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Tulasi (actress)

2026-05-07T16:14:21Z

DemetriaMunro:

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1967)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tulasi
| image =
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|06|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 1967-present
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''P. A. Tulasi''' (born 20 June 1967) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] cinema. Later she appeared in [[lead actress]] and [[actress|supporting actress roles]].<ref name="in" /> She has acted in over 300 films in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] languages.<ref name="newindianexpress.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131203042551/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Tulasi-rocks-in-her-third-innings/2013/11/13/article1883126.ece "Tulasi rocks in her third innings"]. ''The New Indian Express''. 13 November 2013</ref> She won two [[Nandi Awards]] and one [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]].

==Career==
Tulasi made her debut in the Telugu language when she was three months old in 1967. For a song in a film, a baby was needed and Tulasi was placed in the cradle after actress [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] had requested Tulasi's mother, who was a friend of her.<ref name="y.sunitachowdhary">Y. Sunita Chowdhary (9 July 2012). [http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/my-first-break-tulasi/article2214221.ece "My First Break: Tulasi"]. ''The Hindu''.</ref> She was featured in a song when she was {{frac|3|1|2}} years old in ''Jeevanatarangalu'' and said that she became a full-fledged actor when she was four.<ref name="y.sunitachowdhary"/>

She got married at age 28 to Kannada director Sivamani.<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/> She stated, "I met him in the morning and by evening we tied the knot".<ref>[http://www.cinegoer.net/telugu-cinema/news-archives/august-2011/actress-tulasi-prabhas-thinks-im-hot-100811.html "Actress Tulasi – Prabhas Thinks I'm Hot"]. ''cinegoer.net''. 10 August 2011</ref> They have one son, Sai Tarun. Tulasi decided to quit acting after getting married, working only occasionally as a voice actor in Telugu films, including ones by Mani Ratnam.<ref name = in>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/chellamma-chronicles-actress-tulasi/article7188335.ece |title=Chellamma chronicles Actress Tulasi |first=Subha J. |last=Rao |date=9 May 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> When her son was around six years old, she received several mother character roles. She initially declined them all, but finally signed on one Kannada film, ''Excuse Me'', in which she played mother to [[Divya Spandana]] and which became a big hit.<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/> After that she was doing three films a year in Kannada.

She began to act mainly in mother roles in Telugu and Tamil film industries. Her notable supporting roles include performances in ''[[Sasirekha Parinayam (film)|Sasirekha Parinayam]]'', ''[[Mr. Perfect (film)|Mr. Perfect]]'', ''[[Darling (2010 film)|Darling]]'', [[Srimanthudu]], ''[[Iddarammayilatho]]'', ''[[Nenu Local]]'', ''[[Mahanati]]'' & ''[[Dear Comrade]]'' in Telugu and ''[[Pillaiyar Theru Kadaisi Veedu]]'', ''[[Easan]]'', ''[[Mankatha]]'', ''[[Sundarapandian]]'', ''[[Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer]]'' and ''[[Pandiya Naadu]]'' in Tamil. Tulasi has said that ''Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer'', in which she had played mother to [[Manisha Yadav]]'s character, changed her life and brought her an "identity as a screen mother".<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/> Her portrayal of Chellamma in ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]'' was praised too,<ref name = in/> with critics stating that she was "brilliant",<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/pannaiyarum-padminiyum-review-tamil-pcmbjLjafbjec.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607194309/http://www.sify.com/movies/pannaiyarum-padminiyum-review-tamil-pcmbjLjafbjec.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 June 2015 |title=Pannaiyarum Padminiyum |website=Sify}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-pannaiyarum-padminiyum-is-refreshing/20140207.htm |title=Review: Pannaiyarum Padminiyum is refreshing |website=Rediff}}</ref> and had given her "career best performance".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pannaiyarum-padminiyum-review-this-tamil-film-is-emotionally-uplifting/450712-71-180.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222174713/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pannaiyarum-padminiyum-review-this-tamil-film-is-emotionally-uplifting/450712-71-180.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2014 |title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates |website=News18}}</ref>

==Partial filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Bharya (1972 film)|Bharya]]'' || || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Arangetram (1973 film)|Arangetram]]'' || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Chillarakottu Chittamma]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Seetamalakshmi]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1979 || ''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]'' || Sankaram || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Kothala Raayudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kothala Rayudu Cast and Crew Info |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/kothala-rayudu-1979}}</ref>
|Paapa
|Telugu
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Prema Tarangalu]]''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1981 || ''[[Nyayam Kavali]]'' || Padma || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Mudda Mandaram]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Rama Dhandu]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |1982
|''Iddaru Kodukulu''
|Padma
|Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Bhakthadruva Markhandeya]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Jagannatha Rathachakralu]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Jagannatha Ratha Chakralu Full Movie - Krishna {{!}} Jayaprada {{!}} Jaggayya {{!}} Giribabu {{!}} V9 Videos |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q7xYZSrAQxw |access-date=2024-01-12 |language=en}}</ref>
|Lakshmi
|Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (1982 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Trisulam (film)|Trisulam]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Nalugu Stambhalata (film)|Nalugu Stambhalata]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Subhalekha]]'' || Lakshmi || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1983 || ''[[Maga Maharaju]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Pillaku Pellavuthundha]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Konte Kodallu]]'' ||Bhagyalakshmi
| Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Nelavanka (film)|Nelavanka]]'' || Lalita || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Mantri Gari Viyyankudu]]'' || Suseela || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |1984 || ''[[Anubandham (1984 film)|Anubandham]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Kotha Dampathulu (1984 film)|Kotha Dampathulu]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Nallavanuku Nallavan]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Disco King (1984 film)|Disco King]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Nagabekamma Nagabeku (1984 film)|Nagabekamma Nagabeku]]'' || || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Indina Ramayana]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |1985|| ''[[Preminchu Pelladu]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Rechukka (1985)|Rechukka]]''
|Roja
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Sri Katna Leelalu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Katna Leelalu Movie Cast |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/sri-katna-leelalu-1985}}</ref>''
|Jyothi
|Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Muchataga Mugguru]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
|''Mugguru Mitrulu''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| ''Srivaru''|| Rajani|| Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |1986
|''[[Driver Babu]]''
|Radha
|Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Henne Ninagenu Bandhana]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
|''Bhayam Bhayam''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Naa Pilupe Prabhanjanam]]''
|Gayathri
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Aadi Dampatulu]]''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Piranthaen Valarnthaen]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Aranyakanda (film)|Aranyakanda]]'' || Neela || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Poojaku Panikiraani Puvvu]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1987
| ''[[Dhoorathu Pachai]]'' || Tulasi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Thambathyam]]'' || Aruna || Tamil ||
|-
|''Daada''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Raaga Leela]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1988 || ''[[Kanchana Seetha]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Brahma Vishnu Maheshwara]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
|''Maa Inti Maharaju''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| ''Jeevana Ganga'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1989
|''Zoo Laka Taka''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
|''Praja Theerpu''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1990 || ''[[Alajadi]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Appu (1990 film)|Appu]]'' || || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1991
|''[[Amma Rajinama]]''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
|''Srisaila Bhramarambika Kataksham''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992 || ''[[Killer (1991 film)|Killer]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Chitram Bhalare Vichitram]]'' || Meera || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1993 || ''[[Kannayya Kittayya]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
|''Vintha Kodallu''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994 || ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]'' || Manju || Tamil ||
|-
|''Raithu Bharatam''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Excuse Me (2003 film)|Excuse Me]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2005 || ''[[Yashwanth]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Jootata]]'' || Nandini Devi Mallangowda || Kannada ||
|-
|''[[Gunna (film)|Gunna]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2006 || ''[[Chellata (film)|Chellata]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Sevanthi Sevanthi]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Honeymoon Express (2006 film)|Honeymoon Express]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Sirivantha]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Jothe Jotheyali]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007 || ''[[Poojari]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''Ee Preethi Onthara'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Savi Savi Nenapu]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008 || ''[[Moggina Manasu]]'' || Deeksha's mother || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Sangama (film)|Sangama]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Neenyare]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2009 || ''[[Sasirekha Parinayam (film)|Sasirekha Parinayam]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Rajkumari (film)|Rajkumari]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Naa Girlfriend Baga Rich]]'' || Sravya's mother || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Jhossh]]'' || Sharadamma || Kannada || [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada]]
|-
| ''Minchu'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Raaj the Showman]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Rajani (film)|Rajani]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2010 || ''[[Ullasa Utsaha]]'' || Kamala || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Punda (film)|Punda]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''Nanjangud Nanjunda'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Sihi Gaali]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Easan]]'' || Shyamala || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Darling (2010 film)|Darling]]'' || Rajeshwari || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011 || ''[[Pillaiyar Theru Kadaisi Veedu]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Mankatha]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Perfect (film)|Mr. Perfect]]'' || Vicky's Mother || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012 || ''[[Rajadhani (2011 film)|Rajadhani]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Julai]]'' || Kaameshwari Murthy || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Paagal'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Sundarapandian]]'' || Archana's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2013 || ''Sthreeshakthi'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Iddarammayilatho]]'' || Komali's mother || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer]]'' || Shweta's mother || Tamil || Nominated—[[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| ''[[Pandiya Naadu]]'' || Sivagami Chidambaram || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Khatarnak Umesh Reddy'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014 || ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]'' || Chellamma || Tamil || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Female)|Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| ''[[Ambareesha]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Ninnindale]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2015 || ''[[Aambala]]'' || Tulasi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Vadakkan Selfie]]'' || Hari's mother || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Srimanthudu]]'' || Narayana Rao's sister-in-law || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Kaththukkutti]]'' || Arivazhagan's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ramleela (2015 Kannada film)|Ramleela]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[RX Soori]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="11" | 2016 || ''[[Abbayitho Ammayi]]'' || Abhi's mother || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Kalpana 2]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Viraat (film)|Viraat]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Saagasam]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Aarathu Sinam]]'' || Aravind's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Zero (2016 film)|Zero]]'' || Priya's neighbour || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Brahmotsavam (film)|Brahmotsavam]]'' || Varalakshmi || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Metro (2016 film)|Metro]]'' || Arivazhagan's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Wagah (film)|Wagah]]'' || Vasu's mother || Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Hyper (2016 film)|Hyper]]'' || Surya's mother || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Saptagiri Express (film)|Saptagiri]]'' || Saptagiri's mother || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2017 ||''[[Nenu Local]]'' || Siri || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Rogue (2017 film)|Rogue]]'' || || Telugu Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Nakshatram (film)|Nakshatram]]'' || Rama Rao's mother ||Telugu||
|-
| ''[[Meda Meeda Abbayi]]'' || Srinu's mother || Telugu||
|-
| ''[[Nenjil Thunivirundhal]]'' || Kumar's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''C/O Surya'' || Surya's mother || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Oye Ninne]]'' || Vishnu's mother || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Richie (film)|Richie]]'' || Radha || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2018 || ''[[Nimir]]'' || Valli's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Mahanati]]'' || Madhuravani's mother || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Aatagallu]]'' || Munna's mother || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Neevevaro]]'' || Kalyan's mother || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Happy Wedding (2018 film)|Happy Wedding]]'' || Akshara's mother || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Nannu Dochukunduvate]]'' || Meghana's mother|| Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Sarkar (2018 film)|Sarkar]]'' || M. Masilamani's wife || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2019 || ''[[Dear Comrade]]'' || Jaya's mother || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[iSmart Shankar]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[RDX Love]]'' || Villager || Telugu ||
|-
|[[Queen (web series)|''Queen'']]||Ranganayaki||Tamil||Web series
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Naadodigal 2]]'' || Jeeva's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2021 || ''[[Sashi (film)|Sashi]]'' || Raj's mother || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Mosagallu]]'' || Padma ||Telugu||
|-
|''[[SR Kalyanamandapam]]'' || Santhi || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Navarasa (TV series)|Navarasa]]'' || Kamal's mother || Tamil ||Web series
|-
| ''[[Ellam Sheriyakum]]'' || Ancy's mother || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Adbhutham]] '' || Vennala's Grandmother || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Oka Chinna Family Story]]'' || Rukmini || Telugu || Web series
|-
| ''[[Skylab (film)|Skylab]]'' || Gowri's mother || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2022 || ''[[Veeramae Vaagai Soodum]]'' || Porus's and Dwaraka's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[F3 (film)|F3]]'' || Venky's stepmother || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Konda (film)|Konda]]''|| Konda Chennamma || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Karthikeya 2]]''||Karthik's mother|| Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Pratibimbalu]]''|| Sudha || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Thank You (2022 film)|Thank You]]''|| Abhi's mother || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu]]''||Durga|| Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Naan Mirugamaai Maara]]''
| Bhoominathan's mother
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Dhamaka (2022 film)|Dhamaka]]''
|Yashoda Rao
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Anukoni Prayanam]]'' || Raju’s wife || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2023 || ''[[Bhola Shankar]]'' || Mahalakshmi’s mother || Telugu ||
|-
|''Lockdown Diarie'' || || Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Miss Shetty Mr Polishetty]]''
|Siddhu's mother and Phanindra's wife
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Saba Nayagan]]'' || Saba’s mother || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2024 || ''[[Rathnam (film)|Rathnam]]'' || Malliga's mother || Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Shivam Bhaje]]''
|Chandu’s mother
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Manamey]]'' || Vikram’s mother || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="10" |2025 ||''[[Niram Marum Ulagil]]'' ||Annakili ||Tamil ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Niram Marum Ulagil Glimpse: Four chapters of dreams and struggles |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/22/niram-marum-ulagil-glimpse-four-chapters-of-dreams-and-struggles |work=Cinema Express |date=22 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dilruba (film)|Dilruba]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Sweetheart!]]'' || Pregnant woman's mother || Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha]]'' || Meghana’s mother || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Krishna Leela (2025 film)|Krishna Leela]]''|| || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Aaromaley]]'' || Ajith's mother || Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Love OTP]]'' || || Telugu Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[The Devil (2025 film)|The Devil]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Andhra King Taluka]]'' || Sagar’s mother || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Un Paarvayil'' || Sujatha || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026 || ''[[S Saraswathi]]'' || || Telugu || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/s-saraswathi-movie-review-the-crime-saga-is-directed-by-varalaxmi-sarathkumar/article70710366.ece|title=‘S Saraswathi’ movie review: An exhausting crime saga that offers nothing new|first=Srivathsan|last=Nadadhur|date=6 March 2026|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Biker (film)|Biker]]'' || Ananya’s mother || Telugu ||
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Network
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Ref heading}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024|| ''[[Bench Life]]'' || Meenakshi's mother || [[SonyLIV]]|| Telugu||
|
|-
| ''Sshhh''
|
| [[aha (streaming service)|aha]]
|Tamil
| Anthology series; segment ''Kamathupaal'' ||
|}

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |work=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |access-date=21 August 2020}} (in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

*[[Nandi Award for Best Child Actress|Best Child Actress]] - ''[[Seetamalakshmi]]'' (1978)
*[[Nandi Award for Best Child Actress|Best Child Actress]] - ''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]'' (1980)

;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress - Kannada]] - ''[[Jhossh]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0876310|name=Tulasi}}
* {{IMDb name|id=5930644|name=Tulasi Shivamani}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221805/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/Interview_tulasi2007.php Interview with Tulasi]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tulasi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:1967 births]]

Rajalakshmi

2026-05-02T05:55:04Z

DemetriaMunro: created new page w/ refs

{{short description|Indian writer}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Rajalakshmi
| image = Rajalakshmi.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1930|6|2}}
| birth_place = [[Cherpulassery]], [[Palakkad district]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1965|1|18|1930|6|2}}
| death_place = [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Writer
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = Short story, novel, poetry
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = {{ubl|''Oru Vazhiyum Kure Nizhalukalum''|''Njanenna Bhavam''|''Uchavelyilum Ilamnilavum''}}
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives = {{ubl|Achutha Menon (father)|Kuttimalu Amma (mother)}}
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = {{ubl|1960 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]]}}
}}

'''Thakkathu Amayankottu Rajalakshmi''' (June 2, 1930 – January 18, 1965), better identified as '''Rajalakshmi''', was an Indian novelist, short story writer and poet of [[Malayalam literature]]. She was the author of three novels, two poetry anthologies and a short story anthologies. Kerala Sahitya Akademi awarded her their [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel|annual award for novel]] in 1960, making her the third recipient of the award. Her novel, ''Oru Vazhiyum Kure Nizhalukalum'', has been adapted into a tele-series as well as into a play by the [[All India Radio]].

== Biography ==
[[File:Principal's Office.JPG|thumb|left|Maharaja's College, Rajalakshmi's alma mater]]
Rajalakshmi was born on June 2, 1930, at [[Cherpulassery]], [[Palakkad district]] of the south Indian state of Kerala to Marath Achutha Menon and Thakkathu Amayankottu Kuttymalu Amma as their youngest daughter;<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/Rajalakshmi/Html/Rajalakshmigraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=2019-04-13 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> [[T. A. Sarasvati Amma]], who would later become a noted mathematician and scholar, was her elder sister.<ref name="T. A. Sarasvati Amma - Obituary">{{Cite web |url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/2000c4df_317.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316083612/http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/2000c4df_317.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-03-16 |title=T. A. Sarasvati Amma - Obituary |date=2012-03-16 |access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> She graduated in physics from [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]] and joined the [[University College Thiruvananthapuram]] for MA Malayalam but discontinued to move to [[Banaras Hindu University]] from where she earned a master's degree in physics.<ref name="Rajalekshmi, the reclusive author">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/life-and-times-of-writer-rajalekshmi/article7680956.ece |title=Rajalekshmi, the reclusive author |last=Jayasree |first=G. S. |date=2015-09-24 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> Subsequently, she started her career as a lecturer and worked in different colleges of the [[Nair Service Society]] at [[Perunthanni]], [[N. S. S. College, Pandalam|Pandalam]] and [[NSS College, Ottapalam|Ottappalam]].<ref name="Rajalekshmi, the reclusive author" />

On January 18, 1965, Rajalakshmi started from home to College in the morning but returned home and committed suicide; her dead body was found in her room, hanging from the roof on a [[saree]]. She was aged 34 at that time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/the-why-remains-47-years-later/article3634104.ece |title=The 'why' remains, 47 years later |author=K. Santhosh |newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 July 2012 |access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="'എഴുതാതിരിക്കാൻ വയ്യ, ജീവിച്ചിരിക്കുകയാണെങ്കിൽ ഇനിയും എഴുതി പോകും'; പേനയ്ക്ക് വിലക്കി...">{{Cite web |url=https://www.marunadanmalayali.com/more/homage/profile-of-malayalam-story-writer-rajalakshmi-11872 |title='എഴുതാതിരിക്കാൻ വയ്യ, ജീവിച്ചിരിക്കുകയാണെങ്കിൽ ഇനിയും എഴുതി പോകും'; പേനയ്ക്ക് വിലക്കി... |website=www.marunadanmalayali.com |access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref>

== Legacy and honours ==
She is known as Emily Brontë of Malayalam. ''Makal'', a short story published in [[Mathrubhumi weekly]] in 1956 was her first notable work, which was followed by a number seven short stories and a poem in prose.<ref name="'എഴുതാതിരിക്കാൻ വയ്യ, ജീവിച്ചിരിക്കുകയാണെങ്കിൽ ഇനിയും എഴുതി പോകും'; പേനയ്ക്ക് വിലക്കി..." /> Besides the short stories and two poetry anthologies, she wrote three novels,<ref name="List of works">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/Rajalakshmi/Html/RajalakshmiBooks.htm |title=List of works |date=2019-04-14 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-14}}</ref> starting with ''Oru Vazhiyum Kure Nizhalukalum'' (A Path and a Few Shadows) where she portrayed the delicate emotions of women.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> ''Oru Vazhiyum Kure Nizhalukalum'' fetched her the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]] in 1960, making her the third recipient of the honour.<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/novel.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel |date=2019-04-13 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> It later became a TV serial and was broadcast as a play by [[All India Radio]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/09/15/stories/2006091500870100.htm |title=Mentioned in an actress interview in The Hindu, Sept 15, 2006 |access-date=19 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512015305/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/09/15/stories/2006091500870100.htm |archive-date=12 May 2011 |url-status=usurped |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="AIR to broadcast plays based on novels">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/01/stories/2007010100420200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930230012/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/01/stories/2007010100420200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 September 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=AIR to broadcast plays based on novels |date=1 January 2007 }}</ref> Her other novels are ''Njaneenna Bhavam'' and ''Uchaveyilum Ilam Nilavum'' while her notable poetry anthology is "Ninne Njan Snehikkunnu".

The 1967 novel ''Abhayam'' by [[Perumbadavam Sreedharan]] was based on Rajalakshmi's life. ''[[Abhayam (1970 film)|Abhayam]]'', the 1970 film by [[Ramu Kariat]], was an adaptation of this novel.<ref>{{Cite news |last=B. Vijayakumar |date=27 March 2016 |title=Abhayam: 1970 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/abhayam-1970/article8403119.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919103648/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/abhayam-1970/article8403119.ece |archive-date=19 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Abhayam: A Lost Gem">{{Cite web |url=http://stancemagazine.in/Article/210/AbhayamALostGem |title=Abhayam: A Lost Gem |website=stancemagazine.in |access-date=2019-04-13 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630213555/http://stancemagazine.in/Article/210/AbhayamALostGem |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Anita Nair]], the [[Crossword Book Award]] winning author, has based her 2018 novel, ''Eating Wasps'', on the life on Rajalakshmi.<ref name="Anita Nair’s new novel tells the story of a girl who ate a wasp">{{Cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/yutw4eLs1q8VN9ITbxkfeM/Anita-Nairs-new-novel-tells-the-story-of-a-girl-who-ate-a-w.html |title=Anita Nair's new novel tells the story of a girl who ate a wasp |last=Bagchi |first=Shrabonti |date=2018-10-05 |website=livemint.com |language=en |access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref><ref name="What a wasp tastes like">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/eating-wasps-author-anita-nair-on-daily-battles-women-face/article25710840.ece |title=What a wasp tastes like |last=Akundi |first=Sweta |date=2018-12-10 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}

=== Novels ===
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.amazon.in/Vazhiyum-Kure-Nizhalukalum-Rajalakshmi-1930-1965/dp/B007E4WWMO/ref=sr_1_2?qid=1555221043&refinements=p_27%253ARAJALAKSHMI&s=books&sr=1-2 |title=Oru Vazhiyum Kure Nizhalukalum |last=Rajalakshmi |date=2005 |publisher=Current Books Thrissur |asin=B007E4WWMO}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://buybooks.mathrubhumi.com/product/njanenna-bhavam/ |title=Njanenna Bhavam |last=Rajalakshmi |publisher=Current Books |location=Thrissur |language=ml}}

=== Short stories ===
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.amazon.in/Rajalakshmiyude-Kadhakal-Rajalakshmi-1930-1965/dp/B007E4X264/ref=sr_1_2?qid=1555221073&refinements=p_27%253ARajalakshmi+%25281930-1965%2529&s=books&sr=1-2 |title=Rajalakshmiyude Kadhakal |last=Rajalakshmi |date=2005 |publisher=Current Books Thrissur |isbn=9788122610581}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=85858&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Rajalakshmi |title=Makal |last=Rajalakshmi |date=2006 |publisher=Mangalodayam |isbn=9788184230383 |location=Thrissur }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{div col end}}

{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}

=== Poetry ===
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=20266&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Rajalakshmi |title=Abhayavarnangal |last=Rajalakshmi |date=1994 |location=Chethikode}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/Rajalakshmi/Html/RajalakshmiBooks.htm |title=Paranjilla Ninnodu |last=Rajalakshmi |location=Chethikode}}

=== Translations ===
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=117177&query_desc=an%253A%252218502%2522 |title=A path and many shadows and twelve stories |last1=Rajalakshmi |translator=R. K. Jayasree |year=2016 |publisher=Orient Black Swan |isbn=9788125063513 }}
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors by category]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* T. Palakeel, ''Women Writing in the Age of Modernity and Postmodernity'', student course materials at Bradley University, Illinois accessed at [http://bradley.bradley.edu/~tjp/mlpost.html] 18 Jan 2007

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/Rajalakshmi/Html/Rajalakshmi.htm |title=Portrait commissioned by Kerala Sahitya Akademi |date=2019-04-13 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-13}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/5347890.Rajalakshmi |title=Rajalakshmi - Author profile |website=www.goodreads.com |access-date=2019-04-13}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/yuva/2018/03/26/dr-divya-n-on-writer-rajalakshmi.html |title=എഴുത്തിന്‍റെ ആകാശഗംഗയിലൊരു നക്ഷത്രം ; സസ്നേഹം രാജലക്ഷ്മിക്ക് |website=ManoramaOnline |access-date=2019-04-13}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajalakshmi}}
[[Category:Writers from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:1965 suicides]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Government Victoria College, Palakkad alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam, alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]

P. Senthamizhselvan

2026-04-29T19:59:50Z

DemetriaMunro: created new page added tags - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{one source|date=September 2025}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=September 2025}}

'''P. Senthamizhselvan''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He hails from Kalathampatti village in Villupuram district. Senthamizhselvan, who held a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree, completed his [[Master of Arts]] in History at [[Annamalai University]], [[Chidambaram]], in 1995.

A member of the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK) party, he contested and won the [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from the Melmalayanur constituency, thus becoming an MLA.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Election Commission of India |page=6 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatisticalReport-TN06.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2006 |accessdate=2017-05-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf |archivedate=7 October 2010 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian politicians]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}
{{India-PMK-politician-stub}}

SFI Rajasthan

2026-04-27T02:40:40Z

DemetriaMunro: created a stub needs work - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| logo =
| image_alt =
| logo_caption = SFI Rajasthan Logo
| logo_size = 150px
| image = SFI-flag.svg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = SFI Flag
| map =
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1970|12|30}}
| type = [[Student organization]]
| status = Active
| purpose = Unite & Fight To Save Education, Save Nation & Defeat Communalism
| headquarters = jaipur Rajasthan
| num_members = 5.5k
| language =
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = pradeep mandota
| leader_title2 = Secretary
| leader_name2 = rajkumar varma
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| budget =
| remarks =
| name = SFI jaipur rajasthan
| bgcolor =
| fgcolor =
| image_border =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location =
| region_served =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| website = {{url|https://sfirajasthan.org//|SFI Rajasthan}}
}}
'''SFI Rajasthan''' is the State Committee (state wing) of the [[Students' Federation of India]]

(SFI) serves in the state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Committees |url=http://www.sficec.org/organisation/state-committees/12 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=www.sficec.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan: SFI के पूर्व छात्रसंघ अध्यक्ष राकेश झाझड़िया की हत्या, बदमाशों ने घेरकर सरिया से पीटा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/rajasthan/former-sfi-student-union-president-rakesh-jhajharia-murdered-in-jhunjhunu |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan: SFI-backed Arvind Bhati wins JNVU University Elections, becomes new student leader |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/rajasthan-sfi-backed-arvind-bhati-wins-jnvu-univeristy-elections-becomes-new-student-leader20220828154852/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-07 |title=Rajasthan: REET Aspirants Arrested in Jaipur, Later Released After Mass Outcry |url=https://www.newsclick.in/rajasthan-REET-aspirants-arrested-jaipur-released-mass-outcry |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=NewsClick |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Setback for ruling Congress in student union election of Rajasthan |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/setback-for-ruling-congress-in-student-union-election-of-rajasthan |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://sfirajasthan.org/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011065456/https://www.sfirajasthan.org/ |date=11 October 2022 }}

{{Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Student organisations in India]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Student organizations established in 1970]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
[[Category:Volunteer organisations in India]]
[[Category:Student wings of communist parties of India]]

Cheetah (2005 film)

2026-04-25T18:52:52Z

DemetriaMunro: put up a info w/ infobox!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chita
| image = Chita (film).jpg
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = [[T. L. V. Prasad]]
| producer = Sunil Sharma
| writer = Sunil Sharma [[Shoba Chandrashekhar]] (Story) [[N. K. Salil]] (Screenplay/Dialogues)
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] [[Biplab Chatterjee|Biplab Chattopadhyay]] [[Kaushik Banerjee]]
| music = Babul Bose
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2005|01|21}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget = 
}}

'''''Cheetah''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[action film|vigilante action film]] made in [[Bengali language]], directed by [[T. L. V. Prasad]], starring [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cheetah (2005) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/cheetah-37208|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225131304/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/cheetah-37208|url-status=live|archive-date=25 February 2021|access-date=2022-02-17|website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FilmiClub|title=Chita (2005)|url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/chita-2005-bengali-movie|access-date=2022-02-17|website=FilmiClub}}</ref> The film is one among the 26 collaboration between the lead actor [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and director [[T. L. V. Prasad]], a record certified by [[Limca Book of Records]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mandal |first1=Bijay |title=A Consummate Actor |url=https://www.orissapost.com/a-consummate-actor/ |access-date=13 January 2022 |newspaper=[[Orissa Post]] |date=16 June 2019}}</ref>

The film is also popular for its famous dialogue ''Shaaper chobol aar cheetar khabol, jekhane porbey arai kg mangsho tuley nebe..'' (A snake's bite and the leopard's paw, takes out 2.5 kg of flesh wherever it falls on..) delivered by actor Mithun Chakraborty.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Stela |title=As Actor Mithun Chakraborty Joins BJP, A Throwback To His One-Liners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/here-are-some-famous-lines-of-actor-mithun-chakraborty-who-joined-bjp-2385606 |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=7 March 2021}}</ref>

==Summary==
'''''Chita''''' is the story of an honest boy seeking revenge on his father's killers, but to fight and kill them is quite a task as the killers are now influential people in the society.

==Cast==
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Rudranil Mukherjee aka Cheetah
* [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] as Rupa
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Insp. Subhamoy Mukherjee
* [[Kaushik Banerjee]] as Raghav Rai
* [[Biplab Chatterjee]] as Vikram Sinha, a corrupt jailer
* [[Bharat Kaul]] as Abhirup Thakur aka Bhargav
* [[Subhasish Mukherjee]] as a constable Gobordhan Biswas
* [[N.K Salil]] as Nonte / Fonte
* Narugopal Mandal
* Sanjib Dasgupta as Shrivastav
* Ushashree as Insp. Nila Mukherjee

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|8415286}}

{{T. L. V. Prasad}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Mithun's Dream Factory films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:2005 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. L. V. Prasad]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Babul Bose]]
[[Category:2005 action films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the West Bengal Police]]

{{2000s-Bengali-film-stub}}
[[Category:Films with screenplays by N. K. Salil]]

Ramendra De

2026-04-20T09:32:42Z

DemetriaMunro: created a info first draft - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ramendra De
| image =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1978
| term_end = 1983
| predecessor = [[Moulana Abdul Jalil Choudhury]]
| successor = [[Gulam Subhany Choudhury]]
| constituency = [[Badarpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Badarpur]]
| term_start1 = 1985
| term_end1 = 1991
| predecessor1 = [[Gulam Subhany Choudhury]]
| successor1 = [[Abu Saleh Najmuddin]]
| constituency1 = [[Badarpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Badarpur]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| children =
| source =
}}

'''Ramendra De''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Badarpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Badarpur]] in the [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]] and [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref name="eci1978">{{cite web |title=Statistical Reports of General Election to State Legislative Assembly (Vidhansabha) 1978 |url=https://eci.gov.in/statistical-report/statistical-reports/ |accessdate=28 November 2020 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="assam">{{cite web | url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1985-91.html | title=Assam Legislative Assembly - Members 1978-83 | publisher=Govt. of Assam | accessdate=29 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1978 |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1978 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ASSAM |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3996-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-1978/?do=download |access-date=16 November 2024 |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060853/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4000-assam-1985/ ECI 1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election]</ref><ref>[http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1985-91.html Assam Legislative Assembly - Members 1985-91] (in Hindi)</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:De, Ramendra}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1978–1983]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1985–1991]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Assam-politician-stub}}

Raghuram Machha

2026-04-20T09:05:03Z

DemetriaMunro: created a details v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raghuram Machha
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Koraput Assembly constituency|Koraput]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Raghuram Padal
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Raghuram Machha''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Koraput Assembly constituency|Koraput]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Raghuram Machha Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=216 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Koraput Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Raghuram Machha of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/koraput-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917558.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha assembly election results: Check the list of winners of 2024 election |url=https://kalingatv.com/odisha/odisha-assembly-election-results-check-the-list-of-winner-of-2024-election/ |website=Kalinga TV |publisher=Subadh Nayak |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Raghuram Machha, BJP Election Results LIVE |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/odisha/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2024/raghuram-machha-18144-1 |website=NDTV |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Machha, Raghuram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ludhiana South Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:40:09Z

DemetriaMunro: adding a info - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Punjab legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Ludhiana South

|type= SLA
| map_image = 61-Ludhiana South.svg
|map_caption =
|map_alt =
|mla =[[Rajinder Pal Kaur]] 
|party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|alliance = 
|latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|region =
|state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|district = [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency|Ludhiana]]
|constituency_no = 61
|established = 2008 
|electors = {{formatnum:178167}}<ref name="electorate2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceopunjab.gov.in/DownLoadDocument?t=2294&l=En&q=election |title=Voter Turnout Report - General Elections to Punjab Vidhan Sabha, 2022 |publisher=Chief Election Officer, Punjab |access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
|reservation = None
|abolished = 
}}
'''Ludhiana South Assembly constituency''' (Sl. No.: 61) is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Ludhiana district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
It is part of [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan=2|[[Balwinder Singh Bains]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Insaaf Party}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Rajinder Pal Kaur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Ludhiana South<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Rajinder Pal Kaur|Rajinder Pal Kaur Chhina]]
|votes = {{formatnum:43811}}
|percentage = 41.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Satinderpal Singh Tajpuri]]|votes={{formatnum:17673}}|percentage=16.76|change={{New}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ishwarjot Singh Cheema|votes={{formatnum:15604}}|percentage=14.8|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Lok Insaaf Party|candidate=[[Balwinder Singh Bains]]|votes={{formatnum:11906}}|percentage=11.29|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=[[Jathedar]] [[Hira Singh Gabria]]|votes={{formatnum:11243}}|percentage=10.66|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Right to Recall Party|candidate=Sumit Kumar|votes=85|percentage=0.08|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:26138}}|percentage=24.8|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:105427}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Ludhiana South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Balwinder Singh Bains]]
|party = Lok Insaaf Party
|votes = {{formatnum:53955}}
|percentage = 53.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhupinder Singh Sidhu
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:23038}}
|percentage = 22.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Hira Singh Gabria
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:20554}}
|percentage = 20.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:944}}
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:30917}}
|percentage = 30.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:100769}}
|percentage = 68.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:149582}}
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Ludhiana district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.86|75.91|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Ludhiana district]]
[[Category:Ludhiana]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2012]]

Kamthi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:21:11Z

DemetriaMunro: Put Up Initial Info Basic Info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kamthi
| constituency_no = 58
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 58-Kamthi.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Ramtek Lok Sabha constituency|Ramtek]]
| district = [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| incumbent_image = The_Maharashtra_Energy_Minister,_Shri_Chandrashkahr_Bawankule_calling_on_the_Minister_of_State_(IC)_for_Power_and_New_and_Renewable_Energy,_Shri_Raj_Kumar_Singh,_in_New_Delhi_on_October_16,_2017_(cropped).jpg
| electors =502,099
}}
'''Kamthi Assembly constituency''', ''(formerly Kamptee)'' also spelled Kamathi or Kamptee, is one of the twelve constituencies of the [[Maharashtra]] Vidhan Sabha located in the [[Nagpur district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituencies {{!}} District Nagpur, Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India |url=https://nagpur.gov.in/constituencies/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

It has been a part of [[Ramtek (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (SC) from Nagpur district since 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamthi Assembly Constituency (Vidhan Sabha) |url=https://in.opencampaign.com/assembly-constituencies/maharashtra/58/kamthi |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Open Campaign - India's Best Civic Engagement Platform. |language=en}}</ref> It used to be part of Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency until 2008.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class = wikitable
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Bajrangji Lahanu Kadu Thekedar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Anantram Dayal Choudhari
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | S. Khan A. Kgan Pathan
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Bhosle Tajsingrao Rajelaxmanrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Deotale Sureshbabu Baliramji
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=2 | Bhoyar Yadavrao Krushnarao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Radke Deorao Santoshrao || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[Sulekha Kumbhare|Sulekha Narayan Kumbhare]] || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan=3 | [[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Tekchand Sawarkar]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamthi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,74,979 |percentage = 54.42% |change={{increase}}8.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suresh Yadavrao Bhoyar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 1,34,033 |percentage = 41.69% |change={{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Er. Vikrant Surendra Meshram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,502 |percentage = 1.40% |change={{decrease}}1.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Praful Anandrao Manke |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,779 |percentage = 0.86% |change={{decrease}}3.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,168 |percentage = 0.36% |change={{decrease}}0.55 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 40,946 |percentage = 12.74% |change= {{increase}}8.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 3,22,678 |percentage = 64.27% |change= {{increase}}5.66 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 3,21,510}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,02,099|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.43 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamthi<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Tekchand Sawarkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,18,182 |percentage = 45.99% |change={{decrease}}8.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suresh Yadavrao Bhoyar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 1,07,066 |percentage = 41.67% |change={{increase}}4.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajesh Bapurao Kakade |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 10,601 |percentage = 4.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shakeebur Rahman Atiqur Rahman |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 8,345 |percentage = 3.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Praful Anandrao Manke |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 7,612 |percentage = 2.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,347 |percentage = 0.91% |change={{decrease}}0.36 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,116 |percentage = 4.33% |change= {{decrease}}12.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,59,462 |percentage = 58.94% |change= {{decrease}}3.06 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,56,965}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,40,221|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamthi<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,26,755 |percentage = 54.64% |change={{increase}}5.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajendra Bhausaheb Mulak |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 86,753 |percentage = 37.40% |change={{increase}}4.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tapeshwar Pundlik Vaidya |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 12,791 |percentage = 5.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,962 |percentage = 1.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 40,002 |percentage = 17.24% |change= {{increase}}1.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,35,038 |percentage = 62.25% |change= {{increase}}2.64 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,31,973}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,77,591|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}5.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamthi<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 95,080 |percentage = 49.36% |change={{increase}}14.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gawande Sunita Ramesh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 63,987 |percentage = 33.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sulekha Kumbhare|Sulekha Narayan Kumbhare]] |party=Bahujan Republican Ekta Manch |votes = 24,236 |percentage = 12.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suryawanshi Manik Namdeo |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,098 |percentage = 2.13% |change={{decrease}}7.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raju Hindustani |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,282 |percentage = 1.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manwatkar Pramod Haridas |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,239 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,093 |percentage = 16.14% |change= {{increase}}11.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,92,776 |percentage = 58.84% |change= {{decrease}}7.24 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,92,620}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,27,629|ref = |change= {{increase}}34.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}14.50 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamthi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 56,128 |percentage = 34.86% |change={{increase}}1.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sulekha Kumbhare|Sulekha Narayan Kumbhare]] |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 48,734 |percentage = 30.27% |change={{decrease}}7.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shahane Purushottam Panjabrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 27,192 |percentage = 16.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhoyar Yadavrao Krushnarao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 15,203 |percentage = 9.44% |change={{increase}}8.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammad Aslam Azimuddin |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,544 |percentage = 4.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raju Hindustani |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,202 |percentage = 1.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chawre Mayatai |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,688 |percentage = 1.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,394 |percentage = 4.59% |change= {{increase}}0.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,61,021 |percentage = 66.04% |change= {{increase}}5.98 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,61,016}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,43,836|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Republican Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}2.49 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamthi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sulekha Kumbhare|Sulekha Narayan Kumbhare]] |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 45,350 |percentage = 37.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Akare Manohar Bajirao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 40,094 |percentage = 33.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhoyar Yadavrao Krushnarao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 18,088 |percentage = 14.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Radke Deorao Santoshrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 15,458 |percentage = 12.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammed Shafi Mohammed Ismail |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,519 |percentage = 1.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,256 |percentage = 4.33% |change= {{decrease}}11.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,26,653 |percentage = 62.64% |change= {{decrease}}12.43 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,21,433}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,02,199|ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Republican Party of India |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}3.35 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamthi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Radke Deorao Santoshrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 59,738 |percentage = 40.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhoyar Yadavrao Krushnarao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,937 |percentage = 25.16% |change={{decrease}}7.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sulekha Kumbhare|Sulekha Narayan Kumbhare]] |party=Janata Dal |votes = 30,062 |percentage = 20.48% |change={{increase}}11.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hatwar Radhyeshyam Fakiraji |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 8,114 |percentage = 5.53% |change={{decrease}}8.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balbudhe Hari Balwanta |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 3,733 |percentage = 2.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vaidya Manikrao Dayaramji |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,425 |percentage = 1.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mudholkar Laxman Gajanan |party=Independent politician |votes = 936 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,801 |percentage = 15.53% |change= {{increase}}14.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,50,107 |percentage = 74.12% |change= {{increase}}10.92 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,46,807}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,02,522|ref = |change= {{increase}}19.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamthi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bhoyar Yadavrao Krushnarao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,715 |percentage = 33.14% |change={{decrease}}37.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Radke Deorao Santoshrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 34,116 |percentage = 32.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hatwar Radhesham Fakira |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 14,319 |percentage = 13.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pathan Nasirullah Pir Mohammad |party=Janata Dal |votes = 9,634 |percentage = 9.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chimankar Murlidhar Sitaram |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 6,818 |percentage = 6.51% |change={{decrease}}13.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wali Mohammad Nur Mohammad |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,706 |percentage = 2.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 599 |percentage = 0.57% |change= {{decrease}}49.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,06,493 |percentage = 62.59% |change= {{increase}}12.57 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,04,746}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,70,137|ref = |change= {{increase}}30.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}37.11 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamthi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bhoyar Yadavrao Krushnarao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 44,718 |percentage = 70.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramtake Sampat Mukaji |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 12,648 |percentage = 19.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kashinathji Ganpatrao Patil |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,940 |percentage = 7.76% |change={{decrease}}5.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Tukaram Meshram |party=Independent politician |votes = 892 |percentage = 1.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,070 |percentage = 50.38% |change= {{increase}}4.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,335 |percentage = 49.52% |change= {{increase}}14.79 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,650}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,29,911|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}7.62 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamthi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Deotale Sureshbabu Baliramji |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 26,018 |percentage = 62.64% |change={{increase}}8.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Mohammad Shafi Qureshi |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 6,791 |percentage = 16.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hydari Jainul Abedin |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,324 |percentage = 12.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hedaoo Yeshwant Chaitusao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,953 |percentage = 4.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Varma Prakashchand Goverdhandas |party=Janata Party |votes = 1,204 |percentage = 2.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,227 |percentage = 46.29% |change= {{increase}}13.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,165 |percentage = 34.72% |change= {{decrease}}33.83 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,539}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,21,436|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.62 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}8.97 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamthi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bhosle Tajsingrao Rajelaxmanrao |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 41,581 |percentage = 53.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rai Rajni Kaushal Prasad |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 16,090 |percentage = 20.76% |change={{increase}}1.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kumbhare Narayanrao Haribhau |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 7,386 |percentage = 9.53% |change={{decrease}}1.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshkar Manohar Madhaorao |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 6,319 |percentage = 8.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bagdi Manganlal Radhakishan |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,522 |percentage = 5.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Varhade Vithalrao Ganpatrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 552 |percentage = 0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hingnekar Arvind Morubhau |party=Independent politician |votes = 533 |percentage = 0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,491 |percentage = 32.90% |change= {{increase}}1.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,081 |percentage = 69.43% |change= {{increase}}19.10 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,488}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,13,895|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamthi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=S. Khan A. Kgan Pathan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,075 |percentage = 51.14% |change={{increase}}9.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramdas Vithoba Meshram |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 9,481 |percentage = 19.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammed Rafique Ldu |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,044 |percentage = 14.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Someshchander N. Vighhri |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 5,476 |percentage = 11.17% |change={{decrease}}16.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jamilahmed Noormohmad |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,353 |percentage = 2.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,594 |percentage = 31.80% |change= {{increase}}18.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,778 |percentage = 50.68% |change= {{decrease}}9.51 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,036}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,00,197|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}9.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamthi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=S. Khan A. Kgan Pathan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,154 |percentage = 41.50% |change={{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=N. H. Kumbhare |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 14,972 |percentage = 28.05% |change={{decrease}}3.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=J. J. Kale |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,926 |percentage = 12.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. B. Vyas |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 5,150 |percentage = 9.65% |change={{increase}}2.5 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. S. Yelne |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 3,046 |percentage = 5.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. A. Jaiswal |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,135 |percentage = 2.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,182 |percentage = 13.45% |change= {{increase}}2.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,663 |percentage = 63.14% |change= {{decrease}}6.00 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,383}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,327|ref = |change= {{increase}}24.51 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamthi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Anantram Dayal Choudhari |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,036 |percentage = 42.38% |change={{decrease}}12.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhalchandra Haribhau Sontakhe |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 14,986 |percentage = 31.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balkrishna Nagoji Vaidya |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,996 |percentage = 12.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hiralal Yelayya Pipar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,378 |percentage = 7.15% |change={{decrease}}0.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sitaram Bhakruji Mendhe |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,849 |percentage = 3.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bakaram Vithal |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,030 |percentage = 2.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,050 |percentage = 10.68% |change= {{decrease}}15.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,713 |percentage = 69.14% |change= {{increase}}13.77 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,275}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,352|ref = |change= {{increase}}76.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}12.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1952===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamthi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_MP.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221154/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_MP.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bajrangji Lahanu Kadu Thekedar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 11,625 |percentage = 55.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nisarali Abdul Kayum |party=Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 6,195 |percentage = 29.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Eendsham Jasdesndan Wahie |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,556 |percentage = 7.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Morubhau Mahadeo Hingankar |party=Independent politician |votes = 516 |percentage = 2.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santoshrao Mahadeorao Daware |party=Independent politician |votes = 450 |percentage = 2.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Haridas Kashinath Chandorkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 379 |percentage = 1.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kama Rajeshwar Bapaiya |party=Independent politician |votes = 363 |percentage = 1.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,430 |percentage = 25.75% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 21,084 |percentage = 50.68% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 21,084}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,606|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Kamthi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|21.22|79.20|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Vijapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:14:47Z

DemetriaMunro: adding a stub

{{Distinguish|Vaijapur Assembly constituency}}
{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vijapur
| mla = [[C. J. Chavda]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = ^2024 bye election
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Mahesana district|Mahesana]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency|Mahesana]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:224589}}<ref name=election2022/>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 26
}}

'''Vijapur''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Mahesana district|Mahesana]] district. It is numbered as 26-Vijapur.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>
# Vijapur Taluka

==Members of Vidhan Sabha==

===Bombay State===
==== Vijapur North ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1951 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| [[Kacharabhai Kanjidas Patel]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[Gangaram Chunilal Raval]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|}

===== Vijapur South =====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1951 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| [[Mansingh Pruthviraj Patel]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[Bechardas Hargovandas Patel]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|}

===Gujarat Vidhan Sabha===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Gangaram Chunilal Raval]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Gangaram Chunilal Raval]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Gangaram Chunilal Raval]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1975]]
| [[A. K. Patel]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/gujarat/assembly-constituencies/1975-election-results.html|title = Gujarat Assembly Election Results in 1975}}</ref>
|
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[A. K. Patel]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Nareshkumar Raval]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Nareshkumar Raval]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| [[Atmaram Maganbhai Patel]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[Nareshkumar Raval]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[Kanti Patel]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Kanti Patel]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Prahladbhai Patel]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-

|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Ramanbhai Dhulabhai Patel]]<ref name=election2017/>
|| [[File:Ramanbhai Patel.png|75px]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party }}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| rowspan="2" | [[C. J. Chavda|Dr. C. J. Chavda]] ||
|{{Full party name with color| Indian National Congress }}
|-
| [[2024 elections in India#Gujarat|2024^]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

*^ denotes by-election

==Election results==
===2024 by-election===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 elections in India#Gujarat|Gujarat Legislative Assembly by-election, 2024]]: Vijapur<ref name="2024 By Poll Result">{{cite news |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2024 By Poll Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S0626.htm |access-date=4 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604154141/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S0626.htm |archive-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[C. J. Chavda]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,00,641
|percentage = 67.49
|change = {{increase}}22.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dineshbhai Tulsibhai Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 44,413
|percentage = 29.78
|change = {{decrease}}19.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 1,195
|percentage = 0.8
|change = {{decrease}}0.49
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 56,228
|percentage = 37.71
|change = {{increase}}33.27
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,49,116
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Vijapur<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[C. J. Chavda]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 78,749
|percentage = 49.52
|change = {{increase}}2.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ramanbhai Dhulabhai Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 71,696
|percentage = 45.08
|change = {{decrease}}2.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chiragbhai Patel<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP's 6th List For Gujarat Polls Out, 73 Names Out Of 182 Seats Revealed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aaps-6th-list-for-gujarat-polls-out-73-names-out-of-182-seats-revealed-3450225 |access-date=21 October 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=21 October 2022}}</ref>
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 5,019
|percentage = 3.16
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,059
|percentage = 1.29
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,053
|percentage = 4.44
|change = {{increase}}3.67
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:224700}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017 Vidhan Sabha Election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Vijapur<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ramanbhai Dhulabhai Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 72,326
|percentage = 47.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nathabhai Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 71,162
|percentage = 47.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Upendrasinh Vihol
|party = IND
|votes = 1,555
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,264
|percentage = 0.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,51,302
|percentage = 72.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012 Vidhan Sabha Election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Prahladbhai|party=Indian National Congress|votes=70,729|percentage=49.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kantilal Patel|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=61,970|percentage=43.12|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=8,759|percentage=6.09|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=143,715|percentage=75.85|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1975 Vidhan Sabha Election===
* [[A. K. Patel]] (IND): 26,826 votes
* [[Atmaram Maganbhai Patel]] (KLP): 17,234 votes

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|23.56|72.75|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Mehsana district]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Manoj Kumar Singh (Indian politician)

2026-04-10T21:17:32Z

DemetriaMunro: adding a bio - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
'''Manoj Kumar Singh''' is an Indian politician. He hails from Pratappur Village, Hasainganj thana [[Siwan district]].<ref name="a"/>

In the early phase of his political career he worked with [[Mohammad Shahabuddin (Indian politician)|Mohammad Shahabuddin]], albeit he did not become a member of Shahabuddin's [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref name="a"/> Singh's brother Mrityunjay Singh was killed in 2005, and Shahabuddin was later charged with involvement in the murder.<ref>webindia123. ''[http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20090826/1327706.html Bail petition of Shahabuddin rejected]''</ref>

Singh was the chairman of Siwan Central Co-operative Bank from 2006 to 2017. Singh joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2008.<ref name="a">{{cite news |work=The Telegraph | location=India | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/bjp-differs-from-dal-on-nepotism/cid/481365 | title=BJP differs from Dal on nepotism | date=14 September 2010 | first=Sanjeev Kumar | last=Verma | accessdate=20 September 2019 }}</ref> He became Siwan District president of BJP.<ref name="b">''Times of India''. ''[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Thakur-kin-keen-to-contest-polls/articleshow/6549730.cms Thakur kin keen to contest polls]''</ref> In 2009 he was thrown out of the BJP, as he had supported independent candidate [[Om Prakash Yadav]] for the [[Siwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Siwan seat]] in the [[2009 Indian general election]].<ref name="a" />

He was elected as an independent to the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] in 2009.<ref name="a"/> Singh rejoined the BJP on 13 September 2010.<ref name="a"/><ref name="b"/>

Singh joined the [[Janata Dal (United)]] on 14 March 2014.<ref>webindia123. ''[http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20140314/2357432.html BJP MLA Santosh Kumar and MLC Manoj Singh join JD(U)]''</ref><ref>''The Hindu''. ''[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-leaders-join-jd-u-in-bihar/article5785409.ece BJP leaders join JD (U) in Bihar]''</ref> JD(U) fielded him as its candidate for the Siwan seat in the [[2014 Indian general election]].<ref>CEO Bihar. ''[http://ceobihar.nic.in/press_release/6th-PHASE-List-of-Contesting-Candidates.pdf 6th Phase - List of Contesting Candidates]{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''</ref><ref>''Times of India''. ''[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Dons-wife-looks-to-restore-husbands-legacy-in-Siwan/articleshow/34449359.cms Don's wife looks to restore husband's legacy in Siwan]''</ref>

In 2015, Singh contested Bihar Assembly election from Raghunathpur vidhan sabha seat, backed by BJP, and secured total of 50,297 votes.

In 2020, Singh contested from 108, Raghunathpur vidhan sabha seat and was backed by LJP. He secured a total of 49,792 votes.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Manoj Kumar}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:People from Siwan district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party politicians]]

Help (2011 film)

2026-04-09T13:00:45Z

DemetriaMunro:

{{short description|Indian short film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Help (2011 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Title card
| native_name = 
| director = [[Pandiarajan]]
| writer = Pandiarajan
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Pandiarajan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Delhi Ganesh]]
*[[Mohan Raman]]
*M. Devipriya
*Kishore
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Ashok Rajan
| editing = [[B. Lenin]]
| music = [[Srikanth Deva]]
| studio = 24f Company
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|5|20|ArtDeco Film Festival|2018|7|14|YouTube}}
| runtime = 11 minutes<ref name="H"/>
| country = India
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Help''''' is a 2011 Indian English-language short film directed by [[Pandiarajan]] and starring [[Delhi Ganesh]], [[Mohan Raman]] and Devipriya. The film was notably the only film from Asia amongst the 55 films showcased at the ArtDeco Film Festival 2011 in Sao Paulo, Brazil.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/05/13/stories/2011051350590200.htm|title=Scoring with Help|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109112457/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/05/13/stories/2011051350590200.htm|archive-date=9 November 2012|access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref>

== Plot ==
At the [[Chennai International Airport]], a security officer, Chiranjeevi, calls another officer working in [[International_airport#Customs and immigration|customs]] about a suspicious luggage. They stop the woman who owns the luggage. While searching through her luggage, they find a [[sex toy]] and mistake her for a sex addict and ask if she has a husband. She tells that they he died and that she is a mother. Her disabled son is shown in the background and the mother explains how she takes care of him and was unable to help him from his dissatisfaction from not being able to engage in any sexual activity and bought the sex toy for him.

== Cast ==
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as an airport security officer
*[[Mohan Raman]] as an airport security officer
*M. Devipriya as the disabled man's mother
*Kishore

== Production ==
The short film was initially planned to be shot in Tamil but since some words sounded harsh, Pandiarajan decided to make it in English.<ref name="K">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=17179&id1=3&issue=20200830|title=இப்போ நான் டாக்டர் ஆர்.பாண்டியராஜன்|trans-title=Now, I am Dr. R. Pandiyarajan|work=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]|language=ta|date=30 August 2020|access-date=23 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602175518/http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=17179&id1=3&issue=20200830|archive-date=2 June 2025}}</ref> This is his first short film in English as his previous short films (''Magan'', ''Iru Thuligal'') were in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pandiarajans-help-at-artdeco-film-fest/articleshow/8241438.cms|title=Pandiarajan's Help at ArtDeco film fest|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 May 2011|access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref> His assistant directors helped the actors with pronouncing the dialogues.<ref name="N">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/May/19/a-short-film-every-year-pandiarajan-254344.html|title=A short film every year: Pandiarajan|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=16 May 2012|access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref> For the role of the disabled man's mother, Pandiarajan asked several actresses who denied the role before Sakthivel Sarkar, who directed him in ''[[Mama Maaple]]'', suggested Devipriya.<ref name="K"/> [[Srikanth Deva]] composed the film's music in a single night while [[B. Lenin]] edited the film within 45 minutes.<ref name="N"/>

== Release ==
The short film was showcased at the ArtDeco Film Festival 2011 as part of the Digital Capture section on 20 May 2011 and competed in five categories: best short film, direction, screenplay, acting (male and female) and the audience's favourite film.<ref name="H"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/showbitz/article2015882.ece|title=PandiaRajan goes English|work=The Hindu|date=13 May 2011|first=S. R. Ashok|last=Kumar|access-date=23 November 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref> After the festival screenings, it was released on the Behindwoods YouTube channel in 2018.<ref name="K"/> As of 2020, the short film had 30 million viewers.<ref name="K"/>

== Accolades ==
Devipriya was nominated at the ArtDeco Film Festival 2011 for Best Actress.<ref name="K"/> She also received an award from a Bangalore film festival.<ref name="K"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pandiarajan}}

[[Category:Indian short films]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pandiarajan]]

Abul Lais Islahi Nadvi

2026-04-01T03:06:12Z

DemetriaMunro: new page

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1913–1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1913|2|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chandpatti]], [[Azamgarh district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1990|12|5|1913|2|15|df=y}}
| death_place = Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| occupation = Islamic scholar, leader, journalist
| known_for = Founding president (Ameer) of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]]
| office = President (Ameer) of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]]
| term_start = 1948
| term_end = 1972
| predecessor = [[Abul Ala Maududi]]
| successor = Maulana Mohammed Yusuf
| term_start2 = 1981
| term_end2 = 1990
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = [[Muhammad Sirajul Hassan]]
| children = Atiya Bano, Sajida Falahi
}}

'''Maulana Abul Lais Islahi Nadvi''' (15 February 1913 – 5 December 1990) was an Indian Islamic scholar, leader, and journalist. He was the founding president (Ameer) of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]] from 1948 to 1972 and from 1981 to 1990.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://jamaateislamihind.org/eng/late-maulana-abul-lais-islahi-nadvi/ | title=Late Maulana Abul Lais Islahi Nadvi - Jamaat-e-Islami Hind | date=24 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yDowAAAAYAAJ&q=Abul+Lais+Islahi+Nadvi+president | title=The Muslim World League Journal | date=November 1981 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dWwkAQAAIAAJ&q=Abul+Lais+Islahi+Nadvi+president | title=The Journal | date=1980 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Abul+Lais+Islahi+Nadvi | isbn=978-0-19-566158-3 | title=The Muslims of India: A Documentary Record | date=2003 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nadvi, Abul Lais Islahi}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Presidents of Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Azamgarh district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Indian scholars of Islam]]
{{India-writer-stub}}

Gobardhan Ash

2026-03-29T09:05:26Z

DemetriaMunro:

{{Short description|Indian artist (1907–1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gobardhan Ash
| image = File:Gobardhan Ash.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1907|08|05}}
| birth_place = [[Begampur]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1996|12|22|1907|08|05}}
| occupation = [[Painter]]
| movement = {{unbulleted list |[[Young Artists' Student Union]]|[[Art Rebel Center]]|[[Calcutta Group]]}}
}}
[[File:Atul Bose Gobardhan Ash Jamini Roy Percy Brown Atul Bose.jpg|thumb|Standing third row second from right – Gobardhan Ash. Seated middle row from right second [[Percy Brown (art historian)|Percy Brown]] and third [[Jamini Roy]]. Front row from right fourth [[Atul Bose]] at the [[Government College of Art & Craft]] 1929]]
[[File:First Exhibition of the Academy of Fine Arts in 1933.jpg|thumb|Standing from left: Abani Sen, Gobardhan Ash, Bimal Dey, Jahar Sen, Ardhendu Chatterjee, Haridhan Dutta.Sitting from left: S.N. Dey, [[Atul Bose]], Amiya Basu at [[Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata]] First Annual Exhibition, Kolkata -1933]]

'''Gobardhan Ash''' (5 August 1907 – 22 December 1996) was an Indian artist and an early modernist as per the art critic Sovom Som.<ref>{{cite book |title=Art Heritage Season 1983 - 84 |date=1984 |publisher=Art Heritage |location=New Delhi |page=24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sovon |first1=Som |title=Art Critic |url=https://www.amazon.in/Books-Sovon-Som/s?rh=n%3A976389031%2Cp_27%3ASovon+Som |website=Amazon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Mumbai NFT auction looks back at Gobardhan Ash's prolific oeuvre |date=13 January 2022 |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/a-mumbai-nft-auction-looks-back-at-gobardhan-ashs-prolific-oeuvre/ |publisher=Architectural Digest}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The power of ideas in art |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/live/the-power-of-ideas-in-art/41175/1 |work=Forbes}}</ref> [[Ebrahim Alkazi]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Art Heritage Season 1983 - 84 |date=1984 |publisher=Art Heritage |location=New Delhi |page=3}}</ref> states that "''Gobardhan wielded considerable influence as an artist in the 1940s''". He co-founded the Art Rebel Center in 1933 and was a member of the [[Calcutta Group]]. He was mentored by and close to the artist [[Atul Bose]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gobardhan |first1=Ash |title=Artist |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/the-life-and-work-of-artist-abani-sen-0}}</ref> Gobardhan was employed as the Chief Artist at the Indian Institute of Arts and Industry in Kolkata in 1946 for a period of two years and subsequently employed from 1953 as a Senior Teacher at the Indian Art School of Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gobardhan Ash Employment |url=https://www.astaguru.com/artists/Gobardhan-Ash-3437}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Art School Prospectus, 1955 |url=https://static.prinseps.com/catalogue/archivalcatalogues/the-indian-art-school-1955-56.pdf}}</ref> [[Ranjit Hoskote]] specifically identifies Gobardhan's 1948 - 1951 period wherein Gobardhan "''focusses on creating a style similar to various idioms within [[pattachitra]] into a consciousness that is clearly aware of cinema and animation''".<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranjit Hoskote on Gobardhan Ash | website=[[Facebook]] |url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=930344844537177}}</ref>

== Education ==
Gobardhan Ash had initially joined the [[Government College of Art & Craft|Government College of Art, Kolkata]] as a student in 1926.<ref>{{cite web |title=AstaGuru - Gobardhan Ash Profile |url=https://www.astaguru.com/artists/Gobardhan-Ash-3437}}</ref> He lost his scholarship at the school due to his involvement with the [[Salt March|civil disobedience movement in 1930]]'s.<ref>{{cite news |title=A lifetime on canvas |publisher=Economic Times |date=28 August 1993}}</ref> Differences with the teaching methods and an open skirmish with the then principal [[Mukul Dey]] ultimately led to the formation of a group called the Young Artist's Student Union in 1931<ref>{{cite web |title=Young Artists Student Union |date=30 November 2021 |url=https://prinseps.com/research/the-history-behind-the-young-artists-union-1931-by-gobardhan-ash/}}</ref> and the [[Art Rebel Center]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gobardhan |first1=Ash |title=Rebel Artists Center |url=https://static.prinseps.com/catalogue/archivalcatalogues/art-rebel-centre-exhibition-1933.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Trouilloud |first1=Julia |title=The Reception of Modern European Art in Calcutta: a Complex Negotiation (1910s-1940s) |journal=Academia.edu |date=2017 |volume=Artl@s Bulletin 6, no. 2 (2017): Article 7. |page=106 |url=https://www.academia.edu/64089172}}</ref> He subsequently studied under [[D. P. Roy Choudhury|Devi Prasad Roy Chowdhury]] at the Government Art School in Madras.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nag |first=Ashoke |year=2012 |title=Kolkata art gallery, Aakriti, celebrates famed Bengal artist Gobardhan Ash's 105th anniversary |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/kolkata-art-gallery-aakriti-celebrates-famed-bengal-artist-gobardhan-ashs-105th-anniversary/articleshow/15275301.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |website=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] |publication-date=30 July 2012}}</ref>

== Lifetime achievement awards ==

* Award From the [[Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata]], 1937<ref>{{cite web |title=Award From the Academy of Fine Arts |url=https://www.saffronart.com/artists/gobardhan--ash}}</ref>
* Abanindranath Puraskar for lifetime service and excellence in the field of art practice ([[Abanindranath Tagore]] award), 1984<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ash |first1=Gobardhan |title=Abanindra Puraskar for Gobardhan Ash |url=https://dagworld.com/gobardhanash.html |website=Delhi Art Gallery |publisher=DAG}}</ref>
* [[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society]] Honors Gobardhan Ash for his contribution to Art, 1988<ref>{{cite web |title=SaffronArt - Gobardhan Ash Awards |url=https://www.saffronart.com/artists/gobardhan--ash}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AIFACS AWARD 1988 |url=https://www.gallerykolkata.com/seller-name/gobardhan-ash/}}</ref>
* Art Heritage Award, 1985<ref>{{cite web |title=Award from Art Heritage |url=https://www.aakritiartgallery.com/artist/profile/gobardhan.html}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Abanindranath Puraskar.jpg|Abanindra Puraskar
File:Aifacs award.jpg|AIFACS Award
File:Akademi Award.jpg|Akademi Award
</gallery>

== Exhibitions ==
* February 1930 - [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]] Institute, First Annual Exhibition<ref>{{Cite web |last=Calcutta University |title=Calcutta University Institute Art Exhibition |url=https://static.prinseps.com/catalogue/archivalcatalogues/1-exhibit-academy-of-fine-arts-1933.pdf}}</ref>
* April 1933 - Art Rebel Centre Exhibition<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gobardhan |first1=Ash |title=Art Rebel Center |url=https://static.prinseps.com/catalogue/archivalcatalogues/art-rebel-centre-exhibition-1933.pdf}}</ref>
* December 1933 - January 1934, First Exhibition of the [[Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata]]<ref>{{cite web |title=First Exhibition of the Academy of Fine Arts |url=https://static.prinseps.com/catalogue/archivalcatalogues/1-exhibit-academy-of-fine-arts-1933.pdf}}</ref>
* December 1934 - January 1935, Second Annual Exhibition of the [[Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Annual Exhibition of the Academy of Fine Arts |url=https://static.prinseps.com/catalogue/archivalcatalogues/2-exhibit-academy-of-fine-arts-1934.pdf}}</ref>
* December 1936 - January 1937, Fourth Annual Exhibition of the [[Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Fourth Annual Exhibition of the Academy of Fine Arts |url=https://static.prinseps.com/catalogue/archivalcatalogues/academy-of-fine-arts-exhibition-1937.pdf}}</ref>
* December 1940, Exhibition of the Society of Modern Arts<ref>{{Cite web |title=Society of Modern Art Exhibition |url=https://static.prinseps.com/catalogue/archivalcatalogues/society-of-modern-art-exhibition-1940.pdf}}</ref>
* December 1946, Twenty-Third Annual Exhibition by the Students and ex-Students of the [[Government College of Art & Craft]], Kolkata<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twenty Third Annual Exhibition by the Students and ex-Students of the Government College of Art |url=https://static.prinseps.com/catalogue/archivalcatalogues/23-annual-art-exhibition.pdf}}</ref>
* January 1948, Indian Exhibition in Singapore<ref>{{cite web |title=Catalogue of Indian Exhibition in Singapore |url=https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/static.prinseps.com/catalogue/archivalcatalogues/indian-exhibition-singapore-1948.pdf}}</ref>
* April 1950, Exhibition of Paintings & Sculptures by the members of the Calcutta Group and the [[Bombay Progressive Artists' Group]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Exhibition of the Calcutta Group and the Bombay Progressives |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collections/search/archive/geeta-kapur-and-vivan-sundaram-archive-exhibition-catalogues-from-geeta-and-vivans-collection/object/progressive-artists-group-exhibition-of-paintings}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ash, Gobardhan}}
[[Category:Artists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]

Bina Devi

2026-03-28T09:09:09Z

DemetriaMunro: brief improve formatting per standard format and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian farmer and businesswoman}}
{{About|the Indian farmer and businesswoman|the Nepalese politician|Bina Devi (Nepalese politician)}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Bina Devi
| image = Bina Devi (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Bina in 2020
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{circa|1977}}
| birth_place = [[Munger]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Sarpanch]], entrepreneur
| years_active =
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]]
}}

'''Bina Devi''' (born {{circa|1977}}) is an Indian leader who became known for inspiring women to become businesswoman through [[mushroom cultivation]].<ref name="icar">{{cite web|url=https://kvk.icar.gov.in/past_image_video.aspx?eventid=d869d7a5-2ecc-401b-ae42-4a1ad0619bd7|website=kvk.icar.gov.in|title=Krishi Vigyan Kendra Knowledge Network|accessdate=2020-03-12}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Nicknamed 'Mushroom Mahila' for popularising mushroom cultivation, Bina Devi gained respect and became the [[Sarpanch]] of Dhauri Panchayat, Tetiabamber block for five years. She has trained farmers on mushroom and [[organic farming]], [[vermicompost]] production and organic [[insecticide]] preparation.

