccan Herald<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/mangalore-airport-handles-1242-lakh-passengers/article8151464.ece<br /> |title=Mangalore Airport records growth in passenger traffic<br /> |date=25 January 2016<br /> |access-date=20 February 2017<br /> |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line<br /> |author=A J Vinayak<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; New terminals and runways at the airport accommodate both cargo and passenger requirements.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/mangalore-airport-to-start-domestic-cargo-handling-from-june-26/article7333074.ece<br /> |title=Mangalore airport to start domestic cargo handling from June 26<br /> |date=19 June 2015<br /> |access-date=20 February 2017<br /> |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; State-government-run buses connect the city with the airport.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2006/10/04/stories/2006100403880900.htm<br /> |title = Intl services begin at Mangalore airport<br /> |date=4 October 2006<br /> |access-date=21 February 2008<br /> |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line<br /> |url-status = dead<br /> |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005164634/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2006/10/04/stories/2006100403880900.htm<br /> |archivedate=5 October 2012<br /> |df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt; The new terminal which had commenced operations in mid-2009 is 8&amp;nbsp;km from the city. The Airport connects Mangalore with Indian cities such as [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Delhi]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Pune]] and [[Visakhapatnam]]. The Airport also connects Mangalore with countries such as [[UAE]], [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]], [[Oman]], [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Kuwait]].<br /> <br /> Airport has seen double digit growth in passenger traffic after introducing international flights. {{As of|2014}}, the airport had a growth of 21.51 per cent in passenger handling during 2013–14, with 54 per cent growth in international traffic. It has handled 1,255,000 passengers in 2013–14 against 1,032,000 in 2012–13. The airport is expected to handle 900,000 passengers in 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Special Correspondent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mangalore-airport-gets-international-tag/article3968007.ece |title=Cities / Mangalore : Mangalore Airport gets international tag |work=The Hindu |date=5 October 2012|accessdate=30 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url =http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/02/stories/2011020263250200.htm| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110209102447/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/02/stories/2011020263250200.htm| url-status =dead| archive-date =9 February 2011| date =2 February 2011| work =[[The Hindu]]|title =Passenger traffic up in Mangalore Airport | accessdate =9 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Transport in India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Transport In Mangalore}}<br /> [[Category:Transport in Mangalore| ]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._Prathapa_Varma_Thampan&diff=499466 2026-04-04T22:36:33Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Added a post...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}<br /> {{Short description|Indian politician and social worker}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = [[G.Prathapa Varma Thampan]]<br /> | image = Prathapa Varma Thampan.jpg<br /> | office = Member of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency = [[Chathannoor Assembly constituency|Chathannoor]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | term_start = 2001<br /> | term_end = 2006<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | birth_name = G.Prathapa Varma Thampan<br /> | birth_date = 20 September 1959<br /> | birth_place = [[Adoor]]<br /> | death_date = 4 August 2022<br /> | occupation = Politician<br /> | education = Post Graduate, LL.B, Doctorate in Political Science; Advocate<br /> | spouse = Deepa Thampan<br /> | children = 1 son, 1 daughter<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''G.Prathapa Varma Thampan''' was an [[Indian politician]] and social worker who was a member of&amp;nbsp;the 11th [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Chathannoor (Assembly constituency)|Chathannoor assembly constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Members – Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/mem_1_11.htm |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Congress leader and former MLA Prathapavarma Thampan no more |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/aug/05/congress-leader-and-former-mla-prathapavarma-thampan-no-more-2484195.html |work=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Daily |first1=Keralakaumudi |title=Congress leader and ex-MLA Prathapa Varma Thampan passes away |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=875383&amp;u=congress-leader-and-ex-mla-prathapa-varma-thampan-passes-away-875383 |work=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Early life and family==<br /> G. Prathapa Varma Thampan was born on 20 September 1959 in Adoor, Kerala, to P. Gopala Panicker and K. Bharathi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Members – Kerala Legislature |url=https://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m514.htm |website=Niyamasabha.org |access-date=7 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was married to Deepa Thampan and had one son and one daughter.He began his political career as a student activist, becoming president of the Kerala Students Union (KSU) school unit before rising through the party ranks. He later served in leadership roles including Youth Congress State General Secretary, KSU General Secretary, State Treasurer, and as a member of the [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]] executive. During his career spanning over four decades, he represented the Chathannoor constituency in the 11th Kerala Legislative Assembly (2001–2006) and also served as president of the [[Kollam district|Kollam District]] Congress Committee from 2012 to 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Congress leader Prathapa Varma Thampan passes away |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/congress-leader-and-former-mla-prathapa-varma-thampan-passes-away-d0d04e22 |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |date=4 August 2022 |access-date=7 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Congress leader and former MLA Prathapavarma Thampan no more |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/aug/05/congress-leader-and-former-mla-prathapavarma-thampan-no-more-2484195.html |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=5 August 2022 |access-date=7 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Thampan was a member of the Indian National Congress and represented [[Chathannoor Assembly constituency]] in the 11th [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] from 2001 to 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Members – Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/mem_1_11.htm |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> He also served as President of the Kollam District Congress Committee until he was succeeded by V. Sathyaseelan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=AICC removes Prathapa Varma Thampan from post of Kollam DCC President |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/aicc-has-removed-prathapa-varma-thampan-from-the-post-of-the-kollam-district-congress-committee-president-v-sathyaseelan-has-been-appointed-as-the-new-dcc-president-the-necessary-direction-in-this-regard-was-sent-by-mukul-wasnik-aicc-general-secretary-in-charge-of-kerala-affairs-to-the-kpcc-president-/articleshow/38876113.cms |work=Times of India |date=18 July 2014 |access-date=7 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Thampan began his political journey in the Kerala Students Union (KSU), serving in roles including State Executive Member (1979–80), State Convenor of Kalavedhi (1983–84), and State General Secretary (1985–86). He later joined the Youth Congress, holding positions such as Executive Member (1986–88) and State General Secretary (1988–2000). <br /> <br /> He also served as Executive Member of the Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee (KPCC), President of the Kollam District Congress Committee (DCC), and was twice a member of the Kerala University Senate. Additionally, he held the position of President of the Peroor Service Co-operative Bank.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Members – Kerala Legislature |url=https://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m514.htm |website=Niyamasabha.org |access-date=7 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ==Death==<br /> Thampan passed away on 4 August 2022. His death was widely reported in Kerala media, including [[The New Indian Express]], Keralakaumudi Daily, Onmanorama, and The Hindu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=G Prathapa Varma Thampan, Congress legislator, dies |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/08/04/g-prathapa-varma-thampan-congress-legislator-dies.html |newspaper=Onmanorama |date=4 August 2022 |access-date=7 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Former MLA passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/former-mla-passes-away/article65728028.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=4 August 2022 |access-date=7 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1959 births]]<br /> [[Category:2022 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Kerala MLAs 2001–2006]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Kollam district]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_future_equipment_of_the_Indian_Coast_Guard&diff=512973 2026-04-04T16:51:22Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: New Pg.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> This is a list of future equipment of the [[Indian Coast Guard]], including [[ship]]s and [[aircraft]].<br /> <br /> <br /> == Future vessels ==<br /> The following is a table of vessel classes which are either under construction or planned, but have not yet entered service.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Class<br /> ! Origin<br /> ! Type<br /> ! Commission (est.)<br /> ! Displacement<br /> ! Planned<br /> ! Comment<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders|MDL]]-class Training Vessel<br /> | rowspan = &quot;12&quot; | {{Flag|India}}<br /> |[[Training vessel]]<br /> |<br /> |3200 tonnes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://mazagondock.in/images/pdf/MDL%20Broucher_22102024.pdf#page=14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102211124/https://mazagondock.in/images/pdf/MDL%20Broucher_22102024.pdf | archive-date=2024-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |1<br /> |Contract signed: 17 Oct 23.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-17 |title=Defence Ministry signs contract for construction of the first Indian Coast Guard Training Ship with Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd, Mumbai |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1968467 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=pib.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; Keel laid: 13 Jan 25.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-13 |title=Construction begins for Coast Guard training ship at Mumbai dockyard |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coast-guard-training-ship-construction-mazagaon-dockyard-mumbai-2663965-2025-01-13 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{sclass|GSL|Pollution Control Vessel|4}}<br /> |Pollution Control Vessel<br /> <br /> |May 2025<br /> |4,100 Tons&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/gsl-begins-work-on-2-pollution-control-ships-for-coast-guard/articleshow/89733520.cms|title=GSL begins work on 2 pollution control ships for Coast Guard |date=2022-02-22 |accessdate=2023-07-08 |quote=The two pollution control vessels will be approximately 115 mtrs long, 16.5 mtrs wide, with a displacement of 4100 tonnes and a maximum speed of 22 Knots.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |2<br /> |Contract signed for ₹5.83&amp;nbsp;billion in June 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=22 June 2021 |title=MoD signs ₹583 crore contract for two pollution control vessels for Coast Guard |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mod-signs-583-crore-contract-for-two-pollution-control-vessels-for-coast-guard/article34902258.ece |access-date=2021-06-22 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Both ships were launched on 29 August 2024 and 23 July 2025, respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;PIB-290824&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |title=First indigenously developed Pollution Control Vessel of ICG, 'Samudra Pratap' Launched in presence of Raksha Rajya Mantri in Goa |date=2024-08-29 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2049860}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PIB-2307252&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |title=Indigenous Pollution Control Vessel 'Samudra Prachet' for ICG launched by GSL |date=2025-07-23 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2147254}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Multi-Role Support Vessels<br /> |Multi-Role Support Vessels<br /> |<br /> |2500 - 3500 Tons<br /> |6<br /> |{{Efn|RFI Document: https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/WriteReadData/Orders/202405220429539337681RFIforAcquisitionof06MRSVs-22May24.pdf}}<br /> |-<br /> |Offshore Patrol Vessels (Operational Sea Training)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV)<br /> |<br /> |~2500 Tons<br /> |2<br /> |{{Efn|RFI document: https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/WriteReadData/Orders/202404030415322827464RFI02OPV(OST).pdf}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{sclass|MDL|offshore patrol vessel|4}}<br /> |May 2026<br /> |2,500 Tons<br /> |6<br /> |Contract signed with [[Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders|MDL]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-20 |title=Mazagon Dock wins ₹1,600-crore contract from Defence Ministry for Indian Coast Guard vessels |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/mazagon-dock-wins-rs-1600-crore-contract-from-defence-ministry-for-indian-coast-guard-vessels-18613541.htm |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-20 |title=Mazagon Dock, Cochin Shipyard bag big orders from Ministry of Defence |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/mazagon-dock-cochin-shipyard-bag-big-orders-from-ministry-of-defence-11934121.html |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of August 2025, steel cutting for first four vessels,&lt;ref name=&quot;PIB-200825&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |title=Plate Cutting Ceremony of ICG's Fourth NGOPV Held at MDL, Mumbai |date=20 August 2025 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2158444 |access-date=21 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; with keel laying of the first vessel has been completed.&lt;ref name=&quot;PIB-220725&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |title=Keel Laid for First Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessel of ICG at MDL Mumbai |date=2025-07-22 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2146825 |work=PIB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Next Generation FPV Class<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Fast patrol vessel<br /> |<br /> |700 Tons<br /> |18<br /> |The [[Request for information|RFI]] was issued on 1 November 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiancoastguard.gov.in&quot; /&gt; Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) has cleared procurement on 3 September 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=DAC approves 10 capital acquisition proposals worth Rs 1.45 lakh crore to enhance defence preparedness |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2051323 |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Press Information Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt; HSL has emerged as the L1 bidder. The contract is worth {{INRConvert|3000|c|lk=on|year=2026}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-12 |title=HSL emerges lowest bidder for Rs 3,000-crore Fast Patrol Vessel project for Indian Coast Guard |url=https://psuwatch.com/defencewatch/hsl-emerges-lowest-bidder-for-rs-3000-crore-fast-patrol-vessel-project-for-indian-coast-guard |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=PSU Watch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |number=2011056695624237541 |user=NewsIADN |title=#HSL has emerged as the lowest bidder (L1) for the construction of 18 Next Gen Fast Patrol Vessels (FPV)... |date=2026-01-13 |access-date=2026-01-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Adamya-class patrol vessel|Adamya-class fast patrol vessel]]<br /> |<br /> |320 Tons<br /> |8<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;indiancoastguard.gov.in&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/WriteReadData/Tender/20171101024152257760608FPVdt30Oct17.pdf|title=Request for Information (RFI) for Acquisition of 08 Fast Patrol Vessels (FPVs)|website=indiancoastguard.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117204408/https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/WriteReadData/Tender/20171101024152257760608FPVdt30Oct17.pdf|archive-date=17 November 2023|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 March 2022 |title=MoD signs Rs 473 crore contract with GSL for construction of eight Fast Patrol Vessels for Indian Coast Guard |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1810469 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=pib.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[MDL-class patrol vessel|MDL-class Fast Patrol Vessel]] <br /> |<br /> |300 Tons<br /> |14<br /> |Contract signed with MDL on 24 January 2024. All to be delivered within 63 months&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MoD inks contract, worth over Rs 1070 cr, with Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd for 14 Fast Patrol Vessels for Indian Coast Guard |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1999143 |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=pib.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-24 |title=India signs ₹1,070 crore contract with Mazagon Dock for 14 advanced fast patrol vessels |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/india-signs-rs-1070-crore-contract-with-mazagon-dock-for-14-advanced-fast-patrol-vessels-18882911.htm |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/WriteReadData/Tender/202301190914478599147RFPforAcquisitionof14FastPatrolVessels(FPV)forIndianCoastGuard(ICG)-CategoryBuy(Indian-IDDM).pdf|title=Request for Proposal by Ministry of Defence Government of India for Acquisition of 14 Fast Patrol Vessels (FPVs) for Indian Coast Guard|date=19 January 2023|website=indiancoastguard.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130184445/https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/WriteReadData/Tender/202301190914478599147RFPforAcquisitionof14FastPatrolVessels(FPV)forIndianCoastGuard(ICG)-CategoryBuy(Indian-IDDM).pdf|archive-date=30 November 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Interceptor boats<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |22<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.grse.in/investor-presentations/files/Transcript_of_Analyst_Meet_Con_Call_for_Q4_FY_23_GRSE.pdf|title=SECY/GRSE/BD-69/AM/04/22-23|publisher=Garden Reach Shipbuilders &amp; Engineers Ltd.|date=6 June 2023|website=grse.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219021517/https://grse.in/investor-presentations/files/Transcript_of_Analyst_Meet_Con_Call_for_Q4_FY_23_GRSE.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2025|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) has cleared procurement on 29 July 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-07-29 |title=Govt approves procurement of navigation system for armoured fighting vehicles, interceptor boats |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/govt-approves-procurement-of-navigation-system-for-armoured-fighting-vehicles-interceptor-boats/articleshow/112109960.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-29 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Next Generation Interceptor Crafts <br /> |<br /> |15 - 17 Tons<br /> |30<br /> |{{Efn|RFI Document: https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/WriteReadData/Orders/202407020344154932931RFIforAcquisitionof30NGICs.pdf}}<br /> |-<br /> |Heavy Duty Air Cushion Vehicles<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Hovercraft]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |12<br /> |Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) has cleared procurement on 27 March 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite press release |title=DAC clears proposals worth Rs 2.38 lakh crore to augment defence capabilities|date=2026-03-27|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2246125&amp;reg=3&amp;lang=1|access-date=2026-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Air Cushion Vehicles<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |6<br /> |Deal signed on 24 October 2024 with Chowgule &amp; Company Pvt. Ltd., Goa at a cost of ₹387.44&amp;nbsp;crore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=Defence ministry signs contract to procure 6 air cushion vehicles |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/defence-ministry-signs-contract-to-procure-6-air-cushion-vehicles-124102401015_1.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=Business Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;Girder Laying and Commencement of Erection ceremony for first vessel, C-326, conducted on 30 July 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |title=Indigenous Hovercraft Construction for ICG Begins at Chowgule Shipyard |date=2025-07-30 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2150049 |access-date=2025-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Future aircraft ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ccc;&quot;|Aircraft<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ccc;&quot;|Origin<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ccc;&quot;|Type<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ccc;&quot;|Variant<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ccc;&quot;|Planned<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ccc;&quot;|Notes<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;align: center; background: lavender;&quot; | [[Maritime patrol aircraft|Maritime patrol]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Airbus C-295]] Multi-Mission Maritime Aircraft (MMMA) <br /> | {{Flag|Europe}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|India}}<br /> | [[Maritime patrol aircraft|Maritime patrol]] <br /> | C-295MPA<br /> | 6&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/rs-15000-crore-tata-airbus-deal-for-military-transport-aircraft-at-ccs-door/articleshow/80692999.cms |title=Rs 15,000 crore Tata-Airbus deal for military transport aircraft at CCS door |website=The Economic Times |date=5 February 2021 |access-date=24 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Ministry of Defence has given clearance for procurement of 6 [[EADS CASA C-295#;C-295 MPA/Persuader|C-295 MPA]] on 16 February 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat: DAC clears capital acquisition proposals worth Rs 84,560 crore to boost the capabilities of the Armed Forces &amp; Indian Coast Guard |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=2006552 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=pib.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Dornier 228|HAL 228]]<br /> |{{Flag|India}}<br /> |[[Maritime patrol aircraft|Maritime patrol]]<br /> |MPA<br /> |8<br /> |Eight additional units on order to augment current fleet. The deal worth₹2,312 crore was signed on 12th february 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2026-02-13 |title=Defence ministry inks Rs 2,312-crore deal with HAL for 8 Dornier aircraft for Coast Guard |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/defence/news/defence-ministry-inks-rs-2312-crore-deal-with-hal-for-8-dornier-aircraft-for-coast-guard/articleshow/128277083.cms |access-date=2026-02-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;align: center; background: lavender;&quot; | [[Helicopters]]<br /> |-<br /> | Twin Engine Heavy Helicopters (TEHH)<br /> | <br /> | [[Search and Rescue]] (SAR)<br /> | <br /> | 4<br /> | Planned Acquisition&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/sites/default/files/RFI%20FOR%20PROCUREMENT%20OF%20FOUR%20TWIN%20ENGINE%20HEAVY%20HELICOPTERS%20FOR%20ICG.pdf| title=Request For Information For Procurement Of Four (04) Twin Engine Heavy Helicopters (TEHH).|date=June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Naval Utility Helicopter<br /> |<br /> |[[Utility helicopter]]<br /> |<br /> |25<br /> |In August '25, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] released an [[Request for information|RFI]] for the procurement of 76 Naval Utility Helicopters meant for the Navy (51) and the [[Indian Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] (25). These will be assigned for roles like [[Maritime search and rescue|maritime SAR]], [[CASEVAC]], communication duties, and [[Low-intensity conflict|low-intensity maritime operations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-08-24 |title=Indian Navy floats RFI for 76 helicopters to boost rescue, patrol missions |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-navy-floats-rfi-for-76-helicopters-to-boost-rescue-patrol-missions/articleshow/123480942.cms |access-date=2025-08-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=2025-08-24 |title=Navy Floats RFI For 76 Utility Helicopters |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/navy-floats-rfi-for-76-utility-helicopters-1899454 |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; While HAL is developing its 5.8-tonne [[HAL Dhruv#Utility Helicopter-Marine|Utility Helicopter-Marine]], procurement from the US, France is also being considered as per reports.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dalip |date=2025-05-10 |title=India reaches out to US, France for twin-engine naval helicopters |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/india-reaches-out-to-us-france-for-twin-engine-naval-helicopters/article69561544.ece/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Adani Enterprises#Adani Defence &amp; Aerospace|Adani Defence &amp; Aerospace]] and [[Leonardo (company)|Leonardo]] has jointly fielded the [[AW169|AW169M]] design which will be [[AgustaWestland AW169#Indian manufacturing line|produced in India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |title=Adani Defence &amp; Aerospace and Leonardo Forge Strategic Partnership to Build India's Helicopter Ecosystem |date=2026-02-03 |publisher=[[Adani Group]] |url=https://www.adani.com/newsroom/media-releases/adani-defence-and-aerospace-and-leonardo-forge-strategic-partnership |access-date=2026-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2026-02-04 |title=Adani, Leonardo team up to make military helicopters |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/adani-leonardo-team-up-to-make-military-helicopters/articleshow/127897471.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-02-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of equipment of the Indian Coast Guard]]<br /> * [[List of historical equipment of the Indian Coast Guard]]<br /> * [[Future of the Indian Air Force]]<br /> * [[Future of the Indian Navy]]<br /> * [[List of equipment of the Indian Army#Future procurement and projects|Future of the Indian Army]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Military of India}}<br /> {{Indian Navy}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian Coast Guard]]<br /> [[Category:Ships of the Indian Navy| ]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of ships of India|Active]]<br /> [[Category:Naval ships of India|*]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of currently active military vehicles|Indian Navy ships]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Navy lists|Ships, active]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electricity_Act,_2003&diff=498359 2026-03-26T11:21:29Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Added a place</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Electricity act of government of India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2013}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=May 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox legislation<br /> |short_title = Electricity Act, 2003<br /> |legislature = [[Parliament of India]]<br /> |image = <br /> |imagesize = 150<br /> |imagealt = <br /> |caption = <br /> |long_title = An Act to consolidate the laws relating to generation, transmission, distribution, trading and use of electricity and generally for taking measures conducive to development of electricity industry, promoting competition therein, protecting interest of consumers and supply of electricity to all areas, rationalization of electricity tariff, ensuring transparent policies regarding subsidies, promotion of efficient and environmentally benign policies, constitution of Central Electricity Authority, Regulatory Commissions and establishment of Appellate Tribunal and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. <br /> | citation = [http://www.cercind.gov.in/Act-with-amendment.pdf Act No. 36 of 2003]<br /> |territorial_extent = [[India]]<br /> |enacted_by = <br /> |date_passed = <br /> |enacted_by2 = <br /> |date_passed2 = <br /> |date_assented = 26 May 2003<br /> |signed_by = <br /> |date_commenced = 10 June 2003&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://powermin.nic.in/sites/default/files/uploads/523.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 November 2016 |archive-date=15 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115073044/http://powermin.nic.in/sites/default/files/uploads/523.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |administered_by = <br /> |bill = <br /> |bill_citation = <br /> |bill_date = <br /> |introduced_by = <br /> |1st_reading = <br /> |2nd_reading = <br /> |3rd_reading = <br /> |conf_committee_passed = <br /> |committee_report = <br /> |bill2 = <br /> |bill_citation2 = <br /> |bill_date2 = <br /> |introduced_by2 = <br /> |1st_reading2 = <br /> |2nd_reading2 = <br /> |3rd_reading2 = <br /> |conf_committee_passed2 = <br /> |committee_report2 = <br /> |date_conf_committee = <br /> |white_paper = <br /> |amended_by = 2003 and 2007<br /> |repeals = <br /> |related_legislation = <br /> |summary = <br /> |keywords = <br /> |status = in force<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Electricity Act, 2003''' is an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] enacted to transform the power sector in India.<br /> <br /> The act covers major issues involving generation, distribution, transmission and trading in power. While some of the sections have already been enacted and are yielding benefits, there are a few other sections that are yet to be fully enforced till date.<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> {{unref|section|date=May 2025}}<br /> Before the Electricity Act, 2003, the Indian Electricity sector was guided by The Indian Electricity Act, 1910 and The Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 and the Electricity Regulatory Commission Act, 1998. The generation, distribution and transmission were carried out mainly by the State Electricity Boards in various States. Due to politico-economic situation, the cross-subsidies reached at an unsustainable level. For the purpose of distancing state governments from tariff determination, The Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act was enacted in 1998. So as to reform electricity sector further by participation of private sector and to bring in competition, Electricity Act was enacted in 2003.<br /> <br /> With effect from 2 June 2003 India has adopted a new legislation called the Electricity Act 2003, to replace some age-old existing legislation operating in the country. The new act consolidates the position for existing laws and aims to provide for measures conducive to the development of electricity industry in the country. The act has attempted to address certain issues that have slowed reform in the country and consequently has generated new hopes for the electricity industry. This paper reviews the Electricity Act 2003, to highlight how the new features are different from the existing legal provisions and whether these measures have economic rationale.<br /> <br /> An act to consolidate the laws relating to generation, transmission, distribution, trading and use of electricity for taking measures conducive to development of electricity industry, promoting competition therein, protecting interest of consumers and supply of electricity to all areas, rationalisation of electricity tariff, ensuring transparent policies regarding subsidies, promotion of efficient and environmentally benign policies, constitution of Central Electricity Authority Regulatory Commissions and establients of Appellate Tribunal for matters therewith or incident thereto.<br /> <br /> ==Generation==<br /> The Act delicenses power generation completely (except for all nuclear and hydro-power projects over a certain size).<br /> As per the Act, 10 per cent of the power supplied by suppliers and distributors to the consumers has to be generated using renewable and non-conventional sources of energy so that the energy is reliable.<br /> <br /> Electricity generation has been made a non-licensed activity and the techno-economic clearance from the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has been done away with for any power plant, except for hydro-electric power stations above a certain amount of capital investment. This has been provided in section 7 and 8 of the Electricity Act 2003. The generators can sell electricity to any licensees or where allowed by the state regulatory commissions, to consumers directly. The provision of direct sale of electricity by the generators, when and where allowed, would promote more IPP participation in the power generation, as these consumers are more creditworthy and bankable compared to many SEB's. However the act provides for imposition of a surcharge by the regulatory body to compensate for some loss in cross-subsidy revenue to the SEB's due to this direct sale of electricity by generators to the consumers.<br /> <br /> The Act delicenses distribution in rural areas and brings in a licensing regime for distribution in urban areas.<br /> <br /> However, as per the Act, only 16 states in India have notified what constitutes as rural areas and therefore the rural distribution is yet to be freed up in nearly one third of the country.<br /> <br /> ==Key features==<br /> The main features of the act are as follows:<br /> <br /> # Generation is being de-licensed and captive generation freely permitted, i.e. any generating company may establish, operate and maintain a generating station without obtaining a licence under this Act with the only exception that it should comply with the technical standards relating to connectivity with the grid referred to in clause (b) of section 73.<br /> #:Note: Hydro-projects, however, need concurrence from the Central Electricity Authority.<br /> # No person shall<br /> #:(a)transmit electricity; or<br /> #:(b)distribute electricity; or<br /> #:(c)undertake trading in electricity,<br /> #:unless he is authorised to do so by a licence issued, exceptions are informed by authorised commissions through notifications.<br /> # Central Government may, make region-wise demarcation of the country, and, from time to time, make such modifications therein as it may consider necessary for the efficient, economical and integrated transmission and supply of electricity, and in particular to facilitate voluntary inter-connections and co-ordination of facilities for the inter-State, regional and inter-regional generation and transmission of electricity.&lt;br /&gt;Transmission utility at the central and state level to be a government company with responsibility of planned and coordinated development of transmission network.<br /> # Open access in transmission with provision for surcharge for taking care of current level of cross-subsidy, with the surcharge being gradually phased out.<br /> # The state governments are required to unbundle State Electricity Boards. However they may continue with them as distribution licensees and state transmission utilities.<br /> # Setting up State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC) has been made mandatory.<br /> # An appellate tribunal to hear appeals against the decision of [[Central Electricity Regulatory Commission|(CERC's)]] and SERC's.<br /> # Metering of electricity supplied made mandatory.<br /> # Provisions related to thefts of electricity made more stringent.<br /> # Trading as a distinct activity recognised with the safeguard of Regulatory commissions being authorised to fix ceiling on trading margins.<br /> # For rural and remote areas, stand-alone system for generation and distribution is permitted.<br /> # Thrust to complete rural electrification and provide for management of rural distribution by panchayat, cooperative societies, NGOs, franchisees etc.<br /> # Central government to prepare National Electricity Policy and Tariff Policy.<br /> # Central Electricity Authority (CEA) to prepare National Electricity Plan.<br /> <br /> ==Role of CEA==<br /> The role of [[Central Electricity Authority (India)|CEA]] is limited to policy recommendations, monitoring electricity sector performance, advising the Ministry of power on technical issues, data management/dissemination of the power sector, etc.<br /> <br /> Preparation of technical standards for construction of electrical plants, electric lines and '''connectivity to the grid''' is the responsibility of CEA as per section 73 (b) of the Electricity Act, 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/electricity_act2003.pdf |title= The Electricity Act, 2003 |access-date= 21 September 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130923075018/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/electricity_act2003.pdf |archive-date= 23 September 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, as per section 7 of this Act, a generating company may establish, operate and maintain a generating station if it complies with the technical standards only relating to '''connectivity to the grid''' as given in clause (b) of section 73. This implies that generating stations need not follow compulsory the CEA technical standards specified for construction of electrical plants and electric lines. Similarly, transmission / distribution licensees need not implement compulsory the standards for construction of electric lines except the '''Grid Code/ Grid Standards for the operation and maintenance of transmission lines''' specified by CEA under clause 73 (d) of this Act. Many times, these CEA standards are conservative compromising optimum design features /cost/ utility and also do not give full clarity in selection of the system / sub system capabilities of electrical plants and electric line.<br /> <br /> ==Left parties opposition==<br /> Left parties opposed the clauses related to competition in electricity market such as unbundling of Electricity Boards and open access and also had strong objection regarding elimination of cross subsidies. [[UPA government]], in its first tenure agreed for some of the amendments and according clause regarding cross subsidies are amended. In its second tenure, UPA government published a draft amendment of The Electricity Act 2003 with the main intention of separation of retail sale of electricity from distribution business.<br /> <br /> ==Amendments==<br /> Several amendments were made after 2003 in the Act. The amendments proposed during 2015 is to make major changes. The important provision is to introduce electricity supply companies who will not own electric lines. The Government says it would attract competition and therefore will cause reduction in price. But those oppose these amendments say that in Indian situation competition can not bring down the cost. Some electricity finance experts are of the opinion that it will weaken the public sector discoms and can damage power sector industry in the country.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/amendment-to-act-will-change-power-sector-expert%20/article6740719.ece Amendment to Act will change power sector]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Section 25 of the electricity act, 2003 authorises the central government to demarcate the country into regions necessary for the efficient, economical and integrated transmission and supply of electricity, and in particular to facilitate '''voluntary''' interconnections and co-ordination of facilities for the inter-State, regional and interregional generation and transmission of electricity. Electricity is listed in the [[concurrent list]] (entry 38 of list III). The traditional and unscientific demarcation of the country into five regions (north, south, east, west and north east regions) without giving any valid justification and applying one set of rules for intra region and different set of rules for inter regions in sharing electricity transmission system and transmission losses, etc. is considered discriminating one state from another state. Without the [[public interest]], Constitution does not recognise different set of rules applicable for a group of states except ratified by each of the concerned state under [[wikisource:Constitution of India/Part XI|Article 252]] of the constitution.<br /> <br /> The concept of dividing the country in to regions by clubbing few states, emerged in seventies to envisage pit head super thermal power stations nearer to coal mines and to supply the generated power to far flung areas by high voltage transmission lines. In last forty years, [[electricity sector in India]] has grown many folds and the present power consumption in many big states has exceeded the regional level power consumption at that time. Moreover, the electricity generation from other sources such as natural gas, hydro, nuclear, wind, solar, imported coal, etc. has increased substantially and country has achieved decentralisation and diversification with respect to electricity generation and its consumption. The concept of regions is no more useful by treating the states in a region at par and outside the region differently. Many states forming boundary of a region are unable to draw/export cheaper power from adjoining regions/states due to regional bias / differentiation. Also, the electricity grid has transformed into one national grid and the emergence of single grid operation has made practically regional grids obsolete. Each state should be considered as one administrative entity/region/area for power transmission and its losses accounting and its commercial settlement as a part of national grid. Section 25 (provision to create regions) and other related sections of the Electricity Act 2003 &amp; proposed Electricity Bill 2014 are unconstitutional in the absence of its ratification by each state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Electricity/Electricity%20(A)%20bill,%202014.pdf|title=The electricity bill, 2014|access-date=21 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Electricity is also being transmitted in circuitous path (ex: north-eastern region exports power to eastern region, eastern region exports power to northern and western regions, western region exports power to northern region and power from northern region is exported back to north-eastern region. Similarly eastern region exports power to western region and western region exports to southern region instead of eastern region directly export all the net power needed by the southern, northern and north-eastern regions.) on daily basis without any economic sense by the central transmission company.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nldc.in/2013-03-12-10-34-42/daily-report|title=Daily nation wise Power Supply Position|access-date=21 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624125104/http://www.nldc.in/2013-03-12-10-34-42/daily-report|archive-date=24 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thus regional concept for power generation and transmission has become counter productive.<br /> <br /> ==Important Judgments on Electricity==<br /> In a recent ruling, Rajasthan High Court Jaipur bench held that the acts of Jaipur Vidyut Vitran Nigam Limited which is a licensee under section 14 in Jaipur in denying electricity connection and forcing residents to buy electricity from builder are illegal and violation of Article 21 of the constitution of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-24 |title=राजस्थान में बिजली कनेक्शन पर हाईकोर्ट का बड़ा आदेश, ‘स्वतंत्र बिजली हर परिवार का मौलिक हक’ |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/rajasthan-high-court-residents-of-housing-societies-entitled-to-independent-electricity-connections-20287940 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Advocate Bhuvnesh Kumar |date=2026-02-07 |title=JVVNL Forcing Plot Owners to buy electricity from builder is illegal : Rajasthan High Court, Jaipur Bench |url=https://www.advocatebhuvneshkumargoyal.com/jvvnl-forcing-plot-owners-to-buy-electricity-from-builder-is-illegal-rajasthan-high-court-jaipur-bench/ |access-date=2026-02-17 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Electricity sector in India]]<br /> * [[Energy law]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://powermin.nic.in/en/content/electricity-act-2003 Electricity Act, 2003 – Ministry of Power]<br /> * [http://www.cercind.gov.in/Act-with-amendment.pdf Electricity Act, 2003 text]<br /> <br /> {{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Electricity Act, 2003, The}}<br /> [[Category:2003 in Indian law]]<br /> [[Category:Electric power in India]]<br /> [[Category:2003 in law]]<br /> [[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2003]]<br /> [[Category:Vajpayee administration]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Cannanore_(1507)&diff=535721 2026-03-24T17:52:51Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Put Up Data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Siege in India}}<br /> {{Infobox military conflict<br /> | conflict = Siege of Cannanore (1507)<br /> | image = Kannur-Fort-22.jpg<br /> | image_size = 300px<br /> | caption = [[St. Angelo Fort]] in [[Kannur|Cannanore]]<br /> | partof = the [[First Luso-Malabarese War]]<br /> | date = 27 April – 27 August 1507&lt;br /&gt;({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=04|day1=27|year1=1507|month2=08|day2=27|year2=1507}})<br /> | place = [[Kannur|Cannanore]], India|<br /> | result = Portuguese victory<br /> | combatant1 = [[Portuguese Empire]]<br /> | combatant2 = [[Kōlattunād]]&lt;br&gt;[[Calicut (kingdom)|Calicut]]<br /> | commander1 = Lourenço de Brito<br /> | commander2 = [[Kolathiri]]&lt;br&gt;[[Zamorin|Samorin]]<br /> | strength1 = 2 ships&lt;br&gt;150 soldiers&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl3IR3RJTIEC&amp;pg=PA165|page=165|title=History of the Portuguese navigation in India, 1497–1600|author=K. M. Mathew|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1988|isbn=81-7099-046-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | strength2 = 21 cannons&lt;br&gt;40,000 [[Nāyars]]&lt;br&gt;20,000 men from the [[Zamorin]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=9mR2QXrVEJIC&amp;pg=RA1-PA315 ''Malabar manual'' William Logan p.315]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | casualties1 = <br /> | casualties2 = <br /> }}<br /> {{Portuguese colonial campaigns}}<br /> <br /> The '''siege of Cannanore''' was a four-month [[siege]], from 27 April 1507 to 27 August 1507, when troops of the local ruler (the [[Kōlattiri]] Raja of [[Kannur|Cannanore]]), supported by the [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] besieged the Portuguese garrison at [[St. Angelo Fort]] in [[Kannur|Cannanore]], in what is now the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]]. It followed the [[Battle of Cannanore]], in which the fleet of the Zamorin was defeated by the Portuguese.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=9mR2QXrVEJIC&amp;pg=RA1-PA314 ''Malabar manual'' by William Logan p.314]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> In [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|early 1501]], shortly after the opening of hostilities between the Portuguese admiral [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] and the [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], the [[Kōlattiri]] Raja of [[Kannur|Cannanore]] invited the Portuguese to trade in the spice markets of Cannanore instead. Treaties were signed and a crown [[Factory (trading post)|factory]], defended by a small palisade, was [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|established in 1502]]. In [[7th Portuguese India Armada (Almeida, 1505)|late 1505]], D. [[Francisco de Almeida]], the first Portuguese [[List of colonial heads of Portuguese India|vice-roy of the Indies]], secured permission to erect the stone [[St. Angelo Fort|fortress of Santo Angelo]] in Cannanore. The fortress garrison of 150 men was placed under the command of Lourenço de Brito.&lt;ref&gt;Barros, ''Decadas da Asia'', v.2, p.344-45.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The old Kolathiri Raja who had energetically pursued the Portuguese alliance died sometime in 1506. As the succession was disputed, the [[Zamorin]] of Calicut, as formal suzerain of the [[Kerala]] coast, nominated an arbitrator to sort through the candidates. The new Kolathiri Raja of Cannanore was consequently indebted to the Zamorin and less inclined to the Portuguese.&lt;ref name=&quot;Logan312&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=9mR2QXrVEJIC&amp;pg=RA1-PA312 ''Malabar manual'' William Logan p.314]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Hostilities were in large part due to the Portuguese sinking an Indian ship and killing the crew by stitching them into sails and throwing them into the sea, on the grounds that they were not carrying one of the ''[[Cartaz]]'', the passes the Portuguese were imposing on all ships of the region.&lt;ref&gt;Logan (p.314) identifies the offending captain as &quot;Gonçalo Vaz&quot; and suggests he was acting on his own. Cannnanore fort captain Lourenço de Brito protested his innocence, asserting he authorized no such action. Gonçalo Vaz was immediately dismissed by vice-roy Francisco de Almeida, but this did little to assuage the angered people of Cannanore.&lt;/ref&gt; Such passes had to be signed by either the commander of Cochin or Cannanore.&lt;ref name=&quot;Logan&quot;/&gt; The population of the adjoining state of [[Kōlattunād]] was greatly angered by this event, and asked their ruler, the Kōlattiri, to attack the Portuguese.&lt;ref name=&quot;Logan&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Siege==<br /> The siege started on 27 April 1507, and was to last for four months.&lt;ref name=&quot;Logan&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Kōlattiri had 40,000 [[Nāyars]] attack the position.&lt;ref name=&quot;Logan&quot;/&gt; The Zamorin supplied the ruler of Cannanore with 21 pieces of artillery and 20,000 auxiliaries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Logan&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=9mR2QXrVEJIC&amp;pg=RA1-PA315 ''Malabar manual'' William Logan p.314''ff'']&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Diffie&quot;&gt;''Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415–1580'' by Bailey Wallys Diffie p.233 [https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZtMBLJ7GgC&amp;pg=PA233]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The firepower of the garrison under Lourenço de Brito allowed it to repulse massive attacks involving thousands of men.&lt;ref name=&quot;Logan&quot;/&gt; The siege soon entered a stalemate, with the Malabari trenches being protected from Portuguese cannon fire by walls of cotton bales, and the Portuguese being slowly forced into starvation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Logan&quot;/&gt; [[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda|Castanheda's]] detailed report of the siege states that they were then surprised – and saved – by a tidal wave of [[lobsters]] that washed ashore on 15 August.&lt;ref&gt;[[Castanheda]], Fernão Lopes de, &quot;[https://books.google.com/books?id=mxwPAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PP9 História do descobrimento e conquista da Índia pelos portugueses]&quot;, p.158 (Full text in Portuguese).&lt;/ref&gt; A major assault before the [[Onam festival]] nearly overcame the defenders, but was eventually repulsed. However, a large part of the garrison was wounded in the attempt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Logan&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Portuguese garrison was on the verge of being overwhelmed when, on 27 August 1507, a fleet of 11 [[8th Portuguese India Armada (Cunha, 1506)|8th Armada]] ships under [[Tristão da Cunha]] arrived from [[Socotra]]. The fleet landed 300 Portuguese soldiers, forcing the lifting of the siege and relieving the fortress.&lt;ref name=&quot;Logan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Diffie&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Peace was negotiated between the Portuguese and the Kōlattiri Raja, confirming the continued presence of the Portuguese in [[Kannur|Cannanore]] and the resumption of their access to its spice markets.&lt;ref name=&quot;Logan&quot;/&gt; These events would eventually be followed by the defeat of the Portuguese at the [[Battle of Chaul]] in 1508.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Portuguese India]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Kerala}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Siege Of Cannanore (1507)}}<br /> [[Category:Sieges involving Portugal|Cannanore (1507)]]<br /> [[Category:Maritime history of Portugal]]<br /> [[Category:Portuguese colonisation in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:1507 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Portuguese India Armadas]]<br /> [[Category:1507 in Portugal]]<br /> [[Category:Conflicts in 1507]]<br /> [[Category:Calicut kingdom]]<br /> [[Category:Battles involving the Kingdom of Calicut]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aayiram_Poi&diff=452235 2026-03-24T05:27:37Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Revised and enhanced article content</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1969 film by Muktha Srinivasan}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Aayiram Poi.jpg<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = [[Muktha Srinivasan]]<br /> | writer = [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]]<br /> | based_on = {{based on|''Yaaro Ivar Yaaro''|Cho}}<br /> | producer = M. Venu Goopal&lt;br /&gt;V. Ramasamy (supervisor)<br /> | starring = [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Vanisri]]<br /> | cinematography = Amirtham<br /> | editing = L. Balu<br /> | music = [[V. Kumar]]<br /> | studio = Vidhya Movies<br /> | released = {{film date|1969|7|11|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 161 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Aayiram Poi''''' ({{translation|A Thousand Lies}}) is a 1969 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]], directed by [[Muktha Srinivasan]] and written by [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]]. It is based on Cho's novel ''Yaaro Ivar Yaaro''. The film stars [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Vanisri]], Cho and [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]. It was released on 11 July 1969.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{more plot|date=September 2021}}<br /> Chinna Durai dislikes his brother-in-law Kanagasabi, and stands in the way of a marriage arrangement for his daughter Malathy and Kanagasabi's son Ravi. The film deals with how Ravi's resourcefulness helps him in getting Malathi's hand in marriage.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Ravi<br /> * [[Vanisri]] as Malathi<br /> * [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]] as Muthu<br /> * [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Lilly<br /> * [[Shylashri]] as Latha<br /> * [[V. S. Raghavan]] as Kanagasabai<br /> * [[Tambaram Lalitha]] as Kalyani<br /> * [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Chinna Durai<br /> * P. K. Saraswathy as Parvathi<br /> * [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]] as Maragatham<br /> * [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Thanikachalam<br /> * [[M. R. R. Vasu]] as Ethiraj<br /> * [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Singaram<br /> *[[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Raja<br /> * [[Neelu]] as Neelakanda Sasthri (cameo appearance)<br /> *[[Pakoda Kadhar]] as Ward boy<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> ''Aayiram Poi'' is the feature film debut of [[Neelu]], previously a theatre actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Venkatramanan |first=Geetha |date=24 November 2011 |title=Fine balancing act |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/fine-balancing-act/article2656189.ece |url-status=live |access-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216094200/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/fine-balancing-act/article2656189.ece |archive-date=16 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film's title references the Tamil proverb, &quot;Aayiram Poiyai Solliyaavadhu Oru Kalyanathai Pannu&quot; (At least tell a thousand lies to make a marriage work).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 March 2019 |title=பொன்விழா படங்கள் : ஆயிரம் பொய் - பழமொழிக்காக ஒரு படம் |url=http://www.dinamalar.com/mgr/detail.php?id=76345 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305065448/https://www.dinamalar.com/mgr/detail.php?id=76345 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |access-date=20 December 2019 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is based on ''Yaaro Ivar Yaaro'', a novel written by Cho and serialised in the magazine ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=27 July 1969 |title=ஆயிரம் பொய் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1969/jul/27-07-1969/p53.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220722054233/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1969/jul/27-07-1969/p53.jpg |archive-date=22 July 2022 |access-date=22 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=53 |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=7 December 2022 |title=நடிகர் சோ : மனோரமாவின் 'டேக் 222', எதிரில் இருந்தவரின் 'போண்டா', வி.எஸ்.ராகவனுக்கு கிச்சுகிச்சு... |url=https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/actor-cho-manoramas-take-222-opposites-ponda-whisper-to-vs-raghavan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208010638/https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/actor-cho-manoramas-take-222-opposites-ponda-whisper-to-vs-raghavan |archive-date=8 December 2022 |access-date=23 January 2023 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> Music was by [[V. Kumar]] and lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aayiram Poi |url=https://tamilsongslyrics123.com/movie/aayiram-poi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230807134447/https://tamilsongslyrics123.com/movie/aayiram-poi |archive-date=7 August 2023 |access-date=7 August 2023 |website=Tamil Songs Lyrics}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singer !! Length<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kaveri Thanniyil Kulichavadi&quot; || [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[L. R. Eswari]] || 04:23<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Pulavar Sonnathum Poiye&quot; || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]] || 03:45<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thillaiyile Sabapathi Chithambarathil&quot; || P. Susheela || 03:32<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thamizh Vidu Thoothu&quot; || Tharapuram Soundararajan, Manorama || 04:06<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Release and reception ==<br /> ''Aayiram Poi'' was released on 11 July 1969.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aayiram Poi (1969) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/aayiram-poi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109052354/https://screen4screen.com/movies/aayiram-poi |archive-date=9 January 2024 |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, &quot;The picture suffers from uneven stress. And it is too long to sustain the humour or the suspense&quot; but praised the absence of vulgarity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=12 July 1969 |title=Attempt at comedy |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&amp;dat=19690712&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en |access-date=26 January 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> <br /> {{Muktha Srinivasan}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1969 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1969 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1969 comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:1969 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Muktha Srinivasan]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by V. Kumar]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by Cho Ramaswamy]]<br /> [[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br /> <br /> {{Improve categories|date=July 2024}}</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanna_Babu&diff=508256 2026-03-14T20:45:01Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Kanna Babu<br /> | birth_name = Uppalapati Venkata Ramanamurthy Raju<br /> | birth_date = 1954<br /> | birth_place = [[Visakhapatnam]]<br /> | occupation = [[Politician]]<br /> | years_active = 2004-present<br /> | party = [[YSR Congress Party]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Uppalapati Venkata Ramanamurthy Raju''' (born 1954), popularly known as '''Kanna Babu''', is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He won the [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] from [[Elamanchili Assembly constituency|Elamanchili Constituency]] in [[Visakhapatnam district]]. He was reelected from the same constituency in the 2009 Andhra Election. YSR Congress Party has nominated Kanna Babu from the Elemanchili Constituency for the 2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election in May 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Election 2023: Get Latest Updates of Constituency List in Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/constituencies-list/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ELAMANCHILI Assembly Election 2024: ELAMANCHILI Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/elamanchili-constituency-result-1032 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> He hails from Visakhapatnam district. He was born to Rajan Raju of Seethammadhara, [[Visakhapatnam]], a farmer. He is a businessman. He married Radha Devi. He completed his graduation in commerce from AMAL college, Anakapalli in 1972.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-03 |title=Uppalapati Venkata Ramanamurthy Raju {{!}} MLA {{!}} Elamanchili |url=https://theleaderspage.com/uppalapati-venkata-ramanamurthy-raju/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> He started his political life with Indian National Congress and was elected as the MLA from Elamanchili Constituency winning the [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] defeating Gontina Venkata Nageswara Rao of Telugu Desam Party by 5,863 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Andhra Pradesh 2004 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2004/andhra-pradesh/176/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2004/andhra-pradesh/176/27 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=IndiaVotes}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was reelected from the same constituency on Congress ticket winning the 2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] on YSRCP ticket from Elamanchili defeating [[Panchakarla Ramesh Babu]] of Telugu Desam Party by a margin of 4,146 votes.&lt;ref name=DC1&gt;{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=2023-07-03 |title=Top Leaders in Elamanchili to Distribute Houses Today |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/020723/elamanchili-tidco-house-distribution.html |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2023, he was among the officials who distributed free houses to the poor in Elamanchili district.&lt;ref name=DC1 /&gt;<br /> <br /> The CBI officials searched his residences in the disproportionate assets case in October 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-04-10 |title=Anti Corruption Bureau cops evaluate Yalamanchili MLA's house |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/anti-corruption-bureau-cops-evaluate-yalamanchili-mlas-house/articleshow/19467384.cms |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Ref list}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, Kanna}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]<br /> [[Category:1954 births]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dayananda_Saraswati_(Arsha_Vidya)&diff=456296 2026-03-09T09:39:46Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: updated page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hindu monk and teacher (1930–2015)}}<br /> {{About|the founder of the Arsha Vidya Gurukulam|other uses|Swami Dayananda (disambiguation)}}<br /> <br /> {{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox Hindu leader<br /> | name = Swami Dayananda Saraswati<br /> | image = HH SDS.jpg<br /> | caption = His Holiness Swami Dayananda Saraswati, from the private collection of [[Arsha Vidya Gurukulam]].<br /> | religion = [[Hinduism]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1930|8|15|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Manjakkudi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<br /> | birth_name = Natarajan Gopala Iyer<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2015|9|23|1930|8|15}}<br /> | death_place = [[Rishikesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]<br /> | known = <br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | philosophy = [[Advaita Vedanta]]<br /> | founder = [[Arsha Vidya Gurukulam]]&lt;br/&gt;[[AIM For Seva]]&lt;br/&gt;Swami Dayananda Educational Trust<br /> | guru = <br /> | honors = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | website = {{Official website}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Swami Dayananda Saraswati''' (15 August 1930 – 23 September 2015) was a renunciate monk of the Hindu Saraswati order of sannyasa. He was also known as Pujya Swamiji and was a traditional teacher of [[Advaita Vedanta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He was the founder of the [[Arsha Vidya Gurukulam]]s in Pennsylvania, USA; Rishikesh, Uttarakhand and Coimbatore Tamil Nadu, India. He was also the spiritual Guru of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], (the third-highest [[Indian honours system|civilian award]] in the [[Republic of India]]), for his service to the nation in the field of spirituality in 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modis-spiritual-guru-dayanand-saraswati-gets-padma-bhushan-1270014|title=PM Narendra Modi's Spiritual Guru Dayanand Saraswati Gets Padma Bhushan|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=25 January 2016|access-date=17 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> <br /> === Early life ===<br /> Swami Dayananda Saraswati was born as Natarajan in [[Manjakkudi]] in the [[Thiruvarur]] district of Tamil Nadu on 15 August 1930 to Shri Gopala Iyer and Smt Valambal, of a [[Brahmin]] family. He was the eldest of four sons. His early schooling was at the District Board School in Kodavasal. His father died when he was eight years old, which meant Natarajan had to shoulder the responsibility in the family alongside his education. <br /> <br /> After the completion of his education at seventeen years of age, Natarajan came to Chennai to earn a livelihood. There he learnt English and began his career as a journalist for the weekly magazine ''Dharmika Hindu'', run by T. K. Jagannathacharya (TKJ). However, owing to nominal income and at the behest of a friend, Rangachari, Natarajan enrolled in the Airforce as a combatant in [[Bangalore]] with the GTS (Ground Training Station). He was underweight and could not qualify but was allowed to continue. He later stated that he aspired to be a pilot. Family duties, namely his father's shraddham (a ceremony performed in honour of a dead ancestor), caused him to leave the Airforce. Above all, he did not like the rigidity. &quot;There was no freedom, I felt they were trying to control my mind. I have never allowed anybody to ever control me at any time, no one. That is why I think I am a Swami.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Narasimhan |first=Padma |title=Swami Dayananda Saraswati: Traditional Teacher of Brahma Vidya |publisher=T T. Maps and Publications, Madras |year=1990 |isbn=8170531039}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Natarajan resumed his career as a journalist with 'Dharmika Hindu' magazine before joining a news agency, 'The Lens' run by Shri Rajagopal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He also worked for the erstwhile [[Volkart Brothers]] (now Voltas Limited).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150925/nation-current-affairs/article/hinduism-saw-renaissance-swami-dayananda-saraswatis-times | title=Hinduism saw renaissance in Swami Dayananda Saraswati's times | date=25 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In his absence, his younger brother M.G.Srinivasan took charge of the agricultural fields of the family household and ensured that the family had income to live.&lt;ref name=&quot;Narasimhan 2017&quot;&gt;{{ cite book | last=Narasimhan | first=Padma | title=Swami Dayananda Saraswati: Teacher of Teachers | publisher=[[Arsha Vidya Research and Publication Trust]] | publication-place=Chennai | year=2017 | isbn=978-93-80049-88-5 | pages=30–48 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Involvement with Chinmaya Mission ===<br /> <br /> Natarajan was interested in [[Vedanta]]. After listening to the public talks of [[Chinmayananda Saraswati|Swami Chinmayananda]] in the year 1952, Natarajan was involved with the [[Chinmaya Mission]] in various roles and was appointed secretary of the Mission within the first year of its inception. He attended sanskrit classes of P.S. Subramania Iyer, a retired Professor of English. It was Iyer who introduced the meter of chanting the [[Bhagavad Gita]] verses that was initially followed by Chinmaya Mission centres, and is followed even today by all the [[Arsha Vidya Gurukulam|Arsha Vidya]] centres amongst other centres as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Swami Chinmayananda entrusted Natarajan with the responsibility to set up Chinmaya Mission's Madurai branch.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swami Dayanand Saraswati |url=https://www.hinduscriptures.in/gurus/modern-thinkers/swami-dayanand-saraswati |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.hinduscriptures.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1955, Natarajan accompanied Swami Chinmayananda to [[Uttarkashi|Uttarakashi]] and helped him in the preparation of a Gita manuscript for publication. In Uttarakashi, he met Swami Chinmayananda's Guru, Tapovan Maharaj, who advised him, 'You have a duty to yourself which is also important. Stay here, meditate and study.' Natarajan could not take up that offer at that point in time. However, he promised Swami Tapovan Maharaj that he would return after one year to study with him and he did. Natarajan returned to Madras and took up the editorship of ''Tyagi'', a fortnightly magazine of Chinmaya Mission.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dayananda Saraswati - Bhagavatha |url=https://nama.co.in/keerthana/bhagavatha_detail.php?bhaid=MjMx |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=nama.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1956, on the advice of Swami Chinmayananda, Natarajan shifted to [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] and continued to edit ''Tyagi'' which was also moved to Bengaluru. During his stay, Natarajan joined the Sanskrit College in Chamrajpet and studied with Prof. Veeraraghavachariar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Narasimhan 2017&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Sannyasa ===<br /> <br /> In 1961, with the permission of Swami Chinmayananda, Natarajan went to study under Swami Pranavananda at [[Gudivada]] to clarify his doubts on Vedanta and self-enquiry. The stay with Swami Pranavananda helped Natarajan learn that Vedanta is a [[Pramana|Pramāna]] (a means of knowledge) to know the truth of the Self. In Natarajan's own words,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote<br /> |text=I saw the Swami giving direct knowledge to the people he was teaching. This resolved all my conflicts. My problems with Vedanta had been my mistaken notion that it was a system.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> This shift in his vision about Vedanta impelled Natarajan to study the [[Shastra]] with Sankara's commentaries. In 1962, he was given [[Sannyasa]] by Swami Chinmayananda and named Swami Dayananda Saraswati. In 1963, he went to Mumbai, to the newly inaugurated Sandeepany Sadhanalaya of the [[Chinmaya Mission]], where he undertook the responsibility of editing the magazine of the mission ''Tapovan Prasad''. In addition, Swami Dayananda taught chanting of the Bhagavad Gita and the Upanishads to the students of Sandeepany.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swami Dayananda Saraswati |url=https://www.tititudorancea.com/z/swami_dayananda_saraswati.htm |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.tititudorancea.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In November 1963, Swami Dayananda undertook a study-pilgrimage to [[Rishikesh]] and stayed in a grass hut in Purani Jhadi now known as Dayananda Nagar. He spent three years there, studying Brahma Sutras under Swami Tarananda Giri at the Kailash Ashram.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=Redirect | url=https://dolatiaschan.com/4/5737255 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323225937/https://dolatiaschan.com/4/5737255 | access-date=2025-01-16 | archive-date=2023-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Public talks ===<br /> <br /> Around 1967, due to the declining health of Swami Chinmayananda, the Mission approached Swami Dayananda to give public talks and lectures. Between 1967 and 1970, Swami Dayananda travelled to different towns and cities in India spreading the teachings of Gita and the Upanishads. In 1971, Swami Dayananda agreed to conduct a long-term study program at Sandeepany Sadhanalaya, [[Powai]], Mumbai and formulated a curriculum that would unfold the vision of Vedanta. <br /> <br /> Between 1972 and 1979, Swami Dayananda conducted two three-year residential Vedanta courses in Mumbai. In his words,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote<br /> |text=''At Sandeepany the teaching is traditional and rigorous. What would take a Sadhu in the Himalayas nine years to learn, the students at Sandeepany learned in two-and-half years.''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> In 1979, Swami Dayananda established a three-year study program at Sandeepany West in [[Piercy, California|Piercy]], California. In 1982, he returned to India and continued to spread the message of the Upanishads through public talks and lectures.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}<br /> <br /> === Final days ===<br /> <br /> Swami Dayananda Saraswati died by the banks of the Ganga, surrounded by his devotees and students in the late evening of 23 September 2015. He had been ailing for some weeks and been in and out of hospitals for some time. He was 85 years of age. Swamiji's last rites were performed in the traditional manner as befitting a renunciate. He was buried in a grave, known as &quot;bhu&quot; samadhi, to the loud chanting of Vedic hymns and mantras. Many dignitaries, Hindu leaders and his students were there to pay their final respects.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-09-26 |title=Last rites of Swami Dayanand performed in Rishikesh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/last-rites-of-swami-dayanand-performed-in-rishikesh/story-YmQrB8AvtQxr7alltf9F9N.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Arsha Vidya Centres ==<br /> <br /> === Teaching ===<br /> <br /> Swami Dayananda assisted by his senior disciples has taught ten three-year programs (eight in India and two in the United States) and many of his students from these programs are now teaching all over the world. More than two hundred of his Sannyasi disciples are teaching Vedanta and Panini system of grammar. They form the Arsha Vidya Sampradaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Home {{!}} Arsha Vidya Sampradaya&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Arsha Vidya Sampradaya |url=https://www.arshasampradaya.org/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.arshasampradaya.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Institutions ===<br /> <br /> Swami Dayananda has established four traditional teaching centres and many more across the globe through his students with a primary focus on teaching Vedanta, Sanskrit and related disciplines. These traditional teaching centres are known as '[[Arsha Vidya Gurukulam|Arsha Vidya]]' or 'Arsha Vijnana' (Knowledge of the Rishis). The word 'Arsha' has been used by many of Swami Dayananda's students in naming their facilities to mark their lineage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://jjkgurukulam.org/guiding-light/ | title=Guiding Light – JJK Gurukulam }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The four Arsha Vidya teaching centres that Swami Dayananda has established are:<br /> * Arsha Vidya Peetham, Swami Dayananda Ashram, Rishikesh 249201, Uttarakhand, India&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=Swami Dayananda Ashram In Rishikesh UttarakhandTimings, Facts |url=https://www.chardhamtours.in/uttarakhand/rishikesh/swami-dayananda-ashram_1927.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Char Dham Yatra |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Arsha Vidya Gurukulam, P.O. Box 1059, Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania 18353, USA&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-07-21 |title=Arsha Vidya Gurukulam - Info, Timings, Photos, History |url=https://www.templepurohit.com/hindu-temple/arsha-vidya-gurukulam/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=TemplePurohit - Your Spiritual Destination {{!}} Bhakti, Shraddha Aur Ashirwad |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Arsha Vidya Gurukulam, Anaikatti, Coimbatore – 641108, Tamil Nadu, India &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-02-11 |title=Arsh Vidya Gurukulam, Anaikatti becomes IYA Member Institution |url=http://www.yogaiya.in/arsh-vidya-gurukulam-anaikatti-becomes-iya-member-institution/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Indian Yoga Association |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Arsha Vijnana Gurukulam, Amravati Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 410033, India{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}<br /> <br /> These residential centres conduct long-term courses, 1–2-week retreats, weekend study programs and family retreats throughout the year and the subjects taught include the Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, Brahma Sutras and several other related texts of Vedanta. The study also includes the Sanskrit commentary of [[Adi Shankara|Adi Sankara]] on these texts, known as Bhashya. Along with these studies, Sanskrit language is also taught with Panini system of grammar. The Gurukuls also conduct sessions of daily meditation and satsangs. Additionally, yoga, Indian classical music, [[ayurveda]], [[Hindu astrology|jyotisha]] and allied disciplines are also taught.<br /> <br /> Swami Dayananda initiated another centre at his birth place, [[Manjakkudi]], a village in Tamil Nadu, under the aegis of Swami Dayananda Educational Trust (SDET). It manages an arts college, two higher secondary schools and a traditional Veda Pathasala. With the inauguration of the Swami Dayananda Memorial, residential study programmes are conducted by the disciples of Swami Dayananda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://guidestarindia.org/Summary.aspx?CCReg=9951 | title=GuideStar India }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jnanapravaha, a Vedanta study centre, was designed to hand over the legacy of Swami Dayananda Saraswati's teachings at his birthplace in [[Manjakkudi|Manjakuddi]]. It is in this location, students of Vedanta discover the study material and resources necessary to further their knowledge in Advaita Vedanta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-10 |title=About Jnanapravaha - JÑĀNAPRAVĀHA - Vedanta Study Centre |url=https://jnanapravaha.in/about-jnanapravaha/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The teaching centres founded by Swami Dayananda conduct programs for the public to study the knowledge of [[Vedanta]]. There are more than sixty centres in India and across the globe that carry on the tradition of Vedantic teaching under the banner of &quot;[[Arsha Vidya Gurukulam|Arsha Vidya]]&quot;.<br /> <br /> === Students ===<br /> <br /> The media has referred to Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of India and actor Rajinikanth as disciples of Swami Dayananda Saraswati.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpost.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-09-25 |title=Swami Dayananda - A Jewish Appreciation |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/swami-dayananda-a-jewish-_b_8194504 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The prominent sannyasi disciples of Swami Dayananda include Swami Suddhananda Saraswati who administered the Swami Dayananda Ashram at Rishikesh. Due to ill health, he later handed over the administration of the Ashram to Swami Sakshatkrtananda Saraswati, who serves as the current head and chief acharya of the ashram. Swami Viditatmananda Saraswati serves as the head and chief acharya at the Arsha Vidya Gurukulam in Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania. Swami Sadatmananda Saraswati serves as the head and chief acharya at Arsha Vidya Gurukulam at Annaikatti, [[Coimbatore]]. Swamini Brahmaprakasananda heads the Arsha Vijnana Gurukulam at [[Nagpur]].<br /> <br /> Some of his other senior disciples are Swami Paramarthananda, Swami Tattvavidananda, Swami Suddhabodhananda, Swami Brahmatmananda, Swami Tadatmananda, Swami Paramatmananda, Swami Nijananda, Swami Tadrupananda, Swamini Brahmalinananda, Swami Paripoornananda and Swamini Svatmavidyananda. All teachers from the Arsha Vidya tradition impart the knowledge of Advaita Vedanta around the world to seekers as taught by Swami Dayananda Saraswati.&lt;ref name=&quot;Home {{!}} Arsha Vidya Sampradaya&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> Prominent disciples include Swami Omkarananda Saraswati, who led the Bhuvaneshwari Peetam in Malamelkudi, Pudukottai and was appointed by Swami Dayananda Saraswati to head the Dharma Rakshana Samithi (DRS).<br /> <br /> Other students include Anantanand Rambachan, a professor of religion at St. Olaf College, Minnesota (USA), and Vasudevacharya, previously Dr. Michael Comans, former faculty member in the Department of Indian Studies at the University of Sydney. Radha (Carol Whitfield, Ph.D.) an early student of Swami Dayananda helped establishing Sandeepany West and Arsha Vidya Gurukulam at Saylorsburg USA, Arsha Kulam in California a centre for teaching of Advaita Vedanta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arsha Kulam |url=https://arshakulam.org/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Associated organisations, activities, and dialogues==<br /> <br /> ===All India Movement for Seva===<br /> {{Main|AIM For Seva}}<br /> <br /> In addition to teaching, Swami Dayananda has initiated various philanthropic efforts. He founded the All India Movement for Seva (AIM for Seva) in the year 2000, with the vision of transforming society through a network of service, to bridge the urban-rural divide, thereby, empowering every person to contribute to the progress of the nation. The focus was on value-based education and reaching out to the children of rural India through a network of Chatralayams (Free student hostels) and schools. Swamiji proposed not alienate the child during their schooling and that parents are required initially to attend the school until the child is comfortable in the environment away from home.<br /> <br /> In 2002, a major project witnessing growth in 2023 was initiated by Swami Dayanandaji. Located in [[Sriperumbudur]] in Tamil Nadu, &quot;Swami Dayananda Krupa Home&quot; provides lifetime therapy and support to men and children with developmental delays.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-08-30 |title=AIM for Seva Krupa Home |url=https://enabled.in/wp/aim-for-seva-krupa-home/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=enabled.in |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Awarded consultative status with ECOSOC (Economic and Social Council) by the United Nations in 2005,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NGO Committee Recommends Six Organizations for Special Consultative Status with Economic and Social Council, Defers Two Applications |url=https://unis.unvienna.org/unis/en/pressrels/2005/ngo569.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=United Nations : Information Service Vienna |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; this organisation is focused on serving people in the remote, rural areas of India, in the areas of education and health care.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://indicanews.com/2022/12/03/from-silicon-valley-to-indias-remotest-tribal-areas-aim-for-sevas-work-has-impacted-thousands/ | title=From Silicon Valley to India's remotest tribal areas, AIM for Seva's work has impacted thousands - indica News | date=3 December 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seva Begins in Your Heart and AIMS Brings Hope to a Rural Child {{!}} Indo American News |url=https://www.indoamerican-news.com/seva-begins-in-your-heart-and-aims-brings-hope-to-a-rural-child/ |access-date=2023-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=Unravelling the life of a visionary |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/unravelling-life-visionary-2311197 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Arsha Vidya Research and Publication Trust ===<br /> The Arsha Vidya Research and Publication Trust (AVRandPT) is the source for Swami Dayananda's teaching and writings. It is a registered non-profit organisation since 21 February 2005, and is head-quartered in Mylapore, Chennai. AVRandPT publishes Swamiji's teachings, covering his decades of classes, public lectures and short and long term courses. These are available in printed book form, audio, video, ebook formats and on card pen drives. The trust has also created a mobile app, &quot;Teachings of Swami Dayananda&quot;, which is available for Android and iOS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arsha Vidya Research &amp; Publication Trust |url=https://www.avrpt.com/all-titles.htm |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.avrpt.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Hindu Dharma Acharya Sabha ===<br /> In 2000, as an initiative of the Hindu Dharma Acharya Sabha, an apex body of Hindu religious heads of the various [[Sampradaya|Sampradayas]] was created and convened by Swami Dayananda Saraswati's efforts. A congregation of the heads of various traditions meet, discuss contemporary issues concerning Hinduism and provide leadership and service to the society and country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hindu Dharma Acharya Sabha – The Voice of Collective Consciousness |url=https://hindudharmaacharyasabha.org/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Dharma Rakshana Samiti ===<br /> In 1999, Dharma Rakshana Samiti was started by Sri Dayananda Saraswati to preserve Hinduism, its vision and way of life as the spiritual culture of India. Swamiji recognised that Hinduism, in present times, needs to be protected and preserved by its adherents.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dharma_Rakshana_Samithi Smt. Kasturba Nimchand Shah P. Muthyalu Chetty Vivekananda Vidyalaya Junior College, Perambur, Chennai |url=https://www.sknspmcvv.org/Dharma_Rakshana_Samithi.aspx |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.sknspmcvv.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.dharmarakshanasamiti.org/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.dharmarakshanasamiti.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> === Inter-religious dialogue and international forums ===<br /> Swami Dayananda has supported several inter-religious dialogues. He has participated in Hindu-Jewish conferences facilitated by the World Council of Religious Leaders under that organisation's &quot;Religion One on One&quot; initiative.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpost.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hindu and Jewish Religious Leaders Sign Declaration |url=https://hwpi.harvard.edu/pluralismarchive/news/hindu-and-jewish-religious-leaders-sign-declaration |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=hwpi.harvard.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He had also participated in two Hindu-Buddhist summits. The first one, organised by the ''Global Peace Initiative of Women'', held in [[Phnom Penh]], Cambodia, in 2009 and the second one was organised in [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka, in 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swami Dayananda Saraswati Obituary (2015) - New York, NY - New York Times |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/nytimes/name/swami-dayananda-saraswati-obituary?pid=175952151 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Legacy.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sri Swami Dayananda has participated and contributed to a number of other international forums including:<br /> * United Nations gathering of NGOs in 1980<br /> * UNESCO Seoul Global Convention in September, 1995<br /> * United Nations 50th Anniversary Celebration in October, 1995<br /> * Millennium World Peace Summit in New York, September 2000<br /> * Initiated the International Congress for the Preservation of Religious Diversity – in Delhi, November 2001<br /> * The Conference on the Preservation of Sacred Sites in Taipei in June, 2002<br /> * Initiated the World Council for Preservation of Religious Diversity in Bangkok June, 2002<br /> * The Global Peace Initiative of Women in Geneva, October 2002<br /> * Initiated a Hindu-Christian dialogue with the World Council of Churches in Geneva, October 2002<br /> * Youth Peace Summit in Nairobi 2003<br /> <br /> === Restoration of temples, practices and worship ===<br /> Swami Dayananda has promoted the preservation of ancient cultures, religious and spiritual practices of India that have survived several millennia yet struggle in modern times due to lack of support. He has started several Veda Pathashalas (Centers of Learning of Vedas) for the preservation of [[Vedas]] and [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agamas]] to prevent their extinction due to a lack of infrastructure for learning.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Swami Dayananda Veda Pathashala (Kodavasal) | date=3 March 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ceBSsu66YLY |access-date=2023-12-13 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Swami Dayananda had appointed 35 oduvars in ancient Siva temples and paid them monthly allowance to sing the &quot;Panniru Tirumurai&quot;, songs explaining Saiva Siddhanta philosophy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2015-09-23 |title=Swami Dayananda Saraswati passes away |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/swami-dayananda-saraswati-dead/article7682135.ece |access-date=2023-12-13 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Swami Dayananda helped building five chariots for Sri Mahalingaswamy Temple at [[Thiruvidaimarudur|Tiruvidaimarudur]] near Kumbakonam in 2010 at a cost of more than five crore rupees and provided funds for the annual chariot festival.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Revival of an ancient Temple Tradition |url=http://www.templenet.com/Articles/chariot_revival.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.templenet.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Swami Dayananda Saraswati filed a Writ Petition (W.P. 476/2012) before the Supreme Court of India challenging the Constitutional validity of various provisions of the Hindu Religious Endowments and Institutions Acts of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Pondicherry. This matter is now pending before the Supreme Court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2016-04-28 |title=SC to hear 'freedom to temples' plea on July 13 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/sc-to-hear-freedom-to-temples-plea-on-july-13/article8535012.ece |access-date=2023-12-13 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He supported Dr. [[Subramanian Swamy]] to defend and protect Ram Sethu when the Union Government wanted to create a channel breaking it. He helped Dr. Subramanian Swamy implead in the Chidambaram Temple Case in the year 2009. Though the Podu Dikshitars and Dr. Subramanian Swamy lost the case in the Chidambaram Temple matter before the Madras High Court, their appeals were allowed by the Supreme Court which by its judgment, dated 06-Jan-2014 threw the Government out of the Chidambaram Sri Natarajar Temple, by setting aside the judgments passed by the Madras High Court. The Supreme Court's Judgment in the Chidambaram Temple Case came as a boost for retrieving Hindu temples from Government control.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}<br /> <br /> == Books ==<br /> <br /> A non-exhaustive list of his books include:{{columns-list|colwidth=28em |* ''Can We?''<br /> * ''Conversion is Violence''<br /> * ''Gurupurnima''<br /> * ''Do All Religions Have the Same Goal?''<br /> * ''Danam''<br /> * ''Japa''<br /> * ''Moments With Krishna''<br /> * ''the True Teacher''<br /> * ''Hinduism and Its Uniqueness''<br /> * ''Purnamadah Purnamidam''<br /> * ''Dialogues With Swami Dayananda''<br /> * ''Discourses On Important Topics''<br /> * ''Action and Reaction''<br /> * ''Crisis Management''<br /> * ''Exploring Vedanta''<br /> * ''Freedom''<br /> * ''Freedom from Fear''<br /> * ''Freedom from Helplessness''<br /> * ''Freedom from Sadness''<br /> * ''Freedom from Stress''<br /> * ''Freedom in Relationship''<br /> * ''Friendship: The Essence of Vedic Marriage''<br /> * ''Fundamental Problem''<br /> * ''in the Vision of Vedanta''<br /> * ''Insights''<br /> * ''Introduction to Vedanta: Understanding the Fundamental Problem''<br /> * ''Teaching of the Bhagavad Gita''<br /> * ''Vision of Gita''<br /> * ''Kenopanishad''<br /> * ''Mundakopanishad'' (2 volume set)<br /> * ''Taittiriya Upanishad'' (2 volume set)<br /> * ''Mandukya Upanishad'' (4 volume set)<br /> * ''Knowledge and Action: The Two Fold Commitment''<br /> * ''Living Versus Getting On''<br /> * ''Mahavakya Vichara''<br /> * ''Morning Meditation Prayers''<br /> * ''What's Meditation?''<br /> * ''Living Intelligently''<br /> * ''Successful Living''<br /> * ''Discovering Love''<br /> * ''Value of Values''<br /> * ''Need for Cognitive Change''<br /> * ''Vedic View and Way of Life''<br /> * ''Need for Personal Reorganisation''<br /> * ''Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya''<br /> * ''Personal Re-Engineering in Management''<br /> * ''Personnel Management''<br /> * ''Prayer Guide''<br /> * ''Problem is You, the Solution is You''<br /> * ''Purpose of Prayer''<br /> * ''Sadhana and the Sadhya''<br /> * ''Sadhana Pancakam''<br /> * ''Satyam and Mithya''<br /> * ''Self-Knowledge''<br /> * ''Sri Rudram''<br /> * ''Sri Dakshinamurt Stotram''<br /> * ''Drk-Drsya-Viveka''<br /> * ''Vivekachudamani: Talks On 108 Selected Verses''<br /> * ''Vishnusahasranama: With Translation and Commentary''<br /> * ''Tattvabodha''<br /> * ''Stress-Free Living''<br /> * ''Surrender and Freedom''<br /> * ''Talks and Essays'' (Vol. i)<br /> * ''Talks and Essays'' (Vol. ii) <br /> * ''Talks and Essays'' (Vol. iii)<br /> * ''Talks On &quot;Who Am I?&quot;''<br /> * ''Talks On Meditation''<br /> * ''Teaching Tradition of Advaita Vedanta''<br /> * ''Understanding Between Parents and Children''<br /> * ''Vedanta 24 X 7''<br /> * ''Wedding Ceremony Based On Hindu Concepts''<br /> * ''What You Love is the Pleased Self''<br /> * ''Yoga of Objectivity''<br /> * ''You Are the Whole''}}<br /> <br /> === Books about Sarawati ===<br /> * ''Teacher of Teachers'' – biography by Padma Narasimhan<br /> * ''Contributions and Writings'' – biography by Sheela Balaji<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Sivananda Saraswati|Swami Sivananda]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}<br /> {{Modern Hindu writers}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Saraswati, Dayananda}}<br /> [[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Hindu religious leaders]]<br /> [[Category:1930 births]]<br /> [[Category:2015 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Advaitin philosophers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian founders]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]<br /> [[Category:Indian religious writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian spiritual teachers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian spiritual writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Hindu saints]]<br /> [[Category:People from Thiruvarur]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in other fields]]<br /> [[Category:Translators of the Bhagavad Gita]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Shastri&diff=472518 2026-03-03T21:35:18Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: further rework structure as per guidelines also and corrected details based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{No plot|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Super Shastri<br /> | image = Super_Shastri.jpeg<br /> | caption =Promotional poster<br /> | director = Raviraj<br /> | based_on = ''[[Seema Sastri]]'' (Telugu) by [[G. Nageswara Reddy]]<br /> | producer = [[G. Ramachandran (producer)|G. Ramachandran]]<br /> | writer = Raviraj<br /> | starring = [[Prajwal Devraj]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Haripriya]]<br /> | music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]<br /> | cinematography = Kashi Vishwanath<br /> | editing = <br /> | studio = G. R. Gold films<br /> | released = {{Film date|2012|11|09|df=yes}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Super Shastri''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by Raviraj and produced by [[G. Ramachandran (producer)|G. Ramachandran]]. It stars [[Prajwal Devraj]] and [[Haripriya]] in the lead roles. The film is a remake of the 2007 Telugu comedy film ''[[Seema Sastri]]'' starring [[Allari Naresh]] and [[Farzana (actress)|Farzana]]. [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Umashree]], Bullet Prakash and Rekha Kumar among others play the supporting roles. [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] is the score and soundtrack composer.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Prajwal Devraj]] as Subramanya Sastry<br /> * [[Haripriya]] as Soumya Gowda<br /> * [[Umashree]]<br /> * [[Rangayana Raghu]]<br /> * [[Bullet Prakash]]<br /> * Pallakki Radhakrishna as Venkatappa Gowda<br /> * [[Ambika Soni]]<br /> * Master Manju<br /> * Master Suresh<br /> * Rekha Kumar<br /> * Kote Prabhakar<br /> * Suresh Wadageri<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The soundtrack is composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] to the lyrics of [[K. Kalyan]].<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | total_length =<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Ardha KG<br /> | lyrics1 =<br /> | extra1 = Prasanna<br /> | length1 =<br /> | title2 = Manase Baalangochi<br /> | lyrics2 =<br /> | extra2 = Prasanna<br /> | length2 =<br /> | title3 = Onde Ondu<br /> | extra3 = Badri Prasad, Nanditha Gururaj<br /> | lyrics3 =<br /> | length3 =<br /> | title4 = Puneeth Rajkumar<br /> | extra4 = Badri Prasad, [[Chaitra H. G.]]<br /> | lyrics4 =<br /> | length4 =<br /> | title5 = Vishwa Sundari<br /> | extra5 = Prasanna<br /> | lyrics5 =<br /> | length5 =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 2.5 out of 5 stars and says &quot;Though Prajwal has done a good job, he does not fit the role. Haripriya impresses with her glamorous look. Pallakki Radhakrishna has done a good job as villain. Less said the better about the rest&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/super-shastri/movie-review/17158263.cms?from=mdr|title=SUPER SHASTRI MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Srikanth Srinivasa from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 1 out of 5 stars and wrote &quot;Kashi Vishwanath's camera work is shoddy. Deva's music is nothing much to write about. Director Ravi Raj has neither understood the language nor has he got a grip on the narrative. The film manages to raise barely a few laughs. It lacks comic timing and punchy dialogues. It is better to stay clear from this intolerable film&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-super-shastri-is-unbearable/20121109.htm|title=Review: Super Shastri is unbearable|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=9 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Y Maheswara Reddy from ''[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]'' wrote &quot;Her dialogue delivery deserves appreciation in particular. Saving grace comes only in the form of Deva’s music. Don’t think too much before giving this film a miss, is our final verdict!&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-super-shastri-kannada-anything-but-super-1762915/amp|title=Review: 'Super Shastri' (Kannada) anything but super|work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|date=10 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote  &quot;Prajwal looks good and varies his voice for the two different getups well. He has matured, but unfortunately his films have not. He better choose his future films well. Along with Haripriya, he makes a good pair on the screen. What is lacking are good film makers to tap such potential&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/super-shastri-not-a-good-copy/articleshow/21282457.cms|title=Super Shastri: Not a good copy|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=11 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''[[Zee News]]'' wrote, &quot;There is nothing to lose if you avoid watching this film&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/business/news/companies/pharma-exports-ftp-promises-to-address-problems-abroad_122553.html|title=Review: 'Super Shastri' - avoid it!|date=10 November 2012|work=[[Zee News]]|access-date=2 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|13940270}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2012 films]]<br /> [[Category:2012 Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2012 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2012 action comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:2012 comedy films]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nandanavanam_120km&diff=446124 2026-03-03T18:09:10Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Nandanavanam 120km<br /> | image = Nandanavanam 120km.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Neelakanta (director)|Neelakanta]]<br /> | producer = Neelakanta <br /> | writer = Neelakanta <br /> | screenplay = <br /> | story = <br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --&gt;<br /> | narrator = T. Karunasree<br /> | starring = {{unbulleted list|Ajay Varma|Manasa|[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]}}<br /> | music = Vijay Kurakula<br /> | cinematography = [[P. G. Vinda]]<br /> | editing = V. Nagi Reddy<br /> | studio = BLue Sky Films<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|06|30|India}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> | gross = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Nandhavanam 120&amp;nbsp;km''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Telugu language]] [[thriller film]] written directed and produced by [[Neelakanta (director)|Neelakanta]] and stars newcomers Ajay Varma and Manasa alongside [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu 1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Narasimham|first=M.L.|title=A shot at multiplex audience?|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/06/02/stories/2006060201810400.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216050642/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/06/02/stories/2006060201810400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|accessdate=16 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 June 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Kishore|title=Nandanavanam 120 km Review|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2963/telugu/nandanavanam-120-km/752/review.htm|accessdate=11 January 2013|newspaper=Now Running|date=23 March 2006|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716102209/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2963/telugu/nandanavanam-120-km/752/review.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was released on 30 June 2006.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Amar (Ajay Varma) is a thief who makes a deal with Banerjee ([[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]) to scam the owners of the Nandanavanam estate for whom Banerjee works as an auditor. Benerjee promises a ransom of 1 lakh rupees for Amar to act as Sandeep, a lookalike of Amar. <br /> Benerjee convinces Amar that Sandeep has been kidnapped and will not return until their work at the estate is done. Amar who acts as Sandeep joins Sandeep's family and convinces everyone. One night when left alone in the estate, Amar realises that he is being trapped by Benarjee. He tries to convince Sandeep's family that he's a fake but in vain because of Benerjee's cautiousness.<br /> In the midst of saving Sandeep and his family, Amar realises that he actually is Sandeep who left his estate as a child, adopted by a Christian man who names him Amar. Benerjee is actually a psychiatrist who gives treatment to him and makes Amar remember his past.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * Ajay Varma as Amar D. Fredericks <br /> * Manasa<br /> * [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]<br /> * [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Banerjee<br /> * [[Talluri Rameshwari]] as Sandeep's mother<br /> * Prabhu as Amar's adoptive father<br /> * Giridhar as Vasu<br /> * Surekha Vani as Sandeep's sister<br /> * [[Gautam Raju]] as Mallu<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> G. Neelakanta Reddy decided his script and story needed &quot;fresh Faces&quot; and so chose to use relative newcomers for this latest project. He also decided that, despite the use of &quot;catchy tunes&quot; in his 2003 film ''[[Missamma (2003 film)|Missamma]]'', with his being a &quot;believer in the dominance of script over everything&quot;, this project would be a film without dependence on songs.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu 1&quot;/&gt; Due to her wish to perform in a Telugu film, [[Mumbai]] actress [[Talluri Rameshwari]] had begged Neelakanta for a role in this project.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu 2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Chowdhary|first=Y. Sunita|title=Once upon a star...|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/07/15/stories/2006071500980200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318153312/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/07/15/stories/2006071500980200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 March 2007|accessdate=16 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 July 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> Cinegoers.com gave 3.5 out of 5 stating &quot;Not a masterpiece, but truly a good and fearless attempt.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.cinegoer.com/reviews/nandanavanam.htm | title=Review of Nandhavanam 120km | accessdate=31 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915035645/http://www.cinegoer.com/reviews/nandanavanam.htm|archive-date=15 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/movies/nandanavanam120km_movie.php |title=Reviews : Movie Reviews |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119104044/http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/movies/nandanavanam120km_movie.php |archive-date=19 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|8774768}}<br /> <br /> {{G. Neelakanta Reddy}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2006 films]]<br /> [[Category:2006 psychological thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2006 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in forests]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Neelakanta (director)]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swathi_Mutthina_Male_Haniye&diff=538914 2026-03-03T12:11:20Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Put Up A Pg!</p> <hr /> <div>{{No plot|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye<br /> | image = Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster <br /> | native_name = <br /> | director = [[Raj B. Shetty]]<br /> | producer = [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]&lt;br&gt;Ravi Rai Kalasa&lt;br&gt;Vachan Shetty<br /> | writer = [[Raj B. Shetty]]<br /> | screenplay = <br /> | story =<br /> | starring = [[Raj B. Shetty]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Siri Ravikumar]]<br /> | narrator = <br /> | music = [[Midhun Mukundan]]<br /> | cinematography = Praveen Shriyan<br /> | editing = Praveen Shriyan &lt;br/&gt;[[Raj B. Shetty]]<br /> | studio = [[Raj B. Shetty|Lighter Buddha Films]]&lt;br&gt;AppleBox Studios<br /> | distributor = [[KRG Studios]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|11|24|}}<br /> | runtime = 101 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> }}<br /> '''''Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Kannada|Kannada-language]] [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by actor-director [[Raj B. Shetty]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/raj-b-shetty-wraps-up-the-shoot-of-swathi-mutthina-male-haniye-in-a-single-schedule/articleshow/95554129.cms|title=Raj B Shetty wraps up the shoot of 'Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye in a single schedule|work=The Times of India |date=16 November 2022 |publisher=Times of India|accessdate=16 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was co-produced by actress [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] under her home production studio, AppleBox Studios, in collaboration with Shetty's [https://lighterbuddhafilms.com/ Lighter Buddha Films].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/jan/14/swathi-mutthina-male-haniye-will-make-you-fall-in-love-with-love-actor-ramya-2537620.html|title='Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye' will make you fall in love with love: Actor Ramya|date=14 January 2023 |publisher=The New Indian Express|accessdate=14 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; It featured [[Raj B. Shetty]] and [[Siri Ravikumar]] in the lead roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ramya-backs-out-from-swati-muttina-male-haniye-siri-ravikumar-to-replace-her-as-lead/articleshow/94994458.cms|title=Ramya backs out from Swati Muttina Male Haniye, Siri Ravikumar to replace her as lead|work=The Times of India|date=20 October 2022 |accessdate=20 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The music is scored by [[Midhun Mukundan]]. Both editing and cinematography are done by Praveen Shriyan.<br /> <br /> The film is set in [[Ooty]] and [[Mysore]] locations and the filming was completed in a single schedule of just 18 days.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/dec/17/raj-b-shettys-first-look-from-swatimutthina-male-haniye-out-2528901.html|title=Raj B Shetty's first look from 'Swati Mutthina Male Haniye' out|date=17 December 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express|accessdate=17 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; It opened to critical acclaim, with the writing, performances, music, and cinematography receiving unanimous praise. However the movie ran only for a few weeks in the theatres.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> A hospice counsellor, Prerana, finds a new meaning in her life when she befriends Aniketh, a terminally ill patient. Their bond challenges the conventional notions of love, life and humanity<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Raj B. Shetty]] as Aniketh<br /> * [[Siri Ravikumar]] as Prerana<br /> * Balaji Manohar as Dr. Manmohan<br /> * Surya Vasishta as Sagar<br /> * Rekha Kudligi as Prerna's mother<br /> * Sneha Sharma as Asha<br /> * [[J. P. Thuminad]] as Prabhakar<br /> * Gopalkrishna Deshpande<br /> * Sharadha G S<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> === Title row ===<br /> Director [[Rajendra Singh Babu]] had filed a case under the Intellectual Property Rights, stating that he solely owned the title of the film, which was the starting lines of his film ''[[Bannada Gejje]]'' (1990), and no other party could use it without his prior permission.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-have-got-the-stay-order-from-the-court-to-restrain-from-using-the-tile-swathi-mutthina-male-haniye-rajendra-singh-babu/articleshow/97175330.cms|title=I have got the stay order from the court to restrain from using the title Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye: Rajendra Singh Babu |work=The Times of India|date=20 January 2023 |accessdate=20 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also, he claimed that he had made an unfinished film with the same title starring [[Ambarish]] and [[Suhasini Maniratnam]]. However the court ruled out the case and came in favor of [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]'s decision to proceed with the title.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ramya-gets-the-title-rights-for-swati-muttina-male-haniye-rules-city-court/articleshow/99272931.cms?from=mdr|title=Ramya gets the title rights for Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye, rules city court |work=The Times of India|date=5 April 2023 |accessdate=5 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/apr/06/court-rules-turn-in-favour-of-ramya-in-swathi-mutthina-male-haniye-title-case-42011.html|title=Court rules turn in favour of Ramya in Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye title case |work=The Times of India|date=6 April 2023 |accessdate=6 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Casting ===<br /> The film was initially slated to be a comeback film for actress [[Divya Spandana|Ramya]]. However she later opted out of the film but still remained as the producer for the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ramya opts out of acting in Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye, Siri Ravikumar in |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/oct/20/ramya-opts-out-of-acting-in-swathi-mutthina-male-haniye-siri-ravikumar-in-35839.html |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=20 October 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, RJ-turned-actor Siri Ravikumar was cast in the role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-10-20 |title=Ramya backs out from Swati Muttina Male Haniye, Siri Ravikumar to replace her as lead |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ramya-backs-out-from-swati-muttina-male-haniye-siri-ravikumar-to-replace-her-as-lead/articleshow/94994458.cms |access-date=2023-11-27 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> [[Midhun Mukundan]] composed the background score for the film and the soundtrack. The single &quot;Mellage&quot; written by Prithvi bhat and sung by Madhuri Sheshadri was released on 7 November 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/nov/07/mellage-from-swathi-mutthina-male-haniye-about-love-from-womans-perspective-raj-b-shetty-2630653.html|title=Mellage from 'Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye' about love from woman's perspective: Raj B Shetty |date=7 November 2023 |publisher=The New Indian Express|accessdate=7 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Midhun Mukundan]] in his interview has told that &quot;Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye is one of my best works to date&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Midhun Mukundan: Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye is one of my best works to date |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-midhun-mukundan-swathi-mutthina-male-haniye-is-one-of-my-best-works-to-date/c6b5c0e84f49 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Mellage<br /> | length1 = <br /> | lyrics1 = Prithvi<br /> | extra1 = Madhuri Seshadri<br /> | title2 = <br /> | length2 = <br /> | lyrics2 = <br /> | extra2 = <br /> | title3 = <br /> | length3 =<br /> | lyrics3 = <br /> | extra3 = <br /> | title4 = <br /> | length4 = <br /> | lyrics4 = <br /> | extra4 = <br /> | total_length = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release and reception ==<br /> The film was initially planned to be direct OTT release; however after discussions it was released in limited screens on 24 November 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye should be an OTT release; decision is up to the producer: Raj B Shetty |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/swathi-mutthina-male-haniye-should-be-an-ott-release-decision-is-up-to-the-producer-raj-b-shetty/6fe349805b253 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Raj B Shetty's 'Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye' gets a release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/oct/25/raj-b-shettys-swathi-mutthina-male-haniye-gets-a-release-date-2626873.html |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=The New Indian Express|date=25 October 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The movie received positive reviews from critics with praises for all the departments of the team.<br /> <br /> Subha J Rao of ''[[The News Minute]]'' rated the movie 4/5 and stated &quot;&lt;bdi&gt;Raj B Shetty helms a film he can be proud of&quot;.&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=2023-11-24 |title=Swathi Muthina Male Haniye review: Raj B Shetty helms a film he can be proud of |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/swathi-muthina-male-haniye-review-raj-b-shetty-helms-a-film-he-can-be-proud-of |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shashiprasad S. M. of ''The South First'' described the movie as &quot;An ordinary tale of love, loss, and life that is simply extraordinary&quot; and rated 4/5.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=M |first=Shashiprasad S. |date=2023-11-24 |title=Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye review: An ordinary tale of love, loss, and life that is simply extraordinary |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/swathi-mutthina-male-haniye-kannada-movie-review/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=The South First |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prathiba Joy of ''[[OTTplay]]'' in her review wrote &quot;Raj B Shetty crafts a film that is to be enjoyed like a fine drink; one slow sip at a time&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye review: A film to be enjoyed like a fine drink |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/swathi-mutthina-male-haniye-review-raj-b-shetty-crafts-a-film-that-is-to-be-enjoyed-like-a-fine-drink-one-slow-sip-at-a-time/bdde0e20f2688 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suhasini Srihari of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' rated the movie 3.5/5 and described the movie as &quot;A gentle-paced narrative on death&quot; with praise for all the artists and the cinematographer and Music department.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Srihari |first=Suhasini |title='Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye' movie review: A gentle-paced narrative on death |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/swathi-mutthina-male-haniye-movie-review-a-gentle-paced-narrative-on-death-2784690 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sridevi S of ''[[The Times of India]]'' in her review stated that &quot;The movie, which travels at a pace slower than usual, makes us rethink and celebrate the joy of living, while also pushing us to happily think about death, and life of the loved ones after death&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye Movie Review : Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye: Raj B Shetty's movie is about finding beauty in death |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/swathi-mutthina-male-haniye/movie-review/105474308.cms |access-date=2023-11-27 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> On the contrary, Vivek MV of ''[[The Hindu]]'' described &quot;''Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye'' has a lot of touching moments and offers a distinctive experience, but it fails to amp up the drama between the leads.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=M.V |first=Vivek |date=2023-11-24 |title='Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye' movie review: Raj B Shetty, Siri Ravikumar's drama is heartening, yet not fulfilling |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/swathi-mutthina-male-haniye-movie-review-raj-b-shetty-siri-ravikumars-drama-is-heartening-yet-not-fulfilling/article67569067.ece |access-date=2023-11-27 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' in her review stated that the movie is ''&quot;A beautiful tale of simple emotions and human connections&quot;'' and added that ''&quot;a film like ''Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye'', while connecting universally, isn’t tailored for everyone; its appeal lies particularly with those who cherish simple emotions and value the depth of human connections.&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A beautiful tale of simple emotions and human connections |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/nov/27/a-beautiful-tale-of-simple-emotions-and-human-connections-2636417.html |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=The New Indian Express|date=27 November 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|28075831}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:2023 films]]<br /> [[Category:2023 Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kha-Nganpa&diff=509426 2026-03-03T06:00:11Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Clan of the Indian ethnic group, Meetei}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox clan<br /> | clan name = Kha-Nganpa<br /> | image badge = Classical Meitei illuminated manuscript painting — depicting a “Paphal” of Khaba Nganpa Pakhangba dragon — from the “Pakhangba Lambuba”, an Ancient Meetei language text (engraved in traditional Meetei Mayek writing system).jpg<br /> | image_size = 300px<br /> | alt = <br /> | chiefs crest = <br /> | badge_caption = A Classical Meitei [[illuminated manuscript]] painting, depicting a “Paphal” of the Kha-Nganpa [[totem]] of [[Pakhangba]], a [[Meitei dragon]], from the “Pakhangba Lambuba”, an [[Ancient Meitei language]] text, engraved in traditional [[Meetei Mayek script]]<br /> | chiefs motto = <br /> | chiefs slogan = <br /> | war cry = <br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | region = [[Greater Imphal]] area including Kanglei Imphal [[Kangla]] as capital and lastly at [[Wangjing, Manipur|Wangjing]], [[Sangai Yumpham]], [[Manipur]]<br /> | district = [[Imphal East]], [[Imphal West]] and [[Thoubal]]<br /> | ancestry = <br /> | ethnicity = [[Meitei people]]<br /> | plant badge = <br /> | animal = <br /> | pipe music = <br /> | chiefs name = '''Kha-Nganba Iputhou'''<br /> | image arms = <br /> | chiefs title = <br /> | chiefs gaelic title = <br /> | seat = <br /> | historic seat = <br /> | septs = <br /> | branches = [[#Number of families]]<br /> | Allied clans = [[Chenglei]] (Sarang Leisangthem)<br /> | kindreds = <br /> | titles = '''Khaba'''<br /> &lt;!-- the following information is for clans without a current chief --&gt;<br /> | last chiefs name = Khaba Nongjenba, the last Meetei [[Imphal Kangla]] ruler of the Khaba dynasty<br /> | date of death of last chief = <br /> | commander = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kha Nganpa''' (''shortened from Khapa Nganpa'') or '''Kha Nganba''' (''shortened from Khaba Nganba'') is a [[Ethnic group|people group]], which is recognized as one of the seven [[Yek Salai]] clans of the composite [[Meitei confederacy]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Ethnic_Races_Manipur.Meeteis_Surname<br /> *https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467109/page/n3&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Flag of Kangleipak.svg|thumb|In the flag of [[Kangleipak]], the bluish color represents the Kha-Nganpa group of [[Meitei people]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}]]<br /> <br /> == Number of families ==<br /> {{Main|Yumnak}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Meitei sub-groups<br /> !Romanisation<br /> !Number of families/surnames (according to N. Monihar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467297/page/n11/mode/1up|title=Sagei Salai Apoklon|last=Monihar|first=N.|date=2000|publisher=Internet Archive; Digital Library of India|location=India|language=mni}}&lt;/ref&gt;)<br /> !Number of families/surnames (according to Khomdon Lisam&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Who are the Indigenous People of Manipur Part 2 By Khomdon Lisam|url=https://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Who_are_the_Indigenous_People_of_Manipur_Part_2_By_Khomdon_Lisam.html..|access-date=2025-02-15|website=e-pao.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;)<br /> !Number of families/surnames (according to T.C. Hodson&lt;ref&gt;Hodson, Thomas Callan. The Meitheis. India: D. Nutt, 1908.&lt;/ref&gt;)<br /> !Number of families/surnames (according to Manipur Mirror)<br /> !Number of families/surnames (according to MASTEC)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The People - Manipur Science and Technology Council (MASTEC) |url=https://mastec.nic.in/index.php/the-people.html |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=mastec.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯥ ꯉꯥꯟꯄ}}<br /> |Kha Nganpa<br /> |42<br /> |37<br /> |17<br /> |43&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=KHABA NGANBA SURNAME LIST – Manipur Mirror |url=https://manipurmirror.com/khaba-nganba-surname-list/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |21<br /> |}<br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[Mangang]]<br /> *[[Luwang]]<br /> *[[Khuman Salai|Khuman]]<br /> *[[Angom]]<br /> *[[Moilang]]<br /> *[[Salai Leishangthem]]<br /> *[[Khaba-Nganba]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://paochelsalaitaret.net/wakoklon.php] Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Amailon Pukok PuYa<br /> <br /> [[Category:Meitei clans]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-ethno-stub}}</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=ITA_Award_for_Best_Actor_Drama_Popular&diff=503587 2026-02-27T08:26:27Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Television Academy award}}<br /> {{See also|ITA Award for Best Actress Drama Popular|ITA Award for Best Actor Drama Jury}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox award<br /> | name = [[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Award for Best Actor Popular]]<br /> | current_awards =<br /> | image = Mon harshad.jpg<br /> | image_size =<br /> | alt = <br /> | image_caption = The 2025 recipient: [[Harshad Chopda]]<br /> | type = Best Actor Popular<br /> | awarded_for = Most Popular Actor in Drama Category<br /> | country = India<br /> | presenter = [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]<br /> | former_name = ''Desh Ka Sitara''<br /> | firstawarded = 2001<br /> | lastawarded = 2025<br /> | most_wins = [[Harshad Chopda]] (6)<br /> | most_nominations = [[Harshad Chopda]] (9)<br /> | award1_type = First winner<br /> | award1_winner = [[Amar Upadhyay]]&lt;br&gt; for ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' (2001)<br /> | award2_type = Latest winner<br /> | award2_winner = [[Harshad Chopda]] for ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 4]]'' (2025)<br /> | website = {{url|http://indiantelevisionacademy.com/|Website}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''ITA Award for Best Actor Drama Popular''' is an award given by the Indian Television Academy as a part of its [[Indian Television Academy Awards|annual event]] to the male actor who receives the highest votes by the public. First awarded in 2001, the award was originally named ''Desh Ka Sitara'' but was later renamed to ''Best Actor Popular''.<br /> <br /> ==Superlatives==<br /> <br /> [[Harshad Chopda]] holds the record for the most wins in the category, having won the award six times. Chopda has achieved five consecutive wins from 2021 to 2025.<br /> <br /> [[Ronit Roy]], [[Dheeraj Dhoopar]], [[Karan Mehra]], and [[Nakuul Mehta]] are next in line, each of whom have won the award twice.