==Early life==
Bina Devi is from a small village named [[Tilkari, Munger|Tilkari]] and she was born in about 1977.<ref name=fame>{{Cite web|url=http://www.patnabeats.com/bihars-daughter-bina-devi-famous-as-mushroom-mahila-was-awarded-the-nari-shakti-award/|title=Bihar's daughter, Bina Devi famous as Mushroom Mahila was awarded the Nari Shakti Award|last=Agarwal|first=Rishika|date=2020-03-17|website=PatnaBeats|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-09|archive-date=2020-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403111759/http://www.patnabeats.com/bihars-daughter-bina-devi-famous-as-mushroom-mahila-was-awarded-the-nari-shakti-award/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She belongs to the [[Bind caste]].

==Career==
Devi grew a small amount of mushrooms under her own bed and this made her realise that this was an opportunity.<ref name=fame/>

Devi had engaged in [[dairy farming]] and [[goat farming]] but she became known for inspiring [[Self-employment|self employment]] among rural women. She has popularized mushroom production in five blocks and 105 neighbouring villages in the [[Munger district]], impacting 1,500 women by supporting them while they adopted mushroom farming.<ref name=get>{{Cite web|title=Get out, work yourself: ''Mushroom Mahila'' message to women|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/get-out-work-yourself-mushroom-mahila-message-to-women/1755757|access-date=2021-01-05|website=www.outlookindia.com/}}</ref>

[[File:Shri Narendra Modi with the Nari Shakti Awardees, in New Delhi on March 08, 2020.jpg|thumb|left|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] with the Nari Shakti Awardees on [[International Women's Day]] in 2020.]]

She has been involved in spreading [[digital literacy]] and trained 700 women in how to use a mobile phone funded by Tata Trusts. She has trained 2,500 farmers on SRI Method crop farming and supported the formulation of self help groups.<ref name=get/>

Bina Devi became the seventh woman after Chennai-based social worker [[Sneha Mohandoss]], [[bomb blast]] survivor [[Malvika Iyer]], [[Kashmiri Numdha]], handicraft revival worker [[Arifa Jan]], [[Kalpana Ramesh]] urban water conservationist, Maharashtra Banjara handicraft promotor [[Vijaya Pawar]] and lady mason [[Kalavati Devi]] to handle the Prime Minister's account on [[International Women's Day|Women's Day]].<ref name="indianewengland">{{cite web|url=https://indianewengland.com/2020/03/get-out-work-yourself-mushroom-mahila-message-to-women/|title=Get out, work yourself: 'Mushroom Mahila' message to women {{pipe}} INDIA New England News|website=indianewengland.com|accessdate=2020-03-12|archive-date=2020-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309021324/https://indianewengland.com/2020/03/get-out-work-yourself-mushroom-mahila-message-to-women/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On March 9, 2020, she was awarded with [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] by President [[Ram Nath Kovind]].<ref name="bhaskarhindi">{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/national/news/womens-day-2020-president-kovind-awarded-nari-shakti-puraskar-to-bina-devi-and-many-women-113590|author=Dainik Bhaskar Hindi|title=Women's Day 2020: President Kovind awarded Nari Shakti Puraskar to Bina Devi and many women {{pipe}} Women's Day 2020: 103 वर्षीय मान कौर को नारी शक्ति पुरस्कार, 'मशरूम महिला' भी सम्मानित - दैनिक भास्कर हिंदी|website=bhaskarhindi.com|date=8 March 2020 |accessdate=2020-03-12}}</ref>

[[File:Bina Devi's award.jpg|70px|thumb|left|Bina Devi showing her award certificate]]
[[File:BinaFarming.ogg|70px|thumb|Bina devi showing the mushroom's in her farm]]

Referring to her own mushroom cultivation, she said: "Due to this farming, I got respect. I became a [[sarpanch]] of Dhauri Panchayat in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Smriti Z Irani (@smritiirani) on X |url=https://twitter.com/smritiirani/status/1236579836342046720?lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226061114/https://twitter.com/smritiirani/status/1236579836342046720?lang=en |archive-date=2023-12-26 |access-date=2025-11-13 |work=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}</ref> It is a pleasure for me that many women like myself are getting the opportunity to train."<ref name=get/>

Recently she was also awarded with 'Pratibha Samman' at the Matri Shakti Sammelan in Munger, Bihar. The event was organized at Lakhisarai, Munger on December 25, 2023.

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Bina}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Indian women farmers]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:21st-century women farmers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian farmers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian farmers]]
[[Category:20th-century women farmers]]

Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project

2026-03-25T06:42:27Z

DemetriaMunro: Put Up Basic Article Basic Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Kishanganga Dam
| name_official =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|34.64901|74.75151|format=dms|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country =
| location =
| status = Operational
| construction_began = 2007
| opening = 19 May 2018
| demolished =
| cost = [[Indian rupee|Rs.]] 5783.17 crore ($864 million [[USD]] 2016)<ref>{{cite news|title=330 MW Kishanganga Power Project to be commissioned by Nov next|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/330-mw-kishanganga-power-project-to-be-commissioned-by-nov-next/|accessdate=13 March 2016|agency=Daily Excelsior|date=14 December 2015|quote=The sanctioned cost of project was Rs 3642.04 crore and revised cost has touched Rs 5783.17 crore}}</ref>
| owner = [[NHPC Limited]]
| dam_type = [[Concrete-face rock-fill]]
| dam_height = {{Convert|37|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_height_foundation=
| dam_length =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume =
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_crosses = [[Kishanganga River]]
| spillway_count =
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|18.35|e6m3|acre-ft|abbr=off}}
| res_capacity_active ={{convert|7.5|e6m3|acre-ft|abbr=off}}
| res_capacity_inactive={{convert|10.8|e6m3|acre-ft|abbr=off}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface =
| res_elevation =2,390 m msl
| res_max_depth = 30.48 m
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| plant_hydraulic_head = {{Convert|646|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_name = Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant
| plant_coordinates = {{coord|34|28|21|N|74|38|06|E|type:landmark}}

| plant_operator = NHPC
| plant_commission = 19 May 2018
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type = Pelton
| plant_turbines = 3 x 110 [[megawatt|MW]] [[Pelton-type]]
| plant_capacity = 330 MW
| plant_annual_gen = 1,713 million kWh<ref>{{cite web |title= CERC interim order Kishanganga HEP tariff (see last page) | url = http://cercind.gov.in/2018/orders/43G.pdf |accessdate=1 October 2019}}</ref>
| website =
| extra =
}}
The '''Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project''' is a [[run-of-the-river]] [[hydroelectric]] scheme in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. Its dam diverts water from the [[Kishanganga River]] to a power plant in the [[Jhelum River]] basin. It is located near Dharmahama Village, {{Convert|5|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} north of [[Bandipore]] in the [[Kashmir Valley]] and has an installed capacity of 330 MW.

Construction on the project began in 2007 and was expected to be complete in 2016. It was halted in 2011 due to a dispute with Pakistan under the [[Indus Waters Treaty|Indus Water Treaty]], which went to a court of arbitration. [[Pakistan]] protested the effect of the project on the flow of the Kishanganga River to downstream areas in [[Azad Kashmir|Pakistan-administered Kashmir]]. In December 2013, the Court ruled that India could divert water for power generation while ensuring a minimum flow of 9 cumecs (m3/s) downstream to Pakistan.<ref name="Ahmad">{{cite web |author=Omair Ahmad |title=The Indus Waters Treaty: caught between a dispute and a hard place |newspaper=The Third Pole |date=15 June 2018 |url=https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/2018/06/15/the-indus-waters-treaty-caught-between-a-dispute-and-a-hard-place/ |accessdate=20 June 2018 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213002042/https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/2018/06/15/the-indus-waters-treaty-caught-between-a-dispute-and-a-hard-place/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Tribune">[https://tribune.com.pk/story/648986/kishanganga-project-victory-claims-cloud-final-arbitration-award/ Kishanganga project: Victory claims cloud final arbitration award], The Express Tribune, 22 December 2013.</ref>

All three units of 110 MW each were commissioned and synchronized with the electricity grid by 30 March 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title= NHPC's Kishanganga project fully commissioned |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/over-8-cr-epfo-accounts-have-no-birth-date-11-cr-missing-fathers-name/1281602?scroll |accessdate=2 April 2018}}</ref> On 19 May 2018, Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurated the project.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhaskar |first1=Utpal |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/1d6mcw4oPoymB4h2g40GiK/Narendra-Modi-inaugurates-Kishanganga-hydropower-project-in.html |title=Narendra Modi inaugurates Kishanganga hydropower project in Kashmir|work=mint |date=19 May 2018 }}</ref>

==Design==
{{Location map+|Kashmir|width=200|float=left |caption=Location of the Neelum–Jhelum and Kishanganga projects in [[Kashmir]] |places=
{{Location map~|Kashmir |lat_deg=34|lat_min=23|lat_sec=34|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=73|lon_min=43|lon_sec=08|lon_dir=E|position=top|mark_size=8|label_size=0|label=N–J project}}
{{Location map~ |Kashmir|lat_deg=34|lat_min=11|lat_sec=54|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=73|lon_min=30|lon_sec=41|lon_dir=E|position=bottom|label_size=75|label=N–J project}}
{{Location map~| Kashmir|lat_deg=34|lat_min=38|lat_sec=51|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=74|lon_min=45|lon_sec=53|lon_dir=E|position=right|label_size=75|label=Kishenganga project}}
{{Location map~ |Kashmir|lat_deg=34|lat_min=28|lat_sec=21|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=74|lon_min=38|lon_sec=06|lon_dir=E|position=bottom|label_size=0|label=Kishenganga project}}
}}
The Kishanganga (Neelum) River is a major tributary of the west-flowing Jhelum River. Located to its north, the Kishanganga flows at a higher elevation than the Jhelum. Both the rivers originate in Indian-administered Kashmir and flow west into Pakistan-administered Kashmir, joining near [[Muzaffarabad]]. This situation presents a unique opportunity of diverting waters from the Kishenganga river into the Jhelum river through a tunnel and using the consequent flows to generate power. Both India and Pakistan have explored the possibility and came up with the Kishenganga project and the [[Neelum–Jhelum Dam|Neelum–Jhelum project]] respectively.{{sfn|Briscoe|2010|p=29}}

[[File:Kishenganga Hydroelectric Project plan.png|thumb|right|270px|Project plan]]
The Kishanganga project includes a {{Convert|37|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall [[concrete-face rock-fill dam]] which diverts a portion (58.4 m3/sec) of the Kishanganga River south through a {{Convert|23.20|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=JandK's Kishanganga hydro project: 9 interesting facts - JandK's Kishanganga hydro project |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/jks-kishanganga-hydro-project-9-interesting-facts/headrace-tunnel/slideshow/37621950.cms |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> tunnel. The tunnel is received by a [[surge chamber]] before sending water to the [[underground power house]] which contains {{nowrap|3 x 110 MW}} [[Pelton turbine]]-generators. After the power plant, water is discharged through a tail race channel into Bonar Nallah, another tributary of Jhelum (at {{coord|34.473|74.635}}). After a short distance the Bonar Nallah drains into the [[Wular Lake]], on the course of the Jhelum River. The drop in elevation from the dam to the power station provides a [[hydraulic head]] of {{Convert|646|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kishanganga |url=http://www.nhpcindia.com/projectdetail.htm?CatId=1&ProjectId=32|publisher=NHPC Limited|accessdate=3 Feb 2019}}</ref>

The dam is equipped with a lower level orifice [[spillway]] to transfer flood water as well as silt downstream to protect the power generation reliability and the operating life of the project.<ref>{{cite web|title= CoA verdict dated 18 February 2013 on Kishanganga hydro power project (page 94) | url = https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/1681|accessdate=1 October 2019}}</ref> The arbitration award permitted the lower level orifice spillway as envisaged by India but prohibited the depletion of dead storage.

==Indus waters dispute==
[[File:Kishenganga Hydroelectric Project in India-Pakistan context.png|thumb|right|270px|Kishenganga project in the context of India and Pakistan]]
The waters of the Jhelum river and its tributaries are allocated to Pakistan under the [[Indus Waters Treaty]] of 1960 (part of the three 'western rivers' – Indus, Jhelum and Chenab). However, India is allowed "non-consumptive" uses of the water such as power generation. Under the treaty, India is obliged to inform Pakistan of its intent to build a project six months prior to construction and take into account any concerns raised by the latter.

Pakistan strenuously objected to the project, claiming that India was not permitted under the Treaty to divert waters from one tributary to another.{{sfn|Khan|2013|p=215}} Experts have disagreed with this contention. John Briscoe, a former World Bank water expert, points out that the "far-sighted Indian and Pakistani engineers" who drafted the treaty very well anticipated the situation.<ref name="Briscoe">John Briscoe, [https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/winning-the-battle-but-losing-the-war/article4439676.ece Winning the battle but losing the war], The Hindu, 22 February 2013.</ref> The paragraph 15 of Annexure D states,
{{blockquote|Where a Plant is located on a tributary of the Jhelum on which Pakistan has any agricultural use or hydroelectric use, ''the water released below the plant may be delivered, if necessary, into another tributary'' but only to the extent that the then existing agricultural use or hydroelectric use by Pakistan on the former tributary would not be adversely affected. (emphasis added)<ref name=Briscoe/>}}
Nevertheless, Pakistan maintained that the diversion of water was prohibited. Asif H. Kazi, an influential water professional, declared, "the treaty absolutely forbids India from undertaking their project".<ref>Kazi, Asif H. [https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/309438-misusing-the-indus-treaty "Misusing the Indus Treaty"], ''The News'', 1 July 2011.</ref>

Other than the legal objection, Pakistan also had concerns that the project would affect the flow of waters into Pakistan-administered Kashmir along the Kishanganga riverbed, impacting agriculture in "thousands of acres" as well as Pakistan's own planned [[Neelum–Jhelum Hydropower Plant|Neelum–Jhelum]] hydropower project downstream.{{sfn|Khan|2013|p=215}} Experts estimated that the impact on the Neelum–Jhelum project would be only about 10 percent,{{sfn|Tanaka|2012|pp=556-557}} because 70 percent of the waters of Kishanganga/Neelum are generated within Pakistan-administered Kashmir (downstream from the Kishanganga project)<ref>Ramaswamy R. Iyer, [https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/Arbitration-amp-Kishenganga-project/article16267682.ece Arbitration & Kishenganga project], The Hindu 25 June 2010.</ref> and the project itself reduces the flow by only 21 to 27 percent.{{sfn|Tanaka|2012|pp=556-557}}{{refn|group=note|When the Neelum–Jhelum project was completed in August 2018, it was reported that it was reported that it had attained its full generation capacity of 969 MW, and all units of the project were generating power to their maximum capacity.<ref>[https://tribune.com.pk/story/1780780/2-neelum-jhelum-project-attains-full-generation-capacity-969mw/ Neelum-Jhelum project attains full generation capacity of 969MW], The Express Tribune, 14 August 2018.</ref>}}

Unable to agree with India, Pakistan raised a 'dispute' under the Indus Waters Treaty, asking the World Bank to assemble a Court of Arbitration. This was the first time a Court of Arbitration (CoA) was assembled under the Indus Waters Treaty.

== Court of Arbitration # 1 ==
[[File:Stephen Myron Schwebel.jpg|thumb|right|Judge Stephen Schwbel, chairman of the Court of Arbitration]]
A Court of Arbitration # 1 assembled under the Indus Water Treaty is expected to have seven members, two members each nominated by India and Pakistan, and three 'umpires' appointed by recognised authorities: the chairman appointed by the United Nations secretary-general and the World Bank president, a legal member/umpire appointed by US Chief Justice and Lord Chief Justice of England, an engineer member/umpire appointed by the President of MIT and the Rector of Imperial College, London.<ref name="Verghese">B. G. Verghese, [http://www.bgverghese.com/WaterSharing.htm Ideology Threatens Indus Treaty], The South Asian Journal, 25 March 2010.</ref> A distinguished panel was thus assembled to hear the case.{{sfn|Crook|2014|p=309}}{{refn|group=note|The chairman of the panel was Judge Stephen Schwebel, former president of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Frankin Berman and Howard S. Wheater were the legal and engineer members respectively. India nominated Lucius Catflisch and Judge Peter Tomka, president of ICJ. Pakistan nominated Jan Paulsson and Judge Bruno Simma.{{sfn|Crook|2014|p=309}}}}

=== Permissibility of the Kishenganga project ===
The Court began by rejecting Pakistan's arguments that the Kishanganga project violated the provisions of the treaty.{{sfn|Crook|2014|p=309}} Then it considered whether the project satisfied the treaty's requirements for hydroelectric plants. Article III(2) obligates India to "let flow all the waters of Western Rivers" and "not permit any interference with the waters".{{sfn|Crook|2014|p=309}} Pakistan argued that the project violated Annexure D of the treaty in three respects:{{sfn|Crook|2014|p=310}}

* by the permanent diversion of waters from one tributary to another,
* by failure to conform to the requirements for a permitted run-of-the-river plant (by locating the plant along a diversion rather than at the dam site), and
* by a diversion of waters between two tributaries that was not "necessary".

The court rejected all three objections by analysing the treaty and its negotiating history.{{sfn|Crook|2014|p=310}}

The final question was whether the diversion met the requirement of protecting "the ''then existing'' agricultural use or hydro-electric use by Pakistan". The court addressed the issue with a sophisticated Vienna Convention analysis. It rejected Pakistan's "ambulatory" interpretation that all its future uses which might evolve over time were protected by the treaty, and upheld India's interpretation that only those uses existing when Pakistan was given complete information about the project were protected.{{sfn|Crook|2014|p=310}} The court determined that the Neelum–Jhelum project did not exist at the time the Kishenganga project "crystallized". Hence, it was not protected by the treaty provisions.{{sfn|Crook|2014|p=311}}

The court upheld India's right to proceed with the Kishanganga project. But it also concluded that the treaty and the [[customary international law]] required India to ensure a minimum environmental flow along the Kishanganga/Neelum riverbed. After requesting additional data from India and Pakistan to determine the requirements for minimum flow, the court determined this to be 12 cumecs at river crossing point into Pakistan. Balancing this figure against India's right to the satisfactory operation of its project, it set down 9 cumecs as the required minimum flow to be ensured at all times.{{sfn|Crook|2014|p=312}} The remaining 3 cumecs flow is met from the Indian territory downstream of the Kishangana dam. The loss of power generation is estimated as 5.7% of total generation in a year. However, CoA has not deliberated the possibility of reducing the loss by converting the excess dead storage above the gates as storage for proving the minimum environmental flow during the lean flow season.

=== Drawdown flushing ===
[[File:Kishenganga Project schematic.png|thumb|right|350px|Schematic cross section of the dam and the reservoir]]
Pakistan also raised another dispute at the same Court of Arbitration, questioning India's plan to use drawdown flushing for clearing the sediments that accumulate below the 'dead storage' level.{{refn|group=note|The 'dead storage' as defined in the IWT is the water storage in the dam's reservoir above the level of inlets, used for power generation, with adequate submergence to facilitate smooth water inflow. The storage above this level is called 'live storage'. While the live storage fluctuates, the dead storage stays in the reservoir and accumulates sediments that wash down from upstream if not able to pass downstream. The recommended international practice is to flush the dead storage periodically to clear the coarse sediments accumulated in the reservoir.<ref>A. Schleiss & G. de Cesare, [https://www.mowr.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/51._Baglihar_Expert_Determination___Annex__4_.pdf Baglihar Hydroelectric Plant - Assessment of reservoir sedimentation and its effects on the power intake, the pondage, and the upstream flood safety] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525231605/https://www.mowr.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/51._Baglihar_Expert_Determination___Annex__4_.pdf |date=25 May 2021 }}, Baglihar Expert Determination, Annex 6.3, 22 December 2006, paragraph 1.2.</ref>}}

Sedimentation is a serious problem among Himalayan rivers (since the Himalayas are young mountains).{{sfn|Akhter|2013|p=25}} The previous [[Salal Hydroelectric Power Station|Salal project]] on the [[Chenab River|Chenab river]] was constructed without drawdown flushing facility and the dam is said to have filled up with sediment within two seasons.<ref name=Verghese/> For the [[Baglihar Dam]], India insisted on the drawdown facility, leading Pakistan to raise a 'difference' under the Indus Water Treaty. It was referred to a neutral expert appointed by the World Bank, who ruled that the drawdown flushing facility was necessary. India depended on the precedent value of this ruling in designing the Kishanganga project.

Pakistan's concern with the drawdown facility is that it provides India with manipulable storage of water.<ref>{{harvnb|Akhter|2013|p=25}}: "The height of sluice spillways was contested because this seemingly mundane design feature has stark geopolitical implications for upstream/downstream dynamics. While sluice spillways improve the economic life of the dam by enabling flushing of silt, they also give the upstream riparian greater capacity to control the flow of water."</ref> If the water is drawn down then, while it is being refilled in the reservoir, the gates would be closed and the downstream areas would be starved of water.<ref>{{harvnb|Crook|2014|p=311}}: "Pakistan saw such flushing as threatening its right to stable and uninterrupted flows, since flows could surge during reservoir flushing and shrink, or even disappear, during refilling."</ref> In the event of a war or conflict, India would have the ability to flood the downstream areas by using the drawdown facility and then shut off water while refilling the reservoir.<ref>B. G. Verghese, [http://www.bgverghese.com/WaterSharing.htm Ideology Threatens Indus Treaty], The South Asian Journal, 25 March 2010. Quote: "Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto held up the run-of-the-river Sallal project in the 1980s on the ground that this could be used strategically against Pakistan as an instrument of war, to pond and dry up the river, or suddenly release ponded waters to flood Pakistan in time of war and bog down its armour."</ref> So Pakistan perceived the drawdown facility as a key security issue.<ref name=Naqvi/> Indeed, the Indus Water Treaty stipulates that the water storage in the reservoir should be maintained above the dead storage level except in emergencies:
{{blockquote|The Dead Storage shall not be depleted except in an unforeseen emergency. If so depleted, it will be re-filled in accordance with the conditions of its initial filling.{{sfn|Reports|2018|loc=Partial Award, paragraph 311, p. 168}}}}
India argued that the ability to flush sediment was necessary to assure its right to generate hydroelectric power.{{sfn|Crook|2014|p=311}} The Court obtained technical evidence and expert opinion before determining that the drawdown flushing was not an absolute necessity. Other methods of sediment control were available even if they were less economical.{{sfn|Crook|2014|pp=311–312}} The court read the treaty's provisions regarding depletion and the limits on live storage as restricting India's ability to manipulate flows.{{sfn|Crook|2014|p=311}} It might be convenient for India to practise sediment flushing, but it had to be balanced against Pakistan's [[water security]]. The court implied that the Baglihar neutral expert erred in not balancing the two concerns. It overruled the neutral expert's decision and ruled that drawdown flushing cannot be used in all future projects.<ref>John Briscoe, [https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/peace-not-war-on-the-indus/article5520049.ece Peace, not war, on the Indus], The Hindu, 31 December 2013.</ref>

===Prolonged issues===
After the partial award of the Court of Arbitration (CoA) on 18 February 2013, India resumed the construction of the project. CoA in its decision/verdict dated 18 February 2013 unequivocally permitted India to construct the project as proposed by India without any modification after disposing off all the pending issues raised by Pakistan. The CoA decision categorically declared as quoted below (page no 201)<ref name=coa>{{cite web|url=https://pca-cpa.org/en/cases/20/ |title= Partial Award dated 18 February 2013 on Kishenganga project |access-date=22 September 2022}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2025}}

Even then Pakistan continued to raise other objections via the bilateral Indus Commission for publicity purposes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wishing away water woes|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1746179|access-date=7 April 2023}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2025}} These were considered 'technical aspects' and India recommended the appointment of a neutral expert to resolve them. However, Pakistan insisted on assembling a second Court of Arbitration. India did not agree to the demand. The World Bank was faced with conflicting demands from the two parties and called for a "pause" in December 2016 asking India and Pakistan to agree on a course of action. There was no further movement afterward till the completion of the Kishenganga project.<ref name="Naqvi">Feisal Naqvi, [https://www.dawn.com/news/1445800 The Kishenganga Conundrum], Dawn, 18 November 2018</ref>

According to Feisal Naqvi, former counsel for the [[Government of Pakistan]], Pakistan's concern was that India did not alter the design of the Kishenganga dam in the light of the court's determination. While the court's ruling prohibited drawdown flushing, the low-level orifice outlets that would enable such flushing still remain. A neutral expert decision to declare them "illegal" would have been necessary for Pakistan.<ref name="Naqvi" />

India never agreed that the low-level orifice outlets were purely meant for drawdown flushing. As acknowledged by the CoA (paras 507 to 509), the low-level orifice outlets, as permitted by Annexure D (8d) of the Treaty, are also needed to pass the probable maximum flood, to release water in the event of an unforeseen emergency and for sediment control by sluicing without depleting the dead storage. It is stated in the court's proceedings that they would be useful for sediment control generally, even without drawdown flushing.{{sfn|Reports|2018|loc=Partial Award, paragraph 287, p. 160}}{{refn|group=note|The Indian Central Water Commission's guidelines state: "These sluices can be used for undertaking a number of hydraulic sediment evacuation techniques viz; drawdown flushing, sluicing, density venting, etc."<ref>[http://cwc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Guidelines%20for%20uploading%20smd.pdf Guidelines for Sediment Management in Water Resources & Hydropower Projects], Central Water Commission, Government of India, February 2019.</ref>}}

==Court of Arbitration # 2 ==
{{confusing section|date=August 2025}}
The second Court of Arbitration (CoA#2), regarding the differences{{clarify|date=August 2025|reason=what differences?}} raised by Pakistan on Kishanganga and [[Ratle Hydroelectric Plant|Ratle hydroelectric]] projects, delivered its award on 8 August 2025. CoA#2 made it clear that, while interpreting Annexure D 8(d) of IWT that outlets such as orifice spillways, fish ladder gates, etc. can be installed above the dead storage level without any restriction to pass the probable maximum flood or for sedimentation control or any other purpose. However, these outlets are permitted fully or partially below the dead storage level when all other equally effective options are not found adequate. It was clarified that the outlets considered in Annexure D 8d are entirely different from the crest gated spillways (including chute spillway) or turbine intakes dealt in Annexure D 8e or 8f respectively though the functions may overlap. With this interpretation of CoA#2, it is possible to route the probable maximum flood by installing orifice spillways in place of overflowing spillway or crest gated spillway without utilizing Annexure D 8e provision.<ref>{{cite web |title=Award on Issues of General Interpretation of the Indus Waters Treaty |url=https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/83591 |access-date=14 August 2025 |at=page 334, item H}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=August 2025}}

== Project details ==
[[File:Habba Khatoon.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Kishenganga River near Habba Khatoon]]

===Construction===
The survey work for the Kishanganga project was undertaken prior to 1988. In that year, the Pakistan's Indus Commissioner became aware of the survey and asked India to pause work.<ref name=Ahmad/>{{sfn|Reports|2018|loc=Partial Award, paragraph 140, pp. 111–112}} In 1994, India informed Pakistan its plans for a project with a storage capacity of 0.14 [[acre-foot|MAF]].{{sfn|Reports|2018|loc=Partial Awards, paragraph 144, p. 112}}<ref name=ET/> After receiving Pakistan's objections, it revised the project from a storage project to a run-of-the-river project.<ref name=ET>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pak-to-approach-world-bank-over-water-dispute-with-india/articleshow/5065314.cms?from=mdr Pak to approach World Bank over water dispute with India], The Economic Times, 28 September 2009.</ref>

During the period 2004–2006, the project moved forward, having been taken up by [[National Hydroelectric Power Corporation]] (NHPC Limited).<ref name=Ahmad/> The construction of the tunnels was carried out by [[Hindustan Construction Company]] jointly with UK-based [[Halcrow Group]]. The first 14.75 km of the tunnel was constructed using a [[tunnel boring machine]] operated by SELI,<ref>[https://www.tunneltalk.com/TBM-Recorder-Dec12-Seli-double-shield-TBM-sets-record-at-Kishanganga-in-India.php Breaking excavation records in the Himalayas], TunnelTalk, December 2012.</ref> and the remaining 8.9 km by the conventional drill and blast method. It is one of the longest headrace tunnels in India with overburden (height of the mountain above the tunnel) of 1470 metres. Using tunnel boring in the young Himalayan mountains and the adverse climate in winters posed considerable challenges to the construction team.<ref name=Subramanian>Nirupama Subramanian, [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/long-objected-by-pakistan-kishanganga-hydro-electric-project-set-for-inauguration-by-pm-modi-next-month-5155452/ Long objected by Pakistan, Kishanganga Hydro Electric Project set for inauguration next month], The Indian Express, 30 April 2018.</ref><ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/jks-kishanganga-hydro-project-9-interesting-facts/14-75-km-tunnel/slideshow/37621946.cms J&K's Kishanganga hydro project: 9 interesting facts], The Economici Times, 2 July 2014.</ref><ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/hcc-rallies-5-on-completion-of-first-tunnel-for-kishanganga-project/articleshow/36423167.cms?from=mdr HCC rallies 5% on completion of first tunnel for Kishanganga project], The Economic Times, 12 June 2014.</ref><ref>[https://www.tunneltalk.com/India-20May2014-Imminent-Kishanganga-breakthrough-as-Seli-wins-TBM-excavation-award-for-Vishnugad-Pipalkoti-hydro-headrace-tunnel.php New award follows Seli Kishanganga success], TunnelTalk, 20 May 2014.</ref>

===Commissioning===
Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the Kishanganga power plant in the state of Jammu and Kashmir on 19 May 2018.
The 330MW Kishanganga hydropower station, work on which started in 2009, is one of the projects that India has fast-tracked in the volatile state amid frosty ties between the nuclear-armed countries.
"This region can not only become self-sufficient in power but also produce for other regions of the country," Modi said in the state's capital, Srinagar. "Keeping that in mind we have been working on various projects here for the past four years." Pakistan has opposed some of these projects, saying they violate a World Bank-mediated treaty on the sharing of the [[Indus River]] and its tributaries upon which 80 percent of its irrigated agriculture depends.

===Benefits===
In addition to generating 330 MW power, the diverted water from the Kishanganga River is used for the purpose of irrigation or to generate additional electricity from the downstream Lower Jhelum (105 MW), [[Uri Dam|Uri]] (720 MW) and proposed [[Kohala Hydropower Project|Kohala]] (1124 MW) (in Pakistan-administered Kashmir) hydel projects located on the [[Jhelum River]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Gilani |first=Syed Manzoor |title=GB: water conservation and preservation |newspaper=Daily Times |date=2 November 2018 |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/317594/gb-water-conservation-and-preservation/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lower Jhelum Hydroelectric Project JH01065 |url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Jhelum_Hydroelectric_Project_JH01065 |website=India-WRIS wiki |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709074803/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Jhelum_Hydroelectric_Project_JH01065 |archive-date=9 July 2018}}</ref>

==Future development==
It was stipulated by the CoA that India shall release nine cumecs subject to adequate inflows in the reservoir for the purpose of minimum environmental flows into the Kishanganga River.<ref name="final">{{harvnb|Reports|2018|loc=Final award}}</ref> Though, there is no stipulation per [[Indus Waters Treaty|IWT]] to maintain minimum environmental flows for a run of the river hydropower plant and India offered voluntarily to release the minimum environmental flows downstream without contesting the environmental flow requirement. CoA stipulated the same as the requirement under [[Customary international law]].{{sfn|Crook|2014|p=312}} The CoA verdict (page 43) also made provision to contest the minimum environmental flow requirement in future after seven years from the commissioning of the Kishenganga power plant.<ref name="final" /> As per clause 1 of Annexure D of the treaty, India can use the available water fully for hydropower generation in an unrestricted manner subject to complying with the restrictions imposed in Annexure D. There is no stipulation in Annexure D for sparing water to the downstream for the purpose of minimum environmental flows. As per clause 29 of Annexure G, whenever the relevant treaty stipulations are not extant then only other acceptable international laws such as customary international law are applicable. Thus CoA has provided an option to rectify omissions of India in the future so that the Kishenganga power project becomes economically viable as the stipulated minimum environmental flows are nearly 25% of the total inflows.

In the case of storage works, Annexure E(20) of IWT clearly permits that the stored water can be used fully in any manner by India without the need to release water downstream for minimum environmental flows.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Indus Waters Treaty 1960 (with annexes) |publisher=United Nations |url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTs/Volume%20419/volume-419-I-6032-English.pdf |access-date=30 October 2018}}</ref> The average water yield is 4.1 cumecs (129 million cubic meters per year) in the river catchment area below the Kishanganga dam before the river enters Pakistan as stated in page 171 of the CoA decision dated 18 February 2013.<ref name=coa/> Downstream of the Kishanganga dam, the river is taking a U-turn to enter Pakistan territory. Nearly 20 million cubic meters capacity gross storage dam can be envisaged close to the [[Line of Control|LoC]] to impound all the inflows which can be further pumped through a 6 km long tunnel into the upstream Kishenganga dam reservoir. The augmented water into the Kishanganga dam reservoir is also diverted to the Jhelum River to generate additional power by the 330 MW power plant. As the pumping head (90 m) is not exceeding 15% of the 664 m head available for power generation, the storage reservoir with a pumping facility is highly economical to utilize all the waters of the Kishenganga River flowing in India. Water pumping from the storage works/reservoir could be achieved by installing a [[Pumped-storage hydroelectricity|pumped storage scheme]] to generate peaking and secondary power additionally.

==Concerns==

During the construction following concerns were raised. In 2013 local population of [[Bandipora]] protested against [[Hindustan Construction Company]] (HCC) executing the 330 MW Kishenganga hydroelectric project in the area. The protesters accused the company of causing severe damage to natural environment<ref name="kashmirscenario">{{cite news |url=http://thekashmirscenario.com/2013/01/hindustan-construction-company-blasts-rules-regulations/ |title=Hindustan construction Company Blasts Rules & Regulations |newspaper=The Kashmir Scenario |date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813181707/http://thekashmirscenario.com/2013/01/hindustan-construction-company-blasts-rules-regulations/ |archive-date=13 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="greaterkashmir">[http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/bandipora-gurez-residents-face-forced-migration-threat/157515.html Bandipora, Gurez residents face forced migration threat], Greater Kashmir, 14 March 215.</ref> and causing perilous pollution in the area. Following sustained protests by villagers in 2012 and 2013, the hydrology department of [[National Institute of Technology]] (NIT) conducted tests in the area and stated pollution had caused chemical disturbance in the water around the project site.The tests revealed high concentration of dissolved solids and unsafe alkaline levels in the water. “The polluted water can neither be used for the human consumption nor for washing purposes,” the report cautioned<ref name="kashmirscenario" /><ref name="greaterkashmir" />

==Current status==

* 2025 May: After suspending [[Indus Water Treaty|IWT]], India has decided to significantly increase the capacity of the Kishanganga Project beyond its initial plans [of 330 MW].<ref name=expandp1>[https://www.msn.com/hi-in/news/india/%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D-%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%9C-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88-%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B8/ar-AA1F8u6j?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=bba154bf80c34f52bce04cfd6624dfb5&ei=33 सिंधु जल संधि का क्‍या हश्र करने जा रही है मोदी सरकार? किसानों से संवाद में इरादे का खुलासा], MSN.com, 20 May 2025.</ref>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Water|Renewable energy}}}}
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Ratle Hydroelectric Plant]]
*[[Baglihar Dam]]
*[[Salal Hydroelectric Power Station]]
*[[Neelum–Jhelum Hydropower Plant]]
*[[Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |url=http://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_XXXI/1-358.pdf |title=Reports of International Arbitral Awards, Volume XXXI (pp.1–358) |publisher=United Nations |year=2018 |ref={{sfnref|Reports|2018}}}}
** Order on the Interim Measures Application of Pakistan dated June 6, 2011 (pp. 6–53)
** Partial Award (pp. 55–245)
** Decision on India's Request for Clarification or Interpretation Dated 20 May 2013 (pp. 295–307)
** Final Award (pp. 309–358)
* {{citation |first=Majed |last=Akhter |title=Geopolitics of Dam Design on the Indus |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=48 |number=19 |date=11 May 2013 |pages=24–26 |jstor=23527337}}
* {{citation |first=John |last=Briscoe |title=Troubled Waters: Can a Bridge Be Built over the Indus? |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=45 |number=50 |date=11–17 December 2010 |pages=28–32, 35 |jstor=25764211}}
* {{citation |first=John R. |last=Crook |title=In re Indus Waters Kishenganga Arbitration (Pakistan v. India) |journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=108 |number=2 |date=April 2014 |pages=308–314 |jstor=10.5305/amerjintelaw.108.2.0308 |doi=10.5305/amerjintelaw.108.2.0308|s2cid=147011615 }}
* {{citation |first=Muhammad Rashid |last=Khan |title=Crucial Water Issues between Pakistan and India, CBMs, and the Role of Media |journal=South Asian Studies |publisher=Punjab University |volume=28 |number=1 |date=January–June 2013 |pages=213–221 |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/15_V28_1_2013.pdf}}
* {{citation |first1=Yanying |last1=Li |first2=Camille M. |last2=Ng |chapter=Inter-State and Investor-State Arbitrations at the PCA |title=Hague Yearbook of International Law / Annuaire de La Haye de Droit International, Vol. 26 (2013) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J6clDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA502 |year=2014 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-28736-5 |pages=502–}}
* {{citation |last=Tanaka |first=Yoshifumi |title=Note on the Interim Measures in the Indus Waters Kishenganga Arbitration |journal=The Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals |volume=11 |number=3 |year=2012 |pages=555–579 |doi=10.1163/15718034-12341240 }}
* {{citation |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Aardraa |last2=Chatterjee |first2=Tamojit |title=The Kishenganga Hydro-Electric Project Arbitration Dispute - Partial Award (Pakistan v. India): An Analysis |journal=Indian J. Arb. L. |volume=190 |year=2013 |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ijal2&id=278&collection=journals&index= |via=Hein Online}}

==External links==
{{GeoGroup}}
* {{citation|title=Partial award |publisher=The Permanent Court of Arbitration |date=18 February 2013 |url=https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/1681}}
* [https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/48 Final Award], The Permanent Court of Arbitration, 20 December 2013

{{Power Plants of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Dams in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Run-of-the-river power stations]]
[[Category:Proposed hydroelectric power stations]]
[[Category:Concrete-face rock-fill dams]]
[[Category:Dams on the Neelum (Kishanganga) River]]
[[Category:Dam controversies]]
[[Category:Underground power stations]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 2018]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Kapura Singh Brar

2026-03-22T22:42:12Z

DemetriaMunro: Put Up Initial Bio W/ Sources

{{citation style|date=February 2022|details=Current footnotes do not contain enough information to pass [[WP:VERIFY]].}}

{{Short description|Founder of Kot Kapura town}}

'''Nawab Kapura Singh Brar''' (1625–1708), also known as '''Kapura Chaudry''',<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh|first=Nidar|title=In the Master's Presence: The Sikhs of Hazoor Sahib|last2=Singh|first2=Parmjit|publisher=Kashi House|year=2008|isbn=9780956016805|volume=I|pages=36|url=https://jugasingh.com/images/c10e10ae9e211711.jpg}}</ref> was a [[Jat Sikh|Jat]] leader the accredited progenitor of both the Faridkot and Kot Kapura minor [[Phulkian]] houses. Also responsible for founding the town of [[Kot Kapura]] in 1661. He provided assistance to Guru Gobind Singh after the guru's escape from Chamkaur in 1705.<ref name=":1" />

== Life ==

Kapura Singh was born in Panjgrain, Punjab, to Chaudury Lala Brar in 1625. Chaudury Lala Brar was the younger brother of Nawab Bhallan Chand Brar, the head of the Brar clan and an ardent follower of Guru Hargobind. Bhallan died issueless in 1634, being succeeded by Kapura, his nephew.

During his reign over the Brar clan and [[Jagir|jagirdari]] territories in the area around Kot Kapura, the fort of Kot Kapura was constructed in 1661. Kapura also engaged in incessant warfare with the neighbouring Rajput clans over historic territory disputes and due to his conquest of their jagirdari holds.<ref>Fauja Singh and R.C. Rabra, The City of Faridkot, Past and Present. Punjabi University, Patiala, 1976.</ref> Kapura did not assist [[Guru Gobind Singh]] by warding off the imperial armies in-pursuit of the guru after the [[Battle of Chamkaur]], as he was fearful of Mughal reprisal, which drew displeasure from the Sikh guru.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=9788170103011 |pages=61}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Thus, the guru went to Dhilwan Kalan where he was aided by Sodhi Kaul.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=9788170103011 |pages=61}}</ref> However, when the guru was encamped in the territory controlled by the Brars, Kapura paid a visit to the guru's camp and was shocked by the veneration of weapons practiced by the Sikhs, with the guru explaining the importance of weapon-adoration to Kapura in-response.<ref name=":1" />

Kapura Singh supported Guru Gobind Singh in the [[Battle of Muktsar]], originally known as the battle of Khidrana, with men and military vantage. After this, Kapura Singh was baptised by Guru Gobind Singh in 1705. He was given a [[khanda (sword)|khanda]] and shield.<ref>Bhagat Singh. A History of the Sikh Misals. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, Patiala, 1993.</ref>

== Death ==
[[File:Genealogical pedigree (family-tree) of the ruling family of Faridkot State, Punjab, revised pedigree-table (1940).jpg|thumb|Genealogical pedigree (family-tree) of the ruling family of Faridkot State, Punjab, revised pedigree-table (1940). They are descended from Kapura.]]
Kapura Singh Brar was killed by a Manj Rajput chief, [[Isa Khan Munj|Rai Isa Khan Manj]], in 1708. An on-going feud between the Phulkian houses and multiple [[Rajput]] houses had led to numerous prior altercations and conflicts, ultimately leading to the defeat of Kapura Singh as well. This assassination was avenged by Kapura Singhs's sons Sukhia Singh, Mukhia Singh and Sema Singh.<ref> Dr. Harnam Singh. History of Sidhu Bairars & Phul Dynasty. Publication Bureau, U.G.C., 1934.</ref> Kapura was succeeded by his elder son [[Sukhia Singh Brar]].<ref>Sirdar Attar Singh, Chief of Bhuddour. The House of Phool, Being a Genealogical Table of the Family of the Cis Sutledge Chiefs of the Punjab. September 1872 (BL 85/14000 R 23).</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapura Singh Brar}}
[[Category:1625 births]]
[[Category:1708 deaths]]
[[Category:City founders]]

Gaza Strip

2026-03-19T12:31:38Z

DemetriaMunro: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Autonomous territory in the Middle East}}
{{distinguish|Gaza Province||Gaza Governorate}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Gaza Strip
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ar|قطاع غزة}}}}
| linking_name = the Gaza Strip
| status = [[Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip|Israeli-occupied territory]] of [[Palestine]]{{efn|Although Israel [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza|withdrew from the Gaza Strip]] in 2005, the United Nations, international human rights organizations and many legal scholars regard the Gaza Strip to still be under military occupation by Israel,<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&pg=PA429 |page=429 |first=Andrew |last=Sanger |title=Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law - 2010 |chapter=The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla |volume=13 |editor1-first=M. N. |editor1-last=Schmitt |editor2-first=Louise |editor2-last=Arimatsu |editor3-first=Tim |editor3-last=McCormack |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |date=2011 |isbn=978-90-6704-811-8 |quote=Israel claims it no longer occupies the Gaza Strip, maintaining that it is neither a State nor a territory occupied or controlled by Israel, but rather it has 'sui generis' status. Pursuant to the Disengagement Plan, Israel dismantled all military institutions and settlements in Gaza and there is no longer a permanent Israeli military or civilian presence in the territory. However, the Plan also provided that Israel will guard and monitor the external land perimeter of the Gaza Strip, will continue to maintain exclusive authority in Gaza air space, and will continue to exercise security activity in the sea off the coast of the Gaza Strip as well as maintaining an Israeli military presence on the Egyptian-Gaza border, and reserving the right to reenter Gaza at will. Israel continues to control all of Gaza's seven land crossings, its maritime borders and airspace and the movement of goods and persons in and out of the territory. Egypt controls one of Gaza's land crossings. Gaza is also dependent on Israel for water, electricity, telecommunications and other utilities, currency, issuing IDs, and permits to enter and leave the territory. Israel also has sole control of the Palestinian Population Registry through which the Israeli Army regulates who is classified as a Palestinian and who is a Gazan or West Banker. Since 2000 aside from a limited number of exceptions Israel has refused to add people to the Palestinian Population Registry. It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations, the UN General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, International human rights organisations, US Government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators, to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied. |doi=10.1007/978-90-6704-811-8_14}} * {{cite book |title=International Law and the Classification of Conflicts |editor=Elizabeth Wilmshurst |first=Iain |last=Scobbie |author-link=Iain Scobbie |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-965775-9 |page=295 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GM90Xp03uuEC&pg=PA295 |quote=Even after the accession to power of Hamas, Israel's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies, most States, nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011, its control of Gaza's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the 'security envelope' around Gaza, as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza.}} * {{cite book |title=Prefiguring Peace: Israeli-Palestinian Peacebuilding Partnerships |first=Michelle |last=Gawerc |publisher=[[Lexington Books]] |date=2012 |isbn=9780739166109 |page=44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hka8FZ4UdWUC&pg=PA44 |quote=While Israel withdrew from the immediate territory, it remained in control of all access to and from Gaza through the border crossings, as well as through the coastline and the airspace. In addition, Gaza was dependent upon Israel for water, electricity sewage communication networks and for its trade (Gisha 2007. Dowty 2008). In other words, while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement Palestinians – as well as many human rights organizations and international bodies – argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied. |access-date=8 November 2016 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228174718/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hka8FZ4UdWUC&pg=PA44 |url-status=live}}</ref> as Israel still maintains direct control over Gaza's air and maritime space, most of Gaza's land crossings, a no-go buffer zone within the territory, and the Palestinian population registry. While the majority argues that the Gaza Strip is still occupied,<ref name="cuyckens">{{Cite journal |title=Is Israel Still an Occupying Power in Gaza? |first=Hanne |last=Cuyckens |date=1 October 2016 |journal=Netherlands International Law Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1007/s40802-016-0070-1 |doi-access=free |issn=0165-070X}}</ref> Israel and other legal scholars dispute this noting the lack of effective control.<ref name="cuyckens"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Cuyckens |first=Hanne |title=Is Israel Still an Occupying Power in Gaza? |journal=Netherlands International Law Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |year=2016 |issn=0165-070X |doi=10.1007/s40802-016-0070-1 |pages=275–295 |doi-access=free}}</ref>}}
* Under the [[Gaza Strip under Resolution 2803|temporary mandate]] of the [[National Committee for the Administration of Gaza|NCAG]] per [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2803|UNSC Resolution 2803]]
* Israel currently controls [[Yellow Line (Gaza)|53% of the Gaza Strip]] under the [[Gaza peace plan]], with the rest ''de facto'' controlled by [[Hamas]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Campa |first1=Kelly |last2=Carter |first2=Brian |last3=Hempel |first3=Parker |last4=Moorman |first4=Carolyn |last5=Morrison |first5=Nidal |last6=Parry |first6=Andie |last7=Wells |first7=Katherine |title=Iran Update, October 10, 2025 |url=https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-october-10-2025/ |website=understandingwar.org |date=10 October 2025 |publisher=Institute for the Study of War |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>
| today =
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Gaza Strip in Palestine.svg|frameless]]|Location of the Gaza Strip within [[Palestine]]|[[File:Gaza_Strip_2023.png|frameless]]|Detailed map of the Gaza Strip}}
| ethnic_groups = [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] [[Arabs]]
| religion = {{unbulleted list |99% [[Islam in Palestine|Sunni Islam]] ([[State religion|official]]) |<1% [[Gazan Christians|Christianity]]}}
| demonym = Gazan Palestinian
| national_motto =
| national_anthem =
| capital = [[Gaza City]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|31|30|53|N|34|27|15|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = [[Gaza City]]
| government_type =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| official_languages = [[Arabic]]
| area_km2 = 365
| area_sq_mi =
| area_footnote =
| population_estimate = ~2,050,000<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20250625-harvard-report-gaza-missing-misinterpreted-number-israel | title= Did a 'Harvard report' reveal 377,000 Gazans are 'missing'? The number has been misinterpreted
| date= 20 June 2025|work=France24}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_estimate_rank =
| population_census =
| population_census_year =
| population_density_km2 = 5967.5
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_rank = –
| GDP_PPP_year =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = –
| HDI =
| HDI_rank =
| HDI_year =
| HDI_category =
| currency = [[Israeli new shekel]] [[Egyptian pound]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hpAREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA351 |title=Macroeconomic Policy in Fragile States |isbn=978-0-19-885309-1 |last1=Chami |first1=Ralph |last2=Espinoza |first2=Raphael |last3=Montiel |first3=Peter J. |date=26 January 2021 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411064413/https://books.google.com/books?id=hpAREAAAQBAJ&q=egyptian+pound+used+in+gaza&pg=PA351 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| iso3166code = PS
| time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset = +2
| time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +3
| calling_code = [[+970]]
}}

The '''Gaza Strip''', also known simply as '''Gaza''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|'|g|ɑː|z|ə|audio=Gaza pronunciation.mp3}};<ref name="OED-Gaza Strip">''The New Oxford Dictionary of English''. 1998. p. 761. {{ISBN|0-19-861263-X}}. "Gaza Strip /'gɑːzə/ a strip of territory under the control of the Palestinian National Authority and Hamas, on the SE Mediterranean coast including the town of Gaza...".</ref> {{langx|ar|قِطَاعُ غَزَّةَ}} ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|Qiṭāʿ Ġazzah}}'' {{IPA|ar|qɪˈtˤɑːʕ ˈɣaz.za|}}}} is the smaller of the two Palestinian territories (the other being the [[West Bank]]) that make up the [[State of Palestine]] in the [[Southern Levant]] region of [[West Asia]]. Gaza is bordered by [[Egypt]] on the southwest, [[Israel]] on the east and north, and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the west. Its capital and largest city is [[Gaza City]].<ref>{{cite web
|last=Fabian
|first=Emanuel
|title=IDF aims to capture 75% of Gaza Strip in 2 months in new offensive against Hamas
|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-aims-to-capture-75-of-gaza-strip-in-2-months-in-new-offensive-against-hamas/amp/
|website=The Times of Israel
|date=25 May 2025
|access-date=11 June 2025
}}</ref>

The territorial boundaries were established by the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]] of the [[1949 Armistice Agreements]] at the conclusion of the [[1948 Arab–Israeli war]], at which time Gaza was [[All-Palestine Protectorate|controlled]] by the [[Kingdom of Egypt]]. During that period the [[All-Palestine Protectorate]], also known as All-Palestine, was established with limited recognition and it became a refuge for [[Palestinians]] who [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight|fled or were expelled]] during the [[1948 Palestine war]].<ref name="fm">{{Cite web|date=2024-09-06|title=Gaza Strip {{!}} Definition, History, Facts, & Map {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gaza-Strip |access-date=2024-09-06|website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019125720/https://www.britannica.com/place/Gaza-Strip |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="il">{{Cite journal |last=Samson |first=Elizabeth |date=2010 |title=Is Gaza Occupied: Redefining the Status of Gaza under International Law |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/amuilr25&id=929&div=&collection= |journal=American University International Law Review |volume=25 |pages=915 |access-date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122142832/https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/amuilr25&id=929&div=&collection= |url-status=live}}</ref> Later, during the [[Six-Day War]], Israel captured and [[Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip|occupied the Gaza Strip]], initiating its decades-long military occupation of the Palestinian territories.<ref name="fm"/><ref name="il"/> The mid-1990s [[Oslo Accords]] established the [[Palestinian Authority]] (PA) as a limited governing authority, initially led by the [[Secularity|secular]] party [[Fatah]] until that party's [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|electoral defeat in 2006]] to the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Sunni Islamism|Islamist]] [[Hamas]]. Hamas would then take over the [[Gaza Strip under Hamas|governance of Gaza]] in the [[Battle of Gaza (2007)|Battle of Gaza]] the next year,<ref name="rp">{{cite book |first=Tristan |last=Dunning |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jp-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA212 |title=Hamas, Jihad and Popular Legitimacy: Reinterpreting Resistance in Palestine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102100658/https://books.google.com/books?id=4jp-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA212 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2016 |page=212 |isbn=978-1-317-38495-3 |quote=Since taking sole control of Gaza in June 2007, Hamas has proven itself to be a remarkably resilient and resourceful government entity. The movement has clearly entrenched itself as the hegemonic power in the coastal enclave to such an extent that the International Crisis Group contends that the power struggle in Gaza is no longer between Hamas and Fatah. Rather the main source of confrontation is between Hamas and other more hardline Islamists and ''salafists''. . . Hamas has been far more successful in an administrative sense than the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank, despite having access to only a fraction of the resources.}}</ref><ref>
*Joshua Castellino, Kathleen A. Cavanaugh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9VHRny2tWgcC&pg=PA150 ''Minority Rights in the Middle East,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102100657/https://books.google.com/books?id=9VHRny2tWgcC&pg=PA150|date=2 November 2022}} [[Oxford University Press]] 2013 p.150:'Palestinians under occupation in the West Bank and Gaza constitute a majority (demographically) with representation by the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), a self-governing body run by Fatah in the West Bank, and by Hamas in the Gaza Strip'.
*[[David Rose (journalist)|David Rose]], [https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2008/04/gaza200804 'The Gaza Bombshell,'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428115827/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2008/04/gaza200804 |date=28 April 2018}} [[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] April, 2008. 'The plan was for forces led by Dahlan, and armed with new weapons supplied at America's behest, to give Fatah the muscle it needed to remove the democratically elected Hamas-led government from power. . But the secret plan backfired, resulting in a further setback for American foreign policy under Bush. Instead of driving its enemies out of power, the U.S.-backed Fatah fighters inadvertently provoked Hamas to seize total control of Gaza.'
*[[Sara Roy]], ''Hamas and Civil Society in Gaza,'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=mX1dAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 p.45] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102100700/https://books.google.com/books?id=mX1dAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 |date=2 November 2022}}. 'Dahlan, who was supported by U.S. officials, has been a bitter enemy of Hamas since his 1996 crackdown on the movement. He consistently refused to accept the Palestinian unity government brokered by the Saudi government in the Mecca Agreement "and made his opposition intolerable to Hamas when he refused to subject the security forces under his command, armed and trained by the U.S., to the legitimate Palestinian unity government as agreed between Hamas and Fatah." Alistair Crooke, a former Middle East adviser to the EU foreign policy chief [[Javier Solana]], similarly observed, "Dahlan refused to deal with (the independent interior minister appointed to the unity government), and put his troops on the streets in defiance of the interior minister. Hamas felt that they had little option but to take control of security away from forces which were in fact creating insecurity." Hence, Hamas was not attempting a coup against the government or the Fatah organization as a whole but also against Dahlan's U.S.-funded militia (and individual Fatah loyalists it blamed for the murder of Hamas members).'</ref> subsequently warring with [[Israel]].