<br /> <br /> ==Winners and nominees==<br /> ===2000s===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Photo<br /> ! Actor<br /> ! Character<br /> ! Show<br /> ! Ref<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=5|'''2001'''<br /> |rowspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|{{border|[[File:Amar Upadhyay in 2013 (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br /> |'''[[Amar Upadhyay]]'''<br /> |'''Mihir Virani'''<br /> |'''''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'''''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529222113/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2001|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-05-29|title=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com|date=2012-05-29|access-date=2019-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kiran Karmarkar]]<br /> |Om Agarwal<br /> |''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |[[Harsh Chhaya]]<br /> |Lalit Sharma<br /> |''[[Justujoo]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Shivaji Satam]]<br /> |A.C.P. Pradyuman<br /> |''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]]<br /> |Gautam Kapoor<br /> |''[[Saans]]''<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=5|'''2002'''<br /> |rowspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|<br /> |'''[[Cezanne Khan]]'''<br /> |'''Anurag Basu'''<br /> |'''''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kiran Karmarkar]]<br /> |Om Agarwal<br /> |''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |[[Amar Upadhyay]]<br /> |Mihir Virani<br /> |''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Varun Badola]]<br /> |Dev Malik<br /> |''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Suresh Oberoi]]<br /> |Dr. Raj Pradhan<br /> |''[[Dhadkan (TV series)|Dhadkan]]''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |'''2003'''<br /> |rowspan=4 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|{{border|[[File:Ronit Roy at Sahara IPL Awards (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br /> |'''[[Ronit Roy]]'''<br /> |'''Mihir Virani'''<br /> |'''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 03th ITA Awards 2003 – The Indian Television Academy |url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-03th-ita-awards-2003/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kiran Karmarkar]]<br /> |Om Agarwal<br /> |''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |[[Cezanne Khan]]<br /> |Anurag Basu<br /> |''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mihir Mishra]]<br /> |Dr. Rahul Mishra<br /> |''[[Sanjivani - A Medical Boon]]''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=5|'''2004'''<br /> |rowspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|{{border|[[File:Ronit Roy at Sahara IPL Awards (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br /> |'''[[Ronit Roy]]'''<br /> |'''Mihir Virani'''<br /> |'''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 04th ITA Awards 2004 – The Indian Television Academy |url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-04th-ita-awards-2004/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rajeev Khandelwal]]<br /> |Sujal Garewal<br /> |''[[Kahiin to Hoga]]''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |[[Varun Badola]]<br /> |Abhimanyu Saxena<br /> |''[[Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Apurva Agnihotri]]<br /> |Armaan Suri<br /> |''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kiran Karmarkar]]<br /> |Om Agarwal<br /> |''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=5|'''2005'''<br /> |rowspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|{{border|[[File:Hiten Tejwani in 2019 (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br /> |'''[[Hiten Tejwani]]'''<br /> |'''Karan Virani'''<br /> |'''''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ronit Roy]]<br /> |Rishabh Bajaj<br /> |''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |[[Apurva Agnihotri]]<br /> |Armaan Suri<br /> |''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rajeev Khandelwal]]<br /> |Sujal Garewal<br /> |''[[Kahiin to Hoga]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Hussain Kuwajerwala]]<br /> |Sumit Wadhwa<br /> |''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=5|'''2006'''<br /> |rowspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|{{border|[[File:Rohit Roy during the 45th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2014), in Panaji, Goa (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br /> | '''[[Rohit Roy]]'''<br /> |'''Rahul Lamba'''<br /> |'''''[[Viraasat (2006 TV series)|Viraasat]]'''''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 06th ITA Awards 2006 – The Indian Television Academy |url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-06th-ita-awards-2006/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ram Kapoor]]<br /> |Jai Walia<br /> |''[[Kasamh Se]]''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |[[Eijaz Khan]]<br /> |Kavya Nanda<br /> |''[[Kkavyanjali]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sharad Kelkar]]<br /> |Nahar Singh<br /> |''[[Saat Phere: Saloni Ka Safar]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Hussain Kuwajerwala]]<br /> |Sumit Wadhwa<br /> |''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=5 |'''2007'''<br /> |rowspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|{{border|[[File:Rajat Tokas at ‘Jodha Akbar’ launch.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br /> |'''[[Rajat Tokas]]'''<br /> |'''Prithviraj Chauhan'''<br /> |'''''[[Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan]]'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sharad Malhotra]]<br /> |Sagar Pratap Singh<br /> |''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ram Kapoor]]<br /> |Jai Walia<br /> |''[[Kasamh Se]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rajeev Khandelwal]]<br /> |Captain Rajveer Singh Shekhawat<br /> |''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rohit Roy]]<br /> |Rahul Lamba<br /> |''[[Viraasat (2006 TV series)|Viraasat]]''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=5|'''2008'''<br /> |rowspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|{{border|[[File:Angad Hasija at the launch of Telly Calendar 2014.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br /> |'''[[Angad Hasija]]'''<br /> |'''Aalekh Rajvansh'''<br /> |'''''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ram Kapoor]]<br /> |Jai Walia<br /> |''[[Kasamh Se]]''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |[[Harshad Chopda]]<br /> |Prem Juneja<br /> |''[[Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sharad Malhotra]]<br /> |Sagar Pratap Singh<br /> |''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Shabbir Ahluwalia]]<br /> |Milind Mishra<br /> |''[[Kayamath]]''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=5|'''2009'''<br /> |rowspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|{{border|[[File:Karan Mehra star parivar awards.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br /> |'''[[Karan Mehra]]'''<br /> |'''Naitik Singhania'''<br /> |'''''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ronit Roy]]<br /> |Dharamraj Mahiyavanshi<br /> |''[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sushant Singh Rajput]]<br /> |Manav Deshmukh<br /> |''[[Pavitra Rishta]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Avinash Sachdev]]<br /> |Dev Purohit<br /> |''[[Chotti Bahu]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Angad Hasija]]<br /> |Alekh Rajvansh<br /> |''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===2010s===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Photo<br /> ! Actor<br /> ! Character<br /> ! Show<br /> ! Ref<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=5 |'''2010'''<br /> |rowspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|{{border|[[File:Sushant Singh Rajput.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br /> |'''[[Sushant Singh Rajput]]'''<br /> |'''Manav Deshmukh'''<br /> |'''''[[Pavitra Rishta]]'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Karan Mehra]]<br /> |Naitik Singhania<br /> |''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |[[Arhaan Behll]]<br /> |Krishna Singh<br /> |''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ronit Roy]]<br /> |Dharamraj Mahiyavanshi<br /> |''[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Nandish Sandhu]]<br /> |Veer Singh Bundela<br /> |''[[Uttaran]]''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=5|'''2011'''<br /> |rowspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|{{border|[[File:Arhaan Behll still.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br /> |'''[[Arhaan Behll]]'''<br /> |'''Krishna Singh'''<br /> |'''''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sushant Singh Rajput]]<br /> |Manav Deshmukh<br /> |''[[Pavitra Rishta]]''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |[[Harshad Chopda]]<br /> |Anurag Ganguly<br /> |''[[Tere Liye (TV series)|Tere Liye]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Karan Mehra]]<br /> |Naitik Singhania<br /> |''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Nandish Sandhu]]<br /> |Veer Singh Bundela<br /> |''[[Uttaran]]''<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=5|'''2012'''<br /> |rowspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|{{border|[[File:Barun Sobti 1.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br /> |'''[[Barun Sobti]]'''<br /> |'''Arnav Singh Raizada'''<br /> |'''''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]'''''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Samir Soni]]'''<br /> |'''Kunal Chopra'''<br /> |'''''[[Parichay (TV series)|Parichay]]'''''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Gurmeet Choudhary]]<br /> |Maan Singh Khurana<br /> |''[[Geet – Hui Sabse Parayi]]''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |[[Dilip Joshi]]<br /> |Jethalal Gada<br /> |''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kushal Tandon]]<br /> |Virat Singh Vadhera<br /> |''[[Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai]]''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=5 |'''2013'''<br /> |rowspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|{{border|[[File:Karan Singh Grover at Jos Restaurant.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br /> |'''[[Karan Singh Grover]]'''<br /> |'''Asad Ahmed Khan'''<br /> |'''''[[Qubool Hai]]'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ram Kapoor]]<br /> |Ram Kapoor<br /> |''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |[[Anas Rashid]]<br /> |Sooraj Rathi<br /> |''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Gurmeet Choudhary]]<br /> |Yash Sindhia<br /> |''[[Punar Vivaah - Zindagi Milegi Dobara|Punar Vivaah]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Vivian Dsena]]<br /> |Rishabh Kundra<br /> |''[[Madhubala - Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]''<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=5 |'''2014'''<br /> |rowspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|{{border|[[File:Harshad Arora.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br /> |'''[[Harshad Arora]]'''<br /> |'''Zain Abdullah'''<br /> |'''''[[Beintehaa]]'''''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/14th-indian-television-awards-full-winners-list-harshad-arora-anil-kapoor-ashish-sharma-win-trophies-410646/|title=14th Indian Television Awards Full winners' list: Harshad Arora, Anil Kapoor, Ashish Sharma win trophies|last=|first=|date=2 November 2014|website=Bollywood Life|language=en-EN|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Anas Rashid]]<br /> |Sooraj Rathi<br /> |''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ashish Sharma]]<br /> |Rudra Pratap Ranawat<br /> |''[[Rangrasiya]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Shabir Ahluwalia]]<br /> |Abhishek Mehra<br /> |''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Shaheer Sheikh]]<br /> |[[Arjuna|Arjun]]<br /> |''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=4 |'''2015'''<br /> |rowspan=4 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|{{border|[[File:Karan Mehra star parivar awards.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br /> |'''[[Karan Mehra]]'''<br /> |'''Naitik Singhania'''<br /> |'''''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'''''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ita-awards-2015-complete-winners-list-karan-patel-radhika-madan-anita-hassanandani-others-win-645632|title=ITA Awards 2015 {{!}} Winners List: Karan Patel, Shakti Arora, Radhika Madan, Anita Hassanandani and Others Win Big|last=|first=|date=7 September 2015|website=IB Times India|language=english|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Shabir Ahluwalia]]<br /> |Abhishek Mehra<br /> |''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Karan Patel]]<br /> |Raman Bhalla<br /> |''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Shakti Arora]]<br /> |Ranveer Vaghela<br /> |''[[Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi]]''<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=5 |'''2016'''<br /> |rowspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|{{border|[[File:Shabbir Ahluwalia.png|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br /> |'''[[Shabir Ahluwalia]]'''<br /> |'''Abhishek Mehra'''<br /> |'''''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]'''''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2016-mouni-roy-shabbir-ahluwalia-emerge-big-winners-see-pics-video-4374865/|title=ITA Awards 2016: Mouni Roy, Shabbir Ahluwalia emerge big winners, see pics, video|date=2016-11-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Shaheer Sheikh]]<br /> |Dev Dixit<br /> |''[[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi]]''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |[[Karan Patel]]<br /> |Raman Bhalla<br /> |''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Vivian Dsena]]<br /> |Harman Singh<br /> |''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Shravan Reddy]]<br /> |Aryan Chimaji<br /> |''[[Krishnadasi (2016 TV series)|Krishnadasi]]''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=5|'''2017'''<br /> |rowspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|{{border|[[File:Nakuul Mehta in April 2022.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}&lt;br/&gt;{{border|[[File:Vivian Dsena in 2016.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br /> |'''[[Nakuul Mehta]]'''<br /> |'''Shivaay Singh Oberoi'''<br /> |'''''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'''''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2017-winners-list-jennifer-winget-nakuul-mehta-vivian-dsena-see-photos-videos-4924530/|title=ITA Awards 2017 winners list: Jennifer Winget, Vivian Dsena and Nakuul Mehta take home the trophies|date=2017-11-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Vivian Dsena]]'''<br /> |'''Harman Singh'''<br /> |'''''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]'''''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Aasif Sheikh]]<br /> |Vibhuti Narayan Mishra<br /> |''[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!]]''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |[[Zain Imam]]<br /> |Neil Khanna<br /> |''[[Naamkarann]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Barun Sobti]]<br /> |Advay Singh Raizada<br /> |''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3]]''<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=5|'''2018'''<br /> |rowspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|{{border|[[File:Chopda graces the Dadasaheb Phalke International Film Festival Awards 2020.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br /> |'''[[Harshad Chopda]]'''<br /> |'''Aditya Hooda'''<br /> |'''''[[Bepannah]]'''''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2018-winners-list-5489473/|title=Indian Television Academy Awards 2018: Complete list of winners|date=2018-12-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en|access-date=2019-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Nakuul Mehta]]<br /> |Shivaay Singh Oberoi<br /> |''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |[[Randeep Rai]]<br /> |Sameer Maheshwari<br /> |''[[Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Zain Imam]]<br /> |Neil Khanna<br /> |''[[Naamkarann]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Vivian Dsena]]<br /> |Harman Singh<br /> |''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=4 |'''2019'''<br /> |rowspan=4 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|{{border|[[File:Dheeraj Dhoopar at the Zee Cine Awards 2019.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br /> |'''[[Dheeraj Dhoopar]]'''<br /> |'''Karan Luthra'''<br /> | '''''[[Kundali Bhagya]]'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Harshad Chopda]]<br /> |Aditya Hooda<br /> |''[[Bepannah]]''<br /> | rowspan=5|<br /> |-<br /> |[[Randeep Rai]]<br /> |Sameer Maheshwari<br /> |''[[Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai]]''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Vivian Dsena]]<br /> |Harman Singh<br /> |''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===2020s===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Photo<br /> ! Actor<br /> ! Character<br /> ! Show<br /> ! Ref<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=5 |'''2020'''<br /> |rowspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|{{border|[[File:Dheeraj Dhoopar at the Zee Cine Awards 2019.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}&lt;br&gt;{{border|[[File:Sudhanshu Pandey at Mika's birthday bash hosted by Kiran Bawa 15 (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br /> |'''[[Dheeraj Dhoopar]]'''<br /> |'''Karan Luthra'''<br /> |'''''[[Kundali Bhagya]]'''''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=15 February 2021|first=Shweta|last=Keshri|title=ITA Awards 2021 full winners list out. Surbhi Chandna and Pratik Gandhi win big|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ita-awards-2021-full-winners-list-out-surbhi-chandna-and-pratik-gandhi-win-big-1769533-2021-02-15|access-date=2021-02-18|website=India Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Sudhanshu Pandey]]'''<br /> |'''Vanraj Shah'''<br /> |'''''[[Anupamaa]]'''''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rrahul Sudhir]]<br /> |Vansh Raisinghania<br /> |''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sharad Malhotra]]<br /> |Veeranshu Singhania<br /> |''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 5]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sumedh Mudgalkar]]<br /> |Krishn<br /> |''[[RadhaKrishn]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=6|'''2021'''<br /> |rowspan=6 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|{{border|[[File:Chopda graces the Dadasaheb Phalke International Film Festival Awards 2020.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}&lt;br&gt;{{border|[[File:Nakuul Mehta in April 2022.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br /> |'''[[Harshad Chopda]]'''<br /> |'''Abhimanyu Birla'''<br /> |'''''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'''''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-07 |title=ITA Awards 2022: Harshad Chopda Win Big; Here's the Complete Winners List |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ita-awards-2022-harshad-chopda-nakuul-mehta-anupamaa-win-big-heres-the-complete-winners-list-4844942.html |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Nakuul Mehta]]'''<br /> |'''Ram Kapoor'''<br /> |'''''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]]'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Gaurav Khanna]]<br /> | Anuj Kapadia<br /> | ''[[Anupamaa]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abrar Qazi]]<br /> | Rudraksh Khurana<br /> | ''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mohsin Khan (Indian actor)|Mohsin Khan]]<br /> | Kartik Goenka<br /> | ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sumedh Mudgalkar]]<br /> | Krishna<br /> | ''[[RadhaKrishn]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=6|'''2022'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;21&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |{{border|[[File:Chopda graces the Dadasaheb Phalke International Film Festival Awards 2020.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}<br /> |'''[[Harshad Chopda]]'''<br /> |'''Abhimanyu Birla'''<br /> |'''''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'''''<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= 12 December 2022|title=ITA Awards 2022 complete winners list: Varun Dhawan, Nakuul Mehta, The Kashmir Files win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2022-complete-winners-list-varun-dhawan-nakuul-mehta-the-kashmir-files-win-big-8320262/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Gaurav Khanna]]<br /> | Anuj Kapadia<br /> | ''[[Anupamaa]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sumedh Mudgalkar]]<br /> | Krishna<br /> | ''[[RadhaKrishn]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Karan Wahi]]<br /> | Aditya Singh<br /> | ''[[Channa Mereya (TV series)|Channa Mereya]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Karan Kundra]]<br /> | Host<br /> | ''[[Dance Deewane|Dance Deewane Junior]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Maniesh Paul]]<br /> | Host<br /> | ''[[India's Best Dancer]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=5|'''2023'''<br /> |'''[[Harshad Chopda]]'''<br /> |'''Abhimanyu Birla'''<br /> |'''''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'''''<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= 11 December 2023|title=ITA Awards 2023: Tejasswi Prakash, Harshad Chopda win big; Hrithik Roshan dances to 'Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ita-awards-2023-tejasswi-prakash-harshad-chopda-win-big-hrithik-roshan-dances-to-kaho-naa-pyaar-hai-9062956/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Nakuul Mehta]]<br /> |Ram Kapoor<br /> |''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Adnan Khan]]<br /> |Viaan Raghuvanshi<br /> |''[[Katha Ankahee]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Harshad Arora]]<br /> |Dr. Satya Adhikari<br /> |''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sudhanshu Pandey]]<br /> |Vanraj Shah<br /> |''[[Anupamaa]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=5|'''2024'''<br /> |'''[[Harshad Chopda]]'''<br /> |'''Abhimanyu Birla'''<br /> |'''''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'''''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ita-awards-2024-harshad-chopda-wins-best-actor-rupali-ganguly-showers-love-husband-ashwin-876159|title=Harshad Chopda wins best actor|website= IBtimes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Krushal Ahuja]]<br /> |Aniruddh Bose<br /> |''[[Jhanak]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mahir Pandhi]]<br /> |Digvijay Mahajan <br /> |''[[Vanshaj]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mishkat Varma]]<br /> |Adhiraj Pradhan<br /> |''[[Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon|Kavya - Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rohit Purohit]]<br /> |Armaan Poddar<br /> |''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=5|'''2025'''<br /> |'''[[Harshad Chopda]]'''<br /> |'''Rishabh Kapoor'''<br /> |'''''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 4]]'''''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= ITA Awards 2025 Winners List: Who Won Best Actor, Actress? Harshad Chopda, Rupali Ganguly, Kanwar Dhillon Are|date=2025-12-09|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2025/ita-awards-2025-winners-list-harshad-chopda-rupali-ganguly-kanwar-dhillon-win-best-actor-actress-493264.html|website= filmibeat}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Arjit Taneja]]<br /> |Virat Singh Ahuja<br /> |''[[Kaise Mujhe Tum Mil Gaye]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rohit Purohit]]<br /> |Armaan Poddar<br /> |''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Krushal Ahuja]]<br /> |Aniruddha Bose<br /> |''[[Jhanak]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Shagun Pandey]]<br /> |Ved Birla<br /> |''[[Saru (TV series)|Saru]]''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[ITA Award for Best Actress Drama Popular]]<br /> * [[ITA Award for Best Actor Drama Jury]]<br /> * [[ITA Award for Best Actress Drama Jury]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://indiantelevisionacademy.com/ Indian Television Academy Awards]<br /> <br /> {{Indian Television Academy Awards}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Television awards for Best Actor]]<br /> [[Category:Awards established in 2001]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Television Academy Awards|Actor]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birendranath_Sasmal&diff=461137 2026-02-26T18:14:30Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: small changes</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician and nationalist barrister (1881–1934)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | honorific_prefix= ''Deshapran'' <br /> | name = Birendranath Sasmal<br /> | image = Biren sasmal.jpg<br /> | caption =<br /> | native_name = দেশপ্রাণ বীরেন্দ্রনাথ শাসমল<br /> | other_names = ''Deshapran'',<br /> ''The Uncrowned King of [[Medinipur]]''<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1881|10|26|df=yes}}<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1934|11|24|1881|10|26|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = Chandiveti, [[Contai]], [[Midnapore District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India<br /> | death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India<br /> | movement = [[Indian independence movement]]<br /> | spouse = Hemanta Kumari Debi<br /> | family = [[Zamindar]] Sasmal Family of Chandibheti<br /> | relatives = [[Rai Sahib]] [[Bipin Bihari Sasmal]] (brother)<br /> Notendranath Sasmal, [[Barrister|Bar-at-law]] (nephew)<br /> | education = [[Contai High School]], [[Surendranath College]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[Middle Temple]]<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|[[Barrister]]|[[Politician]]|[[freedom fighter]]|educationist}}<br /> | organization = {{ubl | [[Indian National Congress]] (Before 1923 and again after 1928) | [[Swaraj Party]] (1923–1928) }}<br /> | children = 2, including Dr. Bimalananda Sasmal, [[Barrister|Bar-at-law]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Birendranath Sasmal''' (26 October 1881 – 24 November 1934) was a [[barrister]] and a political leader. He was known as &quot;'''The Uncrowned King''' of [[Midnapore district|Midnapore]]&quot; and &quot;'''Deshapran&quot;''' (soul of the nation) because of his love and devotion to the country and for his efforts in the [[Swadeshi movement]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sasmal, Birendranath |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Sasmal,_Birendranath |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Banglapedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhowmik |first=Arindam |script-title=bn:বীরেন্দ্রনাথ শাসমল {{!}} बिरेन्द्रनाथ शासमल {{!}} Birendranath Sasmal |url=https://www.midnapore.in/freedomfighters/birendranath_sasmal.html |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=midnapore.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Das2021&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:Deshapran Biren Sasmal.jpg|thumb]]He was the principal representative of the [[Indian National Congress]] at [[Midnapore]]. He was instrumental in organizing mass uprisings and protests in the Midnapore district on behalf of the Congress and later the [[Swaraj Party]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Senapati2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mohanta2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Devi2020&quot; /&gt; He was also one of the most influential leaders of the [[Bengal Presidency]] during the [[Indian independence movement|freedom struggle]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Pansy Chaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VBhuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Birendranath+Sasmal+swaraj+party |title=The Development of the Indian Natio[n]al Congress, 1892-1909 |date=1985 |publisher=Firma KLM |isbn=978-0-8364-1411-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was essentially a &quot;people's leader&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xFDAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=Birendranath+Sasmal+swaraj+party |title=Proceedings |date=1978 |publisher=Indian History Congress. |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mohanta2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Dr. Pranab Kumar |title=Midnapur's tryst with struggle |publisher=West Bengal State Archives |year=2004 |edition=1st |location=[[Kolkata]] |publication-date=2004 |pages=157 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a barrister, he represented many of the accused in cases against the [[British Raj]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Senapati2018&quot; /&gt; He was one of the major associates of [[Chittaranjan Das]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Banerji |first=Nripendra Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pi8dAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=birendranath+sasmal+chittagong+armoury+raid |title=At the Cross-roads, 1885-1946: The Autobiography of Nripendra Chandra Banerji (Mastarmahasaya). |date=1974 |publisher=Jijnasa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and along with Das and others, he was a founding member of the Swaraj Party and later worked as its principal organizer in Bengal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Aparna |title=Chittaranjan |publisher=Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi |date=January 2020 |edition=1st |location=[[Kolkata]] |pages=206 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Devi2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=P. Thankappan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o40cAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=birendranath+sasmal+chittagong+armoury+raid |title=A History of Calcutta's Streets |date=1987 |publisher=Firma KLM |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He served as the general secretary of the party's Bengal branch.&lt;ref name=&quot;Das2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Dulal Krishna |script-title=bn:বাংলার নবরত্ন |publisher=Tuhina Publications |year=2021 |edition=1st |location=Kolkata |publication-date=2022 |pages=138 to 165 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Devi2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> [[File:Contai High School - Contai - East Midnapore 2016-06-18 4175.JPG|thumb|Contai High School]]<br /> Birendranath Sasmal was born into an aristocratic [[Mahishya]] family at Chandiveti village, [[Contai]], in the former undivided [[Midnapore district]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Cooper1988&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Cooper |first=Adrienne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_gbtAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=birendranath+sasmal |title=Sharecropping and Sharecropper's Struggles in Bengal, 1930-1950 |date=1988 |publisher=K.P. Bagchi &amp; Company |isbn=978-81-7074-039-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Das2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Senapati2018&quot; /&gt; His father was a [[zamindar]], Biswambhar Sasmal, and his mother was Anandamoyee Devi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Senapati2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Senapati |first1=Uma |last2=Das |first2=Dulal Krishna |script-title=bn:মাহিষ্য রত্নাবলী-জীবনী শতক |publisher=Tuhina Publications |year=2018 |isbn=9788194434641 |edition=2nd |location=Kolkata |publication-date=2020 |pages=153 to 156 |language=bn |trans-title=Mahishya Ratnavali-Biographical Century}}&lt;/ref&gt; His great-grandfather, Karunakar Sasmal, had purchased rights over a few [[taluk]]s after the [[Permanent Settlement]] of 1793.&lt;ref name=&quot;Das2021&quot; /&gt; The Sasmal family of ''Chandibheti village'' was a very old and respected [[Zamindars of Bengal|zamindar family]] of [[Contai subdivision|Contai]]. They were originally from [[Junput]], near the sea coast of the [[Bay of Bengal]]. His grandfather, Chandi Charan Sasmal, had received subsequent land grants from the [[Birkul Royal Family|Raja of Birkul]], and consequently increased their land holdings by buying lands near and across the region. [[Brahmoism]] had made a deep impact on his family.&lt;ref name=&quot;essay&quot; /&gt; A few of his family members had also converted to the [[Brahmo religion]] prior.&lt;ref name=&quot;Das2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Manmathanath |script-title=bn:দেশপ্রাণ বীরেন্দ্রনাথ |publisher=Arindam's |year=2024 |isbn=978-81-970060-3-6 |edition=9th |location=[[Kolkata]] |publication-date=26 January 1981 |language=bn |trans-title=Deshapran Birendranath (Biography of Birendranath Sasmal, a leading freedom fighter)}}&lt;/ref&gt; His elder brother, [[Rai Sahib]] [[Bipin Bihari Sasmal]], was an eminent [[Zamindar]] of [[Midnapore district]] and the [[Chair (officer)|Chairman]] of the Contai Municipal Board.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dasgupta |first=Swapan |title=Local Politics in Bengal: Midnapur District |publisher=[[SOAS University of London]] |year=1980 |location=[[London]] |pages=98 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Main entrance of Vidyasagar College (established in 1872) in Kolkata.jpg|thumb|200px|Metropolitan College, at 39, Sankar Ghosh Lane, Simla, Machuabazar.]]<br /> He was admitted to [[Contai High School]] in 1893 and passed the [[entrance examination]] in 1900 from the same school;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; there, the teachings of two nationalistic teachers, Tarak Gopal Ghosh and Sashibhushan Chakraborty, greatly influenced him.&lt;ref name=&quot;Das2021&quot; /&gt; Subsequently, he got admission into [[Vidyasagar College|Metropolitan College, Calcutta]], and then transferred to [[Surendranath College|Ripon College]] of [[Calcutta]] as he was influenced by [[Surendranath Banerjee]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Senapati2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-08-16 |title=Independence Day 2021: মেদিনীপুরের লৌহ মানব বীরেন্দ্রনাথ শাসমলের অবদান আজও ভেলেননি গ্রামবাসীরা |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/local-18/purba-medinipur-iron-man-of-medinipur-birendranath-sasmal-contribution-in-indian-independence-is-immense-pbd-642541.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113094849/https://bengali.news18.com/news/local-18/purba-medinipur-iron-man-of-medinipur-birendranath-sasmal-contribution-in-indian-independence-is-immense-pbd-642541.html |archive-date=13 January 2026 |access-date=2026-02-02 |language=bn |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> [[File:Herbert Railton - Bridge and Porch of Middle Temple Library (modified).jpg|thumb|Middle Temple, [[London]]. One of the [[Inns of Court]], circa, 1895.]]<br /> After finishing his college education, he left for England in 1902 to study law at the [[Middle Temple]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Senapati2018&quot; /&gt; during this time he travelled extensively, visiting the [[United States]], [[France]], and [[Japan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Das2021&quot; /&gt; During his 5-month stay in [[New York City]], he was both fascinated and intrigued by the application of the [[democratic ideals]] and [[Democratic principles|principles]] prevalent in [[American society]], for which he had a lifelong deep admiration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mohanta2017&quot; /&gt; One of the inspirations for his desire to pursue law as a subject was the fact that at that time, there was an evident scarcity of lawyers willing to stand up for the [[Indian independence movement|nationalistic cause]] or to represent the [[revolutionaries]].&lt;ref name=&quot;n18-15Aug2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-08-15 |title=Independence Day{{!}} মৃতদেহ দণ্ডায়মান রেখে শেষকৃত্য! ভোট এলেই নেতাদের মনে পড় তাঁকে... |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/features/birendranath-sasmal-a-life-to-be-remembered-akd-642873.html |access-date=2025-03-13 |publisher=News18 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; He returned to India in 1904 after becoming a [[barrister]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Cooper1988&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;n18-16Aug2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-08-16 |script-title=bn:মেদিনীপুরের লৌহ মানব বীরেন্দ্রনাথ শাসমলের অবদান আজও ভেলেননি গ্রামবাসীরা |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/local-18/purba-medinipur-iron-man-of-medinipur-birendranath-sasmal-contribution-in-indian-independence-is-immense-pbd-642541.html |access-date=2022-03-04 |publisher=News18 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legal career ==<br /> [[File:Samuel Ireland - New Inn - B1977.14.9478 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Middle Temple, London]]<br /> After being awarded his degree in law, Sasmal was [[Call to the bar|called to the Bar]] at the [[Middle Temple]] in England in 1904. He returned to [[Calcutta]] and started his practice as a [[barrister]] at the [[Calcutta High Court]].&lt;ref name=&quot;n18-15Aug2021&quot; /&gt; Although he never believed in the principles of armed struggle himself, he nevertheless defended revolutionaries in various criminal cases and saved them from the [[gallows]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mohanta2019&quot; /&gt; In 1905, during the protest against the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]], he took a leading role in the protests in the [[Midnapore district|district]]. In 1906, he represented a young [[Khudiram Bose]] as his [[defence counsel]], who had been arrested on the charges of distributing [[Sedition|seditious]] pamphlets against the [[British Raj]] in [[Midnapore|Midnapore town]], and managed to exonerate him.&lt;ref name=&quot;Das2021&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:Calcutta ei05-02.jpg|thumb| The [[Calcutta High Court]], where B. N. Sasmal practiced law for nearly 30 years]]<br /> During his years of legal practice in Calcutta, he had established himself as a competent lawyer and a distinguished member of the [[Calcutta Bar Association]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mohanta2017&quot; /&gt; He was known for his knack in both [[civil cases]] and [[Criminal law|criminal cases]], especially those against the [[British Raj]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Das2021&quot; /&gt; He sometimes even travelled to other districts to represent the accused in cases of the [[Indian independence movement|nationalistic cause]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Senapati2018&quot; /&gt; However early in his career, after a few years of practice he temporarily switched to the Medinipur District Court in 1907 because he felt disconnected from his roots.&lt;ref name=&quot;Das2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Senapati2018&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:East Medinipur District and Session Court at Tamluk, Old and New building 02.jpg|thumb|The Midnapore District Court, where he is still revered]]<br /> Using his legal aptitude, he interpreted and marked the various oppressive acts passed by the British Raj and led protests against it. This was expressed during his protests against the Bengal Village Self Government Act of 1919.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mohanta2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mohanta |first=Rahul Kumar |title=Birendranath Sasmal and the Freedom Struggle in Midnapore: A Historical Study |url=https://www.thecreativelauncher.com/index.php/tcl/article/view/603/582 |journal=The Creative Launcher |volume=2 |issue=4 |date=October 2017 |doi=10.53032/tcl.2017.2.4.19 |pages=123–127 |doi-broken-date=30 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He became a member of the district board and municipality, and actively engaged in various forms of social welfare and also played a crucial role during the Midnapore floods of 1913, 1920, 1926, and 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mohanta2019&quot; /&gt; In 1913, he became the convener of the session of the [[Bengal provincial conference|Bengal Provincial Political Conference]] at [[Mymensingh]]. Next year, he represented Midnapore district at the [[Bengal Provincial Conference]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Das2021&quot; /&gt; By 1913, he again resumed his practice at the Calcutta High Court, but in 1921, he gave up his flourishing and thriving practice and committed himself to the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|non-cooperation movement]]. For his participation, he was arrested along with [[Chittaranjan Das]], [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], [[Maulana Azad]], and others and was imprisoned in the [[Alipore Central Jail]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Das2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Devi2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Aparna |title=Maanush Chittaranjan |publisher=Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi |year=2020 |edition=1st |location=Kolkata |publication-date=2020 |pages=174 |language=en |trans-title=Chittaranjan}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Deshapran Birendranath Sasmal as a young Barrister.jpg|thumb|Deshapran Sasmal as a seasoned and experienced [[barrister]] from the [[Middle Temple]]. This was taken during his time as a legal practitioner fighting for the cause of the revolutionaries across the various courts of the [[Bengal Presidency]].]]<br /> He was once again arrested in 1930 for the leading role he played during the [[Satyagraha|Civil Disobedience movement]]. Immediately after his release, he rushed to [[Chittagong]] to defend the accused, including [[Surya Sen]], [[Pritilata Waddedar]], and others, in the [[Chittagong armoury raid]] case.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Birendranath Sasmal: The barrister who bravely defended Chittagong's patriots without a fee – GetBengal story |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/birendranath-sasmal-the-barrister-who-bravely-defended-chittagong-s-patriots-without-a-fee-getbengal-story |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He managed to acquit 32 revolutionaries, and 12 others were deported to the [[Cellular Jail|Andamans]], and 2 received only minor three-year prison sentences. He refused to charge any legal fees for this service.&lt;ref name=&quot;Senapati2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;essay&quot; /&gt; Once again, he acted as the defence counsel for the accused in the [[Douglas shooting case]] by the members of the [[Bengal Volunteers]], including [[Pradyot Kumar Bhattacharya]] and [[Prabhanshu Sekhar Pal]]. However, Pradyot Kumar Bhattacharya was hanged due to his brother's betrayal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Das2021&quot; /&gt; Furthermore, he [[Pleading|pleaded]] for the accused members of the Bengal Volunteers in the case of the murder of the oppressive [[district magistrate]], Bernard E. J. Burge, acquitting multiple members in the process, and also saved the young revolutionary, [[Bhupal Chandra Panda]], from imprisonment or being permanently deported to the Andamans.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Pranab Kumar |title=Midnapur's tryst with struggle |publisher=Directorate of State Archives, [[Government of West Bengal]] |location=[[Kolkata]] |publication-date=2004 |pages=261 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political activities==<br /> For political reasons, Midnapore district was proposed to be divided into two by the [[British Raj]], and ''Deshapran'' started protesting against it. He toured the region and organised protest movements. The proposal for partition was withdrawn. He started practising law at [[Calcutta High Court]] in 1904. In 1913, leaving Calcutta High Court, Birendranath practiced in Midnapore District Court for a few years, but later he again joined the High Court. In the High Court, he defended the accused in the [[Chittagong Armoury Raid|Chittagong Armed Robbery]] case. He was jailed for nine months by the British Raj for calling a general strike during the visit of King [[George V]] to [[British India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Aparna |title=Chittaranjan |publisher=Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi |date=January 2020 |edition=1st |location=[[Kolkata]] |pages=184 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; During his stay at [[Alipore Central Jail|Presidency Jail]], he wrote his autobiography named ''Sroter Trina''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; He was nationally very well known during the [[Indian freedom movement]] and had direct correspondences with leaders such as [[Motilal Nehru]] and [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |script-title=bn:স্মৃতিচারণায় উজ্জ্বল দেশপ্রাণের দেশপ্রেম |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/midnapore/people-remembered-birendranath-sasmal-at-vidyasagar-university-1.727680 |access-date=2022-03-04 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |date=22 December 2017 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;n18-16Aug2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mohanta2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nehru |first=Motilal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZFHAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Birendranath+Sasmal+swaraj+party |title=Selected Works of Motilal Nehru: 1926-1928 |date=1982 |publisher=Vikas |isbn=978-0-7069-6379-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Non-cooperation movement (1920)===<br /> <br /> Sasmal played a leading role in the 1920 Calcutta Session of the National Congress and supported the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation movement]] of 1921. Sasmal, by then, had joined the [[Swaraj Party|Swarajya Party]] of [[Chittaranjan Das]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=S. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hssXP1hBYscC&amp;dq=Birendranath+Sasmal+swaraj+party&amp;pg=PA191 |title=History of the Freedom Movement in India (1857-1947) |date=1997 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1049-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was made Secretary of the Bengal Provincial Congress.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Subrata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqdxEQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Birendranath+Sasmal+swaraj+party&amp;pg=PT41 |title=Gandhi's Critics |last2=Ramaswamy |first2=Sushila |date=2025-08-29 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=978-1-040-36381-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this period he also successfully led the local anti-Union Board agitation in [[Midnapore district|Midnapore]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahir2018&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===No-tax movement (1920–1922)===<br /> The Bengal Village Self Government Act was passed in 1919. According to that law, 227 union boards were formed in the district. Birendranath took up the cause of his people and plunged into the boycott movement. He declared that he would walk on bare feet until the union boards were not done away with.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.midnapore.in/bi.html |title=Legacy of Midnapore – Birendranath Sasmal}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 17 December 1921, 226 Union Boards were abolished, and the last one was abolished the next year. In a gathering, with loud cheers, people put shoes on the feet of their leader.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahir2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ahir |first=Rajiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&amp;q=a+brief+history+of+modern+india |title=A Brief History of Modern India |date=2018 |publisher=Spectrum Books (P) Limited |isbn=978-81-7930-688-8 |pages=807}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Chairman of the Medinipur District Board (1923–1924)===<br /> <br /> In 1923, with a huge majority, ''Deshapran'' Birendranath Sasmal was elected [[chairman]] of the Midnapore district board. Prior to his election, Midnapore had been usually politically governed by outsiders from other districts who had previously migrated to Midnapore district for employment or other reasons, which henceforth changed after his grand victory. He worked diligently for the development of Midnapore district. He improved the health department, ensured the supply of water, spread education, and developed the roads. [[Dispensaries]] increased by a large number during his tenure as chairman. He also strengthened the primary education in the district, sanctioning a huge sum of 51,000,000 [[rupee]]s, which was an unprecedented amount for education. He was also instrumental in establishing the innovative '''''National Schools''''' throughout the district, which were one of a kind. These national schools, still continue to serve as the pillars of pre-college education in the rural levels of the district.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mohanta2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ভট্টাচার্য্য |first=দেবার্ঘ্য |date=2025-10-27 |title=মেদিনীপুরের মুকুটহীন সম্রাট দেশপ্রাণ বীরেন্দ্রনাথ শাসমল |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/midnapore-news/know-the-life-story-of-birendranath-sasmal/200431937.cms |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Labon Satyagraha (1930)===<br /> Birendranath was also involved in the [[civil disobedience]] movement. His followers took an active part in organizing people. Satyagrahis came to [[Narghat Assembly constituency|Narghat]] and Pichhhaboni to break the Salt Law by peaceful means. The Satyagraha assumed the form of a mass movement in the area.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Opposition to district division (1932–1933)===<br /> <br /> In 1932, a plan was hatched by the British Raj to separate some bordering regions of the Midnapore district, and to amalgamate them into [[Odisha]]. Along with some of the other leading intellectuals and prominent political leaders of the district, ''Deshapran'' Birendranath Sasmal started fierce protests against it. He was held to be the undisputed leader of the district and was regarded as the principal spokesperson regarding its best interests. Apart from the direct protests, he also wrote and published numerous articles in the [[mainstream media]] to bring to light the unfair move made by the Government. Due to his earnest opposition, the British Raj could not succeed in their attempt at separating Midnapore district from [[Bengal]]. Ultimately, Odisha was formed without the Midnapore district in 1935.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caste, Region and History: Mahisyas and the 'Anti-Partition' Mobilisation in 1932 |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/caste-region-and-history-mahisyas-and-the-%E2%80%98anti-partition%E2%80%99-mobilisation-1932#_edn1 |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mohanta2019&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Election to Calcutta Corporation, Central Legislative Assembly (1930–1934)===<br /> <br /> In 1933, Birendranath was elected to the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Calcutta Corporation]]. At the request of Pandit [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]], he contested in the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] election from a two–district seat of [[Burdwan]] division and won it but died before the result was announced.&lt;ref name=&quot;Senapati2018&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Withdrawal from politics==<br /> In 1924, when Birendranath Sasmal claimed the post of [[List of mayors of Kolkata|chief executive officer]] of the [[Calcutta Corporation]], an untoward situation occurred. A battle took place between [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and Birendranath Sasmal for the post of the chief executive officer of [[Calcutta Municipal Corporation]], which then dominated political the life of [[Bengal]]. Bose was ultimately chosen even though [[Chittaranjan Das]] had originally proposed to reward the services of Sasmal by offering him the job, he soon backed out. One of them, [[Nirmal Chunder]], even went so far as to comment, 'Will a keot from [[Midnapore district|Midnapur]] come and rule in [[Calcutta]]?'. Sasmal asked his mentor Das two questions at a meeting of the Bengal Provincial Congress Committee (BPCC): '(1) Subhas Bose had been elected member and his brother [[Sarat Chandra Bose|Sarat Bose]] alderman of the Calcutta Corporation by the [[Swaraj Party]]. Why was the BPCC bent on establishing the mastery of one family over the corporation? (2) In the highest executive post of the corporation, it was being proposed that he be bypassed and another man appointed. Was this because he was held in contempt for his comparatively low caste?' Das expressed annoyance with the first question and gave an inadequate answer to the second, which did not satisfy Sasmal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Bishnupada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wuLZAAAAMAAJ |title=Some Aspects of Socio-economic Changes in South Western Frontier Bengal Since Introduction of Neo-Vaiṣṇavism |date=1996 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |isbn=978-81-7102-049-2 |pages=157 to 158 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Senapati2018&quot; /&gt; A newspaper also reported that he was greeted with derogatory slogans because of his [[Odia people|Oriya]] origin, and he was denied the post.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mohanty |first=Nivedita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNuAAAAMAAJ |title=Oriya Nationalism: Quest for a United Orissa, 1866–1956 |date=2005 |publisher=Prafulla |isbn=978-81-901589-6-1 |pages=263}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sasmal left the BPCC in thorough disillusionment and displeasure and returned to his law practice and control of local politics in [[Purba Medinipur district|Medinipur district]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Senapati2018&quot; /&gt; His unfortunate departure was subjected to great political debate and discussion during the contemporary times. The public stance was that Bengal had lost one of its foremost and highly respected leaders of the [[Indian independence movement]] to petty internal politics.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mohanta2019&quot; /&gt; [[Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray]] publicly expressed his dejection and disgust at this incident.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mohanta2017&quot; /&gt; [[Motilal Nehru]] even wrote him a letter requesting him to return.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Das2021&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Family == <br /> [[File:Hemanta Kumari Debi, Wife of B. N. Sasmal.jpg|thumb|Hemanta Kumari Debi, Wife of Deshapran B. N. Sasmal.]]<br /> While practicing at the [[Midnapore District Court]], he married Hemantakumari Devi, a [[Kashmiri Pandits|Kashmiri Pandit]] lady. To make her familiar with the [[Bengali language]] and culture, he made a library in his home. They had two children. A daughter, Ashrukona, and a son, Bimalananda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Das2021&quot; /&gt; His son, Dr. Bimalananda Sasmal was also a notable [[Barrister]] of the [[Calcutta High Court]] and also a notable writer. He authored many books on [[Mysticism]] and the [[Indian independence movement]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Buddhadeva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0EdAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=bimalananda+sasmal |title=Satyagrahas in Bengal, 1921-39 |last2=Banerjee |first2=Tarun Kumar |last3=Das |first3=Dipak Kumar |date=1977 |publisher=Minerva Associates (Publications) |isbn=978-0-88386-901-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=P. Thankappan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o40cAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=bimalananda+sasmal |title=A History of Calcutta's Streets |date=1987 |publisher=Firma KLM |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death== <br /> [[File:Deshapran B. N. Sasmal, before his death.jpg|thumb|Deshapran B. N. Sasmal, before his death. This was taken after his return from [[Kharagpur]], a few days before his untimely death.]]<br /> On 19 November 1934, he was returning from [[Medinipur]] to [[Calcutta]] after a council election and due to a matter related to his legal practice. En route, at [[Kharagpur]], he was purposely misinformed by a miscreant that he had lost the recently held national election of the [[Burdwan division]]. The sudden and unexpected news had a hugely negative effect on his health, to the extent that he suffered [[Hypertension|high blood pressure]], which consequently resulted in a [[brain stroke]]. Despite having arranged for him immediate medical attention by his co passengers, his health remained unstable. However, after his arrival at the [[Howrah station]], he received the correct information, that in reality he had won the election. He was escorted to his Calcutta house by his well wishers and supporters, who had gathered to congratulate him on his victory.&lt;ref name=&quot;Das2021&quot; /&gt; Nevertheless, this great mental turmoil had drastically affected his health.&lt;ref name=&quot;Das2021&quot; /&gt; Birendranath Sasmal died of a heart attack on 24 November 1934 at the age of 53. As per his last wishes, he was symbolically cremated vertically upright, with his head held up towards the sky, at the [[Keoratola crematorium]] with great ceremony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Senapati2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mohanta2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mohanta |first=Rahul Kumar |date=April 2019 |title=Revisiting Deshapran Birendranath Sasmal |url=https://www.thecreativelauncher.com/index.php/tcl/article/view/301/287 |journal=The Creative Launcher |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=74–78 |doi=10.53032/tcl.2019.4.1.12 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;essay&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Maiti |first=Sudeep |script-title=bn:সেই নেতারা, সেই রাজনীতি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/editorial/essays/essay-birendranath-sasmal-the-the-uncrowned-king-of-midnapore/cid/1390582 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |type=Editorial |date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405165330/https://www.anandabazar.com/editorial/essays/essay-birendranath-sasmal-the-the-uncrowned-king-of-midnapore/cid/1390582 |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2025-03-13 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legacy and influence ==<br /> [[File:Birendranath Sasmal Bust - Contai - East Midnapore 2016-06-18 4145.JPG|thumb|His bust at [[Contai]].]]<br /> Sasmal was an ardent follower of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and had unflinching faith in Non-Violent movement. He thought, &quot;Violence begets violence&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Das2021&quot; /&gt; Sasmal used to say, &quot;For whom shall I live if not for the people?&quot;. He was given the honorific sobriquet ''&quot;Uncrowned king&quot;'' of [[Medinipur division|Medinipur]] by [[Prafulla Chandra Ray|Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray]].&lt;ref name=&quot;essay&quot; /&gt; He had bitter experience in the politics of [[Calcutta]], but he was loved in [[Contai|Kanthi]] and [[Tamluk]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dnews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-24 |title=Birendranath Sasmal : মেদিনীপুর সমন্বয় সংস্থার উদ্যোগে মুকুটহীন সম্রাট' বীরেন্দ্রনাথ শাসমল কে দেশপ্রাণ স্মরণ - Dnews |url=https://dnews.in/west-medinipur/medinipur/birendranath-sasmal-patriotic-commemoration-of-uncrowned-emperor-birendranath-sasmal-by-midnipur-coordinating-organization/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A road in [[Tollygunge]] in [[South Kolkata]] (Deshparan Sasmal Road) is named after him in 1957.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Subhajoy |title=Streets short in name game |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/streets-short-in-name-game/cid/1289095 |work=The Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The [[Deshapran (community development block)|Deshapran community development block]] in [[Contai subdivision|Kanthi subdivision]] is named after Sasmal. [[Deshapran Mahavidyalaya]], a college under [[Vidyasagar University]], has been named after him. Also, a [[Deshapran railway station|railway station]] near [[Kismat Bajkul|Bajkul]] has been established in his name. Schools, clubs, organisations and streets that bear his name indicate his permanent seat in the heart of people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dnews&quot; /&gt; <br /> == Gallery == <br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:A young B. N. Sasmal.jpg|A young B. N. Sasmal, taken while he was a student at the [[Surendranath College|Ripon College]] at [[Calcutta]].<br /> File:Deshapran Sasmal as a pupil Barrister at the Middle Temple.jpg|Birendranath Sasmal as a Pupil-[[Barrister]] at [[The Honourable Society of the Middle Temple]] in 1903.<br /> File:Anandamoyee Debi, mother of Deshapran B. N. Sasmal.jpg|Anandamoyee Debi, mother of Deshapran B. N. Sasmal. She was born to [[Babu (title)|Babu]] Panchanan Malla of Durgapur near [[Contai]] in 1851. She lost her mother at an early age, and was therefore raised by her father. <br /> File:Birendranath Sasmal Bust - Contai - East Midnapore 2016-06-18 4144.JPG|Bust of Deshapran B. N. Sasmal at [[Contai]].<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Deshapran Mahavidyalaya]]<br /> * [[Deshapran railway station]]<br /> * [[List of members of the Middle Temple]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite book |last=Roy |first=Ranjit |year=2012 |chapter=Sasmal, Birendranath |chapter-url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sasmal,_Birendranath |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sasmal, Birendranath}}<br /> [[Category:Bengali people]]<br /> [[Category:1881 births]]<br /> [[Category:1934 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]<br /> [[Category:Surendranath College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Surendranath Law College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Lawyers in British India]]<br /> [[Category:Gandhians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian nationalists]]<br /> [[Category:People from Midnapore]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:Indian barristers]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Indian lawyers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Indian politicians]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Middle Temple]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Bar of England and Wales]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali lawyers]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali activists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali zamindars]]<br /> [[Category:Vidyasagar College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]<br /> [[Category:Indian social reformers]]<br /> [[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]<br /> [[Category:Educators from West Bengal]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biren_De&diff=491851 2026-02-26T17:32:46Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Added new details...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> <br /> {{Short description|Indian painter (1926–2011)}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Biren De<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1926|10|8|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2011|03|12|1926|10|08|df=yes}}<br /> | death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br /> | restingplace = <br /> | restingplacecoordinates = <br /> | othername = <br /> | occupation = [[Painter]]<br /> | yearsactive = <br /> | known for = Modern art&lt;br/&gt;[[Tantra|Tantric]] designs<br /> | spouse = <br /> | domesticpartner = <br /> | children = <br /> | parents = <br /> | website = <br /> | awards = [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] National Award (1958,1964)&lt;br&gt;[[Padma Shri]] (1992)&lt;br&gt;[[List of Lalit Kala Akademi fellows|Fellow of Lalit Kala Akademi]] (2006)<br /> }}<br /> '''Biren De''' (1926–2011) was an Indian [[painter]] of [[modern art]], known for his paintings with [[Tantra|tantric]] influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary: Biren De (1926-2011)&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/plumage/obituary-biren-de-1926-2011/ | title=Obituary: Biren De (1926-2011) | newspaper=Times of India | date=13 March 2011 | access-date=21 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; His paintings were characterized by symmetrical patterns of geometry and the presence of [[Tantra|tantric symbols]] such as [[mandala]], [[phallus]] and [[vagina]], reportedly representing masculine and feminine energies of the universe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Art Asia Pacific profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://artasiapacific.com/News/BirenDe19262011 | title=Art Asia Pacific profile | publisher=Art Asia Pacific | date=2015 | access-date=21 October 2015 | archive-date=4 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904080846/http://artasiapacific.com/News/BirenDe19262011 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 1992.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Awards&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> Biren De was born in [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]], in the [[Bengal Presidency]] (now Bangladesh) on 8 October 1926.&lt;ref name=&quot;SaffronArt profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.saffronart.com/artists/biren-de | title=SaffronArt profile | publisher=SaffronArt | date=2015 | access-date=21 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He relocated to [[Kolkata]] along with his family and joined the [[Government College of Art &amp; Craft]], Kolkata in 1944 for his graduate studies but did not accept the graduate diploma, citing a rift with the then college principal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Art Asia Pacific profile&quot; /&gt; He moved to New Delhi in 1949 when he was commissioned for a mural at the [[University of Delhi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Art Asia Pacific profile&quot; /&gt; His first overseas exhibition was held at [[Salon de Mai]], Paris, in 1951.&lt;ref name=&quot;Christies The Art People profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://artist.christies.com/Biren-De-18089-bio.aspx#loadProfileContent | title=Christies The Art People profile | publisher=Christies The Art People | date=2015 | access-date=21 October 2015 | archive-date=17 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017025305/http://artist.christies.com/Biren-De-18089-bio.aspx#loadProfileContent | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Returning to India, he joined the [[College of Art, Delhi]], in 1952, as a member of their faculty and stayed at the job till 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;SaffronArt profile&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> During his tenure at the College of Art, he spent one year in New York, on a Fulbright Scholarship. It was after this period, his paintings started to depict [[Tantra|tantric]] symbols.&lt;ref name=&quot;Art Asia Pacific profile&quot; /&gt; In 1966, his works were exhibited at the Kumar's Gallery, New Delhi and [[Hayward Gallery]], London.&lt;ref name=&quot;Art Asia Pacific profile&quot; /&gt; His works have since been displayed at several places including [[National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi]], [[Berlin State Museum]] and the [[National Gallery, Prague]], [[Royal Academy of Arts, London]], Tokyo festival of India of 1988, and at the biennales in Venice, Tokyo, São Paulo, Mainichi and Sydney.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary: Biren De (1926-2011)&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Christies The Art People profile&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> De received the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] National Award in 1958 which he received a second time in 1964.&lt;ref name=&quot;SaffronArt profile&quot; /&gt; The Government of India included him in the [[Indian honours system|Republic Day honours]] list for the civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]] in 1992. He was elected as the [[List of Lalit Kala Akademi fellows|Fellow of Lalit Kala Akademi]] in 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=2006-10-04 |title=Biren De elected Lalit Kala Akademi's Fellow |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/10/04/biren-de-elected-lalit-kala-akademis-fellow-1159965341.html |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=One India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He died on 12 March 2011, at the age of 84.&lt;ref name=&quot;SaffronArt profile&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Exhibitions ==<br /> List of selected exhibitions:&lt;ref name=&quot;Artist Profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://goaartgallery.com/de_biren.htm | title=Artist Profile | publisher=Goa Art Gallery | date=2015 | access-date=21 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Div col}}<br /> * [[Salon de Mai]], Paris - 1951<br /> * Freemasons Hall, New Delhi. - 1952<br /> * [[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society]] (AIFACS) - 1953, 54 and 56<br /> * [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], New Delhi - 1953 and 64<br /> * [[Mainichi]] Biennale, Tokyo - 1959 and 61<br /> * Contemporary Art from India, [[Museum Folkwang]], Essen - 1960<br /> * [[São Paulo]] Biennale, Brazil - 1961<br /> * [[Venice]] Biennale, Italy - 1962<br /> * Ten Contemporary Indian Painters, [[Cambridge–MIT Institute]] - 1965<br /> * [[Hayward Gallery]], London - 1966<br /> * [[Pittsburgh]] International Show, USA - 1967<br /> * International Triennale India, New Delhi - 1968, 71, 75, 78 and 82<br /> * Contemporary Indian Painting exhibition, [[Washington DC]] - 1971<br /> * Contemporary Indian Painting exhibition, [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] - 1971<br /> * Contemporary Indian Painting exhibition, - [[Toronto]] 1971<br /> * Chanakya Gallery, New Delhi - 1971<br /> * Contemporary Indian Art, USSR - 1972<br /> * Contemporary Indian Art, Greece - 1972<br /> * 25 Years of Indian Art, New Delhi - 1972<br /> * 25 Years of Indian Art, [[Bombay]] - 1972<br /> * 25 Years of Indian Art, [[Madras]] - 1972<br /> * Sydney Biennale, Australia - 1973<br /> * Contemporary Indian Painting, Washington DC - 1973<br /> * Contemporary Indian Painting, [[Los Angeles]] - 1973<br /> * Contemporary Indian Painting, [[Toronto]] - 1973<br /> * Gallery Chemould, Bombay - 1973<br /> * Gallery Chemould, Bombay - 1974<br /> * Indian Painting Today, Belgium - 1973<br /> * Indian Painting Today, [[Yugoslavia]] - 1973<br /> * Indian Painting Today, Bulgaria - 1973<br /> * Indian Painting Today, Belgium - 1974<br /> * Indian Painting Today, Yugoslavia - 1974<br /> * Indian Painting Today, Bulgaria - 1974<br /> {{Div col end}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Div col}}<br /> * [[Tantra]]<br /> {{Div col end}}<br /> {{Portal|India|Art}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://indianculture.gov.in/paintings/other-portfolio/biren-de Biren De - An Innovative Journey of Five Decades]<br /> * {{cite web | url=http://www.blouinartinfo.com/artists/48193-biren-de | title=Biren De - Gallery | publisher=Blouinartinfo | date=2015 | access-date=21 October 2015}}<br /> * {{cite web | url=https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/18600/lot/121/ | title=Biren De (India, born 1926) | publisher=Bonhams | date=2015 | access-date=21 October 2015}}<br /> <br /> {{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}{{Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:De, Biren}}<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]<br /> [[Category:1926 births]]<br /> [[Category:2011 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Faridpur District]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male painters]]<br /> [[Category:Government College of Art &amp; Craft alumni]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]<br /> [[Category:Artists from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Painters from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sadhvi_Ritambhara&diff=531711 2026-02-26T02:14:29Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Put Up A Entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hindu nationalist leader}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu leader<br /> | name = '''Sadhvi Ritambhara'''<br /> | image = Sadhvi_Rithambara_(cropped).jpg<br /> | religion = [[Hinduism]]<br /> | birth_place =Doraha, [[Ludhiana district]], Punjab &lt;ref name=exp24/&gt;<br /> |birth_date = {{bda|1963|12|31}} &lt;ref name=exp24/&gt;<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | parents = <br /> | founder = founder/chairperson of [[Durga Vahini]].<br /> | guru = <br /> | philosophy = [[Hinduism]] <br /> | website = <br /> }}'''Sadhvi Ritambhara''' (born 31 December 1963)&lt;ref name=exp24&gt;{{cite web|title=Among the invitees at Ram Temple consecration ceremony was Sadhvi Ritambhara |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/ayodhya-ram-temple-consecration-invitee-who-is-sadhvi-ritahbhara-9123058/|date= 23 January 2024|website=Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a Hindu activist,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2025-01-26 |title=Sadhvi Ritambhara: Hindutva rabble rouser and Durga Vahini founder awarded Padma Bhushan |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/sadhvi-ritambhara-hindutva-rabble-rouser-and-durga-vahini-founder-awarded-padma-bhushan |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; public speaker and nationalist ideologue&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203379585|title=Appropriating Gender : Women's Activism and Politicized Religion in South Asia|last=Basu|first=Amrita|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|isbn=9780203379585|editor-last=Jeffery|editor-first=Patricia|location=New York|pages=15–26|chapter=Appropriating Gender|editor-last2=Basu|editor-first2=Amrita|chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203379585/chapters/10.4324/9780203379585-5|doi=10.4324/9780203379585-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/xk81jk680|title=Hindu wife, Hindu nation: community, religion, and cultural nationalism|last=Sarkar|first=Tanika|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2001|chapter=Aspects of Contemporary Hindutva Theology: The Voice of Sadhvi Ritambhara|isbn=978-0-253-34046-7 |chapter-url=https://www.fulcrum.org/epubs/n870zr08h}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sangari|first=Kumkum|date=1993|title=Consent, Agency and Rhetorics of Incitement|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=28|issue=18|pages=877|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4399675}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sugirtharajah|first=Sharada|date=2002|title=Hinduism and Feminism: Some Concerns|journal=Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion|volume=18|issue=2|pages=104|issn=8755-4178|jstor=25002442}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=JAFFRELOT|first=CHRISTOPHE|date=2010|title=Abhinav Bharat, the Malegaon Blast and Hindu Nationalism: Resisting and Emulating Islamist Terrorism|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=45|issue=36|pages=51–58|issn=0012-9976|jstor=25742046}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315588292/|title=Indian Feminisms : Law, Patriarchies and Violence in India|last=Gangoli|first=Geetanjali|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|isbn=9781315588292|chapter=Conclusions|doi=10.4324/9781315588292|chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315588292/chapters/10.4324/9781315588292-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; who is the founder-chairperson of [[Durga Vahini]], the women's wing of the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP), established in 1991.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kapur|first=Ratna|date=1996|title=Who Draws the Line? Feminist Reflections on Speech and Censorship|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=31|issue=16/17|pages=WS19|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4404055}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cossman|first1=Brenda|last2=Kapur|first2=Ratna|date=1996|title=Secularism: Bench-Marked by Hindu Right|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=31|issue=38|pages=2627|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4404599}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Navlakha|first=Gautam|date=1995|title=Politics of Silhouetted Anger|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=30|issue=7/8|pages=367|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4402404}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/oct/19ayo2.htm|title=Babri mosque was a 450-year-old stigma: Giriraj Kishore |date=19 October 2001|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=14 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/08/stories/2007010805840300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121035406/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/08/stories/2007010805840300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2007|title=Unite under RSS|date=8 January 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=14 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gained national prominence with VHP in the late 1980s through the ''Jan Jagran Abhiyan'', and in the 1990s during the run up to the [[Babri Masjid demolition]]. Subsequently, she was falsely accused in the [[Liberhan Commission]] report, though later acquitted by the CBI court in 2020.&lt;ref name=exp24/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ram Mandir event Diwali for all Hindus' — Ritambhara says movement leaders can't be forgotten |url=https://theprint.in/politics/ram-mandir-event-diwali-for-all-hindus-ritambhara-says-movement-leaders-cant-be-forgotten/474219/|website=The Print|date=4 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2025, Sadhvi Ritambhara was conferred with India's third-highest civilian award, the [[Padma Bhushan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |website=pib.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File: Sadhvi Rithambara tying ‘Rakhi’ to the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, on the occasion of ‘Raksha Bandhan’, in New Delhi on August 10, 2014.jpg|thumb|Sadhvi Ritambhara and prime minister Narendra Modi on the occasion of [[Raksha Bandhan]], 2014.]]<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Sadhvi Ritambhara was born as Nisha in at [[Doraha, Ludhiana|Doraha]] town in [[Ludhiana]] district of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19950531-for-me-hinduism-connotes-nationalism-sadhvi-ritambhara-807364-1995-05-30|title=Portrait of defiance|date=31 May 1995|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=20 March 2014 | first=N.K. | last=Singh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;B&amp;P259&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ag7qRiZqYZoC|title=Right-wing women: from conservatives to extremists around the world|last=Ghosh|first=Bishnupriya|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=0-415-92778-1|editor-last=Bacchetta|editor-first=Paola|location=New York|chapter=Queering Hindutva : Unruly Bodies and Pleasures in Sadhvi Ritambhara's Performances|doi=10.4324/9780203479711|editor-last2=Power|editor-first2=Margaret|chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203479711/chapters/10.4324/9780203479711-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She got her [[diksha]] from ''Swami Paramanand'', at the age of sixteen and having become his disciple, followed him to his [[ashram]] in [[Haridwar]] and then, in his tours across India, while being primarily trained in spirituality.&lt;ref name = B&amp;P259/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|chapter=The Vishva Hindu Parishad: Structures and Strategies|date=1999|pages=191–212|editor-last=Haynes|editor-first=Jeff|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-27038-5_9|isbn=9781349270385|title=Religion, Globalization and Political Culture in the Third World}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She entered the ''Margdarshak Mandal'' as a member of the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]], the organisation primarily organised Shri Ram Janmbhoomi Mukti Andolan and related to [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS).&lt;ref name=&quot;B&amp;P259&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Activism==<br /> Ritambhara gained public prominence through her roles in the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] (VHP).&lt;ref name=&quot;B&amp;P259&quot; /&gt; She being a Sadhvi who renounced the world and living a life of ascetics (incl. herself) she never went into mainstream politics, she went for a reconstruction of Hinduism through selective reading of Bhagavad Gita.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.questia.com/library/120087534/everyday-nationalism-women-of-the-hindu-right-in|title=Everyday Nationalism: Women of the Hindu Right in India|last=Menon|first=Kalyani Devaki|date=2010|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=9780812222340|chapter=Violent Dharma|jstor=j.ctt3fj1wh|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9780812202793/9780812202793.80/9780812202793.80.xml|access-date=16 November 2019|archive-date=16 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116181659/https://www.questia.com/library/120087534/everyday-nationalism-women-of-the-hindu-right-in|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Make me a man! : masculinity, Hinduism, and nationalism in India|last=Banerjee|first=Sikata|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=2005|isbn=1423743857|location=Albany, NY|chapter=In the Crucible of Hindutva: Women and Masculine Hinduism|oclc=62750461}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Speeches ===<br /> During 1989–1992, Ritambhara disseminated several public-speeches that urged for waging a war against Anti Nationalists;{{efn|One of her speech had called for those who did not pay tribute to their ancestors shall quitt India (read:Hindus).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.questia.com/library/117286642/a-place-at-the-multicultural-table-the-development|jstor=j.ctt5hj9tk|title=A Place at the Multicultural Table: The Development of an American Hinduism|chapter= Forging an Official Hinduism in India : Hindu Umbrella Organizations|last=Kurien|first=Prema A.|date=2007|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813540559}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} cassettes of those vitriolic outbursts were played at numerous temples and public places in India. Filled with rage and shrillness, the speeches heavily borrowed from gendered imagery; portraying the Hindu nation as a female body undergoing desecration by non-Hindus (and thus losing her morality), she drew parallels with rapes of Hindu women during partition&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Basu|first1=Subho|title=Knowledge for Politics: Partisan Histories and Communal Mobilization in India and Pakistan|date=2005|work=Partisan Histories: The Past in Contemporary Global Politics|pages=111–126|editor-last=Friedman|editor-first=Max Paul|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-137-09150-5_7|isbn=9781137091505|last2=Das|first2=Suranjan|editor2-last=Kenney|editor2-first=Padraic}}&lt;/ref&gt; and appealed to Hindu masculinity for reclaiming their lands, attracting large numbers of men, in the process.&lt;ref name=&quot;B&amp;P259&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pant&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pant|first=Niraj|date=1 May 1997|title=Facilitating Genocide : Women as Fascist Educators in the Hindutva Movement|url=http://www.proxsa.org/resources/ghadar/v1n1/niraj.html|journal=Ghadar|volume=1|issue=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025140744/http://www.proxsa.org/resources/ghadar/v1n1/niraj.html|archive-date=25 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Niranjana|first=Seemanthini|date=1999-03-01|title=Off the Body: Further Considerations on Women, Sexuality and Agency|journal=Bulletin (Centre for Women's Development Studies)|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=1–19|doi=10.1177/097152159900600101|s2cid=144543435|issn=0970-5899}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Equating the Muslims with lemon in milk to comparing them with flies, who statistically were mass-breeding to out-populate the Hindus.&lt;ref name=&quot;B&amp;P259&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; With historical sketches subsumed various classes and castes under a common banner of Hindu nationalism; some scholars have identified this agglomeration as the most valuable objective, fulfilled by Ritambhara and associate women.&lt;ref name=&quot;B&amp;P259&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Ritambhara has been widely noted to be the single most powerful voice behind the whipping up of pro-Hindu sentiments across the nation, in the run-ups to the demolition of Babri Masjid; there was an overwhelming sense of passion, urgency and spontaneity, oft-accompanied by dramatic physical posturing, which instilled a collective feeling, among the audience.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sarkar|first=Tanika|date=1993-12-01|title=The Women of the Hindutva brigade|journal=Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars|volume=25|issue=4|pages=16–24|doi=10.1080/14672715.1993.10416135|issn=0007-4810|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfWQAiM5a7oC|title=The Violence of Development: The Political Economy of Gender|last=Butalia|first=Urvashi|date=2002|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781842772072|editor-last=Kapadia|editor-first=Karin|pages=228|language=en|chapter=Confrontation and Negotiation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Loomba|first=Ania|date=1993|title=Dead Women Tell No Tales: Issues of Female Subjectivity, Subaltern Agency and Tradition in Colonial and Post-Colonial Writings on Widow Immolation in India|journal=History Workshop|issue=36|pages=223|issn=0309-2984|jstor=4289259}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bharucha|first=Rustom|date=1995|title=Dismantling Men: Crisis of Male Identity in 'Father, Son and Holy War'|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=30|issue=26|pages=1611|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4402945}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Chakravarti|first1=Uma|last2=Chowdhury|first2=Prem|last3=Dutta|first3=Pradip|last4=Hasan|first4=Zoya|last5=Sangari|first5=Kumkum|last6=Sarkar|first6=Tanika|date=1992|title=Khurja Riots 1990-91: Understanding the Conjuncture|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=27|issue=18|pages=951|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4397832}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uywnx2IHH8cC|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India)|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|date=1996|publisher=Hurst|isbn=9781850653011|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A Concise History of Modern India|last1=Metcalf|first1=Barbara D.|last2=Metcalf|first2=Thomas R.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|isbn=9781139207805|chapter=Democratic India at the Turn of the Millennium: Prosperity, Poverty, Power|doi=10.1017/CBO9781139207805|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/concise-history-of-modern-india/democratic-india-at-the-turn-of-the-millennium-prosperity-poverty-power/199E60170F792CB01F7C6B73FCAA9961}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mazumdar|first=Sucheta|date=1995-03-01|title=Women on the March: Right-Wing Mobilization in Contemporary India|journal=Feminist Review|language=en|volume=49|issue=1|pages=1–28|doi=10.1057/fr.1995.1|s2cid=143731934|issn=1466-4380}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was one of the three key women leaders of the movement, the other two being [[Uma Bharati]] and [[Vijayaraje Scindia]]; their leadership was largely responsible for the involvement of women in the movement and the form it took.&lt;ref name=&quot;2009-08-18&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Femmes et politique en Inde et au Népal|last=Lama-Rewal|first=Stéphanie T.|date=September 2004|publisher=Karthala Editions|isbn=2-84586-556-2|location=Paris|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ==== Election campaigns ====<br /> Ritambhara's skills at oratory made her a star-campaigner for [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in both the 1989 and 1991 Lok Sabha elections and several state-legislature elections.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dyke|first=Virginia Van|date=1997|title=General Elections, 1996: Political Sadhus and Limits to Religious Mobilisation in North India|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=32|issue=49|pages=3150, 3151|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4406155}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Demolition of Babri Masjid ===<br /> On 6 December 1992, a large group of [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] activists and allied organisations [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolished the Babri Masjid mosque]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], triggering riots all over the [[Indian subcontinent]], resulting in the death of around 2,000 people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/south-asia/pakistan-babri-majid-ayodhya-hindus|title=How the Babri Masjid Demolition Upended Tenuous Inter-Religious Ties in Pakistan|first=Haroon|last=Khalid|date=14 November 2019|publisher=The Wire|access-date=30 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.themorningchronicle.in/as-a-reaction-to-babri-masjid-demolition-what-had-happened-in-pakistan-and-bangladesh-on-6-december-1992/|title=As a reaction to Babri Masjid demolition, What had happened in Pakistan and Bangladesh on 6 December, 1992|date=6 December 2018|publisher=The Morning Chronicle|access-date=30 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ritambhara was present during the demolition, cheering the crowd&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Tharu|first1=Susie|last2=Niranjana|first2=Tejaswini|date=1994|title=Problems for a Contemporary Theory of Gender|journal=Social Scientist|volume=22|issue=3/4|pages=105|doi=10.2307/3517624|issn=0970-0293|jstor=3517624}}&lt;/ref&gt; whilst standing atop the terrace of the Masjid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bhattacharya|first=Malini|date=1994|title=Women in Dark Times: Gender, Culture and Politics|journal=Social Scientist|volume=22|issue=3/4|pages=6|doi=10.2307/3517620|issn=0970-0293|jstor=3517620}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|Contemporary news reports noted her exhorting Hindu volunteers through sloganing -- ''Ek dhakka aur do, Babri Masjid tor do'' [Give one more push, bring down Babri Masjid].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/us/2002/jul/27us.htm|title=Protestors confront Sadhvi Ritambhara in New York|website=rediff.com|access-date=2019-11-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Three days after the demolition, she was arrested on false grounds of inciting communal tension.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Legal Trials ====<br /> The Liberhan Commission that probed the Babri Masjid demolition held Sadhvi Ritambhara along with sixty-eight others of being individually culpable for leading the country &quot;to the brink of communal discord&quot; for their role in the demolition of the [[Babri Masjid]] on 6 December 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-24/news/27649631_1_bjp-leaders-justice-m-s-liberhan-liberhan-commission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628091626/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-24/news/27649631_1_bjp-leaders-justice-m-s-liberhan-liberhan-commission|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 June 2013|title=Vajpayee, Thackeray, Advani in Liberhan's culpability list|date=24 November 2009|work=The Economic Times|access-date=20 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A CBI court framed criminal charges against Ritambhara in May 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/WlOdZyE2ZWbV0sNoPwFybJ/Babri-Masjid-case-Advani-Murli-Manohar-Joshi-Uma-Bharti-a.html|title=Babri Masjid case: Advani, Bharti, Joshi charged with criminal conspiracy|last=Mittal|first=Priyanka|date=2017-05-30|website=Livemint.com|language=en|access-date=2019-11-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 30 September 2020, she along with other 32 accused people, were acquitted in the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|Babri Masjid Demolition Case]] by CBI special court.<br /> <br /> ===Later activities===<br /> She retreated from her public role, soon after the demolition and kept a relatively low profile for a few years.&lt;ref name=&quot;B&amp;P259&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1993, Sadhvi Ritambhara attempted to establish an [[ashram]] near [[Vrindavan]] and [[Mathura]] on land that the Uttar Pradesh BJP government had granted her for a minimal fee.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; However, the proposal fell through as the [[Kalyan Singh]]-led government was dismissed, and she was not allowed to take possession of the land by the subsequent [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] led state government. In 2002, the state government led by Chief Minister [[Ram Prakash Gupta]] granted 17 [[hectare]]s of land in the area, valued at [[Indian rupee|Rupee]] 200&amp;nbsp;million, to her ''Paramshaktipith'' trust for 99 years for an annual fee of one rupee for this philanthropic cause.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=No charges: Sadhvi Ritambhara given prime land|date=15 July 2000|publisher=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|location=India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Statesmen_2000b&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Opp spanner in Ritambhara's Ashram works|date=19 July 2000|publisher=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|location=India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Besides cultivating devotion in women, the Vrindavan Ashram has also imparted training in karate, horse-riding, handling air guns and pistols, with the stated aim of relieving the women from their traditional societal roles and making them confident and self-reliant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Sadhvi Ritambhara Ashram trains women in martial arts!|date=16 July 2007|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also runs ashrams for unwanted infants, ladies and widows in Indore, [[Delhi]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Statesmen_2000b&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 1995, Ritambhara was arrested in [[Indore]] for inciting communal passions, after she referred to [[Mother Teresa]] as a &quot;magician&quot;, in the course of a speech denouncing Christian missionaries, who she alleged were converting Hindus. Ritambhara's address sparked off a riot and led to several arson, leading to the arrest of 169 people. During the 1995 Gujarat elections, she returned to the campaigning fold for BJP and alleged about a Hindu-phobic attitude of Congress (I); this helped in mobilizing public electoral sentiments, especially since VHP was banned in Gujarat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; She was arrested, soon after.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> As of 2024, she continued to run an ashram, ‘’Vatsalya Gram’’, at Vrindavan, Uttar Pradesh, for orphans, widows, and the elderly.&lt;ref name=exp24/&gt; On 31 December 2023 to mark her 60th birthday, Chief Minister of Haryana, [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] released a book in Vrindavan, based on her role in the Ram Janmabhoomi agitation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Haryana CM releases book on Sadhvi's role in Ayodhya movement<br /> |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/haryana-cm-releases-book-on-sadhvi-s-role-in-ayodhya-movement-101704032777625.html|date= 31 December 2023|website= Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2024, she along with fellow leader [[Uma Bharti]] was one of the invitees at the consecration ceremony of the [[Ram Mandir]] at Ayodhya.&lt;ref&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/tears-hugs-and-happiness-pran-pratishtha-an-epochal-moment-for-uma-bharti-sadhvi-rithambara/videoshow/107084800.cms Tears, hugs and happiness; ‘Pran Pratishtha’ an epochal moment for Uma Bharti, Sadhvi Ritambhara] The times of India, Jan 23, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=exp24/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * ''नर से नारायण: आध्यात्मिक उन्नति का मार्ग '' (Hindi) by Sadhvi Ritambhara. Prabhat Prakashan. 2024. {{ISBN|9355217188}}.<br /> * ''Sadhvi Ritambhara Aur Shriramjanmabhoomi Andolan'' (Hindi) Book. Prabhat Prakashan, 2024. {{ISBN|9355217285}}.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 2020–2029}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ritambhara, Sadhvi}}<br /> [[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Hindu female religious leaders]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian criminals]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century nuns]]<br /> [[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh members]]<br /> [[Category:1963 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu activists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Hindu nuns]]<br /> [[Category:Vishva Hindu Parishad members]]<br /> [[Category:Durga Vahini members]]<br /> [[Category:People from Ludhiana]]<br /> [[Category:Indian far-right politicians]]<br /> [[Category:People acquitted of crimes]]<br /> [[Category:Ayodhya dispute]]<br /> [[Category:Indian public speakers]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu writers]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in social work]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lepakshi&diff=458434 2026-02-22T12:56:09Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Village in Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Expand Telugu|Telugu article title|date=May 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Lepakshi<br /> | settlement_type = [[Village]]<br /> | image_skyline = File:Front side of Veerabhadra Temple, Lepakshi.jpg<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = Front side of Veerabhadra Temple, Lepakshi<br /> | nickname = <br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> | pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|13.81|N|77.60|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = India<br /> | subdivision_type1 = State<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 10042<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/(S(zglqf2554sc5wi55225ilzut))/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=636373 ''Census 2011''] The Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India. Accessed 26 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 515331<br /> | registration_plate = AP 02<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Lepakshi''' is a village in the [[Sri Sathya Sai district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Anantapur District Mandals|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=6 June 2017|pages=430}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is located {{convert|15|km|miles|abbr=on}} east of [[Hindupur]], {{convert|82|km|miles|abbr=on}} west of [[Kadiri]] and {{convert|120|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Bangalore]]. The [[Veerabhadra Temple, Lepakshi|Veerabhadra Temple]] is located in the village.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category|Lepakshi}}<br /> * [http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/the-hanging-pillar-and-other-wonders-of-lepakshi/article2836929.ece The hanging pillar and other wonders of Lepakshi]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Villages in Sri Sathya Sai district]]<br /> [[Category:Mandal headquarters in Sri Sathya Sai district]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_honorifics&diff=466743 2026-02-20T03:37:04Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Added the excessive citations format. There are at least 3 instances of sentences with 10 citations.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Excessive citations|date=February 2026}}<br /> {{short description|Laudatory religious phrases in Islam}}<br /> {{Redirect|Peace be upon him|the Jewish honorific|Honorifics for the dead in Judaism#Peace be upon him/her}}<br /> [[File:Album leaf with a calligraphic composition by Hafiz Osman (CBL T 447, f.2r).jpg|thumb|A calligraphic composition by [[Hâfiz Osman]] which used the honorific Islamic suffix phrase {{lang|ar|«صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ سَلَّم»}}, meaning 'May God send His mercy and blessings upon him', after referring to the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]].]]<br /> {{Fiqh |etiquette}}<br /> <br /> '''Islamic honorifics''' are [[Arabic language|Arabic]] phrases, abbreviations, and titles that mostly appear as [[Prefix|prefixes]] before or [[Suffix|suffixes]] after the names of people who have had a special mission from [[Allah|God]] in the [[Islam|Islamic]] world or have done important work towards these missions.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |last1 = کمیجانی<br /> |first1 = الفانی<br /> |url = https://noghteheasrar.ir/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85/<br /> |title = عبارات دعایی در اسلام<br /> |work = موسسه علمی فرهنگی هنری عرشیان نقطه اسرار<br /> |date = 8 November 2019<br /> |trans-title = Prayer phrases in Islam<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 9 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; In Islamic writings, these honorific prefixes and suffixes come before and after the names of all the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophets and messengers]] (the last of whom is [[Muhammad]]),&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://www.pasokhgoo.ir/node/22915<br /> |title = پيامبران الهی به ترتيب رسالت<br /> |date = 14 December 2010<br /> |trans-title = Divine Prophets in Order of Mission<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 9 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; the [[Imam|Imams]] (the [[Twelve Imams]] in [[Shia Islam]]), the [[The Fourteen Infallibles|infallibles]] in [[Shia Islam]] and the prominent individuals who followed them.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = http://hawzeh.thaqalain.ir/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%8C-%D8%B1/<br /> |title = شناخت اهل بیت سلام الله علیهم أجمعین، راهی برای شناختِ اسماء و صفات خدای متعال<br /> |trans-title = Knowing the Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them all, is a way to know the names and attributes of God Almighty<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 9 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://www.khabaronline.ir/news/270266/%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86<br /> |title = دلیل استفاده از علایم اختصاری برای تعظیم و تکریم امامان<br /> |date = 13 January 2013<br /> |trans-title = The reason for using abbreviations to bow and honor the Imams<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 9 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=irannamag&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://www.irannamag.com/article/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A1-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%87%D8%A1-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%88-%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7/<br /> |title = بحثی دربارهء سابقهء تاریخی القاب و عناوین علما در مذهب شیعه<br /> |trans-title = A discussion on the historical background of the abbreviations and titles of scholars in the Shiite religion<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 9 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = http://nooremojarrad.com/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B8_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C<br /> |title = حکم استعمال لفظ امام در غیر معصوم از دیدگاه علامه طهرانی<br /> |trans-title = Ruling on using the word Imam for someone other than the infallible, from the perspective of Allama Tehrani<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 9 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Islamic world]], giving these respectful prefixes and suffixes is a [[Sunnah|tradition]].&lt;ref name=irannamag/&gt;<br /> <br /> Among the most important honorific prefixes used are [[Hadrat|Hadhrat]] ({{lang|fa|حَضرَت}}, {{literal translation|lk=yes|a special person in the sight of [[Allah|God]], a person who has a special mission from God, holiness, sainthood, excellency, majesty}}).&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://lamtakam.com/dictionaries/moen/12458/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA<br /> |title = معنی حضرت<br /> |trans-title = The meaning of Hadhrat<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 9 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://vajehyab.com/?q=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA<br /> |title = معنی حضرت<br /> |trans-title = The meaning of Hadhrat<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 9 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://www.porseman.com/article/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA/39308<br /> |title = معنای حضرت<br /> |trans-title = The meaning of Hadhrat<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 9 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; and [[Imam]] ({{lang|fa|اِمام}}, {{literal translation|lk=yes|a person who has a special position with God, a person who receives religious guidance from God to convey to people, an Islamic leadership position, leader, fugleman, headman, pontiff, primate}})&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://wiki.ahlolbait.com/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85<br /> |title = امام<br /> |trans-title = Imam<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 9 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://lamtakam.com/dictionaries/moen/2381/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85<br /> |title = معنی امام<br /> |trans-title = Meaning of Imam<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 9 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = http://shia-ac.com/index.php/shiite-studies/64-maaref/155-maghale-23<br /> |title = مفهوم امام<br /> |trans-title = The concept of Imam<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 9 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = http://ensani.ir/fa/article/46307/%D9%85%D9%81%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1-%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85-<br /> |title = مفهوم «امام» در گذر زمان<br /> |trans-title = The concept of &quot;Imam&quot; over time<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 9 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://entezar.ahlolbait.com/content/2914/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85<br /> |title = معنای لغوی و اصطلاحی امام<br /> |date = 27 January 2021<br /> |trans-title = The literal and idiomatic meaning of Imam<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 9 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://www.pasokhgoo.ir/node/97012<br /> |title = به چه كسی پيامبر گفته می‌شود؟ به چه كسی امام گفته می‌شود؟<br /> |date = 22 October 2018<br /> |trans-title = Who is called a prophet? Who is called an Imam?<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 9 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = http://noorfatemah.org/islamic-info/4788/%DA%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%90-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%90-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1(%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%87)-%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%9F-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%87-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%9F<br /> |title = امامتِ دوازده‌امام و اهل بیتِ پیامبر<br /> |trans-title = The Imamate of the Twelve Imams and the Prophet's Household<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 9 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://ensani.ir/fa/article/65774/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87-%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA-%D9%88-%D8%B4%D8%A3%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85<br /> |title = فلسفه‌ی امامت و شأن امام<br /> |trans-title = The Philosophy of Imamate and the Dignity of the Imam<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 9 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = http://ensani.ir/fa/article/63023/%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA<br /> |title = چیستی و حقیقت امامت<br /> |trans-title = The essence and truth of Imamate<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 9 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://www.porseman.com/article/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA/101887<br /> |title = مقام نبوت و امامت<br /> |trans-title = The position of prophethood and imamate<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 9 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Among the most important honorific suffixes used are {{lang|ar|«صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْه»}} ({{literal translation|lk=yes|May God's blessings and peace be upon him}}) and {{lang|ar|«صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِه»}} ({{literal translation|lk=yes|May God's blessings and peace be upon him and [[Ahl al-Bayt|his household]]}}), which these two suffix phrases used specifically for the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] in Islamic world, its abbreviation is also given in parentheses as {{lang|ar|«ص»}} in Arabic and &quot;PBUH&quot; in English after the name of Muhammad.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://quran.inoor.ir/fa/ayah/33/56/<br /> |title = إن ٱلله وملـئكتهۥ يصلون على ٱلنبيۚ يـأيها ٱلذين ءامنوا صلوا عليۡه وسلموا تسۡليما<br /> |trans-title = Indeed, Allah and His angels send blessings on the Prophet. O you who have believed, send blessings on him and salute him with a worthy salutation<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://jameghor.com/article/%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85/<br /> |title = صلی الله علیه و سلم<br /> |trans-title = May God bless him and grant him peace<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://lamtakam.com/dictionaries/hoshyar/59892/%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87<br /> |title = معنی صلی الله علیه<br /> |trans-title = Meaning of peace be upon him<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://vajehyab.com/dehkhoda/%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%A7%EF%B7%B2-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87-%D9%88-%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%87<br /> |title = معنی صلی اﷲ علیه و آله<br /> |trans-title = Meaning of the peace be upon him and his household<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = http://www.tadabbor.org/print.aspx?Page=Article&amp;AID=955<br /> |title = معنای صلوات و فرق آن با سلام<br /> |trans-title = The meaning of Salawat and its difference from Salam<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://www.ziaossalehin.ir/fa/book/26077<br /> |title = و صلی الله علی محمد و آله و سلم تسلیماً<br /> |date = 6 September 2019<br /> |trans-title = May God's blessings and peace be upon Muhammad and his family<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://ahlolbait.com/content/8952/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A2%D9%86<br /> |title = معنای صلوات و اهمیت آن<br /> |date = 20 September 2015<br /> |trans-title = The meaning of Salawat and its importance<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://tarjomiclegal.com/dic/%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%91%DB%8C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%20%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%20%D9%88%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%20%D9%88%20%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%91%D9%85<br /> |title = معنی صلّی الله علیه و اله و سلّم به انگلیسی<br /> |trans-title = Meaning of &quot;Peace be upon him and his household&quot; in English<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://jadvaljoo.ir/word/hsh-0057359<br /> |title = معنی صلی الله علیه<br /> |trans-title = Meaning of peace be upon him<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://www.porseman.com/article/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A-%C2%AB%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%C2%BB-%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7/106829<br /> |title = معنای «صلی الله»<br /> |trans-title = The meaning of &quot;Peace be upon him&quot;<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; And the two suffix phrases {{lang|ar|«عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام»}} ({{literal translation|lk=yes|Peace be upon him}}) and {{lang|ar|«عَلَيْهَا ٱلسَّلَام»}} ({{literal translation|lk=yes|Peace be upon her}}) are used when the name of each of [[the fourteen infallibles]] saints is mentioned or written in Islamic world and the most especially in the [[Shia Islam]] world,&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://middle-east-online.com/%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%B8%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9<br /> |title = رجال حول الرسول يحظون باهتمام الأسرة العربية<br /> |work = MEO<br /> |date = 6 February 2018<br /> |trans-title = Men around the Messenger receive the attention of the Arab family<br /> |language = ar<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; its abbreviation is also given in parentheses as {{lang|ar|«ع»}} in Arabic and &quot;AS&quot; in English after the name of [[the fourteen infallibles]].&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://lamtakam.com/dictionaries/dehkhoda/364541/%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85<br /> |title = معنی علیه السلام<br /> |trans-title = Meaning of peace be upon him<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://vajehyab.com/dehkhoda/%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85<br /> |title = معنی علیه السلام<br /> |trans-title = Meaning of peace be upon him<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://www.jadvalyab.ir/fa2fa/%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85<br /> |title = علیه السلام در فرهنگ لغات‌ها<br /> |trans-title = Peace be upon him in the dictionary<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://jadvaljoo.ir/word/hsh-0062572<br /> |title = معنی علیه السلام<br /> |trans-title = Meaning of peace be upon him<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://www.porseman.com/article/%D8%A2%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%DA%86%D9%87-%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%9F/30124<br /> |title = آل محمد علیهم السلام چه کسانی هستند؟ <br /> |trans-title = Who are the family of Muhammad (peace be upon him)?<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://www.khabaronline.ir/news/270266/%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86<br /> |title = دلیل استفاده از علایم اختصاری برای تعظیم و تکریم امامان<br /> |date = 13 January 2013<br /> |trans-title = The reason for using abbreviations to bow and honor the Imams<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://fa.mouood.com/26771/articles/prophets/imam-ali/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87/<br /> |title = شیعه على‏ علیه السلام‏<br /> |work = موعود<br /> |date = 2 May 2015<br /> |trans-title = Shia of Ali (peace be upon him)<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://www.x-shobhe.com/etc/12893.html<br /> |title = سلام و درود (صلوات) حضرت فاطمه علیها السلام، به چه معناست؟ <br /> |trans-title = What is the meaning of greetings and blessings (salavat) to Hazrat Fatima (peace be upon her)?<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://fatemibook.ir/blog/%D9%85%D9%81%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%87-%C2%AB%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%C2%BB-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7<br /> |title = مفهوم واژه «سلام» در زیارتنامه‌ها<br /> |trans-title = The meaning of the word &quot;Salam&quot; in pilgrimage texts<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://eshia.ir/feqh/archive/text/khazaeli/kalam/99/991101/<br /> |title = ابعاد سلام / معنی سلام<br /> |trans-title = Dimensions of greetings / Meaning of greetings<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; And also the two suffix phrases {{lang|ar|«رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهُ»}} ({{literal translation|lk=yes|God be pleased with him}}) and {{lang|ar|«رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهَا»}} ({{literal translation|lk=yes|God be pleased with her}}) are used when the name of each of the [[Companions of the Prophet|companions of Muhammad]] is mentioned or written in Islamic world and the most especially in the [[Sunni Islam]] world,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://ar.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB<br /> |title = البداية والنهاية / الجزء الثالث<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140302062538/http://ar.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB<br /> |trans-title = The book &quot;The Beginning and the End&quot; / Part Three<br /> |language = ar<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> |archive-date = 2 March 2014<br /> |url-status = live<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; its abbreviation is also given in parentheses as {{lang|ar|«ر»}} in Arabic and &quot;RA&quot; in English after the name of the [[Companions of the Prophet|companions of Muhammad]].&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://quran.inoor.ir/fa/ayah/48/18/<br /> |title = لقدۡ رضي ٱلله عن ٱلۡمؤۡمنين إذۡ يبايعونك تحۡت ٱلشجرة فعلم ما في<br /> |trans-title = Allah was pleased with the believers when they pledged allegiance to Prophet under the tradition, He knew what was in their heart<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://lamtakam.com/dictionaries/azad/178633/%D8%B1%D8%B6%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87<br /> |title = معنی رضی الله عنه<br /> |trans-title = The meaning of may God be pleased with him<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://wiki.ahlolbait.com/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%87_119_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%D9%87<br /> |title = آیه ۱۱۹ سوره مائده<br /> |trans-title = Verse 119 of Surah Maidah<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87<br /> |title = رضي الله عنه/عنها<br /> |trans-title = may God be pleased with him/her<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://www.islamweb.net/ar/fatwa/10967/<br /> |title = رضي الله عنه<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200718103517/https://www.islamweb.net/ar/fatwa/10967/<br /> |trans-title = may God be pleased with him/her<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> |archive-date = 18 July 2020<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = http://sirah.al-islam.com/tree.asp?ID=1<br /> |title = السيرة النبوية لابن هشام<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041228004352/http://sirah.al-islam.com/tree.asp?ID=1<br /> |trans-title = Biography of the Prophet by Ibn Hisham<br /> |language = ar<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> |archive-date = 28 December 2004<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite book<br /> |last = النووي<br /> |first = محيى الدين<br /> |author-link = <br /> |date = <br /> |title = العنه رضي الله عنهما<br /> |trans-title = About May Allah be pleased with them<br /> |url = http://shiaonlinelibrary.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8/846_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A-%D8%AC-%D9%A6/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_172<br /> |location = <br /> |publisher = <br /> |quote = ج ٦ - الصفحة ١٧٢، الکتابخانه شیا بالخط، مؤرشف من الأصل في ۲۰۲۰-۴-۲۷. اطلع عليه بتاريخ ۲۰۲۰-۱۱-۱۷.<br /> |language = ar<br /> |volume = 6<br /> |page = 172<br /> |isbn = <br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205200717/http://shiaonlinelibrary.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8/846_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A-%D8%AC-%D9%A6/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_172<br /> |archive-date = 5 February 2020<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> These glorifying expressions are also used for [[Allah|God]] Himself and His angels. Generally, for His angels, the phrase {{lang|ar|«عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام»}} ({{literal translation|lk=yes|Peace be upon him}}) is commonly used, and for [[Allah|God]], usually His perfection attributes are used, such as the suffix {{lang|ar|«جَلَّ جَلَالُهُ»}} ({{literal translation|lk=yes|The most exalted}}).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Abbas Jaffer, Masuma Jaffer.&quot; T Quranic Science. ICAN Press, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://hawzah.net/fa/Article/View/100377/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D9%88-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%A9%D9%87-%D9%88-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87-%D9%88-%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%87<br /> |title = سلام و صلوات؛ خدا و ملائکه و مومنان؛ بر پیامبر اکرم صلی ا...علیه و آله<br /> |trans-title = Peace and blessings of God, the angels, and the believers be upon the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him and his family.<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 9 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite journal<br /> | last1 = صمدانیان<br /> | first1 = محسن<br /> | last2 = صبوری<br /> | first2 = امید<br /> | date = <br /> | title = عبارتهای محترمانه اسلامی در بکار بردن نام خدا، نام ملائک و نام پیامبر خاتم (ص)<br /> | trans-title = Respectful Islamic phrases when using the name of God, the names of angels, and the name of the last Prophet (PBUH)<br /> | url = <br /> | journal = مجله قرآنی کوثر<br /> | quote = شماره ۲۳، زمستان ۱۳۸۵ش و بهار ۱۳۸۶ش.<br /> | volume = <br /> | issue = <br /> | language = fa<br /> | pages = 76, 77<br /> | doi = <br /> | access-date = <br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Islam]] uses a number of conventionally complimentary phrases wishing-well or praising religiously-esteemed figures including [[God in Islam|God]] ([[Allah]]), [[Muhammad]] (Messenger of God),&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite book<br /> |last = دهخدا<br /> |first = علی‌اکبر و دیگران<br /> |author-link = Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda<br /> |date = 1390<br /> |title = لغت‌نامه<br /> |series = لغت نامه: فرهنگ متوسط دهخدا<br /> |trans-title = Dictionary<br /> |url = https://noorlib.ir/book/view/50606<br /> |location = تهران<br /> |publisher = دانشگاه تهران<br /> |quote = ۱۳۹۰ش، ذیل واژه علیه‌السلام<br /> |language = fa<br /> |volume = <br /> |page = <br /> |isbn = <br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; Muhammad's companions ([[Companions of the Prophet|sahaba]]), family ([[Ahl al-Bayt]]), other [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophets and messengers]], [[Angels in Islam|angels]], and revered persons. In [[Twelver Shi'ism]], honorifics are used with the [[Twelve Imams]].&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite book<br /> |last = محمدی ری‌شهری<br /> |first = محمد و دیگران<br /> |author-link = Mohammad Reyshahri<br /> |date = 1389<br /> |title = دانش‌نامه امیرالمؤمنین(ع) بر پایه قرآن، حدیث و تاریخ<br /> |series = دانش نامه امیر المومنین علیه السلام بر پایه قرآن، حدیث و تاریخ<br /> |trans-title = Encyclopedia of the Commander of the Faithful (AS) based on the Quran, Hadith and History<br /> |url = https://noorlib.ir/book/view/18143<br /> |location = قم<br /> |publisher = دار الحدیث<br /> |quote = ۱۳۸۹ش<br /> |language = fa<br /> |volume = 1<br /> |page = 185<br /> |isbn = <br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Also, Islamic honorifics are referred to as ''[[Salawat|Salawāt]]'' ({{Lang|ar|صَلَوات|rtl=yes}}, {{literal translation|lk=yes|Blessings of God}}) in the shape of {{lang|ar|«اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَی مُحَمَّدٍ وَ آلِ مُحَمَّد»}} ({{literal translation|lk=yes|O [[Allah]], bless [[Muhammad]] and [[Ahl al-Bayt|the family of Muhammad]]}})&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |author1 = دانشچی<br /> |url = https://www.daneshchi.ir/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%B5%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%88-%D8%A2%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF/<br /> |title = معنی عبارت «اللهم صل علی محمد و آل محمد»<br /> |work = دانشچی<br /> |date = 20 November 2024<br /> |trans-title = The meaning of the phrase &quot;O Allah, send blessings on Muhammad and the family of Muhammad&quot;<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; and also in [[Shia Islam]] in the shape of {{lang|ar|«اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَی مُحَمَّدٍ وَ آلِ مُحَمَّد و عَجِّل فَرَجَهُم»}} ({{literal translation|lk=yes|O [[Allah]], bless [[Muhammad]] and [[Ahl al-Bayt|the family of Muhammad]] and hasten their relief}}),&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://www.masjed.ir/fa/newsagency/31934/Qaem<br /> |title = معنای واقعی &quot;و عجل فرجهم&quot; چیست؟<br /> |trans-title = What is the real meaning of &quot;and hasten their relief&quot;?<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; in [[Arabic]] too, which their meaning is equal to the phrase {{lang|fa|«خداوندا بر محمد و خاندانش رحمت فرست و فرجشان را نزدیک بفرما»}} ({{literal translation|lk=yes|O God, bless [[Muhammad]] and [[Ahl al-Bayt|the Progeny of Muhammad]], and hasten [[Reappearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi|their alleviation]]}}) in [[Persian language]]&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://hawzah.net/fa/Article/View/6775/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B5<br /> |title = معنای صلوات بر محمد و آل محمد (ص) <br /> |trans-title = The meaning of blessings upon Muhammad and the family of Muhammad (PBUH)<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; which meaning requesting {{Lang|ur|{{nq|«درود»}}|rtl=yes}} ({{literal translation|lk=yes|Peace}}) from [[Allah|God]] for [[Muhammad]] and [[Ahl al-Bayt|his household]] in [[Urdu language]] too.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://fa.forvo.com/word/%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA/<br /> |title = چگونه صلوات را به فارسی، عربی و اردو تلفظ کنید<br /> |trans-title = How to pronounce Salawat in Persian, Arabic and Urdu<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Salavat by Shams ud-Din.jpg|thumb|Calligraphic Arabic text of the common kind of &quot;''Salawat''&quot;: {{langx|ar|«اللهم صل علی محمد و آل محمد»}}, meaning &quot;Blessings and peace be upon [[Muhammad]] and [[Ahl al-Bayt|his family]]&quot;, in the handwriting of Shamsuddin Asaf Jahi]]<br /> <br /> ==Formatting==<br /> Islamic honorifics are not abbreviated in [[Arabic script|Arabic-script]] languages (e.g., [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu]])&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://farhangemelal.icro.ir/news/21123/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9-%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88<br /> |title = واژه های مشترک زبان فارسی و زبان اردو<br /> |date = 19 September 2024<br /> |trans-title = Common words in Persian and Urdu<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; given the rarity of acronyms and abbreviations in those languages, however, these honorifics are often abbreviated in other languages such as English, [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and [[French language|French]]. Common examples of these abbreviations include PBUH ('Peace be Upon Him')&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://dic.b-amooz.com/en/dictionary/w?word=pbuh#PBUH_sentence_1<br /> |title = ترجمه کلمه PBUH<br /> |trans-title = Translation of the word PBUH<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; and SWT (''subhanahu wa-ta'ala'', 'Glorified and Exalted').&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |last1 = سایت<br /> |first1 = مدیر<br /> |url = https://nedaye-tahzib.ir/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B0%DA%A9%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87/<br /> |title = معنای ذکر سبحان الله<br /> |work = ندای تهذیب<br /> |date = 13 August 2022<br /> |trans-title = The meaning of saying Subhan Allah<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://fa.alalam.ir/news/6562303/%D9%85%D9%81%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D9%88-%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%AA-%D8%A2%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%9F<br /> |title = مفهوم سبحان الله و تعالی چیست و حقیقت آن کدام است؟<br /> |trans-title = What is the meaning of Subhan Allah wa Ta'ala and what is its truth?<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 22 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; Though these honorifics may be abbreviated in writing, they are never abbreviated in speech. Abbreviations often vary in [[letter case]] and use of [[Full stop|periods]].&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://afagh313.ir/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%8C-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88-%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86/<br /> |title = معنی، مشتقات و ریشه سبحان<br /> |trans-title = Meaning, Derivatives and Roots of Subhan<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 22 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://khouzestan.iqna.ir/fa/news/3493949/%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%88-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF<br /> |title = ذكر «سبحان الله» و ديدگاه انسان نسبت به خداوند<br /> |trans-title = Reciting &quot;Subhan Allah&quot; and Man's View of God<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 22 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Salavat.svg|thumb|Arabic text of another shape of &quot;Salawat&quot;: {{langx|ar|«صَلَی اللهُ عَلَیه و سَلَّم»}}, meaning &quot;May God send His mercy and blessings upon him&quot;.]]<br /> Honorifics, in Arabic or non-Arabic languages, can be written in multiple formats:&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://binbaz.org.sa/audios/605/26-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB-%D9%83%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%82%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1<br /> |title = كنا قعودا حول رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم، ومعنا أبو بكر وعمر رضي الله عنهما في نفر...<br /> |trans-title = We were sitting around the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, and with us were Abu Bakr and Umar, may God be pleased with them, and a group of people...<br /> |language = ar<br /> |access-date = 22 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://www.islamweb.net/ar/fatwa/20407/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B6%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%81-%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A5%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1<br /> |title = الحديث المذكور ضعيف، وفضائل (أبي بكر) لا ينكرها إلا مكابر<br /> |trans-title = The mentioned hadith is weak, and the virtues of Abu Bakr are only denied by an obstinate person<br /> |language = ar<br /> |access-date = 22 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> # Arabic text with Islamic honorifics<br /> #* Example: &quot;{{lang|ar|لقد شارك رسول الله &lt;u&gt;صلى الله عليه وسلم&lt;/u&gt; كلام الله &lt;u&gt;سبحانه وتعالى&lt;/u&gt; كما أنزله عليه الملك جبريل &lt;u&gt;عليه السلام&lt;/u&gt; مع صاحبه الوفي أبو بكر الصديق &lt;u&gt;رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ&lt;/u&gt;|rtl=yes}}&quot;<br /> # English text with Islamic honorifics in [[Romanization|romanized]] Arabic<br /> #* Example: &quot;The Messenger of God ({{transliteration|ar|ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}}) shared the word of Allah ({{transliteration|ar|subḥānahu wa-taʿālā}}) as revealed to him by the angel Jibril ({{transliteration|ar|ʿalayhi as-salām}}) with his loyal companion, Abu Bakr as-Siddiq ({{Transliteration|ar|raḍiya 'llāhu 'anhu}}).&quot;<br /> # English text with unabbreviated Islamic honorifics<br /> #* Example: &quot;The Messenger of God (peace be upon him) shared the word of Allah (glorified and exalted) as revealed to him by the angel Jibril (peace be upon him) with his loyal companion, Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (Allah be pleased with him).&quot;<br /> # English text with abbreviated Islamic honorifics<br /> #* Example: &quot;The Messenger of God (PBUH) shared the word of Allah (SWT) as revealed to him by the angel Jibril (AS) with his loyal companion, Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (RA).