The restrictions on movement and goods in Gaza imposed by Israel date back to the early 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preliminary Assessment Of The Economic Impact Of The Destruction In Gaza |url=https://unctad.org/publication/preliminary-assessment-economic-impact-destruction-gaza-and-prospects-economic-recovery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405083028/https://unctad.org/publication/preliminary-assessment-economic-impact-destruction-gaza-and-prospects-economic-recovery |archive-date=5 April 2024 |access-date=5 August 2024}}</ref> In 2005, Israel [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza|unilaterally withdrew its military forces from Gaza]], dismantled [[Israeli settlement|its settlements]], and implemented a temporary [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|blockade of Gaza]].<ref name="be">{{Cite web |last=Alfarsi |first=Haroun |date=2023-10-10 |title=Gaza Strip Blockade: Explained |url=https://www.profolus.com/topics/gaza-strip-blockade-explained/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Profolus |language=en-us |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530024201/https://www.profolus.com/topics/gaza-strip-blockade-explained/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The blockade became indefinite after the 2007 Hamas takeover.<ref name="eb">{{Cite news |date=2023-10-12 |title=Gaza Strip: devastated by conflict and Israel's economic blockade |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-strip-devastated-by-conflict-economic-blockade-2023-10-12/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113003741/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-strip-devastated-by-conflict-economic-blockade-2023-10-12/ |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-13 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="be"/> Egypt also began its blockade of Gaza in 2007. Despite the Israeli disengagement, Gaza was still considered [[Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip|occupied by Israel]] under [[international law]],<ref name="occ">{{cite book |last=Sanger |first=Andrew |title=Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law - 2010 |chapter=The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla |date=2011 |editor1-first=M. N. |editor1-last=Schmitt |editor2-first=Louise |editor2-last=Arimatsu |editor3-first=Tim |editor3-last=McCormack |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&pg=PA429 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |volume=13 |page=429 |doi=10.1007/978-90-6704-811-8_14 |isbn=978-90-6704-811-8 |quote=Israel claims it no longer occupies the Gaza Strip, maintaining that it is neither a State nor a territory occupied or controlled by Israel, but rather it has 'sui generis' status. Pursuant to the Disengagement Plan, Israel dismantled all military institutions and settlements in Gaza and there is no longer a permanent Israeli military or civilian presence in the territory. However the Plan also provided that Israel will guard and monitor the external land perimeter of the Gaza Strip, will continue to maintain exclusive authority in Gaza air space, and will continue to exercise security activity in the sea off the coast of the Gaza Strip as well as maintaining an Israeli military presence on the Egyptian-Gaza border. and reserving the right to reenter Gaza at will. Israel continues to control six of Gaza's seven land crossings, its maritime borders and airspace and the movement of goods and persons in and out of the territory. Egypt controls one of Gaza's land crossings. Troops from the Israeli Defence Force regularly enter pans of the territory and/or deploy missile attacks, drones and sonic bombs into Gaza. Israel has declared a no-go buffer zone that stretches deep into Gaza: if Gazans enter this zone they are shot on sight. Gaza is also dependent on Israel for water, electricity, telecommunications and other utilities, currency, issuing IDs, and permits to enter and leave the territory. Israel also has sole control of the Palestinian Population Registry through which the Israeli Army regulates who is classified as a Palestinian and who is a Gazan or West Banker. Since 2000 aside from a limited number of exceptions Israel has refused to add people to the Palestinian Population Registry. It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations, the UN General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, International human rights organisations, US Government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators, to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied.}}</ref><ref>
* {{cite web | title=Military occupation of Palestine by Israel | website=[[Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project]] | date=18 May 2014 | url=https://www.rulac.org/browse/conflicts/military-occupation-of-palestine-by-israel#collapse2accord | access-date=20 November 2023 | archive-date=4 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404102657/https://www.rulac.org/browse/conflicts/military-occupation-of-palestine-by-israel#collapse2accord | url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Scobbie |first=Iain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GM90Xp03uuEC&pg=PA295 |title=International Law and the Classification of Conflicts |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-965775-9 |editor=Elizabeth Wilmshurst |page=295 |quote=Even after the accession to power of Hamas, Israel's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies, most States, nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011, its control of Gaza's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the 'security envelope' around Gaza, as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza. |author-link=Iain Scobbie}}
*{{cite book |last=Gawerc |first=Michelle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hka8FZ4UdWUC&pg=PA44 |title=Prefiguring Peace: Israeli-Palestinian Peacebuilding Partnerships |date=2012 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9780739166109 |page=44 |quote=While Israel withdrew from the immediate territory, it remained in control of all access to and from Gaza through the border crossings, as well as through the coastline and the airspace. In addition, Gaza was dependent upon Israel for water, electricity sewage communication networks and for its trade (Gisha 2007. Dowty 2008). In other words, while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement Palestinians – as well as many human right organizations and international bodies – argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied. |access-date=8 November 2016 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228174718/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hka8FZ4UdWUC&pg=PA44 |url-status=live}}</ref> being described as an "open-air prison".<ref>[[Sara Roy]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=mX1dAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 ''Hamas and Civil Society in Gaza: Engaging the Islamist Social Sector,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102100742/https://books.google.com/books?id=mX1dAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|date=2 November 2022}} Princeton University Press, 2013 p.41:'Hamas's democratic victory, however, was short-lived . .followed as it was in June 2006 by an Israeli and US-led international political and economic boycott of the new Palestinian government. The boycott amounted to a form of collective punishment against the entire Palestinian population and, to my knowledge, was the first time in the history of the conflict that the international community imposed sanctions on the occupied rather than the occupier.'</ref><ref name="open-air prison"/> Israel's actions in Gaza since the start of the [[Gaza war|war that began in 2023]] have resulted in large-scale loss of life, [[Gaza Strip evacuations|mass population displacement]], a [[Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)|humanitarian crisis]], and an [[Gaza Strip famine|ongoing famine]].<ref name="Dannenbaum_Dill_2024">{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/ajil.2024.53 |title=International Law in Gaza: Belligerent Intent and Provisional Measures |date=2024 |last1=Dannenbaum |first1=Tom |last2=Dill |first2=Janina |journal=American Journal of International Law |volume=118 |issue=4 |pages=659–683 |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9f903ef4-702f-4391-ab59-4e7506124964 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="IPC_22_August_2025">{{cite web |title=GAZA STRIP: Famine confirmed in Gaza Governorate, projected to expand {{pipe}} 1 July - 30 September 2025 |url=https://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/docs/IPC_Gaza_Strip_Acute_Food_Insecurity_Malnutrition_July_Sept2025_Special_Snapshot.pdf
|website=[[Integrated Food Security Phase Classification]] |date=22 August 2025}}</ref> These actions have been described by scholars, international law experts, and human-rights organizations as constituting [[Gaza genocide|a genocide against the Palestinian people]].<ref name="genocide">
* {{cite book |chapter=Introduction |last1=Dumper |first1=Michael |last2=Badran |first2=Amneh |doi=10.4324/9781003031994 |title=Routledge Handbook on Palestine |date=2024 |editor-last1=Dumper |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last2=Badran |editor-first2=Amneh |isbn=9781003031994 |edition=1st |publisher=Routledge |page=2 |quote=In this context we should not overlook the latest turning point in the history of Palestine – the attack by Hamas on 7th October 2023 on Israeli settlements adjacent to Gaza and the subsequent genocidal war that the state of Israel has carried out in the Gaza strip}}
* {{cite news |last=Speri |first=Alice |date=20 December 2024 |title=Defining genocide: how a rift over Gaza sparked a crisis among scholars |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/dec/20/genocide-definition-mass-violence-scholars-gaza |work=Guardian |access-date=23 December 2024}}
* {{cite news |last1=Narea |first1=Nicole |date=25 October 2024 |title=Is Israel committing genocide? Reexamining the question, a year later. |url=https://www.vox.com/politics/378913/israel-gaza-genocide-icj |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241027004251/https://www.vox.com/politics/378913/israel-gaza-genocide-icj |archive-date=27 October 2024}}
* {{cite report |last1=Albanese |first1=Francesca |title=Anatomy of a Genocide: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese |url=https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g24/046/11/pdf/g2404611.pdf |date=25 March 2024 |publisher=[[United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories]] |author-link1=Francesca Albanese |page=1 |quote=By analysing the patterns of violence and Israeli policies in its onslaught on Gaza, the present report concludes that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the threshold indicating that Israel has committed genocide has been met}}
* {{cite report |author=Amnesty International |author-link=Amnesty International |year=2024 |title='You Feel Like You Are Subhuman': Israel's Genocide Against Palestinians In Gaza |url=https://amnesty.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Amnesty-International-Gaza-Genocide-Report-December-4-2024.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205121850/https://amnesty.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Amnesty-International-Gaza-Genocide-Report-December-4-2024.pdf |archive-date=5 December 2024 |url-status=live |page=13 |quote=This report focuses on the Israeli authorities' policies and actions in Gaza as part of the military offensive they launched in the wake of the Hamas-led attacks on 7 October 2023 while situating them within the broader context of Israel's unlawful occupation, and system of apartheid against Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Israel. It assesses allegations of violations and crimes under international law by Israel in Gaza within the framework of genocide under international law, concluding that there is sufficient evidence to believe that Israel's conduct in Gaza following 7 October 2023 amounts to genocide.}}
* {{cite book |last1=Traverso |first1=Enzo |author-link=Enzo Traverso |year=2024 |title=Gaza Faces History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-8PEQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-63542-555-0 |publisher=Other Press |page=8 |quote=The only normative definition we have, codified at the United Nations Genocide Convention of 1948, accurately describes the current situation in Palestine ... describes exactly what is happening in Gaza today}}
* {{cite web |author= |date=12 December 2024 |title=One year of denouncing the genocide of Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.fidh.org/en/region/north-africa-middle-east/israel-palestine/one-year-of-denouncing-the-genocide-of-palestinians-in-gaza |website=[[International Federation for Human Rights]] |access-date=4 June 2025 |quote=One year ago, the FIDH International Board, its governing body elected by all its member organisations, recognised, after extensive debate and examination, that Israel was carrying out genocide against the Palestinian people in Gaza}}
* {{Cite report |author=B'Tselem |author-link1=B'Tselem |date=July 2025 |title=Our Genocide |url=https://www.btselem.org/sites/default/files/publications/202507_our_genocide_eng.pdf |page=86 |quote=The review presented in this report leaves no room for doubt: since October 2023, the Israeli regime has been responsible for carrying out genocide against the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. Killing tens of thousands of people; causing bodily or mental harm to hundreds of thousands more; destroying homes and civilian infrastructure on a massive scale; starvation, displacement, and denying humanitarian aid — all this is being perpetrated systematically, as part of a coordinated attack aimed at annihilating all facets of life in the Gaza Strip.}}</ref><ref name="genocide_int_law_scholars">{{bulleted list
| {{Cite news |last1=Mohyeldin |first1=Ayman |last2=Hamdan |first2=Basel |date=10 December 2024 |url=https://www.msnbc.com/top-stories/latest/israel-gaza-genocide-netanyahu-rcna183485 |title=Why Amnesty International and other experts say Israel is committing genocide in Gaza |work=[[MSNBC]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703062158/https://www.msnbc.com/top-stories/latest/israel-gaza-genocide-netanyahu-rcna183485 |archive-date=3 July 2025}}
| {{Cite journal |last1=De Vogli |first1=Roberto |last2=Montomoli |first2=Jonathan |last3=Abu-Sittah |first3=Ghassan |last4=Pappé |first4=Ilan |author4-link=Ilan Pappé |date=2025 |title=Break the selective silence on the genocide in Gaza |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=406 |issue=10504 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01541-7 |at=[https://www.thelancet.com/cms/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01541-7/attachment/e415fdee-02dc-4495-8515-f587976a5bb3/mmc1.pdf Supplementary appendix pp. 3–4] |pmid=40752501}}
| {{cite news|last1=van Laarhoven |first1=Kasper |last2=Peek |first2=Eva |last3=Walters |first3=Derk |date=14 May 2025 |title=Zeven gerenommeerde wetenschappers vrijwel eensgezind: Israël pleegt in Gaza genocide |trans-title= |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2025/05/14/zeven-gerenommeerde-wetenschappers-vrijwel-eensgezind-israel-pleegt-in-gaza-genocide-a4893293 |access-date=27 May 2025 |newspaper=[[NRC (newspaper)|NRC]] |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515114020/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2025/05/14/zeven-gerenommeerde-wetenschappers-vrijwel-eensgezind-israel-pleegt-in-gaza-genocide-a4893293 |archive-date=15 May 2025}}
| {{Cite news |last1=Tharoor |first1=Ishaan |date=30 July 2025 |title=Leading genocide scholars see a genocide happening in Gaza |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/07/30/israel-genocide-gaza-scholars-historians |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=2 August 2025}}
}}</ref> [[January 2025 Gaza war ceasefire|A provisional ceasefire]] began in mid-January 2025, lasting two months. In August, Israel began [[2025 Gaza City offensive|an offensive on Gaza City]]. By 9 October 2025, Israel and Hamas agreed to the first part of [[Gaza peace plan|a United States-led peace plan]]. [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2803]], adopted on 17 November 2025, contains provisions for the [[Gaza Strip under Resolution 2803|transitional governance of the Gaza Strip]].

The Gaza Strip is {{Convert|41|km|abbr=off}} long, from {{cvt|6|to|12|km|mi|sp=us}} wide, and has a total area of {{cvt|365|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}.<ref name="Arnon"/><ref name="CIA World Factbook">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gaza-strip/ Gaza Strip] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112082940/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gaza-strip|date=12 January 2021}} Entry at the CIA World Factbook</ref> As of 2010, its population of just over 2 million, mostly of [[Palestinian refugees]] and their descendants. It is one of the [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|most densely populated territories in the world]], with a population density similar to that of cities like [[Tel Aviv]] or [[London]]. Before the [[Gaza war]], its capital Gaza City was roughly the 90th [[List of cities proper by population density|most densely populated city]] in the world, and had about a third of the population density of cities like [[Malé]] or [[Giza]].<ref>NBC News, ''The Gaza Strip’s density, visualized: The area is one of the most densely populated places in the world'', Jiachuan Wu, Joe Murphy and Nigel Chiwaya
Oct. 10, 2023, https://www.nbcnews.com/specials/gaza-strip-map-density-israel-hamas-conflict/index.html</ref> The Gaza Strip has a high proportion of youth, with 43.5% being children 14 or younger and 50% under age of 18.<ref name="Norman G. Finkelstein">{{cite book|author=Norman G. Finkelstein|title=Gaza|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qo84DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA|year=2018|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-29571-1|pages=|access-date=20 May 2019|archive-date=11 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311045306/https://books.google.com/books?id=qo84DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sunni Islam]] is almost ubiquitous, with [[Gazan Christians|a Palestinian Christian minority]]. Gaza has an annual population growth rate of 1.99% (2023 est.), the [[List of countries by population growth rate|39th-highest]] in the world.<ref name="CIA World Factbook"/> Gaza's unemployment rate is among the highest in the world, with an overall unemployment rate of 46% and a youth unemployment rate of 70%.<ref name="eb"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Humaid |first=Maram |title=Gaza graduates demand UNRWA solutions for high unemployment rate |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/27/gaza-graduates-demand-unrwa-solutions-for-high-unemployment-rate |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113013006/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/27/gaza-graduates-demand-unrwa-solutions-for-high-unemployment-rate |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite this, the [[List of countries by literacy rate|area's 97% literacy rate is higher]] than that of nearby Egypt, while youth literacy is 88%.<ref name="od">{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/|title=World Bank Open Data|website=World Bank Open Data|access-date=16 March 2024|archive-date=26 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526025607/https://data.worldbank.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> Gaza has throughout the years been seen as a source of [[Palestinian nationalism]] and resistance.<ref name="Sara M. Roy">{{cite book|author=Sara M. Roy|title=The Gaza Strip|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXAqjgEACAAJ&pg=PA|year=2016|publisher=Institute for Palestine Studies USA, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-88728-321-5|pages=|access-date=21 January 2024|archive-date=11 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311045308/https://books.google.com/books?id=gXAqjgEACAAJ&pg=PA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Filiu |first1=Jean-Pierre |title=The Twelve Wars on Gaza |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |date=1 November 2014 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=52–60 |doi=10.1525/jps.2014.44.1.52 |url=https://hal-sciencespo.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03473736/file/2014-10-filiu-12-wars-on-gaza-jps-44-1.pdf |ref=none |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426012902/https://hal-sciencespo.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03473736/file/2014-10-filiu-12-wars-on-gaza-jps-44-1.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rynhold |first1=Jonathan |last2=Waxman |first2=Dov |title=Ideological Change and Israel's Disengagement from Gaza |journal=Political Science Quarterly |date=2008 |volume=123 |issue=1 |pages=11–37 |doi=10.1002/j.1538-165X.2008.tb00615.x |jstor=20202970 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20202970 |issn=0032-3195 |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017122938/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20202970 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{Excerpt|Gaza City|Etymology}}

==History==
{{Main|History of the Gaza Strip}}

{{See also|History of Gaza|l1=History of Gaza City}}

Historically part of the [[Palestine region]], the area was controlled since the 16th century by the [[Ottoman Empire]]; in 1906, the Ottomans and the [[British Empire]] set [[Egypt–Gaza border|the region's international border]] with [[Egypt]].<ref name="tn">{{cite book |title=The Land of the Negev (English title) |publisher=[[Israeli Defense Ministry|Ministry of Defense]] Publishing |year=1978–79 |editor1=Gardus, Yehuda |language=he |editor2=Shmueli, Avshalom}} pp. 369–370.</ref> With the defeat of the [[Central Powers]] in [[World War I]] and the subsequent [[partition of the Ottoman Empire]], the British deferred the governance of the Gaza Strip area to Egypt, which declined the responsibility.<ref>James Kraska, 'Rule Selection in the Case of Israel's Blockade of Gaza:Law of Naval Warfare or Law of Sea?,' in [https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&pg=PA387 ''M.N. Schmitt, Louise Arimatsu, Tim McCormack (eds.,) Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102100657/https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&pg=PA387|date=2 November 2022}} Springer Science & Business Media, 2011 pp.367–395, p.387</ref> Britain itself kept and ruled the territory it occupied in 1917–18, from 1920 until 1948 under the internationally accepted frame of "[[Mandatory Palestine]]". During that period, villages along the Gaza coastal plain expanded significantly, with both demographic increase and [[Palestinian dune agriculture|intensified agricultural production]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marom |first1=Roy |author-link1=Roy Marom |last2=Fantalkin |first2=Alexander |year=2025 |title=Vines Among the Dunes: sand/dune agriculture in Rimāl Isdūd/Ashdod-Yam during the Late Ottoman and British Mandate periods |journal=Contemporary Levant |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=19–42 |doi=10.1080/20581831.2025.2475263}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marom |first1=Roy |author-link1=Roy Marom |last2=Taxel |first2=Itamar |year=2024 |title=Ḥamāma: The Palestinian Countryside in Bloom (1750–1948) |journal=Journal of Islamic Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=83–110 |doi=10.1558/jia.26586}}</ref>

===1948–1959: All-Palestine government===
{{anchor|1948}}{{Main|All-Palestine Protectorate|All-Palestine Government}}

[[File:Palestine refugees initially displaced to Beach camp in Gaza board boats to Lebanon or Egypt during the 1948 war..jpg|right|thumb|250px|Palestine refugees initially displaced to [[Al-Shati refugee camp|Beach camp]] in Gaza board boats to Lebanon or Egypt during the 1948 war]]
[[File:Palestine refugees leave the Gaza Strip on fishing boats in the wake of the war in 1948.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Palestine refugees leave the Gaza Strip on fishing boats in the wake of the war in 1948]]
During the [[1948 Palestine war]] and more specifically the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], tens of thousands of [[Palestinian refugees]] [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight|fled or were expelled]] to the Gaza Strip.<ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news |last1=Farrell |first1=Stephen |date=2023-11-02 |title=Israel-Gaza war: a timeline of the conflict's history |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gazas-centuries-war-brief-history-2023-10-30/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106001524/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gazas-centuries-war-brief-history-2023-10-30/ |url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of the war, 25% of Mandatory Palestine's [[Arab]] population was in Gaza, though the Strip constituted only 1% of the land.{{sfn|Filiu|2014|p=71-72}} The same year, the [[United Nations]] Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East ([[UNRWA]]) was established to administer various refugee programmes.{{sfn|Filiu|2014|p=76}}

On 22 September 1948 (near the end of the Arab–Israeli War), in the Egyptian-occupied [[Gaza City]], the [[Arab League]] proclaimed the {{Nowrap|All-Palestine}} Government, partly to limit [[Jordan|Transjordan]]'s influence over Palestine. The All-Palestine Protectorate was quickly recognized by six of the Arab League's then-seven members (excluding Transjordan): Egypt, [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Iraq]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and [[Yemen]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kadosh |first=Sandra Berliant |title=United States Policy Toward The West Bank In 1948 |journal=Jewish Social Studies |volume=46 |issue=3/4 |year=1984 |pages=231–252 |jstor=4467261}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haddad |first1=William W. |first2=Mary M. |last2=Hardy |title=Jordan's Alliance With Israel And Its Effects On Jordanian-Arab Relations |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=9 |issue=3 |year=2003 |pages=31–48 |doi=10.1080/714003508}}</ref>

After the cessation of hostilities, the [[Israel–Egypt Armistice Agreement]] of 24 February 1949 established the line of separation between Egyptian and Israeli forces, as well as the modern boundary between Gaza and Israel, which both signatories declared not to be an international border. The southern border with Egypt was unchanged.<ref>{{cite treaty |title=Egypt–Israel General Armistice Agreement, Rhodes, 24 February 1949 |date=24 February 1949 |url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/arm01.asp |access-date=2025-09-25 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Golan |first=A. |year=2024 |title=Foundations of a geopolitical entity: the Gaza Strip 1947–1950 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=789–807 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2023.2195635}}</ref><ref name="tn"/>

Palestinians living in Gaza or Egypt were issued All-Palestine passports. Egypt did not offer them citizenship. From the end of 1949, they received aid directly from UNRWA. During the [[Suez Crisis]] (1956), Gaza and the [[Sinai Peninsula]] were occupied by Israeli troops, who withdrew under international pressure. The All-Palestine government was accused of being little more than a façade for Egyptian control, with negligible independent funding or influence. It subsequently moved to [[Cairo]] and dissolved in 1959 by decree of Egyptian president [[Gamal Abdul Nasser]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shlaim |first=Avi |year=1990 |title=The Rise and Fall of the All-Palestine Government in Gaza |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=42–54 |doi=10.2307/2537321 |jstor=2537321}}</ref>

===1956–1957: Israeli occupation===
{{Main|Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip}}

{{Further|Suez Crisis}}
[[File:Gaza Strip (997008872766305171.jpg|thumb|Palestinians in an outdoor market in the Gaza Strip in 1956]]
During the 1956 Suez Crisis (the Second Arab–Israeli war), Israel invaded Gaza and the Sinai Peninsula. On 3 November, the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) attacked Egyptian and Palestinian forces at [[Khan Yunis]].<ref name="Varble, Derek, p. 45">{{harvnb|Varble|2003|p=45}}</ref> The city of Khan Yunis resisted being captured, and Israel responded with a heavy bombing campaign that inflicted heavy civilian casualties.{{sfn|Filiu|2014|p=96}} After a fierce battle, the Israeli 37th Armored Brigade's [[M4 Sherman|Sherman tanks]] broke through the heavily fortified lines outside of Khan Yunis held by the 86th Palestinian Brigade.<ref name="Varble, Derek, p. 46">{{harvnb|Varble|2003|p=46}}</ref>

After some street-fighting with Egyptian soldiers and [[Palestinian fedayeen]], Khan Yunis fell to the Israelis.<ref name="Varble, Derek, p. 46"/> Upon capturing Khan Yunis, the IDF committed [[Khan Yunis massacre|an alleged massacre]].<ref name="lat3">[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-feb-04-la-et-joe-sacco4-2010feb04-story.html Joe Sacco produces comics from the hot zones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909182558/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-feb-04-la-et-joe-sacco4-2010feb04-story.html |date=9 September 2024}} . New York Times.</ref> Israeli troops started executing unarmed Palestinians, mostly civilians; in one instance men were lined up against walls in central square and executed with [[machine gun]]s.{{sfn|Filiu|2014|p=97}} The claims of a massacre were reported to the [[UN General Assembly]] on 15 December 1956 by UNRWA director [[Henry Richardson Labouisse Jr.|Henry Labouisse]], who reported from "trustworthy sources" that 275 people were killed in the massacre, of which 140 were refugees and 135 local residents.<ref>[http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/6558f61d3db6bd4505256593006b06be?OpenDocument "UNRWA Report to the UN General Assembly November 1 – December 14, 1956"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629110942/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/6558f61d3db6bd4505256593006b06be?OpenDocument|date=29 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Sacco2">{{cite book |last=Sacco |first=Joe |url=https://archive.org/details/footnotesingaza0000sacc |title=Footnotes in Gaza: A Graphic Novel |publisher=Metropolitan Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8050-7347-8 |author-link=Joe Sacco |url-access=registration}}</ref>

On 12 November, days after the hostilities had ended, Israel [[1956 Rafah massacre|killed 111 people]] in the [[Rafah refugee camp]] during Israeli operations, provoking international criticism.{{sfn|Filiu|2014|p=99-100}}<ref name="lat3"/>

Israel ended the occupation in March 1957, amid international pressure. During the four-month Israeli occupation, 900–1,231 people were killed.{{sfn|Filiu|2014|p=105}} According to French historian [[Jean-Pierre Filiu]], 1% of the population of Gaza was killed, wounded, imprisoned or tortured during the occupation.{{sfn|Filiu|2014|p=105}}

===1959–1967: Egyptian occupation===
{{Main|Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt}}

[[File:Che Guevara in Gaza.jpg|thumb|[[Che Guevara]] visiting Gaza in 1959]]After the dissolution of the All-Palestine Government in 1959, under the excuse of pan-Arabism, Egypt continued to occupy Gaza until 1967. Egypt never annexed the Strip, but instead treated it as a controlled territory and administered it through a military governor.<ref>[http://israelipalestinian.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=000503 "How has the Gaza Strip influenced the Israeli-Palestinian conflict?"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120155902/http://israelipalestinian.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=000503 |date=20 January 2012}} entry at ProCon.org citing "An Historical Encyclopedia of the Arab–Israeli Conflict"</ref> The influx of over 200,000 refugees from former Mandatory Palestine, roughly a quarter of [[Palestinian refugee|those who fled or were expelled from their homes]] during, and in the aftermath of, the 1948 Arab–Israeli War into Gaza<ref>Elisha Efrat, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hi59AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 ''The West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Geography of Occupation and Disengagement,''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102100714/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hi59AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |date=2 November 2022}} Routledge, 2006 pp.74–75.</ref> resulted in a dramatic decrease in the standard of living. Because the Egyptian government restricted movement to and from Gaza, its inhabitants could not look elsewhere for gainful employment.<ref name="JB">{{cite journal |last=Baster |first=James |title=Economic Problems in the Gaza Strip |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=9 |issue=3 |year=1955 |pages=323–327 |jstor=4322725}}</ref>

===1967: Israeli occupation===
{{Main|Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip}}

{{See also|Israeli Military Governorate|Israeli Civil Administration|1967–71 Gazan insurgency}}
In June 1967, during the Six-Day War, IDF captured Gaza. Under the then head of Israel's Southern Command [[Ariel Sharon]], dozens of Palestinians, suspected of being members of the resistance, were executed without trial.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Adam |last=Shatz |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v45/n21/adam-shatz/vengeful-pathologies |title=Vengeful Pathologies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107065245/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v45/n21/adam-shatz/vengeful-pathologies |archive-date=7 November 2023 |journal=[[London Review of Books]] |volume=45 |issue=21 |date=2 November 2023}}</ref>

Between 1967 and 1968, Israel evicted approximately 75,000 residents of the Gaza Strip who Golda Meir described as a "fifth column". In addition, at least 25,000 Gazan residents were prevented from returning after the 1967 war. Ultimately, the Strip lost 25% (a conservative estimate) of its prewar population between 1967 and 1968.<ref>{{cite book |last=Roy |first=S. M. |year=2016 |title=The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development |publisher=Institute for Palestine Studies USA, Incorporated |edition=Third |isbn=978-0-88728-321-5}}</ref> In 1970–1971 [[Ariel Sharon]] implemented what became known as a 'five finger' strategy, which consisted in creating military areas and settlements by breaking the Strip into five zones to better enable Israeli occupation, settlement and, by discontinuous fragmentation of the Palestinian zones created, allow an efficient management of the area. Thousands of homes were bulldozed and large numbers of Bedouin families were exiled to the Sinai.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ehud |last=Eiran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YHoxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |title=Post-Colonial Settlement Strategy |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |date=2019 |isbn=978-1-474-43759-2 |page=83}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Fatina |last1=Abreek-Zubeidat |first2=Alona |last2=Nitzan–Shiftan |chapter="De-Camping" through Development: The Palestinian refugee Camps in the Gaza Strip under the Israeli Occupation |editor1-first=Claudio |editor1-last=Minca |editor2-first=Diana |editor2-last=Martin |editor3-first=Irit |editor3-last=Katz |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-TaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA144 |title=Camps Revisited: Multifaceted Spatialities of a Modern Political Technology |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield Publishers]] |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-786-60580-1 |pages=137–158 [144]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Ramzy |last=Baroud |authorlink=Ramzy Baroud |url=https://www.jordantimes.com/opinion/ramzy-baroud/sharon-revisited-netanyahus-ultimate-aim-gaza-and-why-it-will-fail#google_vignette |title=Sharon Revisited: Netanyahu's Ultimate Aim in Gaza and Why It Will Fail |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705171921/https://www.jordantimes.com/opinion/ramzy-baroud/sharon-revisited-netanyahus-ultimate-aim-gaza-and-why-it-will-fail#google_vignette |archive-date=5 July 2024 |newspaper=[[The Jordan Times]] |date=3 July 2024}}</ref>

Between 1973 (after the [[Yom Kippur War]]) and 1987, official policy on economic development in the Gaza Strip remained the same as in 1969 with limited local investment and economic opportunity coming primarily from employment in Israel.<ref name="dd"/>
[[File:Gaza Strip (997009324715105171.jpg|thumb|Gaza City in 1967]]
According to [[Tom Segev]], moving the Palestinians out of the country had been a persistent element of Zionist thinking from early times.<ref name="TSegev">{{cite book |first=Tom |last=Segev |authorlink=Tom Segev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggLatcD7gW4C&pg=PA532 |title=1967: Israel, the War, and the Year that Transformed the Middle East |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102100701/https://books.google.com/books?id=ggLatcD7gW4C&pg=PA532 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |publisher=[[Henry Holt and Company]] |year=2007 |page=532 |isbn=978-1-4299-1167-2 |url-status=live}}</ref> In December 1967, during a meeting at which the [[Security Cabinet of Israel|Security Cabinet]] [[brainstorming|brainstormed]] about what to do with the Arab population of the newly occupied territories, one of the suggestions Prime Minister [[Levi Eshkol]] proffered regarding Gaza was that the people might leave if Israel restricted their access to water supplies.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ofer |last=Aderet |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israeli-pm-in-67-we-ll-deprive-gaza-of-water-and-the-arabs-will-leave-1.5465942 |title=Israeli Prime Minister After Six-Day War: 'We'll Deprive Gaza of Water, and the Arabs Will Leave |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=17 November 2017 |access-date=19 September 2018 |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919033849/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israeli-pm-in-67-we-ll-deprive-gaza-of-water-and-the-arabs-will-leave-1.5465942 |url-status=live}}</ref> A number of measures, including financial incentives, were taken shortly afterwards to begin to encourage Gazans to emigrate elsewhere.<ref name="TSegev"/><ref>{{cite book |first=Nur |last=Masalha |authorlink=Nur Masalha |title=The politics of denial: Israel and the Palestinian refugee problem |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2003 |page=104 |isbn=0-7453-2120-8}}</ref> Following the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, "various international agencies struggled to respond" and [[American Near East Refugee Aid]] was founded to help victims of the conflict by providing immediate emergency relief.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Anera {{!}} Palestinian Refugee Aid Organization |url=https://www.anera.org/who-we-are/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Anera |language=en-US |archive-date=8 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708032420/https://www.anera.org/who-we-are/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Dan Hadani collection (990044372600205171).jpg|thumb|Israeli soldiers in Gaza in 1969]]
Subsequent to this military victory, Israel created the first [[Israeli settlement]] bloc in the Strip, [[Gush Katif]], in a spot where a [[Kfar Darom|small kibbutz]] had previously existed for 18 months between 1946 and 1948. The kibbutz community had been established as part of the [[Jewish Agency for Israel|Jewish Agency's]] "[[11 points in the Negev]]" plan, in which 11 Jewish villages were built across the Negev in a single night as a response to the [[Morrison-Grady Plan]], which threatened to exclude the Negev from a future Jewish State. In total, between 1967 and 2005, Israel established 21 settlements in Gaza, comprising 20% of the total territory.
The [[Gross national product|economic growth rate]] from 1967 to 1982 averaged roughly 9.7% per annum, due in good part to expanded income from work opportunities inside Israel, which had a major utility for the latter by supplying the country with a large unskilled and semi-skilled workforce. Gaza's agricultural sector was adversely affected as one-third of the Strip was appropriated by Israel, competition for scarce water resources stiffened, and the lucrative cultivation of citrus declined with the advent of Israeli policies, such as prohibitions on planting new trees and taxation that gave breaks to Israeli producers, factors which militated against growth. Gaza's direct exports of these products to Western markets, as opposed to Arab markets, was prohibited except through Israeli marketing vehicles, in order to assist Israeli citrus exports to the same markets. The overall result was that large numbers of farmers were forced out of the agricultural sector. Israel placed quotas on all goods exported from Gaza, while abolishing restrictions on the flow of Israeli goods into the Strip. [[Sara Roy]] characterised the pattern as one of structural de-development.<ref name="dd">{{cite journal |first=Sara |last=Roy |authorlink=Sara Roy |jstor=2536651 |title=The Gaza Strip: A Case of Economic De-Development |journal=[[Journal of Palestine Studies]] |volume=17 |issue=1 |year=1987 |pages=56–88 |doi=10.2307/2536651}}</ref>

On 26 March 1979, Israel and Egypt signed the [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Israel's Fateful Hour |url=https://archive.org/details/israelsfatefulho00hark |url-access=registration |publisher=Harper & Row Publishers |location=New York |last=Harkabi |first=Yehoshafat |year=1988 |isbn=0-06-091613-3 |page=87}}</ref> Among other things, the treaty provided for the withdrawal by Israel of its armed forces and civilians from the Sinai Peninsula, which Israel had captured during the Six-Day War. The Egyptians agreed to keep the Sinai Peninsula demilitarized. The final status of the Gaza Strip, and other relations between Israel and Palestinians, was not dealt with in the treaty. Egypt renounced all territorial claims to territory north of the international border. The Gaza Strip remained under Israeli military administration. The Israeli military became responsible for the maintenance of civil facilities and services.

After the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty, a 100-meter-wide [[buffer zone]] between Gaza and Egypt known as the [[Philadelphi Route]] was established. The international border along the [[Philadelphi corridor]] between Egypt and Gaza is {{convert|11|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} long.

===1987: First Intifada===
{{Main|First Intifada}}

[[File:Intifada in Gaza Strip, 1987 VI Dan Hadani Archive.jpg|thumb|Israeli soldiers opposite Palestinian protesters in the strip during the [[First Intifada]] in 1987]]

The First Intifada was a sustained series of protests and violent riots carried out by [[Palestinians]] in the [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli-occupied]] [[Palestinian territories]] and Israel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/intifada-begins-on-gaza-strip|title=Intifada begins on Gaza Strip|website=HISTORY|date=9 February 2010 |language=en|access-date=2020-02-15|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215013023/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/intifada-begins-on-gaza-strip|url-status=live}}</ref> It was motivated by collective Palestinian frustration over Israel's military occupation of the [[West Bank]] and the Gaza Strip, as it approached a twenty-year mark, having begun after Israel's victory in the [[Six-Day War|1967 Arab–Israeli War]].<ref name="LockmanBeinin1989_5">{{cite book |editor-last=Lockman |editor2-last=Beinin |year=1989 |title=Intifada : The Palestinian Uprising Against Israeli Occupation |publisher=South End Press |isbn=0-89608-363-2 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPVNdzXUJkC&pg=PA5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418105653/https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPVNdzXUJkC&pg=PA5 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The uprising lasted from December 1987 until the [[Madrid Conference of 1991]], though some date its conclusion to 1993, with the signing of the [[Oslo Accords]].

The intifada began on 9 December 1987,<ref name="LockmanBeinin1989_5"/> in the [[Jabalia Camp|Jabalia]] [[refugee camp]] of the Gaza Strip after an Israeli army truck collided with a civilian car, killing four Palestinian workers.<ref name="OmerMan2001">{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Omer-Man |url=https://www.jpost.com/features/in-thespotlight/the-accident-that-sparked-an-intifada |title=The accident that sparked an Intifada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215150108/https://www.jpost.com///features/in-thespotlight/the-accident-that-sparked-an-intifada |archive-date=15 December 2022 |url-status=live |date=4 December 2011}}</ref> Palestinians charged that the collision was a deliberate response for the killing of an Israeli in Gaza days earlier.<ref>{{cite book |first=David |last=McDowall |title=Palestine and Israel: The Uprising and Beyond |publisher=University of California Press |year=1989 |page=1 |isbn=0-520-06902-1}}</ref> Israel denied that the crash, which came at time of heightened tensions, was intentional or coordinated.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The accident that sparked an Intifada|url=https://www.jpost.com/features/in-thespotlight/the-accident-that-sparked-an-intifada|access-date=2020-08-21|website=The Jerusalem Post|date=4 December 2011|archive-date=15 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215150108/https://www.jpost.com///features/in-thespotlight/the-accident-that-sparked-an-intifada|url-status=live}}</ref> The Palestinian response was characterized by protests, [[civil disobedience]], and violence.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |first=Ruth Margolies |last=Beitler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVd5dJGBYMsC&pg=PR11 |title=The Path to Mass Rebellion: An Analysis of Two Intifadas |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2004 |page=xi |isbn=978-0-7391-0709-6}}</ref><ref name="Lustick 1993 560–594">{{Cite journal|last=Lustick|first=Ian S.|date=1993|editor-last=Brynen|editor-first=Rex|editor2-last=Hiltermann|editor2-first=Joost R.|editor3-last=Hudson|editor3-first=Michael C.|editor4-last=Hunter|editor4-first=F. Robert|editor5-last=Lockman|editor5-first=Zachary|editor6-last=Beinin|editor6-first=Joel|editor7-last=McDowall|editor7-first=David|editor8-last=Nassar|editor8-first=Jamal R.|editor9-last=Heacock|editor9-first=Roger|title=Writing the Intifada: Collective Action in the Occupied Territories|journal=World Politics|volume=45|issue=4|pages=560–594|doi=10.2307/2950709|jstor=2950709|s2cid=147140028 |issn=0043-8871}}</ref> There was [[graffiti]], [[barricade|barricading]],<ref name="BBC NEWS">{{Cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_ip_timeline/html/1987.stm|title=Palestinian intifada|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=8 October 2023|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731193109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_ip_timeline/html/1987.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Walid Salem 2005, pp. 179">{{cite book |first=Walid |last=Salem |chapter=Human Security from Below: Palestinian Citizens Protection Strategies, 1988–2005 |editor-first=Monica |editor-last=den Boer |editor2-first=Jaap |editor2-last=de Wilde |title=The Viability of Human Security |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=2008 |pages=179–201 [p. 190] |isbn=978-90-5356-796-8}}</ref> and widespread [[Palestinian stone-throwing|throwing of stones]] and [[Molotov cocktail]]s at the IDF and its infrastructure within the West Bank and Gaza Strip. These contrasted with civil efforts including [[general strikes]], [[boycott]]s of [[Israeli Civil Administration]] institutions in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, an economic [[boycott]] consisting of refusal to work in Israeli settlements on Israeli products, refusal to pay taxes, and refusal to drive Palestinian cars with Israeli licenses.<ref name="books.google.com"/><ref name="Lustick 1993 560–594"/><ref name="BBC NEWS"/>

===1994: Gaza under Palestinian Authority===
In May 1994, following the Palestinian-Israeli agreements known as the Oslo Accords, a phased transfer of governmental authority to the Palestinians took place. Much of the Strip came under Palestinian control, except for the settlement blocs and military areas. The Israeli forces left Gaza City and other urban areas, leaving the new Palestinian Authority to administer and police those areas. The Palestinian Authority, led by [[Yasser Arafat]], chose Gaza City as its first provincial headquarters. In September 1995, Israel and the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) signed [[Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip|a second agreement]], extending the Palestinian Authority to most West Bank towns.

Between 1994 and 1996, Israel built the [[Gaza–Israel barrier]] to improve security in Israel. The barrier was largely torn down by Palestinians at the beginning of the [[Second Intifada]] in September 2000.<ref name="Doron Almog">{{Cite journal |title=Lessons of the Gaza Security Fence for the West Bank |last=Almog |first=Doron |publisher=Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs |date=23 December 2004 |journal=Jerusalem Issue Briefs |volume=4 |issue=12 |url=http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief004-12.htm |access-date=1 February 2009 |archive-date=13 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213141925/http://jcpa.org/brief/brief004-12.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

===2000: Second Intifada===
{{Main|Second Intifada}}

[[File:IDF-D9-demolishes-Palestinian-structure-01.jpg|thumb|An [[IDF Caterpillar D9]] [[armored bulldozer]] demolishing a house in the Gaza Strip during the Second Intifada]]
The Second Intifada was a major [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] uprising in the [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli-occupied]] [[Palestinian territories]] and Israel. The general triggers for the unrest are speculated to have been centred on the failure of the [[2000 Camp David Summit]], which was expected to reach a final agreement on the [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process]] in July 2000.{{sfn|Pressman|2003|p=114}} Outbreaks of violence began in September 2000, after [[Ariel Sharon]], then the [[Leader of the Opposition (Israel)|Israeli opposition leader]], made a provocative visit to the [[Al-Aqsa]] compound on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]];{{sfn|Pressman|2003|p=114}} the visit itself was peaceful, but, as anticipated, sparked protests and riots that Israeli police put down with rubber bullets and tear gas.{{sfn|Byman|2011|p=114}} The Second Intifada also marked the beginning of rocket attacks and bombings of Israeli border localities by Palestinian guerrillas from the Gaza Strip, especially by the [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] movements.

High numbers of casualties were caused among civilians as well as combatants. Israeli forces engaged in gunfire, [[Targeted killings by the Israel Defense Forces|targeted killings]], and tank and aerial attacks, while Palestinians engaged in [[List of Palestinian suicide attacks|suicide bombings]], gunfire, [[Palestinian stone-throwing|stone-throwing]], and [[Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel|rocket attacks]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Cohen |first=Samy |chapter=Botched Engagement in the Intifada |date=2010 |title=Israel's Asymmetric Wars |pages=73–91 |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |doi=10.1057/9780230112971_6 |isbn=978-1-349-28896-0}}"The al-Aqsa Intifada ushered in an era with a new brand of violence.1 It began with a popular uprising following Ariel Sharon's visit to Temple Mount on September 28, 2000. But unlike the first Intifada, which was basically a civil uprising against the symbols of an occupation that has lasted since June 1967, the second Intifada very quickly lapsed into an armed struggle between Palestinian activists and the Israeli armed forces. Almost from the very start, armed men took to hiding among crowds of Palestinians, using them as cover to shoot from. The IDF retaliated forcefully, each time causing several casualties."</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kober |first=Avi |date=2007 |title=Targeted Killing during the Second Intifada:: The Quest for Effectiveness |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/jcs/2009-v29-jcs_27_1/jcs27_1_1art06/ |journal=Journal of Conflict Studies |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=94–114 |issn=1198-8614 |quote=Based on the assumption that there was no longer one front or one line of contact, Israel was carrying out dozens of simultaneous operations on the ground and in the air on a daily basis, including TKs, which were supposed to have multi-dimensional effects. According to Byman, TKs were mostly attractive to Israelis as they satisfied domestic demands for a forceful response to Palestinian terrorism. Byman also believes that by bolstering public morale, the TKs helped counter one of the terrorists' primary objectives – to reduce the faith of Israelis in their own government. |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405160428/https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/jcs/2009-v29-jcs_27_1/jcs27_1_1art06/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Palestinian suicide bombings were a prominent feature of the fighting and mainly targeted Israeli civilians, contrasting with the relatively less violent nature of the [[First Intifada]].<ref name="NMRR">{{Cite journal |last1=Matta |first1=Nada |last2=Rojas |first2=René |date=2016 |title=The Second Intifada: A Dual Strategy Arena |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-sociology-archives-europeennes-de-sociologie/article/abs/second-intifada/CEF937E5D28EFA4F4F684E6D946942BF |journal=European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie |language=en |volume=57 |issue=1 |page=66 |doi=10.1017/S0003975616000035 |s2cid=146939293 |issn=0003-9756 |quote=Suicide terror, lethal attacks indiscriminately carried out against civilians via self-immolation, attained prominence in the Palestinian repertoire beginning in March 2001. From that point until the end of 2005, at which point they virtually ceased, 57 suicide bombings were carried out, causing 491 civilian deaths, 73% of the total civilians killed by Palestinian resistance organizations and 50% of all Israeli fatalities during this period. While not the modal coercive tactic, suicide terror was the most efficient in terms of lethality, our basic measure of its efficacy. |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405161756/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-sociology-archives-europeennes-de-sociologie/article/abs/second-intifada/CEF937E5D28EFA4F4F684E6D946942BF |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>
*{{Cite journal |last1=Brym |first1=R. J. |last2=Araj |first2=B. |date=2006-06-01 |title=Suicide Bombing as Strategy and Interaction: The Case of the Second Intifada |journal=Social Forces |volume=84 |issue=4 |page=1969 |doi=10.1353/sof.2006.0081 |s2cid=146180585 |issn=0037-7732 |quote=In the early years of the 21st century, Israel, the West Bank and Gaza became the region of the world with the highest frequency of—and the highest per capita death toll due to—suicide bombing.}}
*{{cite journal |last=Schweitzer |first=Y. |year=2010 |title=The rise and fall of suicide bombings in the second Intifada |journal=Strategic Assessment |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=39–48 |quote=As part of the violence perpetrated by the Palestinians during the second intifada, suicide bombings played a particularly prominent role and served as the primary effective weapon in the hands of the planners. |url=https://www.inss.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/FILE1289896644-1.pdf}}
*{{cite journal |last=Schachter |first=J. |year=2010 |url=https://strategicassessment.inss.org.il/wp-content/uploads/antq/fe-3427267573.pdf |title=The End of the Second Intifada? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930061049/https://strategicassessment.inss.org.il/wp-content/uploads/antq/fe-3427267573.pdf |archive-date=30 September 2021 |journal=Strategic Assessment |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=63–70 |quote=This article attempts to identify the end of the second intifada by focusing on the incidence of suicide bombings, arguably the most important element of second intifada-related violence.}}
*{{cite journal |last=Sela-Shayovitz |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Suicide bombers in Israel: Their motivations, characteristics, and prior activity in terrorist organizations |journal=International Journal of Conflict and Violence |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=163 |id={{URN|nbn|de:0070-ijcv-2007259}} |quote=The period of the second Intifada significantly differs from other historical periods in Israeli history, because it has been characterized by intensive and numerous suicide attacks that have made civilian life into a battlefront.}}</ref> With a combined casualty figure for combatants and civilians, the violence is estimated to have resulted in the deaths of approximately 3,000 Palestinians and 1,000 Israelis, as well as 64 foreigners.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://old.btselem.org/statistics/english/Casualties.asp?sD=29&sM=09&sY=2000&eD=15&eM=1&eY=2005&filterby=event&oferet_stat=before |title=Statistics – Fatalities 29.9.2000–15.1.2005 |work=[[B'Tselem]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414103627/http://old.btselem.org/statistics/english/Casualties.asp?sD=29&sM=09&sY=2000&eD=15&eM=1&eY=2005&filterby=event&oferet_stat=before |archive-date=14 April 2013}}</ref>

Between December 2000 and June 2001, the barrier between Gaza and Israel was reconstructed. A barrier on the Gaza Strip-Egypt border was constructed starting in 2004.<ref name="Anne Barnard">{{Cite news |title=Life in Gaza Steadily Worsens |first=Anne |last=Barnard |work=The Boston Globe |date=22 October 2006 |url=https://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2006/10/22/life_in_gaza_steadily_worsens/ |access-date=16 April 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235137/http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2006/10/22/life_in_gaza_steadily_worsens/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The main crossing points are the northern [[Erez Crossing]] into Israel and the southern [[Rafah Border Crossing|Rafah Crossing]] into Egypt. The eastern [[Karni crossing|Karni Crossing]] used for cargo, closed down in 2011.<ref name="Greg Myre">{{Cite news |title=Gaza Crossing:Choked Passages to Frustration |first=Greg |last=Myre |work=The New York Times |date=4 March 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/04/international/middleeast/04gaza.html |access-date=16 February 2017 |archive-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106110814/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/04/international/middleeast/04gaza.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Israel controls the Gaza Strip's northern borders, as well as its territorial waters and airspace. Egypt controls Gaza Strip's southern border, under an agreement between it and Israel.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5122404.stm |title=Gaza crisis: key maps and timeline |work=BBC News |date=6 January 2009 |access-date=1 June 2010 |archive-date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125084904/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5122404.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> Neither Israel or Egypt permits free travel from Gaza as both borders are heavily militarily fortified. "Egypt maintains a strict blockade on Gaza in order to isolate Hamas from Islamist insurgents in the Sinai."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/182738#.U8LcArFhs6I |title=Egypt Opens Gaza Border Crossing for the Injured – Middle East – Arutz Sheva |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Israelnationalnews.com |access-date=2014-08-02 |archive-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713002958/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/182738#.U8LcArFhs6I |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2005: Israel's unilateral disengagement ===
{{main|Israeli disengagement from Gaza}}

[[File:Gush Katif-N-Dekalim02.jpg|thumb|[[Neve Dekalim]] was [[Gush Katif]]'s urban center and its largest community]]
In 2005, Israel withdrew from the Gaza Strip and dismantled its settlements.<ref name="gs">{{cite web |url=http://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/control_on_air_space_and_territorial_waters |title=Israel's control of the airspace and the territorial waters of the Gaza Strip |work=btselem.org |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=28 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628105536/http://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/control_on_air_space_and_territorial_waters |url-status=live}}</ref> Israel also withdrew from the [[Philadelphi Route]], a narrow strip of land adjacent to the border with Egypt, after Egypt agreed to secure its side of the border after the [[Agreement on Movement and Access]], known as the [[Rafah Agreement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reut-institute.org/en/Publication.aspx?PublicationId=1180 |title=Philadelphi Route |publisher=Reut Institute |access-date=2014-08-02 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202343/http://www.reut-institute.org/en/Publication.aspx?PublicationId=1180 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Gaza Strip was left under the control of the [[Palestinian Authority]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2023 |title=Timeline of conflict between Israel and Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/conflict-between-israel-palestinians-gaza-2023-10-07/ |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=[[Reuters]] |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007105909/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/conflict-between-israel-palestinians-gaza-2023-10-07/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Post-2006: Hamas takeover ===
{{main|Fatah–Hamas conflict}}

In the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|Palestinian parliamentary elections]] held on 25 January 2006, Hamas won a plurality of 42.9% of the total vote and 74 out of 132 total seats (56%).<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/01/25/africa/web.0125pals.php Counting underway in Palestinian elections], International Herald Tribune, 25 January 2006. {{dead link |date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200601/s1557518.htm Election officials reduce Hamas seats by two], ABC News Online, 30 January 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629015352/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200601/s1557518.htm |date=29 June 2011}}</ref> When Hamas assumed power the next month, Israel, the United States, the EU, Russia and the UN demanded that Hamas accept all previous agreements, recognize Israel's right to exist, and renounce violence; when Hamas refused,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/22/world/middleeast/22cnd-mideast.html |title=Hamas Refuses to Recognize Israel |work=The New York Times |date=22 September 2006 |access-date=12 February 2023 |archive-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209055114/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/22/world/middleeast/22cnd-mideast.html |url-status=live}}</ref> they [[2006–07 economic sanctions against the Palestinian National Authority|cut off direct aid to the Palestinian Authority]], although some aid money was redirected to humanitarian organizations not affiliated with the government.<ref>{{cite news |last=Weisman |first=Steven R. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/08/world/middleeast/08hamas.html |title=U.S. and Europe Halt Aid to Palestinian Government |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 April 2006 |access-date=21 May 2011 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511222935/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/08/world/middleeast/08hamas.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The resulting political disorder and economic stagnation led to many Palestinians emigrating from the Gaza Strip.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2006/12/09/international/i104249S77.DTL |title=More Palestinians flee homelands |access-date=15 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515044844/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2006%2F12%2F09%2Finternational%2Fi104249S77.DTL |archive-date=15 May 2007}}, Sarah El Deeb, Associated Press, 9 December 2006.</ref>

[[File:Gaza City.JPG|thumb|[[Gaza City]] skyline, 2007]]

In January 2007, fighting erupted between Hamas and [[Fatah]]. The deadliest clashes occurred in the northern Gaza Strip. On 30 January 2007, a truce was negotiated between Fatah and Hamas.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/31/AR2007013100198_pf.html ''Palestinian Cease-Fire Holds on 1st Day''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020070636/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/31/AR2007013100198_pf.html |date=20 October 2017}}. Ibrahim Barzak, Associated Press, 31 January 2007</ref> After a few days, new fighting broke out. On 1 February, Hamas killed 6 people in an ambush on a Gaza convoy which delivered equipment for Abbas' [[Palestinian Presidential Guard]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070201/wl_nm/palestinians_dc |title=Six killed in Hamas ambush on Gaza convoy |access-date=6 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206223752/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070201/wl_nm/palestinians_dc |archive-date=6 February 2007}}. Nidal al-Mughrabi, Reuters, 1 February 2007. On web.archive.org</ref> Fatah fighters stormed a Hamas-affiliated university in the Gaza Strip. Officers from Abbas' presidential guard battled Hamas gunmen guarding the Hamas-led Interior Ministry.<ref>[http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-02-02-gaza_x.htm ''Gaza erupts in fatal clashes after truce''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113215206/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-02-02-gaza_x.htm |date=13 January 2014}}. Associated Press, 2 February 2007 (on usatoday.com)</ref> In May 2007, new fighting broke out between the factions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070515/ap_on_re_mi_ea/israel_palestinians |title=Hamas kills 8 in Gaza border clash |access-date=17 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517061856/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070515/ap_on_re_mi_ea/israel_palestinians |archive-date=17 May 2007}}, By Ibrahim Barzak, Associated Press Writer, 15 May 2007.</ref> Interior Minister [[Talab al-Qawasmi|Hani Qawasmi]], who had been considered a moderate civil servant acceptable to both factions, resigned due to what he termed harmful behavior by both sides.<ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070515/ap_on_re_mi_ea/israel_palestinians_34;_ylt=AjoLFAN_35SNS_Y9GqjHedwUvioA Top Palestinian security official quits] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142039/https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070515/ap_on_re_mi_ea/israel_palestinians_34%3B_ylt%3DAjoLFAN_35SNS_Y9GqjHedwUvioA |date=2 April 2015}} By Sarah El Deeb, Associated Press, 14 May 2007; [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6653437.stm Resignation deepens Gaza crisis], BBC, 14 May 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121307/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1167467655416&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |date=11 May 2011}}</ref>

Fighting spread in the Gaza Strip, with both factions attacking vehicles and facilities of the other side. Following a breakdown in an Egyptian-brokered truce, Israel launched an air strike which destroyed a building used by Hamas. Ongoing violence prompted fear that it could bring the end of the [[Palestinian government of March 2007|Fatah-Hamas coalition government]], and possibly the end of the Palestinian authority.<ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070516/ts_nm/palestinians_dc Israel attacks in Gaza amid factional violence] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609072031/https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070516/ts_nm/palestinians_dc |date=9 June 2007}}, by Nidal al-Mughrabi, Associated Press, 16 May 2007.</ref> Hamas spokesman [[Mousa Abu Marzook]] blamed the conflict between Hamas and Fatah on Israel, stating that the constant pressure of economic sanctions resulted in the "real explosion."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1178708616387&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=Hamas Blames World |work=Jerusalem Post |date=16 May 2007 |access-date=21 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121359/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1178708616387&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref> From 2006 to 2007 more than 600 Palestinians were killed in fighting between Hamas and Fatah.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3409548,00.html |title=Over 600 Palestinians killed in internal clashes since 2006 |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=20 June 1995 |access-date=12 December 2010 |archive-date=30 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130195941/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3409548,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref> 349 Palestinians were killed in fighting between factions in 2007. 160 Palestinians killed each other in June alone.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.btselem.org/English/Inter_Palestinian_Violations/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510125140/http://www.btselem.org/English/Inter_Palestinian_Violations/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 May 2008 |title=Violations of the human rights of Palestinians by Palestinians – Severe human rights violations in inter-Palestinian clashes |publisher=Btselem.org |date=12 November 2007 |access-date=12 December 2010}}</ref>

=== 2007: Fatah–Hamas conflict ===
[[File:2007 Gaza - 5323908000.jpg|thumb|Gaza City in 2007]]
{{main|Battle of Gaza (2007)|Fatah–Hamas conflict}}

Following the victory of Hamas in the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election]], Hamas and [[Fatah]] formed the [[Palestinian authority national unity government]] headed by [[Ismail Haniyeh]]. Shortly after, Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip in the course of the Battle of Gaza (June 2007),<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |title=Hamas takes control of Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/15/israel4 |access-date=3 June 2010 |newspaper=Guardian |date=15 June 2007 |location=London |first1=Ian |last1=Black |first2=Mark |last2=Tran |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831134036/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/15/israel4 |url-status=live}}</ref> seizing government institutions and replacing Fatah and other government officials with its own.<ref name="intern_fight_p14-15">{{cite book |title=Internal fight: Palestinian abuses in Gaza and the West Bank |pages=14–15 |author2=Human Rights Watch |first1=Fred |last1=Abrahams |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |year=2008|author2-link=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> By 14 June, Hamas fully controlled the Gaza Strip. [[President of the Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian president]] [[Mahmoud Abbas]] responded by declaring a [[state of emergency]], dissolving the unity government and forming a new government without Hamas participation. [[Preventive Security Service|PNA security forces]] in the [[West Bank]] arrested a number of Hamas members.

In late June 2008, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Jordan declared the West Bank-based cabinet formed by Abbas as "the sole legitimate Palestinian government". Egypt moved its embassy from Gaza to the West Bank.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/874106.html |title=Mubarak calls Hamas' takeover of the Gaza Strip a 'coup' |work=Haaretz |access-date=21 May 2011 |archive-date=25 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625201301/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/874106.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Saudi Arabia]] and Egypt supported reconciliation and a new unity government and pressed Abbas to start talks with Hamas. Abbas had always conditioned this on Hamas returning control of the Gaza Strip to the Palestinian Authority. After the takeover, Israel and Egypt [[blockade of the Gaza Strip|closed their border crossings with Gaza]]. Palestinian sources reported that European Union monitors fled the [[Rafah Border Crossing]], on the Gaza–Egypt border for fear of being kidnapped or harmed.<ref name="EU_flee_Rafah_crossing">{{cite web |last=Dudkevitch |first=Margot |url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1139395602714 |title=EU monitors flee Rafah border crossing |work=Jerusalem Post |date=14 March 2006 |access-date=21 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121459/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1139395602714 |archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref> Arab foreign ministers and Palestinian officials presented a united front against control of the border by Hamas.<ref name="Abbas wins Egypt backing on border">{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2008/01/2008525125823983496.html |title=Middle East — Abbas wins Egypt backing on border |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=28 January 2008 |access-date=1 June 2010 |archive-date=3 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203155552/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2008/01/2008525125823983496.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, Israeli and Egyptian security reports said that Hamas continued smuggling in large quantities of explosives and arms from Egypt through tunnels. Egyptian security forces uncovered 60 tunnels in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1192380807070&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=Egypt finds 60 Gaza tunnels in 10 months |work=Jerusalem Post |date=13 November 2007 |access-date=21 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121629/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1192380807070&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref>

====Egyptian border barrier breach====
[[File:War in Gaza 023 - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Gaza in January 2009]]

On 23 January 2008, after months of preparation during which the steel reinforcement of the border barrier was weakened,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/947775.html |title=Gaza source: Hamas planned border wall blast for months |access-date=28 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428003448/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/947775.html |archive-date=28 April 2010}} Ha'aretz</ref> [[Breach of the Gaza-Egypt border (2008)|Hamas destroyed several parts of the wall]] dividing Gaza and Egypt in the town of [[Rafah]]. Hundreds of thousands of Gazans crossed the border into Egypt seeking food and supplies. Due to the crisis, Egyptian president [[Hosni Mubarak]] ordered his troops to allow the Palestinians in but to verify that they did not bring weapons back across the border.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7205668.stm |title=Egypt 'won't force Gazans back' |work=BBC News |date=23 January 2008 |access-date=23 January 2008 |archive-date=12 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312225519/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7205668.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> Egypt arrested and later released several armed Hamas militants in the Sinai who presumably wanted to infiltrate into Israel. At the same time, Israel increased its state of alert along the length of the Israel–Egypt Sinai border, and warned its citizens to leave Sinai "without delay."