&quot;<br /> <br /> == List of honorifics ==<br /> <br /> === God (Allah) &lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;Allah honorifics&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;Allah&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;God (Allah)&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;God (Allah)&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; ===<br /> {{See also|Allah}}<br /> Following the mention of God (Allah), including by [[pronoun]] (e.g., 'him' or 'his'), or by one of the [[Names of God in Islam|names bestowed upon him]], one of the below honorifics are said or written:&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://fa.wikifeqh.ir/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7_(%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86)<br /> |title = حکم اسما و صفات خدا (قرآن)<br /> |trans-title = The Ruling on the Names and Attributes of God (Quran)<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 22 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://www.hamgaman-institute.ir/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%8F%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%B1-(%D9%87%D9%88)<br /> |title = شناخت اسم مُضمر «هو»<br /> |trans-title = Recognizing the implicit noun &quot;ho&quot;<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 22 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://www.isna.ir/news/91043118906/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C-%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF<br /> |title = «اسماء الحُسنی» یا نام‌های نیکوی خداوند<br /> |date = 21 July 2012<br /> |trans-title = &quot;Asma al-Husni&quot; or the beautiful names of God<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 22 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Suffixal Honorifics for Allah<br /> !Arabic<br /> !Single character in Unicode<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Abbreviation<br /> !Translation<br /> |-<br /> |{{lang|ar|سُبْحَانَهُۥ وَتَعَالَىٰ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |{{lang|ar|﷾|rtl=yes}}<br /> |{{transliteration|ar|subḥānahū wa-taʿālā}}<br /> |(SWT)<br /> |Glorified and exalted<br /> |-<br /> |{{lang|ar|تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَىٰ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |{{lang|ar|﵎|rtl=yes}}<br /> |{{transliteration|ar|tabāraka wa-taʿālā}}<br /> |(TWT)<br /> |Blessed and exalted<br /> |-<br /> |{{lang|ar|عَزَّ وَجَلَّ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |{{lang|ar|﷿|rtl=yes}}<br /> |{{transliteration|ar|ʿazza wa-jall}}<br /> |(AZWJ)<br /> |Prestigious and majestic / Mighty and sublime<br /> |-<br /> |{{lang|ar|جَلَّ جَلَالُهُ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |{{lang|ar|ﷻ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |{{transliteration|ar|jalla jalāluh{{sup|ū}}}}<br /> |(JJ)<br /> |Most exalted<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Muhammad &lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;Muhammad honorifics&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;Muhammad&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;Muhammad (Sallā -llāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallam)&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; ===<br /> {{See also|Muhammad}}<br /> Muhammad's name, reference to him through a pronoun (e.g., 'his' or 'him'), or the use of one of his titles (e.g., 'the messenger of Allah') is followed by one of the below honorifics. The honorific &quot;Blessings of Allah be upon him as well as peace&quot; is the most widely used. The use of the word &quot;blessings&quot; (''ṣallā,'' {{Lang|ar|صَلَّى|rtl=yes}}) can be used for all Islamic prophets (and Shia Imams) equally, however it is almost exclusively used with Muhammad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2002 |title=Waḥy |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |publisher=Brill |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/wahy-COM_1331 |edition=2nd |volume=11 |last2=Rippen |first2=A. |last1=Wensinck |first1=A. J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |author-link=W. Montgomery Watt |title=Muhammad at Medina |title-link=Muhammad at Medina (book) |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1956 |isbn=978-0-19-577307-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Reading the Middle Ages: Sources from Europe, Byzantium, and the Islamic World |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4426-3673-6 |editor-last=Rosenwein |editor-first=Barbara H. |editor-link=Barbara H. Rosenwein |edition=3rd}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Mohamed peace be upon him.svg|thumb|right|{{transliteration|ar|Sallā -llāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} ('blessings of God and peace be upon him') written in Arabic]]<br /> [[File:لیگاتور صلی الله علیه و سلم.png|thumb|'Blessings of God be upon him and his progeny' in Arabic]]<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Suffixal Honorifics for Muhammad<br /> !Arabic<br /> !Single character in Unicode<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Abbreviation<br /> !Translation<br /> |-<br /> |{{lang|ar|صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِۦ وَسَلَّمَ}}<br /> |&lt;big&gt;ﷺ&lt;/big&gt;<br /> U+FDFA<br /> |{{transliteration|ar|ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhī wa-sallam{{sup|a}}}}<br /> |(SAW), (SA), (PBUH)<br /> |May blessings of Allah be upon him as well as peace. <br /> English short: Peace be upon him<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِۦ وَآلِهِۦ وَسَلَّمَ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |&lt;small&gt;Default universal character&lt;/small&gt;<br /> &lt;big&gt;﵌&lt;/big&gt;<br /> U+FD4C<br /> |''ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhī wa-ʾālihī wa-sallam&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;''<br /> |(SAWW), (SAWS), (SA), (PBUHP)<br /> |May blessings of Allah be upon him and his [[Ahl al-Bayt|progeny]] and grant him peace.<br /> English short: Peace be upon him and his progeny<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِۦ وَآلِهِ|rtl=yes}}<br /> | ﵆<br /> U+FD46<br /> |''ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhī wa-ʾālih&lt;sup&gt;ī&lt;/sup&gt;''<br /> |(SAWA), (SA), (SAWW)<br /> |May blessings of Allah be upon him and his progeny{{Efn|Used more commonly by Shia Muslims}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Muhammad's companions ===<br /> {{See also|Companions of the Prophet}}[[File:Ar-رضى الله عنه.svg|thumb|upright|&quot;May Allāh be pleased with him&quot; in Arabic]]<br /> Honorifics used for Muhammad's companions ({{transliteration|ar|aṣ-Ṣaẖābah}}) ask for Allah's pleasure with them. Muhammad's companions include men ([[Abu Bakr]], [[Umar]], [[Ali]], etc.) and women (e.g., [[Fatima|Fatima bint Muhammad]], [[Aisha|Aisha bint Abu Bakr]], [[Asma bint Abi Bakr|Asma bint Abu Bakr]], etc.), and are accorded the properly gendered honorifics.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://islamqa.org/hanafi/askimam/81114/how-did-the-sahaba-address-each-other/<br /> |title = How did the Sahaba address each other?<br /> |date = 20 September 2014<br /> |trans-title = صحابه چگونه یکدیگر را خطاب قرار می‌دادند؟<br /> |language = en<br /> |access-date = 22 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Suffixal honorifics for the Sahaba<br /> !Arabic<br /> !Single character in Unicode<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Abbreviation<br /> !Translation<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهُ|rtl=yes}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{Lang|ar|﵁|rtl=yes}}ؓ&lt;/big&gt;<br /> U+0613<br /> (accent used prefix or suffix to name)<br /> |''raḍiya -llāhu ʿanh{{sup|ū}}''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |(RA)<br /> |May Allah be pleased with him<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهَا|rtl=yes}}<br /> |''raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhā''<br /> |May Allah be pleased with her<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهُمَا|rtl=yes}}<br /> |''raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhumā''<br /> |May Allah be pleased with them ([[Dual (grammatical number)|dual]])<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمْ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |''raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhum''<br /> |May Allah be pleased with them<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُنَّ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |''raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhunn''<br /> |May Allah be pleased with them (Feminine plural)<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Prophets, messengers, and Ahl al-Bayt ===<br /> {{See also|Prophets and messengers in Islam}}<br /> {{See also|Angels in Islam}}{{See also|Ahl al-Bayt}}[[File:Ar-عليه السلام.svg|thumb|{{transliteration|ar|'Alay-hi 's-salām}} in Arabic script]]<br /> Some honorifics apply to the archangels ([[Gabriel#Islam|Jibril]], [[Michael (archangel)#Islam|Mikhail]], etc.) as well as any other Islamic prophets preceding Muhammad (e.g., [[Jesus in Islam|Isa]], [[Moses in Islam|Musa]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]] etc.). A group of modern scholars from [[Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University]], Yemen, and Mauritania has issued fatwa that the angels should be invoked with blessing of {{transliteration|ar|alayhi al-salām}}, which also applied to human prophets and messengers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saying 'Peace be upon him' to Angels&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=Abdullaah Al-Faqeeh |date=2003 |title=Saying 'Peace be upon him' to Angel Gabriel |url=https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/86115/saying-peace-be-upon-him-to-angel-gabriel |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=Islamweb.net |publisher=Fatwa center of Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Yemen, and Mauritania Islamic educational institutes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; This fatwa was based on the ruling from [[Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Saying 'Peace be upon him' to Angels&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Samson;Islamweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Samson and Delilah not mentioned in Quran and Sunnah |url=https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/347941/samson-and-delilah-not-mentioned-in-quran-and-sunnah |website=islamweb.net |year=2017 |access-date=4 August 2024 |language=En}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Samson;konsultasisyariah&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=Ammi Nur Baits |title=Benarkah Samson itu Nabi? |year=2015 |url=https://konsultasisyariah.com/26025-benarkah-samson-itu-nabi.html |website=konsultasisyariah.com |publisher=Yufid Network |access-date=4 August 2024 |language=Id}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some major hadith collections such as [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], [[Sunan Abi Dawud]], and [[Sunan al-Tirmidhi]] include narrations where members of the [[Ahl al-Bayt]] (the family of Muhammad), including [[Ali]], [[Fatima]], [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]], and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]], are mentioned with ʿalayhi/ʿalayhā/ʿalayhim al-salām.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sahih al-Bukhari 4947 - Prophetic Commentary on the Qur'an (Tafseer of the Prophet (pbuh)) - كتاب التفسير - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:4947 |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=sunnah.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sahih al-Bukhari 4462 - Military Expeditions led by the Prophet (pbuh) (Al-Maghaazi) - كتاب المغازى - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:4462 |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=sunnah.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sahih al-Bukhari 3748 - Companions of the Prophet - كتاب فضائل أصحاب النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:3748 |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=sunnah.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jami' at-Tirmidhi 3774 - Chapters on Virtues - كتاب المناقب عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/tirmidhi:3774 |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=sunnah.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Better source needed|date=November 2025|reason=This needs context from a reliable secondary source.}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Suffixal Honorifics for Prophets, Messengers, Angels and Ahl al-bayt<br /> !Arabic<br /> !Single character in Unicode<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Abbreviation<br /> !Translation<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَامُ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |{{Lang|ar|﵇|rtl=yes}}<br /> |''ʿalayhi -s-salām&lt;sup&gt;u&lt;/sup&gt;''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|(AS)<br /> |Peace be upon him<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|عَلَيْهَا ٱلسَّلَامُ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |{{Lang|ar|﵍|rtl=yes}}<br /> |''ʿalayhā -s-salām&lt;sup&gt;u&lt;/sup&gt;''<br /> |Peace be upon her<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|عَلَيْهِمَا ٱلسَّلَامُ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |{{Lang|ar|﵉|rtl=yes}}<br /> |''ʿalayhimā -s-salām&lt;sup&gt;u&lt;/sup&gt;''<br /> |Peace be upon them (dual)<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|عَلَيْهِمُ ٱلسَّلَامُ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |{{Lang|ar|﵈|rtl=yes}}<br /> |''ʿalayhimu -s-salām&lt;sup&gt;u&lt;/sup&gt;''<br /> |Peace be upon them (plural)<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|عَلَيْهِنَّ ٱلسَّلَامُ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |<br /> |''ʿalayhinna -s-salām&lt;sup&gt;u&lt;/sup&gt;''<br /> |Peace be upon them (feminine plural)<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|عَلَيْهِ ٱلصَّلَاةُ وَٱلسَّلَامُ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |{{Lang|ar|﵊|rtl=yes}}<br /> |''ʿalayhi -ṣ-ṣalātu wa-s-salām&lt;sup&gt;u&lt;/sup&gt;''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|(ASWS)<br /> |Blessings and peace be upon him<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|عَلَيْهَا ٱلصَّلَاةُ وَٱلسَّلَامُ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |<br /> |''ʿalayhā -ṣ-ṣalātu -s-salām&lt;sup&gt;u&lt;/sup&gt;''<br /> |Blessings and peace be upon her<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|عَلَيْهِمَا ٱلصَّلَاةُ وَٱلسَّلَامُ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |<br /> |''ʿalayhimā -ṣ-ṣalātu -s-salām&lt;sup&gt;u&lt;/sup&gt;''<br /> |Blessings and peace be upon them (dual)<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|عَلَيْهِمُ ٱلصَّلَاةُ وَٱلسَّلَامُ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |<br /> |''ʿalayhimu -ṣ-ṣalātu -s-salām&lt;sup&gt;u&lt;/sup&gt;''<br /> |Blessings and peace be upon them (plural)<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|عَلَيْهِنَّ ٱلسَّلَامُ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |<br /> |''ʿalayhinna -ṣ-ṣalātu -s-salām&lt;sup&gt;u&lt;/sup&gt;''<br /> |Blessings and peace be upon them (feminine plural)<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|سَلَامُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهِ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |<br /> |''salāmu -llāhi ʿalayh&lt;sup&gt;ī&lt;/sup&gt;''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|(SA)<br /> |Allah's peace upon him<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|سَلَامُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهَا|rtl=yes}}<br /> |<br /> |''salāmu -llāhi ʿalayhā''<br /> |Allah's peace upon her<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|سَلَامُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهِمَا|rtl=yes}}<br /> |<br /> |''salāmu -llāhi ʿalayhimā''<br /> |Allah's peace upon them (dual)<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|سَلَامُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهِمُ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |<br /> |''salāmu -llāhi ʿalayhim''<br /> |Allah's peace upon them (plural)<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|سَلَامُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهِنَّ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |<br /> |''salāmu -llāhi ʿalayhinn&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;''<br /> |Allah's peace upon them (feminine plural)<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> In [[Shia Islam]], Muhammad's progeny, referred to as {{Transliteration|ar|[[Ahl al-Bayt]]}} ({{langx|ar|أَهْل ٱلْبَيْت|lit=people of the house}}), are addressed with the same honorifics as messengers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/muslim-samson-medieval-modern-and-scholarly-interpretations/B85B244274623E4D1A1C6D9C965D1740 | doi=10.1017/S0041977X08000529 | title=The Muslim Samson: Medieval, modern and scholarly interpretations | date=2008 | last1=Rippin | first1=Andrew | journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies | volume=71 | issue=2 | pages=239–253 | url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book| publisher = BRILL| isbn = 978-90-04-11805-8| last = Dickinson| first = Eerik| title = The development of early Sunnite hadīth criticism: the Taqdima of Ibn Abī Ḥātim al-Rāzī (240/854-327/938)| year = 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Revered men and women ===<br /> [[File:رحمه الله.png|thumb|&quot;May Allah's mercy be upon him&quot; in Arabic]]<br /> <br /> Some honorifics apply to highly-revered Islamic scholars and people thought to be of high spiritual rank. When that person has died, honorifics ask for Allah's mercy upon or pleasure with him or her. When that person is still living, honorifics customarily ask for Allah's preservation or relief.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ibrahim|first=Mohammed Zayki|date=2015|title=Ibn Ḥazm's theory of prophecy of women: Literalism, logic, and perfection|journal=Intellectual Discourse|publisher=IIUM Press|volume=23|issue=1|pages=76–77|issn=0128-4878|eissn=2289-5639|citeseerx=10.1.1.831.1259}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wheeler&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism|first= B. M. |last=Wheeler |chapter=Daniel |quote=Daniel is not mentioned by name in the Quran but there are accounts of his prophethood in later Muslim literature...}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Suffixal Honorifics for revered men and women<br /> !Arabic<br /> !Single character in Unicode<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Abbreviation<br /> !Translation<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|رَحْمَةُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهِ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |<br /> |''raḥmatu -llāhi ʿalayh{{sup|ū}}''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |(RH)<br /> |Allah's mercy upon him<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|رَحِمَهُ ٱللَّٰهُ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |{{Lang|ar|﵀|rtl=yes}}<br /> |''raḥimahu -llāh{{sup|ū}}''<br /> |Mercy upon him<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|رَحْمَةُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهَا|rtl=yes}}<br /> |<br /> |{{transliteration|ar|raḥmatu -llāhi ʿalayhā}}<br /> |Allah's mercy upon her<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|رَحِمَهَا ٱللَّٰهُ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |<br /> |{{transliteration|ar|raḥimahā -llāh{{sup|ū}}}}<br /> |Mercy upon her<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|رَحْمَةُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهِم|rtl=yes}}<br /> |<br /> |{{transliteration|ar|raḥmatu -llāhi ʿalayhim}}<br /> |Allah's mercy upon them<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|رَحِمَهُمُ ٱللَّٰهُ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |{{Lang|ar|﵏|rtl=yes}}<br /> |''raḥimahumu -llāh{{sup|ū}}''<br /> |Mercy upon them<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|رِضْوَانُ ٱللَّٰهِ تَعَالَىٰ عَلَيْهِ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |<br /> |{{transliteration|ar|riḍwānu -llāhi ta'ālā ʿalayh{{sup|ī}}}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |(RA)<br /> |Allah be pleased with him<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|رِضْوَانُ ٱللَّٰهِ تَعَالَىٰ عَلَيْهَا|rtl=yes}}<br /> |<br /> |''riḍwānu -llāhi ta'ālā ʿalayhā''<br /> |Allah be pleased with her<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|حَفِظَهُ ٱللَّٰهُ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |<br /> |{{transliteration|ar|hafiḏahu -llāh{{sup|ū}}}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |(HA)<br /> |Allah preserve him<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|حَفِظَهَا ٱللَّٰهُ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |<br /> |''hafiḏahā 'llāh{{sup|ū}}''<br /> |Allah preserve her<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|فَرَّجَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهُ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |<br /> |{{transliteration|ar|farraja -llāhu ʿanh{{sup|ū}}}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |(FA)<br /> |Allah grant him relief<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|فَرَّجَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهَا}}<br /> |<br /> |''farraja -llāhu ʿanhā''<br /> |Allah grant her relief<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهُ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |{{Lang|ar|﵁|rtl=yes}}<br /> |''raḍiya -llāhu ʿanh{{sup|ū}}''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |(RA)<br /> |May Allah be pleased with him<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهَا|rtl=yes}}<br /> |{{Lang|ar|﵂|rtl=yes}}<br /> |''raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhā''<br /> |May Allah be pleased with her<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهُمَا|rtl=yes}}<br /> |{{Lang|ar|﵄|rtl=yes}}<br /> |''raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhumā''<br /> |May Allah be pleased with them ([[Dual (grammatical number)|dual]])<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمْ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |{{Lang|ar|﵃|rtl=yes}}<br /> |''raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhum''<br /> |May Allah be pleased with them<br /> |-<br /> |{{Lang|ar|رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُنَّ|rtl=yes}}<br /> |{{Lang|ar|﵅|rtl=yes}}<br /> |''raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhunn''<br /> |May Allah be pleased with them (Feminine plural)<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Scriptural and hadith basis ==<br /> <br /> === Qur'ān ===<br /> [[File:إِنَّ اللَّهَ وَمَلَائِكَتَهُ يُصَلُّونَ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ ۚ يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا صَلُّوا عَلَيْهِ وَسَلِّمُوا تَسْل.svg|thumb|Verse 33:56 in Arabic]]<br /> The honorifics for Muhammad are enjoined by Surat [[al-Ahzab]]:&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://wiki.ahlolbait.com/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%87_56_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8<br /> |title = آیه ۵۶ سوره احزاب<br /> |trans-title = Verse 56 of Surah Al-Ahzab<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 22 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{blockquote|{{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|إِنَّ ٱللّٰهَ وَمَلَـٰٓىِٕكَتَهُۥ يُصَلُّونَ عَلَى ٱلنَّبِىِّ ۚ يَـٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ صَلُّوا۟ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلِّمُوا۟ تَسْلِيمًا}}}}&lt;br /&gt;'Surely Allah (God) and His angels bless the Prophet; O you who believe! Send blessings on him and salute him with a (becoming) salutation.'&lt;br /&gt;{{Cite quran|33|56|translator=s}}}}<br /> <br /> === Hadiths from Sunni Islam ===<br /> {{See also|Hadith|}}<br /> <br /> [[Al-Tirmidhi]] recorded that [[Abu Hurairah]] said, &quot;The Messenger of Allah said, 'May he be humiliated, the man in whose presence I am mentioned and he does not send Salaam upon me; may he be humiliated, the man who sees the [[Ramadan (calendar month)|month of Ramadan]] come and go, and he is not forgiven; may he be humiliated, the man whose parents live to old age and they do not cause him to be granted admittance to Paradise.{{'&quot;}} Al-Tirmidhi said that this hadith was {{transliteration|ar|[[hasan (hadith)|ḥasan gharib]]}}, &quot;good but only reported once&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=al-Kulayni |first1=Muhammad ibn Ya'qub |title=Al-Kafi |date=2015 |publisher=Islamic Seminary Incorporated |location=New York |isbn=9780991430864 |edition=Volume 6}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In {{transliteration|ar|[[Sahih Muslim]]}}, {{transliteration|ar|[[Sunan Abu Dawood]]}}, {{transliteration|ar|[[Jami' at-Tirmidhi]]}} and {{transliteration|ar|[[al-Sunan al-Sughra]]}}, four of the [[Kutub al-Sittah|six major hadith collections]] recorded that Abu Hurairah said, &quot;The Messenger of Allah said: 'Whoever sends one Salaam upon me, Allah will send ten upon him.{{'&quot;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Glasse|first1=Cyril|title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam|orig-year=1989 |date=2001|publisher=Altamira|page=159}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] reported in his {{transliteration|ar|Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal}} that the Companion of Muhammad, Abu Talha ibn Thabit, said:&lt;ref&gt;Graham, William A. (1977). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl6skqM6aP8C Divine Word and Prophetic Word in Early Islam: A Reconsideration of the Sources, with Special Reference to the Divine Saying or Hadith Qudsi]''. [[Walter de Gruyter]]. {{ISBN|3110803593}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2115|title=Saul - Oxford Islamic Studies Online|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com|language=en|access-date=2018-10-06|archive-date=6 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006075532/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2115|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|One morning the Messenger of Allah was in a cheerful mood and looked happy. They said, &quot;O Messenger of Allah, this morning you are in a cheerful mood and look happy.&quot; He said, &quot;Of course, just now someone [an angel] came to me from my Lord [Allah] and said, 'Whoever among your Ummah sends Salaam upon you, Allah will record for him ten good deeds and will erase for him ten evil deeds, and will raise his status by ten degrees, and will return his greeting with something similar to it.{{'&quot;}}}}<br /> <br /> [[Al-Bayhaqi]] reports that Abu Hurairah said that Muhammad said, &quot;Send the Salaam on Allah's messengers and prophets for Allah sent them as He sent me.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://www.iium.edu.my/deed/hadith/muslim/001a_smt.html<br /> |title = Sahih Muslim, Book 1, The Book of Faith (Kitab Al-Iman) (part II)<br /> |trans-title = صحیح مسلم، کتاب اول، کتاب الایمان (قسمت دوم)<br /> |language = en<br /> |access-date = 22 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This point is further founded in the saying by Muhammad, &quot;The miser is the one in whose presence I am mentioned, then he does not send the Salam upon me.&quot; This was recorded in {{transliteration|ar|[[Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal]]}}.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = https://sunnah.com/bukhari:6452<br /> |title = Sahih al-Bukhari 6452 - To make the Heart Tender (Ar-Riqaq)<br /> |trans-title = صحیح البخاری ۶۴۵۲ - لطیف کردن قلب (الرقاق)<br /> |language = en<br /> |access-date = 22 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|Anas bin Malik said, &quot;The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said: 'Whoever sends salah upon me once, Allah (SWT) will send salah upon him tenfold, and will erase ten sins from him, and will raise him ten degrees in status.{{'&quot;}} |Collected by [[Al-Nasa'i]] |{{transliteration|ar|[[Al-Sunan al-Sughra]]}}, Book 13, Hadith 119&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://sunnah.com/nasai:1297 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502152819/https://sunnah.com/nasai:1297 |archive-date=2021-05-02 |website=sunnah.com |title=The Book of Forgetfulness (In Prayer) (55) Chapter: The virtue of sending salah upon the Prophet (SAW) }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> === Criticism ===<br /> Scholars of the [[Salafi]] branch of Islam practiced in [[Saudi Arabia]] have instructed their followers not to abbreviate the {{transliteration|ar|[[salawat]]}} upon Muhammad, but to instead write the full form. For example, [[Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz]], the [[Grand Mufti]] of Saudi Arabia, said:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|1=As it is prescribed to send prayers upon the Prophet (peace and prayers of Allah be upon him) in prayer when saying the {{transliteration|ar|[[tashahhud]]}}, and it is prescribed when giving {{transliteration|ar|[[khutbah]]s}}, saying {{transliteration|ar|[[Du'a]]}} and praying for forgiveness, and after the {{transliteration|ar|[[Adhan]]}}, and when entering and exiting the mosque, and when mentioning him in other circumstances, so it is more important to do so when writing his name in a book, letter, article and so on. So it is prescribed to write the prayers in full so as to fulfil the command that Allah has given to Muslims, and so that the reader will remember to say the prayers when he reads it. So one should not write the prayers on the Prophet (peace and prayers of Allah be upon him) in short form such as writing (S) or (SAWS) etc, or other forms that some writers use, because that is going against the command of Allah in His Book, where He says (interpretation of the meaning):<br /> <br /> {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|صَلُّوا۟ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلِّمُوا۟ تَسْلِيمًا }}}}&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web <br /> |url = http://www.parsquran.com/data/show.php?lang=far&amp;sura=33&amp;ayat=56&amp;user=far&amp;tran=1<br /> |title = متن قرآن، سوره ۳۳، الأحزاب، آیه ۵۶ - آیه ۶۵<br /> |trans-title = Text of the Quran, Surah 33, Al-Ahzab, verse 56 - verse 65<br /> |language = fa<br /> |access-date = 22 December 2024<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Send blessings on him and salute him with a (becoming) salutation.&quot;{{Cite quran|33|56|translator=s}}<br /> <br /> And that (writing it in abbreviated form) does not serve that purpose and is devoid of the virtue of writing &quot;{{transliteration|ar|salla Allaahu 'alayhi wa sallam}} (May Allah send prayers and peace upon him)&quot; in full. Moreover the reader may not take notice of it and may not understand what is meant by it. It should also be noted that the symbol used for it is regarded as disapproved by the scholars, who warned against it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=حكم اختصار كتابة ﷺ بـ (صلعم) أو (ص) |url=https://binbaz.org.sa/fatwas/13605/حكم-اختصار-كتابة-ﷺ-بـ-صلعم-او-ص |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=binbaz.org.sa |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=رسالة الشيخ ابن باز في حكم من كتب صلعم بعد ذكر محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم |url=https://www.islamweb.net/ar/fatwa/7334/رسالة-الشيخ-ابن-باز-في-حكم-من-كتب-صلعم-بعد-ذكر-محمد-صلى-الله-عليه-وسلم |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.islamweb.net |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Official religious bodies such as [[Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah|Egypt’s Dar al-Iftaa]] and {{interlanguage link|Jordan’s General Iftaa’ Department|ar|دائرة الإفتاء العام (الأردن)}} have also discouraged the use of abbreviations. Egypt’s Dar al-Iftaa classifies the use of abbreviations as a 'prohibited matter' according to scholars, viewing it as a sign of laziness to obtain rewards and rudeness toward Muhammad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=حكم اختصار الصلاة والسلام على سيدنا النبي عند الكتابة إلى (ص |url=https://dar-alifta.org/ar/fatwa/details/19288/حكم-اختصار-الصلاة-والسلام-على-سيدنا-النبي-عند-الكتابة-إلى-ص-أو-صلعم |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=موقع دار الإفتاء المصرية}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, Jordan’s Iftaa’ Department states that while abbreviations should be avoided in writing, if they are used in a case of necessity, the practitioner must still pronounce the full blessing verbally.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=حكم اختصار صيغة الصلاة على النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم |url=http://aliftaa.jo/research-fatwas/3607 |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=aliftaa.jo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Unicode ==<br /> {{see also|Arabic script in Unicode#Word ligatures}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;6&quot;|Unicode<br /> |-<br /> !UTF-8 Encoding<br /> !Symbol<br /> !Unicode Name<br /> !Transcription<br /> ![[Arabic]]<br /> !English<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;#1553;&lt;/code&gt;<br /> |{{huge|ؑ}}<br /> |Arabic sign ALAYHE ASSALLAM<br /> |{{transliteration|ar|ʿalayhi s-salām}}<br /> |{{lang|ar|عليه السلام}}<br /> |Peace be upon him<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;#1554;&lt;/code&gt;<br /> |{{huge|ؒ}}<br /> |Arabic sign RAHMATULLAH ALAYHE<br /> |{{transliteration|ar|raḥmatu Llāhi ʿalayh}}<br /> |{{lang|ar|رحمة الله عليه}}<br /> |God have mercy upon him<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;#1555;&lt;/code&gt;<br /> |{{huge|ؓ}}<br /> |Arabic sign RADI ALLAHOU ANHU<br /> |{{transliteration|ar|raḍī Llāhu ʿanh}}<br /> |{{lang|ar|رضي الله عنه}}<br /> |God be pleased with him<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Honorifics for the dead in Judaism]]<br /> *[[Honorifics in Judaism]]<br /> *{{transliteration|ar|[[Subhanahu wa ta'ala]]}}<br /> *{{transliteration|ar|[[Salawat]]}}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Islamic Honorifics}}<br /> [[Category:Islamic honorifics| ]]<br /> [[Category:Salah terminology]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic culture]]<br /> [[Category:Arabic words and phrases]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic prayer]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic theology]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic terminology]]<br /> [[Category:Arabic words and phrases in Sharia]]<br /> [[Category:Muhammad]]<br /> [[Category:Arabic-language honorifics]]<br /> [[Category:Religious titles]]<br /> [[Category:Religious terminology]]<br /> [[Category:Honorifics]]<br /> [[Category:Quranic words and phrases]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tilang&diff=461958 2026-02-19T14:58:07Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: formatting fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Janya raga of Carnatic music}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox raga<br /> | name = Tilang<br /> | image_name = Tailangi.png<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | thaat = <br /> Khamaj&lt;ref name=&quot;tanarang.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tanarang.com/english/tilang_eng.htm|title=Raag Tilang – Indian Classical Music – Tanarang.com|website=www.tanarang.com|date=8 January 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | type = Audava-Audava&lt;ref name=&quot;tanarang.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> | time = 2nd Prahar of the night&lt;ref name=&quot;tanarang.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> | season = <br /> | arohana = {{svaraH|S|G|m|P|N|S'}}&lt;ref name=&quot;tanarang.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> | avarohana = {{svaraH|S|n|P|m|G|S}}&lt;ref name=&quot;tanarang.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> | vadi = {{svaraH|G}}&lt;ref name=&quot;tanarang.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> | samavadi = {{svaraH|N}}&lt;ref name=&quot;tanarang.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> | pakad = <br /> | chalan = <br /> | synonym = <br /> | equivalent = <br /> | similar = [[Jog (raga)|Jog]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tilang''' is a [[raga]] in [[Indian classical music]], that belongs to the [[Khamaj]] [[Thaat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;raganidhi&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title = Raganidhi: A Comparative Study Of Hindustani And Karnatak Ragas. Volume Four (Q to Z)|last = Rao|first = B.Subba|publisher = The Music Academy|year = 1996|location = Madras|pages = 181–182}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tanarang.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Singha 2000&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Singha |first=H.S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Publishers |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&amp;pg=PA10 |access-date=26 May 2021 |pages=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Scale ==<br /> * [[Arohana]] (ascending scale): {{svaraH|S|G|m|P|N|S'}}&lt;ref name=&quot;tanarang.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Avarohana]] (descending scale): {{svaraH|S|n|P|m|G|S}}&lt;ref name=&quot;tanarang.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> This raga has a lowered seventh, {{SvaraH|n}} ({{Langx|hi|कोमल नी|komala nī}}) in the descending scale.&lt;ref name=&quot;raganidhi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tanarang.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Its defining characteristics are: {{SvaraH|P|S'|N|S'|n|P}}, {{SvaraH|7=P|8=S'|9=N|10=S'|11=P|12=n|13=P}}. Some performers add a ''[[Svara|Re]]'' to create the following pattern: {{SvaraH|S'|R'|N|S'|P|n|P}}.<br /> <br /> === Vādī and Samvādī ===<br /> * [[Vadi (music)|Vadi]] : Ga&lt;ref name=&quot;raganidhi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tanarang.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Samvadi]] : Ni&lt;ref name=&quot;raganidhi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tanarang.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == In Carnatic music ==<br /> This raga originated in Hindustani classical music and has been taken into [[Carnatic music]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ragas&quot;&gt;''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications&lt;/ref&gt; It is derived from the 28th [[Melakarta]] (parent scale) [[Harikambhoji]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ragas&quot; /&gt; It is an audava-audava raga (pentatonic asymmetrical scale) with the following structure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Katz 1992 p. 19&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Katz | first=J. | title=The Traditional Indian Theory and Practice of Music and Dance | publisher=E.J. Brill | series=Panels of the VIIth World Sanskrit Conference / World Sanskrit Conference 7, 1987, Leiden: Panels of the VIIth World Sanskrit Conference | year=1992 | isbn=978-90-04-09715-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HVjyfWPCO1wC&amp;pg=PA19 | access-date=27 May 2021 | page=19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Arohana]]: {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|N3|S'|foot=yes}}<br /> * [[Avarohana]]: {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M|G3|S|foot=yes}}<br /> <br /> === Compositions ===<br /> *''Shree Ganesha Charanam'' by [[Papanasam Sivan]] <br /> *''Ramakrishnaru Manege'', ''Tarakka Bindige'' and ''Dasara Nindisa Beda'' by [[Purandara Dasa]] (originally in Saurashtram)<br /> *''Satyavantara Sangaviralu'' by [[Kanaka Dasa]]<br /> *''Shanthi Nilava Vendum'' by Sethumadava Rao<br /> *''Kannan Kuzhalosai'' by [[Ambujam Krishna]]<br /> *''Prabho Ganapathe'' by [[Agastya]]<br /> *''Thamarai Malar Ondru'' by Kavi Kannan<br /> *''Raghuvara Manahara'' by [[Ganapathi Sachchidananda]]<br /> *''Jaya Vara Varini'' by U Ve Srinivasa Varadachariar <br /> *''Maha Ganapathim'' by [[Dayanand Saraswati]]<br /> *''Bandide Indu'' by KS Burli<br /> *''Bhaja Bhaja Manasa'' by Kamalesha Vittaladasa<br /> *''Maha Ganapathe Namo Namo'' is a rare [[Bhajan]]<br /> <br /> == Film songs ==<br /> <br /> === Language : [[Hindi]] ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Song<br /> !Film<br /> !Composer<br /> !Singer(s)<br /> |-<br /> | ''Gori Gori Gaon Ki Gori Re''<br /> |[[Yeh Gulistan Hamara]]<br /> |[[S. D. Burman]]<br /> |[[Lata Mangeshkar]] &amp; [[Kishore Kumar]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kaise Kahen Ham''<br /> |[[Sharmeelee]]<br /> |[[S. D. Burman]]<br /> |[[Kishore Kumar]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Meri Kahani Bhulnevale Tera Jahan Abad Rahe''<br /> |[[Deedar (1951 film)|Deedar]]<br /> |[[Naushad]]<br /> |[[Mohammad Rafi]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Yahi Arman Lekar Aaj Apne Ghar Se Ham Nukale''<br /> |[[Shabaab (film)|Shabaab]]<br /> |[[Naushad]]<br /> |[[Mohammad Rafi]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Sajna Sang Kahe Neha Lagae''<br /> |[[Main Nashe Mein Hoon]]<br /> |[[Shankar–Jaikishan]]<br /> |[[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Lagan Tose Lagi Balma''<br /> |[[Dekh Kabira Roya]]<br /> |[[Madan Mohan (composer)]]<br /> |[[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Chota Sa Baalama Ankhiyan Neend Udaye Le Gayo''<br /> |Raagini<br /> |[[O. P. Nayyar]]<br /> |[[Asha Bhosle]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Mein Apne Aap Se Ghabra Gaya Hoon''<br /> |[[Bindya]]<br /> |[[Iqbal Qureshi]]<br /> |[[Mohammad Rafi]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Chota Sa Baalama Ankhiyan Neend Udaye Le Gayo''<br /> |[[Mehboob Ki Mehndi]]<br /> |[[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br /> |[[Lata Mangeshkar]] &amp; [[Mohammad Rafi]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Song<br /> !Film<br /> !Composer<br /> !Singer(s)<br /> |-<br /> | ''Yadhu Nandhana Gopala''<br /> | [[Meera (1945 film)|Meera]]<br /> | [[S. V. Venkatraman]]<br /> | [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Shyamala, Shyamala En Jeevapriye''<br /> | [[Shyamala (1952 film)|Shyamala]]<br /> | [[G. Ramanathan]]<br /> | [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Indru Poi Naalai Vaaraai''<br /> | [[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1958 film)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]<br /> | [[K. V. Mahadevan]]<br /> | [[C. S. Jayaraman]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Azhagan Muruganidam Asai Vaithen''<br /> | [[Panchavarna Kili]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]<br /> | [[P. Susheela]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Naalaam Naalaam''<br /> | [[Kadhalikka Neramillai]]<br /> | [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[P. Susheela]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Naan Oru Kuzhandhai''<br /> | [[Padagotti]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[T. M. Soundararajan]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Palooti Valarthakili''<br /> | [[Gauravam (1973 film)|Gauravam]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[M. S. Viswanathan]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Penpaartha Maapilaiku''<br /> | [[Kaaviya Thalaivi]]<br /> | [[P. Susheela]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Idhu Unthan Veettu Kilithaan''<br /> | [[Shankar Salim Simon]]<br /> | [[Vani Jairam]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Thendraladhu Unnidathil''<br /> | [[Andha 7 Naatkal]]<br /> | [[P. Jayachandran]], [[S. Janaki]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Nalladhor Veenai Seidhe''<br /> | [[Varumayin Niram Sivappu]]<br /> | [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Abhinaya Sundari Aadugiraal''<br /> | [[Miruthanga Chakravarthi]]<br /> | [[Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram]], [[Vani Jairam]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kothamalli Poove''<br /> | [[Kallukkul Eeram]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;10&quot; | [[Illayaraja]]<br /> | [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[S. Janaki]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Chithirai Sevvanam''<br /> | [[Kaatrinile Varum Geetham]]<br /> | [[P. Jayachandran]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Intha Vennila''<br /> | [[December Pookal]]<br /> |rowspan=2| [[K.S. Chitra]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Nal Anbedhan''<br /> | [[Kai Veesamma Kai Veesu]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Manadhil Urudhi Vendum''<br /> | [[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]<br /> | [[K. J. Yesudas]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Pavalamani Thermele''<br /> | Neram Nalla Neram<br /> | [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[P. Susheela]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Innum Ennai Enna''<br /> | [[Singaravelan]]<br /> | [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Maadethile Kanni''(with traces of [[Brindavani Sarang]])<br /> | [[Veera (1994 film)|Veera]]<br /> | [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Swarnalatha]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Namma Manasu Pola''<br /> | [[Themmangu Paattukaaran]]<br /> | [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K.S. Chitra]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kattula Thalai''<br /> | [[Solla Marandha Kadhai]]<br /> | Vidhu Prathaban<br /> |-<br /> | ''Thee Thee''<br /> (with traces of [[Bahudari]] ragam)<br /> | [[Thiruda Thiruda]]<br /> | [[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> | Caroline, Noel James &amp;[[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | ''Vasantha Kaalangal''<br /> | [[Rail Payanangalil]]<br /> | [[Vijaya T. Rajendar|T. Rajendar]]<br /> | [[P. Jayachandran]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Azhagu Mayil Thogai Virithaduthu''<br /> | [[Pudhu Padagan]]<br /> | [[S. Thanu]]<br /> | [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Saravana Bhava''<br /> | [[Kaathala Kaathala]]<br /> | [[Karthik Raja]]<br /> | [[Karthik Raja]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''En Anbe''<br /> | [[Satyam (2008 film)|Satyam]]<br /> | [[Harris Jayaraj]]<br /> | [[Sadhana Sargam]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Thiru Thiru Ganatha''<br /> | [[100% Kadhal]]<br /> | [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br /> | [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Language : [[Telugu Language|Telugu]] ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Song<br /> !Film<br /> !Composer(s)<br /> !Singer(s)<br /> |-<br /> | ''Neela Kandhara''<br /> |[[Bhookailas (1958 film)|Bhookailas]]<br /> |[[R. Sudarsanam]] &amp; [[R. Govardhanam]]<br /> |[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Jaya Jaya Jaya Sharada Jaya Kalabhi Sharada''<br /> |[[Mahakavi Kalidasu]]<br /> |[[Pendyala (composer)|Pendyala]]<br /> |[[P. Susheela]] <br /> |-<br /> | ''Naa Chandamama''<br /> |[[Pandava Vanavasam]]<br /> |[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]<br /> |[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] &amp; [[P. Susheela]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Niluvumaa Niluvumaa''<br /> |[[Amarasilpi Jakkanna]]<br /> |[[S. Rajeswara Rao]]<br /> |[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] &amp; [[P. Susheela]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Manasaa, Kavvinchake''<br /> |[[Pandanti Kapuram]]<br /> |[[S. P. Kodandapani]]<br /> |[[P. Susheela]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Jaamu Gadichenu Jabili Vodigenu''<br /> |Mogudu-Pellalu (1985)<br /> |[[Ramesh Naidu]]<br /> |[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] &amp; [[P. Susheela]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Naalo Ninne Choodanaa''<br /> |Vichitra Vivaham (1973)<br /> |[[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]<br /> |[[P. Bhanumathi]] <br /> |-<br /> | ''Naa Sneham Pandi Premai Nindina Cheliya Ravela''<br /> |[[Babu (1975 film)|Babu]]<br /> |[[K. Chakravarthy]]<br /> |[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Scale similarities ==<br /> * [[Gambhiranata]] raga is a symmetrical Carnatic raga with N3 (Kakali Niṣāda) in both ascending and descending scales,&lt;ref name=&quot;raganidhi&quot; /&gt; while Tilang uses Kaisiki Niṣāda (N2) in descending scale.<br /> * Savitri raga is a symmetrical Carnatic raga with N2 (Kaisiki Niṣāda) in both ascending and descending scales,&lt;ref name=&quot;raganidhi&quot; /&gt; while Tilang uses Kakali Niṣāda (N3) in ascending scale.<br /> <br /> Tilang therefore has the Arohana (ascending scale) of Gambhiranata, and Avrohana (descending scale) of Savitri.&lt;ref name=&quot;raganidhi&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Melakarta ragas}}<br /> {{Janya}}<br /> {{Rāgas as per Performance Time}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Janya ragas]]<br /> [[Category:Ragas]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dehgaon&diff=496028 2026-02-06T15:41:18Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Added a data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Unreliable sources|date=March 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Dehgaon<br /> | settlement_type = [[Town]]<br /> | pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|23.32|N|78.08|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | population_total = 7,902<br /> | elevation_m = 508<br /> }}<br /> '''Dehgaon''' is a [[town]] in [[Raisen District]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Dehgaon is located at 23.32°N, 78.08°E. It has an average elevation of {{convert|508|m|ft}}.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Dehgaon.html | Geography]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> As of the 2011 census, Dehgaon had 1,566 households and population of 7,902: 4,087 ({{percentage|4087|7902|1}}) were male, while 3,815 ({{percentage|3815|7902|1}}) were female. 82.08% of its residents were literate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Dehgaon Village Population - Gairatganj - Raisen, Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/483901-dehgaon-madhya-pradesh.html |website=www.census2011.co.in |access-date=18 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/raisen/dehgaon Pin Code]<br /> <br /> {{Bhopal Division}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Raisen district]]<br /> [[Category:Raisen]]<br /> <br /> {{Bhopal-geo-stub}}</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rizong_Monastery&diff=464685 2026-01-30T04:46:42Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: enhanced references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Buddhist monastery In Ladakh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery<br /> |name = Rizong Monastery<br /> |image = Rizong Monastery 04.jpg<br /> |alt = <br /> |caption = <br /> |map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir<br /> |coordinates = {{coord|34|16|9|N|77|6|26|E|type:landmark_region:IN-JK|display=inline,title}}<br /> |map_caption = Location within India<br /> |location=[[Ladakh]], [[India]]<br /> |founded_by =Lama [[Tsultim Nima]] <br /> |sect = [[Gelug]]<br /> |dedicated_to =<br /> |head_lama = <br /> |architecture = [[Tibet]]an [[Architecture]]<br /> |festivals=<br /> |footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Rizong''' (or Rhizong) [[gompa]], [[Gelugpa]] or Yellow Hat [[Buddhist]] monastery, also called the '''Yuma Changchubling''', is in [[Ladakh]], India. It is situated at the top of a rocky side valley on the north side of the [[Indus River|Indus]], to the west of [[Alchi]] on the way to [[Lamayuru]]. It was established in 1831 by Lama Tsultim Nima under the [[Gelukpa]] order, at Ri-rdzong. There are 40 monks in the monastery.&lt;ref name=Jina&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jina|first=Prem Singh|title=Ladakh: the land and the people|work=Rizong Monastery|page=215|access-date=2009-11-23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjhcZgDy-WMC&amp;q=Rizong+Monastery&amp;pg=PA215|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=1996|isbn=81-7387-057-8|archive-date=19 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219213432/https://books.google.com/books?id=kjhcZgDy-WMC&amp;q=Rizong+Monastery&amp;pg=PA215|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=gompa&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.buddhist-temples.com/buddhist-monastery/ladakh/rizong.html|title=Rizong Gompa|access-date=2009-11-23|archive-date=26 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626074718/http://www.buddhist-temples.com/buddhist-monastery/ladakh/rizong.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= ladakh&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ladakhtours.org/rizong-monestry-tour.html|title=Rizong Monastery Tour|access-date=2009-11-23|archive-date=27 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827175547/http://www.ladakhtours.org/rizong-monestry-tour.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The monastery is also called &quot;the paradise for meditation&quot; and is noted for its extremely strict rules and standards.&lt;ref name=Jina/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bhutan&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhutanmysticbliss.com/india-travel/explore-ladakh.html|title=Explore Ladakh|access-date=2009-11-23|archive-date=15 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615203025/http://www.bhutanmysticbliss.com/india-travel/explore-ladakh.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The nunnery, located about 2&amp;nbsp;km from the monastery, is called the &quot;Jelichun Nunnery&quot; or Chulichan (Chomoling), where, at present, 20 nuns reside.&lt;ref name=Jina/&gt;&lt;ref name=gompa/&gt;&lt;ref name= ladakh/&gt; It is north of [[Srinagar]]-[[Leh]] highway &amp; north of [[Mangyu temple complex]].<br /> <br /> It is also believed that long ago Guru [[Padmasambhava]] meditated in the caves around Rizong years before the monasteries were built.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ladakhinfo.com/ladakh_monasteries.asp|title=Ladakh Monasteries|publisher=Ladakh Info|access-date=2009-11-28|archive-date=7 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607010525/http://www.ladakhinfo.com/ladakh_monasteries.asp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also inferred that in the small caves in the vicinity, Lamas used to meditate for years in isolation from the rest of the villages. They subsisted on one meal a day, which was provided to them by local people through a {{convert|1|ft|m}} square window opening in the cave.&lt;ref name=Bhutan/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> [[File:Konchog-wangdu.jpeg|thumb|left|200px|A Rizong monk seated at a special [[sutra]] stool reading [[Mahayana]] [[Sūtra|sutras]] outside the main prayer hall.]]<br /> Before the monastery was built in 1831, it was started as a hermitage for teaching the Buddhist religion to the monks, with a strict regimen of a celibate life suited to the [[monastic order]].&lt;ref name=Jina/&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 18th century, Lama Tsultim Nima who meditated at the ''rDzong-lung'' mountains decided to establish a hermitage (before he built the present large monastery) here, as a monastery for monks to meditate and learn the teachings of Buddha. Supported by many monks, initially many mud huts were built where they recited ''gso-shyong''. He laid down very strict rules of celibacy called the &quot;Vinaya Rules&quot; to be followed by each monk who meditated here. In brief, rules set are the following.&lt;ref name=Jina/&gt;<br /> <br /> *Monks are not allowed to leave the monastery, except in the case of sickness<br /> *No comforts of bedding are allowed to sleep at night<br /> *Monks are not to touch anything handled by women (including their own or others sisters)<br /> *Before sun rise or after sunset, Monks can not leave their cell, except to bring water<br /> *Not even a needle worth of possessions are allowed to be owned by the monks<br /> *Fire cannot be lit in their rooms<br /> *Any kind of donation received by a monk from his home shall be shared with other monks in the hermitage<br /> *The boundary of the hermitage was marked by three types of fences and no women was allowed to sleep even in the outer most boundary of the hermitage<br /> *Any rumour about offences that the monks committed would result in their rustication from the monastery<br /> <br /> Within the ambit of the above rules, the monks of the monastery would at times become quite sentimental about even inadvertently treading on an insect or even cutting a blade of grass. Over the years, the hermitage became a place of worship and pilgrimage to all [[Buddhists]] from [[Ladakh]]. It is reported that the king of Ladakh gave rich donations to convert the Hermitage into a retreat centre and the queen of Ladakh even visited this place on a [[pilgrimage]]. At this stage, as the number of monks in the hermitage increased, Lama Tsultim Nima decided to build a much larger monastery due to the then location of the hermitage being inadequate to build one large monastery.&lt;ref name=Jina/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Foundation==<br /> [[File:Rizong gompa 5.jpg|thumb|left|Rizong Gompa school]]<br /> Lama Tsultim Nima selected a site to build a large monastery, away from the villages, at a place known as ''Ri-rdzong'', since the place had adequate water supply and fuel availability. He launched on a donation campaign to build the monastery for which the villagers also provided voluntary labour during construction. The Monastery was built in 1831 along with many shrines within it.&lt;ref name=Jina/&gt; Basically, the monastery has three large chambers. In two of these chambers idols of [[Buddha]] have been consecrated. The third chamber houses a [[stupa]].&lt;ref name=tour&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.buddhist-tourism.com/countries/tibet/monasteries/|title=Rizong Monastery, J&amp;K|access-date=2009-11-23|archive-date=21 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621022756/http://www.buddhist-tourism.com/countries/tibet/monasteries/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The hermitage has the distinct reputation of upholding &quot;the Vinaya rules in strict sense of the term&quot;, so much so that the lamas of this monastery do not indulge in performances of mask dances or with undue rites and rituals.&lt;ref name=Jina/&gt;<br /> <br /> The monastery has the distinction of having two incarnate lamas namely, Lama Tsultim Nima and his son Sras Rinpoche, the former is the head of the monastery who generally lives in [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] and the latter is the [[Abbot]] of 'rgyud-smad Dratsang'. The Abbott will be elevated to the rank of Dga-ldan Khirpa, the chief of all [[Tibet]]an scholastics, after completing a term of two years. During the absence of these two incarnate Lamas at the Monastery, the duties are well allocated to others; the senior most monk (''Inas batan'') looks after the monastic schedules while his second in command would attend to the house keeping chores such as food and providing other facilities to the monks. In the monastery, which has full control of all its economic activities, there are three groups of people. The first group is of the Lamas (monks), the second of [[Chomos]] and the third group is of ordinary folks; the duties of each group and their interrelationships are well defined.&lt;ref name=Jina/&gt;&lt;ref name=tour/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Structure and layout==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; border:2px solid orange;&quot;<br /> |+ Views of Rizong Monastery<br /> |width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot;|[[File:Rizong gompa 3.jpg|115px]]<br /> |width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot;|[[File:Rizong-gompa-1.jpg|200px]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;top&quot;|View of Rizong Monastery <br /> |valign=&quot;top&quot;|Full view of Rizong Monastery <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> The following are the details of the structures and idols of deities deified in the monastery's various chambers.&lt;ref name=Jina/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tour&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Relic shrine===<br /> A relic shrine, known as ''Sku–Gdung'' in local language, that enshrines the old relics of the founder of the monastery is at the centre. It is surrounded by several frescoes of [[Dharma-raja]] and other deities.&lt;ref name=Jina/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Assembly hall===<br /> The assembly hall, with the statue of [[Shakymuni Buddha]] in the middle, is flanked to its right by idols of ''Tse-dpag-med'', ''rje-Rin po-che'', and Sras Rin Poche Esha Rab-rgyes and Lord [[Yamakantaka]] and other deities. To the left of the main deity, idols of Lord [[Avalokiteshvara]] and [[Mahakala]] are defied. The main hall also has [[thankhas]] or wall paintings of Dlama-mchod-pa and Lam-rims.&lt;ref name=Jina/&gt;<br /> <br /> Scriptures of ''Bka-gyurand'' and ''bstan-gyur'' are arranged on the sides. The central throne is reserved for the founder with the side seats (thrones) earmarked for Sras Rinpoche and mKhan-po of the monastery. Printing blocks of the biography of Lama Tsulim Nima, many objects made then and the books composed by the first Sras Rinpoche are housed here.&lt;ref name=Jina/&gt;&lt;ref name=tour/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sacred chamber===<br /> In the sacred Chamber on the west, the statues of [[Mahakala]] (protectress deity of the monastery), statue of the founder of the monastery, statue of the second incarnate, Gnas-Bstan Tsual–Khrims Dorji and a Stupa are located. Each row in this chamber has the idols of the two head lamas.&lt;ref name=Jina/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Thin-Chen shrine===<br /> In the ''Thin-Chen'' shrine, frescoes of Shakyamuni Buddha’s life history are depicted; the idols deified are the Golden ''Chengchub'' stupa, ''Rjo-wo-Rin-Po-cho'', silver Chengchub stupa, Arya Avalokiteshwara, a sitting image of [[Maitreya Buddha]], and a set of ''bka-gyhr''.&lt;ref name=Jina/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Other structures===<br /> The chamber on the east has statues of ''rje-tzone-khapa'', ''mkhas-drub-rje'' and ''rgyal-tsabrje''. Their writings, in thirty volumes, are also kept there.&lt;ref name=Jina/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Mandala]] shrine is the roof over the assembly hall meant for Mandala of Lord [[Yamakantaka]] and [[btra-shis-gyhi-skyong]]. The four directions of the mandala display religious statues.&lt;ref name=Jina/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Julichen nunnery===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; border:2px solid orange;&quot;<br /> |+ Shakyamuni Buddha statue and wall paintings in the monastery<br /> |width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot;|[[File:Rizong gompa 6.jpg|115px]]<br /> |width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot;|[[File:Rizong gompa 4.jpg|200px]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Shakyamuni Buddha]] and a [[stupa]] inside the monastery<br /> |valign=&quot;top&quot;|Paintings in an adjoining chamber in the monastery<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Julichen nunnery, also transcribed as Chulichan Nunnery, is subordinate to the main monastery. It sustains the needs of the monastery. The 26 nuns who reside here are taken care by the Governing Body of the main Monastery. The nuns fully participate in the economic activity of the monastery and have to work whole day to fully support the economic enterprises of the monastery. It is said that the young nuns who are more educated and candid took to religious curriculum of meditation and Tibetan philosophy, while the older nuns toiled on the fields in the furtherance of the economic activity of the monastery. The nuns are also trained in spinning, oil extraction from [[apricot]] nuts and milking cows.&lt;ref name=Jina/&gt;&lt;ref name=Gutschow&gt;{{Cite book|last=Gutschow|first=Kim|title=Being a Buddhist nun: the struggle for enlightenment in the Himalayas|work=Rizong Monastery|page=240|access-date=2009-11-23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voDK57IMo4AC&amp;q=Rizong+Monastery&amp;pg=PA240|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2004|isbn=0-674-01287-9|archive-date=19 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219213435/https://books.google.com/books?id=voDK57IMo4AC&amp;q=Rizong+Monastery&amp;pg=PA240|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The drudgery and inhospitable living conditions of the nuns in a nunnery are explained vividly by Kim Gutschow thus:&lt;ref name=Gutschow/&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt;''The nuns serve as the worker bees in the monastic hive, which is over seen by monks engaged in their ritual ministrations. Nuns work from dawn to dusk processing the monastery’s vast wealth of grain, apples, apricots and wool. While the monastery sores skyward, at the end of a secluded valley, far above the distractions of human livelihood, the squat and ramshackle nunnery sits amid the monastic fields and orchards. The nuns’ quarters are bursting with odd heaps of barley, drying apricots, woollen homespun waiting to be dyed, abandoned looms, and plowshares in various states of disrepair. Nuns spun most of their waking hours working or cooking for the monastic estate, while living in rooms bereft of religious images.''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> The social and economic aspects of the nuns of Julichang nunnery, who practice celibate monasticism, have also been elaborately studied by Anna Grimshaw, as part of her PhD thesis. It has been brought out that the celibate nuns provided the agricultural and animal husbandry labour, free of any payments from the monastery. They were exploited with provision of fixed ration for their use. Grimshaw adds that the nuns were given &quot;a portion of harvests, in return for feasts on ritual occasions and year-long provision of spiritual protection&quot;. They were given very little opportunities for spiritual prayers also.&lt;ref name=digital&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1493&amp;context=himalaya|title=Servants of the Buddha: Winter in a Himalayan Convent. Anna Grimshaw|page=44|access-date=2009-11-23|publisher=Himalayan Research Bulletin XV (2)|year=1995|archive-date=2 July 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68rjd4hvq?url=http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1493|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Buddhist feminism in nunneries received a further boost after a conference was held on this issue and with the great efforts put in by Palmo, a foreigner, who adopted Buddhism and fought for the cause of the nuns in Buddhist nunneries. The nunnery at Jelichung was expanded, in addition to the [[Wakahal]] nunnery, between 1995 and 1998, after awareness was created at the conference. During this period, four new nunneries were also built in Ladhakh and [[Zanskar]] under the [[Ladakh Nuns Association]] (LNA) that was established by Palmo. This promoted the education, visibility and material status of the nuns in Ladakh.&lt;ref&gt;Gutschow p.239&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Visitor information==<br /> The monastery is located at a distance of about {{convert|73|km|mi}} from the town of [[Leh]]. Leh is well connected by road and air links with the rest of the country.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[All Ladakh Gonpa Association#List|List of buddhist monasteries in Ladakh]]<br /> * [[Geography of Ladakh]]<br /> * [[Tourism in Ladakh]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{commons category-inline}}<br /> {{Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh]]<br /> [[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1831]]<br /> [[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranjitha_Menon&diff=529655 2026-01-26T03:56:36Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Ranjitha Menon<br /> | image =<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India<br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | notable_works = ''[[Saajan Bakery Since 1962]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[Pathrosinte Padappukal]]''<br /> | occupation = {{Flatlist|<br /> * Actress<br /> * model<br /> }}<br /> | othername = <br /> | awards = <br /> | yearsactive = 2019-Present<br /> | relatives = Nila Menon (Mother)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ranjitha Menon''' is an Indian actress and model who predominantly works in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film Industry]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ranjitha-plays-a-sensible-yet-mischievous-character-in-pathrosinte-padappukal/articleshow/83686142.cms |title=Ranjitha plays a 'sensible yet mischievous' character in Pathrosinte Padappukal |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.deepika.com/cinema/StarChat.aspx?Chat-with-Saajan-Bakery-Heroine-Ranjitha-Menon&amp;ID=50036 |title=രഞ്ജിത അജുവിന്റെ നായിക; 'സാജൻ ബേക്കറി'യിലെ മെറിൻ |work=[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/photo-gallery/cinema/actress-ranjitha-menon-latest-photo-shoot/photoshow/msid-90170231,picid-90170292.cms |title='പത്രോസിന്‍റെ പടപ്പുകളി'ലൂടെ വീണ്ടും നായികയായി രഞ്ജിത |work=Samayalam Malayalam}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is known for her role as a heroine in the films ''[[Saajan Bakery Since 1962]]'' (2020),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/my-dream-is-to-be-part-of-good-films-says-ranjitha-menon/articleshow/78487005.cms |title=My dream is to be part of good films,' says Ranjitha Menon |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Pathrosinte Padappukal]]'' (2022) and the TV Series ''[[Poacher (TV series)|Poacher]]'' (2024).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/photo-gallery/cinema/actress-ranjitha-menon-latest-photo-shoot/photoshow/msid-90170231,picid-90170292.cms |title='പത്രോസിന്‍റെ പടപ്പുകളി'ലൂടെ വീണ്ടും നായികയായി രഞ്ജിത |work=Samayalam Malayalam}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her role as Merin in ''Saajan Bakery Since 1962'' has been critically acclaimed by film critics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.deepika.com/cinema/StarChat.aspx?Chat-with-Saajan-Bakery-Heroine-Ranjitha-Menon&amp;ID=50036 |title=രഞ്ജിത അജുവിന്റെ നായിക; 'സാജൻ ബേക്കറി'യിലെ മെറിൻ |work=[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2021/02/12/sajan-bakery-aju-varghese-malayalam-movie-review-rating.html |title=Saajan Bakery Since 1962' movie review: The Aju Varghese-starrer is to everyone's taste |work=Manorama}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://lensmenreviews.com/saajan-bakery-since-1962-malayalam-movie-review-2021/ |title=Saajan Bakery Since 1962 |work=Lensmenreviews}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/malayalam/2021/feb/12/saajan-bakery-movie-review-whimsical-leisurely-paced-sibling-drama-22799.html |title=Saajan Bakery Movie Review: Whimsical, leisurely-paced sibling drama |work=Cinema Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; She has acted in the role of Achala Joseph in the TV series ''[[Poacher (TV series)|Poacher]]'' (2024) directed by [[Richie Mehta]] and produced by [[Alia Bhatt]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Poacher Review: Alia Bhatt-Backed Show on Poaching Is Raw, Impressive &amp; Incisive|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/poacher-full-show-review-amazon-prime-poaching-case-2015-india-ivory-wildlife-preservation-alia-bhatt-production-roshan-mathew-delhi-crime-makers|website=The Quint}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} <br /> |-<br /> | 2020 || ''[[Maniyarayile Ashokan]]'' || Asha ||Debut Film ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2021 || ''[[Saajan Bakery Since 1962]]'' || Merin || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2021/02/12/saajan-bakery-since-1962-movie-review-aju-varghese-lena-arun-chandu.html |title=ഈ ബേക്കറി നിറയെ മധുരം; റിവ്യു |work=Manorama}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/photo-gallery/cinema/actress-ranjitha-menon-latest-instagram-pics/photoshow/76320805.cms |title=അജുവിന്‍റെ പുതിയ നായിക! രഞ്ജിതയുടെ പുത്തൻ ചിത്രങ്ങൾ |work=Manorama}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2022 || ''[[Pathrosinte Padappukal]]'' || Ammu || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ranjitha-plays-a-sensible-yet-mischievous-character-in-pathrosinte-padappukal/articleshow/83686142.cms |title=Ranjitha plays a 'sensible yet mischievous' character in Pathrosinte Padappukal |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 | 2024 || ''[[Poacher (TV series)|Poacher]]'' || Achala || TV Miniseries || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/poacher-series-on-intense-wildlife-crime-story-to-stream-on-prime-video-2850600|title='Poacher': Series on intense wildlife crime story to stream|website=Deccan Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2024/global/asia/alia-bhatt-boards-prime-video-poacher-producer-1235898085/|title=Alia Bhatt Boards Prime Video Wildlife Crime Drama 'Poacher' as Executive Producer EXCLUSIVE|website=Variety|date=6 February 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/poacher-malayalam-web-series-review/ |title=Poacher web series review: This gripping ecological drama thriller is a reminder of the need for peaceful coexistence between man and nature |date=28 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Manorajyam'' || Miya|| ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=Watch: Trailer Of Manorajyam Promises An Engaging Dark Comedy |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/watch-trailer-of-manorajyam-promises-an-engaging-dark-comedy-article-112884709 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Times Now |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Ranjitha}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Thrissur]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-film-actor-stub}}</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vijayawada%E2%80%93Gudur_section&diff=544475 2026-01-18T21:59:59Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Put Up Pg!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Railway route in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox rail line<br /> | box_width = <br /> | name = Vijayawada–Gudur section<br /> | color = <br /> | logo =<br /> | logo_width =<br /> | image = Vijayawada Jan Shatabdi Express.JPG<br /> | image_width = 250px<br /> | caption = Vijayawada Jan Shatabdi Express is an important train on the Vijayawada–Gudur section<br /> | type = <br /> | system = <br /> | status = Operational<br /> | locale = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | start = [[Vijayawada Junction|Vijayawada]]<br /> | end = [[Gudur Junction railway station|Gudur]]<br /> | stations = <br /> | routes =<br /> | daily_ridership =<br /> | open = 1899<br /> | close =<br /> | owner = [[Indian Railways]]<br /> | operator = [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railway]], [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]<br /> | character =<br /> | depot =<br /> | stock = <br /> | linelength = <br /> | tracklength = {{convert|455|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | tracks = 2<br /> | gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]<br /> | old_gauge =<br /> | minradius =<br /> | racksystem =<br /> | electrification = Yes<br /> | speed = up to {{convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}<br /> | elevation =<br /> | website =<br /> | map = [[File:Vijayawada - Chennai route.png|300px]]{{Vijayawada–Gudur section}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> }}<br /> The '''Vijayawada–Gudur section''' is a railway line connecting {{stnlnk|Vijayawada}} in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and {{stnlnk|Gudur}}. The main line is part of the [[Howrah–Chennai main line|Howrah–Chennai]] and [[New Delhi–Chennai main line]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=3rd rail line joining Duvvada, Gudur to be completed in 5 yrs|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/3rd-rail-line-joining-duvvada-gudur-to-be-completed-in-5-yrs-115110301307_1.html|access-date=26 March 2016|work=The Business Standard|date=3 November 2015|location=Vijayawada}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Goods train derailment: SCR cancels several trains|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/goods-train-derailment-scr-cancels-several-trains/article5948116.ece|access-date=26 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=25 April 2014|location=Vijayawada}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> The Vijayawada–Gudur line runs along the [[Coromandel Coast]], lying between the [[Eastern Ghats]] and the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The main line crosses the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] immediately after its departure from Vijayawada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/india/Coastal-Plains-of-India/3029| title = Coastal Plains of India| publisher = Country facts – the world at your finger tips| access-date = 2013-01-17| archive-date = 30 May 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130530005857/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/india/Coastal-Plains-of-India/3029| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.zahie.com/categories/details/social-studies/the-coastal-plains-of-india.html| title = The Coastal Plains of India| publisher = Zahie.com| access-date = 2013-01-17| archive-date = 18 September 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190918025928/http://www.zahie.com/categories/details/social-studies/the-coastal-plains-of-india.html| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Railway zone jurisdiction ===<br /> The track from Vijayawada to Gudur is under the administrative jurisdiction of [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,1,291,358 |title = Vijayawada Gudur Jan Shatabdi| publisher=India Rail Info | access-date = 2013-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The Southern Mahratta Railway Company linked [[Goa]] with [[Guntakal]] with a metre-gauge line and also linked [[Vijayawada Junction|Vijayawada]] with [[Mormugao]] in 1890.&lt;ref name=irii&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html|title = IR History:Early days II|work= 1870–1899| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2013-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the period 1893 to 1896, {{convert|1287|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of the [[East Coast State Railway]], from [[Vijayawada Junction|Vijayawada]] to {{stnlnk|Cuttack}} was built and opened to traffic,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,1 |title=Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway |publisher=South Eastern Railway |access-date=2013-01-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0%2C1 |archive-date= 1 April 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.mannanna.com/mannannaArt1.html | title = History of Waltair Division | publisher = Mannanna.com | access-date = 2013-01-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121011235936/http://www.mannanna.com/mannannaArt1.html | archive-date = 11 October 2012 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; and construction of the Vijayawada–Gudur link in 1899 enabled the through running of trains along the eastern coast of India.&lt;ref name=&quot;irii&quot; /&gt; The southern part of the East Coast State Railway (from Waltair to Vijayawada) was taken over by [[Madras Railway]] in 1901.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url =http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html |title = IR History: Part III (1900–1947)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2013-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; The track doubled during the period from 1 April to 31 October, Bezwada-Gudur section 1958 is 7.5 Mils. Total mileage under construction is about 46 miles of which 5 miles i«s readv for opening and another 8 miles of permanent wav have been linked. The Section is beaingdoubling part of a mileage aggregating 101 By April 1959 about 40 miles is ex-pected to be completed As the earth-work and bridging involved is heavy, no definite date for completion of the balance can yet be given but it t« expected that the full 101 miles will br readv by 31 March 1961.&lt;ref&gt;https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1559/1/lsd_02_06_18-11-1958.pdf page 34&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Railway reorganization ===<br /> In the early 1950s legislation was passed authorizing the central government to take over independent railway systems that were there. On 14 April 1951 the [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]], the [[South Indian Railway Company]] and Mysore State Railway were merged to form [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]. Subsequently, [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]] was also merged into Southern Railway. On 2 October 1966, the Secunderabad, Solapur, Hubli and Vijayawada Divisions, covering the former territories of Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway and certain portions of Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway were separated from Southern Railway to form the [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]. In 1977, Guntakal division of Southern Railway was transferred to South Central Railway and the Solapur division transferred to Central Railway. Amongst the seven new zones created in 2010 was [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]], which was carved out of Southern Railway.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html#newzone |title = Geography – Railway Zones| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2013-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Electrification ==<br /> [[Howrah–Chennai Mail]] was the first train in South Eastern Railway to be hauled by a diesel engine ([[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-1]]) in 1965.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html |title = IR History: Part – IV (1947–1970)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2012-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Vijayawada–Gudur–Chennai section was completely electrified by 1980. The Howrah–Chennai route was completely electrified by 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history7.html |title = IR History Part VII (2000-present) | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2013-01-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Section-wise electrification was as follows: Vijayawada–Chirala 1979–80; Chirala–Ongole, Ongole–Ulavapadu, Ulavapadu–Bitragunta, Bitragunta–Pagudupadu, Gudur–Venkatagiri, Venkatagiri–Renigunta, and Renigunta–Tirupati 1983–85; Krishna Canal–Guntur, Krishna Canal–Tenali and Guntur–Tenali 1987–89; Arakkonam–Renigunta 1982–85.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2012-11-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Speed limits ==<br /> The New Delhi to Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station line (Grand Trunk route), of which the Vijayawada–Gudur section is a part, is planned to be upgraded into a &quot;Group A&quot; line which will enable it to take speeds up to 160&amp;nbsp;km/h. On the branch lines the speed limit is 100&amp;nbsp;km/h.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/IRPWM/PermanentWayManualCh2_data.htm |title = Chapter II – The Maintenance of Permanent Way| access-date = 2013-01-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Passenger movement ==<br /> [[Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central railway station]], [[Vijayawada Junction|Vijayawada]] and {{stnlnk|Nellore}}, on the main line, and {{stnlnk|Tirupati Main}} and [[Katpadi Junction|Vellore Katpadi]], on branch lines, are amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railway.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |title=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry |work=Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=2012-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510115649/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |archive-date=10 May 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/vijayawada-junction-bza/29 Trains at Vijayawada]<br /> *[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/Gudur-central-mas/35 Trains at Gudur Central]<br /> <br /> {{Railways in Southern India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayawada-Gudur section}}<br /> [[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Vijayawada railway division|*]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarika_Paswan&diff=533226 2026-01-16T18:32:41Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Put Up Article!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Orphan|date=November 2025}}<br /> <br /> '''Sarika Paswan''' is the state spokesperson of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] political party in India. She is [[Bahujan]] leader and comes from the [[Paswan]] community. She has been vocal about the rights of women and Dalits in the political landscape of Bihar. She is also the RJD's appointed election incharge of the Kaimur district. She plays an active role in [[Politics of Bihar|Bihar politics]]. She is also known for her controversy with the bhumihar Brahman leader Ashutosh Kumar. She has filed a case against him. [[Ashutosh Kumar]] allegedly said that she had made an adverse remark against [[Brahmeshwar Singh|Brahmeshwar Mukhiya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhumihar-brahmin-unity-forum-foundation-president-rude-comment-on-rjd-spokesperson-sarika-paswan-201750818848294.html|title=राजद प्रवक्ता सारिका पासवान पर अभद्र टिप्पणी से हंगामा, भूमिहार मंच के अध्यक्ष आशुतोष ने मांगी माफी|date=Jun 25, 2025|website=www.livehindustan.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/patna-news/ashutosh-sarika-paswan-controversy-rjd-leader-sarika-lodged-fir-against-aashutosh-19700232|title=बिहार में चुनाव से पहले अपशब्दों की एंट्री, आशुतोष और सारिका पासवान के बयान पर मचा सियासी बवाल|website=Patrika News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/news/sarika-paswan-lodged-an-fir-against-aashutosh-kumar-135308879.html|title=आशुतोष कुमार के खिलाफ SC-ST थाने में FIR दर्ज: RJD प्रवक्ता सारिका पासवान को लेकर अभद्र टिप्पणी का मामला, कहा- अपनी मां-बहनों को ऐसे शब्द बोलें - Patna News|work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=Jun 25, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/bihar-rjd-party-sarika-paswan-filed-fir-against-ashutosh-kumar-scst-police-station-patna-brahmeshwar-mukhiya-2025-06-25|title=Bihar : ब्रह्मेश्वर मुखिया पर बिहार में रार; राजद नेत्री ने किसपर दर्ज कराई FIR? जानें क्या है हंगामा|website=Amar Ujala}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/politics/ashutosh-lewd-comment-on-sarika-paswan-rjd-angry-said-do-kaudi-ke-lafange/2815602|title=Bihar Politics: दो कौड़ी के लफंगे... तेरे..., RJD प्रवक्ता सारिका पासवान पर अभद्र टिप्पणी पर भड़की पार्टी|website=Zee-Bihar-Jharkhand}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/rjd-leader-sarika-paswan-profile-who-targets-smriti-irani-on-rahul-gandhi-flying-kiss-says-commercial-cylinder/articleshow/102672520.cms|title=Bihar News: 'फ्लाइंग किस' पर घमासान तेज, राहुल गांधी के लिए स्मृति ईरानी पर भड़कीं सारिका पासवान कौन हैं?|website=Navbharat Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> {{Bihar-politician-stub}}</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lunglei&diff=448127 2026-01-11T19:54:11Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Page updated with additional details</p> <hr /> <div>{{About|the municipality in Mizoram, India|its namesake district|Lunglei district}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Lunglei<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = Lungleh<br /> | settlement_type = Town<br /> | image_skyline = {{multiple image<br /> | border = infobox<br /> | total_width = 255<br /> | image_style = <br /> | perrow = 1/2/1<br /> | image1= View of Lunglei from Zotlang area in Mizoram - panoramio.jpg<br /> | image2= Thuamluaia ground.jpg<br /> | image3= Lunglei, Mizoram - panoramio (1).jpg<br /> | image4= HATIM Entrance.jpg<br /> }}<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = Clockwise from top: aerial view of Lunglei, Thuamluaia Ground, houses in Lunglei, [[Higher and Technical Institute of Mizoram|Higher and Technical Institute of Mizoram (HATIM)]]<br /> | nickname = Leitlangpui<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Mizoram#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = left<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|22.88|N|92.73|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = India<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Mizoram]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Lunglei district|Lunglei]]<br /> | established_title = &amp;lt;!-- Established --&amp;gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = [[Lunglei Municipal Council]]<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 25<br /> | area_rank = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 1222<br /> | population_total = 157,000<br /> | population_as_of = 2023<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_rank = 2nd in [[Mizoram]]<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 796701&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;pincode&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://pin-code.net/in-loc/lunglei-pin-code/799469/|title=Lunglei Pin code|publisher=pin-code.net|accessdate=21 July 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> | registration_plate = MZ-02<br /> | website = {{URL|mizoram.nic.in}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Mizo language|Mizo]]<br /> | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]<br /> | blank_info = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]]<br /> | official_name = <br /> }}<br /> '''Lunglei''' ({{IPAc-en|'|l|ʌ|ŋ|l|eɪ}}, locally {{IPAc-en|l|ʊ|ŋ|'|l|eɪ}}), formerly rendered '''Lungleh''', is the second-largest town in [[Mizoram]], [[Northeast India|northeastern India]], situated in the south-central part of the state. The town served as the capital of [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|British South Lushai Hills]] from 1889 to 1898.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chaterjee, Suhas (1985). Mizoram under the British rule. Mittal Publication. p. 225.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is situated 729 metres (2,392 feet) above sea level, on a [[ridge]] surrounded by hills. As of 2023, the town has an estimated population of 157,000.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801516-lunglei-mizoram.html | title=Lunglei Notified Town City Population Census 2011-2024 &amp;amp;#124; Mizoram }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Lunglei (Some pronounce as Lungleh). Lunglei which means &quot;Bridge of Stone&quot;, was the capital of South Lushai Hills for 10 years from 1880, as was [[Aizawl = |Aijal]] for the North Lushai Hills.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Prakas|first=Col Ved|title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India, Volume 4|year=2007|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|isbn=9788126907069|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxkC9S2jYCkC&amp;amp;q=Lunglei+Town&amp;amp;pg=PA1895}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The two were united in 1898. Lunglei is the largest town in [[Mizoram]] and was an important town until the partition of India as it had direct access to [[Chittagong]], a big city in [[Bangladesh]] which made Lunglei the commercial and education centre.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=K. C. Kabra|title=Economic Growth of Mizoram: Role of Business &amp;amp; Industry|year=2008|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788180695186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PcdaYllHNUC&amp;amp;q=lunglei+economy&amp;amp;pg=PA75}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; As of 1912, there were only 2 shops in Lunglei 1922 which increased to 4 shopes in 1922. The first Jeepable road to Lunglei was made only in the 1950s.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Pachuau |first1=Joy |title=The Camera as a Witness |date=13 April 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University |isbn=9781107073395 |pages=165}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; on 1 March 1966, the MNF declared unilateral Mizo Independence and attacked [[Assam Rifles]] post at Lunglei, captured the SDO and seized Rs 18 Lakhs from the Govt Treasury.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Sushil Kumar |title=Lessons from Mizoram Insurgency and Peace Accord 1986 |publisher=Vivekananda Foundation |pages=4}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Lunglei is located at {{Coord|22.88|N|92.73|E|}}.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/31/Lunglei.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Lunglei]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics ==<br /> Lunglei is one of the prominent districts of Mizoram. Encompassing a total area of {{convert|4538|km2|mi2}}, the district of Lunglei has a population of 137,155. The district of Lunglei is {{convert|235|km|mi}} from Aizawl, the capital of Mizoram and is easily accessible by well maintained roads. The district is bounded on the north by Mamit and Aizawl districts, on the west by Bangladesh, on the south by Lawngtlai district, on the southeast by Saiha district, on the east by Myanmar and on the northeast by Champhai district.<br /> {{update after|2022}}<br /> As of the [[2011 Census of India]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;amp;state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;amp;state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Administration==<br /> The district of Lunglei has been further divided into major sub divisions of Hnahthial SDO (S), Lunglei SDO (S) and Tlabung SDO (S) and 4 R.D. Blocks, Bunghmun, Hnahthial, Lunglei and Lungsen. The district has 7 assembly constituencies. These are South Tuipui, Lunglei North, Lunglei East, Lunglei West, Lunglei South, Thorang and West Tuipui for the administrative convenience of the district officials. Lunglei town is the administrative headquarters of the district.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=District Profile|url=http://lunglei.nic.in/distprofile.htm|publisher=Lunglei District|access-date=19 August 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The Lunglei town is managed by [[Lunglei Municipal Council]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-04-03 |title=Opposition ZPM sweeps Lunglei civic polls in major setback to Mizoram's ruling MNF |url=https://theprint.in/india/opposition-zpm-sweeps-lunglei-civic-polls-in-major-setback-to-mizorams-ruling-mnf/1494470/ |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> [[File:Lunglei Govt College.jpg|300px|thumb|Lunglei Government College Entrance]]<br /> The Major Educational Institutions of Higher Learning in Lunglei are:<br /> *[[Lunglei Government College]], Lunglei<br /> *[[J.Buana College]], Lunglei&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=J.Buana College-ah seminar|url=http://www.ralvengtu.com/contact/310-jbuana-college-ah-seminar.html|publisher=Ralvengtu|access-date=5 September 2012}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> *[[Kapthangi College Lunglei. Electric Veng]]<br /> *[[Higher and Technical Institute of Mizoram]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=HIGHER AND TECHNICAL INSTITUTE, MIZORAM (HATIM) |url=http://www.mizobaptist.org/bcmnew/?page_id=430|publisher=Baptist Church of Mizoram|access-date=22 August 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> * Mizoram Polytechnic offering Engineering diploma courses.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=MIZORAM POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE DINHMUN SAWIFIAHNA|url=http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/mizoram-polytechnic-institute-dinhmun-sawifiahna|publisher=DIPR Mizoram|access-date=5 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814041448/http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/mizoram-polytechnic-institute-dinhmun-sawifiahna|archive-date=14 August 2014|url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> * Lunglei Nursing College &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Lunglei Nursing College|url=http://nursingschoollunglei.blogspot.in/|access-date=5 September 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> * [[Christian Hospital Serkawn]] Nursing College&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=CHRISTIAN HOSPITAL SERKAWN NURSING SCHOOL GRADUATION DAY 2011|url=http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/christian-hospital-serkawn-nursing-school-graduation-day-2011-pu-joseph-lalhimpuia-vice-chairman-hpc-in-a-hman-pui|publisher=DIPR Mizoram|access-date=5 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814032945/http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/christian-hospital-serkawn-nursing-school-graduation-day-2011-pu-joseph-lalhimpuia-vice-chairman-hpc-in-a-hman-pui|archive-date=14 August 2014|url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> * [[Mizoram Engineering College]]<br /> *District Institute of Education and Training (DIET)<br /> <br /> ==Tourism==<br /> [[File:Thuamluaia ground.jpg|300px|thumb|Thuamluaia Mual football ground]]<br /> Some of the notable tourist spots of the district of Lunglei are:<br /> * '''Zobawk Sports Academy'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=Zobawk Sports Academy siam dawn |url=http://ralvengtu.com/news/north-east/256-zobawk-sports-academy-siam-dawn.html |access-date=19 August 2012 |newspaper=Ralvengtu }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> * '''Kawmzawl Park'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=Kawmzawl park siam mek |url=http://www.ralvengtu.com/contact/621-kawmzawl-park-siam-mek.html |access-date=19 August 2012 |newspaper=Ralvengtu }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> *''' Khawnglung Wildlife Sanctuary'''<br /> * '''Saikuti Hall'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Saikuti hall|url=http://archtechconsultants.com/big_images/saikuti-_hall.html|publisher=Architech Consultants|access-date=19 August 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; where most of the [[concerts]] and celebrations are held. A unique [[museum]] has also been established in the hall where local [[painters]] demonstrate their skill and exhibit their works.<br /> * '''Thuamluaia Mual''' - is the second football stadium with Artificial turf in Mizoram.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=Lunglei-ah Artificial Turf phah zo |url=http://thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;view=article&amp;amp;id=4712:lunglei-ah-artificial-turf-phah-zo&amp;amp;catid=43:news&amp;amp;Itemid=63 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416004340/http://thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;view=article&amp;amp;id=4712:lunglei-ah-artificial-turf-phah-zo&amp;amp;catid=43:news&amp;amp;Itemid=63 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 April 2013 |access-date=19 August 2012 |newspaper=The Zozam Times }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Media==<br /> <br /> ===Newspapers===<br /> <br /> *Hnamdamna<br /> *Zochhiar<br /> *Lunglei Times<br /> *Daifim<br /> *Ralvengtu&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Ralvengtu|url=http://ralvengtu.com/|access-date=5 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626093359/http://ralvengtu.com/|archive-date=26 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> *Vulmawi&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Vulmawi|url=http://www.vulmawi.com/|access-date=5 September 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> *Lunglei Tribune<br /> *MAKEDONIA (Sunday)<br /> *Daily Post<br /> *Zunzam<br /> &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Accredited Journalists |url=http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/journalists |publisher=DIPR Mizoram |access-date=5 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619020709/http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/journalists |archive-date=19 June 2013 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> [[File:Pawan hans helicopter mizoram.jpg|300px|thumb|Pawan hans Helicopter Mizoram]]<br /> The closest route to Lunglei in the 1890s was through [[Tlabung]], a town about 35 kilometers from Lunglei where [[Karnaphuli River]] connects to [[Chittagong]], a distance of about 90 kilometers. In the 1940s, a trip from Lunglei to Shillong or Kolkata passed through [[Chittagong]] rather than [[Aizawl]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Pachuau |first1=Joy |title=The Camera as a Witness |date=13 April 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University |isbn=9781107073395 |pages=150}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> A Helicopter service by [[Pawan Hans]] has been started between [[Aizawl]] and Lunglei.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=Mizorama Helicopter Service Hmasa Ber Aizawl-Lunglei|url=http://www.vulmawi.com/2012/08/mizorama-helicopter-service-hmasa-ber.html|access-date=5 September 2012|newspaper=Vulmawi|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130205185657/http://www.vulmawi.com/2012/08/mizorama-helicopter-service-hmasa-ber.html|archive-date=5 February 2013|url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The distance between Lunglei and [[Aizawl]] is less than {{convert|200|km|mi}}, and the cities are connected by regular service of buses and jeeps.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Aizawl to Lunglei|url=http://mizoram.nic.in/more/rlunglei.htm|publisher=Mizoram NIC|access-date=29 August 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; There are also plans to construct a small airport at Kawmzawl, about {{convert|25|km|mi}} from Lunglei.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=Second airport for Mizoram|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091223/jsp/northeast/story_11896579.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105043949/http://telegraphindia.com/1091223/jsp/northeast/story_11896579.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 January 2010|access-date=5 September 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Wikivoyage}}<br /> <br /> {{Lunglei district}}<br /> {{Mizoram}}<br /> {{Urban Areas in Mizoram by Population}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lunglei| ]]<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Lunglei district]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maa_Vishhari_Sthan_Diwari&diff=514173 2026-01-06T05:17:41Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: New A Data.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hindu Temple in Bihar, India}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu temple<br /> | name = Maa Vishhari Sthan Diwari<br /> | native_name = माँ विषहरि स्थान दिवारी<br /> | native_name_lang = hi<br /> | image = Maa Vishhari Diwari Sthan.jpg<br /> | image_size = 240px<br /> | caption = New temple of Maa Vishhari<br /> | deity = [[Goddess]] Vishhari<br /> | festivals = [[Shravan]]<br /> | location = Simri Bakhtiyarpur Road, Diwari [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]], [[Bihar]], 852202<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | map_type = India<br /> | map_size = 240px<br /> | map_caption = Location of the temple in India<br /> | map_relief = 1<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|25.8315350|N|86.5822887|E|region:IN_type:landmark|format=dms|display=it}}<br /> | year_completed = 2024 {{small|(reconstruction)}} <br /> | founded_by = [[Banaili]] {{small|(donate land)}}<br /> | architecture = [[Hindu temple|Temple]]<br /> | architecture_style = [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]]<br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | length = {{cvt|154|ft|m|order=flip}}<br /> }}<br /> The '''Maa Vishhari Sthan Diwari''' ({{langx|hi|माँ विषहरि स्थान दिवारी}}), also known as the '''Diwari Sthan''', is a historic [[Hindu]] [[Hindu temple|temple]] complex located in Diwari village within the [[Saharsa district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. This ancient shrine is dedicated to [[Goddess]] Vishhari, an incarnation of the serpent goddess [[Manasa]] who is revered as the supreme protector against [[venomous]] creatures and the &quot;remover of [[poison]].&quot; The site is recognized as a significant Siddhi Peeth, attracting devotees and tantric practitioners from across the Kosi region, as well as from neighboring [[Nepal]] and [[West Bengal]]. Local [[folklore]] suggests the temple houses five divine sisters—[[Dutala]], [[Manasa]], [[Maa Bhagwati]], [[Vishhara]], and [[Payal (goddess)|Payal]] making it a unique center for Shakti worship where a sacred &quot;Neer&quot; (holy water) is distributed to [[pilgrims]] seeking protection from [[snakebites]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wahidi |first=Inzamam |date=2026-01-01 |title=Temple In Bihar: आस्था या अंधविश्वास! इस मंदिर का पानी पीने से नहीं होता ज़हर का असर |url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/bihar/temple-in-bihar-faith-or-superstition-poison-not-affect-after-drinking-the-water-of-diwari-temple-762996.html |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=hindi.oneindia.com |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Nitish inaugurates renovated temple |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-inaugurates-renovated-temple/articleshow/113537948.cms |access-date=2024-12-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The temple's historical legacy is intertwined with the patronage of the [[Banaili|Rajbaneli estate]], which donated extensive land for its upkeep centuries ago. Historically, the region was a center for spiritual seekers, and the temple remains a focal point for the cultural identity of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] and [[Kosi division|Kosi regions]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-09-20 |title=सहरसा के मां विषहरि मंदिर को देख आप हो जाएंगे मंत्रमुग्ध, यहां एक साथ विराजमान हैं पांच देवियां - CM Nitish Kumar |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/cm-nitish-kumar-inaugurated-saharsa-maa-vishhari-temple-bihar-news-brs24092003835 |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a departure from traditional [[Vedic]] customs, the priestly duties at Diwari have been hereditarily performed by members of the Nai (barber) community for generations. Culturally, the temple serves as the epicenter for the annual Vishhari Mahotsav, a state-sponsored festival held during the month of [[Shravan]] that culminates on Shravan [[Purnima]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=आदि शक्ति मां विषहरा के नाम से प्रसिद्ध है दिवारी पंचायत - glipses of village in saharsa |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/saharsa-glipses-of-village-in-saharsa-21978996.html |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this period, the temple grounds host a massive fair where traditional folk arts and religious ceremonies are performed, drawing thousands of devotees to the [[Saharsa district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Saharsa District {{!}} India |url=https://saharsa.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2026-01-01 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Re-construction==<br /> Funded by the [[Bihar government]], the temple was re-constructed and reopened in September 2024. The modern {{convert|154|ft|m|order=flip|adj=mid|-tall}} temple is one of the tallest religious structures in the region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-09-21 |title=Nitish inaugurates renovated temple |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-inaugurates-renovated-temple/articleshow/113537948.cms#:~:text=abhay%20singh%20/%20Sep%2021,%202024,managed%20by%20Shanti%20Kali%20Ashram. |access-date=2026-01-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; The design of the new Maa Vishhari Sthan blends Nagara (North Indian) and South Indian [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] architectural styles, featuring intricate carvings and a grand spire. The project was completed at an approximate cost of [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]12 crore as part of a state initiative to boost religious tourism and improve facilities, including the surrounding temple premises and the local Shivganga pond, to accommodate, {{as of|2026|lc=on}}, the growing influx of pilgrims.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{stack|{{portal|Hinduism|India}}}}<br /> * [[List of Hindu temples in India#Bihar|List of Hindu temples in Bihar]]<br /> * [[Saharsa]]<br /> *[[Matsyagandha Lake]]<br /> *[[Simri Bakhtiyarpur]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *https://saharsa.nic.in/ - Official Government website of Saharsa District<br /> <br /> [[Category:Dravidian architecture]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Saharsa district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-hindu-temple-stub}}</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jay_Prakash_Toppo&diff=505905 2026-01-02T20:08:57Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency = [[Madarihat Assembly constituency|Madarihat]]<br /> | term_start = 23 November 2024<br /> | term_end = <br /> | profession = Politician<br /> | predecessor = [[Manoj Tigga]]<br /> | party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Jay Prakash Toppo''' is an Indian politician from West Bengal. He is a [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] since 2024,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=No RG Kar impact as TMC sweeps Bengal bypolls: Retains 5, wrests 1 from BJP, increases margin in all |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/sitai-haroa-tmc-sweeps-bengal-bypolls-wins-all-seats-bjp-9686134/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; representing [[Madarihat Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ananda |first1=A. B. P. |title=মাদারিহাট ধরে রাখতে পারল না BJP, শুভেন্দু-সুকান্তর প্রচার নিষ্ফলাই, জয় ছিনিয়ে নিল তৃণমূল |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/tmc-candidate-jayprakash-toppo-wins-in-madarihat-mamata-banerjee-party-snatches-the-seat-from-bjp-in-west-bengal-by-elections-2024-1107098/amp |website=ABP Bengali |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=West Bengal byelection results 2024: TMC domination in West Bengal continues |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tmc-domination-in-west-bengal-continues/amp_articleshow/115590235.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=23 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal]]<br /> * [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Toppo, Jay Prakash}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:People from Alipurduar district]]<br /> [[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> {{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonia_Sahni&diff=536678 2026-01-02T19:24:04Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Put Up New Data!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian film actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Sonia Sahni<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place =<br /> | occupation = Actress<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Shivendra Singh Goyal||1990|end=his death}}<br /> | children = 1<br /> | parents = <br /> | relatives = <br /> | yearsactive = 1965–1999<br /> }}<br /> '''Sonia Sahni''' is an Indian actress who worked in [[Hindi]] language films. Her debut film was ''[[Johar-Mehmood in Goa]]'' with actors [[I. S. Johar]] and [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]. Her other notable films are ''[[Maalik (1972 film)]]'', ''[[Buddha Mil Gaya (film)|Buddha Mil Gaya]]'', ''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]'', ''[[Dharam Karam]]'', ''[[Chacha Bhatija]]'' and ''[[Jangal Mein Mangal]]''.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Sahni was born as Usha Sahni in a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Sikhs|Sikh]] family that migrated from [[Lahore]] to [[Kashmir]] after [[Partition of India|partition in 1947]]. Her family embraced [[Christianity]] after migrating; and Usha was renamed as Sonia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=किसिंग सीन से मशहूर हुईं एक्ट्रेस, शादी से पहले बदला धर्म: फिर टूटा दुखों का पहाड़ |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/bollywood-sonia-sahni-became-famous-with-kissing-scene-got-married-against-the-family-became-christian-from-hindu-read-actress-shocking-story-5283871.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230329062524/https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/bollywood-sonia-sahni-became-famous-with-kissing-scene-got-married-against-the-family-became-christian-from-hindu-read-actress-shocking-story-5283871.html |archive-date=2023-03-29 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=News 18 |language=hi-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Producer-director Roop Shourie and [[I. S. Johar]] cast Sonia in ''[[Johar-Mehmood in Goa]]'', which was successful. Sahni signed a five-year contract with I. S. Johar. She worked with [[Kishore Kumar]], Mehmood, [[Sanjeev Kumar]], Dev Kumar, Sujit Kumar, etc. during that period. She could also act opposite heroes like [[Dharmendra]], [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Raaj Kumar]], [[Dev Anand]] etc. In the 1973 film ''Bobby'', she acted as Mrs. Sushma Nath, mother of [[Rishi Kapoor]]. Later she acted as the second lead in many films of popular heroines such as [[Hema Malini]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Zeenat Aman]], and [[Rekha]].<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> For a brief period, Sahni was engaged to actor [[Shammi Kapoor]] after [[Geeta Bali|his wife]]'s death.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Madhu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0l7HfoS3G-YC |title=The Kapoors: The First Family of Indian Cinema |date=2009-04-17 |publisher=Penguin, Viking |isbn=978-0-14-306589-0 |pages=147 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet Rishi Kapoor's 'mother', was famous for her kissing scene, converted from Christianity to Hinduism due to..., her name was... |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/meet-rishi-kapoors-mother-was-famous-for-her-kissing-scene-converted-from-christianity-to-hinduism-due-to-her-wedding-her-name-was-sonia-sahini-7880432/ |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She converted to [[Hinduism]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; and married Shivendra Singh Goyal (died 1990), the former king of [[Palitana State|Palitana]] state. They have a son named Ketan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |last2= |last3= |last4= |title=ಕಿಸ್ಸಿಂಗ್‌ ರಾಣಿಯೆಂದೇ ಫೇಮಸ್ ಆದ ಈ ನಟಿಯ ನಿಜಜೀವನದ ಕಥೆ ಭಯಾನಕ, ಮದುವೆಗೆ ಮುನ್ನ ಕ್ರೈಸ್ತ ಧರ್ಮಕ್ಕೆ ಮತಾಂತರ |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/gallery/cine-world/meet-actress-sonia-sahni-who-became-famous-for-kissing-heroine-changed-religion-before-marriage-gow-s5wt2u |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=Asianet Suvarna News |language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kanetkar |first=Riddhima |title=Meet actress who became famous for kissing hero, changed religion before marriage, faced many troubles, she is.. |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-meet-actress-sonia-sahni-who-became-famous-kissing-hero-changed-religion-before-marriage-faced-troubles-she-is-3072031 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=DNA India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {{div col begin}}<br /> *''[[Johar-Mehmood in Goa]]'' (1965) as Rita<br /> *''Maya'' (1966) as Sheela <br /> *''[[Johar in Kashmir]]'' (1966) as Salma Mohammed Hussein <br /> *''[[Akalmand (1966 film)|Akalmand]]'' (1966)<br /> *''[[Johar in Bombay]]'' (1967) as Nalini<br /> *''[[Mera Naam Johar]]'' (1968)<br /> *''Raat Ke Andhere Mein'' (1969) <br /> *''Bandish'' (1969)<br /> *''[[Dupatta (film)|Dupatta]]'' (1970) as Punjabi language film<br /> *''[[Sasta Khoon Mehnga Pyar]]'' (1970)<br /> *''[[Kaun Ho Tum]]'' (1970)<br /> *''[[Heer Raanjha]]'' (1970) as (Guest Appearance)<br /> *''[[Sharafat]]'' (1970) as Rekha <br /> *''Darpan'' (1970) as Bijli<br /> *''[[Upaasna]]'' (1971)<br /> *''[[Johar Mehmood in Hong Kong]]'' (1971) as Ms. Sonia / Usha Roy <br /> *''Hulchul'' (1971) as Seema<br /> *''[[Buddha Mil Gaya (film)|Buddha Mil Gaya]]'' (1971) as Mona<br /> *''Andaz'' (1971) as Lily<br /> *''[[Bhaavna]]'' (1972)<br /> *''[[Jangal Mein Mangal]]'' (1972) as Professor Laxmi<br /> *''[[Maalik (1972 film)]]'' (1972) as Narangi<br /> *''[[Jugnu (1973 film)|Jugnu]]'' (1973) as Sonia<br /> *''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]'' (1973) as Mrs. Sushma Nath <br /> *''Wahi Raat Wahi Aawaz'' (1973)<br /> *''Dharma'' (1973)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/dharma-1973/article4676879.ece |title= Blast From The Past - Dharma (1973)|newspaper=The Hindu |date=2 May 2013 |accessdate=6 July 2015 |author=Kohli, Suresh}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''[[Kasauti]]'' (1974) as Nita&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/kasauti-1974/article6725871.ece |title= Blast From The Past - Kasauti (1974)|newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 December 2014 |accessdate=6 July 2015 |author=Kohli, Suresh}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''[[36 Ghante]]'' (1974) as Kamini&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/36-ghante-1974/article5402292.ece |title= Blast From The Past - 36 Ghante (1974)|newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 November 2013 |accessdate=6 July 2015 |author=Kohli, Suresh}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''[[Dharam Karam]]'' (1975) as Sonu A. Kumar <br /> *''Neelima'' (1975)<br /> *''[[Maha Chor]]'' (1976) as Parmeshwari <br /> *''[[Khalifa (film)|Khalifa]]'' (1976) as Sweety<br /> *''Change Mande Tere Bande'' (1976)<br /> *''[[Shankar Dada]]'' (1976) as Queen<br /> *''[[Bullet (1976 film)|Bullet]]'' (1976) as Mala<br /> *''[[Aap Ki Khatir (1977 film)|Aap Ki Khatir]]'' (1977)<br /> *''Niyaz Aur Namaaz'' (1977)<br /> *''[[Chalta Purza]]'' (1977) as Nurse<br /> *''[[Chacha Bhatija]]'' (1977) as Sonia &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/chacha-bhatija-1977/article4977871.ece |title= Blast From The Past - Chacha Bhatija (1977)|newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 August 2013 |accessdate=6 July 2015 |author=Kohli, Suresh}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''[[Kaala Aadmi]]'' (1978)<br /> *''Dera Aashqan Da'' (1979)<br /> *''Aulea-E-Islam'' (1979)<br /> *''[[Ladke Baap Se Badke]]'' (1979) as Mrs. Sharma<br /> *''[[Shradhanjali]]'' (1981) as Rani<br /> *''[[Be-Shaque]]'' (1981) as Nirmala<br /> *''[[Maan Gaye Ustaad]]'' (1981) as Malti C. Singh <br /> *''[[Chorni]]'' (1982) as Mrs. Sheela Sagar<br /> *''Jawalaa Dahej Ki'' (1982)<br /> *''[[Bandhan Kuchchey Dhaagon Ka]]'' (1983) as Sneh's Nurse <br /> *''Lal Chunariyaa'' (1983)<br /> *''Do Gulab'' (1983)<br /> *''Meri Adalat'' (1984)<br /> *''Ganga Ki Beti'' (1985)<br /> *''[[Sitamgar]]'' (1985) as Mrs. Nath <br /> *''Zulm Ka Badla'' (1985)<br /> *''[[Superman (1987 film)]]'' (1987) as Editor<br /> *''Lakhpati'' (1991) as Mrs. Nath <br /> *''Raunaq'' (1993) as Mrs. Bakshi<br /> *''[[Aflatoon (1997 film)|Aflatoon]]'' (1997) as professor<br /> *''[[Anari No. 1]]'' (1999) as Mrs. Malhotra<br /> *''[[Phool Aur Aag]]'' (1999)<br /> *''[[Love in Bombay]]'' (2013)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130804/jsp/7days/17193425.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829001616/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130804/jsp/7days/17193425.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 August 2013 |title=Once again, love in Bombay |author= Bharathi S. Pradhan |newspaper=Telegraph India |date=4 August 2013 |accessdate=6 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> == Television ==<br /> * 2001-2002 ''[[Jannat (Indian TV series) | Jannat]]''<br /> * 2002-2003 ''[[Kkusum]]'' as Nanima<br /> * 2015-2017 ''[[Santoshi Maa (TV series) | Santoshi Maa]]'' as Dadi<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sahni, Sonia}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Converts to Hinduism from Christianity]]<br /> [[Category:Indian former Christians]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anandapuram_mandal&diff=486302 2025-12-11T06:04:20Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Adding info.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Anandapuram mandal<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = te<br /> | other_name = <br /> | settlement_type = [[Mandal]]<br /> | nickname = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_label_position = left<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|17|53|53|N|83|23|07.34|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]<br /> | seat_type = Headquarters<br /> | seat = [[Anandapuram]]<br /> | parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]<br /> | parts_style = para<br /> | parts = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = 205.32<br /> | area_total_km2 = 177.08<br /> | area_rank = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 60,789<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=census&gt;{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Visakhapatnam|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2813_PART_B_DCHB_VISAKHAPATNAM.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=20 February 2016|pages=26,574}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 531162, 531163<br /> | registration_plate = AP 31<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | mapp = <br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Anandapuram mandal''' is one of the 46 [[mandals]] in [[Visakhapatnam district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is under the administration of Bhemunipatnam revenue division and the headquarters are located at Anandapuram.&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot; /&gt; Anandapuram mandal is bounded by Bheemunipatnam mandal to the east, Chinagadila to the south, Padmanabham to the north and Kothavalasa to the west.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/visakhapatnam.html|title=Mandals in Visakhapatnam district|publisher=aponline.gov.in|access-date=28 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419175752/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/visakhapatnam.html|archive-date=2014-04-19|url-status=dead|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> Anandapuram mandal covers an area of 205.32 sq. km. The total population is 60,789 residing in 15,265 houses, spread across a total of 32 villages. The population of males is 30,739 and females 30,050. The absence of a town means that there is no urban population in the mandal, whereas the rural population is 60,789. The mandal has a rural population in [[Visakhapatnam district]]. The population in the age-group 0–6 is 6,846, of which 3,535 are male and 3,311 are female. The literacy rate is 48.52%, with 29,497 literate, which is significantly lower than the state average of 67.41.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2813_PART_B_DCHB_VISAKHAPATNAM.pdf|title=Visakhapatnam district Census Handbook}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Towns and villages ==<br /> {{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], [[Anandapuram]] is the most populated and Bakurupalem is the least populated settlement in the mandal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&amp;district_code=13|title=Sub-District Details of Visakhapatnam District|publisher=The Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India|access-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714171612/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&amp;district_code=13|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; The mandal consists of 32 settlements. Anakapalle municipality was merged with [[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://vlist.in/sub-district/04863.html|title=Anadapuram mandal VLIST}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The settlements in the mandal are listed below:<br /> <br /> {{Columns-list|colwidth=30em |<br /> <br /> *[[Anandapuram]]†<br /> *Bakurupalem<br /> *Bheemannadorapalem<br /> *Boni<br /> *Chandaka<br /> *Dabbanda<br /> *Gambheeram<br /> *Gandigundam<br /> *Gangasani<br /> *Gidijala<br /> *Gorinta<br /> *Gottipalle<br /> *Gudilova<br /> *Jagannadhapuram<br /> *Kanamam<br /> *Kolavanipalem<br /> *Kusuluvada<br /> *Mamidilova<br /> *Mukundapuram<br /> *Mutcherla<br /> *Narayana<br /> *Palavalasa<br /> *Pandalapaka<br /> *Peddipalem<br /> *Pekeru<br /> *Ramavaram<br /> *Sirlapalem<br /> *Sontyam<br /> *Tangudubilli<br /> *Tarluvada<br /> *Vellanki<br /> *Vemulavalasa<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Note:''' †–Mandal headquarter<br /> <br /> == Transport ==<br /> The Anakapalle—Anandapuram highway road is an arterial road of the mandal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=5,486 PR roads to be widened in State|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/5486-pr-roads-to-be-widened-in-state/article9012469.ece|access-date=2 November 2016|work=The Hindu|date=21 August 2016|language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]] runs city bus services from Anandapuram bus station to major destinations in the [[Visakhapatnam district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.visanandaanandagp.appr.gov.in/home/-/asset_publisher/QOkpuc6kj83c/content/anandapuram-%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_QOkpuc6kj83c_viewMode=print|title=Anandapuram - ఆనందపురం - About Us|website=www.visanandaanandagp.appr.gov.in|access-date=2016-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mandals in Visakhapatnam district]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorairajan_Balasubramanian&diff=477020 2025-11-07T17:35:43Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Made info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian biophysical chemist and ocular biochemist}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Dorairajan Balasubramanian<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1939|8|28|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | restingplace = <br /> | restingplacecoordinates = <br /> | occupation = Biophysical chemist<br /> | yearsactive = since 1965<br /> | known for = [[Ocular]] [[biochemistry]]<br /> | spouse = Shakti<br /> | children = 2<br /> | alma_mater = [[BITS, Pilani]]<br /> | website = {{url|http://www.leopoldina.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Mitglieder/CV_Balasubramanian_Dorairajan_EN.pdf|Profile on Academy of Sciences Leopoldina}}<br /> | awards = {{Plainlist|[[Padma Shri]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[National Order of Merit (France)]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[Third World Academy of Science]] Award&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Khwarizmi Award&lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[UNESCO]] [[Kalinga Prize]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Indira Gandhi Prize&lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|DST]] National Prize&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Goyal Prize&lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] J. C. Bose Medal&lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|IACS]] Dr. Mahendra Lal Sircar Prize&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Fukui Award&lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[Ranbaxy]] Research Award&lt;br /&gt;<br /> SBCI Sarma Memorial Award&lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[FICCI]] Award&lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] M. O. T. Iyengar Award&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Rev. Fr. L. M. Yeddanapalli Memorial Award}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dorairajan Balasubramanian''', popularly known as '''Professor Balu''', is an Indian biophysical chemist&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Research&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://tributetoprofbalasubramanian.org/Research%20Contribution.aspx | title=TPB Research | publisher=TPB | date=2015 | access-date=22 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112849/http://tributetoprofbalasubramanian.org/Research%20Contribution.aspx | archive-date=28 January 2015 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[ocular]] [[biochemist]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EVER Profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ever.be/download_file.php?id=58 | title=EVER Profile | publisher=EVER | date=2015 | access-date=22 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://tributetoprofbalasubramanian.org/Biography.aspx | title=TPB | publisher=TPB | date=2015 | access-date=22 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128113542/http://tributetoprofbalasubramanian.org/Biography.aspx | archive-date=28 January 2015 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.bitsaa.org/news/71703/Profile-of-Professor-Dorairajan-Balasubramanian.htm | title=Bitsaa | publisher=Bitsaa | date=2015 | access-date=22 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128132002/http://www.bitsaa.org/news/71703/Profile-of-Professor-Dorairajan-Balasubramanian.htm | archive-date=28 January 2015 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N88-0984 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813001550/http://insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N88-0984 | url-status=usurped | archive-date=13 August 2016 | title=INSA | publisher=INSA | date=2015 | access-date=22 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a former President of [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Prof. Dorairajan Balasubramanian-President 2007-09 &quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcYn4KXT9PU | title=Prof. Dorairajan Balasubramanian-President 2007-09 | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | website=YouTube video | date=6 November 2013 | access-date=22 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a director of research at the Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre of [[L. V. Prasad Eye Institute]], Hyderabad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Israel Asia Centre Interview&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.israelasiacenter.org/#/qa-balasubramanian/4541607121 | title=Israel Asia Centre Interview | publisher=Israel Asia Centre | date=June 2010 | access-date=22 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leopoldina&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.leopoldina.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Mitglieder/CV_Balasubramanian_Dorairajan_EN.pdf | title=Leopoldina | publisher=Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften Leopoldina | date=2015 | access-date=22 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LVPEI&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.lvpei.org/key-people.php | title=LVPEI | publisher=LVPEI | date=2015 | access-date=22 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117020257/http://www.lvpei.org/key-people.php | archive-date=17 January 2015 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A recipient of the [[National Order of Merit (France)]], Balasubramanian was honored by the [[Government of India]], in 2002, with the fourth highest [[Indian honours system|Indian civilian award]] of [[Padma Shri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Awards&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Padma Awards |date=2015 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> Dorairajan Balasubramanian was born on 28 August 1939&lt;ref name=&quot;Leopoldina&quot; /&gt; in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt; He graduated in Chemistry (BSc) from [[Madras University]] in 1957 and secured his master's degree (MSc) in Chemistry with first rank&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Awards&quot; /&gt; in 1959 from [[BITS, Pilani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EVER Profile&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot; /&gt; He moved to the United States in 1960 for researching for his doctoral studies and completed it in 1965 to obtain PhD&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot; /&gt; in biophysical chemistry from [[Columbia University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EVER Profile&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leopoldina&quot; /&gt; He continued in the United States for his post doctoral research as a [[Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research|Jane Coffin Childs Fund Fellow]] at the [[University of Minnesota Medical School]] till 1966.&lt;ref name=&quot;EVER Profile&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leopoldina&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Balasubramanian returned to India in 1966 and joined the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]]&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot; /&gt; as a lecturer where he rose in ranks over the years to become an assistant professor and a professor.&lt;ref name=&quot;EVER Profile&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leopoldina&quot; /&gt; In 1977, he was appointed as the professor and dean of the School of Chemistry at the [[University of Hyderabad]]&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LVPEI&quot; /&gt; where he worked till 1982&lt;ref name=&quot;Leopoldina&quot; /&gt; when he took up the post of the deputy director of the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EVER Profile&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leopoldina&quot; /&gt; He retired from the institution as its director&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot; /&gt; in 1998 and moved to [[L. V. Prasad Eye Institute]] where he is the director of research of Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre.&lt;ref name=&quot;EVER Profile&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leopoldina&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LVPEI&quot; /&gt; He also serves as the visiting professor at the [[University of New South Wales]], Sydney and as the adjunct professor of [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science]], Pilani, India.&lt;ref name=&quot;EVER Profile&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Balasubramanian is married to Shakti who is associated with [[ETV Network|ETV]] as a producer and the couple has two daughters.