In February 2008, the [[Gaza–Israel conflict]] intensified, with rockets launched at Israeli cities. Aggression by Hamas led to [[Operation Hot Winter|Israeli military action]] on 29 February 2008, resulting in over 110 Palestinians being killed according to BBC News, as well as 2 Israeli soldiers. Israeli human rights group [[B'Tselem]] estimated that 45 of those killed were not involved in hostilities, and 15 were minors.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7274929.stm |title=Israeli Gaza operation 'not over' |work=BBC News |date=3 March 2008 |access-date=1 June 2010 |archive-date=15 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115103648/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7274929.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>

===2008–2009: Gaza War===
{{Main|Gaza War (2008–2009)}}

[[File:Damaged housing gaza strip april 2009.jpg|thumb|right|Buildings damaged during the 2008-2009 Gaza war]]

On 27 December 2008,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/28/world/middleeast/28mideast.html |work=The New York Times |title=Israelis Say Strikes Against Hamas Will Continue |first1=Taghreed |last1=El-Khodary |first2=Ethan |last2=Bronner |date=28 December 2008 |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511223019/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/28/world/middleeast/28mideast.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Israeli [[F-16]] fighters launched a series of air strikes against targets in Gaza following the breakdown of a temporary truce between Israel and Hamas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idfblog.com/2012/04/16/timeline-terror-2001-2012/ |title=A Timeline of Terror: 2001 to 2012, The Official Blog of the Israel Defense Forces |publisher=Idfblog.com |date=16 April 2012 |access-date=25 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122185506/http://www.idfblog.com/2012/04/16/timeline-terror-2001-2012/ |archive-date=22 January 2013}}</ref> Israel began a ground invasion of the Gaza Strip on 3 January 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/04/world/middleeast/04mideast.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 January 2009 |title=Israeli Troops Launch Attack on Gaza |first1=Isabel |last1=Kershner |first2=Taghreed |last2=El-Khodary |access-date=16 February 2017 |archive-date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409005842/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/04/world/middleeast/04mideast.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Various sites that Israel claimed were being used as weapons depots were struck from the air : police stations, schools, hospitals, UN warehouses, mosques, various Hamas government buildings and other buildings.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mozgovaya |first=Natasha |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1053233.html |title=IDF shell kills 30 in Gaza UN school; Israel mulls appeal over Hamas fire from UN facilities |work=Haaretz |access-date=21 May 2011 |archive-date=1 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401074434/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1053233.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Israel said that the attack was a response to Hamas rocket attacks on southern Israel, which totaled [[List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel, 2008|over 3,000 in 2008]], and which intensified during the few weeks preceding the operation. Israel advised people near military targets to leave before the attacks. Israeli defense sources said that Defense Minister [[Ehud Barak]] instructed the IDF to prepare for the operation six months before it began, using long-term planning and intelligence-gathering.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ravid |first=Barak |url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/iaf-strike-followed-months-of-planning-1.260363/ |title=IAF strike followed months of planning |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=28 December 2008 |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-date=24 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324160347/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/iaf-strike-followed-months-of-planning-1.260363 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:أحد شوارع غزة 2012.jpg|thumb|Gaza City in 2012]]
A total of 1,100–1,400<ref>{{cite news |last=Kasher |first=Asa |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=168061 |title=Analysis: A moral evaluation of the Gaza War |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com |publisher=Jpost.com |access-date=12 December 2010 |archive-date=21 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221144352/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=168061 |url-status=live}}</ref> Palestinians (295–926 civilians) and 13 Israelis were killed in the 22-day war.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8428883.stm |work=BBC News |title=Slow recovery from wounds of Gaza conflict |date=27 December 2009 |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228174738/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8428883.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> The conflict damaged or destroyed tens of thousands of homes,<ref>{{cite web |title=IOM Appeal for Gaza Focuses on Health and Recovery |url=http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/media/press-briefing-notes/pbnAF/cache/offonce/lang/en?entryId%3D21830 |access-date=24 June 2010 |date=2009-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310183754/http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/media/press-briefing-notes/pbnAF/cache/offonce/lang/en?entryId=21830 |archive-date=10 March 2012 |url-status=dead |publisher=International Organization for Migration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lappin |first=Yaakov |url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1237727552054&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |title=IDF releases Cast Lead casualty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121653/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1237727552054&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archive-date=11 May 2011 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=26 March 2009}}</ref> 15 of Gaza's 27 hospitals and 43 of its 110 primary health care facilities,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ochaopt_who_gaza_health_fact_sheet_20100120_english.pdf |title=Gaza Health Fact Sheet |access-date=2014-08-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308014019/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ochaopt_who_gaza_health_fact_sheet_20100120_english.pdf |archive-date=8 March 2015}}</ref> 800 water wells,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=47273 |title=MIDEAST: Attack on Water Brings Sanitation Crisis – IPS |publisher=Ipsnews.net |date=18 June 2009 |access-date=12 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204070226/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=47273 |archive-date=4 December 2010}}</ref> 186 greenhouses,<ref>{{cite web |title=Environmental Assessment of the Gaza Strip |url=http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_Gaza_EA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514204950/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_Gaza_EA.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-14 |url-status=live |access-date=2014-08-02}}</ref> and nearly all of its 10,000 family farms;<ref>{{cite web |title=The humanitarian situation in Gaza and FAO's response |url=http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/tc/tce/pdf/FAO_brief_on_Gaza_23_Jan_09.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214100134/http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/tc/tce/pdf/FAO_brief_on_Gaza_23_Jan_09.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-14 |url-status=live |access-date=2014-08-02}}</ref> leaving 50,000 homeless,<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |title=Gaza 'looks like earthquake zone' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7838618.stm |work=BBC News |date=20 January 2009 |access-date=24 June 2010 |archive-date=25 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125181742/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7838618.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> 400,000–500,000 without running water,<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/><ref name="Gaza: Humanitarian situation">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7845428.stm |work=BBC News |title=Gaza: Humanitarian situation |date=30 January 2009 |access-date=24 June 2010 |archive-date=8 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208132149/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7845428.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> one million without electricity,<ref name="Gaza: Humanitarian situation"/> and resulting in acute food shortages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wfp.org/content/wfp-launches-emergency-food-distributions-families-gaza |title=Launches Emergency Food Distributions to Families in Gaza | WFP | United Nations World Food Programme – Fighting Hunger Worldwide |publisher=WFP |access-date=12 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511084335/http://www.wfp.org/content/wfp-launches-emergency-food-distributions-families-gaza |archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref> The people of Gaza still suffer from the loss of these facilities and homes, especially since they have great challenges to rebuild them.

===2014: Gaza War===
On 5 June 2014, Fatah signed a unity agreement with the Hamas political party.<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite web |title=Palestinian unity government sworn in by Mahmoud Abbas |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27660218 |publisher=BBC |date=2 June 2014 |access-date=5 June 2014 |archive-date=3 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603033348/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27660218 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[2014 Gaza War]], also known as Operation Protective Edge, was a military operation launched by Israel on 8 July 2014 in the Gaza Strip. Following the [[2014 kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers|kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers]] in the [[West Bank]] by Hamas-affiliated [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] militants, the IDF initiated ''Operation Brother's Keeper'', in which some 350 Palestinians, including nearly all of the active Hamas militants in the West Bank, were arrested.<ref name="nathanthrall">{{cite journal |author=Nathan Thrall |date=1 August 2014 |title=Hamas's Chances |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n16/nathan-thrall/hamass-chances |journal=London Review of Books |volume=36 |issue=16 |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416032651/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n16/nathan-thrall/hamass-chances |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HamasAcc">Jack Khoury, [https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.611676 Hamas claims responsibility for three Israeli teens' kidnapping and murder'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010052244/https://www.haaretz.com/hamas-admits-kidnap-murder-of-3-teens-1.5260283/ |date=10 October 2020}}, ''[[Haaretz]]'', 21 August 2014.</ref><ref name="HamasAcc2">[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4562328,00.html 'Mashal: Hamas was behind murder of three Israeli teens'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916104726/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4562328,00.html |date=16 September 2023}}, [[Ynet]], 22 August 2014.</ref> Hamas [[List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2014|subsequently fired a greater number of rockets into Israel]] from Gaza, triggering a seven-week-long conflict between the two sides. It was one of the deadliest outbreaks of [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|open conflict between Israel and the Palestinians]] in decades. The combination of Palestinian rocket attacks and [[List of Israeli strikes and Palestinian casualties in the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict|Israeli airstrikes]] resulted in thousands of deaths, the vast majority of which were Gazan Palestinians.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zonszein|first=Mairav|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/27/israel-kills-more-palestinians-2014-than-any-other-year-since-1967|title=Israel killed more Palestinians in 2014 than in any other year since 1967|date=2015-03-27|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-03-03|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412025048/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/27/israel-kills-more-palestinians-2014-than-any-other-year-since-1967|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2018–2019: Great March of Return===
{{Main|Great March of Return}}

[[File:OCHAoPT 2018 Gaza border protests 31 may 2018.png|thumb|right|UN OCHA map of the Great March of Return protests, 31 May 2018]]

In 2018–2019, [[2018–2019 Gaza border protests|a series of protests]], also known as the Great March of Return, were held each Friday in the Gaza Strip near the [[Israel–Gaza barrier]] from 30 March 2018 until 27 December 2019, during which a total of 223 [[Palestinians]] were killed by Israeli forces.<ref name="B'tselem21">[https://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/20210524_whitewash_time 'And now for the whitewashing,' ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017132258/https://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/20210524_whitewash_time |date=17 October 2023}} [[B'tselem]] 24 May 2021</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-gaza-protest-20180330-htmlstory.html|title=15 Palestinians reported killed by Israeli fire as Gaza border protest builds |last=Alouf |first=Abu |date=30 March 2018|website=Los Angeles Times|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519031927/http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-gaza-protest-20180330-htmlstory.html|archive-date=19 May 2018}}</ref> The demonstrators demanded that the [[Palestinian refugees]] must be [[Palestinian right of return|allowed to return]] to lands they were displaced from in what is now Israel. They protested against Israel's [[blockade of the Gaza Strip|land, air and sea blockade of the Gaza Strip]] and the [[United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel]].<ref name="Toameh">Khaled Abu Toameh, [https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-vows-gaza-protests-to-continue-until-they-return-to-all-of-palestine "Hamas vows Gaza protests last until Palestinians return to all of Palestine"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007054949/https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-vows-gaza-protests-to-continue-until-they-return-to-all-of-palestine/ |date=7 October 2023}}, ''[[The Times of Israel]]'', 9 April 2018. "The protests are an uprising for "Jerusalem, Palestine, and the right of return", he said, referring to the demand that Palestinian refugees and their descendants be allowed to return to their former homes in Israel."</ref><ref name="NY2" >David M. Halbfinger, Iyad Abuheweila, Jugal K.Patel [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/04/13/world/middleeast/gaza-fence-aerial.html "300 Meters in Gaza: Snipers, Burning Tires and a Contested Fence"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422065743/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/04/13/world/middleeast/gaza-fence-aerial.html |date=22 April 2018}}, ''[[The New York Times]]'' 15 May 2018.’ Most Gazans are Palestinian refugees or their descendants, and marching on the fence highlights their desire to reclaim the lands and homes from which they were displaced 70 years ago in the war surrounding Israel's creation.’</ref><ref>
*{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/.premium-mass-gaza-border-clashes-52-killed-by-israeli-gunfire-2-410-wounded-1.6091548|title=Mass Gaza Border Clashes: 58 Palestinians Killed by Israeli Gunfire, 1,113 Wounded|last1=Khoury|first1=Jack|date=15 May 2018|work=Haaretz|access-date=14 May 2018|last2=Kubovich|first2=Yaniv|last3=Zikri|first3=Almog Ben|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514195751/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/.premium-mass-gaza-border-clashes-52-killed-by-israeli-gunfire-2-410-wounded-1.6091548|archive-date=14 May 2018}}
*David M. Halbfinger & Iyad Abuheweila, [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/13/world/middleeast/gaza-israel-protests.html "One Dead Amid Violence in 3rd Week of Protests at Gaza-Israel Fence"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517222949/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/13/world/middleeast/gaza-israel-protests.html|date=17 May 2018}} ''[[The New York Times]]'', 13 April 2018. "They are objecting to Israel's 11-year-old blockade of Gaza and seeking to revive international interest in Palestinian claims of a right of return to the lands they were displaced from in 1948."
*Adam Rasgon, [https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Masses-of-Gazans-head-to-border-fence-to-demand-right-of-return-547367 "Masses of Gazans head to border area for 'right of return' says organizer"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505122635/https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Masses-of-Gazans-head-to-border-fence-to-demand-right-of-return-547367|date=5 May 2018}} ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', 28 March 2018. "Masses of Palestinians are expected to come to the Gaza border on Friday and move into tents there for a planned six-week-long protest 'to demand the right of return to the homes and villages that they were expelled from in 1948'", Ahmad Abu Ratima, an organizer of the protest, told ''The Jerusalem Post''.</ref>

Most of the demonstrators [[peaceful demonstration|demonstrated peacefully]] far from the border fence. Peter Cammack, a fellow with the Middle East Program at the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], argued that the march indicated a new trend in Palestinian society and Hamas, with a shift away from violence towards non-violent forms of protest.<ref>Daoud Kuttab, [https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/05/gaza-protests-israel-claims-hamas-violence-self-defense.html "The truth about Gaza"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618203125/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/05/gaza-protests-israel-claims-hamas-violence-self-defense.html|date=18 June 2018}} ''[[Al-Monitor]]'', 23 May 2018; "This is clearly a new trend in Palestinian society that attempts to expand the notions of resistance and nonviolent protests."</ref> Some demonstrators were setting tires on fire and launching Molotov cocktails and rocks toward the troops on the opposite side of the border.<ref name="nytimes">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/30/world/middleeast/gaza-israel-protest-clashes.html |title=Israeli Military Kills 15 Palestinians in Confrontations on Gaza Border |last1=Kershner |first1=Isabel |date=30 March 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=6 April 2018 |last2=Abuheweila |first2=Iyad |issn=0362-4331 |author1-link=Isabel Kershner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407212623/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/30/world/middleeast/gaza-israel-protest-clashes.html |archive-date=7 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="Haaretz30March">{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-five-palestinians-reportedly-killed-by-israeli-army-as-thousands-rally-for-mass-gaza-protests-1.5962159 |title=15 Killed, Dozens Wounded, as Thousands Gather on Gaza-Israel Border for "March of Return" |last1=Khoury |first1=Jack |last2=Kubovich |first2=Yaniv |date=30 March 2018 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=6 April 2018 |last3=Zikri |first3=Almog Ben |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406102032/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-five-palestinians-reportedly-killed-by-israeli-army-as-thousands-rally-for-mass-gaza-protests-1.5962159|archive-date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref>
* {{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/03/israeli-forces-kill-3-palestinians-land-day-protests-180330100034136.html |title=At least 14 Palestinians killed in Land Day protests |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=30 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330120808/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/03/israeli-forces-kill-3-palestinians-land-day-protests-180330100034136.html |archive-date=30 March 2018}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.newsx.com/world/at-least-5-palestinians-shot-dead-by-israeli-troops-as-thousands-march-on-gaza-israel-border-for-march-of-return |title=At least 5 Palestinians shot dead by Israeli troops as thousands march on Gaza-Israel border for 'March of Return' |date=30 March 2018 |publisher=newsx.com |access-date=3 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331041009/https://www.newsx.com/world/at-least-5-palestinians-shot-dead-by-israeli-troops-as-thousands-march-on-gaza-israel-border-for-march-of-return |archive-date=31 March 2018}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/4/2/17188162/gaza-protest-israel-border-violence-demonstrations-palestinian |title=The recent violence at the Gaza-Israel border, explained |last=Williams |first=Jennifer |date=2 April 2018 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |access-date=9 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408205748/https://www.vox.com/2018/4/2/17188162/gaza-protest-israel-border-violence-demonstrations-palestinian |archive-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> Israeli officials said the demonstrations were used by Hamas as cover for launching attacks against Israel.<ref name="jpost1">{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/IDF-warns-of-larger-military-response-to-Gaza-protest-547595 |title=IDF warns of larger military response to Gaza protest |date=31 March 2018 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410044009/http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/IDF-warns-of-larger-military-response-to-Gaza-protest-547595 |archive-date=10 April 2018}}</ref>
[[File:2018 Gaza border protest.jpg|thumb|[[2018 Gaza border protests]], [[Bureij]] refugee camp in Gaza]]
In late February 2019, a [[UN Human Rights Council]]'s [[United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the 2018 Gaza border protests|independent commission]] found that of the 489 cases of Palestinian deaths or injuries analyzed, only two were possibly justified as responses to danger by Israeli security forces. The commission deemed the rest of the cases illegal, and concluded with a recommendation calling on Israel to examine whether [[war crime]]s or [[crimes against humanity]] had been committed, and if so, to bring those responsible to trial.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/un-independent-commission-of-inquiry-on-protests-in-gaza-presents-its-findings-press-release/ |title=UN Independent Commission of Inquiry on Protests in Gaza Presents its Findings - Press Release - Question of Palestine |website=[[United Nations]] |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009065103/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/un-independent-commission-of-inquiry-on-protests-in-gaza-presents-its-findings-press-release/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory - A/HRC/40/74 |url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIOPT/A_HRC_40_74.pdf |publisher=[[UNHRC]] |date=28 February 2019 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIOPT/A_HRC_40_74.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 28 February 2019, the Commission said it had {{"'}}reasonable grounds' to believe Israeli soldiers may have committed war crimes and shot at journalists, health workers and children during protests in Gaza in 2018." Israel refused to take part in the inquiry and rejected the report.<ref name="CNN1111">{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/28/middleeast/israel-gaza-un-intl/index.html|title=UN: Israel may have committed war crimes during Gaza protests |first1=Milena |last1=Vaselinovic |first2=Oren |last2=Liebermann |work=[[CNN]] |date=28 February 2019 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014022301/https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/28/middleeast/israel-gaza-un-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===2021: Israel–Palestine crisis===
Before the [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis]], Gaza had 48% unemployment and half of the population lived in poverty. During the crisis, 66 children died (551 children in the previous conflict). On 13 June 2021, a high level World Bank delegation visited Gaza to witness the damage. Mobilization with UN and EU partners is ongoing to finalize a needs assessment in support of Gaza's reconstruction and recovery.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Toll of War on Palestinians in Gaza |date=27 June 2021 |publisher=[[The World Bank]] |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2021/06/27/the-toll-of-war-on-palestinians-in-gaza |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204711/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2021/06/27/the-toll-of-war-on-palestinians-in-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[2022 Gaza–Israel clashes|Another escalation]] between 5 and 8 August 2022 resulted in property damage and displacement of people as a result of airstrikes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/gaza-august-2022-escalation-dashboard-09-august-2022 |title=Gaza August 2022 Escalation Dashboard (09 August 2022) - occupied Palestinian territory | ReliefWeb |website=reliefweb.int |date=9 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816140543/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/gaza-august-2022-escalation-dashboard-09-august-2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/content/escalation-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-2-august-2022 |title=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - occupied Palestinian territory | Escalation in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #2 as of 18:00, 8 August 2022 |website=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - occupied Palestinian territory |date=8 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812012844/https://www.ochaopt.org/content/escalation-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-2-august-2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===2023–2025: Gaza war===
{{Main|Gaza war|Outline of the Gaza war|October 7 attacks|Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip|Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip|Gaza genocide}}

{{see also|Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)|Gaza Strip evacuations|Gaza peace plan}}
[[File:SoI-War 23-10-31 IDF 05-04.jpg|thumb|Israeli soldiers in the Gaza Strip on 31 October 2023]]
On 7 October 2023, the paramilitaries in Gaza, led by the Hamas's [[Al-Qassam Brigades]], [[October 7 attacks|invaded]] southwest Israel, targeting Israeli communities and military bases, killing at least 1,300 people and taking at least 236 hostages.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hutchinson |first=Bill |date=22 November 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas War: Timeline and key developments |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/timeline-surprise-rocket-attack-hamas-israel/story?id=103816006 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |access-date=30 November 2023 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016214718/https://abcnews.go.com/International/timeline-surprise-rocket-attack-hamas-israel/story?id=103816006 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 9 October 2023, Israel declared war on Hamas and imposed a [[2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip|"total blockade" of the Gaza Strip]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-09 |title=Israel announces 'total' blockade on Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009105304/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref> with Israeli defense minister [[Yoav Gallant]] declaring, "There will be no electricity, no food, no fuel, everything is closed. We are fighting human animals and we are acting accordingly."<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel announces 'complete siege' of Gaza, cutting its electricity, food, water, and fuel |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-gallant-announces-complete-siege-gaza-no-electricity-food-fuel-2023-10 |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=9 October 2023 |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102181111/https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-gallant-announces-complete-siege-gaza-no-electricity-food-fuel-2023-10 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TimesOfIsrael_GazaHostages">{{cite news |author=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |last2=Magid |first2=Jacob |date=16 October 2023 |title=IDF notifies relatives of 199 people that their loved ones are Gaza hostages |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-notifies-relatives-of-199-people-that-their-loved-ones-are-gaza-hostages/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102181257/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-notifies-relatives-of-199-people-that-their-loved-ones-are-gaza-hostages/ |archive-date=2 November 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> Gallant changed his position after pressure from US president [[Joe Biden]], and a deal was made on 19 October for Israel and Egypt to allow aid into Gaza.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-02 |title=Fergal Keane: Aid convoy tragedy shows fear of starvation haunts Gaza |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68456718 |access-date=2024-03-15 |language=en-GB |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315042049/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68456718 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Gaza war 2023 - 2025 IMG 8182.png|thumb|The ruins of Gaza after Israeli airstrikes]]

After the outbreak of the Gaza war in 2023, there has been a renewed campaign to return Israeli settlers to [[Gush Katif]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Yerushalmi |first=Shalom |date=24 October 2023 |title=As war with Hamas rages, a campaign gets underway for a return to Gaza's settlements |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-war-with-hamas-rages-a-campaign-gets-underway-for-a-return-to-gazas-settlements/amp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106190724/https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-war-with-hamas-rages-a-campaign-gets-underway-for-a-return-to-gazas-settlements/amp/ |archive-date=6 November 2023 |access-date=23 April 2024 |work=Times of Israel}}</ref> including [[Hanan Ben Ari]] singing "We return to Gush Katif" to Israeli troops.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rousseau |first=Daphne |date=26 October 2023 |title=Some Israelis dream of return to Gaza settlements as IDF readies to go back in |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/some-israelis-dream-of-return-to-gaza-settlements-as-idf-readies-to-go-back-in/amp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118134117/https://www.timesofisrael.com/some-israelis-dream-of-return-to-gaza-settlements-as-idf-readies-to-go-back-in/amp/ |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=23 April 2024 |work=Times of Israel}}</ref> On 19 January 2025, [[January 2025 Gaza war ceasefire|a ceasefire between Israel and Hamas]] took effect. It lasted until 18 March, when Israel launched a surprise attack.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shurafa |first1=Wafaa |last2=Mednick |first2=Sam |date=March 18, 2025 |title=Israel launches deadly wave of airstrikes across Gaza after ceasefire talks stall |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-news-ceasefire-hostages-03-17-2025-b8753b9458a44f10ab08aa9b12582780 |access-date=April 1, 2025 |work=[[AP News]] |location=[[Deir al-Balah]], Gaza Strip |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 5 February 2025, in a joint press conference with Benjamin Netanyahu, US president [[Donald Trump]] asserted that the US would "[[Donald Trump's February 2025 Gaza Strip proposal|take over the Gaza Strip, we'll own it]]". The remark sparked discussions regarding US policy in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valdez |first=Jonah |date=2025-02-05 |title=Trump: 'The U.S. Will Take Over the Gaza Strip' |url=https://theintercept.com/2025/02/04/trump-netanyahu-gaza-palestinians-displace/ |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Liptak |first=Kevin |date=2025-02-04 |title=Trump says US will 'take over' Gaza Strip and doesn't rule out using American troops |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/02/04/politics/netanyahu-trump-white-house-meeting/index.html |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump says U.S. will "take over the Gaza Strip" in presser with Netanyahu |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/video/trump-says-us-will-take-over-gaza-strip-presser-netanyahu/ |access-date=2025-02-05 |website= CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref> On 6 February, Trump stated that the proposed transfer of Gaza would happen after the war ended and Gaza's population was relocated.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jana |first=Choukeir |date=6 February 2025 |title=Trump says Israel would hand over Gaza after fighting, no US troops needed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israels-defense-minister-orders-army-prepare-gaza-residents-departure-media-2025-02-06/ |access-date=2025-10-10 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

The Gaza war has caused widespread destruction, a [[Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)|humanitarian crisis]], and an [[Gaza Strip famine|ongoing famine]] in the Gaza Strip.<ref name="Dannenbaum_Dill_2024"/><ref name="IPC_22_August_2025"/> Most of the population was [[Gaza Strip evacuations|forcibly displaced]].<ref name="Dannenbaum_Dill_2024"/> Several human rights organizations such as [[Amnesty International]] and [[B'Tselem]], various [[genocide studies]] and [[international law]] scholars, and other experts say that [[Gaza genocide|a genocide is taking place in Gaza]], although some dispute this.<ref name="genocide"/><ref name="genocide_int_law_scholars"/> In September 2025 a UN commission of inquiry concluded that there are reasonable grounds to conclude that four of the five genocidal acts defined under international law have been carried by Israel against Palestinians in Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-16 |title=Israel has committed genocide in Gaza, UN commission of inquiry says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8641wv0n4go |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Since the start of the war, over 60,000 Palestinians in Gaza [[Casualties of the Gaza war|have been killed]], almost half of them [[Women in the Gaza war#Gaza Strip|women]] and [[Effect of the Gaza war on children in the Gaza Strip|children]], and more than 148,000 injured.<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 July 2025 |title=How many Palestinians has Israel's Gaza offensive killed|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-many-palestinians-has-israels-gaza-offensive-killed-2025-03-24/|access-date=29 July 2025|work=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/palestinians-death-toll-war-health-ministry-816d592952814db869924f9626ca8876|title=Over 60,000 Palestinians killed in the 21-month Israel-Hamas war, Gaza's Health Ministry says|date=29 July 2025|website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=30 July 2025 |title=Reported impact snapshot {{pipe}} Gaza Strip (30 July 2025) |url=https://www.ochaopt.org/content/reported-impact-snapshot-gaza-strip-30-july-2025 |work=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]]}}</ref> A study in ''[[The Lancet]]'' estimated 64,260 deaths in Gaza from [[traumatic injuries]] by June 2024, while noting a potentially larger death toll when "indirect" deaths are included.<ref name="Lancet2025">{{Cite journal|last1=Jamaluddine |first1=Zeina |last2=Abukmail |first2=Hanan |last3=Aly |first3=Sarah |last4=Campbell |first4=Oona M. R. |last5=Checchi |first5=Francesco |date=9 January 2025 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02678-3 |journal=[[The Lancet]] |publisher=Elsevier |title=Traumatic injury mortality in the Gaza Strip from Oct 7, 2023, to June 30, 2024: a capture–recapture analysis |volume=405 |issue=10477 |pages=469–477 |doi-access=free |pmid=39799952}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bloxham |first1=Donald |author-link=Donald Bloxham |date=3 April 2025 |title=The 7 October Atrocities and the Annihilation of Gaza: Causes and Responsibilities |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |issue=Forum: Israel-Palestine: Atrocity Crimes and the Crisis of Holocaust and Genocide Studies |doi=10.1080/14623528.2025.2483546 |s2cid= |doi-access=free |pages=23–24 |quote=A study of traumatic injury deaths in Gaza in The Lancet using multiple data sources and capture-recapture analysis suggested that the MoH's methods, far from producing an exaggerated number, actually under-estimated the death toll by around 41 percent. ... When considering the total 'excess mortality,' we need to add the Palestinians who have died because of the blockade in combination with the IDF's destruction of health and sanitation and food infrastructure. As public health experts noted, in many wars, 'most deaths' are 'due to the indirect [sic] impacts of war: malnutrition, communicable disease, exacerbations of noncommunicable disease, [and] maternal and infant disorders.'117 'Indirect' would be the wrong word for this conflict given the nature of Israeli policies, including the systematic obstruction of supplies into Gaza.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=10 January 2025 |title=Gaza death toll 40% higher than official number, Lancet study finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/10/gaza-death-toll-40-higher-than-official-number-lancet-study-finds |access-date=18 May 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tanno |first=Sophie |date=9 January 2025 |title=Gaza death toll has been significantly underreported, study finds |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/01/09/middleeast/gaza-death-toll-underreported-study-intl |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> As of May 2025, a comparable figure for traumatic injury deaths would be 93,000 (77,000 to 109,000), representing 4–5% of Gaza's pre-war population.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/interactive/middle-east-and-africa/2025/05/08/how-many-people-have-died-in-gaza |title=How many people have died in Gaza? |date=2025-05-08 |newspaper=The Economist |quote=The researchers found that the overlap was so small that the true number of deaths was probably 46-107% higher than the official ministry total. If you assume that the ratio has stayed the same since last June (and not fallen, as systems caught up during the ceasefire, say) and apply them to the current tally, it would suggest that between 77,000 and 109,000 Gazans have been killed, 4-5% of the territory's pre-war population (see chart).}}</ref>

===2025–present: Gaza peace plan===
{{main|Gaza peace plan|Gaza Strip under Resolution 2803}}

In October 2025, the [[Gaza peace plan]] came into effect, which called for demilitarization and amnesty for Hamas members who disarmed, temporary governance by a Palestinian [[technocrat]]ic body overseen by an international commission headed by US president Trump, freedom of residents to depart from and return to Gaza and complete resumption of access to international aid.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-09 |title=Donald Trump's 20-point Gaza peace plan in full |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c70155nked7o |access-date=2025-11-18|website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> Under the terms of the plan's first phase, a ceasefire came into effect, all 20 living Israeli hostages were released within 72 hours, around 2000 Palestinian prisoners were released, and the IDF withdrew from 47% of the territory.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Jason |date=2025-10-08 |title='First phase' of ceasefire deal to end war in Gaza agreed by Israel and Hamas |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/09/first-phase-of-ceasefire-deal-to-end-war-in-gaza-agreed-by-israel-and-hamas |access-date=2025-10-10 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> On 17 November, the United Nations Security Council passed a version of the 20-point peace plan authored by the US, with Russia and China abstaining from the vote.<ref name="smithnov2025">{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/world/gaza/trump-gaza-peace-plan-un-vote-israel-hamas-resolution-rcna244560|title=Trump's Gaza peace plan wins global backing. Now comes the hard part.|website=NBC News|last=Smith|first=Alexander|date=2025-11-18|access-date=2025-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://press.un.org/en/2025/sc16225.doc.htm|title=Security Council Authorizes International Stabilization Force in Gaza, Adopting Resolution 2803 (2025)|date=2025-11-17|website=Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|publisher=United Nations|access-date=2025-11-18}}</ref> This plan was rejected by Hamas, who objected to the proposed international peacekeeping troops and lack of support for Palestinian self-determination,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-rejects-un-gaza-resolution-says-international-force-would-become-party-2025-11-17/|title=Hamas rejects UN Gaza resolution, says international force would become party to conflict|website=Reuters|access-date=2025-11-18|date=2025-11-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2025-11-18|access-date=2025-11-18|title=Hamas, Gaza factions say UN resolution undermines 'national will'|website=Aljazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/11/18/hamas-gaza-factions-say-un-resolution-undermines-national-will}}</ref> but was accepted by the Palestinian Authority and Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu.<ref name="smithnov2025"/>

==Geography==
[[File:Gaza Beach.jpg|thumb|Palestinians on the Gaza beach in 2006]]
[[File:Gaza sea port.jpg|thumb|Gaza City in 2018]]
The Gaza Strip is {{cvt|41|km|mi|sp=us}} long, from {{cvt|6|to|12|km|mi|sp=us}} wide, and has a total area of {{cvt|365|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}.<ref name="Arnon">{{cite journal |first=Arie |last=Arnon |url=http://www.econ.bgu.ac.il/facultym/arnona/Israeli_Policy_towards_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territories_The_Economic_Dimension_1967-2007.pdf |title=Israeli Policy towards the Occupied Palestinian Territories: The Economic Dimension, 1967–2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630142150/http://www.econ.bgu.ac.il/facultym/arnona/Israeli_Policy_towards_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territories_The_Economic_Dimension_1967-2007.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-30 |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=61 |number=4 |date=Autumn 2007 |page=575 |doi=10.3751/61.4.11}}</ref><ref name="CIA World Factbook"/> It has a {{cvt|51|km|mi|sp=us}} border with [[Israel]], and an {{cvt|11|km|0|sp=us}} border with [[Egypt]], near the city of [[Rafah]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 May 2021 |title=Israel-Palestinian conflict: Life in the Gaza Strip |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-20415675 |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627053554/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-20415675 |archive-date=27 June 2018}}</ref>

[[Khan Yunis]] is located {{cvt|7|km|mi|sp=us}} northeast of Rafah, and several towns around [[Deir el-Balah]] are located along the coast between it and [[Gaza City]]. [[Beit Lahia]] and [[Beit Hanoun]] are located to the north and northeast of Gaza City, respectively. The [[Gush Katif]] bloc of Israeli settlements used to exist on the [[dune|sand dune]]s adjacent to Rafah and Khan Yunis, along the southwestern edge of the {{cvt|40|km|mi|sp=us}} [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] coastline. Al Deira beach is a popular venue for surfers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Roug |first=Louise |date=23 August 2007 |title=In Gaza, surfers find peace and freedom riding the deep blue |publisher=Articles.latimes.com |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jul-29-fg-gazasurf29-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014022552/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jul/29/world/fg-gazasurf29 |archive-date=14 October 2012}}</ref>

The [[topography]] of the Gaza Strip is dominated by three [[ridge]]s parallel to the coastline, which consist of [[Pleistocene]]-[[Holocene]] aged [[calcareous]] [[Aeolian processes|aeolian]] (wind deposited) [[sandstone]]s, locally referred to as "[[kurkar]]", [[Interbedding|intercalated]] with red-coloured [[Grain size|fine grained]] [[paleosol]]s, referred to as "hamra". The three ridges are separated by [[wadi]]s, which are filled with [[Alluvium|alluvial deposits]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=UBEID |first=Khalid F. |date=2013 |title=The origin, nature and stratigraphy of Pleistocene-Holocene palaeosols in Wadi Es-Salqa (Gaza Strip, Palestine) |url=http://www.insugeo.org.ar/publicaciones/docs/scg-29-2-05.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Serie Correlación Geológica |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=63–78 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808201205/http://insugeo.org.ar/publicaciones/docs/scg-29-2-05.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-08}}</ref> The terrain is flat or rolling, with dunes near the coast. The highest point is Abu 'Awdah (Joz Abu 'Auda), at {{cvt|105|m|ft|sp=us}} above [[sea level]].

The major river in Gaza Strip is [[Wadi Gaza]], around which the [[Wadi Gaza Nature Reserve]] was established, to protect the only coastal wetland in the Strip.<ref name="meweco">[https://www.mahmiyat.ps/uploads/WadiGazaMP.pdf MANAGEMENT PLAN- WADI GAZA ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605084222/https://www.mahmiyat.ps/uploads/WadiGazaMP.pdf|date=5 June 2022}}, by the MedWetCoast project</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2023/04/16/now-we-can-breathe-a-little-how-gaza-is-bringing-its-wetlands-back-to-life |title='Now we can breathe a little': How Gaza is bringing its wetlands back to life |date=16 April 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101001758/https://www.euronews.com/green/2023/04/16/now-we-can-breathe-a-little-how-gaza-is-bringing-its-wetlands-back-to-life |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Climate===
The Gaza Strip has a [[semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BSh''), with warm winters during which practically all the annual rainfall occurs, and dry, hot summers. Despite the dryness, humidity is high throughout the year. Annual rainfall is higher than in any part of Egypt at between {{cvt|225|mm|in|0}} in the south and {{cvt|400|mm|in|0}} in the north, but almost all of this falls between November and February.

===Environment issues===
Environmental problems in Gaza include [[desertification]]; [[Biosalinity|salination]] of fresh water; [[sewage treatment]]; [[water-borne disease]]s; [[soil degradation]]; and depletion and contamination of underground [[water resources]]. A UN official said in 2024 that "it could take 14 years ... to clear [[Construction waste|debris]], including [[rubble]] from destroyed buildings" (of the Gaza war).<ref name="Reuters 2024 c119">{{cite web | title=UN official says it could take 14 years to clear debris in Gaza | website=Reuters | date=26 Apr 2024 | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-official-says-it-could-take-14-years-clear-debris-gaza-2024-04-26/ | access-date=1 May 2024 | archive-date=26 April 2024 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20240426163228/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-official-says-it-could-take-14-years-clear-debris-gaza-2024-04-26/ | url-status=live}}</ref>

==Government and politics==
{{Main|Government of Palestine}}

{{Politics of the Gaza Strip}}

===Gaza Strip under Resolution 2803===
{{See also|Gaza Strip under Resolution 2803|Gaza peace plan|United Nations Security Council Resolution 2803}}
In October 2025, Israel and Hamas accepted the first phase of the [[Gaza peace plan]] resulting in the cessation of hostilities in the [[Gaza War]] and a partial Israeli withdrawal from the Gaza Strip. In the second phase of the plan it is envisioned that an [[International Stabilization Force]] be deployed in the Gaza Strip and a [[Board of Peace]] and [[National Committee for the Administration of Gaza]] be established to administer the Gaza Strip for a transitional period, before turning over governance to a reformed [[Palestinian Authority]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/sep/25/washington-backing-plan-for-tony-blair-to-head-transitional-gaza-authority | title=Washington backing plan for Tony Blair to head transitional Gaza authority | work=The Guardian | date=25 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/revealed-tony-blairs-us-backed-proposal-for-ending-the-gaza-war-and-replacing-hamas/ | title=Revealed: Tony Blair's US-backed proposal for ending the Gaza war and replacing Hamas | work=The Times of Israel | date=25 September 2025}}</ref>

===Hamas administration===
{{Main|Gaza Strip under Hamas}}

[[File:Gaza Strip territorial control 10 October 2025.png|thumb|right|Gaza Strip territorial control since 10 October 2025]]
[[File:UNSchool DestrMoInterior.jpg|thumb|Damaged UN school and remmants of the Ministry of Interior in Gaza City, December 2012]]

Since its takeover of the Gaza Strip in 2007, Hamas has exercised executive authority, and it governs through its own ''[[ad hoc]]'' executive, legislative, and judicial bodies.<ref name="freedomhouse">{{cite web |date=4 January 2018 |title=Gaza Strip |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/gaza-strip |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007111428/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/gaza-strip |archive-date=7 October 2018 |access-date=7 October 2018 |website=[[Freedom House]]}}</ref> The Hamas government of 2012 was the second Palestinian Hamas-dominated government, ruling over the Gaza Strip, since the split of the Palestinian National Authority in 2007. It was announced in early September 2012.<ref name="hurriyet0209">{{cite web |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/hamas-announces-cabinet-reshuffle-in-gaza.aspx?pageID=238&nID=29198&NewsCatID=352 |title=Hamas announces cabinet reshuffle in Gaza |date=2 September 2012 |publisher=Hurriyetdailynews.com |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012085350/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/hamas-announces-cabinet-reshuffle-in-gaza.aspx?pageID=238&nID=29198&NewsCatID=352 |url-status=live}}</ref> The reshuffle of the previous government was approved by Gaza-based Hamas MPs from the [[Palestinian Legislative Council]] or parliament.<ref name="hurriyet0209"/> Since the Hamas takeover in 2007, the Gaza Strip has been described as a "''de facto'' [[one-party state]]", although it tolerates other political groups, including leftist ones such as the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (PFLP) and the [[Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine]].<ref>
*{{Cite web |title=Gaza Strip: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/gaza-strip/freedom-world/2020 |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=Freedom House |language=en |quote=Since 2007, Gaza has functioned as a de facto one-party state under Hamas rule |archive-date=27 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327190234/https://freedomhouse.org/country/gaza-strip/freedom-world/2020 |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news |title=How powerful is Hamas? |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2023/10/10/how-powerful-is-hamas |access-date=2023-10-17 |issn=0013-0613 |quote=In 2006, a year after Israel withdrew from Gaza, Hamas won a majority of seats in a Palestinian election and later formed a new unity government with Fatah, its nationalist rival. In June 2007, after a brief civil war, it assumed sole control of Gaza, leaving Fatah to run the Palestinian Authority (pa) in the West Bank. In response Israel and Egypt imposed a suffocating blockade on the coastal strip in 2007, strangling its economy and in effect confining its people in an open-air prison. There have been no elections since. Hamas has run Gaza as an oppressive one-party state, leaving some Palestinians there disenchanted with its leadership. Nevertheless, Palestinians widely consider it more competent than the ailing, corrupt pa. |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114121410/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2023/10/10/how-powerful-is-hamas |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Burton |first=Guy |date=2012 |title=Hamas and its Vision of Development |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41507185 |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=525–540 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2012.657491 |jstor=41507185 |s2cid=144037453 |issn=0143-6597 |quote=The joint Hamas-Fatah government did not last long. Within months the two sides were fighting again, eventually leading to a political split of the occupied territory, with Fatah controlling the West Bank and Hamas establishing a virtual one-party state in Gaza |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023080017/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41507185 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="rp"/>

The legal code Hamas applies in Gaza is based on Ottoman laws, the British Mandate's 1936 legal code, [[Palestinian law|Palestinian Authority law]], [[Sharia law]], and Israeli military orders. Hamas maintains a judicial system with civilian and military courts and a public prosecution service.<ref name="freedomhouse"/><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.academia.edu/2984906 |title=Ideology and Practice: The Legal System in Gaza under Hamas |first=Nicolas |last=Pelham |date=2010 |via=www.academia.edu |access-date=27 January 2019 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628143849/https://www.academia.edu/2984906 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Gaza Strip was ranked 6th least electoral [[democracy in the Middle East and North Africa]] according to [[V-Dem Democracy indices]] in 2024 with a score of 0.136 out of one.<ref name="report">{{Cite web |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/43/v-dem_dr2024_lowres.pdf |title=Democracy Report 2024, Varieties of Democracy |access-date=16 March 2024 |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312185522/https://v-dem.net/documents/43/v-dem_dr2024_lowres.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

Israel occupied large parts of the Gaza Strip since October 2023 during the [[Gaza War]]. As a result of the war and the October 2025 [[Gaza peace plan|peace agreement]] that led to the cessation of hostilities, Hamas is in effective control of less than half of the Gaza Strip.

On 24 October 2025, Hamas announced it is willing to relinquish control of the Gaza Strip.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.bssnews.net/international/324678|title=Palestinian factions agree to hand Gaza to technocrat committee|date=24 October 2025|agency=[[Agence France Presse]]|publisher=[[Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha]]}}</ref>

Security in the parts of the Gaza Strip controlled by Hamas is mainly handled by Hamas's military wing, the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]], internal security service, and civil police force. The Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades had an estimated 30,000 to 50,000 operatives before the 2023 Gaza War.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/hamas-gains-credibility-fighting-force-analysts-say-371780262 |title=Hamas growing in military stature, say analysts |website=Middle East Eye |access-date=6 October 2018 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007040321/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/hamas-gains-credibility-fighting-force-analysts-say-371780262 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Project New Gaza===
[[Project New Gaza]] is a joint plan led by Husam al-Astal, leader of the [[Counter-Terrorism Strike Force]] and other anti-Hamas Gazan militias including the [[Popular Forces]], the [[People's Army Northern Forces]] and the [[Popular Defense Forces (Gaza)|Popular Defense Forces]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-25 |title=Gaza militia leader claims to receive support from Israel |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/defense-news/article-871556 |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en |issn=0792-822X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=ynet |date=2025-10-25 |title='No war, no Hamas, no terrorism': Militia leader outlines plan for new Gaza governance |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hkerziqaeg |access-date=2025-10-30 |work=Ynetglobal |language=en}}</ref>

Since June 2025, parts of the southeastern Gaza Strip has been under the [[Popular Forces administration in the Gaza Strip|administration]] of the [[Popular Forces]] led by [[Yasser Abu Shabab]].

Since September 2025, the area around [[Qizan an-Najjar]] has been under the [[Counter-Terrorism Strike Force administration in the Gaza Strip|administration]] of the [[Counter-Terrorism Strike Force]] led by Husam al-Astal.

===Other groups and ideologies===
[[File:2013 Fatah anniversary rally in Gaza (04).jpg|thumb|A rally in support of [[Fatah]] in Gaza City in January 2013]]
Other Palestinian militant factions operate in the Gaza Strip alongside, and sometimes opposed to Hamas. The [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine]], also known as the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) is the second largest militant faction operating in the Gaza Strip. Its military wing, the [[Al-Quds Brigades]], has an estimated 8,000 fighters.<ref>*[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1658443.stm Who are Islamic Jihad?] BBC. 9 June 2003. [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1658443.stm]
*{{cite web |title=Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ) |url=https://www.dni.gov/index.php/nctc-home |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016214230/http://www.nctc.gov/site/groups/pij.html |archive-date=16 October 2014 |website=www.dni.gov |publisher=NCTC}}
*{{cite web |title=Australian Government: Listing of Terrorism Organisations |url=http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/WWW/nationalsecurity.nsf/Page/What_Governments_are_doing_Listing_of_Terrorism_Organisations_Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126041704/http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/WWW/nationalsecurity.nsf/Page/What_Governments_are_doing_Listing_of_Terrorism_Organisations_Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad |archive-date=26 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="IslamicJihad">{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/islamic-jihad-chief-dies-after-clash-with-hamas-police/#ixzz2X8KLrgkS |title=Islamic Militant Group |publisher=Foxnews.com |date=23 June 2013 |access-date=2014-08-02 |archive-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624121949/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/06/23/islamic-jihad-chief-dies-after-clash-with-hamas-police/#ixzz2X8KLrgkS |url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2013, the Islamic Jihad broke ties with Hamas leaders after Hamas police fatally shot the commander of Islamic Jihad's military wing.<ref name="IslamicJihad"/> The third largest faction is the [[Popular Resistance Committees]]. Its military wing is known as the [[Al-Nasser Salah al-Deen Brigades]].

Other factions include the [[Army of Islam (Gaza Strip)|Army of Islam]] (an Islamist faction of the [[Doghmush clan]]), the Nidal Al-Amoudi Battalion (an offshoot of the West Bank-based Fatah-linked [[al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades]]), the [[Abu Ali Mustapha Brigades]] (armed wing of the PFLP), the [[Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade]] ([[ISIL]] offshoot), Humat al-Aqsa, [[Jaysh al-Ummah (Gaza)|Jaysh al-Ummah]], [[Katibat al-Sheikh al-Emireen]], the Mujahideen Brigades, and the [[Abdul al-Qadir al-Husseini Brigades]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2021/06/analysis-17-palestinian-militant-factions-identified-in-recent-gaza-conflict.php |title=Analysis: 17 Palestinian militant factions identified in recent Gaza conflict |author=Joe Truzman |work=[[FDD's Long War Journal]] |date=4 June 2021 |access-date=5 June 2021 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605024417/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2021/06/analysis-17-palestinian-militant-factions-identified-in-recent-gaza-conflict.php |url-status=live}}</ref>

Some [[Islamist anti-Hamas groups in the Gaza Strip|Salafi-Jihadis operating in Gaza]] have been using as part of their name the term ''ʻArḍ al-Ribat'' "Land of the [[Ribat]]", as a name for Palestine, literally meaning "the land of standing vigilant watch on the frontier", but understood in the context of ''global'' jihad, which is fundamentally opposed to local, [[Palestinian nationalism]].<ref>"[https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1059351/1226_1301926747_104-20radical-20islam-20in-20gaza.pdf Radical Islam In Gaza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023184546/https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1059351/1226_1301926747_104-20radical-20islam-20in-20gaza.pdf |date=23 October 2023}}" (PDF), [[International Crisis Group]], Middle East Report N°104, 29 March 2011, pp. 6-7 with note 61. Accessed 22 Oct 2023.</ref>

===Administrative divisions===
{{Gaza Strip}}
{{see also|List of cities in the Gaza Strip}}
The Gaza Strip is divided into five [[Governorates of Palestine|governorates]] which are further divided into 25 [[Municipality (Palestine)|municipalities]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mapping Palestinian Politics, Municipalities and Local Authorities |url=https://ecfr.eu/special/mapping_palestinian_politics/municipalities/ |website=ecfr.eu |date=21 March 2018 |publisher=European Council on Foreign Relations |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref> [[Palestinian refugee camps]] in the Gaza Strip are managed by the [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East]].

The governorates of the Gaza Strip are:
*[[Deir al-Balah Governorate]]
*[[Gaza Governorate]]
*[[Khan Yunis Governorate]]
*[[North Gaza Governorate]]
*[[Rafah Governorate]]
<gallery>
Gaza Strip governorates.png|Governorates in the Gaza Strip
Gaza Strip 2023.png|Municipalities in the Gaza Strip
</gallery>
{{Clear}}

==Status==
{{Main|Status of territories occupied by Israel in 1967}}

Due to both the Israeli blockade and Hamas's authoritarian policies and actions, US political organization [[Freedom House]] ranks Gaza as "not free".<ref name="freedomhouse"/>[[File:Watchtower rafah gaza strip april 2009.jpg|thumb|A watchtower on the border between [[Rafah]] and Egypt]]

=== Israeli occupation ===
{{Main|Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip|Legality of the Israeli occupation of Palestine}}
{{See also|Israeli apartheid|ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories}}

[[File:Map of Gaza Strip with no-go zone 2012.jpg|thumb|Gaza Strip with Israeli-controlled borders and limited fishing zone, as of December 2012]]
Despite the 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza,<ref name="occ"/> the UN, international human rights organisations, and the majority of governments and legal commentators consider the territory to be still occupied by Israel, supported by additional restrictions placed on Gaza by Egypt.<ref name="isrlpa13698">[https://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698.htm "Human Rights Council Special Session on the Occupied Palestinian Territories"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015172833/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698.htm|date=15 October 2008}} 6 July 2006; Human Rights Watch considers Gaza still occupied.</ref><ref name="cnn2009-01-06">{{cite news |last=Levs |first=Josh |date=6 January 2009 |title=Is Gaza 'occupied' territory? |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121084340/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html |archive-date=21 January 2009 |access-date=30 May 2009 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref name="occ2">Multiple sources:
* {{cite book |last=Sanger |first=Andrew |title=Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law - 2010 |date=2011 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-90-6704-811-8 |editor=M.N. Schmitt |volume=13 |page=429 |chapter=The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla |doi=10.1007/978-90-6704-811-8_14 |quote=Israel claims it no longer occupies the Gaza Strip, maintaining that it is neither a Stale nor a territory occupied or controlled by Israel, but rather it has 'sui generis' status. Pursuant to the Disengagement Plan, Israel dismantled all military institutions and settlements in Gaza and there is no longer a permanent Israeli military or civilian presence in the territory. However, the Plan also provided that Israel will guard and monitor the external land perimeter of the Gaza Strip, will continue to maintain exclusive authority in Gaza air space, and will continue to exercise security activity in the sea off the coast of the Gaza Strip as well as maintaining an Israeli military presence on the Egyptian-Gaza border. and reserving the right to reenter Gaza at will. Israel continues to control six of Gaza's seven land crossings, its maritime borders and airspace and the movement of goods and persons in and out of the territory. Egypt controls one of Gaza's land crossings. Troops from the Israeli Defence Force regularly enter pans of the territory and/or deploy missile attacks, drones and sonic bombs into Gaza. Israel has declared a no-go buffer zone that stretches deep into Gaza: if Gazans enter this zone they are shot on sight. Gaza is also dependent on Israel for water, electricity, telecommunications and other utilities, currency, issuing IDs, and permits to enter and leave the territory. Israel also has sole control of the Palestinian Population Registry through which the Israeli Army regulates who is classified as a Palestinian and who is a Gazan or West Banker. Since 2000 aside from a limited number of exceptions Israel has refused to add people to the Palestinian Population Registry. It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations, the UN General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, International human rights organisations, US Government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators, to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied. |editor2=Louise Arimatsu |editor3=Tim McCormack |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&pg=PA429}}
* {{cite book |last=Scobbie |first=Iain |author-link=Iain Scobbie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GM90Xp03uuEC&pg=PA295 |title=International Law and the Classification of Conflicts |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-965775-9 |editor=Elizabeth Wilmshurst |page=295 |quote=Even after the accession to power of Hamas, Israel's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies, most States, nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011, its control of Gaza's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the 'security envelope' around Gaza, as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza.}}
* {{cite book |last=Gawerc |first=Michelle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hka8FZ4UdWUC&pg=PA44 |title=Prefiguring Peace: Israeli-Palestinian Peacebuilding Partnerships |date=2012 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9780739166109 |page=44 |quote=While Israel withdrew from the immediate territory, it remained in control of all access to and from Gaza through the border crossings, as well as through the coastline and the airspace. In addition, Gaza was dependent upon Israel for water, electricity sewage communication networks and for its trade (Gisha 2007. Dowty 2008). ln other words, while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement Palestinians – as well as many human right organizations and international bodies – argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied. |access-date=8 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228174718/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hka8FZ4UdWUC&pg=PA44 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Israel maintains direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza: it controls Gaza's air and maritime space, as well as six of Gaza's seven land crossings. It reserves the right to enter Gaza at will with its military and maintains a no-go buffer zone within the Gaza territory. Gaza is dependent on Israel for water, electricity, telecommunications, and other utilities.<ref name="occ"/><ref name="AI_briefing"/> The extensive Israeli buffer zone within the Strip renders much land off-limits to Gaza's inhabitants.<ref>Hilmi S.Salem, 'Social, Environmental and Security Impacts of Climate Change on the Eastern Mediterranean,' in Hans Günter Brauch, Úrsula Oswald Spring, Czeslaw Mesjasz, John Grin, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Béchir Chourou, Pál Dunay, Joern Birkmann (eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=v-9h-mXLaWQC&pg=PA431 ''Coping with Global Environmental Change, Disasters and Security: Threats, Challenges, Vulnerabilities and Risks,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102100659/https://books.google.com/books?id=v-9h-mXLaWQC&pg=PA431|date=2 November 2022}} Springer Science & Business Media, 2011 pp.421–445 p.431.</ref> The system of control imposed by Israel was described in the fall 2012 edition of [[International Security (journal)|''International Security'']] as an "indirect occupation".<ref>Jerome Slater, [https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/IS3702_Slater.pdf Just War Moral Philosophy and the 2008–09 Israeli Campaign in Gaza "The continued Israeli de facto or, as it was sometimes called, "indirect occupation" of Gaza was so repressive that it was common for Israeli journalists, academicians, human rights organizations, and even former high government officials such as Shlomo Ben-Ami to describe Gaza as "an open air prison"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024142223/https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/IS3702_Slater.pdf|date=24 October 2019}}, International Security 37(2):44-80 · October 2012</ref> The [[European Union]] (EU) considers Gaza to be occupied.<ref name="eccpalestine.org">{{cite web |title=EU Heads of Missions' report on Gaza 2013 |url=http://www.eccpalestine.org/eu-heads-of-missions-report-on-gaza/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714172357/http://www.eccpalestine.org/eu-heads-of-missions-report-on-gaza/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=2014-08-02 |publisher=Eccpalestine.org}}</ref>

The international community regards all of the [[Palestinian territories]] including Gaza as [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupied]].<ref name="aj_reality_check">See the short video [http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/upfront/2015/10/reality-check-gaza-occupied-151023153703888.html ''Reality Check: Gaza is still occupied''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205121934/http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/upfront/2015/10/reality-check-gaza-occupied-151023153703888.html |date=5 February 2016}} on Al Jazeera, showing the arguments</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] has declared at the [[UN Human Rights Council]] that it views Israel as a ''de facto'' occupying power in the Gaza Strip, even though Israel has no military or other presence, because the [[Oslo Accords]] authorize Israel to control the [[airspace]] and the [[territorial sea]].<ref name="isrlpa13698"/><ref name="cnn2009-01-06"/><ref name="AI_briefing">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/007/2009/en/ |title=Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories: The conflict in Gaza: A briefing on applicable law, investigations and accountability |date=19 January 2009 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=5 June 2009 |archive-date=15 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415160014/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/007/2009/en/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In his statement on the [[2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict]], [[UN Special Rapporteur]] [[Richard A. Falk|Richard Falk]] wrote that [[international humanitarian law]] applied to Israel "in regard to the obligations of an Occupying Power and in the requirements of the laws of war."<ref>Richard Falk, [http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/F1EC67EF7A498A30C125752D005D17F7?opendocument Statement by Prof. Richard Falk, United Nations Special Rapporteur for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229102020/http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/F1EC67EF7A498A30C125752D005D17F7?opendocument |date=29 December 2008}}, [[United Nations Human Rights Council]], 27 December 2008.</ref> [[Amnesty International]], the [[World Health Organization]], [[Oxfam]], the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]], the UN, the UN General Assembly, the [[United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict|UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza]], international human rights organizations, US government websites, the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office]], and a significant number of legal commentators ([[Geoffrey Aronson]], [[Meron Benvenisti]], Claude Bruderlein, Sari Bashi, Kenneth Mann, Shane Darcy, John Reynolds, [[Yoram Dinstein]], [[John Dugard]], Marc S. Kaliser, [[Birzeit University|Mustafa Mari]], and [[Iain Scobbie]]) maintain that Israel's extensive direct external control over Gaza, and indirect control over the lives of its internal population mean that Gaza remained occupied.<ref>[http://imeu.org/article/reference-sheet-israel-gaza-international-law1 'Israel, Gaza & International Law,'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714230552/http://imeu.org/article/reference-sheet-israel-gaza-international-law1 |date=14 July 2015}} 19 November 2012</ref><ref>A. Sanger, 'The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla,' in M.N. Schmitt, Louise Arimatsu, Tim McCormack (eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&pg=PA430 ''Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law – 2010,''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102101202/https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&pg=PA430 |date=2 November 2022}} Springer, 2011. pp.429–430</ref><ref name="icrcoccupied">{{cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=Frequently asked questions on ICRC's work in Israel and the occupied territories |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/document/frequently-asked-questions-icrcs-work-israel-and-occupied-territories |accessdate=24 October 2023 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029201111/https://www.icrc.org/en/document/frequently-asked-questions-icrcs-work-israel-and-occupied-territories |url-status=live}}</ref> In spite of [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza|Israel's withdrawal from Gaza in 2005]], the Hamas government in Gaza considers Gaza as occupied territory.<ref>[http://hamas.ps/en/page/13/FAQ ''Israel ended its occupation of the Gaza Strip when it withdrew from Gaza in 2005, so why does Hamas continue to fire rockets into Israel?''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114085112/http://hamas.ps/en/page/13/FAQ |date=14 November 2015}}. FAQ on the official Hamas website. Accessed November 2015. "This is one of the myths perpetuated by Israel's propaganda ... Israel re-deployed its military occupation forces and evacuated its illegal settlers outside the population centers in Gaza. BUT Israel effectively controls the sea, land and air spaces and border crossings that link the Gaza Strip to the outside world. According to the UN and human rights organizations, Israel still maintains its occupation of the Gaza Strip and subjects the 1.8 million Palestinians in this tiny strip to a horrendous siege and blockade that constitute a war crime under international law." Here, Hamas cites the view of the international community.</ref>

Israel states that it does not exercise effective control or authority over any land or institutions in the Gaza Strip and thus the Gaza Strip is no longer subject to the former [[military occupation]].<ref>Dore Gold, [http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm JCPA Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is Still "Occupied" Even After Israel Withdraws] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621082606/http://jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm |date=21 June 2010}}, [[Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs]], Vol. 5, No. 3, 26 August 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=443&PID=0&IID=2021&TTL=International_Law_and_Gaza:_The_Assault_on_Israel's_Right_to_Self-Defense International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306092456/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=443&PID=0&IID=2021&TTL=International_Law_and_Gaza%3A_The_Assault_on_Israel%E2%80%99s_Right_to_Self-Defense |date=6 March 2012}}, [[Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs]], Vol. 7, No. 29 28 January 2008.</ref> [[Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel]] [[Tzipi Livni]] stated in January 2008: "Israel got out of Gaza. It dismantled its settlements there. No Israeli soldiers were left there after the disengagement."<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches+by+Israeli+leaders/2008/Address+by+FM+Livni+to+the+8th+Herzliya+Conference+22-Jan-2008.htm?DisplayMode=print Israeli MFA Address by Israeli Foreign Minister Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026025009/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches%2Bby%2BIsraeli%2Bleaders/2008/Address%2Bby%2BFM%2BLivni%2Bto%2Bthe%2B8th%2BHerzliya%2BConference%2B22-Jan-2008.htm?DisplayMode=print |date=26 October 2011}}, [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)]], 22 January 2008.</ref> On 30 January 2008, the [[Supreme Court of Israel]] ruled that the Gaza Strip was not occupied by Israel in a decision on a petition against Israeli restrictions against the Gaza Strip which argued that it remained occupied. The Supreme Court ruled that Israel has not exercised effective control over the Gaza Strip since 2005, and accordingly, it was no longer occupied.<ref>{{cite web |title=Behind the Headlines: Israeli Supreme Court Decision HCJ 9132/07 |date=3 Feb 2008 |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/issues/pages/court%20upholds%20israeli%20limitations%20of%20the%20supply%20of%20fuel%20and%20electricity%20to%20gaza%203-feb-2008.aspx |access-date=30 October 2018 |archive-date=31 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031052821/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/issues/pages/court%20upholds%20israeli%20limitations%20of%20the%20supply%20of%20fuel%20and%20electricity%20to%20gaza%203-feb-2008.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>