&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt; The elder daughter, Katyayani is a research analyst and the younger one, Akhila works as a public health professional.&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt; The family lives in Hyderabad.&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Positions==<br /> Balasubramanian is a visiting scientist at the [[National Eye Institute]], [[Bethesda, Maryland|Bethesda]] and is a senior Fellow of ophthalmology at the [[University of Melbourne]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EVER Profile&quot; /&gt; He is the chairman of the ''Task Force on Stem Cell Research'' set up by the [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the [[Government of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot; /&gt; He is a former president of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (2007-2010)&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leopoldina&quot; /&gt; and is the incumbent the chairman of the Biotechnology Advisory Council of the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB&quot; /&gt; A former secretary general of [[The World Academy of Sciences]],&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt; he has served as the project coordinator of ''Translational Centre in Eye Diseases'' of [[Champalimaud Foundation]] (C-TRACER) and the ''Affordable Healthcare Project'' of the [[Wellcome Trust]] for finding solutions for the ''use of scaffolds for cultivating stem cells''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leopoldina&quot; /&gt; He is a former member of the ''International Human Rights Network of Academies and Scholarly Societies'',&lt;ref name=&quot;NAP&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10706/international-human-rights-network-of-academies-and-scholarly-societies-proceedings | title=NAP | publisher=NAP | date=2015 | access-date=23 January 2015| doi=10.17226/10706 | isbn=978-0-309-56417-5 }}&lt;/ref&gt; the ''International Basic Sciences Panel''&lt;ref name=&quot;IBSP&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://portal.unesco.org/science/en/ev.php-URL_ID=1573&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html | title=IBSP | publisher=IBSP | date=2015 | access-date=23 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; of [[UNESCO]] and the ''International Chapter Affiliate Committee of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology'' (ARVO),&lt;ref name=&quot;ARVO&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.arvo.org/About_ARVO/Organization/Committees/International_Chapter_Affiliate_Committee/ | title=ARVO | publisher=ARVO | date=2015 | access-date=23 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leopoldina&quot; /&gt; He has also served as an editorial board member of several international journals.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot; /&gt; He had also been appointed as one of the honorary advisory committee members for the International Conference on Genome Biology 2019 (ICGB'19) by the School of Biological Sciences of [[Madurai Kamaraj University]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.readkong.com/page/school-of-biological-sciences-madurai-kamaraj-university-6308630|title= School of Biological Sciences Madurai Kamaraj University Madurai - 625021, India|publisher= School of Biological Sciences Madurai Kamaraj University|access-date=1 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> [[File:Cataract in human eye.png|thumb|left|Cataract in human eye]]<br /> [[File:GINKGOBAUM-2.jpg|thumb|150px|Ginko tree]]<br /> [[File:WithaniaFruit.jpg|thumb|150px|Withania]]<br /> Balasubramanian started his research activities in 1965 focusing on the structure and functions of proteins and [[polypeptides]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Molecular Pathology of dityrosine Crosslinks in Protein&quot;&gt;{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7XLpRXg_cwC&amp;q=Dorairajan+Balasubramanian&amp;pg=PA27 | title=Molecular Pathology of dityrosine Crosslinks in Protein | publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers | date=2002 | access-date=23 January 2015| isbn=9781402070853 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and worked on the thermodynamic analysis of their stability.&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Research&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leopoldina&quot; /&gt; The focus of his research changed in 1984/85 when he started to work on ocular science and concentrated on [[crystallins]] of eye lens and their function as an agent in keeping the lens transparent.&lt;ref name=&quot;ALTERATION OF DYNAMIC QUATERNARY STRUCTURE AND CALCIUM-BINDING ABILITY OF ß-CRYSTALLIN BY LIGHT&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title=ALTERATION OF DYNAMIC QUATERNARY STRUCTURE AND CALCIUM-BINDING ABILITY OF ß-CRYSTALLIN BY LIGHT |author1=Yogendra Sharma |author2=A. Gopalakrishna |author3=D. Balasubramanian | journal=Photochemistry and Photobiology |date=January 2008 | volume=57 | issue=4 | pages=739–743 | doi=10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb02947.x |pmid=8506401 |s2cid=35085602 }}&lt;/ref&gt; His research revealed how [[cataract]] is caused when crystallins are damaged photochemically, thereby leading to diminished lenticular transparency.&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Research&quot; /&gt; He argued that the oxidative stress on the lens induces ''covalent chemical changes in the constituent molecules''&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB&quot; /&gt; and these changes lead to cataract.&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Research&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leopoldina&quot; /&gt; He researched further on the subject to find out that, by supplementing [[antioxidants]] and cytoprotective substances, the progression of cataract can be slowed down.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt; These findings are known to have introduced a [[prophylactic]] approach to addressing the issue of cataract, which is reported to be the causal factor for 47.9 percent&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/blindness/causes/en/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060321053401/http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/en/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=21 March 2006 | title=WHO | publisher=WHO | date=2015 | access-date=23 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; of the blindness in the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Research&quot; /&gt; Further, he attempted to identify the cataractostatic agents and proposed the benefits of tea [[polyphenols]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Antioxidant Properties of Green and Black Tea, and their Potential Ability to Retard the Progression of Eye Lens Cataract&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title=Antioxidant Properties of Green and Black Tea, and their Potential Ability to Retard the Progression of Eye Lens Cataract |author1=Geetha Thiagarajan |author2=Sushil Chandani |author3=C. Sivakama Sundan |author4=S. Harinarayana Rao |author5=Ajay V. Kulkarni |author6=D. Balasubrmanian |s2cid=23427305 | journal=Experimental Eye Research |date=September 2001 | volume=73 | issue=3 | pages=392–401 | doi=10.1006/exer.2001.1049| pmid=11520114 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ginko Biloba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Molecular and Cellular Assessment of Ginkgo Biloba Extract as a Possible Ophthalmic Drug&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title=Molecular and Cellular Assessment of Ginkgo Biloba Extract as a Possible Ophthalmic Drug |author1=Geetha Thiagarajan |author2=Sushil Chandani |author3=Ayelet M. Samuni |author4=S. Harinarayana Rao |author5=Krish Chandrasekharan |author6=D. Balasubrmanian | journal=Experimental Eye Research |date=October 2002 | volume=75 | issue=4 | pages=421–430 | doi=10.1006/exer.2002.2035|pmid=12387790 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Withania somnifera]] extracts.&lt;ref name=&quot;Approaches to relieve the burden of cataract blindness through natural antioxidants: use of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259558439 | title=Approaches to relieve the burden of cataract blindness through natural antioxidants: use of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) |author1=Geetha Natarajan |author2=Talla Venu |author3=D. Balasubramanian | journal=Current Science |date=October 2003 | volume=85 | issue=7 | pages=1065–1071}}&lt;/ref&gt; These substances contained antioxidants and cytoprotective compounds which slow down the progression of ''oxidative cataract'' and this was verified during experiments in animals.&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Research&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:Eye disease simulation, glaucoma.jpg|thumb|left|Advanced vision loss from [[Glaucoma]].]]<br /> <br /> After the turn of the century, Balasubramanian and his colleagues started working on inherited eye diseases&lt;ref name=&quot;Leopoldina&quot; /&gt; and their [[molecular genetics]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt; The group carried out research on diseases such as [[congenital glaucoma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Identification of Novel Mutations Causing Familial Primary Congenital Glaucoma in Indian Pedigrees&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | url=http://www.iovs.org/content/43/5/1358.full.pdf+html | title=Identification of Novel Mutations Causing Familial Primary Congenital Glaucoma in Indian Pedigrees |author1=Shirly G. Panicker |author2=Aramati B. M. Reddy |author3=Anil K. Mandal |author4=Niyaz Ahmed |author5=Hampapathalu A. Nagarajaram |author6=Seyed E. Hasnain |author7=Dorairajan Balasubramanian | journal=Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. |date=May 2002 | volume=43 | issue=5 | pages=1358–1366| pmid=11980847 }}&lt;/ref&gt; with a sampling set of over 400 families and this has helped in revealing 15 mutations in the ''gene CYP1B1'', with mutation R368H being the most common one.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Identification of Novel Mutations Causing Familial Primary Congenital Glaucoma in Indian Pedigrees&quot; /&gt; The research has also recorded the ''[[genotype]]–[[phenotype]] correlations'' and the structural changes occur in mutated protein&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Identification of Novel Mutations Causing Familial Primary Congenital Glaucoma in Indian Pedigrees&quot; /&gt; and these findings have assisted in clinical prediction of the disease and in early therapeutic intervention to avert blindness.&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Research&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Balasubramanian is now working on [[stem cell biology]] and its use in restoring lost vision.&lt;ref name=&quot;Regenerative Medicine&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc1SHo0EHfYC&amp;q=Dorairajan+Balasubramanian+books | title=Regenerative Medicine | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media | editor=Gustav Steinhoff | year=2011 | pages=1056 | isbn=9789048190751}}&lt;/ref&gt; He and his group have been successful in isolating the adult stem cells found in the [[Limbus corneae|limbus]], around the [[cornea]], and culturing them on human [[amniotic membrane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Leopoldina&quot; /&gt; These cultured stem cells were, later, used to produce [[corneal epithelia]] that can be stitched on to human eye. Clinical tests on 200 patients who lost eyesight due to chemical or fire burns returned significantly good results with vision restoration to 20/20 levels,&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt; with or without subsequent [[corneal graft]]s or transplantation.&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Research&quot; /&gt; These tests are reported to be the ''largest successful human trial of adult stem cell therapy'' in the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Research&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Balasubramanian has published 6 books&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB&quot; /&gt; of which two books,&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB&quot; /&gt; one on chemistry and the other in [[biotechnology]], are prescribed text books for academic studies.&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Research&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IISc&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/centenary-conf/dbalasub.html | title=IISc | publisher=IISc | date=2015 | access-date=23 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is credited with over 450 articles,&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt; published in peer reviewed national and international journals&lt;ref name=&quot;EVER Profile&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Contributions&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://tributetoprofbalasubramanian.org/Research%20Contribution.aspx | title=Contributions | publisher=TPB | date=2015 | access-date=23 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112849/http://tributetoprofbalasubramanian.org/Research%20Contribution.aspx | archive-date=28 January 2015 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Microsoft Academic Search]], an online repository of scientific articles, has listed 52 of them.&lt;ref name=&quot;Microsoft Academic Research&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://65.54.113.26/Author/19548500/dorairajan-balasubramanian | title=Microsoft Academic Research | publisher=Microsoft Academic Research | date=2015 | access-date=22 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624041946/http://65.54.113.26/Author/19548500/dorairajan-balasubramanian | archive-date=24 June 2016 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; He has presented more than 170 scientific papers&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Research&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot; /&gt; and has contributed in popularizing science by writing columns in leading newspapers such as [[The Hindu]] and [[The Times of India]] since 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IISc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Newspaper&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://tributetoprofbalasubramanian.org/Popular%20Articles.aspx | title=Newspaper | publisher=TPB | date=2015 | access-date=23 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128114551/http://tributetoprofbalasubramanian.org/Popular%20Articles.aspx | archive-date=28 January 2015 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; On the academic front, he has assisted 16 doctoral students in their PhD studies.&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot; /&gt; His efforts are also reported behind the establishment of a vaccine unit at the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] and in designing a quality improvement program for the [[Sericulture]] Laboratory of the state government.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards and recognitions==<br /> [[File:Padma Shri India IIIe Klasse.jpg|thumb|90px|Padma Shri India IIIe Klasse]]<br /> [[File:Ordre national du merite chevalier FRANCE.jpg|thumb|90px|Chevalier de l'Ordre National du Mérite (France)]]<br /> Dorairajan Balasubramanian, an honorary Professor of the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]], is an elected member of [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA), [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (IAS), [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (NASI), [[Third World Academy of Sciences]] (TWAS) and the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EVER Profile&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leopoldina&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Awards&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://tributetoprofbalasubramanian.org/Awards%20and%20Honors.aspx | title=TPB Awards | publisher=TPB | date=2015 | access-date=22 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128131914/http://tributetoprofbalasubramanian.org/Awards%20and%20Honors.aspx | archive-date=28 January 2015 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also a Fellow of the [[Academy of Sciences Leopoldina]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Leopoldina&quot; /&gt; Germany, Mauritian Academy of Sciences&lt;ref name=&quot;Leopoldina&quot; /&gt; and the International Molecular Biology Network.&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Awards&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> He has delivered many award lectures in India and abroad. In 1985, he delivered the National Lecture of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] and the next year, the Prof. K. Venkataraman Endowment Lecture.&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Awards&quot; /&gt; K. S. G. Doss Memorial Lecture and the SERC National Lecture were delivered in 1991 followed by Pasteur Centenary Lecture, R. P. Mitra Memorial Lecture and the Platinum Jubilee Lecture of the [[Indian Science Congress Association]] in 1995. Some of the other award lectures given by Balasubramanian are:&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Awards&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Div col|colwidth=30em}}<br /> * [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] Convocation Address<br /> * Ranganathan Centre for Information Studies Annual Lecture<br /> * J. C. Ray Memorial Oration Award<br /> * [[C. V. Raman]] Lecture<br /> * B. C. Guha Memorial Lecture<br /> * Lily Pithavadian Endowment Lecture<br /> * [[Banaras Hindu University|BHU]] Foundation Lecture<br /> * TNAU-MFL Endowment Lecture<br /> * Kumari L. A. Meera Memorial Lecture<br /> * Prof. McBain Memorial Lecture<br /> * [[Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany]] Foundation Day Lecture <br /> * Jana Reddy Venkata Reddy Endowment Lecture<br /> * Sri Venugopal Oration Medical Research Foundation Lecture<br /> * Elite School of Optometry Convocation Address Foundation Day Lecture <br /> * Dr. P. S. Murthy Memorial Lecture<br /> * Dr. Ram Mohan Rao Oration<br /> * Dr. K. Gopalakrishna Oration<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> Balasubramanian received his first award, the Rev. Fr. L. M. Yeddanapalli Memorial Award and Medal of the [[Indian Chemical Society]] in 1977.&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Awards&quot; /&gt; In 1981, he was awarded the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] in chemical science by the [[Council for Scientific and Industrial Research]].&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Awards&quot; /&gt; The year 1983 brought him three awards, the SBCI Sarma Memorial Award, [[FICCI]] Award and the [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] M. O. T. Iyengar Award.&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Awards&quot; /&gt; He received the Ranbaxy Award in 1990,&lt;ref name=&quot;EVER Profile&quot; /&gt; the Fukui Award of the National Foundation for Eye Research, United States, in 1991 and Dr. Mahendra Lal Sircar Prize from the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] in 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Awards&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Third World Academy of Science]] honoured Balasubramanian with the [[TWAS Prize]] in 1995&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt; and [[Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology]] (IROST) conferred the ''Khwarizmi Award of Iran'' on him in 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;EVER Profile&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Awards&quot; /&gt; He received the [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]] and the [[Kalinga Prize]] in 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;EVER Profile&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kalinga Prize&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.kalingafoundationtrust.com/website/kalinga-prize-for-the-popularization-of-science.htm | title=Kalinga Prize | publisher=Kalinga Foundation | date=2015 | access-date=22 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the next year, he received Goyal Prize of the Goyal Research Foundation&lt;ref name=&quot;EVER Profile&quot; /&gt; and J. C. Bose Medal of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA).&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Awards&quot; /&gt; The [[Government of India]] honoured him with the civilian award of [[Padma Shri]] in 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;EVER Profile&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot; /&gt; The [[Government of France]] followed suit with the [[National Order of Merit (France)|Chevalier de l’Ordre National de Merite]], the same year.&lt;ref name=&quot;EVER Profile&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitsaa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot; /&gt; He received a third award in 2002 from the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]], the National Prize for Science Popularization.&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Awards&quot; /&gt; He is also a recipient of the [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Indira Gandhi Prize&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TPB Awards&quot; /&gt; and the Jawaharlal Nehru Centenary Award for Achievement in Science of the [[Indian Science Congress Association]] (ISCA).&lt;ref name=&quot;EVER Profile&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Div col|colwidth=30em}}<br /> * [[Crystallin]]<br /> * [[Molecular genetics]]<br /> * [[Stem cell biology]]<br /> * [[Corneal epithelium]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> {{portal|India|Science}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcYn4KXT9PU | title=Prof. Dorairajan Balasubramanian-President 2007-09 | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | website=YouTube video | date=6 November 2013 | access-date=22 January 2015}}<br /> * {{cite web | url=http://www.israelasiacenter.org/#/qa-balasubramanian/4541607121 | title=Israel Asia Centre Interview | publisher=Israel Asia Centre | date=June 2010 | access-date=22 January 2015}}<br /> * {{cite web | url=http://65.54.113.26/Author/19548500/dorairajan-balasubramanian | title=Microsoft Academic Research | publisher=Microsoft Academic Research | date=2015 | access-date=22 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624041946/http://65.54.113.26/Author/19548500/dorairajan-balasubramanian | archive-date=24 June 2016 | url-status=dead }}<br /> {{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science &amp; Engineering}}<br /> {{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}<br /> {{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Balasubramanian, Dorairajan}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1939 births]]<br /> [[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Indian technology writers]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]<br /> [[Category:Indian medical writers]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science &amp; engineering]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian biochemists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]<br /> [[Category:TWAS laureates]]<br /> [[Category:Kalinga Prize recipients]]<br /> [[Category:Associate fellows of the African Academy of Sciences]]<br /> [[Category:Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vishakanya&diff=544890 2025-11-07T06:28:58Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Put Up Post!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Female assassins or inauspicious women in Indian literature}}<br /> {{for|the 1991 film|Vishkanya (film)}}<br /> The '''Vishakanya''' ({{Langx|sa|विषकन्या}} {{IAST3|Viṣakanyā}}) were young women reportedly used as [[Assassination|assassins]], often against powerful enemies, in [[Ancient India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpXijlqeRpIC|title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil|last=Roy|first=Kaushik|date=2004-01-01|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=9788178241098|page=24|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their blood and bodily fluids were purportedly poisonous to other humans, as was mentioned in the ancient Indian treatise on [[public policy|statecraft]], ''[[Arthashastra]]'', written by [[Chanakya]], an adviser and a prime minister to the first Maurya Emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]] (c. 340–293 BC).&lt;ref name=&quot;Chaurasia2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Radhey Shyam Chaurasia|title=History of ancient India: earliest times to 1000 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWmsQQ2smXIC&amp;pg=PA100|access-date=20 June 2011|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0027-5|page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Literature==<br /> In the [[Skanda Purana]], a girl who is born when the sun is in the constellation [[Chitra (nakshatra)|Chitra]] or the moon in the fourteenth lunar day is stated to be fated to become a Vishakanya. Such a woman is described to cause death to her husband after being married to her after a period of six months, make the house she lives in to become devoid of wealth, and cause misery to her family.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-01-10 |title=Birth of Viṣakanyā [Chapter 61] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc493371.html |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> However, in time, &quot;poison damsel&quot; passed into [[folklore]], became an [[archetype]] explored by many writers, resulting in a popular [[literary character]] that appears in many works, including classical [[Sanskrit]] texts such as ''[[Sukasaptati]]''.&lt;ref&gt;''Erotic Indian tales from the Sanskrit classic Suksaptati'', by G.L. Mathur. Hind Pocket Books, 1971. ''Page 26–27''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The Viṣakanya or &quot;Poison Damsel' is a literary figure that appears in Sanskrit literature as a type of assassin used by kings to kill enemies. Young girls were raised on a carefully crafted diet of [[poison]] and antidote from a very young age, a practice now referred to as [[mithridatism]]. Although many would not survive, those that did were immune to other poisons, and their [[body fluid]]s would be poisonous to others; sexual contact would thus be lethal to other humans. Myths also state that Vishakanya can cause instant death with just a touch.<br /> <br /> According to Kaushik Roy, Vishakanyas would kill their targets by seducing them and giving them poisoned alcohol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Some Sanskrit sources narrate that a Vishakanya was sent by [[Mahapadma Nanda|Nanda]]'s minister Amatyarakshasa to kill [[Chandragupta Maurya]] and Chanakya diverted them to kill Parvatak.&lt;ref name=&quot;PenzerBhatta1980&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Norman Mosley Penzer|author2=Somadeva Bhatta|title=Poison-damsels: Folklore of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWEhbry3WBUC&amp;pg=PA17|access-date=20 June 2011|date=November 1980|publisher=Ayer Publishing|isbn=978-0-405-13336-7|page=17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Thakur1997&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Molu Ram Thakur|title=Myths, rituals, and beliefs in Himachal Pradesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JH-gI4ncuZ4C&amp;pg=PA17|access-date=20 June 2011|year=1997|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-071-2|page=17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Indian historical sources the Vishakanya was used by [[Nanda Empire|Nanda Dynasty]] founder [[Mahapadma Nanda]] to kill the last ruler of [[Shaishunaga dynasty|Shishunaga Dynasty]] [[Kalashoka]], both of which belonged to the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha Kingdom]].{{cn|date=October 2019}}<br /> <br /> == In popular culture ==<br /> <br /> The Vishakanya has been a popular theme in [[Indian literature]] and [[folklore]], and apart from appearing in classical [[Sanskrit]] texts, it has appeared repeatedly in various works like ''Vishkanya'' by [[Shivani]] and ''Ek Aur Vish Kanya?'' by Om Prakash Sharma, who use the Vishakanya as an [[archetype]] in their stories — a beautiful girl who kills when she comes too close. More recently, the archetype has taken a new hue in the HIV/AIDS era, for example in ''Vishkanya'', a 2007 novel, based on the [[AIDS]] epidemic in society. ''Vishakanya''s have also been depicted as characters in the book ''[[Chanakya's Chant]]''. In 2009, Vibha Rahi has written an autobiography 'Vishkanya: Untold Secrets' in Marathi, in which she portrays how upper caste women make intimate relationships with lower caste people of high profile and destroy their families and social relationships.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vibha Rahi&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Rahi|first=Vibha|title=Vishkanya: Untold Secrets|year=2009|publisher=Karuvaki Prakashan|location=Pune}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Over the years, many Hindi films have been made on the subject. The first film, ''the Vishakanya'', was made in 1943, starring [[Leela Mishra]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0376308/ Vish Kanya (1943)] [[IMDb]].&lt;/ref&gt; and more recently, [[Vishkanya (1991)|''Vishkanya'']], starring [[Pooja Bedi]] in the lead role.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0318812/ Vishkanya (1991)] [[IMDb]].&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Vishkanya Ek Anokhi Prem Kahani]]'' is a [[soap opera]] TV series which aired on [[Zee TV]]; it starred [[Aishwarya Khare]] as Aparajita Ghosh, as the Vishakanya, in the main role.<br /> <br /> In the story ''Beeshkanya'', [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]] wrote about a girl who was supposed to be a Vishkanya and was sent to [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] in order to assassinate the members of [[Shaishunaga dynasty]].<br /> <br /> In ''[[The Real Life of Sebastian Knight]]'' the author [[Nabokov]] treats his affair with Irina Guadanini through allusions to the myth of the poison damsel. In the 2015 novel, ''The Entropy of Bones'' by [[Ayize Jama-Everett]], the main character fights a group of the Vishakanya. The trope also appears in a set of [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]]'s stories.<br /> <br /> In 2017, Vishakanaya is also mentioned in the fiction book '[[A Crown of Wishes]]' by [[Roshani Chokshi]].<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Femme fatale]]<br /> *&quot;[[Rappaccini's Daughter]]&quot;<br /> *[[Nāga]]<br /> *[[Poison_Ivy_(character)|Poison Ivy]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * ''The Vish-Kanya or Poison Damsel of Ancient India'', Illustrated by the story of Susan Ramashgar. Folklore Society, Britain, 1927.<br /> * ''Poison-damsels: Folklore of the world'', by Norman Mosley Penzer, Somadeva Bhatt. Ayer Publishing, 1980. {{ISBN|0-405-13336-7}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EWEhbry3WBUC&amp;dq=Vishkanya&amp;pg=PA17 Excerpts]<br /> * ''Vishkanya: True stories of famous women spies of the world in story form''. by Yashvant Mehta. Publisher: Gurjar, 1996.<br /> * ''Vishkanya'', by Esa Mehta. Rajasthani Granthagar, 2007.<br /> <br /> [[Category:Warfare by type]]<br /> [[Category:Characters in Hindu mythology]]<br /> [[Category:Literary archetypes]]<br /> [[Category:Folklore characters]]<br /> [[Category:Poisoners]]<br /> [[Category:Indian assassins]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=S._Sushma_v._Commissioner_of_Police&diff=531351 2025-11-06T05:27:12Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian LGBT Rights Case Law}}<br /> {{AI-generated|date=October 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox court case<br /> | name = S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police<br /> | judges = [[N Anand Venkatesh]], {{Abbr|J.|Justice}}<br /> | keywords = [[Cohabitation|Cohabitation Rights]], [[Queer|Queer Relationships]], [[Conversion therapy|Conversion Therapy]], [[Police misconduct|Police Misconduct]]<br /> | opinions = *Practice of &quot;[[conversion therapy]]&quot; by medical professionals is prohibited in India.<br /> *Harassment against the [[Queer|queer community]] and community workers by police is prohibited in Tamil Nadu.<br /> | related actions = <br /> | subsequent actions = <br /> | appealed to = <br /> | Overturned previous case = <br /> | prior actions = <br /> | concur/dissent = <br /> | dissenting = <br /> | concurring = <br /> | decision by = [[N Anand Venkatesh]] {{Abbr|J.|Justice}}<br /> | number of judges = 1<br /> | transcripts = <br /> | court = [[Madras High Court]]<br /> | ECLI = <br /> | Concurrence = <br /> | JoinPlurality = <br /> | Plurality = <br /> | citations = {{Abbr|W.P. No.|Writ Petition Number}} 7284 of 2021<br /> *{{URL|1=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607064921/https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_07062021_177.pdf|2=7 June 2021}}<br /> *{{URL|1=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720171439/https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_31082021_177.pdf|2=31 August 2021}}<br /> *{{URL|1=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210163329/https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_04102021_177.pdf|2=4 October 2021}}<br /> *{{URL|1=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210171142/https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_06122021_177.pdf|2=6 December 2021}}<br /> *{{URL|1=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228074955/https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_23122021_177.pdf|2=23 December 2021}}<br /> *{{URL|1=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113130657/https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_02092022_177.pdf|2=2 September 2022}}<br /> | date decided = TBA<br /> | full name = S Sushma {{Abbr|&amp;|and}} {{Abbr|Anr.|Another}} versus Commissioner of Police {{Abbr|&amp;|and}} {{Abbr|Ors.|Others}}<br /> | caption = <br /> | imagealt = <br /> | imagelink = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | image = <br /> | italic title = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''S Sushma {{Abbr|&amp;|and}} {{Abbr|Anr.|Another}} versus Commissioner of Police''''' '''{{Abbr|&amp;|and}} {{Abbr|Ors.|Others}}''' '''(2021)''' is a landmark decision of the [[Madras High Court]] that prohibited the practice of &quot;[[conversion therapy]]&quot; by medical professionals in [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=22 February 2022 |title=Conversion therapy for LGBTQIA+ persons banned in India, medical council tells HC |work=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/conversion-therapy-lgbtqia-persons-banned-india-medical-council-tells-hc-161228 |access-date=5 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; The court directed comprehensive measures to sensitize the society and various branches of the Union and State governments to remove prejudices against the [[queer]] community.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=Murali |title=[BREAKING] Madras High Court bans medical attempts to cure sexual orientation; suggests changes to school curricula to educate students on LGBTQ |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/madras-high-court-bans-medical-attempts-cure-sexual-orientation-changes-school-curricula-lgbtq |access-date=2021-06-08 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |date=7 June 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> The petitioners, a lesbian couple whose parents opposed their relationship, sought refuge in Chennai after leaving their respective homes in Madurai. With the assistance of Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) and members of the queer community, they were able to secure accommodation and protection, while also searching for employment to sustain themselves financially. In the meantime, their parents separately filed missing person complaints with the local police, resulting in the registration of two First Information Reports (FIRs). Due to police interrogation conducted at their homes and fearing for their safety, the couple approached the court, through their counsel S. Manuraj, seeking a directive to the police to refrain from harassing them and to ensure protection against any threats or dangers posed by their parents.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police|court=[[Madras High Court]]|opinion=Writ Petition No. 7284 of 2021|date=7 June 2021|url=https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_07062021_177.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607064921/https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_07062021_177.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Proceedings ==<br /> The court mandated that both the petitioners and their parents undergo counseling with psychologist Ms. Vidya Dinakaran.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=S |first=Mohamed Imranullah |date=2021-04-29 |title=Judge wants to learn about same sex relationships before penning judgment |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/judge-wants-to-learn-about-same-sex-relationships-before-penning-judgment/article34434837.ece |access-date=2021-06-08 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following the initial counseling session, the psychologist submitted a report on 28 April 2021. The report indicated that the petitioners possessed a clear understanding of their relationship and exhibited no doubts or confusion. It further stated that the petitioners expressed their desire to pursue education, work, and maintain communication with their parents. However, they expressed concerns that their parents might currently pressure them to separate, but they were willing to wait for their parents to comprehend their relationship.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Regarding the parents, the psychologist's report revealed their primary concerns about societal stigma attached to the relationship and the potential consequences for their family. The report also highlighted the parents' anxieties about their daughters' safety and security. According to the report, the parents preferred their daughters to live celibate lives, viewing it as a more dignified option compared to being in a same-sex partnership. Additionally, the parents expressed confusion regarding matters such as lineage, adoption, and other typical aspects associated with heterosexual relationships, and how those would apply in the context of a same-sex relationship.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The petitioners' counsel S. Manuraj appealed to the court to establish guidelines for cases of a similar nature. In an unprecedented step, in response to this request, Justice [[N Anand Venkatesh]] made the decision to undergo psycho-education before delivering a judgment on same-sex relationships. Justice approached psychologist Ms Vidya Dinakaran, seeking an appointment to gain a better understanding of these relationships and facilitate his personal growth in this regard.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Law Enforcement Agencies ===<br /> NGO workers providing assistance to the queer community reported instances where police officers at different police stations refused to offer protection and, in some cases, even harassed both the queer individuals and the NGO workers supporting them. They highlighted that these actions occurred despite the interim order issued by the court on 7 June 2021. One excuse given by the police authorities for disregarding these individuals is the absence of an internal circular or notification issued by higher authorities within the Department.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2021-09-01 |title=Medical courses in India reaffirm 'queerphobia', says Madras HC, advises change in curriculum |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1004345/medical-courses-in-india-reaffirm-queerphobia-says-madras-hc-advises-change-in-curriculum |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police|court=[[Madras High Court]]|opinion=Writ Petition No. 7284 of 2021|date=31 August 2021|url=https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_31082021_177.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720171439/https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_31082021_177.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Interim Directions ====<br /> <br /> ===== Complaints regarding Missing Queer Adults =====<br /> On 7 June 2021, the court directed the police that in cases where a complaint is received regarding a missing person, and subsequent investigation reveals that it involves consenting adults from the queer community, the police should promptly close the complaint after obtaining their statements, ensuring that no harassment is inflicted upon them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== Segregation in Prisons =====<br /> On 7 June 2021, the court directed prison authorities to ensure the segregation of transgender and gender nonconforming prisoners from cis-men prisoners to prevent instances of sexual assault.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== Police Conduct Rules =====<br /> On 31 August 2021, the court directed the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|State Government of Tamil Nadu]] to introduce a specific clause in the Police Conduct Rules. This clause specifically targets instances of harassment committed by police officers against individuals from the queer community, as well as activists and NGO workers supporting them. The court stressed that such behavior should be considered misconduct, and officials found responsible for such misconduct must face appropriate punishment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhaumik |first=Aaratrika |date=2021-09-01 |title=Madras High Court Issues Directions To Curb Police Harassment, Insensitive Media Reporting Against LGBTQ + Community, Calls For Change In Queerphobic MBBS Curriculum |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/madras-high-court-lgbtq-community-police-harassment-directions-180682 |access-date=2021-09-13 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== Awareness and Sensitization =====<br /> On 7 June 2021, the court issued directives to the Police and Prison authorities regarding the protection and prevention of offences against the queer community. The court instructed the concerned authorities to regularly organize programs focused on safeguarding and preventing offences targeting the queer community. These programs should include sensitization sessions on the legal rights of the queer community, with an emphasis on raising awareness among police personnel about the offences and penalties defined in the [[Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019|Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act of 2019]], as well as compliance with the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Rules of 2020. The court recommended that outreach programs be conducted by NGOs with community support, prioritizing the identification of challenges faced by the community in their interactions with law enforcement agencies and providing effective assistance and guidance.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Judiciary ===<br /> <br /> ==== Interim Directions ====<br /> On 7 June 2021, the court directed the concerned authorities to conduct awareness programs for Judicial Officers at all levels in coordination with the enlisted NGOs and community support and to provide recommendations to ensure non-discrimination of persons belonging to the queer community.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; On 4 October 2021, the court issued a directive to the Tamil Nadu State Judicial Academy, instructing the academy to organize sensitization programs for judges within the District Judiciary and the Madras High Court.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Management of Support Network and Services ===<br /> <br /> ==== Interim Directions ====<br /> <br /> ===== Support Networks and NGOs =====<br /> On 7 June 2021, the court directed the [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Ministry of Social Justice &amp; Empowerment]] to compile a list of NGOs, including community-based groups, with expertise in addressing the challenges faced by the queer community. This list, along with their addresses, contact details, and services provided, should be published on the official website and periodically updated. The Ministry is required to publish the list within eight weeks of receiving the order. The designated NGOs are responsible for maintaining confidential records of individuals seeking assistance and must provide the Ministry with aggregate data bi-annually.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Additionally, the court recommended that individuals belonging to the queer community who encounter issues should seek assistance from any of the listed NGOs to protect their rights. These organizations should employ appropriate methods, such as counseling, financial support, legal aid through collaboration with the District Legal Services Authority, or cooperation with law enforcement agencies in cases of offenses committed against queer individuals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-07 |title=Madras High Court bans medical attempts to &quot;cure&quot; sexual orientation, issues guidelines for LGBTQIA+ community safety |url=https://www.indialegallive.com/constitutional-law-news/courts-news/madras-high-court-bans-medical-attempts-to-cure-sexual-orientation-issues-guidelines-for-lgbtqia-community-safety/ |access-date=2021-06-08 |website=India Legal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== Short-stay and Shelter Homes =====<br /> On 7 June 2021, the court issued a directive instructing Garima Greh to provide shelter and housing to any member of the queer community in need. Garima Greh, a shelter home specifically designed for transgender people, offers essential amenities like shelter, food, medical care, and recreational facilities and focuses on capacity building and skill development to empower transgender individuals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Physical and Mental Health ===<br /> The petitioners' counsel presented a report by Dr. Trinetra Haldar Gummaraju, which highlights the potential benefits of psychological counseling for individuals and families dealing with queer identity acceptance. However, the report also reveals a concerning aspect, indicating that both psychiatry and psychology have played a role in perpetuating queerphobia. Medical textbooks, unfortunately, contain significant amounts of transphobic and homophobic content, reflecting outdated beliefs. Despite the revision of the medical curriculum by the [[Medical Council of India]] in 2018, it still falls short in modernizing and continues to pathologize queer identities. Specifically, the current curriculum for undergraduate students studying Forensic Medicine in their MBBS labels activities such as sodomy, lesbianism, oral sex, and transvestism (cross-dressing) as sexual offenses and perversions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Furthermore, the petitioners' counsel presented a prescription given by a psychiatrist to an individual who identifies as gay. The doctor prescribed two medicines, including anti-depressants and erectile dysfunction drugs. Additionally, the doctor recommended the person to a psychotherapist for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to address their concerns related to same-sex behavior.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Following the Public Advisory by the [[National Medical Commission]] on 9 June 2023, which urged medical textbook authors to rectify content about virginity and the queer community and advised Medical Education Institutions to align with credible literature, government guidelines, and court rulings before endorsing textbooks, the counsel for the petitioners presented a table revealing offensive and unscientific terms related to the queer community within the CBME-Curriculum's existing competencies. The petitioners' counsel contended that if the National Medical Commission revises the mentioned competencies outlined in their handbook, it would consequently compel medical textbook authors to adjust their publications correspondingly. Furthermore, the petitioners' counsel submitted recommendations for the alteration of these competencies. These suggestions were formulated after consulting a group of doctors and professionals within the field of medicine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Interim Directions ====<br /> <br /> ===== Medical Education =====<br /> On 31 August 2021, the court acknowledged that queerphobia was being perpetuated as acceptable in the education of future doctors, including potential psychiatrists and physicians who might interact with individuals from the queer community. In response, the court directed the [[National Medical Commission]] and [[Indian Psychiatric Society]] to submit a report detailing their proposed measures for addressing this concern through essential revisions in the curriculum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 6 December 2021, the court has issued a directive to the [[National Medical Commission]], urging them to seriously contemplate revising the current competencies within the CBME-Curriculum, which presently incorporates offensive and unscientific terminology concerning the queer community. The basis for this revision stems from the recommendations provided by the petitioners' counsel, which were developed after extensive consultation with a panel of medical doctors and professionals specializing in the field of medicine. The objective of this directive is to compel medical textbook authors to appropriately modify their publications.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== Conversion Therapy =====<br /> On 7 June 2021, the court declared that any attempts to medically &quot;cure&quot; or change the sexual orientation of queer people to heterosexual or the gender identity of transgender people to cisgender should be prohibited. The court directed the [[National Medical Commission]] to take action against professionals involved in any form or method of &quot;conversion therapy,&quot; including the withdrawal of their license to practice.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== Awareness and Sensitization =====<br /> On 7 June 2021, the court directed the Union and State governments to conduct mental health camps and awareness programs to enhance understanding of gender, sexuality, sexual orientation, and promote acceptance of diversity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Education ===<br /> <br /> ==== Interim Directions ====<br /> <br /> ===== Education Policies and Resources =====<br /> On 7 June 2021, the court directed the educational institutes to make necessary amendment to policies and resources to include queer students in all spheres of school and college life.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== Awareness and Sensitization =====<br /> On 7 June 2021, the court directed educational institutes to use the Parent Teachers Association (PTA) meetings to sensitize parents on issues of queer students to ensure supportive families.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ====== Action Plan to Sensitize School Teachers ======<br /> On 6 December 2021, the Court observed that the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT) had developed an Action Plan to sensitize school teachers regarding gender non-conforming children. The Court recognized the pivotal role of teachers as crucial intermediaries between parents and students. It emphasized that this sensitization should be initiated both within schools and homes, as the backing of families is indispensable for the support of these children. The NCERT's comprehensive educational material, meticulously curated through committee research, was designed to provide guidance to teachers on this matter. Regrettably, the material was unexpectedly removed from the NCERT's official website shortly after publication, allegedly due to external pressures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:53&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:63&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Court expressed its puzzlement over the expeditious removal of the material. It posited that grievances should ideally be addressed through proper consultation, rather than resorting to coercive measures against a state-run institution. This incident underscores the continued necessity for ongoing efforts to reform the education system. The Court expressed its optimism that the NCERT comprehends the concerns raised and anticipates a response based on the committee's report. The Court emphasized that dismissing the findings of an expert body solely due to opposition undermines democratic principles, and policy shifts driven by external pressures jeopardize the foundational fabric of the nation.The Court concluded by stating its expectation of receiving a status update from the NCERT on this matter during the next hearing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:53&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:63&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Language ===<br /> The petitioners' counsel highlighted incidents of media misreporting and insensitivity in their coverage of the queer community. Examples included the publication of news articles describing incidents such as:<br /> <br /> {{Text and translation|{{Langx|ta|&quot;ஆண் போல வேடமிட்டுக்கொண்டு தனது தோழியுடன் கணவன் போல வாழ்ந்துவந்த நிலையில் அவர்களை பலகட்ட முயற்சிகளுக்குப் பிறகு போலீசார் மீட்டுள்ளனர்&quot;|italic=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;|A woman disguised as a male and pretended to be in a marriage with her female friend, both of whom were rescued by the police after repeated efforts&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;|}}<br /> <br /> {{Text and translation|{{Langx|ta|&quot;பெண்ணாக இருந்து தனக்காக ஆணாக மாறிய காதல் கணவருடன் செல்ல விருப்பம் தெரிவித்தார்&quot;|italic=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;|She expressed her willingness to be united with her husband who, originally being a female, converted herself into a male for the sake of her partner&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;|}}<br /> <br /> ==== Interim Directions ====<br /> <br /> ===== Media Responsibility and Sensitivity =====<br /> On 31 August 2021, the court observed that media's thoughtless commentary, coupled with dramatic embellishments and music, when &quot;reporting&quot; – though a familiar occurrence in our society – should not become a norm. This coverage not only reflects existing harmful stigmatization of queer community, but also perpetuates it. Phrases like &quot;a woman who became a man&quot; and &quot;a man who became a woman,&quot; which are stigmatizing, inaccurate, and unscientific, rooted in queerphobia, must not be tolerated or entertained any further. It's imperative for journalists to adopt sensitive and inclusive language along the gender spectrum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Given the court's consistent stance to promote self-restraint in matters concerning the press and media, it refrained from issuing directives that could inadvertently encroach upon press freedom. Nevertheless, the court noted the press's substantial responsibility in fostering awareness by delicately reporting on cases. The choice of words must never demean individuals from the queer community. The court has entrusted the press with this responsibility, expecting heightened sensitivity in case reporting, while also ensuring the protection of individuals' identities featured in news articles.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Opinion of the Court ==<br /> On 7 June 2021, the court issued a directive to the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] and [[Government of Tamil Nadu|State Government of Tamil Nadu]], instructing them to collaborate with other Ministries and Departments in formulating measures and policies aimed at eradicating prejudices against the queer community and facilitating their integration into mainstream society. The court recommended comprehensive actions to sensitize society, as well as the different branches of the Union and State governments, including the police and judiciary, with the objective of eliminating biases against the queer community. The court further proposed revising school and university curricula to ensure that students gain a better understanding of the queer community.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|text=Ignorance is no justification for normalizing any form of discrimination.|author=Justice [[N Anand Venkatesh]]|source=7th June 2021}}<br /> <br /> Justice [[N Anand Venkatesh]] emphasized the positive impact of psycho-educative counseling in addressing his personal ignorance and prejudices concerning queer issues. In the judgment, he explicitly stated that the responsibility for change, the burden of unlearning stigma, and the task of understanding the lived experiences of the queer community rests with society rather than solely with queer individuals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tripathi|first=Karan|date=2021-06-07|title=Society Needs to Change, Not the LGBTQIA+ Couples: Madras HC|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/law/society-needs-to-change-not-the-lgbtqia-couples-madras-hc|access-date=2021-06-08|website=TheQuint|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|text=It was I [us], who has to set off on a journey of understanding them and accepting them and shed our notions, and not they who have to turn themselves inside out to suit our notions of social morality and tradition.|author=Justice [[N Anand Venkatesh]]|source=7th June 2021}}<br /> <br /> The court acknowledged the lack of a specific law safeguarding the rights of queer individuals and recognized that it is the duty of the constitutional courts to address this gap by providing appropriate directives. These directions are essential to ensure the protection of queer couples from harassment stemming from stigma and prejudices.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|text=Till the legislature comes up with an enactment, the LGBTQIA+ community cannot be left in a vulnerable atmosphere where there is no guarantee for their protection and safety.|author=Justice [[N Anand Venkatesh]]|source=7th June 2021}}On 6 December 2021, following sudden removal of the Action Plan devised by the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT) for the purpose of sensitizing school teachers to matters concerning gender non-conforming children, the court underscored the importance of expert opinions and research. The court staunchly advocated democratic principles, highlighting the pivotal role played by open discussions and well-informed consultations in the formulation of policies.The court cautioned against succumbing to pressure tactics that could erode the foundation of sound policy-making. It accentuated the potential harm that such practices could inflict upon the nation's integrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:53&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title='Knee-Jerk Reaction': Madras HC Slams NCERT's Removal of Transgender-Inclusive Manual |url=https://thewire.in/lgbtqia/ncert-transgender-manual-madras-high-court |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=The Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:63&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Madras High Court 'dismayed' over taking down of transgender-inclusive manual from NCERT website |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/dec/09/madras-high-court-dismayed-over-taking-down-of-transgender-inclusive-manual-from-ncert-website-2393633.html |access-date=2021-12-10 |website=The New Indian Express|date=9 December 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Blockquote|text=The report of an expert body after a detailed study cannot be dumped just because a handful of persons are opposed to this very idea of recognising persons belonging to the [Queer] Community. In a democratic country like India, discussions and consultations must form the basis for any policy and pressure tactics cannot be allowed to shut down any policy, and if such an attitude is encouraged, it poses a greater danger to the fabric of this nation.|author=Justice [[N Anand Venkatesh]]|source=6th December 2021}}<br /> <br /> == Compliance ==<br /> <br /> === Law Enforcement Agencies ===<br /> <br /> ==== Police Conduct Rules ====<br /> On 29 January 2022, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|State Government of Tamil Nadu]] introduced an amendment to the Tamil Nadu Subordinate Police Officers' Conduct Rules of 1964 by incorporating Rule 24-C.&lt;ref name=&quot;Police Conduct Rules&quot;&gt;{{Cite act|type=General Order (Miscellaneous)|index=52|date=29 January 2022|legislature=[[Government of Tamil Nadu|State Government of Tamil Nadu]] through [[Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise|Department of Home (Police VI)]]|title=Amendment to the Tamil Nadu Subordinate Police Officers' Conduct Rules|url=http://www.stationeryprinting.tn.gov.in/gazette/2022/7_III_1a.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217061235/http://www.stationeryprinting.tn.gov.in/gazette/2022/7_III_1a.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2022-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-18 |title=Tamil Nadu becomes the first state to punish cops for harassing LGBTQIA+ community – The Leaflet |url=https://theleaflet.in/tamil-nadu-set-to-become-the-first-state-to-punish-cops-for-harassing-lgbtqia-community/ |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=theleaflet.in |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|text=No police officer shall indulge in any act of harassment of any person belonging to the LGBTQIA (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, Asexual) + Community and the persons working for the welfare of the said community.&lt;ref name=&quot;Police Conduct Rules&quot; /&gt;|title=Rule 24-C, Tamil Nadu Subordinate Police Officers' Conduct Rules of 1964|source=}}<br /> <br /> The revised conduct rules were officially published in the gazette on 17 February 2022. The accompanying order clarifies that &quot;harassment,&quot; as referred to in this rule, excludes the right of the police to conduct inquiries in accordance with established legal procedures. This landmark amendment makes Tamil Nadu the first state in India to hold law enforcement accountable for harassing the queer community.&lt;ref name=&quot;Police Conduct Rules&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Physical and Mental Health ===<br /> <br /> ==== Medical Education ====<br /> On 24 September 2021, the Undergraduate Medical Education Board of the [[National Medical Commission]] established an Expert Committee to tackle matters concerning the queer community within the MBBS course curriculum, as well as the subject of Virginity Tests in Forensic Medicine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police|court=[[Madras High Court]]|opinion=Writ Petition No. 7284 of 2021|date=6 December 2021|url=https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_06122021_177.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210171142/https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_06122021_177.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 13 October 2021, [[National Medical Commission]] issued an advisory acknowledging that several medical education textbooks, primarily in Forensic Medicine, Toxicology, and Psychiatry, contain unscientific information about virginity and also feature derogatory remarks against the queer community. Subsequently, the National Medical Commission urged all Medical Education Institutions to revise their teaching methodologies for both undergraduate and postgraduate students, ensuring that when addressing gender-related topics, clinical history, symptoms, and examination findings are presented devoid of any potential for derogatory, discriminatory, or offensive implications towards the queer community. Moreover, authors of medical textbooks have been directed to amend content related to virginity and the queer community, ensuring alignment with scientifically credible literature, government guidelines, and court rulings. Additionally, Medical Education Institutions are advised against endorsing books as recommended textbooks if they contain unscientific, derogatory, or discriminatory content concerning virginity and the queer community.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=National Medical Commission |title=Advisory regarding the issue of LGBTQIA+ Community and necessary changes in competencies of CBME curriculum. |date=13 October 2021 |url=https://www.nmc.org.in/MCIRest/open/getDocument?path=/Documents/Public/Portal/LatestNews/Advisory1.pdf |type=Public Advisory |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706074627/https://www.nmc.org.in/MCIRest/open/getDocument?path=/Documents/Public/Portal/LatestNews/Advisory1.pdf |series=NMC/Secy/2021/41/025834 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |author-link=National Medical Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Conversion Therapy ====<br /> On 2 September 2022, [[National Medical Commission]] declared provision of [[conversion therapy]] as an act of professional misconduct. It empowered the State Medical Councils to take disciplinary action against medical professionals if they provide &quot;[[conversion therapy]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Perappadan |first=Bindu Shajan |date=2022-09-02 |title='Conversion therapy' is misconduct, declares National Medical Commission |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nmc-declares-conversion-therapy-to-be-professional-misconduct/article65842557.ece |access-date=2022-09-25 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=6 Sep 2022 |title=NMC warns doctors over conversion therapy to LGBTQ|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/nmc-warns-doctors-over-conversion-therapy-to-lgbtq/articleshow/94013519.cms |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police|court=[[Madras High Court]]|opinion=Writ Petition No. 7284 of 2021|date=2 September 2022|url=https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_02092022_177.