Some legal commentators agree with the Israeli position. In an analysis published in the ''Netherlands International Law Review'', Hanne Cuyckens asserted that Gaza is no longer occupied, stating that there is no effective control under Article 42 of the Hague Regulations. While she acknowledged that Israel has obligations toward Gaza due to its level of control, she argued these responsibilities stem from general international humanitarian law and international human rights law, rather than the law of occupation.<ref name="cuyckens"/> Israeli law professors [[Yuval Shany]] and [[Avi Bell]] contested the classification of Gaza as occupied, with Shany asserting that it is difficult to view Israel as the occupying power under traditional law, while Bell argued that the Gaza Strip is not occupied as the blockade does not constitute effective control, citing international legal precedents requiring direct control over both the territory and its civilian population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shany |first=Yuval |date=19 October 2007 |title=Faraway, So Close: The Legal Status of Gaza After Israel's Disengagement |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/yearbook-of-international-humanitarian-law/article/abs/faraway-so-close-the-legal-status-of-gaza-after-israels-disengagement/51EE48DCE49EE52C6AC503DACADDAB76 |journal=Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law |language=en |volume=8 |pages=369–383 |doi=10.1017/S1389135905003697 |issn=1574-096X |access-date=2 July 2024 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426014700/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/yearbook-of-international-humanitarian-law/article/abs/faraway-so-close-the-legal-status-of-gaza-after-israels-disengagement/51EE48DCE49EE52C6AC503DACADDAB76 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |last=Bell |first=Avi |date=July 2014 |title=Israel May Stop Supplying Water and Electricity to Gaza |publisher=Kohelet Policy Forum |url=https://euiha41fnsb2lyeld3vkc37i-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/israel-may-stop-supplying-water-and-electricity-to-Gaza-updated.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203183846/https://euiha41fnsb2lyeld3vkc37i-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/israel-may-stop-supplying-water-and-electricity-to-Gaza-updated.pdf |archive-date=2018-02-03 |url-status=live}}</ref> Likewise, Israeli Supreme Court judge [[Alex Stein (judge)|Alex Stein]] argued in 2014 that Gaza was not occupied.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/newly-appointed-israeli-supreme-court-justice-rapped-high-court-1.5863689 |title=Israel's New Supreme Court Justice's Deleted Facebook Post: Israel Isn't Obligated to Provide Gaza With Electricity |date=28 February 2018 |newspaper=Haaretz |access-date=13 October 2018 |archive-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013211927/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/newly-appointed-israeli-supreme-court-justice-rapped-high-court-1.5863689 |url-status=live}}</ref> Michael W. Meier, a Visiting Professor at [[Emory University School of Law]] and Acting Director of Emory International Humanitarian Law Clinic, wrote that in his view, Gaza had not been occupied since 2005 as Israel no longer maintained military forces in the territory and because Hamas controlled most administrative functions and all public services, thus Israel did not have effective control.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lieber.westpoint.edu/question-whether-gaza-occupied-territory/ |title=Israel – Hamas 2023 Symposium – The Question of Whether Gaza Is Occupied Territory |date=15 December 2023 |access-date=17 October 2024 |archive-date=5 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905101029/https://lieber.westpoint.edu/question-whether-gaza-occupied-territory/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Michael N. Schmitt]] likewise writes that Israel did not occupy Gaza after 2005, as in his view effective control requires some degree of power over daily governance of the territory, while Hamas often governed in manner contrary to Israeli interests and desires, and that if an area is regularly used as a base of significant military operations against another party to the conflict, the other party cannot be said to have effective control over it. However, he wrote that this did not mean Israel bore no obligations to the people of Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lieber.westpoint.edu/legal-context-operations-al-aqsa-flood-swords-of-iron/ |title=Israel – Hamas 2023 Symposium – The Legal Context of Operations Al-Aqsa Flood and Swords of Iron |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=17 October 2024 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003002233/https://lieber.westpoint.edu/legal-context-operations-al-aqsa-flood-swords-of-iron/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 19 July 2024, the [[International Court of Justice]] noted in ''[[ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories|Legal Consequences arising from the Policies and Practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem]]'' that "for the purpose of determining whether a territory remains occupied under international law, the decisive criterion is not whether the occupying Power retains its physical military presence in the territory at all times but rather whether its authority has been established and can be exercised" and concluded that "The sustained abuse by Israel of its position as an occupying Power, through annexation and an assertion of permanent control over the [[Palestine|Occupied Palestinian Territory]] and continued frustration of the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination, violates fundamental principles of international law and renders Israel's presence in the Occupied Palestinian Territory unlawful". The court also ruled that Israel should pay full [[Reparations (transitional justice)|reparations]] to the Palestinian people for the damage the occupation has caused, and determined that its policies violate the [[International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]].<ref>
*{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/186-20240719-adv-01-00-en.pdf|title=Legal Consequences Arising from the Policies and practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Including East Jerusalem|date=19 July 2024|work=[[United Nations]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723012621/https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/186-20240719-adv-01-00-en.pdf|archive-date=23 July 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.972mag.com/icj-israel-occupation-illegal/|title=Israel always sold the occupation as legal. The ICJ now terrifies them|last=Bisharat|first=Ghousoon|date=23 July 2024|work=[[+972 magazine]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724063617/https://www.972mag.com/icj-israel-occupation-illegal/|archive-date=24 July 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}
*{{cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/07/1152651|title=Independent rights experts urge States to comply with ICJ ruling on Israel|last=|first=|date=30 July 2024|work=[[United Nations]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012202650/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/07/1152651|archive-date=12 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/07/icj-opinion-declaring-israels-occupation-of-palestinian-territories-unlawful-is-historic-vindication-of-palestinians-rights/|title=ICJ opinion declaring Israel's occupation of Palestinian territories unlawful is historic vindication of Palestinians' rights|date=19 July 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240719181940/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/07/icj-opinion-declaring-israels-occupation-of-palestinian-territories-unlawful-is-historic-vindication-of-palestinians-rights/|archive-date=19 July 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240719-top-un-court-international-court-justice-says-israel-occupation-palestinian-territories-unlawful-west-bank-settlements|title=Top UN court says Israel's occupation of Palestinian Territories is 'unlawful'|date=19 July 2024|work=[[France 24]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012203000/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240719-top-un-court-international-court-justice-says-israel-occupation-palestinian-territories-unlawful-west-bank-settlements|archive-date=12 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjerjzxlpvdo|title=UN top court says Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories is illegal|last=Berg|first=Raffi|date=19 July 2024|work=[[BBC]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240721021028/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjerjzxlpvdo|archive-date=21 July 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.newarab.com/news/rights-groups-hail-icj-ruling-israel-occupation-palestine|title=Rights groups hail 'historic' ICJ ruling on Israel's occupation of Palestine|date=20 July 2024|work=[[The New Arab]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012203442/https://www.newarab.com/news/rights-groups-hail-icj-ruling-israel-occupation-palestine|archive-date=12 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/19/world-court-says-israels-settlement-policies-breach-international-law|title=ICJ says Israel's presence in Palestinian territory is unlawful|date=19 July 2024|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240719161108/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/19/world-court-says-israels-settlement-policies-breach-international-law|archive-date=19 July 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}
*{{cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/07/1152296|title=Israel's continued occupation of Palestinian territory 'unlawful': UN world court|date=19 July 2024|work=[[United Nations]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240808072541/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/07/1152296|archive-date=8 August 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}
*{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/07/19/middleeast/israel-west-bank-jerusalem-occupation-icj-opinion-intl/index.html|title=Top UN court says Israeli occupation of West Bank and East Jerusalem is illegal|last1=Ebrahim|first1=Nadeen|last2=McCluskey|first2=Mitchell|date=19 July 2024|work=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012204147/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/07/19/middleeast/israel-west-bank-jerusalem-occupation-icj-opinion-intl/index.html|archive-date=12 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref>

Yuval Shany, along with law professors Amichai Cohen and [[Marko Milanović (professor)|Marko Milanović]], argued that the court stopped short of declaring Gaza to be under occupation, but instead declared that Israel maintained certain obligations under the law of occupation. They noted the opinions of judges [[Yuji Iwasawa]] and [[Sarah Cleveland]] in particular. Judge Iwasawa pointed out that while the court stated Israel is bound by some obligations related to occupation law, it didn't determine whether Gaza remained "occupied" within the meaning of the law of occupation after 2005. Judge Cleveland noted that the court observed that after Israel's withdrawal in 2005, it continued to exercise key elements of authority over the Gaza Strip. This included "control of the land, sea and air borders, restrictions on movement of people and goods, collection of import and export taxes, and military control over the buffer zone." As a result, the court concluded that certain aspects of the law of occupation still applied to Gaza, based on Israel's level of effective control. However, it did not specify which obligations still bound Israel after 2005, nor did it find any violations of those obligations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-occupation-of-gaza-in-the-icj-palestine-advisory-opinion/ |title=The Occupation of Gaza in the ICJ Palestine Advisory Opinion |date=23 July 2024 |access-date=12 October 2024 |archive-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910212347/https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-occupation-of-gaza-in-the-icj-palestine-advisory-opinion/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/another-brick-in-the-wall%E2%80%94the-icj-advisory-opinion-on-israeli-policies-and-practices-in-the-occupied-palestinian-territory |title=Another Brick in the Wall? The ICJ Advisory Opinion on Israeli Policies and Practices in the Occupied Palestinian Territory |work=Lawfare |date=24 July 2024 |access-date=12 October 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830152424/https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/another-brick-in-the-wall%E2%80%94the-icj-advisory-opinion-on-israeli-policies-and-practices-in-the-occupied-palestinian-territory |url-status=live |last1=Shany |first1=Yuval |last2=Cohen |first2=Amichai}}</ref>

Aeyal Gross, a Professor of International and Constitutional Law at [[Tel Aviv University]], wrote that the court had adopted his "functional approach" theory to occupation, which argues that a territory may be occupied but not in an "all or nothing" way, as following the disengagement Israel exercised no policing functions in Gaza and Hamas gained extensive control over the territory, but continued Israeli control over certain functions significantly impacted the local population. Gross' functional approach theory argues that rather than an occupier automatically having all the responsibilities associated with military occupation, the occupying power's responsibilities are commeasurate with the level of control it exercises. Likewise, he argued that despite arguments stating that Israel had no right of self-defense against a territory it occupies, an armed attack from Gaza under this theory could potentially trigger an Israeli right of self-defense subject to the limits on this right and on the ways force is used under international law.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://verfassungsblog.de/the-functional-approach-as-lex-lata/|title=The Functional Approach as Lex Lata|first=Aeyal|last=Gross|date=12 October 2024|journal=Verfassungsblog|via=verfassungsblog.de|doi=10.59704/133f2ff82e19d7f9|access-date=12 October 2024|archive-date=1 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201023503/https://verfassungsblog.de/the-functional-approach-as-lex-lata/|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== Characterization as open-air prison ====
Several rights groups have characterized the situation in Gaza as an "open-air prison",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/palestinians-in-lebanon-ready-to-fight-israel-if-hezbollah-helps-them |title=Palestinians in Lebanon ready to fight Israel, if Hezbollah helps them |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009161501/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/palestinians-in-lebanon-ready-to-fight-israel-if-hezbollah-helps-them |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="open-air prison">Multiple sources:
* [[Jonathan Cook]], [https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/how-israel-is-turning-gaza-into-a-super-max-prison-1.304687/ 'How Israel is turning Gaza into a super-max prison,'] [[The National (Abu Dhabi)]] 27 October 2014: 'One Israeli analyst has compared the proposed solution to transforming a third-world prison into a modern US super-max incarceration facility.'
* [http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/12635-noam-chomsky-my-visit-to-gaza-the-worlds-largest-open-air-prison ''Noam Chomsky: My Visit to Gaza, the World's Largest Open-Air Prison''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024235819/http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/12635-noam-chomsky-my-visit-to-gaza-the-worlds-largest-open-air-prison |date=24 October 2015}}. Truthout, 9 November 2012: 'And it hardly takes more than a day in Gaza to appreciate what it must be like to try to survive in the world's largest open-air prison,'
* [[David Cameron]], [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/21/world/middleeast/havens-are-few-if-not-far-for-palestinians-in-gaza-strip-seeking-refugee-status.html ''Havens Are Few, if Not Far, for Palestinians in Gaza Strip''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708035445/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/21/world/middleeast/havens-are-few-if-not-far-for-palestinians-in-gaza-strip-seeking-refugee-status.html |date=8 July 2017}}. NYT, 20 July 2014: "Prime Minister David Cameron of Britain in 2010 called Gaza "an open-air prison", drawing criticism from Israel."
* Alistair Dawber, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/tales-from-gaza-what-is-life-really-like-in-the-worlds-largest-outdoor-prison-8567611.html 'Tales from Gaza: What is life really like in 'the world's largest outdoor prison'?'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813080736/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/tales-from-gaza-what-is-life-really-like-in-the-worlds-largest-outdoor-prison-8567611.html |date=13 August 2017}} [[The Independent]] 13 April 2013.'Locals call it "the world's biggest prison", and it's not difficult to understand why...Mr Jnead's children, and their prospects in what is often referred to as the world's largest open prison, is top of his concerns.'
* Zaki Chehab, [https://books.google.com/books?id=V-8BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT194 ''Inside Hamas: The Untold Story of Militants, Martyrs and Spies,''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102100700/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-8BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT194 |date=2 November 2022}} I.B.Tauris, 2007 p.182:'The Rafiah crossing is the gateway to what Palestinians refer to as their open-air prison – the Gaza Strip.'
* Anna Ball, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NX3aAAAAQBAJ 'Impossible Intimacies,'] in Anastasia Valassopoulos (ed.) ''Arab Cultural Studies: History, Politics and the Popular,'' Routledge 2013 pp71-91 p.73: "...Gaza Strip Barrier, a structure that has sealed Gaza's border with Israel and has led to Gaza's description as ″the world's largest open-air prison",</ref> including the UN,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tétrault-Farber |first=Gabrielle |date=2023-07-11 |editor-last=Maclean |editor-first=William |title=Israel occupation makes Palestinian territories 'open-air prison', UN expert says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-occupation-makes-palestinian-territories-open-air-prison-un-expert-2023-07-11/ |access-date=12 October 2023 |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104141357/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-occupation-makes-palestinian-territories-open-air-prison-un-expert-2023-07-11/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]],<ref name="HRW111">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/14/gaza-israels-open-air-prison-15|title=Gaza: Israel's 'Open-Air Prison' at 15|date=12 October 2023|access-date=12 October 2023|work=Human Rights Watch|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012000721/https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/14/gaza-israels-open-air-prison-15|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Norwegian Refugee Council]].<ref name="NRC111">{{cite web|url=https://www.nrc.no/news/2018/april/gaza-the-worlds-largest-open-air-prison/|title=Gaza: The world's largest open-air prison|work=Norwegian Refugee Council|date=26 April 2018|access-date=12 October 2023|archive-date=11 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011184025/https://www.nrc.no/news/2018/april/gaza-the-worlds-largest-open-air-prison/|url-status=live}}</ref> This characterization was often cited by a number of human rights activists, politicians, and media news outlets reporting on the [[Gaza–Israel conflict]] and the wider [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]].<ref>
*{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/hell-earth-israel-unrest-spotlights-dire-conditions-gaza/story?id=103829699|title='Hell on earth': Israel unrest spotlights dire conditions in Gaza|work=abcnews|date=9 October 2023|access-date=12 October 2023|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012044104/https://abcnews.go.com/International/hell-earth-israel-unrest-spotlights-dire-conditions-gaza/story?id=103829699|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2023/10/7/23907912/israel-palestine-conflict-history-explained-gaza-hamas|title=This Gaza war didn't come out of nowhere|work=Vox|date=7 October 2023|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013001255/https://www.vox.com/2023/10/7/23907912/israel-palestine-conflict-history-explained-gaza-hamas|url-status=live}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/10/12/palestinians-can-t-just-leave-gaza-during-israel-hamas-conflict/21fa3714-68b8-11ee-9753-2b3742e96987_story.html|title=No, Palestinians Can't Just Leave Gaza|newspaper=Washington Post|date=12 October 2023|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=7 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307223644/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/10/12/palestinians-can-t-just-leave-gaza-during-israel-hamas-conflict/21fa3714-68b8-11ee-9753-2b3742e96987_story.html|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/11/what-is-gaza-strip-the-besieged-palestinian-enclave-under-israeli-assault|title=What is Gaza Strip, the besieged Palestinian enclave under Israeli assault?|work=Al Jazeera|date=12 October 2023|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012232725/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/11/what-is-gaza-strip-the-besieged-palestinian-enclave-under-israeli-assault|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2021/05/26/gaza-no-exit-wedeman-pkg-intl-hnk-vpx.cnn|title=Analyst: Gaza becomes the biggest open-air prison on earth|work=CNN|date=12 October 2023|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014022308/https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2021/05/26/gaza-no-exit-wedeman-pkg-intl-hnk-vpx.cnn|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TI111">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/who-lives-in-gaza-strip-control-history-map-b2429107.html|title=Gaza under siege: The 25-mile-long strip with 2.3 million 'prisoners'|work=The Independent|date=13 October 2023|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013202320/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/who-lives-in-gaza-strip-control-history-map-b2429107.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Former British prime minister [[David Cameron]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-10778110|title=David Cameron describes blockaded Gaza as a 'prison'|work=BBC|date=27 July 2010|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013202821/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-10778110|url-status=live}}</ref> US senator [[Bernie Sanders]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/sanders-gaza-is-open-air-prison-israel-violating-international-law-2023-10|title=Bernie Sanders says Israel is violating international law with blockade on 'open-air prison' in Gaza|work=Business Insider|date=11 October 2023|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012190735/https://www.businessinsider.com/sanders-gaza-is-open-air-prison-israel-violating-international-law-2023-10|url-status=live}}</ref> Israeli journalist [[Gideon Levy]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tupOEAAAQBAJ |title=The Punishment of Gaza |author=Gideon Levy |publisher=Verso Books |year=2010 |isbn=9781844676019 |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030070056/https://books.google.com/books?id=tupOEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> and Israeli historian [[Ilan Pappe]] have endorsed this characterization as well.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDA1GQAACAAJ |title=The Biggest Prison on Earth |author=Ilan Pappe |publisher=One WorldPublications Books |year=2017 |isbn=9781851685875 |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030070057/https://books.google.com/books?id=aDA1GQAACAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2022, Human Rights Watch issued a report on the situation in the Gaza Strip, which it called an "open-air prison" due to the [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|blockade]] and held Israel responsible as the occupying power, and to a lesser degree Egypt, which has restricted movement of Palestinians through its border.<ref name="HRW111"/> The report highlighted how this blockade has led to humanitarian crises, namely shortages of essential supplies, limited access to healthcare, and high levels of poverty and unemployment among the Palestinian population in Gaza.<ref name="HRW111"/> It claimed that Israel has formed a formal policy of separation between Gaza and the West Bank, despite both forming parts of the [[Palestinian territories]].<ref name="HRW111"/> The Israeli blockade on Gaza has restricted the freedom of movement of Gaza Palestinians to both the West Bank and the outside world; in particular, Palestinian professionals were most impacted by these restrictions, as applying for travel permit takes several weeks.<ref name="HRW111"/>

The Norwegian Refugee Council report issued in 2018 called the territory "the world's largest open-air prison", highlighting in it several figures, including lack of access to clean water, to reliable electrical supply, to health care, food and employment opportunities.<ref name="NRC111"/> It lamented the fact that a majority of Palestinian children in Gaza suffer from psychological trauma, and a portion of which suffer from stunted growth.<ref name="NRC111"/>

=== Statehood ===
Some Israeli analysts have argued that the Gaza Strip can be considered a ''[[de facto]]'' state, even if not internationally recognized as such. Israeli Major General [[Giora Eiland]], who headed Israel's [[National Security Council (Israel)|National Security Council]], has argued that after the disengagement and Hamas takeover, the Gaza Strip became a de facto state for all intents and purposes, writing that "It has clear borders, an effective government, an independent foreign policy and an army. These are the exact characteristics of a state."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5275535,00.html |title=Needed: A different Gaza strategy |date=6 February 2018 |website=Ynetnews |last1=Eiland |first1=Giora |access-date=23 September 2018 |archive-date=24 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924034952/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5275535,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Yagil Levy, a professor of Political Sociology and Public Policy at the [[Open University of Israel]], wrote in a ''[[Haaretz]]'' column that "Gaza is a state in every respect, at least as social scientists understand the term. It has a central government with an army that's subordinate to it and that protects a population living in a defined territory. Nevertheless, Gaza is a castrated state. Israel and Egypt control its borders. The Palestinian Authority pays for the salaries of some of its civil servants. And the army doesn't have a monopoly on armed force, because there are independent militias operating alongside it."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-strengthen-the-state-of-gaza-1.6358839|title=Opinion {{!}} Strengthen the State of Gaza|first=Yagil|last=Levy|date=7 August 2018|work=[[Haaretz]]|access-date=23 September 2018|archive-date=24 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924033719/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-strengthen-the-state-of-gaza-1.6358839|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Moshe Arens]], a former Israeli diplomat who served as Foreign Minister and Defense Minister, likewise wrote that Gaza is a state as "it has a government, an army, a police force and courts that dispense justice of sorts."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-gaza-a-failed-palestinian-state-1.5488422 |title=Opinion {{!}} Gaza, a Failed Palestinian State |first=Moshe |last=Arens |date=26 June 2017 |work=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=23 September 2018 |archive-date=24 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924033801/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-gaza-a-failed-palestinian-state-1.5488422 |url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2018, Israeli Justice Minister [[Ayelet Shaked]] asserted that Gaza is an independent state, stating that Palestinians "already have a state" in Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/shaked-touts-confederation-of-jordan-gaza-and-parts-of-west-bank/ |title=Shaked touts 'confederation' of Jordan, Gaza, and parts of West Bank |first=Raphael |last=Ahren |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=29 November 2018 |archive-date=29 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129162207/https://www.timesofisrael.com/shaked-touts-confederation-of-jordan-gaza-and-parts-of-west-bank/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Geoffrey Aronson]] has likewise argued that the Gaza Strip can be considered a [[proto-state]] with some aspects of sovereignty, writing that "a proto-state already exists in the Gaza Strip, with objective attributes of sovereignty the Ramallah-based Mahmoud Abbas can only dream about. Gaza is a single, contiguous territory with de facto borders, recognised, if not always respected, by friend and foe alike. There are no permanently stationed foreign occupiers and, most importantly, no civilian Israeli settlements."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/05/era-sovereignty-gaza-150504054233875.html |title=A new era of sovereignty in Gaza - Gaza: After the war |work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=6 October 2018 |archive-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203043243/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/05/era-sovereignty-gaza-150504054233875.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Writing in ''[[Newsweek]]'', journalist Marc Schulman referred to Gaza as "an impoverished proto-state that lives off aid."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newsweek.com/tel-aviv-diary-tragedy-palestinians-502021 |title=Tel Aviv Diary: The tragedy of the Palestinians |first1=Marc |last1=Schulman |date=23 September 2016 |work=[[Newsweek]] |access-date=26 November 2018 |archive-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127131437/https://www.newsweek.com/tel-aviv-diary-tragedy-palestinians-502021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Control over airspace ===
[[File:20140805 beit hanun7.jpg|thumb|[[Beit Hanoun]] region of Gaza in August 2014, after Israeli bombardments]]
As agreed between Israel and the Palestinian Authority in the [[Oslo Accords]], Israel has exclusive control over the airspace. Contrarily to the Oslo Accords, however, Israel interferes with Gaza's radio and TV transmissions, and Israel prevents the Palestinians from operating a seaport or airport.<ref name="gs"/> The Accords permitted Palestinians to construct an airport, which was duly built and opened in 1998. Israel destroyed Gaza's only airport in 2001 and again in 2002, during the [[Second Intifada]].<ref name="msnbc_fly_again"/><ref name="bbc2005"/>

The Israeli army makes use of [[Unmanned combat aerial vehicle|drones]], which can launch precise missiles. They are equipped with high-resolution cameras and other sensors. The missile fired from a drone has its own cameras that allow the operator to observe the target from the moment of firing. After a missile has been launched, the drone operator can remotely divert it elsewhere. Drone operators can view objects on the ground in detail during both day and night.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/06/30/precisely-wrong/gaza-civilians-killed-israeli-drone-launched-missiles ''Precisely Wrong—Gaza Civilians Killed by Israeli Drone-Launched Missiles''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104182855/https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/06/30/precisely-wrong/gaza-civilians-killed-israeli-drone-launched-missiles |date=4 November 2015}}. Human Rights Watch, 30 June 2009</ref> Israeli drones routinely patrol over Gaza, and engage in missile strikes which reportedly kill more civilians than militants; the drones also produce a buzzing noise audible from the ground which Palestinians in Gaza refer to as ''[[zanana]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Jonathan |date=28 November 2013 |title=Gaza: Life and death under Israel's drones |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/11/28/gaza-life-and-death-under-israels-drones |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104101320/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/11/28/gaza-life-and-death-under-israels-drones |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.rosalux.de/fileadmin/rls_uploads/pdfs/sonst_publikationen/Sleepless-in-Gaza-by-Atef-Abu-Saif-RLS-Palestine.pdf |title=Sleepless in Gaza: Israeli drone war on the Gaza Strip |last=Abu Saif |first=Atef |date=March 2014 |publisher=[[Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung]] Regional Office Palestine |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203182432/https://www.rosalux.de/fileadmin/rls_uploads/pdfs/sonst_publikationen/Sleepless-in-Gaza-by-Atef-Abu-Saif-RLS-Palestine.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Rp|page=6}}

=== Buffer zone ===
Part of the territory is depopulated because of the imposition of buffer zones on both the Israeli and Egyptian borders.<ref name="bbc_hard_times">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-11721118 ''Hard times drive Gazans into perilous ′buffer zone′''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624140117/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-11721118 |date=24 June 2017}}. BBC, 10 November 2010</ref><ref name="pchr_enforced_live_fire">[http://www.imemc.org/article/71548 ''PCHR-Gaza: Israeli Buffer Zone Policies Typically Enforced with Live Fire''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017193835/http://www.imemc.org/article/71548 |date=17 October 2015}}. PCHR, 11 May 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=765776 ''Israeli forces release 5 detained fishermen in Gaza''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120084302/http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=765776 |date=20 November 2015}}. Ma'an, 4 June 2015</ref>

Initially, Israel imposed a 50-meter buffer zone in Gaza.<ref name="imemc_2011-04-05">[http://www.imemc.org/article/61003 ''Palestinian Killed in Gaza Buffer Zone''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101014608/http://www.imemc.org/article/61003 |date=1 January 2016}}. IMEMC, 5 April 2011</ref> In 2000, it was expanded to 150 m.<ref name="pchr_enforced_live_fire"/> Following the 2005 [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza]], an undefined buffer zone was maintained, including a no-fishing zone along the coast. The ultimate effect of the enforcement of the no-fishing zone was that the fishing industry in Gaza "virtually ceased."<ref>{{cite book |last=Roy |first=S. M. |year=2016 |title=The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development |publisher=Institute for Palestine Studies USA, Incorporated |edition=Third |isbn=978-0-88728-321-5 |page=1}}</ref>

In 2009/2010, Israel expanded the buffer zone to 300 m.<ref name="ocha_factsheet_july_2015"/><ref name="imemc_2011-04-05"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=255137 |title=Peaceful march reaches Gaza buffer zone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120081557/http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=255137 |archive-date=20 November 2015 |publisher=Ma'an News Agency |date=18 January 2010}}</ref> The Israeli military stated that this buffer zone extended to 300 m from the security fence, although UN bodies and other organizations operating in the region reported that the area extended at least 1 km from the security fence before 2012. The buffer zone before the implementation of the [[2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip#Ceasefire|ceasefire that followed the 2012 clashes]] accounted to 14% of the whole territory of the Strip and contained 30–55% of its total [[arable land]]. A 2012 UN report estimated that 75,000 metric tons of potential produce were lost per year as a result of the buffer zone, amounting to US$50.2 million per year.<ref>{{cite book |last=Roy |first=S. M. |year=2016 |title=The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development |publisher=Institute for Palestine Studies USA, Incorporated |edition=Third |isbn=978-0-88728-321-5 |page=xlix}}</ref> The [[Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre|IDMC]] estimated in 2014 that 12% of the population of Gaza was directly affected by the land and sea restrictions due to the buffer zone.<ref>IDMC, Access Restricted Areas in the Gaza Strip, p. 1.</ref><ref name="bbc_hard_times"/><ref name="imemc_2011-04-05"/>

On 25 February 2013, pursuant to a November 2012 ceasefire, Israel declared a buffer zone of 100 m on land and 6 nautical miles offshore. In the following month, the zone was changed to 300 m and 3 nautical miles. The 1994 [[Gaza Jericho Agreement]] allows 20 nautical miles, and the 2002 Bertini Commitment allows 12 nautical miles.<ref name="ocha_factsheet_july_2015"/><ref name="pchr_enforced_live_fire"/>

In August 2015, the IDF confirmed a buffer zone of 300 m for residents and 100 m for farmers, but without explaining how to distinguish between the two.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gisha.org/legal/4577 |title=IDF spokesman provides contradictory answers regarding the width of the "no-go zone" which residents of the Gaza Strip are prohibited from entering |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002014109/http://gisha.org/legal/4577 |archive-date=2 October 2015 |work=Gisha |date=August 2015}}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, on a third of Gaza's agricultural land, residents risk Israeli attacks. According to [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights|PCHR]], Israeli attacks take place up to approximately {{cvt|1.5|km|1}} from the border, making 17% of Gaza's total territory a risk zone.<ref name="pchr_enforced_live_fire"/>

Israel says the buffer zone is needed to protect Israeli communities just over the border from sniper fire and rocket attacks. In the 18 months until November 2010, one Thai farm worker in Israel was killed by a rocket fired from Gaza. In 2010, according to IDF figures, 180 rockets and mortars had been fired into Israel by militants. In 6 months, 11 Palestinians civilians, including four children, had been killed by Israeli fire and at least 70 Palestinian civilians were injured in the same period, including at least 49 who were working collecting rubble and scrap metal.<ref name="bbc_hard_times"/>

[[Egypt–Gaza border#Buffer zone by Egypt|A buffer zone]] was also created on the Egyptian side of the Gaza–Egypt border. In 2014, scores of homes in [[Rafah, Egypt|Rafah]] were destroyed for the buffer zone.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/09/22/look-another-homeland/forced-evictions-egypts-rafah |title=Look for Another Homeland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205100025/https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/09/22/look-another-homeland/forced-evictions-egypts-rafah |archive-date=5 December 2021 |work=Human Rights Watch |date=September 2015}}</ref> According to Amnesty International, more than 800 homes were destroyed and more than 1,000 families evicted.<ref name="haaretz_abbas"/> Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas agreed with the destruction of [[Gaza Strip smuggling tunnel#Measures taken by Egypt|smuggling tunnels]] by flooding them, and then punishing the owners of the houses that contained entrances to the tunnels, including demolishing their houses, arguing that the tunnels had produced 1,800 millionaires, and were used for smuggling weapons, drugs, cash, and equipment for forging documents.<ref name="haaretz_abbas">{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/.premium-1.629397 |title=Abbas: Egypt Right to Create Buffer Zone on Gaza Border |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820105818/https://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/.premium-1.629397 |archive-date=20 August 2015 |first=Jack |last=Khoury |newspaper=Haaretz |date=1 December 2014 |url-access=subscription |quote=Abbas believed the destruction of the tunnels was the best solution. The Palestinian president said he had recommended previously the sealing or destruction of the tunnels by flooding them and then punishing the owners of the homes that contained entrances to the tunnels, including demolishing their homes.}}</ref>

=== Gaza blockade ===
{{Main|Blockade of the Gaza Strip}}

Israel and Egypt maintain a blockade of the Gaza Strip in response to security concerns, such as the smuggling of weapons into Gaza. Israel has also stated that the blockade serves as "economic warfare".<ref name="Sara M. Roy"/> The Israeli human rights organization [[Gisha (human rights organization)|Gisha]] reports that the blockade undermines basic living conditions and human rights in Gaza.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gisha |title=Gaza Up Close |url=https://features.gisha.org/gaza-up-close/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201092015/https://features.gisha.org/gaza-up-close/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Red Cross has reported that the blockade harms the economy and causes a shortage of basic medicines and equipment such as painkillers and x-ray film.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1096443.html |title=Red Cross: Israel trapping 1.5m Gazans in despair |date=29 June 2009 |work=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=29 June 2009 |archive-date=30 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630165052/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1096443.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Israel describes the blockade as necessary to prevent the smuggling of weapons into Gaza. Israel maintains that the blockade is legal and necessary to limit [[Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel|Palestinian rocket attacks]] from the Gaza Strip on its cities and to prevent Hamas from obtaining other weapons,<ref name="middleeastmonitor2013">{{cite web |title=Israel tightens its blockade of Gaza for 'security reasons' |author=Samira Shackle |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/blogs/lifestyle/7813-israel-tightens-its-blockade-of-gaza-for-security-reasons |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014153810/http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/blogs/lifestyle/7813-israel-tightens-its-blockade-of-gaza-for-security-reasons |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 October 2013 |work=[[Middle East Monitor]] |date=14 October 2013}}:'Yet critics point out that it is not just military supplies that cannot enter Gaza, but basic construction materials, medical supplies, and food stuffs. The issue came to international attention in 2010, when a flotilla of activists attempted to break the blockade and carry humanitarian aid into Gaza. Nine were killed when the Israeli navy entered the flotilla. The incident shone a spotlight onto the blockade of Gaza. At one stage, prohibited materials included coriander, ginger, nutmeg and newspapers. A relaxation of the rules in June 2009 meant that processed hummus was allowed in, but not hummus with extras such as pine nuts or mushrooms. One of the biggest issues has been building materials. The strict restrictions on goods going into Gaza meant that it was impossible to start reconstruction work; it was therefore impossible to repair shattered windows to keep out the winter rain.'</ref><ref name="idf100908">{{cite web |url=http://www.mag.idf.il/163-4314-en/patzar.aspx |title=Position paper on the naval blockade on Gaza |date=2010-09-08 |publisher=idf.il |access-date=28 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116231842/http://www.mag.idf.il/163-4314-en/patzar.aspx |archive-date=2012-01-16}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131015054031/http://www.mag.idf.il/sip_storage//FILES/5/915.pdf Full version in Hebrew])</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/10/12/gaza-donors-un-should-press-israel-blockade |title=Gaza: Donors, UN Should Press Israel on Blockade |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104210821/https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/10/12/gaza-donors-un-should-press-israel-blockade |archive-date=4 January 2017 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=12 October 2014}}</ref> although the legality of the blockade has been challenged by multiple human rights organizations.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Palmer Report Did Not Find Gaza Blockade Legal, Despite Media Headlines |publisher=Amnesty International USA |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/updates/palmer-report-did-not-find-gaza-blockade-legal-despite-media-headlines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209211239/https://www.amnestyusa.org/updates/palmer-report-did-not-find-gaza-blockade-legal-despite-media-headlines/ |archive-date=9 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-21 |title=Gisha's response to Palmer Report |url=https://www.gisha.org/item.asp?lang_id=en&p_id=1405 |access-date=2024-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021060731/https://www.gisha.org/item.asp?lang_id=en&p_id=1405 |archive-date=21 October 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to director of the [[Shin Bet]], Hamas and [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Islamic Jihad]] had smuggled in over "5,000 rockets with ranges up to {{cvt|40|km|0|sp=us}}." Some of the rockets could reach as far as the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?ID=178503 |title=Diskin: No aid crisis in Gaza |publisher=Jpost.com |date=15 June 2010 |access-date=12 December 2010 |archive-date=26 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126130916/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=178503 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Tent camp gaza strip april 2009.jpg|thumb|Tent camp, April 2009, after [[Gaza War (2008–09)|Operation Cast Lead]]]]Facing mounting international pressure, Egypt lessened the restrictions starting in June 2010, when the Rafah border crossing from Egypt to Gaza was partially opened by Egypt. Egypt's foreign ministry said that the crossing would remain open mainly for people, but not for supplies.<ref>[https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2010/0602/Egypt-eases-own-Gaza-blockade-after-Israel-Freedom-Flotilla-raid Egypt eases own Gaza blockade after Israel Freedom Flotilla raid] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819114620/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2010/0602/Egypt-eases-own-Gaza-blockade-after-Israel-Freedom-Flotilla-raid |date=19 August 2010}}, Christian Science Monitor, 2 June 2010 (page 2)</ref>

Israel also eased restrictions in June 2010 as a result of international pressure following the [[2010 Gaza flotilla raid|Gaza flotilla raid]] after which food shortages decreased.<ref name="Sara M. Roy2">{{cite book |author=Sara M. Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXAqjgEACAAJ&pg=PA |title=The Gaza Strip |publisher=Institute for Palestine Studies USA, Incorporated |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-88728-321-5 |pages=xxxi |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311045308/https://books.google.com/books?id=gXAqjgEACAAJ&pg=PA |url-status=live}}</ref> The World Bank reported in 2012 that access to Gaza remained highly restricted and exports to the West Bank and Israel from Gaza are prohibited.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=World Bank |title=Fiscal Crisis, Economic Prospects: The Imperative of Economic Cohesion in the Palestinian Territories—Economic Monitoring Report to the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee |location=New York |date=23 September 2012 |pages=11–12 |url=https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/AHLCReportFinal.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518125427/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/AHLCReportFinal.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This ban on exports was not lifted until 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=For the first time since the closure: A truckload of cucumbers left Gaza for sale in the West Bank |publisher=Gisha |date=6 November 2014 |url=https://gisha.org/en/for-the-first-time-since-the-closure-a-truckload-of-cucumbers-left-gaza-for-sale-in-the-west-bank |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104161608/https://gisha.org/en/for-the-first-time-since-the-closure-a-truckload-of-cucumbers-left-gaza-for-sale-in-the-west-bank/ |archive-date=4 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In January and February 2011, the [[UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (UNOCHA) assessed measures taken to ease the blockade<ref name="ocha201103">{{cite web |title=Easing the blockade – Assessing the humanitarian impact on the population of the Gaza Strip |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_special_easing_the_blockade_2011_03_english.pdf |publisher=UNITED NATIONS Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory |access-date=16 July 2011 |date=March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726062323/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_special_easing_the_blockade_2011_03_english.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> and concluded that they were helpful but not sufficient to improve the lives of the local inhabitants.<ref name="ocha201103"/> UNOCHA called on Israel to reduce restrictions on exports and the [[Gaza imports|import]] of construction materials, and to lift the general ban on movement between Gaza and the West Bank via Israel.<ref name="ocha201103"/> According to [[The Washington Institute for Near East Policy]], the blockade resulted in a loss of over $17 million in exports in 2006 from 2005 (roughly 3% of all Palestinian exports).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Elizabeth |date=23 March 2006 |title=Palestinian Economic Dependence on Israel |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/palestinian-economic-dependence-israel |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=[[The Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113040415/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/palestinian-economic-dependence-israel |url-status=live}}</ref> After Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak resigned on 28 May 2011, Egypt permanently opened its border with Gaza to students, medical patients, and foreign passport holders.<ref name="ocha201103"/><ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304066504576350681957475322 "Egypt Opens Gaza Border"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709191353/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304066504576350681957475322 |date=9 July 2017}}, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', 29 May 2011.</ref>
Following the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état]], Egypt's military has destroyed most of the 1,200 tunnels which are used for smuggling food, weapons, and other goods to Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/04/us-egypt-hamas-idUSBREA230F520140304 |title=Egypt bans Hamas activities in Egypt |work=Reuters |date=4 March 2014 |access-date=1 July 2017 |archive-date=25 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025194409/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/04/us-egypt-hamas-idUSBREA230F520140304 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After the [[August 2013 Rabaa Massacre]] in Egypt, the border crossing was closed 'indefinitely.'<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013815104352186552.html |title=Rafah crossing closed after Egypt violence – Middle East |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=2014-08-10 |archive-date=19 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119080010/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013815104352186552.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

While the import of food is restricted through the Gaza blockade, the Israeli military destroys agricultural crops by spraying toxic chemicals over the Gazan lands, using aircraft flying over the border zone. According to the IDF, the spraying is intended "to prevent the concealment of IED's [Improvised Explosive Devices], and to disrupt and prevent the use of the area for destructive purposes."<ref>[https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/23117-israeli-military-admits-destroying-gaza-crops-on-border ''Israeli military admits destroying Gaza crops on border''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205121934/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/23117-israeli-military-admits-destroying-gaza-crops-on-border |date=5 February 2016}}. MEMO, 31 December 2015</ref> Gaza's agricultural research and development station was destroyed in 2014 and again in January 2016, while import of new equipment is obstructed.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/01/israel-spraying-toxins-palestinian-crops-gaza-160114063046813.html ''Israel spraying toxins over Palestinian crops in Gaza''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119144440/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/01/israel-spraying-toxins-palestinian-crops-gaza-160114063046813.html |date=19 January 2016}}. Belal Aldabbour, Al Jazeera, 19 January 2016</ref>

==== Movement of people ====
[[File:Egyptian Convoy to Gaza, Palestine.jpg|thumb|Rafah Border Crossing in 2012]]
Because of the Israeli–Egyptian blockade, the population is not free to leave or enter the Gaza Strip. Only in exceptional cases are people allowed to pass through the [[Erez Crossing]] or the [[Rafah Border Crossing]].<ref name="ocha_factsheet_july_2015">[http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_blockade_factsheet_July_2015_english.pdf ''The Gaza Strip: The Humanitarian Impact of the Blockade''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717234752/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_blockade_factsheet_july_2015_english.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703082308/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_blockade_factsheet_july_2015_english.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-03 |url-status=live |date=17 July 2015}}. UN OCHA, July 2015. "1.8 million Palestinians in Gaza are 'locked in', denied free access to the remainder of the occupied Palestinian territory and the outside world." Available at [http://www.ochaopt.org/reports.aspx?id=103&page=1 ''Fact Sheets''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329054638/http://www.ochaopt.org/reports.aspx?id=103&page=1 |date=29 March 2016}}.</ref><ref>
*[http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/gaza_crossings_operations_status_september%202015.pdf ''Gaza crossings' operations status:Monthly update—September 2015''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028021327/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/gaza_crossings_operations_status_september%202015.pdf |date=28 October 2015}}. UN OCHA. Available at [http://gaza.ochaopt.org/2015/09/gaza-crossings-operations-status-monthly-update-july-2015/ ''Gaza Crossings' Operations Status: Monthly Update''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016210132/http://gaza.ochaopt.org/2015/09/gaza-crossings-operations-status-monthly-update-july-2015/ |date=16 October 2015}}
*[https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/1.659942 ''Open Gaza's crossings—Keeping Gazans locked in the crowded Strip is immoral and strategically unwise''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029171529/http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/1.659942 |date=29 October 2015}}. Jack Khoury and Reuters, Haaretz, 28 May 2015
*[http://www.btselem.org/sites/default/files2/201401_'so_near_and_yet_so_far_eng.pdf ''So near and yet so far—Implications of Israeli‐Imposed Seclusion of Gaza Strip on Palestinians' Right to Family Life'']{{dead link |date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}. Hamoked and B'Tselem, January 2014. [http://www.btselem.org/publications/summaries/201401_so_near_and_yet_so_far Here available] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031114337/http://www.btselem.org/publications/summaries/201401_so_near_and_yet_so_far |date=31 October 2015}}</ref> In 2015, a Gazan woman was not allowed to travel through Israel to Jordan on her way to her own wedding. The Israeli authorities found she did not meet the criteria for travel, namely only in exceptional humanitarian cases.<ref>[http://gisha.org/press/4726 ''Gisha to the High Court: Allow a woman from Gaza to attend her own wedding''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306015101/http://gisha.org/press/4726 |date=6 March 2016}}. Gisha, 18 November 2015</ref>

Under the long-term blockade, the Gaza Strip is often described as a "prison-camp or open air prison for its collective denizens". The comparison is done by observers, ranging from [[Roger Cohen]] and [[Lawrence Weschler]] to NGOs, such as [[B'tselem]], and politicians and diplomats, such as [[David Cameron]], [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], [[David Shoebridge]] and [[John Holmes (British diplomat)|Sir John Holmes]].<ref>
*{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/21/opinion/sunday/roger-cohen-what-will-israel-become.html |title=What Will Israel Become? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708030956/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/21/opinion/sunday/roger-cohen-what-will-israel-become.html |archive-date=8 July 2017 |work=The New York Times |date=20 December 2014 |quote=Roger Cohen: "The 140-square-mile area is little better than an open-air prison. As incubators for [[violent extremism]] go, it is hard to imagine a more effective setting than Gaza."}}
*[http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/12635-noam-chomsky-my-visit-to-gaza-the-worlds-largest-open-air-prison '' My Visit to Gaza, the World's Largest Open-Air Prison''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024235819/http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/12635-noam-chomsky-my-visit-to-gaza-the-worlds-largest-open-air-prison |date=24 October 2015}}. Truthout, 9 November 2012. Noam Chomsky: 'And it hardly takes more than a day in Gaza to appreciate what it must be like to try to survive in the world's largest open-air prison,'
*[http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/israel_has_been_bitten_by_a_bat_20140718 'Israel Has Been Bitten by a Bat,'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403071846/http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/israel_has_been_bitten_by_a_bat_20140718 |date=3 April 2015}} [[Truthdig]] 18 July 2014. Lawrence Weschler:'I'm tired, for example, of hearing about how vital and cosmopolitan and democratic are the streets and cafes and nightclubs of Tel Aviv. For the fact is that one simply can't sustain such cosmopolitan vitality 40 miles from a prison camp containing close to two million people: It's a contradiction in terms.'
*[http://www.btselem.org/download/200705_gaza_insert_eng.pdf ' Gaza:One Big Prison,'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829212751/http://www.btselem.org/download/200705_gaza_insert_eng.pdf |date=29 August 2014}}. B'tselem,12 May 2007.
*[https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/gaza-is-open-air-prison-un-humanitarian-chief-1.553055 'Gaza is 'open-air prison',?] . The National (Abu Dhabi), 12 March 2010. The Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, Sir John Holmes
*{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/jul/27/david-cameron-gaza-prison-camp |title='David Cameron: Israeli blockade has turned Gaza Strip into a 'prison camp' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503110926/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/jul/27/david-cameron-gaza-prison-camp |archive-date=3 May 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=27 July 2010 |last1=Watt |first1=Nicholas |last2=Sherwood |first2=Harrie |location=[[Ankara]] and [[Jerusalem]]}}
*{{cite news |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3664532,00.html |title='Erdogan: Palestine an open-air prison,' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224223650/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3664532,00.html |archive-date=24 December 2014 |url-status=live |website=Ynet |date=31 January 2009 |quote=Recep Tayyip Erdoğan: "Palestine today is an open-air prison. Hamas, as much as they tried, could not change the situation. Just imagine, you imprison the speaker of a country as well as some ministers of its government and members of its parliament. And then you expect them to sit obediently?"}}
*{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/international/australia-mps-gaza-is-worlds-largest-outdoor-jail |title=Australia MPs: Gaza is world's largest outdoor jail |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108000626/http://www.jpost.com/International/Australia-MPs-Gaza-is-worlds-largest-outdoor-jail |archive-date=8 January 2015 |url-status=live |work=Jerusalem Post |date=15 March 2013 |last=Zieve |first=Tamara |quote="How could members, who wanted to get a balanced understanding of the issues facing Israel, Palestine and the Middle East, go to the other side of the planet and fail to visit Gaza, the world's largest outdoor prison?" Shoebridge asked.}}</ref>
In 2014, French president [[François Hollande]] called for the demilitarization of Gaza and a lifting of the blockade, saying "Gaza must neither be an open prison nor a military base."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4560957,00.html |title=Hollande calls for demilitarization of Gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101014608/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4560957,00.html |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live |work=Ynet |date=20 August 2014}}</ref>

An anonymous Israeli analyst has called it "Israel's [[Alcatraz]]".<ref>{{cite book |first1=Alain |last1=Gresh |first2=Dominique |last2=Vidal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z6mAa4WubagC&pg=PA91 |title=The New A-Z of the Middle East |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102101202/https://books.google.com/books?id=z6mAa4WubagC&pg=PA91 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |edition=2nd |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2004 |page=91 |isbn=1-86064-326-4}}</ref> While [[Lauren Booth]],<ref name="Raz2008">{{cite news |first=Noa |last=Raz |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3595097,00.html |title=Blair sister-in-law: Gaza world's largest concentration camp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318193203/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3595097,00.html |archive-date=18 March 2015 |url-status=live |work=Ynet |date=11 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="Shlaifer2014">{{cite book |first=Ron |last=Shlaifer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYqoBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA203 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102101204/https://books.google.com/books?id=eYqoBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA203 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |title=Psychological Warfare in the Arab-Israeli Conflict |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2014 |page=203 |isbn=978-1-137-46703-4 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Philip Slater]],<ref name="Slater2011">{{cite news |first=Philip |last=Slater |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/philip-slater/a-message-to-israel-time_b_155978.html |title=A Message to Israel: Time to Stop Playing the Victim Role |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024084228/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/philip-slater/a-message-to-israel-time_b_155978.html |archive-date=24 October 2017 |url-status=live |work=Huffington Post |date=25 May 2011 |quote=Calling Hamas the 'aggressor' is undignified. The Gaza strip is little more than a large Israeli concentration camp, in which Palestinians are attacked at will, starved of food, fuel, energy—even deprived of hospital supplies. They cannot come and go freely, and have to build tunnels to smuggle in the necessities of life.}}</ref> [[Giorgio Agamben]]<ref name="Jessica2013">{{cite book |first=Jessica |last=Whyte |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZXaAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 |title=Catastrophe and Redemption: The Political Thought of Giorgio Agamben |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102101202/https://books.google.com/books?id=wZXaAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |url-status=live |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2013 |page=95 |isbn=978-1-4384-4853-4}}</ref> compare it to a [[concentration camp]]. For [[Robert S. Wistrich]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfQoxsH9bbwC&pg=PA26 |title=Holocaust Denial: The Politics of Perfidy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102101203/https://books.google.com/books?id=BfQoxsH9bbwC&pg=PA26 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |url-status=live |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2012 |page=26 |isbn=978-3-11-028821-6}}</ref> and Philip Mendes,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh2vAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |title=Jews and the Left: The Rise and Fall of a Political Alliance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102101204/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh2vAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2014 |page=91 |isbn=978-1-137-00830-5}}</ref> such analogies are designed to offend Jews, while [[Philip Seib]] dismisses the comparison as absurd, and claims that it arises from sources like [[Al Jazeera]] and Arab leaders.{{sfn|Seib|2012|p=153}}

Israel restricts movement of Palestinian residents between the West Bank and Gaza. Israel has implemented a policy of allowing Palestinian movement from the West Bank to Gaza, but making it quite difficult for Gaza residents to move to the West Bank. Israel typically refuses to allow Gaza residents to leave for the West Bank, even when the Gaza resident is originally a West Bank resident. The Israeli human-rights organization [[Gisha (human rights organization)|Gisha]] has helped Gaza residents who had moved from the West Bank to Gaza return to the West Bank arguing that extremely pressing personal circumstances provide humanitarian grounds for relief.<ref>{{cite web |work=+972 Magazine |date=30 June 2020 |url=https://www.972mag.com/gaza-movement-separation-policy/ |title='Gaza is a One-Way Ticket': How Israel's Relocation Policy is Separating Palestinian Communities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707063716/https://www.972mag.com/gaza-movement-separation-policy/ |archive-date=7 July 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of the Gaza Strip}}

{{See also|Economy of Palestine|Blockade of the Gaza Strip}}
[[File:GazaTextiles.jpg|thumb|Backyard industry]]

During the course of the Israeli occupation, Gaza's economy has gone from a state of under-development with a deep dependency on Israel and strong ties to the West Bank, to a now isolated economy, deprived of the capacity to produce and innovate and subject to the damage of ongoing Israeli military attacks. Gaza's economy is characterized by high levels of unemployment and impoverishment, with over 75% of the population dependent on humanitarian aid. Political economist Sara Roy, the leading authority on the economy of the Gaza Strip, describes the 2005 [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza]] as a turning point in Israeli policy, where previously Israel sought to control and dominate the economy of the Strip to serve its own interests, current policies seek to disable the economy, with the political goal of reducing the demands of the population for national, political and economic rights into a humanitarian problem.<ref name="Sara M. Roy"/>

The economy of the Gaza Strip is severely hampered by Egypt and Israel's almost total blockade, and has one of the world's highest [[population densities]],<ref name="nbcpd">{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/specials/gaza-strip-map-density-israel-hamas-conflict/index.html|title=The Gaza Strip's density, visualized|work=[[NBC News]]|accessdate=25 November 2023|date=10 October 2023|archive-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125124933/https://www.nbcnews.com/specials/gaza-strip-map-density-israel-hamas-conflict/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Doug Suisman, Steven Simon, Glenn Robinson, C. Ross Anthony, Michael Schoenbaum (eds.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=32Kg2wdcQPcC&pg=PA79 ''The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian State,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102100704/https://books.google.com/books?tid=32Kg2wdcQPcC&pg=PA79|date=2 November 2022}} Rand Corporation, 2007 p.79</ref> limited land access, strict internal and external security controls, the effects of Israeli military operations, and restrictions on labor and trade access across the border. A 2015 UN report estimated that 72% of the population suffers from food insecurity.<ref>United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Report on UNCTAD Assistance to the Palestinian People: Developments in the Economy of the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Geneva: UNCTAD, September 2015), p. 8, online at http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/tdb62d3_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003183453/https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/tdb62d3_en.pdf |date=3 October 2020}} .</ref> [[Per capita income]] was estimated at US$3,100 in 2009, a position of 164th in the world.<ref name="CIA World Factbook"/> A UN report in 2022 estimated Gaza Strip's unemployment rate to be 45% and 65% of the population under poverty, living standards went down by 27% compared to 2006 and 80% of the population depends on international aid for survival.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Elliott |first1=Larry |title=UN report: 80% of Gaza inhabitants relied on international aid before war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/25/un-report-80-per-cent-of-gaza-inhabitants-relied-on-international-aid-before-war |access-date=3 Nov 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=25 Oct 2023 |ref=The-Guardian-UN-report |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103073449/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/25/un-report-80-per-cent-of-gaza-inhabitants-relied-on-international-aid-before-war |url-status=live}}</ref>

Access to essential needs, such as water, is limited, with only 10–25% of households having access to running water on a daily basis, typically for only a few hours a day. Out of "dire necessity", 75–90% of the population relies on unsafe water from unregulated vendors. Accordingly, 26% of disease in Gaza is water related and a 48% prevalence of nitrate poisoning in children. The water shortage in Gaza is a result of Israeli policies and control of aquifers, withholding from Gaza enough water to meet Gaza's needs many times over.<ref name="Sara M. Roy"/>

The [[EU]] described the Gaza economy in 2013 as follows: "Since Hamas took control of Gaza in 2007 and following the closure imposed by Israel, the situation in the Strip has been one of chronic need, de-development and donor dependency, despite a temporary relaxation on restrictions in movement of people and goods following a [[2010 Gaza flotilla raid|flotilla raid]] in 2010. The closure has effectively cut off access for exports to traditional markets in Israel, transfers to the West Bank and has severely restricted imports. Exports are now down to 2% of 2007 levels."<ref name="eccpalestine.org"/>

According to Sara Roy, one senior IDF officer told an UNWRA official in 2015 that Israel's policy towards Gaza consisted of: "No development, no prosperity, no humanitarian crisis."<ref>[[Sara Roy]], [http://www.thenation.com/article/the-gaza-strips-last-safety-net-is-in-danger/ 'The Gaza Strip's Last Safety Net Is in Danger,'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811041635/http://www.thenation.com/article/the-gaza-strips-last-safety-net-is-in-danger/ |date=11 August 2015}} [[The Nation]] 6 August 2015.</ref>

===Israeli policies following Israeli military occupation ===
[[File:Dan Hadani collection (990044373540205171).jpg|thumb|Israeli soldiers check Palestinian men in Gaza in 1969]]
In 1984, former deputy mayor of Jerusalem, [[Meron Benvenisti]], described Israeli policy in the occupied territories as motivated primarily by the notion that Palestinian claims to economic and political rights are illegitimate. He wrote that the economic policies stifle Palestinian economic development with the primary goal of prohibiting the establishment of a Palestinian state.<ref name="Meron Benvenisti">{{cite book|author=Meron Benvenisti|title=The West Bank Data Project|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2KNtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA|year=1984|publisher=American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research|isbn=978-0-8447-3545-0|pages=|access-date=8 March 2024|archive-date=26 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426014436/https://books.google.com/books?id=2KNtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Sara Roy]] describes Israeli policies in Gaza as policies of "de-development," which are specifically designed to destroy an economy and ensure that there can be no economic base to support local, independent development and growth. Roy explains that the framework for Israeli policy established between 1967 and 1973 would not change, even with the limited self-rule introduced by the Oslo Accords in the 1990s, but would grow dramatically more draconian in the early 2000s.<ref>The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development, 3rd ed., by Sara Roy. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2016.</ref>

Israeli economic policies in Gaza tied long-term development directly to conditions and interests in Israel rather than to productive domestic structural reform and development. With reduced access to its own resources (largely deprived of them as a result of Israel policies<ref>The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development, 3rd ed., by Sara Roy. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2016, Chapter 7.</ref>), Gaza's economy grew increasingly dependent on external sources of income. Israeli policies under the authority of the military government exacerbated dependence while externalizing (or reorienting) the economy towards Israeli priorities. This reorientation of the economy included shifting the labor force away from developing domestic agriculture and industry towards labor-intensive subcontracting jobs supporting Israeli industry in addition to unskilled labor jobs in Israel itself. Notably, the Israeli government barred Palestinians of Gaza from taking white-collar roles in public services (with the exception of services such as street cleaning).<ref>Moshe Semyonov and Noah Lewin-Epstein, Hewers of Wood And Drawers of Water: Noncitizen Arabs in the Israeli Labor Market (New York: New York School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University, 1987), pp. 27-29</ref><ref>Kimmerling, Zionism and Economy (Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Publishing Co.. Inc., 1983) pp. 60-61</ref> In 1992, 70% of Gaza's labor force worked in Israel, 90% of Gaza's imports came through Israel, and 80% of its exports went through Israel.<ref name="Anne Le More">{{cite book |first=Anne |last=Le More |title=International Assistance to the Palestinians After Oslo Political Guilt, Wasted Money |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaexvmZLSO0C&pg=PA65 |year=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-134-05233-2 |pages=65 |access-date=8 March 2024 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121053708/https://books.google.com/books?id=zaexvmZLSO0C&pg=PA65 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Israeli efforts to expand employment within Gaza were largely through relief works, which, as a purely income-generating project, does not contribute to development.<ref>The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development, 3rd ed., by Sara Roy. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2016, Chapter 8</ref> The Israeli military government's expenditure on industry in the Gaza Strip between 1984 and 1986 was 0.3% of the total budget, with the development of industry receiving no investment at all.<ref>The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development, 3rd ed., by Sara Roy. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2016, pp. 189.</ref><ref>West Bank Data Base Project, Budgetary Data, Jerusalem, 1989.</ref> Despite the worsening living conditions in Gaza, the Israeli government continued to invest minimally throughout the military government's rule. The Gaza budget did not impose any financial burden on Israeli taxpayers, despite statements from Israeli officials that limited investment was due to financial constraints. From the 1970s and throughout the duration of the Israeli military government's authority, income tax deductions from Palestinians in Gaza exceeded Israeli expenditure, resulting in a net transfer of money from Gaza into Israel.<ref>The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development, 3rd ed., by Sara Roy. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2016, pp. 189-199.</ref> Throughout its authority, the Israeli military government maintained a budget with little to no capital investment in Gaza. Additionally, the fiscal system resulted in a net outflow of domestic resources from the Palestinian economy.<ref name="Anne Le More"/>
[[File:Gaza Strip 1999.jpg|thumb|Map of the Gaza Strip in March 1999. The major [[Israeli settlement|settlement blocs]] were the blue-shaded regions of this map.]]
The result was the continuous transfer of local resources out of Gaza's economy and the increased vulnerability of the economy to external conditions such as Israeli market needs, but most vividly seen by the impacts of the current Israeli blockade and Israel's destructive military campaigns in Gaza. The economy's extreme dependence on Israel during this period is highlighted by the fact that by 1987, 60% of Gaza's GNP came from external payments, primarily through employment in Israel. Israeli policies also undercut any potential competition from Gazan products through generous subsidies to Israeli agriculture. Further, Israel banned exports to all Western markets, and enterprises that might compete with Israeli counterparts suffered as a result of the military authority's regulation. For example, permits from military authorities (which could take five years or longer to acquire) were required in order to plant new citrus trees or replace old ones, and farmers were prohibited from clearing their own land without permission. In addition, military authorities constrained fishing areas to prevent any threat of competition with Israeli products. Even juice and vegetable processing factories (which could make productive use of crop surpluses) were prohibited by the Israeli government until 1992.<ref>The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development, 3rd ed., by Sara Roy. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2016, Chapter 8.</ref> As Sara Roy describes, Gazan "[e]conomic activity is determined by state policies, not market dynamics."<ref>The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development, 3rd ed., by Sara Roy. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2016, pp. 234.</ref>

Policies of the Israeli military authorities in Gaza also restricted and undermined institutions that could support and plan for productive investment and economic development. Permission was required, for example, for the development of any new programs and for personnel change. Permission was also required to hold a meeting of three or more people. From the start of the occupation until 1994, municipalities did not have authority over, for example, water and electricity allocation, public markets, public health, and transportation. Decision-making and the initiation of new projects required the approval of the military governor. Even under the Oslo agreement, Israel maintains authority over zoning and land use. Further, municipal governments had no authority to generate revenue. Specifically, they could not introduce taxes or fees without approval from Israeli authorities. Accordingly, municipalities and local institutions often relied on donations from external sources, although access to the funds was often denied even after they had been deposited in Israeli banks. At the start of the occupation, the military government closed all Arab banks in the occupied territories. Branches of Israeli banks were allowed to transfer funds and provide services for importing and exporting businesses. Further, no banks were allowed to supply long-term credit, which seriously limited the potential for economic development.<ref>The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development, 3rd ed., by Sara Roy. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2016, Chapter 9.</ref>

{{anchor|Under Palestinian authority (1994-2007)}}
===Industries===
Gaza Strip industries are generally small family businesses that produce [[textiles]], [[soap]], [[Olive#Olive wood|olive-wood]] carvings, and [[Nacre|mother-of-pearl]] souvenirs. The main agricultural products are [[olive]]s, [[citrus]], [[vegetable]]s, [[Halal]] [[beef]], and [[dairy products]]. Primary exports are citrus and [[cut flowers]], while primary imports are food, consumer goods, and construction materials. The main trade partners of the Gaza Strip are Israel and Egypt.<ref name="CIA World Factbook"/>

===Natural resources===
{{Main|Natural gas in the Gaza Strip}}

Natural resources of Gaza include [[arable land]]—about a third of the Strip is irrigated. Recently, [[natural gas]] was discovered. The Gaza Strip is largely dependent on water from [[Besor Stream|Wadi Gaza]], which also supplies Israel.<ref name="google2">{{cite book |first1=Clive |last1=Lipchin |first2=Eric |last2=Pallant |first3=Danielle |last3=Saranga |author4=Allyson Amster |title=Integrated Water Resources Management and Security in the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rgHmpppZ-wC&pg=PA109 |year=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4020-5986-5 |page=109 |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228175308/https://books.google.com/books?id=7rgHmpppZ-wC&pg=PA109 |url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the water comes from groundwater wells (90% in 2021). Its quality is low and most of it is unfit for human consumption. The remainder is produced by water desalination plants or bought from Israel's [[Mekorot]] (6% of all water in 2021).<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza's limited water access, mapped |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/18/middleeast/gaza-water-access-supply-mapped-dg/index.html |access-date=27 October 2023 |work=[[CNN]] |date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027063638/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/18/middleeast/gaza-water-access-supply-mapped-dg/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[Human Rights Watch]], international humanitarian law requires Israel, as the occupying power in Gaza, to ensure that the basic needs of the civilian population are provided for.<ref>{{cite web |title=Israel: Immediately Restore Electricity, Water, Aid to Gaza |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/21/israel-immediately-restore-electricity-water-aid-gaza |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=21 October 2023 |access-date=29 October 2023 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102154142/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/21/israel-immediately-restore-electricity-water-aid-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref>

Gaza's marine gas reserves extend 32 km from the Gaza Strip's coastline<ref name="Nafeez" >Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed, [http://mondediplo.com/blogs/israel-s-war-for-gaza-s-gas 'Israel's War for Gaza's Gas,'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315011659/http://mondediplo.com/blogs/israel-s-war-for-gaza-s-gas |date=15 March 2015}} [[Le Monde diplomatique]], November 2012.</ref> and were calculated at 35 [[BCM (gas)|BCM]].<ref name="Rand" >Steven W. Popper, Claude Berrebi, James Griffin, Thomas Light, Endy Y. Min, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dMtllbFoH9UC&pg=PA11 ''Natural Gas and Israel's Energy Future: Near-Term Decisions from a Strategic Perspective,''] [[Rand Corporation]], 2009 p.11.</ref>

===Transport===
{{more citations needed section|date=November 2023}}
[[File:Gaza airport 03.jpg|thumb|A damaged part of the [[Yasser Arafat International Airport]], 2002]]

From 1920 to 1948, the Gaza Strip hosted sections of the [[Palestine Railways]], connecting the region with Egypt.

Due to the ongoing blockade of Gaza, any external travel from Gaza requires cooperation from either Egypt or Israel.

[[Salah al-Din Road]], also known as the Salah ad-Deen Highway, is the main highway of the Gaza Strip. It extends over {{cvt|45|km|mi|sp=us}}, spanning the entire length of the territory from the [[Rafah Crossing]] in the south to the [[Erez Crossing]] in the north. Prior to Israel's establishment, the road provided linkage between Egypt and Lebanon.<ref name="National">{{Cite web |last=Cunningham |first=Erin |date=2010-03-09 |title=Ancient Gaza roadway still a vital resource |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/ancient-gaza-roadway-still-a-vital-resource-1.502046 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Port of Gaza]] has been an important and active port since antiquity. Despite [[Gaza Seaport Plans|plans]] under the Oslo Peace Accords to expand the port, it has been under [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|a blockade]] since Hamas was elected as a majority party in the 2006 elections. Both the [[Israeli Navy]] and Egypt enforce the blockade, which limits many aspects of life in Gaza. According to Human Rights Watch, it particularly limits the movement of people and commerce, with exports being most affected. The improvement and rebuilding of infrastructure is also negatively impacted by these sanctions.<ref>{{cite book |title=World Report 2015: Israel/Palestine – Events of 2014 |chapter=World Report 2015: Israel/Palestine |date=11 January 2015 |chapter-url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/israel/palestine |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=28 February 2016 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307000349/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/israel/palestine |url-status=live}}</ref> Plans to expand the port were halted after the outbreak of the [[al-Aqsa Intifada]].

The [[Yasser Arafat International Airport]] opened in November 1998 after the signing of the [[Oslo II Accord|Oslo II Accord]] and the [[Wye River Memorandum]]. It was forced to close after Israel deconstruction in October 2000. Its radar station and control tower were destroyed by Israel Defense Forces aircraft in 2001 during the al-Aqsa Intifada. Bulldozers razed the runway in January 2002.<ref name="msnbc_fly_again">[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7900217 ''Grounded in Gaza, but hoping to fly again''], [[NBC News]], 19 May 2005</ref><ref name="bbc2005">[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4449461.stm ''Years of delays at Gaza airport''], [[Alan Johnston|Johnston, Alan]]. BBC News, 15 April 2005</ref> The only remaining runway in the Strip, at the [[Gush Katif Airport]], fell into disuse following Israeli disengagement. The airspace over Gaza may be restricted by the [[Israeli Air Force]] as the Oslo Accords authorized.

====Land border crossings====
{{See also|Blockade of the Gaza Strip#Border crossings}}

There are just a few land border crossings between the Strip on one side, and Israel and Egypt on the other, of which not all are open as of 2023. Land border crossings with Israel include the [[Kerem Shalom border crossing]], [[Erez Crossing]] (also known as Beit Hanoun Crossing), and the [[Nitzana Border Crossing]].<ref name="1st">[https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-to-open-kerem-shalom-crossing-for-gaza-aid-inspections-for-first-time-since-war-started/ Israel to open Kerem Shalom Crossing for Gaza aid inspections for first time since war started]. Jacob Magid for ''[[Times of Israel]]''. Posted and accessed 7 Dec 2023.</ref> The land border crossings with Egypt include the [[Rafah Crossing]] and the Salah al-Din Gate.<ref name="1st"/><ref>[https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/new-gaza-crossing-raises-questions-about-blockade-policies New Gaza Crossing Raises Questions About Blockade Policies], Neri Zilber for [[The Washington Institute for Near East Policy]], 23 Oct 2019. Accessed 7 Dec 2023.</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Palestine}}
{{redir|Gazans|Nguni|Gaza people||Gazan}}
[[File:Gaza Strip population.png|thumb|Population of the Gaza Strip from 1950 to present.]]

[[File:Jabalia 23.jpg|thumb|Palestinian girls in [[Jabalia]] in 2009]]
In 2010, approximately 1.6 million people lived in the Gaza Strip,<ref name="CIA World Factbook"/> almost 1.0 million of them UN-registered refugees.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/unrwa/refugees/gaza.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217211906/http://www.un.org/unrwa/refugees/gaza.html |archive-date=17 December 2007 |title=UNRWA: Palestine refugees |publisher=Un.org |access-date=1 June 2010}}</ref> The majority descend from refugees who were driven from or left their homes during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The Strip's population continued to increase since that time, mainly due to a [[total fertility rate]] which peaked at 8.3 children per woman in 1991. This fell to 4.4 children per woman in 2013 which was still among the highest worldwide.<ref name="CIA World Factbook"/><ref name="sy"/> An end of 2024 estimate puts the population at 2.1 million, a 6% decline from the previous year due to the Gaza war.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1, 2025 |title=Gaza population down by 6% since start of war - Palestinian statistics bureau |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-population-down-by-6-since-start-war-palestinian-statistics-bureau-2025-01-01/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

In a [[List of countries by fertility rate|ranking by total fertility rate]], this places Gaza 34th of 224 regions.<ref name="CIA World Factbook"/><ref name="sy">{{Cite web |last=Coghlan |first=Andy |title=The reasons why Gaza's population is so young |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25993-the-reasons-why-gazas-population-is-so-young/ |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125212840/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25993-the-reasons-why-gazas-population-is-so-young/ |url-status=live}}</ref> This leads to the Gaza Strip having an unusually high proportion of children in the population, with 43.5% of the population being 14 or younger and a median age in 2014 of 18, compared to a world average of 28, and 30 in Israel. The only countries with a lower median age are countries in Africa such as Uganda where it was 15.<ref name="sy"/>

===Religion===
[[File:Great Mosque of Gaza (Omari Mosque).jpg|thumb|right|View of the [[Great Mosque of Gaza]], the oldest mosque in Gaza dating to the 7th century CE, which was destroyed by Israeli airstrikes during the [[Gaza war]]]]
{{See also|Islamism in the Gaza Strip}}

[[Sunni Muslim]]s make up 99.8% of the population in the Gaza Strip, with an estimated 2,000 to 3,000 (0.2%) [[Arab Christians]].<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4514822.stm Middle East Christians: Gaza pastor] BBC News, 21 December 2005</ref><ref name="CIA World Factbook"/>

{{Bar box
| title=Gaza Strip Religions (2012 est.)<ref name="CIA World Factbook"/>
| titlebar=#ddd
| float=right
| bars=
{{Bar percent|Islam|green|98}}
{{Bar percent|Christianity|blue|1}}
{{Bar percent|Other|grey|1}}
}}
From 1987 to 1991, during the [[First Intifada]], Hamas campaigned for the wearing of the [[hijab]] head-cover. In the course of this campaign, women who chose not to wear the hijab were verbally and physically harassed by Hamas activists, leading to hijabs being worn "just to avoid problems on the streets".<ref name="Ruben">{{cite book |last1=Rubenberg |first1=Cheryl A. |author1-link=Cheryl Rubenberg |title=Palestinian Women: Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank |date=2001 |pages=230–231 |url=https://archive.org/details/palestinianwomen0000rube/}}</ref>

Since Hamas took over in 2007, attempts have been made by Islamist activists to impose "[[Islamic dress]]" and to require women to wear the hijab.<ref name="ReferenceB">[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/06/world/middleeast/06gaza.html Hamas Fights Over Gaza's Islamist Identity] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119001358/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/06/world/middleeast/06gaza.html |date=19 January 2017}} New York Times, 5 September 2009</ref> The government's "Islamic Endowment Ministry" has deployed [[Virtue Committee]] members to warn citizens of the "dangers of immodest dress, card playing and dating".<ref name="bloomberg">[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aB2RfynNbLmk Hamas Bans Women Dancers, Scooter Riders in Gaza Push] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118123632/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aB2RfynNbLmk |date=18 November 2015}} By Daniel Williams, Bloomberg, 30 November 2009</ref> However, there are no government laws imposing dress and other moral standards, and the Hamas education ministry reversed one effort to impose Islamic dress on students.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> There has also been successful resistance{{by whom |date=May 2015}} to attempts by local Hamas officials to impose Islamic dress on women.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/oct/18/hamas-gaza-islamist-dress-code Hamas patrols beaches in Gaza to enforce conservative dress code] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210235710/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/oct/18/hamas-gaza-islamist-dress-code |date=10 February 2017}} The Guardian (UK), 18 October 2009</ref>

According to Human Rights Watch, the Hamas-controlled government stepped up its efforts to "Islamize" Gaza in 2010, efforts it says included the "repression of civil society" and "severe violations of personal freedom."<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-jun-27-la-oe-vanesveld-gaza-20100627-story.html "In Gaza, prisoners twice over; Palestinians are being squeezed by the Israeli blockade and Hamas' 'Islamizing' actions,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511190222/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jun/27/opinion/la-oe-vanesveld-gaza-20100627 |date=11 May 2011}} Bill Van Esveld, Bill Van Esveld is a Middle East researcher for Human Rights Watch, 27 June 2010, ''Los Angeles Times''.</ref>
[[File:Forced Displacement of Gaza Strip Residents During the Gaza-Israel War 23-25.jpg|thumb|Destroyed mosque in Gaza in 2023]]
Palestinian researcher Khaled Al-Hroub has criticized what he called the "[[Taliban]]-like steps" Hamas has taken: "The Islamization that has been forced upon the Gaza Strip—the suppression of social, cultural, and press freedoms that do not suit Hamas's view[s]—is an egregious deed that must be opposed. It is the reenactment, under a religious guise, of the experience of [other] totalitarian regimes and dictatorships."<ref>The Hamas Enterprise and the Talibanization of Gaza, Khaled Al-Hroub, Al-Ayyam (Palestinian Authority), 11 October 2010. [http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/4696.htm Translation] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024183415/http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/4696.htm |date=24 October 2010}} by the Middle East Research Institute, 22 October 2010.</ref> Hamas officials denied having any plans to impose Islamic law. One legislator stated that "[w]hat you are seeing are incidents, not policy" and that "we believe in persuasion".<ref name="bloomberg"/>

Violence against Christians has been recorded. The owner of a Christian bookshop was abducted and murdered in October 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gazas-christian-bookseller-killed-396283.html |work=The Independent |location=London |title=Gaza's Christian bookseller killed |first=Eric |last=Silver |date=8 October 2007 |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-date=21 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421202741/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gazas-christian-bookseller-killed-396283.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2008, the [[Young Men's Christian Association]] (YMCA) library in Gaza City was bombed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Militants bomb Gaza YMCA library |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7246454.stm |access-date=17 June 2012 |newspaper=[[BBC News]] |date=15 February 2008 |archive-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209110915/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7246454.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> At least 18 people were killed when Israel [[Church of Saint Porphyrius airstrike|bombed]] the [[Church of Saint Porphyrius]], the oldest church in Gaza, on 19 October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Marsi |first1=Federica |title=Gaza's Christian community faces 'threat of extinction' amid Israel war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/11/10/extinction-gaza-christians-fear-for-communitys-survival-amid-israel-war |agency=Al-Jazeera |date=10 November 2023 |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110073921/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/11/10/extinction-gaza-christians-fear-for-communitys-survival-amid-israel-war |url-status=live}}</ref> Three more were killed when Israel bombed [[Holy Family Church, Gaza|Holy Family Church]] in July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel kills three in Gaza Catholic church bombing |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/17/israel-bombs-gazas-only-catholic-church-sheltering-elderly-and-children |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

In addition to Hamas, a [[Salafist]] movement began to appear about 2005 in Gaza, characterized by "a strict lifestyle based on that of the earliest followers of Islam".<ref name="bbc-salafist">{{cite news |last1=Knell |first1=Yolande |title=Can Hamas hold back Islamic State in Gaza? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33110099 |access-date=16 September 2015 |agency=BBC News |date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913115303/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33110099 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, there are estimated to be only "hundreds or perhaps a few thousand" Salafists in Gaza.<ref name="bbc-salafist"/>

===Education===
{{See also|List of universities and colleges in Palestine|List of countries by literacy rate}}
[[File:Girls lining up for class - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Schoolgirls in [[Gaza City]] lining up for class, 2009]]
[[File:Ucas1.jpg|thumb|[[University College of Applied Sciences]], the largest college in Gaza]]

Palestine had a reported 97% literacy rate (96% for females, 99% for males) in 2019 and youth literacy rate (ages 15–24) of 88% in 2020 (94% for females, 82% for males).<ref name="od"/> According to UNRWA figures, there are 640 schools in Gaza: 383 government schools, 221 UNRWA schools and 36 private schools, serving a total of 441,452 students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://imeu.net/news/article0017067.shtml |title=Children and education fact sheet |publisher=Imeu.net |access-date=12 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201010130/http://imeu.net/news/article0017067.shtml |archive-date=1 December 2010}}</ref>

In 2010, Al Zahara, a private school in central Gaza, introduced a special program for mental development based on math computations. The program was created in Malaysia in 1993, according to the school principal, Majed al-Bari.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=52586 |title=This Math Class May Figure Out Israel |publisher=Ipsnews.net |date=24 August 2010 |access-date=12 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010213508/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=52586 |archive-date=10 October 2010}}</ref>

In June 2011, some Gazans, upset that UNRWA did not rebuild their homes that were lost in the Second Intifada, blocked UNRWA from performing its services and shut down UNRWA's summer camps. Gaza residents closed UNRWA's emergency department, social services office and ration stores.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=397614 |title=Gaza families shut down UN summer camps |publisher=Maan News Agency |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513231509/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=397614 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2012, there were five universities in the Gaza Strip and eight new schools were under construction.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/23/world/middleeast/hamas-run-schools-in-gaza-set-out-to-teach-hebrew.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/23/world/middleeast/hamas-run-schools-in-gaza-set-out-to-teach-hebrew.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=Hamas-Run Schools in Gaza Set Out to Teach Hebrew |first=Jodi |last=Rudoren |newspaper=The New York Times |date=22 May 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> By 2018, nine universities were open.

The Community College of Applied Science and Technology (CCAST) was established in 1998 in Gaza City. In 2003, the college moved into its new campus and established the Gaza Polytechnic Institute (GPI) in 2006 in southern Gaza. In 2007, the college received accreditation to award BA degrees as the [[University College of Applied Sciences]] (UCAS). In 2010, the college had a student population of 6,000, in eight departments offering over 40 majors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucas.edu.ps/english/ucasview.aspx?pageid=47 |title=University College of Applied Sciences |publisher=Ucas.edu.ps |access-date=12 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511074016/http://www.ucas.edu.ps/english/ucasview.aspx?pageid=47 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Health===
[[File:View of the hospital from the north.jpg|thumb|The [[Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital]] and the IUG Faculty of Medicine buildings]]
In Gaza, there are hospitals and additional healthcare facilities. Because of the high number of young people the [[mortality rate]] in 2014 was one of the lowest in the world, at 0.315% per year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2066rank.html |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=2014-02-21 |archive-date=28 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228071330/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2066rank.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=October 2025|reason=This information is from 2014 and needs to be updated for current statistics.}} The infant mortality rate is ranked 105th highest out of 224 countries and territories, at 16.55 deaths per 1,000 births.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html |title=Country Comparison: Infant mortality rate |publisher=CIA |access-date=1 June 2016 |archive-date=7 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207062332/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Gaza Strip places 24th out of 135 countries according to [[Human Poverty Index]]. According to the World Health Organization, in 2022 the average life expectancy for males was 72.5 years and 75 years for females, about the same as Egypt, Lebanon or Jordan, but lower than in Israel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guterres |first=António |author-link=António Guterres |date=2023-05-17 |title=Health conditions in the occupied Palestinian territory, including east Jerusalem, and in the occupied Syrian Golan |url=https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA76/A76_15-en.pdf |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref>

A study carried out by [[Johns Hopkins University]] (US) and [[Al-Quds University]] (in [[Abu Dis]]) for [[Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere|CARE International]] in late 2002 revealed very high levels of dietary deficiency among the Palestinian population. The study found that 17.5% of children aged 6–59 months suffered from chronic [[malnutrition]]. 53% of women of reproductive age and 44% of children were found to be [[anemia|anemic]]. Insecurity in obtaining sufficient food as of 2016 affects roughly 70% of Gaza households, as the number of people requiring assistance from UN agencies has risen from 72,000 in 2000, to 800,000 in 2014.<ref>[http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=773119 '200 Gazans injured in separate incidents on first day of Eid al-Adha,'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920020729/http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=773119 |date=20 September 2016}} [[Ma'an News Agency]] 13 September 2016.</ref>
[[File:Cardiff Solidarity for Palestine protest, 25 November 2023 142309 (redacted).jpg|thumb|Photos of healthcare workers in Gaza killed during the [[Gaza war]], 25 November 2023]]
After the Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip health conditions in Gaza Strip faced new challenges. [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) expressed its concerns about the consequences of the Palestinian internal political fragmentation; the socioeconomic decline; military actions; and the physical, psychological and economic isolation on the health of the population in Gaza.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/hac/crises/international/wbgs/sitrep_25sept2007/en/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014080431/http://www.who.int/hac/crises/international/wbgs/sitrep_25sept2007/en/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 October 2007 |title=WHO | WHO statement on the situation in the Gaza Strip |publisher=Who.int |date=25 September 2007 |access-date=1 June 2010}}</ref> In a 2012 study of the occupied territories, the WHO reported that roughly 50% of the young children and infants under two years old and 39.1% of pregnant women receiving antenatal services care in Gaza suffer from iron-deficiency anemia. The organization also observed chronic malnutrition in children under five "is not improving and may be deteriorating."<ref>{{cite book |title=Health conditions in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem and the occupied Syrian Golan |date=11 May 2012 |publisher=World Health Organization |page=2 |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_Report_3973.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806000042/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_Report_3973.pdf |archive-date=2012-08-06 |url-status=live |access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref>

According to Palestinian leaders in the Gaza Strip, the majority of medical aid delivered are "past their expiration date." Mounir el-Barash, the director of donations in Gaza's health department, claims 30% of aid sent to Gaza is used.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=182120 |title=Report: Gaza medical aid is expired |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com |publisher=Jpost.com |access-date=12 December 2010 |archive-date=24 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724010118/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=182120 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2018}}

Gazans who desire medical care in Israeli hospitals must apply for a medical visa permit. In 2007, State of Israel granted 7,176 permits and denied 1,627.<ref>Berg, Raffi. [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7375439.stm Israel's dilemma over sick Gazans] . [[BBC News]], 30 April 2008</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_PSE.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601033156/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_PSE.html |url-status=dead |title=Human Development Reports |archive-date=1 June 2010}}</ref>

In 2012, two hospitals funded by Turkey and Saudi Arabia were under construction.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/26/world/middleeast/in-gaza-even-a-wealthy-man-cannot-silence-the-bombs.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/26/world/middleeast/in-gaza-even-a-wealthy-man-cannot-silence-the-bombs.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=As Bombs Fell in Gaza, a Rich Cactus Lover Could Cultivate Only Patience |first=Jodi |last=Rudoren |newspaper=The New York Times |date=25 November 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

As a result of fighting in Gaza during the [[Gaza war]], many of Gaza's hospitals have sustained serious damage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-06 |title=Six months of war leave Al-Shifa hospital in ruins, WHO mission reports |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/06-04-2024-six-months-of-war-leave-al-shifa-hospital-in-ruins--who-mission-reports |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=[[World Health Organization]] |language=en}}</ref> During the war, a polio vaccination campaign successfully immunized over 187,000 children under ten in central Gaza—exceeding initial targets—with the support of local and international health organizations, amidst humanitarian pauses to ensure coverage across insecure areas.<ref>[https://www.who.int/news/item/04-09-2024-first-phase-of-polio-campaign-concludes-successfully-in-gaza "First phase of polio campaign concludes successfully in Gaza."] ''World Health Organization''. 4 September 2024. 4 November 2024.</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Palestine}}
[[File:مدينة أصداء.jpg|thumb|Gaza amusement park]]
[[File:UNRWA Summer Game July 2010.jpg|thumb|Gaza Summer Games 2010, a children's event organized by the UN Agency for Palestinian Refugees [[UNRWA]]]]

===Art===
The Gaza Strip has been home to a significant branch of the contemporary Palestinian art movement since the mid-20th century. Notable artists include painters Ismail Ashour, Shafiq Redwan, Bashir Senwar, Majed Shalla, Fayez Sersawi, Abdul Rahman al Muzayan and [[Ismail Shammout]], and media artists [[Taysir Batniji]] (who lives in France) and [[Laila Shawa|Laila al Shawa]] (who lives in London). An emerging generation of artists is also active in nonprofit art organizations such as Windows From Gaza and Eltiqa Group, which regularly host exhibitions and events open to the public.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2009/farhat160109.html |title=Maymanah Farhat, "Under the Voices of Fire: Artists in Gaza" |author=Yoshie Furuhashi |work=monthlyreview.org |date=16 January 2009 |access-date=2 August 2014 |archive-date=16 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916104701/http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2009/farhat160109.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Hikaye ===
[[Palestinian hikaye|Hikaye]] is an important aspect of Palestinian women's oral culture and was inscribed by [[UNESCO]] to its list of [[Intangible cultural heritage of Palestine|intangible cultural heritage]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Adam |first1=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8a5EAAAQBAJ&dq=Palestine+hikaye&pg=PA17 |title=Yearbook of Transnational History: (2023) |last2=Stiefel |first2=Barry L. |last3=Peleg |first3=Shelley-Anne |date=2023-04-17 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-68393-379-3 |pages=17–18 |language=en}}</ref> In 1989 some written version of these stories were recorded from Gaza and published alongside many others, in the volume ''[[Speak, Bird, Speak Again|Speak Bird, Speak Again]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-03-05 |title=Hamas school book ban sparks anger |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/hamas-school-book-ban-sparks-anger/article_46351fca-bb83-55ce-abe0-1e1920ecc5de.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Toronto Star |language=en}}</ref>''

===Archaeology===
The [[Gaza Museum of Archaeology]] was established by Jawdat N. Khoudary in 2008.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/25/world/middleeast/25gaza.html Museum Offers Gray Gaza a View of Its Dazzling Past, Ethan Bronner] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628022310/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/25/world/middleeast/25gaza.html |date=28 June 2017}}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 25 July 2008</ref> The [[Al Qarara Cultural Museum]] in [[Khan Yunis]] was destroyed in an explosion as a result of an [[Gaza war|Israeli attack]] in October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=خسائر كبيرة في قطاع الثقافة الفلسطينية جراء العدوان الإسرائيلي على غزة |work=القاهرة 24 |url=https://www.cairo24.com/1885559 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018205004/https://www.cairo24.com/1885559 |archive-date=2023-10-18 |access-date=2023-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=استهداف البشر والحجر والكلمة.. قصص تدمير أشهر المؤسسات الثقافية في غزة – البوابة نيوز |url=https://www.arabianews24.net/a/917847 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018205046/https://www.arabianews24.net/a/917847 |archive-date=2023-10-18 |access-date=2023-11-05}}</ref>

===Archaeological sites and historical buildings===
{{see also|Category:Archaeological sites in the Gaza Strip}}

* [[Al-Moghraqa]], Bronze Age settlement
* [[Al-Shati refugee camp]] digs, including Graeco-Roman port city of [[Anthedon (Palestine)|Anthedon]]. Iron Age rampart, Persian ([[Achaemenid]])-period houses, Hellenistic emporium, Byzantine cemetery.<ref>[https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/living-archaeology-in-gaza/ Living Archaeology in Gaza], 23 Feb 2022, Forensic Architecture, Centre for Research Architecture at Goldsmiths, [[University of London]]. Accessed 6 January 2024.</ref>
* [[Bureij mosaic]], Byzantine period
* [[Church of Saint Porphyrius]], with Crusader-period elements
* [[Gaza synagogue]] (508 CE), at [[Maiuma (city)|Maiuma]]. Mosaic of David playing the lyre now in [[Inn of the Good Samaritan]] Museum.
* [[Great Mosque of Gaza]], Mamluk period with both older and more recent elements
* [[Maiuma (city)#Remains of Maiuma|Maiuma: Remains of Maiuma]] in [[Port of Gaza]], [[Rimal district]]. See [[Gaza synagogue]].
* [[Monastery of Seridus]] known from Byzantine-period sources. Proposed identification with remains in Deir e-Nuse(i)rat.<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Yizhar Hirschfeld|Hirschfeld, Yizhar]] |chapter= The monasteries of Gaza: An archaeological review |pages= 61, 76–77 |editor1= Brouria Bitton-Ashkelony |editor2= Aryeh Kofsky |title= Christian Gaza in Late Antiquity |year=2004 |publisher= Brill |isbn= 9789004138681 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lA9VwVwoyiAC&pg=PA61 |access-date= 12 November 2023}}</ref>
* [[Byzantine Church of Jabalia|Mukheitim]] site in [[Jabaliya]]: fifth-century Byzantine monastic church, mosaic floor restored in 2022<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/restored-5th-century-byzantine-church-reopens-in-gaza/ Restored 5th-century Byzantine church reopens in Gaza: Mosaics depicting animals, hunting scenes, palm trees adorn floor; Hamas says project shows it's 'embracing its Christian brothers'], AFP, 25 January 2022. Accessed 6 January 2024.</ref>
* [[Qasr al-Basha]], Mamluk-period palace
* [[Saint Hilarion Monastery]]: see Tell Umm el-'Amr
* [[Tell el-Ajjul]], Bronze Age tell
* [[Tell es-Sakan]], site of two Early Bronze Age settlements including a port on now silted-up arm of Wadi Ghazzeh. Bulldozed in 2017.
* [[Tell Umm el-'Amr]], archaeological site in [[Nuseirat refugee camp]]. Byzantine-period monastic remains, including [[Saint Hilarion Monastery]].

===Archaeology collections===
* [[Al Mat'haf]] Museum in Al Mat'haf Hotel. Bronze Age to 20th-century artifacts.

===Television and radio===
In 2004, most Gaza households had a radio and a TV (70%+), and approximately 20% had a [[personal computer]]. People living in Gaza have access to [[Free-to-air|FTA]] satellite programs, broadcast TV from the [[Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation]], the [[Israel Broadcasting Authority]], and the [[Second Israeli Broadcasting Authority]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://docs.google.com/gview?a=v&q=cache%3A8bx1UFVnnI8J%3Awww.ijma3.org%2FAdmin%2FAdditionals%2Fsurvey_english.pdf+computer+ownership+in+Gaza+strip&hl=en&gl=nz&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShNVU9JU2TtRYX8XwHEJMjSdJUbW-w9MjDDA9B3XQS43AcovZ99O1Uk8-_ELbPVgq1zHazQyYf_zTQWvBUo-JMZCJ7kCigKF2SwRDHFHOtp8clfUynWkmrZc1x9RdVmCwvNpw7C&sig=AFQjCNGCO4cyOx0BC9fsbJiwLVf4fJXXMQ |title=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics – 2004 Survey of Computer, Internet and Mobile Phone Ownership |access-date=1 June 2010 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511190346/http://docs.google.com/gview?a=v&q=cache%3A8bx1UFVnnI8J%3Awww.ijma3.org%2FAdmin%2FAdditionals%2Fsurvey_english.pdf+computer+ownership+in+Gaza+strip&hl=en&gl=nz&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShNVU9JU2TtRYX8XwHEJMjSdJUbW-w9MjDDA9B3XQS43AcovZ99O1Uk8-_ELbPVgq1zHazQyYf_zTQWvBUo-JMZCJ7kCigKF2SwRDHFHOtp8clfUynWkmrZc1x9RdVmCwvNpw7C&sig=AFQjCNGCO4cyOx0BC9fsbJiwLVf4fJXXMQ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Sports===
{{See also|PK Gaza (Gaza Parkour)}}
In 2010, Gaza inaugurated its first [[Olympic-size swimming pool]] at the [[As-Sadaka]] club. The opening ceremony was held by the Islamic Society.<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=285242 Gaza opens first Olympic-size swimming pool] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113101036/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=285242 |date=13 November 2012}}, 18 May 2010, Ma'an News Agency.</ref> The swimming team of as-Sadaka holds several gold and silver medals from Palestinian swimming competitions.<ref name="sadaka">[http://www.alsadaka.ps/index.php/archives/604 السباحة صالة الالعاب الرياضية والساونا في النادي] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511202713/http://www.alsadaka.ps/index.php/archives/604 |date=11 May 2011}}, as-Sadaka Athletics Club</ref>

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Gaza genocide}}
* {{annotated link|Israeli-occupied territories}}
* [[Palestinian territories]]
* {{annotated link|West Bank}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Bregman |first=Ahron
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xtKuTB_SlwcC
|title=Israel's wars: a history since 1947
|date=2002
|publisher=[[Routledge]]
|isbn=978-0-415-28715-9
|edition=2nd
|location=London; New York
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102101205/https://books.google.com/books?id=xtKuTB_SlwcC
|archive-date=2 November 2022
|url-status=live
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1=Cobham |first1=David P.
|last2=Kanafani |first2=Noman
|editor-last=Cobham |editor-first=David P.
|editor-last2=Kanafani |editor-first2=Noman
|title=The economics of Palestine: economic policy and institutional reform for a viable Palestinian state
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sR6AAgAAQBAJ
|publisher=[[Routledge]]
|year=2004
|isbn=978-0-415-32761-9
|edition=Illustrated
|series=Routledge studies in development economics
|location=London; New York
|oclc=ocm55131465
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Filiu |first=Jean-Pierre |author-link=Jean-Pierre Filiu
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_hzBAAAQBAJ
|title=Gaza: A History
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
|year=2014
|isbn=978-0-190-20191-3
|access-date=2 November 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228175337/https://books.google.com/books?id=l_hzBAAAQBAJ
|archive-date=28 February 2023
|url-status=live
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Seib |first=Philip
|editor-last=Seib |editor-first=Philip
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RPIAAAAQBAJ
|title=Al Jazeera English: global news in a changing world
|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]
|year=2012
|isbn=978-0-230-34020-6
|series=Palgrave Macmillan series in international political communication
|location=New York, NY
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Byman |first=Daniel
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYppAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114
|title=A high price: the triumphs and failures of Israeli counterterrorism
|date=2011
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
|isbn=978-0-19-539182-4
|location=New York
|pages=114–
|access-date=29 October 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118095443/https://books.google.com/books?id=mYppAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114
|archive-date=18 November 2021
|url-status=live
}}
* {{Cite journal
|last=Pressman |first=Jeremy
|date=2003
|title=The Second Intifada: Background and Causes of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
|url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/220/378
|url-status=live
|journal=Journal of Conflict Studies
|volume=23 |issue=2
|issn=1715-5673
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101133442/https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/JCS/article/view/220
|archive-date=1 November 2020
|access-date=29 October 2020
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Varble |first=Derek
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5qHCwAAQBAJ
|title=The Suez crisis, 1956
|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]
|year=2003
|isbn=978-1-84176-418-4
|series=Essential histories
|location=Oxford
}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=yes}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160424091544/http://atlas.pcbs.gov.ps/atlas/default.asp Statistical Atlas of Palestine] at the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (archived 24 April 2016)
* {{Cite web |title=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – occupied Palestinian territory |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/node/10572 |language=en |access-date=14 November 2022 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228174724/https://www.ochaopt.org/ |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |last=Salam |first=Yasmine |date=9 October 2023 |title=Gaza Strip explained: Who controls it and what to know |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/gaza-strip-controls-s-know-rcna119405 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gaza-strip/ Gaza Strip]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/palestinian-territories/ Palestinian Territories] at the [[United States Department of State]].
* [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Gaza+Strip/@31.4102912,34.2761441,11z Gaza Strip at Google Maps]

{{Palestine topics}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Geography
| list =
{{whole Gaza Strip}}
{{Universities in Palestine| state = collapsed}}
{{Middle East topic| History of}}
{{Asia in topic |Geography of}}
{{Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea}}
{{Countries of Asia}}
{{Middle East}}
}}
{{Portal bar|Palestine|Geography|Asia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gaza Strip| ]]
[[Category:Palestine|Gaza Strip]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1948]]
[[Category:Israeli-occupied territories]]
[[Category:Enclaves and exclaves]]

Cross-border railway lines in India

2026-03-18T16:32:50Z

DemetriaMunro: put up first entry v1!

{{short description|none}}
[[Indian Railways]] jointly operates passenger and freight services with its [[Borders of India|neighboring countries]] to connect the [[Rail transport in India|railway network in India]]. Railway line construction, maintenance, border check point management is also carried out with partner railway agencies and other government agencies. Some of the railway lines & services are operational while some are non-operational or in proposal or planning stages.

==India-Afghanistan==
{{see also | International North–South Transport Corridor }}

While India officially considers Afghanistan a "contiguous neighbor" due to its claim over [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] (bordering the 106 km [[Wakhan Corridor]]), this territory is currently under [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|disputed Pakistani administration]], presently making a direct physical link impossible for India to build or operate.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roche |first=Elizabeth |date=2024-05-14 |title=Why the Chabahar port deal is a strategic win for India |work=Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/infrastructure/mint-explainer-why-iran-s-chabahar-port-is-vital-to-indias-strategic-and-commercial-interests-11715666084087.html|access-date=2026-03-19}}</ref> There is no active or proposed railway line connecting India directly to Afghanistan through the Wakhan Corridor. Instead, India’s rail connectivity strategy for Afghanistan focuses on the following multilateral transit routes that bypass Pakistan, primarily through Iran and Central Asia.

* '''[[Chabahar–Zahedan_railway#Expansion_plans|Chabahar–Zahedan–Zaranj line]]''': This serves as India's primary strategic alternative to the land route through Pakistan. India initially partnered with Iran to construct a 628 km rail line from [[Chabahar Port]] to Zahedan near the Afghan border. Following geopolitical and funding delays, Iran proceeded with independent construction; as of early 2025, the project was reported to be approximately 84% complete.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-25 |title=Chabahar-Zahedan railway project surpasses 84% progress |work=Tehran Times |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/519522/Chabahar-Zahedan-railway-project-surpasses-84-progress |access-date=2026-03-19}}</ref>

* '''[[Uzbekistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan Railway Project|Trans-Afghan Railway]]''': A proposed corridor connecting [[Termez]] (Uzbekistan) to [[Peshawar]] (Pakistan) via [[Kabul]]. While India is not a primary lead, Uzbekistan has invited Indian participation to facilitate trade access to Central Asian markets.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-21 |title=Uzbekistan, Pakistan and Afghanistan Sign Agreement on Trans-Afghan Railway |work=The Astana Times |url=https://astanatimes.com/2025/07/uzbekistan-pakistan-and-afghanistan-sign-agreement-on-trans-afghan-railway/ |access-date=2026-03-19}}</ref>

* '''[[Five Nations Railway Corridor|Khaf–Herat line]]''': This operational 225 km line connects the Iranian rail network to [[Herat]] in western Afghanistan. In February 2025, India successfully completed its first rail transit of commercial cargo to Afghanistan using this corridor via the Iranian network.<ref>{{Cite news |title=First Indian cargo shipment reaches Herat via Khaf-Herat railway |work=Iran Front Page |date=2025-02-12 |url=https://ifpnews.com/first-indian-rail-transit-shipment-afghanistan-iranian-territory|access-date=2026-03-19}}</ref>

== India–Bangladesh ==
{{see also | Bangladesh Railway| l1=Rail transport in Bhutan }}

Following table lists current, historical and future routes, passenger train services and freight services:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Crossing Point (India)
!Crossing Point (Bangladesh)
!Status
!Current train services
!Historical train services
!Ref
|-
|[[Gede railway station|Gede]], [[West Bengal]]
|[[Darshana railway station|Darshana]]
|Active
|[[Maitree Express]] and [[freight trains]]
|[[East Bengal Express]], [[East Bengal Mail]]
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Starting of freight trains via restored Haldibari (India) – Chilahati (Bangladesh) rail link |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1741647 |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[Petrapole railway station|Petrapole]], [[West Bengal]]
|[[Benapole railway station|Benapole]]
|Active
|[[Bandhan Express]] and [[freight trains]]
|[[Barisal Express]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Singhabad railway station|Singhabad]], [[West Bengal]]
|[[Rohanpur railway station|Rohanpur]]
|Active
|[[Freight trains|Freight trains only]]
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Radhikapur railway station|Radhikapur]], [[West Bengal]]
|[[Biral railway station|Biral]]
|Active
|[[Freight trains|Freight trains only]]
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Haldibari railway station|Haldibari]], [[West Bengal]]
|[[Chilahati railway station|Chilahati]]
|Active
|[[Mitali Express]]
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Changrabandha railway station|Changrabandha]], [[West Bengal]]
|[[Burimari railway station|Burimari]]
|Inactive
|
|
|
|-
|[[Karimganj Junction railway station|Karimganj]], [[Assam]]
|[[Kulaura Junction railway station|Kulaura]]
|Planned
|
|
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Assam as India's Gateway to ASEAN |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/684951/assam-india-gateway-asean.pdf |website=Asian Development Bank}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mahisasan railway station|Mahisasan]], [[Assam]]
|[[Shahbazpur, Brahmanbaria|Shahabaz Pur]]
|Being restored
|
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Agartala railway station|Agartala]], [[Tripura]]
|[[Akhaura Junction railway station|Akhaura]]
|Active
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rail Links with Bangladesh |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=101547 |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[Belonia, India|Belonia]], [[Tripura]]
|[[Feni, Bangladesh|Feni]]
|Under construction
|
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|}

== India–Bhutan ==
{{see also | Rail transport in Bhutan }}

Two rail routes have been planned:<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Proposed Route
!Details
|-
|[[Rangiya Junction railway station|Rangiya]]-[[Darrang district|Darrang]]-[[Samdrup Jongkhar]]
|The total route length of 48 km is estimated to cost INR 9,010 million. The survey was completed in 2007-08 and the cost was updated in 2013–14
|-
|[[Kokrajhar railway station|Kokrajhar]]-[[Gelephu]]
|The total route length of 58 km is estimated to cost INR 5,540 million. The survey was completed in 2007-08 and the cost was updated in 2013–14
|}

==India-China==
{{see also | India–China border infrastructure | India–China Border Roads }}

; Kunming-Kolkata line ([[BCIM Economic Corridor]]): The most frequently discussed proposal is a high-speed link between Kunming (China) and Kolkata (India) as part of the Bangladesh, China, India and Myanmar Economic Corridor (BCIM) which is a proposed road, rail, water and air link connecting India and China through Myanmar.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/china-seeks-high-speed-rail-link-between-kunming-and-kolkata-to-revive-ancient-silk-route/articleshow/47704712.cms China seeks high-speed rail link between Kunming and Kolkata to revive ancient silk route], economictimes.indiatimes.com, 17 Jun2 2015.</ref> There is no proposal for a direct cross-border railway line between India and China due to long-standing border disputes and seurity concerns.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=K. |date=2023-02-15 |title=How government is ramping up the Border Infrastructure|work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-how-is-govt-ramping-up-border-infrastructure/article66498281.ece|access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Instead, both nations are rapidly constructing [[India–China border infrastructure|extensive "strategic" rail networks on their respective sides]] of the [[Line of Actual Control]].<ref>[https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/2026/INDIAN%20RAILWAYS%20ANNUAL%20REPORT%20%20ACCOUNTS%2C%202024-25%20(ENGLISH)%20(1).pdf Strategic Rail Link Projects in Border Areas: Annual Progress Report 2024-25], Ministry of Railways, |access-date=2025-05-15}</ref>

== India–Myanmar ==
{{see also | Rail transport in Myanmar }}

; Jiribam-Moreh-Tamu line: [[Moreh, India|Moreh]], [[Manipur]], [[India]] – [[Tamu, Myanmar|Tamu]], [[Myanmar]] route is often considered as part of Trans-Asian rail connectivity. Currently India is building the [[Jiribam railway station|Jiribam]]–[[Imphal railway station|Imphal]]–[[Moreh, India|Moreh]] railway line.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Pradyot Kumar |title=Trans-Asian rail connectivity: South Asian perspective |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/columnists/trans-asian-rail-connectivity--south-asian-perspective.html |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

; Aizawl-Zorinpui line to connect [[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project]]: This line is under planning.<ref>[https://www.morungexpress.com/mizoram-rail-expansion-to-link-with-kaladan-project-boosting-northeast-connectivity-guv Mizoram rail expansion to link with Kaladan project, boosting Northeast connectivity: Guv], morungexpress.com, 17 March 2026.</ref>

== India–Nepal ==
{{see also | Department of Railways (Nepal) | l1= Rail transport in Nepal }}

[[Jaynagar–Bardibas railway line]] is a semi-operational line between India and Nepal. [[Diesel multiple unit|DEMU]] passenger service is operation on this route.

Following table lists current and future routes:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Starting Point (India)
!Ending Point (Nepal)
!Status
!Details
!Ref
|-
|[[Gede railway station|Jaynagar]]
|[[Raxaul–Kathmandu railway line|Bardibas]]
|Active
|Currently active till [[Kurtha]], [[Janakpur]], planned extension till [[Bardibas]] in Nepal
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deuba, Modi flag off Kurtha-Jayanagar railway from Delhi |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/04/02/deuba-modi-flag-off-kurtha-jayanagar-railway-from-delhi |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2022 |title=India- Nepal railway service: The projects, route, cost in 10 points |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-nepal-railway-service-the-projects-route-cost-in-10-points/articleshow/90585302.cms |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Raxaul–Kathmandu railway line|Raxaul]]
|[[Birgunj|Kathmandu]]
|Under Survey
|Crossing point [[Birgunj]] in Nepal
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal, India sign accord on Kathmandu-Raxaul railway |url=https://kathmandupost.com/money/2021/10/07/nepal-india-sign-accord-on-kathmandu-raxaul-railway |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>
|-
|[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri, West Bengal]]
|[[Kakarbhitta]]
|Planned
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=India And Nepal To Speed Up Raxaul-Kathmandu Rail Project |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-and-nepal-to-speed-up-raxaul-kathmandu-rail-project-1881617 |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-09 |title=India-Nepal to Get Closer, Thanks to New Railway Link and Inland Waterways! |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/137158/india-nepal-improve-rail-connectivity-smooth-transit/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jogbani]]
|[[Biratnagar]]
|Under Construction
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biratnagar-Bathnah freight train to come into operational within two weeks |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/129586/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Narendra |date=2021-04-08 |title=IRCON invites tender for civil works at Biratnagar Station on Jogbani (India) to Biratnagar (Nepal) Railway Line |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/ircon-invites-tender-for-civil-works-at-biratnagar-station-on-jogbani-india-to-biratnagar-nepal-railway-line/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nautanwa]]
|[[Siddharthanagar|Bhairhawa]]
|Planned
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=गोरखपुर से नेपाल जाना होगा आसान, सोनौली-भैरहवा रेल लाइन को मिली मंजूरी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/government-agrees-for-maharajganj-to-nepal-railway-route-nautanwa-sonauli |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rupaidiha|Nepalgunj road, Rupaidiha]]
|[[Nepalgunj]]
|Planned
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-29 |title=Strengthening Indo-Nepal trade ties with improved connectivity |url=https://theprint.in/world/strengthening-indo-nepal-trade-ties-with-improved-connectivity/893991/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== India–Pakistan ==
{{see also | Pakistan Railways| l1= Rail transport in Pakistan }}

Currently two rail routes exits between India and Pakistan. However the passenger train services are cancelled until further orders. Details below:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Crossing Point (India)
!Crossing Point (Pakistan)
!Status
!Current train services
|-
|[[Atari Shyam Singh railway station]]
|[[Wagah railway station]]
|Inactive
|[[Samjhauta Express]]
|-
|[[Munabao railway station]]
|[[Zero Point railway station]]
|Inactive
|[[Thar Express]]
|}

== India–Sri Lanka ==
{{see also | Sri Lanka Railways | l1= Rail transport in Sri Lanka }}

[[Boat Mail]] was a passenger train service between India and Sri Lanka. However, the train currently runs till [[Rameswaram]] in [[India]]

== See also ==

* [[Rail transport in India]]
** [[Future of rail transport in India]]
** [[List of railway lines in India]]
** [[North Eastern Railway Connectivity Project]] in India

* [[Greater India]]
** [[Borders of India]]
** [[Exclusive economic zone of India]]
** [[Indianisation]]

== References ==
{{reflist|group=rail-note}}

[[Category:Indian Railways]]
[[Category:International railway lines in Asia]]
[[Category:International railway lines by country|India]]

List of awards and nominations received by Vijay

2026-03-16T19:10:47Z

DemetriaMunro: cleanup

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox awards list
| title = Vijay awards and nominations
| total_width = 250
| image = File:Tamil Film actor Vijay Celebrating World Environment Day at the U.S. Consulate Chennai 19 (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Vijay in 2013
| wins = 35
| nominations = 36
| awards = {{Custom award|'''Honours'''|2|2}}
{{Custom award|'''[[National Film Awards UK]]'''|0|1}}
{{Custom award|'''[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]'''|3|3}}
{{Custom award|'''[[Vijay Awards]]'''|8|8}}
{{Custom award|'''[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]'''|1|1}}
{{Custom award|'''[[Techofes|Techofes Awards]]'''|4|4}}
{{Custom award|'''[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]'''|6|6}}
{{Custom award|'''[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]'''|2|2}}
{{Custom award|'''[[Asianet Film Awards]]'''|1|1}}
{{Custom award|'''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan Awards]]'''|1|1}}
{{Custom award|'''[[Dinakaran|Dinakaran Awards]]'''|1|1}}
{{Custom award|'''[[Madras Club|Madras Club Awards]]'''|1|1}}
{{Custom award|'''[[Kumudam|Kumudam Awards]]'''|1|1}}
{{Custom award|'''[[Mathrubhumi |Mathrubhumi Film Awards]]'''|1|1}}
{{Custom award|'''[[Zee Cine Awards|Zee Cine Awards Tamil]]'''|1|1}}
{{Custom award|'''Others'''|2|2}}
}}

[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] is an Indian actor and singer who works in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web | title=Actor Vijay Award List - ilayathalapathy vijay full awards compilation video for his fans - must watch | website=Ghostarchive | date=Oct 11, 2017 | url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/5RET9TGZVLw | access-date=Jan 24, 2022}}</ref>

==Honours==
* [[Kalaimaamani]] (1998)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Honorary degree|Honorary Doctorate]] (2007)<ref name=":0" />

== [[National Film Awards UK]] ==
{{awards table}}
|-
|2018
|''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]''
|Best Supporting Actor
|{{nominated}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Nominations for 2018 National Film Awards UK announced |url=https://www.nationalfilmawards.org/nominations-for-2018-national-film-awards-uk-announced/|date=15 January 2018|work=National Film Awards UK|access-date=30 December 2025|language=en}}</ref>
{{end}}

==[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]==
{{awards table}}
|-
|1997
|''[[Kadhalukku Mariyadhai]]''
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|{{Won}}<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2000
|''[[Thullatha Manamum Thullum]]''
|MGR Award
|{{Won}}<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2005
|''[[Thirupaachi]]''
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Best Actor (Special Prize)]]
|{{won}}<ref name=":0" />
{{end}}

==[[Vijay Awards]]==
{{awards table}}
|-
|2006
|
|Superstar of Tomorrow
|{{won}}<ref name=superstar>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/a-starstudded-awards-ceremony/article3039011.ece|title=A star-studded awards ceremony|date=2006-12-26|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220124143612/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/a-starstudded-awards-ceremony/article3039011.ece|archive-date=24 January 2022|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|''[[Pokkiri]]'' / ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]''
|[[Vijay Award for Entertainer of the Year|Entertainer of the Year]]
|{{won}}<ref name=superstar />
|-
|2009
|''[[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)|Vettaikaaran]]''
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Hero|Favourite Hero]]
|{{won}}<ref name=":0"/>
|-
|rowspan=2 |2012
|''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'' / ''[[Thuppakki]]''
|[[Vijay Award for Entertainer of the Year|Entertainer of the Year]]
|{{won}}<ref name=":0"/>
|-
|''[[Thuppakki]]''
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Hero|Favourite Hero]]
|{{won}}<ref name=":0"/>
|-
|2013
|''[[Thalaivaa]]''
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Hero|Favourite Hero]]
|{{won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/tv/8th-Annual-Vijay-Awards-a-grand-success/articleshow/37960678.cms|title=8th Annual Vijay Awards a grand success|work=The Times of India|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220124144316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/8th-annual-vijay-awards-a-grand-success/articleshow/37960678.cms|archive-date=24 January 2022|access-date=2018-01-11|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Jilla]]'' / ''[[Kaththi]]''
|[[Vijay Award for Entertainer of the Year|Entertainer of the Year]]
|{{won}}{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
|-
|2018
| ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]''
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Hero|Favourite Hero]]
|{{won}}{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
|-
{{end}}

==[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]==
{{awards table}}
|-
|2016
|''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]''
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Entertainer]]
|{{won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-awards-2017-mohanlal-wins-best-actor-vijay-entertainer-1021933-2017-07-02|title=SIIMA Awards Vijay bags Best Entertainer|access-date=2017-12-21|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220124142656/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-awards-2017-mohanlal-wins-best-actor-vijay-entertainer-1021933-2017-07-02|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{end}}

==[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]==
{{awards table}}
|-
|rowspan=2 |2011
|rowspan=2 |''[[Velayudham]]''
|Best Actor
|{{Won}}<ref name=award>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kollyinsider.com/2012/02/best-actor-award-for-vijay.html|title=Best Actor award for Vijay|website=www.kollyinsider.com|date=14 February 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220124141043/https://www.kollyinsider.com/2012/02/best-actor-award-for-vijay.html|archive-date=24 January 2022|access-date=2017-12-21|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Super Star Award
|{{Won}}<ref name=award />
|-
|2016
|''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]''
|Mass Hero
|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/10th-edison-awards-2016-rajinikanth-simbu-sivakarthikeyans-films-win-big-here-complete-719224|title=10th Anniversary Edison Award winners list|date=2017-11-03|work=IB times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en|archive-date=18 May 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170518091435/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/10th-edison-awards-2016-rajinikanth-simbu-sivakarthikeyans-films-win-big-here-complete-719224|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]''
|Mass Hero
|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite web | title=Thalapathy Vijay wins "Mass Hero of the year for Mersal" in Edison Awards | website=IB Times | date=26 February 2018 | url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/11th-edison-awards-vijays-mersal-wins-big-complete-winners-list-2017-761866 | access-date=May 9, 2021 | archive-date=24 January 2022 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20220124142251/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/11th-edison-awards-vijays-mersal-wins-big-complete-winners-list-2017-761866 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 |2023
| rowspan=2 |''[[Beast (2022 Indian film)|Beast]]''
| Mass Hero of the Year
| {{Won}}<ref>{{Cite episode |title=15th Edison Awards |series=Edison Awards |network=[[Kalaignar TV]] |date=9 April 2023 |location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Playback Singer – Male ("[[Jolly O Gymkhana]]")
| {{won}}
{{end}}

==[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]==
{{awards table}}
|-
|2012
|''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'' / ''[[Thuppakki]]''
|Best Actor
|{{WON}}<ref name="TamilMDb">{{cite web | title=Vijay wins vikadan awards for both Nanban and Thuppakki | website=TamilMDb | url=https://www.tamilmdb.com/index.php/crew/3807/vijay | access-date=May 9, 2021 | archive-date=24 January 2022 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20220124135914/https://www.tamilmdb.com/index.php/crew/3807/vijay | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]''
|Best Actor
|{{WON}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsfolo.com/entertainment/thalapathy-vijay-wins-best-actor-vikatan-awards/134897/|title=Vijay Grabs Vikatan Award As Best Actor For Mersal|date=10 January 2018|publisher=newsfolo|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220124135614/https://www.newsfolo.com/entertainment/thalapathy-vijay-wins-best-actor-vikatan-awards/134897/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
{{end}}

==[[Asianet Film Awards#Special awards|Asianet Film Awards]]==
{{awards table}}
|-
|2010
|[[Asianet Film Awards#Special awards|Special Award]]
|[[Asianet Film Awards#Special awards|Most Popular Tamil Actor]]
|{{WON}}<ref name=":0" />
|-
{{end}}

==[[Techofes#Techofes Awards|Techofes Awards]]==
{{awards table}}
|-
|2012
|''[[Thuppakki]]''
|Best Actor
|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/actorvijay/status/305946047010725888|title=Vijay wins best actor for Thuppakki in techofes|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220124135106/https://twitter.com/actorvijay/status/305946047010725888|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|-
|2013
|''[[Thalaivaa]]''
|Favourite Actor
|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/paradesi-sweeps-techofes14-awards-news-tamil-ocojNigaeagsi.html|title=Vijay wins favorite actor award for Thalaivaa in Techofes'14 Awards|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220124134335/https://www.sify.com/movies/paradesi-sweeps-techofes14-awards-news-tamil-ocojNigaeagsi.html|archive-date=24 January 2022|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=11 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2 |2017
|rowspan=2 |''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]''
|Favourite Actor
|{{Won}}<ref name=tech />
|-
|Best Entertainer
|{{Won}}<ref name=tech>{{cite tweet |author=Ragu |user=Ragunanthen1992 |number=1235124996458115072 |date=4 March 2020 |title=#Techofes Awards Fav Actor, Best Entertainer #Vijay Fav Film #Mersal Fav Dir #Atlee Best Villain #SJSuryah Best Find of d Year #Gkvishnu Best Lyricist @Lyricist_Vivek Best Choreography @shobimaster Best Art Dir #TMuthuraj Best Singer(F) #PoojaAV Best Singer(M) #Sathyaprakash https://t.co/SPp2KaRNBk |language=en |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511010603/https://twitter.com/ragunanthen1992/status/1235124996458115072 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
{{end}}

==[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan Awards]]==
{{awards table}}
|-
|2012
|''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'' / ''[[Thuppakki]]''
|Cosmopolitan People Choice Award for Best Actor
|{{WON}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vijay-honoured-for-Nanban-and-Thuppakki/articleshow/18381078.cms|title=Vijay honoured for Nanban and Thuppakki|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170917055231/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vijay-honoured-for-Nanban-and-Thuppakki/articleshow/18381078.cms|archive-date=17 September 2017|website=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=|access-date=11 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
{{end}}

==[[Kumudam|Kumudam Awards]]==
{{awards table}}
|-
|2014
|Special Award
|People Choice Superstar Award
|{{WON}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlykollywood.com/vijay-next-super-star-kumudham-survey-poll-results/|title='Vijay awarded as the next superstar', Kumudham|date=18 June 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220124133332/https://www.onlykollywood.com/vijay-next-super-star-kumudham-survey-poll-results/|archive-date=24 January 2022|publisher=kumudam|access-date=15 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
{{end}}

==[[Dinakaran|Dinakaran Awards]]==
{{awards table}}
|-
|2004
|''[[Ghilli]]''
|Best Actor
|{{WON}}<ref name="filmibeat.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/ghilli/awards.html|title=Ghilli Awards & Nominations, National Awards, Filmfare Awards South, Vijay TV Award, Cine Best|website=FilmiBeat|access-date=19 January 2019|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220124125444/https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/ghilli/awards.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
{{end}}

==[[Madras Club|Madras Club Awards]]==
{{awards table}}
|-
|2004
|''[[Ghilli]]''
|Best Actor
|{{WON}}<ref name="filmibeat.com"/>
|-
{{end}}

==[[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Film Awards]]==
{{awards table}}
|-
|2007
|''[[Pokkiri]]''
|Best Tamil Actor
|{{WON}}<ref name=":0" />
|-
{{end}}

==[[Cinema Express Awards]]==
{{awards table}}
|-
|1992
|''[[Naalaiya Theerpu]]''
|New Face
|{{WON}}<ref name=":0" />
{{end}}

==Variety Film Awards==
{{awards table}}
|-
|2011
|''[[Kaavalan]]'' / ''[[Velayudham]]''
|Hero of the Year
|{{WON}}<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=sekartweets |number=280647172221984768 |title=Instead of #vijay shoba chandrasekar received hero the year (kaavalan-velayudham)award in variety film awards 2012 that happened yesterday|archive-date= 24 January 2022|archive-url= https://archive.today/20220124131700/https://twitter.com/sekartweets/status/280647172221984768|url-status= live}}</ref>
{{end}}

==[[Zee Cine Awards]]==
{{awards table}}
|-
|2020
|''[[Bigil]]''
|Favourite Hero
|{{WON}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/mdRQod74W-0| title= Zee Cine Awards Tamil 2020 Vijay Got Favorite Hero Award For Bigil |website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
{{end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor|Vijay]]
[[Category:Vijay (actor)|Awards]]

Girangaon

2026-03-07T13:27:54Z

DemetriaMunro: put up the details more to come

{{short description|Area in Mumbai, India}}
{{Distinguish|Girgaon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
[[File:India United Mill 1.jpg|thumb|India United Mill, Parel – one of the larger mills, and also one of the few to be owned by the government]]
'''Girangaon''' (literally "mill village") was a name of an area now part of central [[Mumbai]], [[India]], which at one time had almost 130 [[textile mill]]s, with the majority being [[cotton mill]]s. The mills of Girangaon contributed significantly to the prosperity and growth of Mumbai during the later nineteenth century and for the transformation of Mumbai into a major industrial metropolis.<ref>Chandavarkar (1994) p. 239</ref> Girangaon covered an area of {{convert|600|acre|km2|1}}, not including the workers' housing. The mill workers lived in a community, and they fostered a unique culture which shaped Mumbai at the turn of the twentieth century. This textile industry flourished until the early 2000s after which most of the mills were shut down, as the owners deemed them unprofitable and declared they were incapable of paying their workers' wages.<ref>D'Monte (2006) p. 95</ref><ref name="mess">{{cite news|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=119432|title=THE MILL MESS-II|last=Mehta|first=Rajshri|author2=Chitrangada Choudhury|date=1 March 2005|publisher=Indian Express|access-date=2009-04-14}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Origins ==
[[File:Cotton green mill mumbai.jpg|thumb|left|Cotton green mills, c. 1910 in front of the [[Taj Mahal Palace & Tower|Taj Mahal Hotel]], Colaba]]
The [[Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company]] was the first cotton mill to be set up in Tardeo, Mumbai, in 1856.<ref name="will">{{cite book|last=Chaloner|first=William Henry |author2=D. A. Farnie |author3=William Otto Henderson |title=Industry and innovation|publisher=Routledge|location=1990|pages=113|isbn=0-7146-3335-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqXjvZoUidkC&dq=Bombay+Spinning+and+Weaving+Company&pg=PA113|access-date=2009-04-09|year=1989}}</ref> A boom in the textile industry followed, with 10 cotton mills set up in Mumbai by 1865, employing over 6,500 workers. A gradual increase led to a total of 136 mills being set up by 1900. The textile industry was offered added government incentives in the form of long-term leases (some of 999 years), as mills stimulated the economic growth and employment.<ref>D'Monte (2006) p. 78</ref>

These mills were owned by former traders like the [[Tata Group|Tatas]], Petits, Wadias, Currimbhoys, Thakerseys, Sassoons, Khataus, Goculdas, Cottons, and Greaves. Most of the mill workers came from areas around Mumbai - [[Kolis]] were particularly represented. The mill owners housed their workers in [[chawl]]s built in the areas of [[Tardeo]], [[Byculla]], [[Mazgaon]], [[Reay Road]], [[Lalbaug]], [[Parel]], [[Naigaum]], [[Sewri]], [[Worli]] and [[Prabhadevi]]. These areas gradually came to be known collectively as Girangaon (literally "the village of mills").<ref>D'Monte (2006) p. 79</ref>{{clear}}

==Life in Girangaon==
[[File:Madhusudan mills parel.jpg|thumb|Abandoned machinery at Madhusudan mills, Lower Parel]]
Both men and women worked in the mills. They would start working there at a young age (some as young as 16),<ref>NDTV TV segment</ref> and worked 12 hours a day (from sunrise to sunset) until the passing of the [[Factories Act 1847]] restricted the working day to 10 hours.<ref>D'Monte (2006) p. 84</ref> When the [[Great Bombay Textile Strike]] was declared in 1982 by [[Datta Samant]], there were an estimated 240,000 workers in Girangaon.<ref name="c">{{cite journal|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1808/18081030.htm|title=A raw deal and desperation|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|first=Praveen|last=Swami|author-link=Praveen Swami|access-date=5 July 2018|volume=18|issue=8|date=14–27 April 2001|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531055708/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1808/18081030.htm|archive-date=2010-05-31}}</ref>

90% of the population who worked at the mills lived within a 15-minute walking distance of them. Most of the buildings were [[chawl]]s; a survey conducted in Parel in 1921 determined that 27% of the population in Parel lived in rooms with six or more people.<ref>Chadavarkar , (1998) p. 103</ref> These chawls were built by both the government and the mill owners, but neither paid much attention to the quality of the housing. In 1929, one chawl in Dadar was described as being a "dark, unwholesome den into which the light of day does not penetrate and which of necessity breeds disease and pestilence."<ref name="D'Monte 2006 p. 82">D'Monte (2006) p. 82</ref> Often the rooms did not have adequate ventilation,<ref name="D'Monte 2006 p. 82"/> and the lack of lavatory and washing facilities distressed the women in particular.<ref name="Chadavarkar , 1998 p. 180">Chadavarkar , (1998) p. 180</ref> The windows were kept closed to keep out the stench of the gutters and to keep dirty water from flowing into the house during the [[monsoon]] season.<ref name="Chadavarkar , 1998 p. 180"/>
[[File:Kaka tells story.jpg|thumb|left|Scene from a popular 2007 play "Cotton 56 Polyester 84" by [[Sunil Shanbag]] about life in Girangaon]]

Due to this overcrowding, the distinction between home and street was blurred; Girangaon residents spent more of their time on the street than in the home.<ref>Chadavarkar , (1998) p. 170</ref> There was great participation in communal festivals like [[Moharram]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] and [[Gokulashtami]]. Local shop keepers and mill owners were often coerced into contributing to such festivals, and adjoining localities competed with each other in the grandness of their contributions.<ref>Chadavarkar , (1998) p. 172</ref> The local liquor shop or gymnasium was a common meeting place. The workers of Girangaon patronized arts like poetry, theatre and dance ([[tamasha]]).<ref name="dna" /> Several notable actors first found fame here.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}

== Peak and decline ==
At their peak in 1980, the mills employed 300,000 workers.<ref name="rediff">[http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/18sld3.htm "The Great Mumbai Textile Strike... 25 Years On"]. Rediff.com. 18 January 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2012.</ref> Indian cinema of the 1980s and 1990s frequently drew themes from the life of the mill workers. However, the mills were permanently closed after the [[Great Bombay Textile Strike]] of 1982, which went on for 18 months at many mills and triggered the end of the struggling industry, with most of the mills being shut down after the strike.<ref name="rediff" /> By 2007, only 25,000 people worked in the few remaining mills.<ref name="rediff" />

== Redevelopment ==
[[File:Phoenix Mills 2.jpg|thumb|Phoenix Mills, Parel, which is now a shopping mall]]
In recent years, the mills have been [[Redevelopment of Mumbai mills|extensively redeveloped]], many becoming [[Shopping mall|mall]]s and [[discothèques]]. The Kohinoor Mills in Dadar were bought for {{INRConvert|4.21|B}} by Matoshree Realtors and Kohinoor Consolidated Transport Network Ltd., companies which were floated by [[Raj Thackeray]] and [[Manohar Joshi]] respectively.<ref name="sharma">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/16/stories/2006021601781000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013175820/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/16/stories/2006021601781000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2006|title=What's love got to do with any of this? |last=Sharma|first=Kalpana|date=16 February 2006|access-date=2009-04-09|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Phoenix mills, Parel was converted into a "luxury mall".<ref name="bline">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.blonnet.com/2008/05/16/stories/2008051652472100.htm
|title=''The Hindu Business Line'': Phoenix Mills setting up luxury mall in Mumbai
|publisher=www.blonnet.com
|access-date=2009-04-14
}}
</ref>

In 2005, the government-owned National Textile Corporation auctioned five mills, covering 600 acres, for {{INRConvert|20.2|b}}.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/10/18/stories/2005101803600100.htm "Bombay HC sets aside sale of NTC land"]. ''The Hindu Business Line''. 17 October 2005. Retrieved 11 December 2012.</ref> In February 2009, the NTC decided to auction another nine mills, covering an area of 90 acres, for about {{INRConvert|40|b}}.<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/mill-land-auction-90-acres-more/421822/ "Mill land auction: 90 acres more"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212194901/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/mill-land-auction-90-acres-more/421822/ |date=12 February 2009 }}. ExpressIndia.com. 11 February 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2012.</ref> The Shrinivas Mills of Lalbaug, covering 16 acres, are being redeveloped into [[World One]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/real-estate/news-/Lodha-to-gift-Mumbai-worlds-tallest-homes/articleshow/6009699.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Lodha to gift Mumbai world's tallest homes | date=2010-06-04}}</ref> – Asia's tallest residential building.