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113130657/https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_02092022_177.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Education ===<br /> <br /> ==== Awareness and Sensitization ====<br /> On 6 September 2021, the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT) released a teacher-training manual titled &quot;Inclusion of Transgender Children in School Education: Concerns and Roadmap,&quot; delving into various concepts, including gender identity and fluidity, to foster an inclusive classroom environment where children from diverse gender backgrounds find both a place and acceptance.&lt;ref name=&quot;:53&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:63&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Agrawal |first1=Poonam |title=Inclusion of Transgender Children in School Education: Concerns and Roadmap |url=https://archive.org/details/inclusion-of-transgender-children-in-school-education_202111 |publication-date=6 September 2021 |type=Guidebook |place=New Delhi |publisher=[[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] |last2=Yadav |first2=Mona |last3=Anand |first3=Mily Roy |last4=L |first4=Ramakrishnan |last5=Rajaraman-Kondaiah |first5=Bittu Kaveri |last6=Arora |first6=Manvi |last7=Babu |first7=Priya |last8=Priyadarshini |first8=Astha}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the release of the manual, an article about it was published by the ''[[Firstpost]]'', leading to a mixed response of both appreciation and criticism on Twitter. In response to critique voiced on social media and a complaint lodged with the [[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights]] (NCPCR), the NCPCR sought clarification from the NCERT and urged them to take action to address perceived anomalies in the manual. However, the specific nature of these alleged &quot;anomalies&quot; remains uncertain, and prior to verifying the legitimacy of the complainant's concerns, the NCERT decided to remove the manual from its website due to the public outcry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:53&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:63&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Language ===<br /> <br /> ==== Media Responsibility and Sensitivity ====<br /> On 4 October 2021, the Additional Advocate General for State Government of Tamil Nadu highlighted that a prominent newspaper has taken progressive steps regarding media's role. They organized a seminar, resulting in a commitment to cultivate a queer-friendly environment. Efforts are underway to create style guide for language usage when discussing or reporting on queer community. This initiative extends to training editors and reporters in handling queer stories. The finalized style guide is anticipated to benefit all involved in news reporting, ensuring respectful treatment of queer community without derogatory language.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police|court=[[Madras High Court]]|opinion=Writ Petition No. 7284 of 2021|date=4 October 2021|url=https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_04102021_177.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210163329/https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_04102021_177.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The responsibility of representation |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/sep/27/the-responsibility-of-representation-2364097.html |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=The New Indian Express|date=27 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 9 June 2023, the South Indian news platform &quot;[[The News Minute]]&quot; and the independent publishing house &quot;[[Queer Chennai Chronicles]]&quot; collaboratively launched a style guide, endorsed by the [[Google News Initiative]], titled &quot;Inqlusive Newsrooms LGBTQIA+ Media Reference Guide.&quot; This comprehensive style guide is currently undergoing translation into Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Hindi, and Marathi languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-12 |title=Inqlusive Newsrooms LGBTQIA+ Media Reference Guide by TNM &amp; QCC launched |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/inqlusive-newsrooms-lgbtqia-media-reference-guide-tnm-qcc-launched-178360 |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |publisher=[[The News Minute]] and [[Queer Chennai Chronicles]] |title=Inqlusive Newsrooms LGBTQIA+ Media Reference Guide |url=https://www.news-inq.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Inqlusive-Newsrooms-LGBTQIA-Media-Reference-Guide-English-2023-e1.pdf |type=Style Guide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813221538/https://www.news-inq.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Inqlusive-Newsrooms-LGBTQIA-Media-Reference-Guide-English-2023-e1.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Subsequent Cases ==<br /> <br /> === XYZ v. State of Maharashtra ===<br /> {{Main|XYZ v. State of Maharashtra}}<br /> A division bench of the [[Bombay High Court]], consisting of Justices Revati Mohite-Dere and Gauri Godse, presided over a plea filed by a lesbian couple.The couple sought directives from the authorities to secure suitable protection for one of them, while also requesting that no coercive measures be taken against the petitioner. During the proceedings, the bench referred to the guidelines established in the case of ''S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police'', aimed at protecting same-sex couples from police harassment, and the directives within the same case for the State Government of Tamil Nadu to implement sensitization programs across different departments in the State.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-07-28 |title=HC asks IG Prisons to suggest measures to end discrimination of LGBTQIA+ individuals in prisons |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/hc-asks-ig-prisons-to-suggest-measures-to-end-discrimination-of-lgbtqia-individuals-in-prisons/article67131436.ece |access-date=2023-08-15 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=LGBTQIA+ community cases: HC suggests panel to form guidelines on sensitising police, Maharashtra says will consider |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/lgbtqia-community-cases-will-consider-panel-to-form-guidelines-on-sensitising-police-maharashtra-tells-hc-8888209/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[LGBT rights in India]]<br /> * [[XYZ v. State of Maharashtra|XYZ v. State of Maharashtra (2023)]]<br /> * [[Poonam Rani v. State of Uttar Pradesh|Poonam Rani v. State of Uttar Pradesh (2021)]]<br /> * [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> === Court orders ===<br /> * {{Cite court|litigants=S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police|court=[[Madras High Court]]|opinion=Writ Petition No 7284 of 2021|date=7 June 2021|url=https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_07062021_177.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607064921/https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_07062021_177.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}<br /> * {{Cite court|litigants=S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police|court=[[Madras High Court]]|opinion=Writ Petition No. 7284 of 2021|date=31 August 2021|url=https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_31082021_177.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720171439/https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_31082021_177.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}<br /> * {{Cite court|litigants=S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police|court=[[Madras High Court]]|opinion=Writ Petition No. 7284 of 2021|date=4 October 2021|url=https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_04102021_177.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210163329/https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_04102021_177.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}<br /> * {{Cite court|litigants=S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police|court=[[Madras High Court]]|opinion=Writ Petition No. 7284 of 2021|date=6 December 2021|url=https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_06122021_177.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210171142/https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_06122021_177.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}<br /> * {{Cite court|litigants=S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police|court=[[Madras High Court]]|opinion=Writ Petition No. 7284 of 2021|date=2 September 2022|url=https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_02092022_177.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113130657/https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_02092022_177.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}<br /> <br /> === Newsrooms Style Guide ===<br /> <br /> * {{Citation |publisher=[[The News Minute]] and [[Queer Chennai Chronicles]] |title=Inqlusive Newsrooms LGBTQIA+ Media Reference Guide |url=https://www.news-inq.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Inqlusive-Newsrooms-LGBTQIA-Media-Reference-Guide-English-2023-e1.pdf |type=Style Guide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813221538/https://www.news-inq.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Inqlusive-Newsrooms-LGBTQIA-Media-Reference-Guide-English-2023-e1.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2023}}<br /> <br /> === Teacher Training Guide ===<br /> <br /> *{{Citation |last1=Agrawal |first1=Poonam |title=Inclusion of Transgender Children in School Education: Concerns and Roadmap |url=https://archive.org/details/inclusion-of-transgender-children-in-school-education_202111 |publication-date=6 September 2021 |type=Guidebook |place=New Delhi |publisher=[[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] |last2=Yadav |first2=Mona |last3=Anand |first3=Mily Roy |last4=L |first4=Ramakrishnan |last5=Rajaraman-Kondaiah |first5=Bittu Kaveri |last6=Arora |first6=Manvi |last7=Babu |first7=Priya |last8=Priyadarshini |first8=Astha}}<br /> {{LGBT Rights Case Law in India|state=expanded}}{{LGBT in India|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police}}<br /> [[Category:LGBTQ rights in India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights case law]]<br /> [[Category:2021 in case law]]<br /> [[Category:2021 in Indian law]]<br /> [[Category:2021 in LGBTQ history]]<br /> [[Category:Legality of conversion therapy]]<br /> [[Category:High courts of India cases]]<br /> [[Category:Madras High Court]]<br /> [[Category:2022 in Indian law]]<br /> [[Category:2023 in Indian law]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th_Infantry_Division_(India)&diff=481602 2025-11-04T00:19:17Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Adding a details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Infantry Division of the Indian army during World War II}}<br /> {{for|the World War I formation|10th Indian Division}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=June 2016}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox military unit<br /> | unit_name = 10th Infantry Division<br /> | image = 10th Indian Division ww2.svg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = Insignia of the 10th Infantry Division in the Second World War &lt;ref&gt;Cole p, 80&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | dates = 1941–1947&lt;br&gt;1965–present<br /> | country = {{flagicon|British Raj}} [[British Raj|British India]]&lt;br&gt;{{flag|India}}<br /> | allegiance = {{flag|British Empire}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|India}}<br /> | branch = [[File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg|25px]] [[British Indian Army]]&lt;br&gt;[[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]<br /> | type = [[Infantry]]<br /> | role = <br /> | size = [[Division (military)|Division]]<br /> | command_structure = <br /> | garrison = [[Akhnoor]]<br /> &lt;!-- Commanders --&gt;| current_commander = <br /> | ceremonial_chief = <br /> | colonel_of_the_regiment = <br /> | notable_commanders = [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|William Slim]]&lt;br&gt;[[Wilfrid Lewis Lloyd|Wilfrid Lloyd]]&lt;br&gt;[[Denys Whitehorn Reid|Denys Reid]]<br /> &lt;!-- Culture and history --&gt;| nickname = Crossed Swords Division<br /> | patron = <br /> | motto = <br /> | colors = <br /> | march = <br /> | mascot = <br /> | battles = [[World War II]]<br /> * [[Anglo-Iraqi War]]<br /> * [[Syria–Lebanon campaign]]<br /> * [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]]<br /> * [[Western Desert campaign]]<br /> * [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]]<br /> [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]<br /> *[[Operation Grand Slam]]<br /> [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]<br /> *[[Battle of Chumb]]<br /> | anniversaries = <br /> | decorations = <br /> | battle_honours = [[Western Desert Campaign|North Africa]]&lt;br&gt;[[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italy]]<br /> }}<br /> The '''10 RAPID Division (erstwhile 10 Inf Division)''' was a war formed [[infantry]] [[Division (military)|division]] of the [[Indian Army during World War&amp;nbsp;II]]. In four years, the division travelled over {{convert|4000|mi|km}} from [[Tehran]] to [[Trieste]], fought three small wars, and fought two great campaigns: the [[Anglo-Iraqi War]], the [[Syria–Lebanon campaign|Invasion of Syria–Lebanon]], the [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]], the [[North African Campaign]], and the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]].<br /> <br /> After the [[partition of India]], the division was allocated to the [[Pakistan Army]]. The Pakistani 10 Infantry Division is part of the [[IV Corps (Pakistan)|IV Corps]] and is located in [[Lahore]]. The division was re-raised on 1 April 1965 as part of the independent [[Indian Army]] at [[Bangalore]] and [[Belgaum]] in [[Karnataka]] as '''10 Mountain Division'''.{{sfn|Renaldi|Rikhye|2011|p=42}}&lt;ref name=&quot;GJ&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/hq-10-infantry-division/|title=Golden Jubilee – HQ, 10 Infantry Division|date=2015-04-01|access-date=2021-10-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harbaksh&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Harbaksh |title=War Despatches: Indo-Pak Conflict 1965|date=2012|publisher= Lancer Publishers LLC|isbn=978-8170621171|page=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==World War II==<br /> The division was formed in January 1941 at [[Ahmednagar]], out of the [[20th Indian Infantry Brigade|20th]], [[21st Indian Infantry Brigade|21st]] and [[25th Indian Infantry Brigade]]s. The first General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the division was [[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] [[William Archibald Kenneth Fraser|W.A.K. Fraser]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GJ&quot;/&gt; The division landed in [[Basra]] in April for the [[Anglo-Iraqi War]]. On 16 May 1941 Major General [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|William &quot;Bill&quot; Slim]] took over command of the division and moved up the [[Euphrates]], capturing [[Baghdad]] and the oilfields of [[Mosul]]. When Iraq's ally [[Nazi Germany]] relocated its aircraft to Vichy French [[Syria]], the 10th [[Syria-Lebanon Campaign|invaded]] Syria from Iraq in June. The 21st Brigade advanced towards [[Aleppo]], while the 20th and 25th Brigades guarded the communication lines and the Mosul oilfield, respectively. Following the French surrender on 11 July, the division returned to guard duty in Mosul. In August, the division took part in the joint [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]]. At the conclusion of the Iranian operation, it returned to Iraq, where it underwent additional training and undertook security duties until May 1942.{{sfn|Kavanagh|2014|pp=47–48}} In March 1942, command of the division passed from Slim to Major General [[Thomas Wynford Rees|Thomas &quot;Pete&quot; Rees]] when Slim was ordered to India to take command of [[Burma Corps]], the kernel that would eventually become the [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|British Fourteenth Army]].&lt;ref&gt;Slim William. ''Defeat into Victory'' p. 19&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Clement Attlee meets representatives of the 10th Indian Division, 1945 (c).jpg|thumb|left|[[Clement Attlee]] meets representatives of the [[10th Indian Division]], 1945.]]<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|We had scrambled thought skirmishes of the Iraq rebellion, been bloodied, but not too deeply, against the French in Syria, and enjoyed the unrestrainedly ''opéra bouffe'' of the invasion of Persia. We had bought our beer in Haifa and drunk it on the shores of the Caspian. We could move, we could fight, and we had begun to build up that most valuable of all assets a tradition of success. We had a good soldierly conceit of ourselves. Now in March 1942, in spite of dust storms&amp;nbsp;...it was stimulating to be in what we all felt was a critical spot, waiting for the threatened German invasion of Turkey.|Slim – ''Defeat into Victory''&lt;ref&gt;Slim William. ''Defeat into Victory'' p. 3&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> The division then moved on to [[North Africa]], reaching [[Halfaya Pass]] on 4 June to take part in the [[Western Desert Campaign]].{{sfn|Kavanagh|2014|p=48}} Initially the 10th Indian Infantry Division was committed piecemeal with units involved at [[El Adem]] and Sidi Rezegh during the 1942 [[Battle of Gazala]]. In June the division, with the [[2nd Free French Brigade]] under command, was ordered by [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]] [[William Gott]], the [[XIII Corps (United Kingdom)|XIII&amp;nbsp;Corps]] commander, to hold a position near the Egyptian border with Libya for 72 hours during the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British Eighth Army]]'s retreat to El Alamein. Major General Rees responded that the division had only just concentrated and that defensive works were as yet inadequate. He believed, therefore, that the division was unlikely to be able to withstand a full-scale attack from [[Erwin Rommel]]. Gott immediately visited Rees and relieved him of command of the division, telling him he lacked resolution.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mead373&quot;&gt;Mead (2007), p. 373&lt;/ref&gt; During its retreat from Libya, the division was tasked with defending the coastal town of [[Mersa Matruh]]. In the ensuing battle it was overwhelmed and forced to retreat. 60% of the men evaded capture, reaching the Allied lines at [[El Alamein]] the following day. Most of the survivors were sent to the [[Nile Delta]] to recover. However, part of the division formed the improvised Robcol formation (comprising a regiment each of field artillery and light anti-aircraft artillery and a company of infantry), which held the [[Ruweisat Ridge]] between 2–3 July during the [[First Battle of El Alamein]].{{sfn|Kavanagh|2014|p=48}}<br /> <br /> [[File:The British Army in the Middle East 1942 E10780.jpg|thumb|right|The Commander in Chief, [[General Auchinleck]], inspecting Bren gun carrier crews of the Indian Tenth Army in [[Iraq]], 18 April 1942.]]<br /> <br /> [[File:The British Army in Italy 1944 NA17069.jpg|thumb|left|The 10th Indian Division in [[Italy]], 22 July 1944.]]<br /> <br /> In August, command passed to Major General [[Alan Bruce Blaxland]] while the division was sent to [[Cyprus]] with the responsibility of protecting the island. In July 1943, Major General [[Wilfrid Lewis Lloyd]] took command. In August, the 10th had relocated to the Middle East, now incorporating the 1st Greek Brigade, composed of royalist Greek and [[Yugoslavia]]n troops along with the 20th and 25th Indian Brigades. During the summer it underwent training for a planned invasion of [[Rhodes]], but the Allied defeat in the [[Dodecanese campaign]] put an end to those plans. In November it was placed on security duty in [[Lebanon]]. On 27 November, it began training for amphibious assault and mountain warfare in preparation for its role in the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]].{{sfn|Kavanagh|2014|pp=48–51}} In January 1944, Lloyd was killed in a car accident while overseeing a training exercise in Egypt; command passed to Major General [[Denys Whitehorn Reid]].{{sfn|Kavanagh|2014|p=57}}<br /> <br /> On 9 March 1944, the division was ordered to transfer to the Italian front. On 22 April, it relieved the [[1st Canadian Division]] at the [[Ortona]] sector, which it held along with the [[4th Infantry Division (India)|4th Indian Infantry Division]]. There it engaged in frequent patrols to prevent the enemy from sending reinforcement to the ongoing [[Battle of Monte Cassino]]. On 4 June, the division was moved to [[Venafro]] where it continued its training in mountain and urban warfare. The division returned to the front lines on 28 June, replacing the [[8th Infantry Division (India)|8th Indian Infantry Division]]. Advancing through the [[Tiber Valley]], the division occupied [[Umbertide]] on 2 July. Taking advantage of its training in mountain warfare, it went on to take [[Città di Castello]] and [[Montone]], infiltrating deep into Axis positions and striking from the flanks and the rear. By 1 August, the division's vanguard had reached the north of the Tiber river's basin. Further advance was blocked by the [[Casentino|Alpe di Catenaia]] heights, a solid block of ridges and peaks that could only be taken by a set piece assault. On 4 August, troops belonging to the 10th Division captured Monte Altuccia; two days later the Regina height was occupied. It was abandoned as the division had to replace the 4th Indian Infantry Division on its former front line sector which spanned {{convert|15|miles|km}}. On 19 August, the Alpe di Catenaia heights were finally overtaken by the 3/1st Punjabis. On 17 September, the unit was transferred to the Adriatic in an effort to penetrate the [[Gothic Line]].{{sfn|Kavanagh|2014|pp=60–70}}<br /> <br /> Numerous mountain battles and river crossings followed with ''Operation Olive'' on the Gothic Line and then [[Spring 1945 offensive in Italy|Operation Grapeshot]]. The 10th Indian Infantry Division earned many battle honours and decorations and suffered many casualties before final victory in Italy and the [[end of World War&amp;nbsp;II in Europe]] in May 1945. Security tasks on the Yugoslav border around [[Trieste]] completed the 10th Indian Division's war service.<br /> <br /> The division was disbanded in January 1947; its last wartime commander, Major-General Reid, continuing to command it for the two years after the war.<br /> <br /> ===Divisional commanders===<br /> From&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=10 Indian Infantry Division Appointments|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/Units/UnitAppointments?UniX=1411|website=Orders of Battle|access-date=7 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{div col|colwidth=25em}}<br /> * Major-General [[William Archibald Kenneth Fraser|W.A.K. Fraser]] (January 1941 to May 1941)<br /> * Major-General [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|William Slim]] (May 1941 to March 1942)<br /> * Major-General [[Thomas Wynford Rees|T.W. Rees]] (March 1942 to June 1942)<br /> * Major-General [[John Nichols (British Army officer)|J.S. Nichols]] (June 1942 to July 1942)<br /> * Major-General [[Alan Bruce Blaxland|A.B. Blaxland]] (July 1942 to July 1943)<br /> * Major-General [[Wilfrid Lewis Lloyd|W.L. Lloyd]] (July 1943 to January 1944)<br /> * Major-General [[Denys Whitehorn Reid|D.W. Reid]] (January 1944 to 1947, retired mid-1947)<br /> {{Div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==Order of battle==<br /> [[File:The British Army in Italy 1945 NA21748.jpg|thumb|A patrol from No. 8 Platoon, 'C' Company of the 2nd Battalion, [[3 Gorkha Rifles|3rd Gurkha Rifles]] advances cautiously through the snow, near Castel Bolognese, Italy, 23–24 January 1945.]]<br /> <br /> ===1941===<br /> Prior to its piecemeal dispatch to Iraq, April 1941&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=10th Indian Division 15/04/1941|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/Units/UnitOrderofBattle?UniX=1411&amp;OobDate=15%2F04%2F1941|website=Orders of Battle|access-date=7 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308235304/http://www.ordersofbattle.com/Units/UnitOrderofBattle?UniX=1411&amp;OobDate=15%2F04%2F1941|archive-date=8 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{div col|colwidth=20em}}<br /> * [[20th Indian Infantry Brigade]]<br /> ** 2nd Battalion, [[8th Gorkha Rifles|8th Gurkha Rifles]]<br /> ** 2nd Battalion, [[7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles]]<br /> ** 3rd Battalion, [[11th Sikh Regiment]]<br /> * [[21st Indian Infantry Brigade]]<br /> ** 2nd Battalion, [[10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles|10th Gurkha Rifles]]<br /> ** 2nd Battalion, [[4 Gorkha Rifles|4th Gurkha Rifles]]<br /> ** 4th Battalion, [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]]<br /> * [[24th Indian Infantry Brigade]]<br /> ** 2nd Battalion, [[6th Rajputana Rifles]]<br /> ** [[Kumaon Regiment|The Kumaon Rifles]]<br /> ** 5th Battalion, [[5th Mahratta Light Infantry]]<br /> * [[25th Indian Infantry Brigade]]<br /> ** 1st Battalion, 5th Mahratta Light Infantry<br /> ** 2nd Battalion, 11th Sikh Regiment<br /> ** 3rd Battalion, [[9th Jat Regiment]]<br /> * Division Troops<br /> ** [[6th Lancers (Pakistan)#6th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers (Watson's Horse)|6th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers]]<br /> * [[Royal Artillery]]<br /> ** 3rd Field Regiment<br /> ** 157th Field Regiment<br /> * Indian Engineers<br /> ** 9th and 61st Field Companies [[Madras Engineer Group|Queen Victoria's Own Madras Sappers and Miners]]<br /> ** 41st Field Park Company Queen Victoria's Own Madras Sappers and Miners<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ===1944===<br /> Italy, March 1944 – June 1945&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Palmer|first1=Rob|title=10 Indian Division (1944–1945)|url=https://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/docs-italy-1943-1945-indian-divisions/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819124647/https://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/docs-italy-1943-1945-indian-divisions/|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2020|website=British Military History|access-date=6 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{div col|colwidth=20em}}<br /> * [[10th Indian Infantry Brigade]]<br /> ** 1st Battalion, [[2nd Punjab Regiment]] ''(until 29 August 1944)''<br /> ** [[List of battalions of the Durham Light Infantry#Second World War|1st Battalion]], [[Durham Light Infantry]] ''(from May 1944)''<br /> ** 4th Battalion, [[10th Baluch Regiment]]<br /> ** 2nd Battalion, [[4th Prince of Wales's Own Gurkha Rifles]]<br /> * 20th Indian Infantry Brigade<br /> ** 8th Battalion, [[Manchester Regiment]] ''(until Oct 1944)''<br /> ** 1st Battalion, 2nd Punjab Regiment ''(from Oct 1944 to May 1945)''<br /> ** 2nd Battalion, [[Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire)]] ''(from May 1945)''<br /> ** 3rd Battalion, 5th Mahratta Light Infantry<br /> ** 2nd Battalion, [[3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles]]<br /> * 25th Indian Infantry Brigade<br /> ** 1st Battalion, [[King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)]]<br /> ** 3rd Battalion, [[1st Punjab Regiment]]<br /> ** 3rd Battalion, [[18th Royal Garhwal Rifles]]<br /> ** 4th Battalion, 11th Sikh Regiment ''(from January 1945)''<br /> ** [[Royal Yugoslav Guards Battalion]] ''(from June 1943 to March 1944)''<br /> * Division troops<br /> ** [[1st Duke of York's Own Lancers (Skinner's Horse)|1st Duke of York's Own Skinner's Horse]] (Divisional Reconnaissance Regiment)<br /> ** 10th Indian Division Signals<br /> ** [[List of Royal Northumberland Fusiliers battalions in World War II#1|1st Battalion]], [[Royal Northumberland Fusiliers]] ''(Machine Gun Battalion)''<br /> * Royal Artillery<br /> ** [[68th (South Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ** [[97th (Kent Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ** [[154th (Leicestershire Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery]]<br /> ** 13th Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery<br /> ** 30th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery ''(left November 1944)''<br /> * Indian Engineers<br /> ** 5th Field Company [[King George V's Own Bengal Sappers and Miners|King George's Own Bengal Sappers and Miners]]<br /> ** 10th and 61st Field Companies Queen Victoria's Own Madras Sappers and Miners<br /> ** 41st Field Park Company King George's Own Bengal Sappers and Miners<br /> * Support Units<br /> ** [[Royal Indian Army Service Corps]]<br /> *** 10th Indian Division Troops Transport Company<br /> *** 10th, 20th and 25th Brigade Transport Companies<br /> *** 27th Animal Transport Company (Mule)<br /> ** [[Indian Army Medical Corps]]<br /> *** 14th, 21st and 30th Indian Field Ambulances<br /> *** 12th Indian Field Hygiene Section<br /> ** Corps of Military Police (India)<br /> *** 10th Indian Division Provost Unit<br /> ** Indian Army Ordnance Corps<br /> *** 10th Indian Division Ordnance Field Park<br /> ** Indian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (IEME)<br /> *** 125th, 126th and 127th Infantry Workshop Companies<br /> *** 10th Indian Division Recovery Company<br /> ** Indian General Service Corps<br /> *** 10th Indian Divisional Field Post Office<br /> *** 53rd Indian Field Post Office<br /> ** Intelligence Corps (India)<br /> *** 5th and 407th Indian Field Security Sections<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==Assigned brigades==<br /> In addition to those listed above the following brigades were assigned or attached to the division for relatively short times during World War II.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=2015-12-07|publisher=Orders of Battle|title=10 Indian Infantry Division Subordinate units|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/Units/UnitSubordinates?UniX=1411}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{div col|colwidth=25em}}<br /> * [[1st Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|1st Armoured Brigade]] ''(1–5 June 1942)''<br /> * [[2nd Indian Armoured Brigade]] ''(Aug–Dec 1942)''<br /> * [[7th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Brigade]] ''(Nov 1944 – Jan 1945)''<br /> * [[9th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|9th Armoured Brigade]] ''(Sept 1941)''<br /> * [[252nd Indian Armoured Brigade]] ''(Jan 1942)''<br /> * [[1st Armoured Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|1st Guards Brigade]] ''(2–5 June 1942)''<br /> * [[5th Indian Infantry Brigade]] ''(Jun–Jul 1942)''<br /> * [[15th Indian Infantry Brigade]] ''(Feb–Mar 1941)''<br /> * [[17th Indian Infantry Brigade]] ''(Jul–Aug 1941)''<br /> * [[18th Indian Infantry Brigade]] ''(Jun 1942)''<br /> * [[43rd Independent Gurkha Infantry Brigade|43rd (Lorried) Indian Infantry Brigade]] ''(Oct–Dec 1944)''<br /> * [[234th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|234th Infantry Brigade]] ''(Aug–Sept 1943)''<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==Post re-raising==<br /> [[File:Flag of Indian Army, 10th Infantry Division.png|thumb|right|Flag of 10 Infantry Division, Indian Army]]<br /> Soon after re-raising, with war clouds looming, the division under Major General Dharam Bir Chopra was moved to [[Chhamb]]-[[Jourian]] sector under [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]]. Before it could settle down in its new location, the division was asked to move to the [[Akhnoor]] sector. The division at this time was re-designated as '''10 Infantry Division'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;GJ&quot;/&gt; It was asked to take over operational command over 80 and 191 Infantry Brigades by 15 September 1965.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harbaksh&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Indo-Pakistani War of 1965==<br /> ;Order of battle (ORBAT), as of 3 September 1965&lt;ref name=&quot;Harbaksh&quot;/&gt;<br /> {{div col|colwidth=30em}}<br /> * '''191 Infantry Brigade'''<br /> ** 6 [[Sikh Light Infantry]]<br /> ** 15 [[Kumaon Regiment|Kumaon]]<br /> ** 3 [[Mahar Regiment|Mahar]]<br /> ** 3 [[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry|Jammu and Kashmir Militia]]<br /> ** 3 Punjab Armed Police<br /> ** 6/[[5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)|5 Gorkha Rifles]]<br /> ** 9 [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab]] (relieved 6/5 Gorkha Rifles on 1 September 1965)<br /> ** 14 Field Regiment<br /> ** 1 troop Medium Battery<br /> ** 6 [[Rajput Regiment|Rajput]] (from 163 Mountain Brigade)<br /> * '''28 Infantry Brigade''' (initially XV Corps reserve, part of 10 Division from 3 September 1965)<br /> ** 2 [[The Grenadiers|Grenadiers]]<br /> ** 5/[[8th Gorkha Rifles|8 Gorkha Rifles]]<br /> ** 1/[[1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)|1 Gorkha Rifles]]<br /> ** 161 Field Regiment<br /> * '''41 Mountain Brigade'''<br /> ** 9 [[Mahar Regiment|Mahar]]<br /> ** 1/[[8th Gorkha Rifles|8 Gorkha Rifles]]<br /> * 'C' Squadron [[20 Lancers (India)|20 Lancers]]<br /> * 38 Medium Regiment (1 battery)<br /> * 39 Medium Regiment (1 battery)<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> Prior to the main operations, close to 1200 Pakistani irregulars infiltrated into this sector on 5 August 1965 as part of ''[[Operation Gibraltar]]''. They captured a large number of posts along the Kalidhar and Nathua-Tibba-Laleali ridges. On 1 September 1965, as part of ''[[Operation Grand Slam]]'', Pakistani forces launched an offensive in Akhnoor sector with three infantry brigades, two armoured regiments (with [[M48 Patton]]s and [[M36 tank destroyer|M-36]] Sherman B-2 tank destroyers) and artillery support.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jogindar1993&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Jogindar|title=Behind the Scene: An Analysis of India's Military Operations, 1947–1971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=toheLRVgjLsC&amp;pg=PA117|year=1993|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-1-897829-20-2|page=117}}&lt;/ref&gt; This attack overwhelmed the two forward companies of 15 Kumaon and came to striking distance of HQ, 191 Infantry Brigade. An urgent request for air support proved counter-productive, as it did little damage to the enemy, but took a heavy toll due to friendly fire.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harbaksh&quot;/&gt; The AMX squadron of 20 Lancers put up a gallant fight, avoiding a disaster.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jagjit&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Jagjit|title=Indian Gunners at War: The Western Front 1971|date=1994|publisher= Spantech &amp; Lancer|isbn=978-1897829554|page=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In face of the overwhelming Pakistani attack, the XV Corps headquarters pushed in 6 Rajput, 20 Lancers and 28 Infantry Brigade. 191 Brigade was asked to partially withdraw to Akhnoor during the night of 1 September 1965 and tasked for its defence. On 2 September 1965, 41 Brigade was asked to occupy Jourian-Troti area with support from 20 Lancers, 161 Field Regiment and a battery of 38 Medium Regiment. On 3 September, Pakistani armour mounted a major attack on Jourian. As the Indian defence was unlikely to withstand the attack, 28 Infantry Division was placed under the command of the division and rushed in. During the night of 4 September, 41 Division withdrew to Akhnoor, with the newly raised 161 Field Regiment abandoning its guns.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harbaksh&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jagjit&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In Kalidhar, in spite of heavy shelling, 28 Infantry Brigade maintained a good defence and repulsed the attack. Meanwhile, the offence by [[XI Corps (India)|XI Corps]] in [[Lahore]] and [[I Corps (India)|I Corps]] in [[Sialkot]], forced the Pakistani Army to pull back a major part of armour and artillery along with an infantry brigade from the Chhamb sector. Taking this opportunity, a counter-offensive was planned on the night of 6 September. The offensive though did not make much headway because of intense artillery and tank fire. The plans were revised and subsequent attacks were made on 9 and 10 September. 2 Grenadiers suffered heavy casualties. 41 Mountain Brigade was moved out of the sector to XI Corps zone on 10 September, taking away the Division's striking potential. The battle in the sector shifted north. 6 Sikh Light Infantry captured Point 3776, which gave the Indian troops domination of the Kalidhar ridge. 1/1 Gorkha Rifles captured Point 2357 on 14 September and Manani on 18 September. 3 Kumaon assaulted Gulaba Chappar on 17 September causing heavy enemy casualties, but its attack on Keri NW 7473 was not successful.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harbaksh&quot;/&gt; The Kumaonis, under Major D.N. Singh were able to successfully attack the Pakistani position at Keri, overwhelming it after a fierce hand-to-hand fight, but the intrusion further was successfully halted and a counterattack followed by accurate artillery fire repulsed the Battalion.<br /> Despite being a nascent formation, the division had acquitted itself well and was awarded six [[Maha Vir Chakra]]s and fourteen [[Vir Chakra]]s during the war.&lt;ref name=&quot;GJ&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Indo-Pakistani War of 1971==<br /> ;ORBAT&lt;ref name=&quot;Gill 2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Gill|first=JH|title=An Atlas Of 1971 India Pakistan War – Creation of Bangladesh|date=2003|publisher=National Defense University, Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies|pages=84–85}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/review-of-battle-of-chamb-1971/|title=Review of Battle of Chamb 1971|date=2021-04-04|access-date=2021-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{div col|colwidth=20em}}<br /> * [[9th Deccan Horse|Deccan Horse (9 Horse)]]<br /> * 51 [[Border Security Force|BSF]]<br /> * 57 [[Border Security Force|BSF]]<br /> * '''28 Infantry Brigade''' (Brigadier MV Natu)<br /> ** 5 [[Rajput Regiment|Rajput]]<br /> ** 2 [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]]<br /> ** 7 [[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry|Jammu and Kashmir Militia]]<br /> ** 8 [[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry|Jammu and Kashmir Militia]]<br /> * '''191 Infantry Brigade''' (Brigadier RK Jasbir Singh)<br /> ** 5 [[Sikh Regiment|Sikh]]<br /> ** 5 [[Assam Regiment|Assam]]<br /> ** 10 [[Garhwal Rifles]]<br /> ** 4/[[1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)|1 Gorkha Rifles]]<br /> * '''68 Infantry Brigade''' (Brigadier RT Morlin)<br /> ** 7 [[Kumaon Regiment|Kumaon]]<br /> ** 9 [[Jat Regiment|Jat]]<br /> ** 5/[[8th Gorkha Rifles|8 Gorkha Rifles]]<br /> ** 3/[[4th Gorkha Rifles|4 Gorkha Rifles]]<br /> * '''52 Infantry Brigade''' (Brigadier KK Nayyer)<br /> ** 16 [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab]]<br /> ** 7 [[Garhwal Rifles]]<br /> ** 3/[[4th Gorkha Rifles|4 Gorkha Rifles]] (detached to 68 Brigade)<br /> * '''3 Independent Armoured Brigade''' (Brigadier BS Irani)<br /> ** [[72nd Armoured Regiment (India)|72 Armoured Regiment]]<br /> ** 2 Independent Armoured Squadron (from 21 Horse)<br /> ** [[8th Light Cavalry|8 Light Cavalry]] (detached)<br /> ** [[Central Indian Horse]] (21 Horse) (detached)<br /> ** 7 [[The Grenadiers|Grenadiers]] (detached)<br /> * '''10 Artillery Brigade''' (Brigadier K Srinivasan) and other artillery units&lt;ref name=&quot;Jagjit&quot;/&gt; <br /> ** 12 Field Regiment<br /> ** 18 Field Regiment<br /> ** [[81 Medium Regiment (India)|81 Field Regiment]]<br /> ** 39 Medium Regiment<br /> ** 216 Medium Regiment<br /> ** [[861 Missile Regiment (India)|86 Light Regiment]]<br /> ** 127 Divisional Locating Battery<br /> ** [[151 Air Defence Regiment (India)|151 Air Defence Regiment]] (1 troop)<br /> * Engineers<br /> ** 101 Field Company<br /> ** 102 Field Company<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | direction = vertical<br /> | width = 305<br /> | header = War memorials of the Crossed Swords Division<br /> | image1 = Crossed swords 1.jpg<br /> | alt1 =<br /> | caption1 =<br /> | image2 = Crossed swords 2.jpg<br /> | alt2 =<br /> | caption2 =<br /> | image3 = Crossed swords 3.jpg<br /> | alt3 =<br /> | caption3 =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The division was commanded by Major General Jaswant Singh during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 war]]. In addition to the above units, the division had a para commando group from 9 [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Para]] and a company of guided missiles from 12 [[Brigade of the Guards|Guards]]. The division was tasked to defend the [[Chhamb]]-[[Jourian]] sector and also attack across the border. In addition to its regular brigades (28, 52 and 191); 68 Infantry Brigade, which was the XV Corps reserve brigade in the Kashmir valley was earmarked as its fourth brigade. 191 Brigade was moved to Chhamb, 68 Brigade was kept as reserve at Akhnoor, while the other infantry brigades and armoured elements were at Kalit-Troti. Anticipating the onset of a Pakistani attack, 52 Brigade was deployed in the area Nawan Harimpur, 28 Brigade on the Kalidhar range and 68 Brigade to the Troti heights. Across the border was the Pakistani 23 Infantry Division commanded by Major General [[Iftikhar Khan Janjua|Iftikhar Janjua]] with its 20, 111, 66, 4 (POK) and 7 (POK) Infantry Brigades and 2 (Independent) Armoured Brigade.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jagjit&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Pakistani forces with their numerical superiority and geographical advantage went for the offensive. On the night of 3 December 1971, Pakistani artillery started shelling the Indian defences of 191 Infantry Brigade, followed by the infantry and armour attack on 4 December.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://salute.co.in/the-chhamb-battle/|title=The Chhamb Battle|date=2014-08-01|access-date=2021-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; The latter was blunted by the tanks of Deccan Horse and 5 Sikh with their [[Recoilless rifle|recoilless guns]]. The Pakistani forces continued with their attack in the north through Sukhtao Nullah and captured Mandiala North by mid-day of 4 December, a position which they consolidated by the evening of the same day. 6 and 11 POK Brigades managed to cross the [[Manawar Tawi River]], but ran straight into an Indian medium artillery regiment, which inflicted heavy casualties to them. Five Indian guns were damaged. An attempt by Pakistani tanks to cross the river was thwarted by the Indian armour and 5 Pakistani tanks were destroyed. The Pakistanis withdrew across the river. A counter-attack by a Gorkha company led to re-capture of the Mandiala bridge on the morning of 5 December. By the evening, Pakistani forces regrouped and attacked Ghogi, Barsala and Point 951 between Chhamb and Manawar and managed to capture Gurha and Mandiala South in the north. On the night of 6 December, the division decided to withdraw and stabilise the defence line to the eastern bank of the Manawar Tawi river. The retreating forces blew up the Mandiala bridge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sukhwant Singh&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Sukhwant|title= India's Wars Since Independence: Defence of the western border|date=1998|publisher= Spantech|isbn= 978-1897829424|page=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GJ&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Following the withdrawal, the operations shifted to the area east of the Manawar Tawi river. On 8 and 9 December, the Pakistani forces attempted to force the Raipur crossing, but this attack was beaten back by 10 Garhwal Rifles, leading to 39 Pakistani dead and six taken as prisoners of war. This was followed by multiple unsuccessful probing attacks. An armour attack through Sukhtao nullah opposite Chaprael was also beaten back. On the early hours of 10 December, Pakistani 111 Infantry Brigade along with 4 [[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|Punjab]], 10 [[Baloch Regiment|Baloch]] and 28 Cavalry crossed Darh and established a [[bridgehead]]. This advance, though could not progress much, because of Indian infantry fire and the Pakistani tanks getting bogged. A counter-attack by a mixed group of tanks from the Deccan Horse and 72 Armoured Regiment failed for the same reason – soft soil.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sukhwant Singh&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GJ&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Pakistani commander, General Janjua was killed on 9 December 1971, after his helicopter was shot down. Following this, the Indians attacked the Pakistani bridgehead from two directions on 10 December -two infantry companies and one squadron of 72 Armoured Regiment from the north and one infantry company from the south. The attack and the decision of the new commander to pull back troops led to the Pakistanis pulling back on 10 December. The Pakistanis lost six tanks, whereas the Indians lost five. Following this, the line of control was stabilised at this point. After the ceasefire and as part of the [[Simla Agreement]], India lost the territory west of the Tawi river.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sukhwant Singh&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GJ&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, in the hill sector, Pakistan attacked Picquet 707, Laleali and Dewa on 3 December 1971. These attacks were beaten back, except for the one at Picquet 707, where they managed a foothold. An effective counter-attack managed to force the Pakistanis to withdraw leaving 50 Pakistanis dead. The Pakistani forces attempted further attacks on 6 and 7 December without success. A Pakistani [[air observation post]] aircraft was shot down at Laleali. A Pakistani platoon successfully infiltrated in the Batal area on 5 December, but was evicted by a company which had moved in from Nathuan Tibba. On 8 December 1971, Dewa and the surrounding heights were captured by Pakistan after heavy fighting.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sukhwant Singh&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Rao|first=KVK|title=Prepare or Perish: A Study of National Security|publisher=Lancer Publishers|date=1991|isbn=978-8172120016|page=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==The present==<br /> The '''10 RAPID Division''' is presently located in [[Akhnoor]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/05/24/maj-gen-campose-takes-over-as-goc-10-division-1211630655.html?story=1|title=Maj Gen Campose takes over as GOC 10 Division|date=2008-05-24|access-date=2021-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has actively participated in [[Counterinsurgency|counter-insurgency]] operations in the sector, [[Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir|Operation Rakshak]], [[Kargil War|Operation Vijay]] and [[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff|Operation Parakram]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GJ&quot;/&gt; It took part in the rescue and relief operation during Operation Megh Rahat during the [[2014 India–Pakistan floods|September 2014 floods in Jammu and Kashmir]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2015/may16-15/h11.htm|title=Crossed Swords Division Celebrates Golden Jubilee|date=2015-05-15|access-date=2021-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Formation Sign==<br /> Following re-raising, the formation sign of the division was a scarlet diamond on a black background. It was soon replaced by a pair of crossed swords on a black background. The crossed swords also depict the [[Roman numerals|Roman numeral]] 'X' and the swords symbolise the personal weaponry of the [[Dogras]], who inhabit the areas where the division operates. The division is therefore also called as the '''Crossed Swords Division'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;GJ&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=Howard|title=Formation Badges of World War 2. Britain, Commonwealth and Empire|year=1973|publisher=Arms and Armour Press|location=London |isbn=978-0-85368-078-9}}<br /> * {{cite thesis |last=Kavanagh |first=Matthew David |title=The 10th Indian Division in the Italian Campaign, 1944–45: Training, Manpower and the Soldier's Experience |type=MA |year=2014 |publisher=School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law |location=Birmingham University |url=http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/5632/1/Kavanagh15MA.pdf |others=no ISBN ID Code 5632 |access-date=29 June 2016}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Philip |last=Mason |title=The Indian Divisions Memorial, 1939–1945, [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] |publisher=Skelton's Press |location=Wellingborough |year=1982 |oclc=476422080}}<br /> * {{cite book |title=The Gothic Line: The Autumn Campaign in Italy |first=Douglas |last=Orgill |location=London |publisher=[[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann]] |year=1967 |oclc=956232}}<br /> * {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Renaldi|Rikhye|2011}}|author1=Richard A. Renaldi |author2=Ravi Rikhye|title=Indian Army Order of Battle|publisher=Orbat.com for Tiger Lily Books: A division of General Data LLC|isbn=978-0-9820541-7-8|date=2011}}<br /> * https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3346<br /> <br /> {{Indian Divisions in World War II}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:10 Indian Infantry Division}}<br /> [[Category:Indian World War II divisions]]<br /> [[Category:British Indian Army divisions]]<br /> [[Category:Divisions of the Indian Army]]<br /> [[Category:Military units and formations established in 1941]]<br /> [[Category:History of the Bengal Engineer Group]]<br /> [[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1947]]<br /> [[Category:Military units and formations established in 1947]]<br /> [[Category:Anglo-Iraqi War]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gullapudi,_NTR_district&diff=501372 2025-11-02T04:03:50Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Added place...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in NTR district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Gullapudi<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = te<br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = [[Village]]<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = Right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|17.0529|80.5055}}<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 13<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[NTR district|NTR]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Gampalagudem mandal|Gampalagudem]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]<br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook, Krishna - Page 260 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/124/download/146/DH_2011_2816_PART_A_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 5.43<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 2287<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=population&gt;{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627290 |publisher=The Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=14 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924131005/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627290 |archivedate=24 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]<br /> | leader_name = Potru Venkata Lakshmi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Panchayat Development Plan Campaign|url=https://gpdp.nic.in/sarpanchWithDetailsReport.html?OWASP_CSRFTOKEN=TC4A-AQKL-1UJO-6PGR-6EIK-KTOP-7RDM-5J81 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=gpdp.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Gullapudi''' is a village located in the [[Gampalagudem mandal]], [[NTR district]] of the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is under the administration of [[Tiruvuru revenue division]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mandal wise Villages {{!}} NTR District {{!}} India |url=https://ntr.ap.gov.in/mandal-wise-villages/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> According to [[2011 census of India]], in Gullapudi village, there are 613 households with a total population of 2,287, comprising 1,154 males and 1,133 females. The village has 789 Scheduled Castes members and 9 Scheduled Tribes members. Out of the total population, 1,205 individuals are literate and there are 1,278 workers in the village.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh, Krishna District, Gampalagudem Sub-District, Rural Area|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}<br /> {{NTR district}}<br /> [[Category:Villages in NTR district]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anagadi&diff=468607 2025-10-26T18:28:54Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: small correct structure after review further and cleaned formatting as per guidelines</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Anagadi<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = &lt;!--India Karnataka--&gt;<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | parts_type = [[Taluka]]s<br /> | parts = [[Khanapur]]<br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = 2001<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ''' Anagadi''' is a village in [[Belgaum district]] in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://villageinfo.in/karnataka/belgaum/khanapur/anagadi.html|title=Anagadi Village in Khanapur (Belgaum) Karnataka {{!}} villageinfo.in|website=villageinfo.in|access-date=2019-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; The official spoken languages of this region is Marathi.<br /> <br /> Anagadi Pin code is 591120 and postal head office is Nandgad.<br /> Gunji (11&amp;nbsp;km), Londa (13&amp;nbsp;km), Chapagaon (13&amp;nbsp;km), Mangenkopp (14&amp;nbsp;km), Lokoli (15&amp;nbsp;km) are the nearby Villages to Anagadi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/597955-anagadi-karnataka.html|title=Anagadi Village|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=2019-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> 5.&quot;Census 2001 Population Finder: Karnataka: Belgaum: Khanapur: Khanapur&quot;. Office of The Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013.<br /> <br /> 6.&quot;NPR Report: Karnataka: Belgaum: Khanapur&quot;. National Population Register, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2011.<br /> {{Settlements in Belgaum district}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Karnataka}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Khanapur-geo-stub}}</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aryan_(Tamil_actor)&diff=487774 2025-10-05T03:25:27Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: Adding details.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Aryan <br /> | image = Aryan Actor.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = Aryan Srinivasan&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvdfFHg2Og0|title=Exclusive Interview with Aryan Srinivasan Actor in Tamil Movies - Aryan, E, Aalwar|via=www.youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1982|10|14}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://movie.webindia123.com/film/artist/1982/aryan/|title=Aryan, Aryan Photo Gallery, Aryan Videos, Actor Aryan, Aryan Profile|website=Movie.webindia123.com|accessdate=26 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Vellore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<br /> | occupation = [[Actor]]<br /> | othername = <br /> | parents = <br /> | years_active = 2004–present<br /> | website = &lt;!-- only official site is required --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''Aryan'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/aryan/index.html |title=Aryan |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509233232/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/aryan/index.html |archive-date=9 May 2018 |url-status=usurped |work=[[Lakshman Sruthi]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; (born 14 October 1982) is an Indian [[actor]] who has worked predominantly in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil movie industry]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|magazine=Kalki|language=ta|access-date=10 March 2024|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-02-12/page/16/mode/2up|page=17|date=12 February 2006|title=வில்லனுக்கே சிக்கல்!}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and career==<br /> Between 1995 and 2004, Aryan performed in many stage dramas in [[Mumbai]]. He was popularly known as Pan Parag Ravi, his role in ''[[Thirupachi]]'' (2005) with [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/jul/19/now-aryan-says-a-big-no-to-villain-roles-637682.html|title=Now, Aryan says a big no to villain roles|website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |- <br /> ! Year<br /> ! Film<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|2004 || ''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]'' || Singampuli ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bose (film)|Bose]]'' || Wasim's henchman ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Adhu]]'' || Sorcerer ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Dreams (2004 film)|Dreams]]'' || Aryan ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2005 || ''[[Thirupachi]]'' || Pan Parag Ravi || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aanai]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' || Jega ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2006 || ''[[E (2006 film)|E]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 2007 || ''[[Manikanda]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Parattai Engira Azhagu Sundaram]]'' || Suri ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aalwar]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sabari (2007 film)|Sabari]]'' || Ezhumalai ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2008 || ''[[Nepali (film)|Nepali]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2009 || ''[[Thoranai]]'' || Tamizharasan's sidekick || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ainthaam Padai]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2010 || ''[[Gowravargal]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kotti'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2011 || ''[[Bhavani (2009 film)|Bhavani]]'' || Ranjith ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mappillai (2011 film)|Mappillai]]'' || Aathi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sadhurangam (2011 film)|Sadhurangam]]'' || Jeeva ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2012 || ''[[Medhai]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2013 || ''[[Alex Pandian]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Radhan Ganda]]'' || Aryan ||[[Kannada]] film<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2015 || ''Vishayam Veliye Theriya Koodaadhu'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Inimey Ippadithaan]]'' || Ravi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || ''[[Sakka Podu Podu Raja (2017 film)|Sakka Podu Podu Raja]]'' || Ravi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''Padithavudan Kilithu Vidavum'' || || <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2019 || ''[[Vantha Rajavathaan Varuven]]'' || ACP ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pottu (film)|Pottu]]'' || Veeraiah ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2021 || ''[[Pei Mama]]'' || Broker ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[IPC 376]]'' || Sebastian ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2023 || ''[[Agilan]]'' || || Uncredited<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]'' || Constable Aari ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2024 || ''[[Viduthalai Part 2]]'' || Constable Aari ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2025 || ''Flashback'' || || Only the Hindi dubbed version was released.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Flashback (2025) New Released Hindi Dubbed Full Movie In 4K {{!}} Prabhu Deva, Regina Cassandra |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83tVfRLcRHg |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Goldmines Telefilms]] |date=5 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Aryan}}<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1974 births]]<br /> [[Category:People from Vellore]]</div>

DenicePitcairn https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandi_Mohalla&diff=515794 2025-09-19T04:24:30Z

<p>DenicePitcairn: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{coord|12.316270|N|76.654037|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}<br /> '''Mandi Mohalla or Laskhar Mohalla''' is a suburb of [[Mysore city]] in [[Karnataka state]] of India.<br /> [[File:Geetha Mandir Road.jpg|thumb|Hindu temple on Ashoka Road]]<br /> [[File:Brahmakumari K.T.Road.jpg|thumb|Brahmakumari Temple, Mandi Mohalla]]<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> Mandi Mohalla township is located in the downtown area of Mysore city. It is on the eastern side of Mysore Junction railway station and on the northern side of Mysore bus station. The southern boundary of Mandi Mohalla is the Irwin Road and northern end is Bannimantap, There are many masjid in the area, most famous being Masjid E Azam built in 1925 situated in Ashoka Road, Jamiya Masjid built in 1927 situated on Irwin Road, Dargahi masjid builded in late 1950's or 60's in Sawday Road. Mysore's oldest graveyard dating back to 16th century is present here, there are graves from time immemorial, which proves muslims are settled here from a very long time, they graveyard spread across 56 acres, consists on many graves including those of sufi saints &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Mandi+Mohalla,+Mysuru,+Karnataka+570001/@12.3162703,76.6197905,13z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3baf706e0a9514fd:0x252e3da3cef38183!8m2!3d12.3165464!4d76.6557102|title=Mandi Mohalla · Mysuru, Karnataka 570001, India|website=Mandi Mohalla · Mysuru, Karnataka 570001, India|access-date=26 February 2017|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702084730/https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Mandi+Mohalla,+Mysuru,+Karnataka+570001/@12.3162703,76.6197905,13z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3baf706e0a9514fd:0x252e3da3cef38183!8m2!3d12.3165464!4d76.6557102|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> Mandi Mohalla is kind of second hand market popular for mobile telephones,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://banksifsccode.com/state-bank-of-mysore-ifsc-code/karnataka/mysore/mandi-mohalla-branch/|title=State Bank of Mysore Mandi Mohalla Branch IFSC Code - Mysore, SBM Mandi Mohalla IFSC Code. Contact Phone Number, Address|website=BanksIFSCcode.com|access-date=16 September 2021|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916031357/https://banksifsccode.com/state-bank-of-mysore-ifsc-code/karnataka/mysore/mandi-mohalla-branch/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; accessories and repair shops. Fake CDs and duplicate electronic products are often sold here.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/City-crime-branch-sleuths-and-Mandi-mohalla-cops-jointly-raided-mobile-phone-shop-in-city-centre-and-seized-fake-CDs/DVDs-of-a-Hindi-movie-Shop-owner-Akbar-has-been-arrested/articleshow/48363047.cms?|title = City crime branch sleuths and Mandi mohalla cops jointly raided mobile phone shop in city centre and seized fake CDS/DVDS of a Hindi movie. Shop owner Akbar has been arrested - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]|access-date = 26 February 2017|archive-date = 6 February 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190206135855/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/City-crime-branch-sleuths-and-Mandi-mohalla-cops-jointly-raided-mobile-phone-shop-in-city-centre-and-seized-fake-CDs/DVDs-of-a-Hindi-movie-Shop-owner-Akbar-has-been-arrested/articleshow/48363047.cms|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Crime rate is very high in Mandi Mohalla and is considered the most crime prone area of Mysore. There is a separate police station here.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.inmysore.com/|title=inMysore Holidays &amp;#124; Tour Packages from Mysore and Bangalore|website=www.inmysore.com|access-date=16 September 2021|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916031357/https://www.inmysore.com/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Post Office==<br /> There is a post office at Mandi Mohalla and the [[Postal Index Number|postal code]] is 570021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://pincode.asia/pin-code-of-mandi-mohalla-570021/ |title=Pin Code of Mandi Mohalla: 570021 &amp;#124; Pin Code India |access-date=26 February 2017 |archive-date=27 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227150150/http://pincode.asia/pin-code-of-mandi-mohalla-570021/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The main roads in Mandi Mohalla are [[Ashoka Road, Mysore|Ashoka Road]], Geetha Road and the [[K.T.Street, Mysore|K.T.Street]]. <br /> The main tourist attraction is the [[St. Philomena's Cathedral, Mysore]].<br /> <br /> ==Important Streets==<br /> * [[K.T.Street, Mysore|Kali Temple Street]]<br /> * Kabir Road<br /> * Akbar Road Cross<br /> * [[Ashoka Road, Mysore|Ashoka Road]]<br /> * Sawday Road<br /> * Turabali Street<br /> * Pulikeshi Road<br /> * Anegundi Road<br /> * Cove Road<br /> * Erekette Street<br /> * Eshwari Temple Road<br /> * Benki Nawab Street<br /> * Sir Khazi Road <br /> * Mahmood Khan Dawood Khan Road <br /> * Sunni Chowk <br /> <br /> ==Image gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Masjid-e-Asam Ashoka road.jpg|Masjid e Azam<br /> File:Juma Masjidh, Irwin Road.jpg|Jamia Masjid, Irwin Road<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Devaraj Urs Road, Mysore]]<br /> * [[Dewan's Road, Mysore]]<br /> * [[Hanumanthanagar, Mysuru|Hanumanthanagar]]<br /> * [[Mysore North]], [[Naidu Nagar]]<br /> * [[St. Philomena's Cathedral, Mysore]]<br /> * [[St. Philomena's College, Mysore]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mysore North]]<br /> [[Category:Suburbs of Mysore]]</div>

DenicePitcairn