===Conservation===
There are conservation efforts underway to preserve the old mills as [[museum]]s. Such a museum was opened at the United Mills in Lalbaug.<ref name="express">{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/citys-first-textile-heritage-museum-to-come-up-at-girangaon/423671/ |title=City's first textile heritage museum to come up at Girangaon |date=14 February 2009 |publisher=Indian Express |access-date=2009-04-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924055405/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/citys-first-textile-heritage-museum-to-come-up-at-girangaon/423671/ |archive-date=2012-09-24 }}</ref> A popular play, ''Cotten 54, Polyester 64'', has been written, based on Neera Adarkar and Meena Menon's book, ''One hundred years, One hundred voices. The Millworkers of Girangaon: An Oral History''. A festival was organized by an NGO Pukar to celebrate the culture and people of Girangaon in November 2008.<ref name="dna">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1202608|title=Girangaon festival to preserve heritage|last=Mhaske|first=Pandurang|date=2 Nov 2008|publisher=DNA|access-date=2009-04-09}}</ref> Seven mill structures were granted heritage protection status by the Government of Maharashtra.<ref name="desai">{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/In-Girangaon-7-mill-structures-get-heritage-protection/278452/ |title=In Girangaon, 7 mill structures get heritage protection |last=Desai |first=Shweta |date=29 February 2008 |publisher=Indian Express |access-date=2009-04-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203170248/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/In-Girangaon-7-mill-structures-get-heritage-protection/278452/ |archive-date=2008-12-03 }}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Redevelopment of Mumbai mills]]
* [[History of Mumbai]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book|last=D'Monte|first=Darryl|title=Mills for Sale|publisher=Marg Publications|location=Mumbai, India|date=December 2006|isbn=81-85026-77-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Chandavarkar|first=Rajnarayan|title=The Origins of Industrial Capitalism in India |publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=1994|isbn=0-521-41496-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Chandavarkar|first=Rajnarayan|title=Imperial power and popular politics|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|edition=Illustrated|isbn=0-521-59692-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTOBfqjoyyoC&dq=girangaon&pg=PA103|access-date=2009-04-09}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727101701/http://mumbaimillworkers.org/?page_id=9 The Mumbai mill workers website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFNa8d_7ckg NDTV news segment on Girangaon]

{{Mumbai topics}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Culture of Mumbai]]
[[Category:History of Mumbai]]
[[Category:History of the textile industry]]

Raysipotra

2026-03-07T00:18:35Z

DemetriaMunro:

{{Short description|Sindhi Sammat tribe in India}}

The '''Raysipotra''' or '''Raisipotra''' ({{Langx|sd|رئیسيپوٽا}}) is a [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] Muslim [[Sindhi Sammat|Sammat]] clan of Dal tribe found in the state of [[Gujarat]] in India<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Vidyarthi |first1=Lalita Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scgz0Uzn64YC&dq=raisipotra&pg=PA133 |title=The Tribal Culture of India |last2=Rai |first2=Binay Kumar |date=1977 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref> and the province of [[Sindh]] in Pakistan. They are one of a number of communities of pastoral nomads found in the [[Banni Grasslands Reserve|Banni]] region of [[Kutch]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khare |first=Randhir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tTpuAAAAMAAJ&q=raisipotra |title=Kutch, Triumph of the Spirit |date=2004 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0306-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qX5iAAAAMAAJ&q=raysipotra+tribe |title=Languages and Scripts |last2=Manoharan |first2=S. |date=1993 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-0-19-563352-8 |pages=357 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=R. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Cy_-FXW9BQC&dq=raysipotra+tribe&pg=PA487 |title=Gujarat |date=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-104-4 |language=en}}</ref>{{cn|date=October 2023}}

{{Infobox ethnic group

| group = रायसीपोत्रा (Raysipotra)
| population = अज्ञात
| regions = [[कच्छ जिला|कच्छ]] (गुजरात, भारत), [[सिंध]] (पाकिस्तान)
| languages = [[कच्छी भाषा|कच्छी]], [[सिंधी भाषा|सिंधी]], [[गुजराती भाषा|गुजराती]]
| religion = [[इस्लाम]] ([[सुन्नी]])

| related = [[सांधी (समुदाय)|सांधी]], [[सम्मा वंश|सम्मा]]
}}

'''रायसीपोत्रा''' (जिसे 'रायसीपुत्र' भी कहा जाता है) [[सांधी (समुदाय)|सांधी मुस्लिम]] समुदाय का एक प्रमुख और ऐतिहासिक कबीला है। यह मुख्य रूप से भारत के [[गुजरात]] राज्य के [[कच्छ जिला|कच्छ]] (विशेषकर [[बन्नी]] क्षेत्र) और [[पाकिस्तान]] के [[सिंध]] प्रांत में निवास करता है।<ref name="Gazetteer1880">{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha |year=1880 |publisher=Government Central Press |volume=5 |pages=63-64, 196}}</ref>

== इतिहास और उत्पत्ति ==
रायसीपोत्रा कबीले की जड़ें सिंध के ऐतिहासिक '''[[सम्मा वंश]]''' से जुड़ी हैं। कबीले का नाम उनके पूर्वज '''रायसी''' (Raysi) के नाम पर पड़ा है। पारिवारिक और मौखिक परंपराओं के अनुसार, सिंध में इस कबीले को '''धर्श''' (Dharsh) के नाम से जाना जाता था। मध्यकाल के दौरान, चरागाहों की खोज और राजनीतिक कारणों से यह कबीला सिंध से प्रवास कर कच्छ के बन्नी घास के मैदानों में बस गया।<ref name="ASI">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |title=People of India: Gujarat |year=2003 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=9788179911044 |page=1224}}</ref>

== आध्यात्मिक पहचान और 'फकीर' का दर्जा ==
कबीले के मूल बुजुर्ग, '''रायसी''', अपनी अत्यधिक दयालुता, परोपकार और धार्मिक निष्ठा के लिए प्रसिद्ध थे। उनके रूहानी व्यक्तित्व के कारण समाज में उन्हें '''फकीर''' का दर्जा प्राप्त हुआ। रायसीपोत्रा समुदाय आज भी अपने पूर्वज की इस विरासत को अपनी पहचान का हिस्सा मानता है।

== उमरानी (Umranni) शाखा ==
कच्छ के बन्नी क्षेत्र में रायसीपोत्रा कबीले की एक प्रतिष्ठित उप-शाखा को '''उमरानी''' के नाम से जाना जाता है। इस शाखा का नाम कबीले के एक प्रमुख बुजुर्ग '''रायसीपोत्रा उमर''' (Raysipotra Umar) के नाम पर पड़ा है। वर्तमान में, '''रायसीपोत्रा इस्माइल''' (जिन्हें उमरानी इस्माइल के नाम से जाना जाता है) इस परंपरा के एक मुख्य संरक्षक माने जाते हैं। उनकी पहचान उनके विशिष्ट खाकी पहनावे और परंपरागत 'पाघ' (पगड़ी) से जुड़ी है।<ref name="Khare2004">{{cite book |last=Khare |first=Randhir |title=Kutch: Triumph of the Spirit |year=2004 |publisher=Rupa & Co |pages=88-92}}</ref>

== अर्थव्यवस्था और जीवनशैली ==
रायसीपोत्रा कबीला पारंपरिक रूप से पशुपालन (Pastoralism) से जुड़ा है। वे विशेष रूप से 'बन्नी भैंस' और गीर नस्ल की गायों के पालन और उनके आनुवंशिक संरक्षण के लिए जाने जाते हैं। कबीले की महिलाएं कच्छी कढ़ाई (Embroidery) और हस्तशिल्प में निपुण होती हैं।<ref>{{cite book |last=Vidyarthi |first=L.P. |title=The Tribal Culture of India |year=1977 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |pages=154-156}}</ref>

== इन्हें भी देखें ==
* [[सांधी (समुदाय)]]
* [[बन्नी]]
* [[कच्छी लोग]]

== संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:गुजरात के मुस्लिम समुदाय]]
[[श्रेणी:कच्छ के समुदाय]]
[[श्रेणी:सिंधी कबीले]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Sindhi tribes]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}
{{Pakistan-ethno-stub}}
[[Category:Samma tribes]]

YZ (film)

2026-03-04T09:44:09Z

DemetriaMunro: adding post...

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = YZ
| image = YZ Film Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sameer Vidwans]]
| producer = Sanjay Chhabria Anish Joag
| writer = [[Kshitij Patwardhan]]
| screenplay =
| based_on =
| starring = Sagar Deshmukh Akshay Tanksale [[Parna Pethe]] [[Sai Tamhankar]]
| music = Rishikesh, Saurabh & Jasraj
| cinematography = [[Sudhakar Reddy Yakkanti]]
| editing = Faisal-Imran
| studio = Everest Entertainment Pratisaad Productions
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|8|12}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''YZ''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Coming of age film|Coming of an age]] [[Comedy film|comedy]] [[Romance film|romantic drama]] film directed by [[Sameer Vidwans]] and produced by Sanjay Chhabria and Anish Joag under the Everest Entertainment and Pratisad Productions banner respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punemirror.in/entertainment/marathi-reviews/Looking-ahead-2016-Feast-for-the-eyes/articleshow/50400056.cms|title=Looking ahead 2016: Feast for the eyes - Pune Mirror -|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/drama/ghanta-yz-movie-names-marathi-upcoming-funny/articleshow/52691081.cms|title=अजब नावांची गजब गोष्ट - Maharashtra Times|publisher=|access-date=11 June 2016|archive-date=12 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812070748/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/drama/ghanta-yz-movie-names-marathi-upcoming-funny/articleshow/52691081.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The film stars Sagar Deshmukh, Akshay Tanksale, [[Parna Pethe]], [[Sai Tamhankar]] and [[Mukta Barve]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/yz-movie-cast-revealed-1226215/|title=VIDEO: 'वाय झेड'ची ओळखपरेड|date=12 April 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Gajanan Kulkarni (Sagar Deshmukh) a 33-year old history professor from [[Wai, Maharashtra]] who is still a virgin and very shy in talking with girls who is due to get married, eventually ends up in [[Pune]] for a temporary lecturer in University, Where he befriends 18-Year old student nicknamed Battees (Akshay Tanksale) who is very famous in college for his confident attitude. He opens him up to a new world around him. Battees teaches him about various nautorious things a man should know of his age. While staying with his aunt(mother's sister) in Pune, She arranges a marriage proposal for him with a girl Parnarekha ([[Sai Tamhankar]]), Both get involved into each other but soon Gajanan realizes that she is not of his type as she is very devotional and narrow minded. Gajanan breaks-up with Parnarekha saying that she is more bore than him. Meanwhile, he meets Antara ([[Parna Pethe]]) who is a best friend of Gaja's cousin sister Aarti. Antara requests Gaja to teach him Sanskrit Language as per her college syllabus. Antara falls for Gajas innocence and proposes him, Awestruck Gaja doesn't know what to do as he has never experienced such feelings for him before from anyone. Though he too has fantasies about Antare. Still confused about Antara, he tries to sort this out. Meanwhile, while visiting Battees place to speak about his problems he meets his childhood friend and love Sayali ([[Mukta Barve]]) in the opposite building who is a single mother and is currently with one of her friend after divorce with Rahul. Gaja confesses about his feeling which he had/has for her. Sayali now confused doesn't know what to do. Sayali gives him an old box containing a bucket list of things which Gaja had written when he was a child, realizing that he has done nothing till date from the list. Parnarekha who has now changed after guidance by Battees, she has transformed herself according to Gaja & meets him at his college on his last day. Gaja arranges Sayali's marriage with her friend with whom she was in live-in relationship, which is attended by Parnarekha, Antara, Battees & his beloved people. Gaja tells Parnarekha that he needs to leave. He tells Antara that she is very important to him but he cannot go ahead with their relationship. He says goodbye to Battees. Now a changed man Gajanan sits in the cab for airport concluding that he is going to finish his bucket list.
Finally he realises that he can stay happy with what he is and have control over his desires.

== Cast ==
*Sagar Deshmukh as Gajanan Kulkarni
*Akshay Tanksale as Shyamsundar "Battees" Paarijaatak
*[[Mukta Barve]] as Sayali
*[[Parna Pethe]] as Antara
*[[Sai Tamhankar]] as Parnarekha
*Kaumudi Walokar as Arati

==Release==
The film was released on 12 August 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/duo-of-double-seat-kshitij-patwardhan-sameer-vidwans-are-back-with-yz-1217736/|title=बिनधास्त सांगा मी YZ आहे!|date=21 March 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

The film had its world television premier on 11 December 2016 on [[Star Pravah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/World-television-premiere-of-YZ/articleshow/55776360.cms|title = World television premiere of YZ - Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5780076}}

[[Category:2016 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2010s coming-of-age comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sameer Vidwans]]

Ratha Paasam (1954 film)

2026-03-04T05:06:29Z

DemetriaMunro: created the info w/ infobox - done

{{short description|1954 film by R. S. Mani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ratha Paasam 1954 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = R. S. Mani
| writer = [[C. V. Sridhar]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Ratha Paasam''|C. V. Sridhar}}
| producer = T. K. Muthusamy
| starring = [[T. K. Shanmugam]] [[T. K. Bhagavathi]] [[Anjali Devi]] [[T. S. Balaiah]]
| cinematography = [[Nemai Ghosh (director)|Nemai Gosh]]
| editing = K. Govindasamy
| music = [[M. K. Athmanathan]] A. V. Natarajan
| studio = Auvai Productions
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1954|8|14}}
| runtime = 179 minutes<ref name="Encyclopaedia" />
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Ratha Paasam''''' ({{translation|Blood affection}}) is a 1954 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by R. S. Mani, written by [[C. V. Sridhar]] and produced by T. K. Muthusamy. The film stars [[T. K. Shanmugam]], [[T. K. Bhagavathi]], [[Anjali Devi]], M. S. Draupadi, [[T. S. Balaiah]] and N. R. Vidyavathi. It is based on Sridhar's play of the same name. The film was released on 14 August 1954, became a commercial success, and was later remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Bhai-Bhai (1956 Hindi film)|Bhai-Bhai]]'' (1956).

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=October 2021}}
Raja is a petty thief living around the streets of [[Mumbai|Bombay]], indulging in [[pickpocketing]]. In the same city lives Rani, who makes a living through dancing. The two meet and fall in love. Raghu, the owner of a cycle company, lives luxuriously with his wife Sarala and children in [[Chennai|Madras]]. Madhu, his manager, has been misappropriating the company's funds with the help of his lover Manorama who Raghu is later attracted to. The company is soon closed due to losses, putting Sarala and her children in poverty.

Raghu leaves for Bombay to seek new ventures, leaving his family behind. Sarala goes in search of him. One day, Raja steals Raghu's purse and discovers in it photographs which reveal that Raghu is his long-lost brother. He goes in search of Raghu, who does not recognise him. Sarala faces many troubles and after several incidents, all problems are solved and the family reunites.<ref name="BFTP" />

== Cast ==
* [[T. K. Shanmugam]] as Raja
* [[T. K. Bhagavathi]] as Raghu
* [[Anjali Devi]] as Rani
* M. S. Draupadi as Sarala
* [[T. S. Balaiah]] as Madhu
* N. R. Vidyavathi as Manorama
* [[T. K. S. Natarajan]]

== Production ==
When he was 17−18 years old, [[C. V. Sridhar]] wrote a story named ''Latchiyavathi'' and approached [[AVM Productions]] with the intention of making it a film, but AVM director [[P. Neelakantan]] rejected it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2012 |title=தமிழ்த் திரை உலகில் திருப்பம் உண்டாக்கிய டைரக்டர் ஸ்ரீதர் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/03/18205113/ditector-sridhar-change-tamil.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323033728/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/03/18205113/ditector-sridhar-change-tamil.html |archive-date=23 March 2012 |access-date=8 November 2019 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> The story was later picked up for the stage by [[T. K. Shanmugam]]'s troupe, T.K.S. Brothers and staged as ''Ratha Paasam''.<ref name="Encyclopaedia" /> The play's film adaptation would later be produced by Shanmugam's brother T. K. Muthusamy under the banner "Auvai Productions", and directed by R. S. Mani. The screenplay was written by Sridhar.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /><ref name="Encyclopaedia" /> Cinematography was handled by [[Nemai Ghosh (director)|Nemai Ghosh]], and the editing by K. Govindasamy.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> Shanmugam and his other brother [[T. K. Bhagavathi|Bhagavathi]], who acted in the play, reprised their roles in the film adaptation.<ref name="Encyclopaedia" /> Shooting took place at Neptune Studios, later known as [[Dr. MGR-Janaki College of Arts and Science for Women]].<ref name="BFTP" />

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[M. K. Athmanathan]] and A. V. Natarajan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |publication-date=December 2014 |pages=81 |language=Tamil}}</ref> The T.K.S. Brothers intentionally did chose Athmanathan while rejecting suggestions for established composers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shivpprasadh |first=S. |date=15 August 2013 |title=Twin talent |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/twin-talent/article5025930.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213045336/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/twin-talent/article5025930.ece |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=13 January 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The song "Dullu... Dullu... Very Dullu..." is a satire on the economic situation and hypocrisy of Madras in the 1950s and of how people then lived their lives.<ref name="BFTP" />

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Duration
|-
| "Maamogam Aanaen" || [[Jikki]]|| || 03:23
|-
| "Dallu Dallu Dallu" || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]]|| || 03:03
|-
| "Enge Selvayo" || [[A. M. Rajah]] & Kantha || ||
|-
| "Aiyappaa Idhu Meiyappaa" || S. C. Krishnan || || 03:09
|-
| "Aanandha Vaibogam" || Jikki & [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]|| M. K. Athmanathan || 03:18
|-
| "Jegam Yaavume" || [[Radha Jayalakshmi|(Radha) Jayalakshmi]]|| ||
|-
| "Panam Irukkira Manushangitta" || [[P. Leela]]|| [[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]]|| 02:31
|-
| "Nilaiyaana Inbam Manavaalan Anbe" || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]|| || 03:23
|-
| "O En Raajaa" || P. Leela || M. K. Athmanathan || 05:31
|-
| "Paadhakam Seivadhum...Udan Pirandhavan" || A. M. Rajah || M. K. Athmanathan || 03:05
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Ratha Paasam'' was released on 14 August 1954,<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> and became a commercial success.<ref name="BFTP" /> AVM later produced the [[Hindi]] remake [[Bhai-Bhai (1956 Hindi film)|''Bhai-Bhai'']] in 1956.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=23 March 2016 |title=Pellikanuka (1960) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-pellikanuka-1960/article8389478.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517153855/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-pellikanuka-1960/article8389478.ece |archive-date=17 May 2016 |access-date=25 August 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=முத்துராமன் |first=எஸ். பி. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=1 April 2015 |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 2 - எடிட்டிங் அறிவு |trans-title=Try making a film, part 2 – Editing genius |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/38611-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108070435/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/38611-2.html |archive-date=8 November 2019 |access-date=8 November 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Encyclopaedia">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=338 |orig-date=1994}}</ref>
<ref name="BFTP">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=13 April 2013 |title=Blast from the Past: Rattha Paasam 1954 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/rattha-paasam-1954/article4614031.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130910173844/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/rattha-paasam-1954/article4614031.ece |archive-date=10 September 2013 |access-date=5 October 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1954 – ரத்தபாசம் – அவ்வை புரொடக்சன்ஸ் (நாடகம்) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1954-cinedetails27.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170513061928/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1954-cinedetails27.asp |archive-date=13 May 2017 |access-date=13 May 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1954 Indian films]]
[[Category:1954 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1954 drama films]]
[[Category:1954 films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by C. V. Sridhar]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Agni (2004 film)

2026-03-04T03:43:48Z

DemetriaMunro: slightly fixed citations after review additionally and updated info

{{Short description|2004 Indian Bengali film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Agni
| image = Agni (2004) film poster.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Swapan Saha]]
| producer = Mukul Sarkar
| writer = Manjil Banerjee
| screenplay = Manjil Banerjee
| story = Manjil Banerjee
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| music = [[Ashok Bhadra]]
| cinematography = V Prabhakar
| editing = Jayanta Laha
| studio =
| distributor = T Sarkar Productions [[Surinder Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2004}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Agni''''' ({{Translation|Fire}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] language [[action film]] directed by [[Swapan Saha]] and produced by Mukul Sarkar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agnee (2004) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/agnee-2004 |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}</ref> The film features actors [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Rachana Banerjee]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rachna Banerjee : Bengali Film Actress - India, Popular Bengali Actress, Tollywood Actress, Bengali film Heroine, Eminent, Versatile, Renowned, Popular, Contemporary, Kolkata, West Bengal|url=https://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/adver/110687bengali_films.html|access-date=2021-09-17|website=www.calcuttayellowpages.com}}</ref> Music of the film has been composed by [[Ashok Bhadra]].<ref name="main details">{{cite web|title=Agni (2004)|url=http://www.gomolo.com/agni-movie/15293|publisher=Gomolo|access-date=12 January 2014|archive-date=1 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201085953/http://www.gomolo.com/agni-movie/15293|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is about an honest police officer Agni, whom terrorists are trying to murder but end up killing a number of school children in a school bus. The police officers are very worried about the rising crime rate, and they vow to curb their attempts. Agni is given the charge. Agni, while trying to save people from a terrorist attack in a shopping complex, rescues Tina, who falls in love with him. She later discovers that he is married to Chandrani and even has a son Apu. However, this does not deter her love for him. She keeps on finding ways to go to Agni's house. She also becomes friendly with Apu. One day she takes Apu with her from school without Chandrani's permission. Apu studies in a school owned by Dr. Sayol, who does not have a child.

Meanwhile, Agni succeeds in catching members Pamela and Peter of the terrorist gang. During this time, Agni's son is locked up by the principal of his school, who is thought to be kidnapped. Agni tries his best to find his son but fails. The principal then releases Apu, who is then taken care of by Anu. Meanwhile, the political agents come and kidnap Apu murdering Anu. Agni then agrees to release Pamela and Peter in return for his son. He is asked to go to the airport and place a briefcase laden with bombs. He fights with the gangsters and finally rescues his son. At last, the politician is also put behind bars.

==Cast==
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as ACP Agni Mukherjee
* [[Rachana Banerjee]] as Chandrani, Agni's wife
* [[Abhishek Chatterjee]] as Ambar, Agni's brother
* [[Tapas Paul]] as Dr. Sajal Vanerjee
* [[Locket Chatterjee]] as police officer
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Peter D'Souza, leader of a terrorist group and the main antagonist
* [[Nilanjana Sengupta]] as Tina
* [[Sonali Chowdhury]] as Pamela, Peter's aid
* [[Dulal Lahiri]] as Agni's father
* Bodhisattwa Majumdar as Central Minister Aditya Sengupta

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=1423887}}

{{Swapan Saha}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2004 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Swapan Saha]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:2004 action drama films]]
[[Category:2004 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]

Lankadahanam

2026-03-03T21:03:59Z

DemetriaMunro: updated

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lankadahanam
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[J. Sasikumar]]
| producer = K. P. Kottarakkara
| writer = K. P. Kottarakkara
| screenplay = K. P. Kottarakkara
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Adoor Bhasi]] [[Jose Prakash]] [[Sankaradi]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = J. G. Vijayam
| editing = K. Sankunni
| studio = Ganesh Pictures
| distributor = Ganesh Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1971|03|26|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Lankadahanam''''' is a 1971 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[J. Sasikumar]] and produced by K. P. Kottarakkara. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Adoor Bhasi]], [[Jose Prakash]] and [[Sankaradi]] in the lead roles. The film had musical score by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=390|title=Lankaadahanam|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4387|title=Lankaadahanam|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/lanka-dahanam-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035852/http://spicyonion.com/title/lanka-dahanam-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Lanka Dahanam|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Appunni Mash
*[[K. P. Ummer]] as Sekhar, Customs officer
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Mathai/Thirumeni
*[[Jose Prakash]] as Das
*[[Sankaradi]] as Adiyodi
*[[Sreelatha Namboothiri]]
*Friend Ramaswamy
*[[Paravoor Bharathan]] as Inspector
*[[Khadeeja (actress)|Khadeeja]] as Rejani's Mother
*[[N. Govindankutty]] Police superintendent
*[[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]] as Maheswariamma
*[[Vijayasree]] as Rejani
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Eeshwaranorikkal" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Kilukile Chirikkum" || [[L. R. Eeswari]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 3 || "Nakshathra Raajyathe" || K. J. Yesudas || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 4 || "Panchavadiyile" || [[P. Jayachandran]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 5 || "Sooryanennoru Nakshathram" || K. J. Yesudas || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 6 || "Swarganandini" || K. J. Yesudas || Sreekumaran Thampi||
|-
| 7 || "Thiruvaabharanam Chaarthi" || P. Jayachandran, Chorus || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0257849|Lanka Dahanam}}

[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:1971 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films directed by J. Sasikumar]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Love Me (2024 Indian film)

2026-03-03T09:14:10Z

DemetriaMunro: adding new pg

{{Short description|2024 Indian film}}
{{Long plot|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{About|Indian film|the American film of the same name|Love Me (2024 American film)}}

{{Distinguish|Love Me If You Dare (film)|Love Me If You Dare (TV series)}}{{Infobox film
| name = Love Me
| image = Love Me If You Dare (2024 film) poster.jpg
| alt = Theatrical release poster
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Arun Bhimavarapu
| screenplay =
| story =
| writer = Arun Bhimavarapu
| producer = {{plain list|
*Harshith Reddy
*Hanshitha Reddy
*Naga Mallidi}}
| starring = {{plain list|
*Ashish Reddy
*[[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]]
}}
| cinematography = [[P. C. Sreeram]]
| editing = Santhosh Kamireddy
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| studio = [[Sri Venkateswara Creations#Dil Raju Productions|Dil Raju Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|05|25}}
| runtime = 128 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/love-me-if-you-dare-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdixmzmw |title=Love Me - &#X27;If You Dare&#X27; |access-date=25 May 2024 |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527174300/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/love-me-if-you-dare-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdixmzmw |url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Love Me''''' (also marketed as '''''Love Me If You Dare''''') is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Horror film|horror thriller]] film written and directed by Arun Bhimavarapu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-05-22 |title=Ashish: Love Me demanded a lot of maturity as an actor |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2024/May/22/ashish-love-medemanded-a-lot-of-maturity-as-an-actor |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Produced by [[Sri Venkateswara Creations#Dil Raju Productions|Dil Raju Productions]], the film features Ashish Reddy and [[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]] in primary roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-24 |title='Love Me – If You Dare' set to hit theatres on May 25 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/love-me-if-you-dare-set-to-hit-theatres-on-may-25 |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

The film was theatrically released on 25 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-24 |title='Love Me' gets a new release date, set to hit theaters on May 25 this year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/love-me-gets-a-new-release-date-set-to-hit-theaters-on-may-25-this-year/articleshow/109558627.cms |access-date=2024-05-25 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Arjun is a daredevil [[YouTuber]] known for investigating unsolved mysteries and taking on challenges that others avoid. He lives with Pratap, his childhood friend. Pratap in search of interesting content, expresses his interest in knowing whereabouts of a girl from his childhood and seeks help from his girlfriend Priya in tracing the girl. Long ago, there was a large bungalow in their village. A married couple enter it one day and even after years, no one in the village saw the woman. Every night at 8pm, an alarm goes off and there would be loud crying noises from the bungalow that last an hour. After 7 years, one day, the woman comes out but completely caught in fire. The burning woman walks on the street and eventually dies. Next day, some villagers dare to go into the building when they find the husband dead but are shocked to see a kid. This is the girl Pratap wants to know about.

Priya informs Pratap that the girl after growing up, committed suicide after losing her husband to an accident on the day of marriage, and turned into a ghost Divyavathi, in the apartment they are supposed to move into post marriage. Arjun, who overhears the story decides to go the apartment committed to know about Divyavathi. In spite of rumours that the ghost kills whoever enters that abandoned apartment, Arjun walks in and expresses his desire to her to know more. He enquires the builder and he shows the photo clicked of her at the under construction apartment during a visit before her marriage. The builder also confirms that he heard about the suicide from the workers and he never actually saw her dead body. Arjun believes her to be alive and loves her. He never tries to look at her, attempts to please her by offering gifts and invites her for a date. Pratap arrives there with Priya and Pinky and tries to convince that there is only ghost in the house and the girl is dead. To prove it, they dig up her grave and Pinky reconstructs the face and it matches with that of the picture shared by the builder. Distressed, Arjun goes back to his normal life.

Priya attempts to console him but falls in love with him after hearing how much he loves a person who he never saw. Pratap who is in search of the kid from the building finds photos of 3 girls Pallavi, Noor, Charisma during his research and he believes the girl is likely one of them. However, it doesn't match with that of Divyavathi. He, Arjun and Priya continue the search and gets to know that all the girls were reported missing. They also learn about connected deaths of 3 women, each reported on the following day of the missing report but the names don't match. Pallavi goes missing and the death report is of Vennela. Noor goes missing and the report is of Pallavi. Charisma goes missing and the death report is of Noor. Amid the confusion, Arjun digs up all 3 bodies and has Pinky reconstruct the faces which leaves everyone confused. Pinky unsolves the mystery. In all 3 deaths, faces are beyond recognizable and the girl they were searching for should have taken advantage of that to swap her identity each time.

Arjun goes alone to the grave at night where he finds the girl in the wedding attire and it turns out to be Priya. She tells her side of the story. During her childhood, no one knew about her existence except one boy who offered her a ribbon box as a present through the window. After her parents die, a police officer rescues her and she is adopted by a loving family. She is haunted by the memories of her mother facing torture and she finally committing suicide by alighting herself. The adopted family used to have a kid called Vennela who died early. Now, this girl dresses up as Vennela to earn love from the parents. She lives happily for few years but then the trauma hits her back when the parents also die. She is made fun of by her fellow students in college because of her trauma driven behaviour. She comes across an accident spot, where Pallavi died and she swaps her id card with that of dead body and assumes the name of Pallavi and moves on. Meanwhile, Police declare Vennela to be dead but she still carries the trauma. Similarly, she assumes identities of Noor and Charisma when they die by accidents.

One day, she stumbled upon a YouTube video featuring Pratap casually talking from what seemed to be her childhood home's vicinity. The familiarity struck her with a wave of nostalgia and excitement. Driven by curiosity and a tinge of nervousness, she decided to attend a party hosted by Pratap himself, an impromptu invitation she orchestrated for herself. She hesitated briefly, unsure if she should approach him after all these years. Just when she was about to leave, feeling a bit out of place, her eyes caught sight of a familiar object: a simple ribbon box on a shelf. Gathering courage, she approached Pratap, introducing herself under a new identity, Priya.

Pratap and Priya, both fall in love and she is happy again until now. When Pratap wanted to learn about the kid from the building, she created a fake story of Divyavathi based on the suicide she learned about online to keep Pratap away from the truth. But since Arjun went in search of Divyavathi, she had to scare him off. However, she falls in love with Arjun instead after she got to know about his acceptance and love for a person he never saw. Arjun tells her that her way of dealing with trauma through escape has to change. He says she is going to get even more sadness now but she has to deal with it properly as he stabs himself and dies in her hands.

Priya doesn't change her identity now but lives through in good ways. One day, she goes to Pratap to console him about Arjun's death when he was packing Arjun's stuff. Then she learns the boy who gifted her ribbon was not Pratap but Arjun. She collapses after she connects the dots. Arjun has been in love with her from childhood and he dared to enter the apartment only because of that and accepted her the way she was. After a few days when she enters her home, she sees a ribbon box on her window as well as receives a notification on her mobile about Arjun's YouTube channel. She rushes outside her home suspecting that someone is watching her. After a short few mins, she is convinced that it's Arjun and she frantically runs all around shouting his name. Sure enough Arjun greets her.

As a twist to the story, it turned out that Arjun hadn't succumbed to the stab as initially believed. Instead, he had orchestrated a risky rescue plan with the help of Pinky. Since Priya has now learned how to deal with trauma as Arjun wished, they both unite. On the day of their first night, Arjun mentions that it's not their first time getting together to which Priya expresses shock. Then as a double twist, it is revealed that the person with whom Arjun united with on one of the nights, during his stay in the apartment was the ghost of real Divyavathi which is still in the apartment.

==Cast==
*Ashish Reddy as Arjun
*[[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]] as Priya
*[[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1989)|Ravi Krishna]] as Prathap
*[[Simran Choudhary]] as Pinky
*[[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Builder
*[[Samyuktha (actress, born 1995)|Samyuktha Menon]] as Divyavathi (cameo appearance)
* [[Ruhani Sharma]] as Pallavi (cameo appearance)
* Divi Vadthya as Noor (cameo appearance)
* [[Daksha Nagarkar]] as Charishma (cameo appearance)

==Production==
The film was announced and started filming in late 2023. [[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]] was announced as the lead actress, in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-29 |title=Vaishnavi Chaitanya To Play Lead Role In Ashish Reddy's Next |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/vaishnavi-chaitanya-to-play-lead-role-in-ashish-reddys-next-8721679.html |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> The motion poster of the film was revealed in February 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-27 |title=Ashish and Vaishnavi's film titled 'Love Me' |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/ashish-and-vaishnavis-film-titled-love-me |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |language=en-US}}</ref> whereas filming was completed in March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-28 |title=It's a wrap for Ashish Reddy starrer Love Me: If You Dare |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/28/its-a-wrap-for-ashish-reddy-starrer-love-me-if-you-dare |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Love Me
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| released = 2024
| recorded = 2024
| language = Telugu
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = M. M. Keeravani
| prev_title = [[Naa Saami Ranga]]
| prev_year = 2024
| year = 2024
| next_title = [[Hari Hara Veera Mallu: Part 1 – Sword vs Spirit]]
| next_year = 2024
}}
The film's [[soundtrack|soundtrack album]] and [[background score]] were composed by M. M. Keeravani. The first song "Raavaali Raa" was released on 30 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-30 |title='Raavaali Raa' from Love Me is a haunting love song |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/30/raavaali-raa-from-love-me-is-a-haunting-love-song |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| all_music = M. M. Keeravani
| title1 = Raavaali Raa
| length1 = 2:57
| extra1 = Amala Chebolu, Gomathi Iyer, Aditi Bhavaraju, Satya Yamini, Ajmal Fatima Parveen, Sai Shreya
| title2 = Stupid Heart
| length2 = 3:58
| extra2 = Sai Shreya
| title3 = Raavaali Raa (Vaishnavi)
| length3 = 3:03
| extra3 = Vaishnavi Chaitanya
| title4 = Em Avuthundo
| length4 = 3:44
| extra4 = Niteesh Kondiparthi, Gomathi Iyer
}}

==Release==
It was premiered on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 17 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=2024-06-14 |title=Love Me If You Dare OTT Release Date Confirmed |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/love-me-if-you-dare-digital-streaming-on-aha-898919 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[Times Now]]''{{'s}} Sasidhar Adivi opined that the screenplay is "overdone and fluffy" which made the film a letdown.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sasidhar |date=2024-05-25 |title=Love Me If You Dare Review: This Film Is Complex And A Let down |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/love-me-if-you-dare-review-this-film-is-complex-and-a-letdown-review-110420186 |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> Echoing the same [[NTV (India)|NTV]] gave the same rating while criticising the screenplay and pace of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaganti |first=Bhargav |date=2024-05-25 |title=Love Me Review: లవ్ మీ మూవీ రివ్యూ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/love-me-if-you-dare-review-and-rating-601273.html |access-date=2024-05-25 |publisher=[[NTV (India)|NTV]] |language=te-IN}}</ref> [[10TV]] gave a rating of 2.75 out of 5 and gave a mixed review.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-25 |title='లవ్ మీ' మూవీ రివ్యూ.. బేబీ ఫేమ్ వైష్ణవి చైతన్య రెండో సినిమాతో హిట్ కొట్టిందా? |url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/ashish-vaishnavi-chaitanya-love-me-if-you-dare-movie-review-and-rating-826542.html |access-date=2024-05-25 |publisher=[[10TV]] |language=Telugu}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|32084930}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic horror films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 romance films]]
[[Category:2024 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]

Hide N Seek (2024 film)

2026-03-03T09:13:54Z

DemetriaMunro: Put Up First Stub W/ Sources

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Basireddy Rana}}
{{About|the Telugu-language film|the 2024 Kannada-language film|Hide and Seek (2024 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Hide N Seek.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Basireddy Rana
| writer = Basireddy Rana
| producer = Narendra Buchireddygari
| story =
| starring = {{plainlist|* [[Viswant Duddumpudi]]
* Rhea Sachdeva
* [[Shilpa Manjunath]]
}}
| cinematography = Chinna Ram
| editing = Amar Reddy Kudumula
| music = Lijo K Jose
| studio = Sahasra Entertainments
| distributor =
| language = Telugu
| runtime = 136 minutes
| released = {{Film date|2024|09|20|df=y}}
| budget =
| country = India
}}
'''''Hide N Seek''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[crime thriller]] film, written and directed by Basireddy Rana. It is produced by Narendra Buchireddygari.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Telugu |first1=ntv |title=సహస్ర ఎంటటైన్మెంట్స్ సినిమా పూజతో ప్రారంభం |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/sahasra-entertainments-movie-starts-with-pooja-262654.html |website=[[NTV (India)]] |date=10 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=హైడ్ న్ సిక్ మూవీ రివ్యూ.. సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే! |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/hide-n-seek-telugu-movie-review-and-rating-sr-2587840.html |website=[[CNN-News18]] |language=te |date=20 September 2024}}</ref><ref name=":DCR">{{cite web |title=Hyde n Seek: A Gripping Thriller That Delves into Dark Realities |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/hide-n-seek-a-gripping-thriller-that-delves-into-dark-realities-1824837 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |date=20 September 2024}}</ref> The film starring [[Viswant Duddumpudi]], Rhea Sachdeva, [[Shilpa Manjunath]], Kashvi, [[Tejaswi Madivada]], Dayanand Reddy and [[Sumanth]] are in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=‘హైడ్ న్ సీక్’ మూవీ రివ్యూ Hide n Seek |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/hide-n-seek-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-2190186 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te |access-date=2024-09-30 |archive-date=2024-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927102623/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/hide-n-seek-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-2190186 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hide N Seek Movie Review: థ్రిల్ కు గురిచేసే హైడ్ న్ సీక్ మూవీ రివ్యూ.. |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/no-rev/hide-n-seek-movie-review-rating-public-talk-ta-165619 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=te |date=20 September 2024}}</ref>

The music of the film is composed by Lijo K Jose while Chinna Ram is the cinematographer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Makers of Hide N Seek unveil intriguing motion poster |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Aug/09/makers-of-hide-n-seek-unveil-intriguing-motion-poster |website=Cinema Express |language=en |date=9 August 2024 |access-date=30 September 2024 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008174459/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Aug/09/makers-of-hide-n-seek-unveil-intriguing-motion-poster |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
This film, set in [[Kurnool]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], follows Shiva (Vishwanth) as he studies medicine with the aspiration of becoming an army doctor. Engaging in academic study. Resides with his uncle. His father and brother-in-law, both employed in the military, will perish. Consequently, Shiva’s Akka (sister) strongly disapproves of his enlisting in the army. Shiv develops romantic feelings for Varsha (Rhea Sachdev), his college classmate. Varsha's father, KK, consents to their marriage. He founded KK Mental Health Hospital and provided treatment to the sufferers. In the metropolis, a delivery boy bludgeons an individual to death with a rod without provocation. It is not an accident; it is a case, and it is resolved. It is neither an accident nor a homicide. A letter will be dispatched to the police station. On one instance, Shiva became embroiled in a homicide investigation.<ref name="BT">{{cite web |title=HIDE N SEEK (2024) Telugu Film: A Thrilling Ride Through Fear and Suspense |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/hide-n-seek-2024-a-thrilling-ride-through-fear-and-suspense |website=Bru Times News |language=en |access-date=2024-09-30 |archive-date=2024-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008174501/https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/hide-n-seek-2024-a-thrilling-ride-through-fear-and-suspense |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Viswant Duddumpudi]] as Shiva
*Rhea Sachdeva
*[[Shilpa Manjunath]] as SI Vaishnavi
*Kashvi
*[[Tejaswi Madivada]]
*Dayanand Reddy
*Rohit Bharadwaj Addanki
*Sumanth
*Akella Raghavendra
*Ravi Raj
*Sridhar Reddy
*[[Saakshi Siva]]

}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music and background score is composed by Lijo K Jose. The singers are Haricharan, Radhika Bhide and Lijo K Jose.<ref name="BT"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Hide N Seek - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/hide-n-seek/MqitZ75itS0_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=8 October 2024 |date=31 August 2024 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008174455/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/hide-n-seek/MqitZ75itS0_ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]].
| title1 = Life of Shiva
| extra1 = [[Haricharan]], Radhika Bhide
| length1 = 3:46
| title2 = Pain of Shiva
| extra2 = Lijo K. Jose
| length2 = 4:43
| total_length = 8:29
}}

== Reception ==
Aditya Devulapally of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "The crime thriller directed by Basireddy Rana has a smart serial killer concept but falls flat with weak craft".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devulapally |first1=Aditya |title=Hide N Seek Movie Review: Innovative premise with sloppy storytelling |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2024/Sep/20/hide-n-seek-movie-review-innovative-premise-with-sloppy-storytelling |work=Cinema Express |date=20 September 2024 |language=en |access-date=8 October 2024 |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927102752/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2024/Sep/20/hide-n-seek-movie-review-innovative-premise-with-sloppy-storytelling |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote that "The screenplay keeps viewers on the edge of their seats, skillfully weaving suspense with emotional depth. Though the pacing falters slightly in the second half, the return to a frenetic rhythm in the climax compensates for any lulls in momentum."<ref name=":DCR" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 horror films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]

12A Railway Colony

2026-03-03T09:10:03Z

DemetriaMunro: new new entry

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu film by Nani Kasaragadda}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 12A Railway Colony
| image = 12A Railway Colony.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Nani Kasaragadda
| producer = Srinivasaa Chitturi
| writer = Anil Vishwanath
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Allari Naresh]]
* [[Kamakshi Bhaskarla]]
}}
| music = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| cinematography = Kushendar Ramesh Reddy
| editing = Nani Kasaragadda
| studio = Srinivasaa Silver Screen
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|11|21}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''12A Railway Colony''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Horror film|horror]] [[Crime film|crime]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film edited and directed by Nani Kasaragadda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-24 |title=12A Railway Colony Review: Allari Naresh’s Thriller Goes Off the Rails |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/12a-railway-colony-review-allari-naresh-s-thriller-goes-rails-474761 |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Allari Naresh]] and [[Kamakshi Bhaskarla]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2025-11-21 |title=Allari Naresh: Making audiences laugh is far more difficult than serious roles |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2025/Nov/21/allari-naresh-making-audiences-laugh-is-far-more-difficult-than-serious-roles |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 21 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=12A Railway Colony gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/28/12a-railway-colony-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Expand section|December 2025|date=December 2025}}
Karthik works for Warangal politician named Tillu, but his life takes an unexpected turn after meeting Aaradhana, an aspiring sportswoman, and deciding to get closer with her. One day, Tillu gives Karthik a parcel with an instruction to keep it safe. Thinking Aaradhana’s locked house is the safest place while she’s away, he hides it there. Upon returning back, he finds that Aaradhana and her mother have been murdered. Shocked and willing to find answers, Karthik joins forces with Rana Pratap, a police officer, to find out who is behind the killings. {{cn|date=November 2025}}

== Cast ==
* [[Allari Naresh]] as Karthik
* [[Kamakshi Bhaskarla]] as Aaradhana
* [[P. Sai Kumar]] as Rana Pratap
* [[Anish Kuruvilla]] as Dr. Jayadev Shinde
* [[Harsha Chemudu]] as Jalal, Karthik’s friend
* [[Getup Srinu]] as Karthik’s friend
* Jeevan Kumar Naidu as Tillu
* Gagan Vihari as Tillu’s assistant
* Saddam as Karthik’s friend
* Madhumani as Maggie, Aaradhana’s mother
* [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] as Shalini, Jayadev Shinde's wife

== Music ==
The background score and songs were composed by [[Bheems Ceciroleo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-16 |title=‘Gunde Gudilo’ from 12A Railway Colony is a heartbreak song with a twist |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Nov/16/gunde-gudilo-from-12a-railway-colony-is-a-heartbreak-song-with-a-twist |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Gingira Gira
| extra1 = Bheems Ceciroleo
| length1 = 4:19
| lyrics1 = Tarun Saidul
| title2 = Gunde Gudilo
| extra2 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| length2 = 4:57
| lyrics2 = Dev Pawar
| title3 = Kannodili Kalanodili
| extra3 = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| length3 = 5:06
| lyrics3 = Dev Pawar
}}

==Release and reception==
''12A Railway Colony'' was released on 21 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-11-18 |title=‘12A Railway Colony’ pre-release event creates buzz |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/12a-railway-colony-pre-release-event-creates-buzz-1024415 |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

T Maruthi Acharya of ''[[India Today]]'' rated it 2 out of 5 and felt that the core idea is good but "the mystery lacks depth, the screenplay feels scattered and the logic behind key events is weak".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Acharya |first=T. Maruthi |date=2025-11-21 |title=12A Railway Colony review: Weak writing turns thriller into a twist dump |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/12a-railway-colony-review-weak-writing-turns-a-thriller-into-a-twist-dump-2823908-2025-11-21 |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Echoing the same, Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[The Hindu]]'' further said that Allari Naresh's character lacks consistency".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=2025-11-21 |title=‘12A Railway Colony’ movie review: Allari Naresh’s film has a decent premise, marred by erratic execution |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/12a-railway-colony-movie-review-allari-naresh-and-kamakshi-bhaskarlas-telugu-film-is-a-genre-bender/article70306948.ece |access-date=2025-11-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|36218322|12A Railway Colony}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bheems Ceciroleo]]
[[Category:Films set in Warangal]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]

Pinki Singh (bowls)

2026-03-01T00:12:51Z

DemetriaMunro: created the biography added tags - done

{{Short description|Indian lawn bowler (born 1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Pinki Singh
| image = Pinki Singh.jpg
| caption = Singh in August 2022
| full_name = Pinki Kaushik Singh
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|8|14|df=y}}<ref name=CGF>{{cite web|url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/lawn-bowls/athlete-profile-n6026471-pinki.htm|title=Athlete profile|publisher=Commonwealth Games federation|access-date=30 May 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213723/https://results.gc2018.com/en/lawn-bowls/athlete-profile-n6026471-pinki.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Women's [[Bowls|lawn bowls]] }}
{{MedalCountry |{{IND}}}}
{{MedalComp|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Lawn bowls at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Lawn bowls at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's fours|fours]]}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Asia Pacific Bowls Championships]] }}
{{MedalBronze|2009 Kuala Lumpur|fours}}
{{MedalComp|[[Asian Lawn Bowls Championship]]}}
{{MedalBronze|2014 Shenzhen|triples}}
{{MedalSilver|2016 Brunei|triples}}
{{MedalBronze|2016 Brunei|fours}}
{{MedalGold|2017 New Delhi|triples}}
{{MedalGold | 2023 Kuala Lumpur |fours}}
{{MedalGold | 2025 Clark |triples}}
}}

'''Pinki Kaushik Singh''' (born 14 August 1980) is a female international [[bowls|lawn bowler]] from India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other/women-lawn-bowls-team-in-semis/story-Mv8jK3GjB3BO6wtIoWgtZJ.html|title=Women Lawn Bowls team in semis|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=9 April 2010|accessdate=27 July 2022}}</ref>

== Bowls career ==
=== World Championships ===
Pinki was selected by the Indian national team, to represent them at the sport's blue riband event, the [[2023 World Outdoor Bowls Championship|2023 World Bowls Championship]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bowlingfederationofindia.com/a-homepage-section/ |title=Team India for the World Championship 2023 |website=Bowling Federation of India |access-date=13 August 2023}}</ref> She participated in the [[2023 World Outdoor Bowls Championship – Women's Triples|women's triples]] and the [[2023 World Outdoor Bowls Championship – Women's Fours|women's fours]] events.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://world2023.bowls.com.au/event-info/schedule/ |title=SCHEDULE & DRAWS |work=2023 World Bowls Championships |publisher=Bowls Australia |access-date=13 August 2023 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811144518/https://world2023.bowls.com.au/event-info/schedule/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Commonwealth Games ===
Pinki has represented India at four [[Commonwealth Games]]; in the triples at the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/60825|title=Athletes and results - Pinki|publisher=Commonwealth Games Federation|access-date=30 May 2021|archive-date=5 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305143233/https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/60825|url-status=dead}}</ref> in the pairs and fours at the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/65013|title=Athletes and results - Pinki Pinki|publisher=Commonwealth Games Federation|access-date=30 May 2021|archive-date=5 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305143228/https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/65013|url-status=dead}}</ref> in the singles and triples at the [[2018 Commonwealth Games]]<ref name="CGF" /> and in the triples and fours at the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinki Singh - Birmingham 2022 Results |url=https://results.birmingham2022.com/#/athlete-details/43241 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=results.birmingham2022.com}}</ref> In the 2022 competition, she was part of the [[Lawn bowls at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's fours|Women's fours]] Indian team, along with ([[Lovely Choubey]], [[Nayanmoni Saikia]] and [[Rupa Rani Tirkey]]) which won Gold beating South Africa in the final, 17-10.<ref>{{cite web |title=Result: Women's Fours - Gold Medal Match |url=https://results.birmingham2022.com/#/h2h-result/LBO/W/TEAM4-------------/FNL-/000100-- |access-date=2 Aug 2022 |website=results.birmingham2022.com |publisher=Commonwealth Games Federation}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/commonwealth-games-2022/indiabirmingham/cwg-2022-india-bag-historic-gold-in-womens-fours-lawn-bowls-event/articleshow/93302699.cms|title=CWG 2022: India bag historic gold in women's fours lawn bowls event|work=The Times of India|date=2 August 2022 |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref>

=== Asia Pacific Championships ===
Pinki has won a bronze medal at the 2009 [[Asia Pacific Bowls Championships]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbowls.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ASIA-PACIFIC-RECORD.pdf|title=Past Winners|website=World Bowls|access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref>

=== Asian Championships ===
In the [[Asian Lawn Bowls Championship]], Pinki has won bronze medal in women's triples in 2014, silver in women's triples and bronze in women's fours in 2016, and gold in women's triples in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results - Bowling Federation of India |url=https://bowlingfederationofindia.com/contact/ |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Bowling Federation of India}}</ref>

In 2023, she won the fours gold medal at the 14th [[Asian Lawn Bowls Championship]] in Kuala Lumpur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/sport/story/assams-nayan-moni-saikia-makes-winning-contribution-as-india-secures-gold-in-14th-asian-lawn-bowls-championship-517497-2023-02-23|title=Assam's Nayan Moni Saikia makes winning contribution as India secures gold in 14th Asian Lawn Bowls Championship |website=India Today NE |date=23 February 2023 |access-date=14 March 2023}}</ref> In 2025 she won a gold medal in the triples at the 16th [[Asian Lawn Bowls Championship]] in [[Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone|Clark City]], Philippines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bernama.com/en/news.php?id=2419472 |title=Malaysian Lawn Bowlers Reign Again at Asian Championships |work=BERNAMA |date=4 May 2025 |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bowls.org.hk/16th-asian-lawn-bowls-championships-14th-u25-asian-lawn-bowls-championships/ |title=16th Asian Lawn Bowls Championships & 14th U25 Asian Lawn Bowls Championships |publisher=Hong Kong Lawn Bowls Association |date=4 May 2025 |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>

== Awards ==
She was conferred the [[Arjuna Award]] for 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-09 |title=Arjuna Awards 2023: President Murmu confers India's 2nd highest sports honour to cricketer Shami, archer Ojas Pravin Deotale |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/arjuna-awards-2023-president-murmu-confers-national-sports-and-adventure-awards-cricketer-mohammed-shami-archer-ojas-pravin-deotale-receive-honour/articleshow/106656729.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Full list of Arjuna Awards Winners 2023 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/full-list-arjuna-awards-winners-2023-mohammed-shami-esha-singh-r-vaishali-2486292-2024-01-09 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=India Today |date=9 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{2022 Commonwealth Games profile|43241}}
* {{2018 Commonwealth Games profile|lawn-bowls/athlete-profile-n6026471-pinki}}
* {{2010 Commonwealth Games profile|827655}}
* {{CGF profile|65013}}
* {{CGF profile|60825}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pinki}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Indian bowls players]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Delhi]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]
[[Category:Bowls players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Bowls players at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Bowls players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Bowls players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in lawn bowls]]

Japan Air Lines Flight 472 (1972)

2026-02-19T22:56:34Z

DemetriaMunro: Put Up The Pg Initial Version

{{Multiple issues|
{{Expand Japanese|topic=transp|日本航空ボンベイ空港誤認着陸事故|date=December 2009}}
{{Refimprove|date=December 2009}}
}}
{{Short description|1972 aviation accident in Bombay, India}}
{{For|the hijacking of Flight 472 in 1977|Japan Air Lines Flight 472 (1977)}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| name = Japan Air Lines Flight 472
| image = JA8013 Douglas DC-8-53 Tokyo Haneda 1969 (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = JA8013, the aircraft involved in the accident in 1969, with a previous livery
| date = {{start-date|24 September 1972}}
| summary = Runway excursion due to pilot error
| occurrence_type = Accident
| site = [[Juhu Aerodrome]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]], India
| injuries = 11
| aircraft_type = [[Douglas DC-8]]-53
| aircraft_name = Haruna
| operator = [[Japan Air Lines]]
| plane1_IATA = JL472
| plane1_ICAO = JAL472
| plane1_callsign = JAPAN AIR 472
| tail_number = JA8013
| occupants = 122
| passengers = 108
| crew = 14
| fatalities = 0
| survivors = 122
| coordinates = {{Coord|19|05|57|N|72|50|20|E|display=inline, title}}
| origin = [[London Heathrow Airport]], [[London]], United Kingdom
| stopover0 = [[Frankfurt Airport]], [[Frankfurt]], Germany
| stopover1 = [[Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport]], [[Rome]], Italy
| stopover2 = [[Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport]], [[Beirut]], Lebanon
| stopover3 = [[Mehrabad International Airport]], [[Tehran]], Iran
| stopover4 = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Santacruz Airport]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]], India
| stopover5 = [[Don Mueang International Airport]], [[Bangkok]], Thailand
| last_stopover = [[Kai Tak Airport]], Hong Kong
| destination = [[Haneda Airport]], [[Tokyo]], Japan
}}
'''Japan Air Lines Flight 472''' was a flight from [[London]] to [[Tokyo]] via [[Frankfurt]], [[Rome]], [[Beirut]], [[Tehran]], [[Bombay]], [[Bangkok]] and [[Hong Kong]]. On September 24, 1972, the flight landed at [[Juhu Aerodrome]] near [[Bombay]], India instead of the city's much larger [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Santacruz Airport]] (now Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport) and overran the runway, resulting in the aircraft being written off after being damaged beyond economic repair. All 122 on board survived, although nine passengers and two crew members were injured.

==Aircraft==
The aircraft involved was a [[Douglas DC-8|Douglas DC-8-53]], registration JA8013, first flown in 1964.<ref name=ASN240972>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19720924-1 |title=Accident description |publisher=Aviation Safety Network |access-date=24 December 2009}}</ref>

==Accident==
The flight departed London 20 minutes late. By the time it left Tehran for Bombay, it was 80 minutes behind schedule. The crew planned to execute an [[Instrument Landing System|ILS]] approach to Santacruz Airport, Bombay. However, the [[air traffic controller]] (ATC) asked the crew, "Can you see the runway?", to which they replied, "Yes, we can". Since the weather was good around the airport that day, the ATC instructed, "[[Visual flight rules|VFR]] approach please".

After this, Flight 472 flew past Runway 09 on the west side of Santacruz Airport while descending, and executed a 360-degree turn in order to approach again from the west and land. However, when it did land at 06:50 [[UTC+5:30|local time]] (01:20 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]), it was in fact landing on Runway 08 of Juhu Aerodrome. Juhu is {{convert|3.7|km|mi nmi}} west of Santacruz, and for use by small aircraft only.<ref name=ASN240972/> Runway 08 of Juhu was only {{convert|1143|m|ft}} long, too short for the large aircraft operating Flight 472.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}

After deploying the [[thrust reverser]]s, the captain realized the mistake and immediately deployed [[Spoiler (aeronautics)|spoilers]] and applied maximum braking power, but an overrun was inevitable. The DC-8 overshot the runway, breaking off both engines on the [[Port (nautical)|port]] wing, and damaging the front and main [[landing gear]], causing the nose of the aircraft to dive into the ground. The wreckage caught fire, but the fire was soon put out by fire extinguishers.

At the time of the accident, there were 14 crew and 108 passengers on board. The aircraft was damaged beyond economic repair.<ref name=ASN240972/> 2 cockpit crew and 9 passengers (all non-Japanese){{clarify|date=January 2012}} were reported injured{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}. It was the second Japan Airlines accident in India, coming just two months after the fatal crash of [[Japan Air Lines Flight 471]] in [[Delhi]].

==Cause==
The accident was attributed to [[pilot error]]. However, the Indian authorities were also blamed for operating an airport for small aircraft so close to Santacruz, causing confusion (see similar incidents below). Another factor was that during the 360-degree turn Flight 472 faced the sun and morning mist, and the cockpit crew lost sight of the runway. When they suddenly saw the runway of Juhu Aerodrome, they mistook it for the runway of Santacruz, and landed on it.

== See also ==
* 1953 [[British Overseas Airways Corporation]] (BOAC) [[de Havilland Comet]] [[British Overseas Airways Corporation#1950s|G-ALYR]] crash
* 2006 [[31st Air Base#Confusion with Poznań–Ławica Airport|Poznań-Krzesiny]] military airbase incidents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lotnicze pomyłki: Boeing na Krzesinach |trans-title=Aviation mistakes: Boeing at Krzesiny |url=http://lotniczapolska.pl/Lotnicze-pomylki-%E2%80%93-Boeing-na-Krzesinach,6563 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818112504/http://lotniczapolska.pl/Lotnicze-pomylki-%E2%80%93-Boeing-na-Krzesinach,6563 |archive-date=2016-08-18 |access-date=2016-06-30 |website=lotniczapolska.pl |language=pl}}</ref>
* [[2019 Saha Airlines Boeing 707 crash]]

==References==
{{Portal|Japan|India|1970s|Aviation}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1972}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in India}}
{{JAL Group}}

[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1972]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Douglas DC-8]]
[[Category:Japan Airlines accidents and incidents|472]]
[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:1972 in India]]
[[Category:1972 in Japan]]
[[Category:September 1972 in Asia]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving runway overruns]]

Pali, Rajasthan

2026-02-18T13:12:28Z

DemetriaMunro: added references

{{About|the district in Rajasthan, India | its namesake district|Pali district | the village on outskirts of Faridabad city of Haryana| Pali village | the village in Rewari district of Haryana|Pali, Rewari}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=April 2025}}
{{Original research|date=April 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pali
| native_name = Pali
| native_name_lang = Palika
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = Pali rajasthan.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View of Pali city in Rajasthan.
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.77|73.33|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| government_type = Municipal Corporation
| governing_body = Mrs. Rekha Bhati (Chairperson)
| leader_title1 = Mayor
| leader_name1 = Mrs. Rekha Bhati
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 77
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5,86,214
| population_metro = 5,86,214
| population_as_of = 2025
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages,
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi & Urdu]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Godwari]] ([[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]])
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 306401
| area_code_type = Telephone code rani
| area_code = 02932
| registration_plate = RJ-22
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 916 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|pali.rajasthan.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pali''' is a [[city]] and capital division in [[Pali district]] in [[Indian state]] of [[Rajasthan]]. It is the administrative headquarters of [[Pali district]]. It is on the banks of the river [[Bandi River|Bandi]] and is {{cvt|70|km}} south east of [[Jodhpur]].

==History==
Pali (formerly known as Pallika and Palli) was a trade centre. In the 11th century AD, Pali was ruled by the [[Guhilas of Mewar]]. In the 12th century it became a part of the [[Nadol]] kingdom and was ruled by the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Chauhans]]. In 1153 AD it was ruled by [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] and his feudatory Vahadadeva. Then it came under possession of the [[Songara]] Chauhans of [[Jalore]].

The [[Rathore dynasty]] chronicles relate that Siyaji or Sheoji, grandson of [[Chandra]], the last [[Gahadvala]] Rathore ruler of Kannauj, came to Marwar on a pilgrimage to [[Dwarka]] in [[Gujarat]], and on halting at the town of Pali, he and his followers settled there to fight against the raids of marauding bands and foreign invaders. Rajputs and Paliwal Brahmins fought bravely against [[Feroz Shah]] in the 13th century but couldn't resist his large army. His devali with the inscription of 1273 AD was discovered 21 km north west of Pali.

[[Rao Chunda]], tenth in succession from Siyaji Rathore, finally wrested control of [[Marwar]] from the Pratiharas. His brother's son and successor, [[Rao Jodha]], moved the capital to the city of [[Jodhpur]], which he founded in 1459. Pali remained a part of the Marwar kingdom until 1949, when the last ruling Maharaja acceded to newly independent India. The oldest temple in Pali is the temple of Somanatha. [[Maharana Pratap]] mother, Rani Jayawanta Bai, was the daughter of Maharawal Akheraj Sonigara, the ruler of Pali. This established a strong maternal connection for Maharana Pratap with the Pali region, making it his 'Nanihal' (maternal home). Maharan Pratap's Statue inaugurated on 4 June 2011 by District Collector Neeraj Kumar Pawan.

==Geography==
Pali is located at {{Coord|25.77|N|73.33|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/24/Pali.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Pali, India|website=www.fallingrain.com|accessdate=3 March 2025}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 214 metres (702 feet).

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Pali (2011)<ref name="religion2011">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|75.59}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|18.79}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Rajasthan|Jainism]]|pink|4.93}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.43}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.26}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

{{As of|2011}} Indian [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Pali had a population of 229,956. Males constitute 52.2% of the population and females 47.8%. Pali has an average literacy rate of 68.2%, lower than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 77.24%, and female literacy is 59%. In Pali, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://webconte.com/pin_code/place/pali_city/2490|title=Pin Code Pali City, Pali - Post Office 306401|website=WebConte|accessdate=3 March 2025}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Pali (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] |value1 = 80.42 |color1 = firebrick
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 10.31 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value3 = 7.98 |color3 = maroon
|other = y |other-label = Others |other-color = grey
|thumb=left
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 80.42% of the population recorded their language as [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], 10.31% [[Hindi]] and 7.98% [[Marwari language|Marwari]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue (Urban): Rajasthan |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Industries==
Pali has been famous for its textile industries. Cotton, synthetic clothes, and yarn are exported to other states of India at a very cheap price. Some new industries have also been developed such as those of bangles, marble cutting, marble finishing, etc.

One of the largest composite [[textile mill]]s in India is the 'Maharaja Shri Umaid Mill' located in Pali. The main products of the mill include cotton and yarn, which are used to prepare different clothes.

There are three industrial areas in Pali, namely the Mandia Road Industrial Area, the Industrial Area phase 1 & 2, and the Punayata Industrial Area. Mandia Road Industrial Area is the largest and the oldest of all.

Besides this, many more industries are situated in different areas of Pali district i.e. leather-based industries, agriculture instruments, chemical industries, cement industries, and mineral-based units. Among these, granite industries have recently flourished due to the easy availability of raw material and favorable geographical location.

Pali has seen the emergence of the fintech sector, exemplified by AeronPay, headquartered in the city. Founded in 2018 and part of the Aeronfly Group, AeronPay is an Indian fintech company. Outlook India reported the launch of their unified open API platform for [[financial technology]]. AeronPay's contact page confirms their Pali location.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.outlookindia.com/hub4business/aeronpay-unveils-groundbreaking-unified-open-api-platform-revolutionizing-financial-technology-and-digital-transactions | title = AeronPay Unveils Groundbreaking Unified Open API Platform | website = Outlook India | access-date = 16 May 2025 | date = 2023-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://aeronpay.in/contactus/ | title = Contact Us - AeronPay | website = AeronPay | access-date = 16 May 2025 }}</ref> This indicates a diversification in Pali's economy.

However, the problem of pollution is imminent. Common effluent treatment plants have been established in the last few years to treat the discharged water from various industries.

==See also==
*[[Paliwal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.pali.rajasthan.gov.in Pali District website]
**[https://palinews.online Pali Online News Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128135742/https://palinews.online/ |date=28 November 2020 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928002835/http://www.investrajasthan.com/kommon/bin/sr.php?kall=wmaps&code=160260 Map of Pali District (Invest Rajasthan)]

{{Pali district}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Pali district]]
[[Category:Pali district]]

Filmfare Awards Marathi

2026-02-12T18:50:22Z

DemetriaMunro:

{{Short description|Indian films awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Filmfare Marathi Awards
| current_awards =
| image = Filmfare Marathi Trophy.png
| imagesize =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Excellence in Marathi cinema
| presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''
| country = [[India]], [[Maharashtra]]
| network = [[Colors Marathi]] [[Zee Marathi]]
| year =
| year2 =
| website = {{URL|http://www.filmfare.com}}
|firstawarded=1963 Re-started 2014}}

The '''Filmfare Marathi Awards''' are presented annually to both artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film industry]] of India.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/filmfare-marathi-nominations-2016/articleshow/55576778.cms Filmfare Marathi: Nominations are out]</ref> The ceremony had been sponsored by various private organisations in the past as well as in present provisions. During several years in 1990s, a live ceremony was broadcast to television audiences but was later discontinued for unknown reasons. In 1963 the awards were extended to [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] languages.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/filmfare-awards-marathi-winners | title=Filmfare Awards Marathi Winners }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/11th-annual-south-filmfare-awards-winners | title=11th Annual South Filmfare Awards Winners }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069813841&view=1up&seq=484 | title=The Times of India directory and year book including who's who 1984 }}</ref> The presentation of the awards has been inconsistent throughout its inception. Presently, a recorded and edited version of the awards ceremony is televised.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/filmfare-marathi-awards-2016-double-seat-dominates-nominations-list-check-out-complete-list-here-705724 Filmfare Marathi Awards 2016]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Marathi-Filmfare-Awards-Nominations/articleshow/49827966.cms Filmfare Marathi Awards]</ref>

== History ==
The awards were first given in 1963 and the ceremony used to be held along with Bollywood [[Filmfare Awards]]. In 1953, initially recognizing the Hindi film industry. In 1963, awards extended to Best Picture in Marathi, Telugu, Tamil and Bengali, for the awards. In 1974, the awards were extended to Best Actor, Best Actress and Best Director categories.

''Mazha Hoshil Ka'' was the first movie to win the award for [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|Best Film]].

== Statuette ==
The statuette, depicting a dancing woman whose arms are raised with her hands touching, is commonly referred to as "Black Lady" (or "The Lady in Black"). Originally designed by N.G. Pansare under the supervision of ''[[The Times of India]]'''s art director Walter Langhammer, it is generally made of bronze, its height is 46.5 cm and it weighs around five kg.

== The Red Carpet ==
The Red Carpet is a segment that takes place before the beginning of the actual ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebs grace the Filmfare Marathi Awards {{!}} Shreyas Talpade Images - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/celebs-grace-filmfare-marathi-awards/celebs-grace-the-filmfare-marathi-awards-3/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |language=en}}</ref> This is where actors, actresses, producers, directors, singers, composers, and others that have contributed to Indian cinema are introduced.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-29 |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2017: Deepika Padukone, Madhuri Dixit turn heads as Sairat and Ventilator win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/filmfare-awards-marathi-deepika-padukone-madhuri-dixit-sairat-ventilator-4910475/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Hosts question the celebrities about upcoming performances and who they think deserves to take the Black Lady home.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-01 |title=Filmfare Marathi Awards 2020: Parineeti Chopra, Mithila Palkar, Neena Kulkarni, Mukta Barve, Sharad Kelkar and other celebs arrive at the red carpet event |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/filmfare-marathi-awards-2020-parineeti-chopra-mithila-palkar-neena-kulkarni-mukta-barve-sharad-kelkar-and-other-celebs-arrive-at-the-red-carpet-event/articleshow/81261238.cms |access-date=2023-10-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonalee Kulkarni and Amruta Khanvilkar arrive at Planet Marathi Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/photos/sonalee-kulkarni-and-amruta-khanvilkar-arrive-at-planet-marathi-filmfare-awards-marathi-2022_-57681.html |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Records ==
'''Most Awards for a film'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Film
!No. of Awards
|-
!''[[Sairat]]''
|11
|-
!''[[Anandi Gopal]]''
|10
|-
! ''[[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)|Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]]''
|8
|}
'''Most Awards for Best Director'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Image
!Recipient
!No. of Awards
|-
|[[File:Jabbar Patel.jpg|100x100px]]
![[Jabbar Patel]]
|4
|-
|[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Swarna Kamal Award to Nagraj Manjule (Best Direction) for the Non-feature film – PAVASACHA NIBANDHA, at the 65th National Film Awards Function, in New Delhi.JPG|100x100px]]
![[Nagraj Manjule]]
|2
|}
'''Most Awards for Best Actor'''
{| class="wikitable"
! Image
!Recipient
!No. of Awards
|-
|[[File:Ashok Saraf.jpg|123x123px]]
![[Ashok Saraf]]
|3
|}
'''Most Awards for Best Actress'''
{| class="wikitable"
! Image
!Recipient
!No. of Awards
|-
|[[File:Sonali Kulkarni graces the screening of Sonata.jpg|140x140px]]
![[Sonali Kulkarni]]
|3
|}
'''Most Awards for Best Supporting Actor'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Image
!Recipient
!No. of Awards
|-
|[[File:Kishor kadam.jpg|123x123px]]
![[Kishor Kadam]]
|2
|}
'''Most Awards for Best Supporting Actress'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Image
!Recipient
!No. of Awards
|-
|[[File:Neena Kulkarni.jpg|178x178px]]
![[Neena Kulkarni]]
|2
|}
'''Most Awards for Music Direction'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Image
!Recipient
!No. of Awards
|-
|[[File:Ajay-Atul 1.jpg|133x133px]]
![[Ajay-Atul]]
|3
|}
'''Most Awards for Male Singer'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Image
!Recipient
!No. of Awards
|-
|[[File:Adarsh Shinde in Jafrabad.jpg|133x133px]]
![[Adarsh Shinde]]
|3
|}

== Award categories ==
As of 2017, there are a total of 26 awards given in different categories. There is a separate category of critics awards, decided by noted film-critics rather than popular votes. Awards are given in the following categories. Follow the links for lists of the award winners and nominations, year by year.

=== Merit awards ===

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|Best Film]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|Best Director]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Best Actor]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Marathi|Best Supporting Actor]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Marathi|Best Supporting Actress]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – Marathi|Best Male Debut]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – Marathi|Best Female Debut]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Marathi|Best Music Director]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Marathi|Best Lyricist]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Marathi|Best Male Playback Singer]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Marathi|Best Female Playback Singer]]

=== Critics' awards ===

* [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film – Marathi|Critics Award Best Film]]
* [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Critics Award Best Actor]]
* [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Critics Award Best Actress]]

=== Technical awards ===

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Story – Marathi|Best Story]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay – Marathi|Best Screenplay]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue – Marathi|Best Dialogue]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction – Marathi|Best Art Direction]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score – Marathi|Best Background Score]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer – Marathi|Best Cinematography]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing – Marathi|Best Editing]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – Marathi|Best Choreography]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Sound – Marathi|Best Sound Design]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design – Marathi|Best Costume Design]]

=== Special awards ===

* [[Filmfare Marathi Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director – Marathi|Best Debut Director]]
* Best Child Actor
* Excellence in Marathi Cinema

==Previous winners==
;[[Marathi Cinema]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xU3jAAAAMAAJ |title = The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|last1 = Reed|first1 = Sir Stanley|year = 1984}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="4" |1963
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
| colspan="3" |'''''Mazha Hoshil Ka'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1964
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
| colspan="3" |'''''Sant Nivrutti Dnyandev'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1965
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
| colspan="3" |'''''Laxmi Aali Ghara'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1966
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
| colspan="3" |'''''Gurukilli'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1967
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
| colspan="3" |'''''Pavna Kathcha Dhondi'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1968
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
| colspan="3" |'''''Ekti'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1969
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
| colspan="3" |'''''Jiwhala'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1970
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
| colspan="3" |'''''Apradh'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1971
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
| colspan="3" |'''''[[Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe]]'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1972
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
| colspan="3" |'''''Kunku Mazhe Bhagyache'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1973
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
| colspan="3" |'''''Andhala Marto Dola'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1974
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
|'''''Sugandhi Katta'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|'''Best Director''']]
|
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|'''Best Actor''']]
|'''[[Shriram Lagoo]] – ''Sugandhi Katta'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|'''Best Actress''']]
|'''[[Sarala Yeolekar]] – ''Sugandhi Katta'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1975
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
|'''[[Samna (film)|''Samna'']]'''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|'''Best Director''']]
|'''[[Jabbar Patel]] – ''[[Samna (film)|Samna]]'''''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|'''Best Actor''']]
|'''[[Shriram Lagoo]] – ''[[Samna (film)|Samna]]'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|'''Best Actress''']]
|'''[[Sandhya Shantaram|Sandhya]] – ''Chandnachi Choli Ang Ang Jali'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1976
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
|'''''[[Aaram Haram Aahe]]'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|'''Best Director''']]
|'''[[Vasant Joglekar]] – ''Ha Khel Sawalyancha'''''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|'''Best Actor''']]
|'''[[Ravindra Mahajani]] – ''Zunj'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|'''Best Actress''']]
|'''[[Asha Kale]] – ''Ha Khel Sawalyancha'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1977
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
|'''''Naav Motha Lakshan Khota'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|'''Best Director''']]
|'''Muralidhar Kapdi – ''Naav Motha Lakshan Khota'''''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|'''Best Actor''']]
|'''[[Shriram Lagoo]] – ''Bhingri'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|'''Best Actress''']]
|'''[[Usha Chavan]] – ''Naav Motha Lakshan Khota'''''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |'''Special Award'''
| colspan="3" |'''[[Ashok Saraf]] – ''[[Ram Ram Gangaram]]'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1978
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
|'''''Devaki Nandan Gopala'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|'''Best Director''']]
|'''[[Jabbar Patel]] – ''[[Jait Re Jait]]'''''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|'''Best Actor''']]
|'''Yashwant Dutt – ''Bhairu Pailwan Ki Jai'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|'''Best Actress''']]
|'''[[Smita Patil]] – ''[[Jait Re Jait]]'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1979
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
|'''''[[Sinhasan]]'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|'''Best Director''']]
|'''[[Jabbar Patel]] – ''[[Sinhasan]]'' '''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|'''Best Actor''']]
|'''[[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] – ''[[Ashtavinayak (film)|Ashtavinayak]]'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|'''Best Actress''']]
|'''[[Ranjana Deshmukh|Ranjana]] – ''Sushila'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1980
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
|'''''[[22 June 1897]]'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|'''Best Director''']]
|'''Nachiket Patwardhan – ''[[22 June 1897]]'''''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|'''Best Actor''']]
|'''[[Nilu Phule]] – ''Sahkar Samrat'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|'''Best Actress''']]
|'''[[Usha Chavan]] – ''Ran Pakhare'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1981
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
|'''''[[Umbartha]]'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|'''Best Director''']]
|'''[[Jabbar Patel]] – ''[[Umbartha]]'''''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|'''Best Actor''']]
|'''[[Amol Palekar]] – ''Akriet'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|'''Best Actress''']]
|'''[[Smita Patil]] – ''[[Umbartha]]'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1982
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
|'''''[[Shapit (1982 film)|Shapit]]'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|'''Best Director''']]
|'''[[Rajdutt]], [[Arvind Deshpande]] – ''[[Shapit (1982 film)|Shapit]]'''''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|'''Best Actor''']]
|'''Yashwant Dutt – ''[[Shapit (1982 film)|Shapit]]'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|'''Best Actress''']]
|'''[[Madhu Kambikar]] – ''[[Shapit (1982 film)|Shapit]]'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1983
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
|'''''[[Gupchup Gupchup]]'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|'''Best Director''']]
|'''V. K. Naik – ''[[Gupchup Gupchup]]'''''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|'''Best Actor''']]
|'''[[Ashok Saraf]] – ''Gosht Dhamal Namyachi'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|'''Best Actress''']]
|'''[[Ranjana Deshmukh|Ranjana]] – ''Savitri'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1985
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
|'''[[Dhoom Dhadaka]]'''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|'''Best Director''']]
|'''[[Mahesh Kothare]] – ''[[Dhoom Dhadaka]]'''''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|'''Best Actor''']]
|'''[[Laxmikant Berde]] – ''[[Dhoom Dhadaka]]'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|'''Best Actress''']]
|'''[[Usha Naik]] – ''Devashappath Khare Sangen'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1994
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|'''Best Actor''']]
|'''[[Vikram Gokhale]] – ''Vazir'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|'''Best Actress''']]
|'''[[Sukanya Kulkarni]] – ''Varsa Laxmicha'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1995
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
| colspan="3" |'''''Aai'''''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|'''Best Actor''']]
|'''[[Sayaji Shinde]]''' '''– ''Aboli'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|'''Best Actress''']]
|'''[[Renuka Shahane]] – ''Aboli'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1996
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|'''Best Actor''']]
|'''[[Ashok Saraf]] – ''Suna Yeti Ghara'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|'''Best Actress''']]
|'''[[Sonali Kulkarni]] – ''[[Doghi]]'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1997
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|'''Best Actor''']]
|'''[[Mohan Joshi]]''' '''– ''Raosaheb'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|'''Best Actress''']]
|'''[[Sukanya Kulkarni]]''' '''– ''[[Sarkarnama]]'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1998
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
| colspan="3" |'''''[[Tu Tithe Mee]]'''''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|'''Best Actor''']]
|'''[[Mohan Joshi]]''' '''– ''[[Tu Tithe Mee]]'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|'''Best Actress''']]
|'''[[Suhas Joshi]] – ''[[Tu Tithe Mee]]'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |1999<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare - Print Edition |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/april2000/cs1a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325154018/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/april2000/cs1a.html |archive-date=25 March 2012 |access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|'''Best Film''']]
|'''''[[Bindhaast]]'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|'''Best Director''']]
|'''[[Chandrakant Kulkarni]] – ''[[Bindhaast]]'''''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|'''Best Actor''']]
|'''[[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] – ''Ratra Aarambh'''''
! style="background:#EEDD82 |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|'''Best Actress''']]
|'''Sharvari Jamenis – ''[[Bindhaast]]'''''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82 |'''[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Marathi|Best Music Director]]'''
| colspan="3" |'''[[Shridhar Phadke]] – ''Lekroo'''''
|}

== Ceremonies ==
* [[1st Filmfare Awards Marathi]], was held on 20 November 2015 in [[Thane]], Maharashtra
* [[2nd Filmfare Awards Marathi]], was held on 28 November 2016 in Mumbai, Maharashtra
* [[3th Filmfare Awards Marathi|3rd Filmfare Awards Marathi]], was held on 27 October 2017 in Mumbai, Maharashtra<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for Filmfare Awards Marathi 2017 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2017/nominations |accessdate=24 September 2020}}</ref>
* [[4th Filmfare Awards Marathi]], was held on 27 September 2018 in Mumbai, Maharashtra<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for Filmfare Awards Marathi 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2018/nominations |accessdate=24 September 2020}}</ref>
* [[5th Filmfare Awards Marathi]], was held on 28 February 2021 in Mumbai, Maharashtra
* [[6th Filmfare Awards Marathi]], was held on 31 March 2022 in [[Bandra]], Mumbai<ref>{{cite news |date=28 March 2022 |title=Nominations for the 6th edition of Filmfare Awards Marathi 2021 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-6th-edition-of-filmfare-awards-marathi-2021_-52905-1.html |access-date=2 April 2022 |work=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=31 March 2022 |title=Winners of the Filmfare Awards Marathi 2021 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-filmfare-awards-marathi-2021_-52948-1.html |access-date=2 April 2022 |work=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref>
* [[7th Filmfare Awards Marathi]], was held on 27 March 2023 in [[Mulund]], Mumbai
* [[8th Filmfare Awards Marathi]], was held on 18 April 2024 in Mahakavi Kalidas Natyamandir, Mumbai<ref>{{Cite web |title=मराठी मनोरंजन विश्वातही ‘फिल्मफेअर’ पुरस्कारांचा कल्ला! कुणी मारली बाजी? पाहा विजेत्यांची यादी... |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/marathi-filmfare-award-2024-winner-list-in-marathi-see-winner-list-here-141713518480592.html |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[9th Filmfare Awards Marathi]], was held on 10 July 2025 in Hotel Sahara Star, Mumbai<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for The Filmfare Awards Marathi 2025: Full List Out {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-filmfare-awards-marathi-2025-full-list-out-75328.html |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Filmfare Awards]]
* [[Marathi Cinema]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Filmfare Awards}}

[[Category:Filmfare Awards Marathi|*]]
[[Category:Film industry in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Maharashtra awards]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1963]]
[[Category:Indian film awards]]

List of Gujarati films of 2021

2026-02-05T05:13:30Z

DemetriaMunro:

{{short description|List of Gujarati language films released in 2021}}
{{incomplete list|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
This is a list of [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati language films]] that were released in 2021. The film industry continued to be affected by [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The theaters were kept closed in March–April 2021 due to the resurgence of the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-27|title=Gujarat COVID Restrictions: From malls to restaurants to cinema halls, know what's open and what's not in all 29 cities|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/gujarat-coronavirus-restrictions-night-curfew-weekend-lockdown-cinema-halls-malls-public-gardens-salon-shopping-complexes-religious-places-whats-open-whats-not-latest-updates-10026128|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Jagran English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amid rising COVID-19 cases, multiplexes in Gujarat opt for self-imposed lockdown|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/amid-rising-covid-19-cases-multiplexes-in-gujarat-opt-for-self-imposed-lockdown/articleshow/82212830.cms|access-date=2021-05-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The Gujarati films collectively grossed {{INRconvert|15|c}} in 2020–21, according to Ormax Box Office Report.<ref name="ormax 2025">{{cite web |date=15 January 2026 |title=The Ormax Box Office Report: 2025 |url=https://www.ormaxmedia.com/insights/stories/the-ormax-box-office-report-2025.html}}</ref>

==January–March==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Opening
!Name
!Genre
!Director
!Cast
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|rowspan=1|15 January
|''Tari Yaad Ma Jindagi Javani''
|Romance
|Jitu Pandya
|[[Vikram Thakor]], Rina Soni, Arzu Limbachiya, Guru Patel
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/tari-yaad-ma-jindagi-javani/ET00304215|title=Tari Yaad Ma Jindagi Javani|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=1|12 February
|''Tikkhi Mitthi Life''
|Drama
|Vaibhav Kerlekar
|Bhaumik Sampat, Jinal Belani, Muni Jha
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/tikkhi-mitthi-life/ET00306251|title=Tikkhi Mitthi Life|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=1|19 February
|''Baki Mathi Badbaki''
|Comedy
|Shailesh Patel, Atul Soni
|Hemang Shah, Kanwal Taff, Bhavesh Visawadia, Amit Bhanushali
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/baki-mathi-badbaki/ET00306804|title=Baki Mathi Badbaki|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=1|21 February
|''Justice''
|Drama
|Kapil Nathvani
|Griva Kansara, Gokul Bariya, Jitendra Thakkar
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/justice/ET00307133|title=Justice|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=1|11 March
|''Romiyo Whisky''
|Romance
|Rajesh Meghji Maru
|Riya Gor, Sanjay Morya, K. K. Goswami
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/romiyo-whisky/ET00307958|title=Romiyo Whisky|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref>
|}

==April – June==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Opening
!Name
!Genre
!Director
!Cast
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|14 April
|''Prem Anubandh''
|Romance
|Urvish Parikh
|Kalpesh Rajgor, Krutika Desai, Jayendra Mehta, Morli Patel
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prem Anubandh (2023) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Mumbai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mumbai/prem-anubandh/ET00139040?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|20 May
|''Swagatam''
|Romance
|Neeraj Joshi
|[[Malhar Thakar]], Katha Patel, Ojas Rawal, [[Vandana Pathak]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/swagatam-is-first-ever-gujarati-film-to-be-released-on-streaming-service-shemaroome/article_1e7c140c-b1bf-11eb-a25c-635a3bbc8ace.html|title='Swagatam' is First-ever Gujarati Film to Be Released on Streaming Service ShemarooMe|date=10 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
|10 June
|''[[Chhello Show]]''
|Coming-of-age drama
|[[Pan Nalin]]
|Bhavin Rabari, Bhavesh Shrimali, Richa Meena, Dipen Raval, Paresh Mehta
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Pandya | first=Sonal |title=Chhello Show trailer: A boy is transformed by the magic of cinema |website=Cinestaan |date=2021-06-11 |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/jun/11/30016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613181805/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/jun/11/30016 |url-status=live |archive-date=13 June 2021 |access-date=2021-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Last Film Show (Chhello Show) (2022) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Ahmedabad |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ahmedabad/last-film-show-chhello-show/ET00339953?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|19 June
|''[[Mara Pappa Superhero]]''
|Drama
|[[Darshan Ashwin Trivedi]]
|[[Abhinay Banker]], [[Shraddha Dangar]], [[Revanta Sarabhai]], Bhushan Bhatt
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Guj film at London Fest |website=Ahmedabad Mirror | date=2021-06-19 |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/guj-film-at-london-fest/81800663.html |access-date=2021-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mara Papa Superhero (2024) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mara-papa-superhero/ET00383276?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|}

==July – September==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Opening
!Name
!Genre
!Director
!Cast
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|17 September
|''[[Dhuandhaar]]''
|Thriller
|Rehan Chaudhary
|[[Malhar Thakar]], Netri Trivedi, Alisha Prajapati, Dimple Biscuitwala, [[Hiten Kumar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title='Dhuandhaar' official poster out! This Rehan Chaudhary's film is set to release on September 17|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/dhuandhaar-official-poster-out-this-rehan-chaudharys-film-is-set-to-release-on-september-17/articleshow/85761198.cms|access-date=2021-09-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhuandhaar (2021) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Mumbai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mumbai/dhuandhaar/ET00314682?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2 | 24 September
|''Beti''
| Drama
|Himmat Jikadare
|Nidhi Seth, Mehul Solanki, Vimmy Bhatt, Dharmesh Vyas, Sonali Lele Desai
|<ref>{{cite tweet|user=taran_adarsh| author=Taran Adarsh|date=18 September 2021|number=1439182842248843269|title=IN CINEMAS NEXT FRIDAY... #Gujarati film #Beti to release in *cinemas* on 24 Sept 2021... Directed by Himmat Jikadara. https://t.co/4F3hgrjXza|access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''All Are Welcome''
|Drama
|Vijay Limbachiya
|Hirvit Kubavat, Ashka Singha, Kushal Patel, Rutu Vyas, Shhail Vithlani, Devanshi Shah, Tejas Rupareliya, Harmony Dholkiya
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/all-are-welcome/ET00315128|title=All Are Welcome (2021) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in ahmedabad - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|}

==October – December==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Opening
!Name
!Genre
!Director
!Cast
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|1 October
|''[[Jessu Jordaar]]''
|Romantic comedy
|Rajan Verma
|[[Kuldeep Gor]], Bhakti Kubavat, Dhyey Mehta, Rishikesh Ingley, [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]], Supriya Kumari
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/jessu-jordaar/ET00315409|title = Jessu Jordaar (2021) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in ahmedabad - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|15 October
|''Tari Sathe''
|Romantic comedy
|Rakesh Shah
|[[Bhavya Gandhi]], [[Jinal Belani]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/tari-sathe/ET00311640|title = Tari Sathe (2021) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in ahmedabad - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|22 October
|''Jivan Aakhyaan''
|Drama
|Vipul Jambucha
|Jeet Malaviya, Manasvi Patel, Dharam Salvani, Vipul Jambucha, Trupti Jambucha, Heena Belani
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/jivan-aakhyaan/ET00316436|title = Jivan Aakhyaan (2021) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in ahmedabad - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|11 November
|''Shrimad Rajchandra''
|Animation, biographical
|Bhairav Kothari
|Voice: Amar Babaria, Shubhav Kher
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-04|title=India's first Gujarati Animated Movie, Shrimad Rajchandra is now set to take the US market by storm|url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/indias-first-gujarati-animated-movie-shrimad-rajchandra-is-now-set-to-take-the-us-market-by-storm/776701/|access-date=2021-12-11|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|23 November
|''Dhummas''
|Mystery thriller
|Kartavya Shah
|Jayesh More, [[Kinjal Rajpriya]], Ojas Rawal, Chetan Daiya, Aakash Zala, Bhargav Trivedi, Kinal Trivedi, [[Malhar Thakar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ojas Rawal's Dhummas gets a direct-to-OTT release date: When and where to watch the Gujarati film|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ojas-rawals-dhummas-gets-a-direct-to-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-the-gujarati-film/de4ea9e262321|access-date=2021-12-11|website=OTTPlay|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |3 December
|''Dhan Dhatudi Patudi''
|Comedy
|Sunny Kumar
|Sanjaysinh Chauhan, Jahnvi Chauhan, Jitendra Thakkar, Chetan Daiya, Hemang Dave, Akash Zala, Jitu Pandya, Amit Galani
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/exclusive-chetan-daiya-on-his-upcoming-movie-dhan-dhatudi-patudi-crazy-film-by-creatively-crazy-team/articleshow/82104049.cms|title = Exclusive! Chetan Daiya on his upcoming movie 'Dhan Dhatudi Patudi': Crazy Film by creatively crazy team|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|''Dramebaaj''
|Romantic comedy
|Gunveen Kaur, Robin Sikarwar
|Adesh Singh Tomar, Rima Ramanuj, Gopal Hari, Chetan Daiya, Rahul Raval, Sinhali Vala, Kalpana Gagdekar
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gujarat|first=Connect|date=2021-12-04|title=અમદાવાદ: ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ 'ડ્રામેબાજ'ની સ્પેશલ સ્ક્રિનિંગમાં ઉમટ્યા ગુજરાતી કલાકારો|url=https://gujarati.connectgujarat.com/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-gujarati-actors-participated-in-the-special-screening-of-gujarati-film-drama-baaj-1342306|access-date=2021-12-05|website=gujarati.connectgujarat.com|language=gu}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |10 December
|''[[Divaswapna]]''
|Drama
|[[Satish Davara]]
|Pravin Gundecha, Garima Bhardwaj, Chetan Daiya, Bimal Trivedi
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Divaswapna|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/divaswapna/movieshow/88073027.cms|access-date=2021-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chetan Daiya on his next release 'Divaswapna': The film's concept is the need of the hour|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/chetan-daiya-on-his-next-release-divaswapna-the-films-concept-is-the-need-of-the-hour/articleshow/88054044.cms|access-date=2021-12-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[21mu Tiffin]]''
|Drama
|[[Vijaygiri Bava]]
|[[Niilam Paanchal]], [[Raunaq Kamdar]], Netri Trivedi
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/21mu-tiffin/ET00318081|title = 21mu Tiffin (2021) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in ahmedabad - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" | 17 December
|''Baap No Bagicho''
|Comedy
|Bhagwan Vaghela, Dashrath Khanpur
|[[Ravi Kishan]], [[Sanjay Goradia]], Mustak Khan, [[Asrani]], Yuvraj Suvada, Rina Soni, Zinnat Khan
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baap No Bagicho (2022) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Mumbai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mumbai/baap-no-bagicho/ET00320963?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''Halkie Fulkee''
|Drama
|Jayant Gilatar
|[[Neha Mehta]], Aanandee Tripathi, Jayant Gilatar, Jayaka Yagnik, Shatrughansinh Solanki
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gujarati.connectgujarat.com/entertainment/gujarati-movie-halki-fulki-trailer-released-1343133|title = ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ 'હલકી ફુલકી'નું ટ્રેલર થયું લોન્ચ; 17 ડિસેમ્બરે થશે રિલીઝ|date = 9 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|24 December
|''Lock Down Ma Lafru''
|Drama
|Jayesh Barot
|Kamlesh Barot, Avantika Bhatti, Bharat Baria, Hemali Gohil, Tannu Rathod
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lock Down Ma Lafru (2021)|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/lock-down-ma-lafru/ET00320384|access-date=2021-12-24|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Gujarati cinema]]
* [[List of Gujarati films]]
* [[List of Gujarati films of 2022]]
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Gujarati|List of highest-grossing Gujarati films]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.imdb.com/search/title?at=0&languages=gu&sort=year,asc&title_type=feature&year=2021,2021 List of Gujarati films of 2021] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{2021 films}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{portalbar|Bollywood|2020s}}

[[Category:Lists of Gujarati films by year|2021]]
[[Category:Lists of 2021 films by language|Gujarati]]
[[Category:2021 in Indian cinema|Gujarati]]

Thanjavur Shiva

2026-01-20T03:51:18Z

DemetriaMunro: adding a details

{{Short description|Bronze statue of the Shiva Vishapaharana}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox artefact
| name = Thanjavur Shiva
| image = [[File:Shiva_Vishapaharana_from_Thanjavur_(BM).JPG|300px]]
| image_caption = Statue of Shiva Vishapaharana from Thanjavur on display at the British Museum
| material = Bronze
| size = 58 cm High
| weight =
| created = 10th Century AD
| discovered =
| location = [[British Museum]], London
| id =
| registration = 1970,0921.1
}}
The '''Thanjavur Shiva''' is a bronze statue of the [[Shiva]] Vishapaharana that was originally made in the district of [[Thanjavur]] in southern India. Since its purchase in 1970, this well preserved bronze figure has been considered one of the [[British Museum]]'s greatest ancient [[Hindu]] sculptures from the [[Indian Subcontinent|subcontinent]].<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=223688&partId=1&place=6623&plaA=6623-3-2&page=1 British Museum Collection]</ref>

==Description==
The bronze sculpture is a half life size representation of the Hindu god Shiva Vishapaharana wearing an elaborate crown. Intact except for a missing arch above the statue, the god is shown with three arms holding an [[axe]], [[deer]] and [[cobra]], with his other arm in the [[Abhayamudra]] position. The quality and detail of the casting is very high, demonstrating the remarkable level of craftsmanship achieved during the [[Chola]] period. The statue would have once been paraded through the temple precinct to mark religious festivities.

==Provenance==
The Thanjavur Shiva was purchased by the [[British Museum]] from a private collector from New York in 1970. The statue's history prior to its acquisition is less certain but based on iconography and similarity to other statues of the deity, it was almost certainly made in the Thanjavur district in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] between 940 and 950 AD. A similar statue can be seen in the [[Government Museum, Chennai|Government Museum]], [[Chennai]].<ref>[http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/01/05/053/saiv11.htm Government Museum website]</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*S. Kramrisch, Manifestations of Shiva (Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1981)
*T. R. Blurton, Hindu art (London, The British Museum Press, 1992)

[[Category:Asian sculptures in the British Museum]]
[[Category:10th century in India]]
[[Category:Shiva in art]]
[[Category:Thanjavur]]
[[Category:Indian sculpture]]
[[Category:Indian artefacts held abroad]]

Ballygunge Circular Road

2026-01-11T17:17:13Z

DemetriaMunro: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Road in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{One source|date=January 2026}}
{{Original research|date=January 2026}}
{{Overly detailed|date=January 2026}}
{{Notability|date=January 2026}} }}
[[File:B C Road (7).jpg|thumb|250px|A stretch of B C Road]]
'''Ballygunge Circular Road''' which was renamed as Promotesh Barua Sarani {{small|(PIN Kolkata 700019)}}, after the legendary actor and doyen of Bengali Cinema, is one of the most important roads which runs through the upscale part of [[Ballygunge]] in [[South Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.magicbricks.com/Ballygunge-Circular-Road-in-Kolkata-map-mapid-tCdzK5Bx6Wc=|title=Ballygunge Circular Road Map {{!}} Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata Google Map {{!}} Location Map of Ballygunge Circular Road {{!}} MagicBricks|website=www.magicbricks.com|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> It starts near the Ballygunge Science College right off Gariahat Road, passing through landmarks like Tripura House, St Lawrence High School etc. before meeting [[Gurusaday Dutta Road]] about a mile up the road. It then finally meets [[AJC Bose Road]] a bit further up. A large [[military camp]] (known as Ballygunge Maidan Camp) is located on the North-Western stretch of the road, starting right after the David Hare Training College and ending at the intersection of Chakraberia Road.

==Localities==
[[File:B C Road 'Paramount' (2).jpg|thumb|250px|Paramount Apartments]]
It is surrounded by nice residential houses in the vicinity of Tripura House, mainly in the stretch between the Science College and St. Lawrence High School. Some of the finest residential apartments as well as posh villas dot this road. Many prominent residential spots like "Vedant Apartments", on the plot that used to house legendary Bengali actress [[Suchitra Sen]]’s bungalow, have sprung up recently. "Devadwar" at 34 Ballygunge Circular Road is considered to be one of the best residential buildings in the city. Other notable plush high rise apartments include "Paramount", "Uttarayan", "Aishwarya" ,"Le Palmerie", "The Residency", "Tripura Enclave", "Surya", "Balaka", "Tivoli Court" and the upcoming ''Sky villas'' "Shiromani" and "Sri Avani". Ballygunge Circular Road is surrounded by other upscale and posh areas of Ballygunge like [[Gurusaday Dutta Road]], Rainey Park, Rowland Road, Lovelock Street, Ritchie Road, Dover Road, Dover Park, and Queens Park.
There are other landmarks such as the Max Mueller Bhavan (Goethe Institute), (which has now shifted to Park Mansions) "Miranda Hall" — one of the most exclusive Montessori schools in Kolkata was also situated on this road.

==Landmarks==
[[File:B C Road 'Devadwar'.jpg|thumb|250px|Devadwar]]
# Department of Jute & Fibre Technology, Institute of Jute Technology, C.U.
# Ballygunge Science College
# Surya Apartments
# Naba Kailash Apartments
# Calcutta Cosmopolitan Club
# Devadwar
# Budhia House
# Tripura Enclave
# Tripura House
# Santosh Estate
# St Lawrence High School
# David Hare Training College
# Paramount
# Le Palmerie
# Ballygunge Maidan Camp
# Calcutta Punjab Club
# Kendriya Vidyalaya
# Automobile Association of Eastern India Club
# Rainey Park Residency
# Tivoli Court
# Sona Villa (estd 1901)
# Balaka
Heritage property on 53 Ballygunge Circular Road

==Notable residents==

* [[Suchitra Sen]] – Actress and mother of actress [[Moon Moon Sen]] and grandmother of [[Riya Sen]] and [[Raima Sen]].
* [[Aditya Vikram Sengupta]] – National Award Winning Filmmaker ([[Asha Jaoar Majhe]]), Cinematographer and Artist
*Ashwika Kapur – India's ONLY girl GREEN OSCAR Winner in a Global Category and the youngest Girl Winner in the world.
*[[Indrani Sen]] – An exponent of Rabindrasangeet and Nazrulgeeti a professor of [[Bagbazar women's college]].

==Restaurants==
* Chatar Patar
* Red Hot Chili Pepper [https://archive.today/20130123024452/http://kolkata.explocity.com/Info/showchannelnew.asp?city=KOL&channelid=3456&Did=3500]
* Sanjha Chulha
* Ganges
* 24 hr [[Cafe Coffee Day]]
* Mama mia Gelato
* Azad Hind Dhaba
*Sharma Dhaba

==See also==
* [[Park Street, Kolkata|Park Street]]
* [[Camac Street]]
* [[Sudder Street]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Ballygunge Circular Road}}
{{Streets of Kolkata}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Roads in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]

{{Kolkata-geo-stub}}
{{India-road-stub}}

Nayaks of Kandy

2026-01-11T08:30:04Z

DemetriaMunro: adding a pg - done

{{Short description|Rulers in Sri Lanka, 1739 to 1815}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}

{{Royal house|surname=Kandy Nayak Dynasty|type=Royal house|origin=[[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]|native_name=නායක්කාර රාජවංශය கண்டி நாயக்கர் வம்சம்|estate=Kingdom of Kandy|coat of arms=[[Image:King of Kandy.svg|100px|The Royal Standard of the Kingdom of Kandy]]|caption=Flag of the [[Kingdom of Kandy]]|parent_family=[[Madurai Nayak dynasty]]|country=[[Sri Lanka]], [[India]]|founder=[[Vijaya Rajasinha of Sri Lanka|Sri Vijaya Raja Singha]]|final ruler=[[Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Sri Lanka|Sri Vikrama Rajasinha]]|current head=Raja Mohan Babu|founding year=1739|dissolution=1815 under the terms of the [[Kandyan Convention]]}}

{{History of Kandy}}

The '''Nayaks of Kandy''', also known as the '''Kandyan Nayak Dynasty''' ({{langx|si|මහනුවර නායක්කාරවරු}} ''Mahanuwara Nayakkarawaru'', {{langx|ta|கண்டி நாயக்கர்}}) were the rulers of the [[Kingdom of Kandy]] from 1739 to 1815. They were the last dynasty to rule [[Sri Lanka]] before its full colonisation by the British. The term "Nayak" is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word Nāyaka, meaning "leader" or "governor."

The rise of the Nayak family to power occurred after the death of King [[Vira Narendra Sinha|Vira Narendrasinha]], who left no legitimate heir. As a result, the throne passed to his brother-in-law, Sri Vijaya Rajasinha, who was crowned in 1739.<ref name="Ceylon14-16">University of Ceylon review, Volumes 14–16, p.129.</ref> The Kandyan Nayaks were a [[cadet branch]] of the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Madurai Nayak]] dynasty and were also related to the [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Nayaks]].<ref>Enemy lines: childhood, warfare, and play in Batticaloa, By Margaret Trawick, p.40-41.</ref> Like the Madurai and Thanjavur Nayaks,<ref name="Madura/Tanjore">
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC |title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia |author2= |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=9780520228214 |editor1-last=[[Sheldon Pollock]] |volume= |page=413 |quote=.... in the seventeenth century, when warriors/traders from the Balija caste acquired kingship of the southern kingdoms of Madurai and Tanjavur.}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFXVDwAAQBAJ |title=Classical Telugu Poetry |author2= |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2020 |isbn=9780520344525 |editor1-last=[[David Dean Shulman]] |volume= |page=57 |quote=..... in the Tamil country, where Telugu Balija families had established local Nāyaka states (in Senji, Tanjavur, Madurai, and elsewhere) in the course of the sixteenth century.}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0K98afLnhAC |title=Politics and Social Conflict in South India |author2= |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1969 |editor1-last=[[Eugene F. Irschick]] |volume= |page=8 |quote=The successors of the Vijayanagar empire, the Nayaks of Madura and Tanjore, were Balija Naidus}}
* {{Cite journal |author2= |year=2007 |editor1-last=Dr. B.Ramachndra Reddy R. Nata Rajan |title=Identity and Crisis of Telugu Migrants of Tamil Region |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nfP89eJuycC |journal=Itihas |publisher=Andhra Pradesh State Archives and Research Institute |volume=33 |page=145 |quote=....It is told that the Nayak Kings of Madurai and Tanjore were Balijas, who had marital relations among themselves and with the Vijaya Nagara rulers, and so were appointed as the rulers of these regions.}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWkjsvf6_vsC |title=Caste and Race in India |author2= |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |year=1969 |isbn=9788171542055 |editor1-last=[[G. S. Ghurye]] |volume= |page=106 |quote=The Nayak kings of Madura and Tanjore were Balijas, traders by caste}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbm_Oyo8XFMC |title=Castes, Communities, and Culture in Andhra Desa, 17th & 18th Centuries, A.D |author2= |publisher=Osmania University |year=1996 |editor1-last=A. Satyanarayana, Mukkamala Radhakrishna Sarma |volume= |page=145 |quote=After the fall of the dynasty several Balija Nayudu chieftains rose into prominence. Tanjore and Madura kingdoms were the most important of such new kingdoms}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7whuAAAAMAAJ |title=Dominance and State Power in Modern India: Decline of a Social Order |author2= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1989 |isbn=9780195620986 |editor1-last=[[Francine Frankel|Francine R. Frankel]], [[M. S. A. Rao]] |volume= |page=30 |quote=The Nayak kings of Madura and Tanjore were balijas (traders)}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQJuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mughal State, 1526-1750 |author2= |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-563905-6 |editor1-last=[[Muzaffar Alam]] |volume= |page=35 |quote=As an arrangement, the Golconda practice in the first half of the seventeenth century was quite similar in crucial respects to what obtained further south, in the territories of the Chandragiri ruler, and the Nayaks of Senji, Tanjavur and Madurai. Here too revenue-farming was common, and the ruling families were closely allied to an important semi-commercial, semi-warrior caste group, the Balija Naidus.}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0esuAQAAIAAJ |title=South Asia Politics |author2= |publisher=Rashtriya Jagriti Sansthan |year=2006 |isbn= |editor1-last= |volume=5 |page=14}}
</ref> the Kandyan Nayaks were also of [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Balija]] origin.<ref name="kandy">
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1u1AAAAIAAJ |title=Tamil Nadu District Gazetteers: Salem |author2= |publisher=Director of Stationery and Print |year=1962 |editor1-last=A.Ramaswami |volume=1 |page=129 |quote=They are popularly classed as kota balijas, who are military in origin and claim kinship with the Emperors and Viceroys of Vijayanagar and the Kandyan Dynasty.}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SaW8CgAAQBAJ |title=Encounters on the Opposite Coast: The Dutch East India Company and the Nayaka State of Madurai in the Seventeenth Century |author2= |publisher=Brill |year=2015 |isbn=9789004272620 |editor1-last=Markus Vink |volume= |page=75 & 56 |quote=}}</ref> They spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]], with [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] and Tamil being used as their court languages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S. |date=2017-03-27 |title=The Nayaka kings of Kandy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/the-last-king-of-kandy/article17675774.ece |access-date=2020-10-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |quote=All four worshipped at Buddhist and Hindu shrines, used Sinhala and Tamil as court languages (though they spoke Telugu), and encouraged their courtiers to take wives from Madurai and Thanjavur.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ricci |first=Ronit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjAEEAAAQBAJ&q=telugu&pg=PA53 |title=Exile in Colonial Asia: Kings, Convicts, Commemoration |date=2016-05-31 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-5375-4 |language=en |quote=They spoke Telugu or Tamil rather than Sinhala; they were by origin Vaishnavite Hindus rather than Buddhists, though they fulfilled their key responsibilities as defenders of the Buddhist faith.}}</ref>

These alliances were strengthened through intermarriage between Kandy and South India, reviving the tradition of marrying South Indian nobility, which continued throughout the 17th and 18th centuries.<ref name="DeSilva111/137">Sri Lanka and the Maldive Islands, By Chandra Richard De Silva, p.111, p.137.</ref> The Nayaks were known for their childless marriages, which led to a non-linear succession.<ref name="Trawick40">Enemy lines: childhood, warfare, and play in Batticaloa, By Margaret Trawick, p.40.</ref> Four Nayak monarchs ruled Kandy, with the last, Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, deposed in 1815 due to the [[Kandyan Convention|collusion]] between the Kandyan nobility and the British. This led to his exile in [[Vellore Fort]], India,<ref>The Nayaks of Sri Lanka, 1739–1815: political relations with the British in South India, by Subramanian Gopalakrishnan, p.11-15.</ref> and the end of the Kandyan Nayak dynasty, marking the last indigenous rule before [[British Ceylon|Sri Lanka's colonization by the British]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boda |first=Sharon La |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqHPpNaZfNwC&q=nayak&pg=PA446 |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |date=1995 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781884964046 |pages=446 |language=en}}</ref>

The dynasty is noted for its contributions to Sri Lankan religious architecture, especially through the establishment of temples dedicated to their clan deity, [[Vishnu]], also known as [[Upulvan]] in Sinhala. A notable example is the Kandy Vishnu Temple in the capital. Although the Nayaks practiced [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite Hinduism]], they were also patrons of [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhism]], offering support to the Buddhist [[sangha]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aldrich |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BT9MDwAAQBAJ&q=kandy+nayak+hindu+buddhist&pg=PA40 |title=Banished Potentates: dethroning and exiling indigenous monarchs under British and French colonial rule, 1815-1955 |date=2018-01-18 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9781526135315 |pages=40 |language=en}}</ref> The Kandy Nayak flag, featuring a yellow lion holding a sword on a red background, became a central element of the current [[Flag of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan flag]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S. |date=2017-03-27 |title=The Nayaka kings of Kandy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/the-last-king-of-kandy/article17675774.ece |access-date=2020-10-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |quote=Sri Vikrama Rajasinha’s royal standard, a yellow lion holding a sword against a red background, is the main feature of the Sri Lankan flag!}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sri Lankan National Flag |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/180204/funday-times/the-sri-lankan-national-flag-279417.html |access-date=2020-10-24 |website=The Sunday Times Sri Lanka}}</ref>

==Origins==
The Nayaks of [[South India]] started as governors of [[Vijayanagara Empire]] ruling parts of [[Tamil Nadu]] during the 14th and 15th centuries. After the Vijayanagara Empire collapsed in the mid-16th century some of these governors declared independence and established their own kingdoms in [[Nayaks of Gingee|Gingee]], [[Tanjore Nayaks|Thanjavur]], [[Madurai Nayaks|Madurai]] and [[Chandragiri]].

They were of [[Balija]] origin,<ref name="kandy" /> spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and used [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as their court languages. But they used [[Telugu language|Telugu]] with their familiars.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4HwNAAAAYAAJ&q=nayak+kandy+telugu|title=Annals of Oriental Research|last=Madras|first=University of|date=1986|publisher=University of Madras.|pages=16|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ1RAQAAIAAJ&q=kandy+telugu |title=The Journal of Asian studies |date=1994 |publisher=University of California |volume=53. Issue 1-2 |publication-date=1994 |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXJ6Mb0qYQEC&q=nayak+kandy+court+language&pg=PA117|title=The Living and the Dead: Social Dimensions of Death in South Asian Religions|last=Wilson|first=Liz|date=2003-09-11|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=9780791456781|pages=117|language=en}}</ref> According to a Telugu work called ''Sinhaladvipa Katha'', the Nayak king [[Madurai nayak#Kumara Krishnappa .281563.E2.80.941573.29|Kumara Krishnappa]], who reigned at [[Madurai]] (1562–1572), is said to have conquered [[Kandy]]. Kumara Krishnappa killed the then reigning Kandy king, sent the late king's wife and children to [[Anuradhapura]] and placed his own brother-in-law Vijaya Gopala Naidu as his viceroy in Kandy.<ref>
* {{cite book|editor1-last=C. Rasanayagam |author2=|title=Ancient Jaffna: being a research into the history of Jaffna from very early times to the Portug[u]ese period
|volume= |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1993|page=385|isbn=9788120602106| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9DpMY206bMC }}

* {{cite book|editor1-last=Henry Heras |author2= |title=South India Under the Vijayanagara Empire
|volume= |publisher=Cosmo |year=1980|page=170| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jw1DAAAAYAAJ }}

* {{cite book|editor1-last=T. V. Mahalingam |author2=|title=Readings in South Indian History
|volume= |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |year=2003|page=120| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5OQdAAAAMAAJ }}

</ref>

The last king of the Kandy Mahanuwara dynasty, Narendra Sinha, died in 1739 without an offspring from his queen, a Madurai Nayak princess. Narendra Sinha's had nominated a brother of his Madura queen to succeed him;<ref name="Census">Census of Ceylon, 1946, Volume 1, Part 1, p.20</ref> and he was crowned under the assumed title of Sri Vijaya Raja Sinha.<ref name="Census"/> Thus, Sri Vijaya Rajasinha succeeded the throne and established the Kandy Nayak line.

==Kandy before the Nayaks==
{{Main|Kingdom of Kandy}}
The last king of the Kandy Mahanuwara dynasty was [[Vira Narendra Sinha of Sri Lanka|Vira Narendra Sinha]] who ruled from 1707 to 1739. This king ascended the throne in 1707 when he was seventeen and was considered to be a very pious and scholarly. In 1708 the king married a bride from [[Madurai]] Royal family, the daughter of Pitti Nayakkar. Again, in 1710, he married another bride from Madurai. He had no children by either of the queens. He also had a secondary Kandyan wife from noble family of [[Matale]]. They had a son. However, the children of the secondary wife were not considered heirs to the throne.<ref name="Trawick40"/> The king also had a concubine from a high caste, who had a son with him named Unambuwe, and did survive. The bar to his succession was the lack of royal status in the mother.

Thus, the king nominated, as his successor, the brother of his first queen who had remained at the court ever since his sister married him. According to the law of succession that prevailed in [[Ceylon]], the throne passed almost always from father to son, born of a mahesi or from brother to brother. However, when Narendra Sinha's brother-in-law succeeded the throne, the Sinhalese Kandyan aristocracy had no problem with this new form of succession.<ref name="Trawick40"/> The practice of marrying princesses from Madurai is said to have come into occurrence as the Kandy kings insisted on consorts from the Suryavamsa lineage to grace their coronation and to produce heirs acceptable to the people.<ref>Contacts Between Cultures: South Asia, by K. I. Koppedrayer, Amir Harrak, p.376</ref>

==Monarchs==

===Sri Vijaya Rajasinha 1739–1747===
{{Main|Sri Vijaya Rajasinha of Sri Lanka}}
The Brother-in-law of King [[Vira Narendra Sinha of Sri Lanka|Vira Narendra Sinha]], Narendra Singha's first wife's brother, from the [[Madurai nayak|Madurai Nayak]] house, ascended the throne of [[Kandy]], as Sri Vijaya Rajasinha.

The new king, considered to be a man of considerable culture, devoted his entire attention to the furtherance of the majority religion [[Buddhism]] despite being a [[Hindu]]. He is said to have commissioned life sized images of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] in recumbent, standing and sitting postures to be cut in the rock caves in various parts of the country. His reign also marked several conflicts with the Dutch who were ruling the coastal provinces, based on trading issues. Sri Vijaya Rajasinha destroyed the churches and initiated a persecution against the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] and Dutch, which was continued under [[Kirti Sri Rajasinha of Sri Lanka|Kirti Sri Rajasinha]]. It ceased only because the king considered that certain calamities which fell upon the country were due to his action.

He married a bride from the Royal family of Madurai.

====Marriage alliance with Madurai royal family====
When the king ascended the throne he sought a wife from [[South India]]. For this purpose he sent messengers to [[Madurai]] in 1739. Since the [[Madurai Nayaks]] had now lost the power and prestige they enjoyed in the days of [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty#Chokkanatha Nayaka (1662—1682)|Vijayaranga Chokkanatha]], the family members thought it advisable and even desirable to accept the offer from the king of Kandy. Hence the family of [[Bangaru Thirumalai Nayak|Bangaru Thirumala]], who was now residing in Vellaikuruchi Fort near Thirupachetiram in Sivaganga Zamin responded. Two brothers Rama Krishnappa Nayaka and Narenappa Nayaka, kinsmen of [[Bangaru Tirumala]] Nayaka meet the Kandyan envoys at [[Ramnad]]. Narenappa Nayaka had a daughter of marriageable age and agreed to the Kandyan request. The brothers with their families and some kins accompanied the envoys to [[Ceylon]] for the daughter's [[nuptial]]; settled in Kandy with their kith and kin. Narenappa Nayaka was destined to be not only the father-in-law of one king, but the father of the next two kings of Kandy; for his two sons, the one five or six years old in 1740, and the other still an infant were successively to succeed Sri Vijaya Rajasinha.

Sri Vijaya Rajasinha married another [[Madurai]] princess in 1747. Each bride brought a contingent of relatives with royal lineage ultimately making [[Kandy]] their permanent home.

The king, however, died childless soon after, having nominated as his [[wikt:successor|successor]], his eldest brother in-law who had been living in the court ever since his sister had married the king. Thus by this peculiar mode of succession the son of Narenappa Nayaka who claimed kingship with the ruling [[Madurai Nayak]] family now ascended the throne of [[Kandy]] as Kirti Sri Rajasinha.

===Kirti Sri Rajasinha 1747–1782===
{{Main|Kirti Sri Rajasinha of Sri Lanka}}

Kirti Sri Rajasinha was a prince from the [[Madurai|Nayaks of Madurai]] royal family and brother-in-law to Sri Vijaya Raja Singha. He succeeded his brother-in-law to the throne in 1751.

He devoted the first few years of his reign to the advancement of literature and religion. The king, later with the Dutch assistance got down to learning [[Bhikku]]s from [[Siam]] ([[Thailand]]) for the purpose of advancing [[Buddhism]] in Sri Lanka, also building the [[Raja Maha Vihara]] (Gangarama) was built at [[Kandy]]. Kirti built the existing inner temple of the [[Sacred Tooth Relic]], and caused the [[Mahavansa]] chronicle to be continued from the time of [[Parâkkamabâhu IV of Sri Lanka|Parâkkamabâhu IV]] down to his own reign.

====Attack on Dutch forts====
In 1761 King Kirti Sri Rajasinha attacked the Dutch [[garrisons]] and [[forts]] at [[Matara, Sri Lanka|Matara]], [[Katuwana]], [[Tangalle]], [[Marakade]] and [[Urubokke]], completely destroying them, and killing Dutch while some surrendered and ended as prisoners.

In order to revenge the humiliation, the new Dutch governor Van Eck had immediate plans to attack Kandy, but the weakness in fortification and garrison forbade the Dutch. Later they did attach in 1764 and in 1765. Hence, in the early part of 1763 the Dutch were only consolidating their positions and gradually expelling Kandyans from the territories taken over from Dutch. Throughout 1763 the King continually sought peace and sent his envoys to discuss terms. The Governor wished the King to cede the three four and seven [[Korales]] and [[Puttlam]] and hand over the entire coastline of island to the Dutch. The king was not agreeable to any demand that diminished his sovereignty and was deliberately delaying a settlement hoping for help from the English in [[Madras]] after his discussion and negotiations with [[John Pybus]] 1762.

====Meeting with the British====
The King in mid-1762 sought help from [[George Pigot]], Governor of [[Fort St George]] [[Madras]] for assistance. The British were eager to obtain the monopoly of trading in cinnamon, pepper, betel nut (puwak) from the Kandyan Kings also wanted to expel the Dutch from the coasts. A reason to call on the British for assistance by the Kandyan King in 1762 was that after the treaty of Paris, the Dutch poured troops into [[Sri Lanka]]. They were bent on capturing [[Kandy]] from six directions (1764). Anticipating such a scenario the King sent an envoy to the English Governor of [[Madras]] to assist him in expelling the Dutch. This envoy, a junior Kandyan Official in the military made a clandestine trip to Madras Fort, and the English responded by sending their councillor John Pybus.

John Pybus, a writer of the [[British East India Company]], sailed to Kandy with a backup of five ships and about 200 armed men. A British vessel brought Pybus to [[Trincomalee]] on 5 May 1762. The Dutch knew of the arrival of Pybus through their spies and they were kept informed of his movements. Pybus took an exhausting covert trip to meet the King on 24 May 1762. After several talks without any conclusive decisions Pybus left after a month. The King gave him a [[#Ring (finger)|ring]], [[sword]], a gold chain with breast jewels and left the country crossing the river at Puttalam pass while the Dissawa who accompanied Pybus presented the ships commander [[Vice-Admiral Samuel Cornish|Samuel Cornish]] a gold chain and a ring in the name of King ''"Kirti Sri Rajasinha".''

John Pybus in his notes described the King as a man of tolerable stature, reddish in complexion and very brisk in his movements. Pybus was amazed as to how the kandyans had managed to fight a war with Dutch and had captured Matara Dutch Fort. He wrote that "They had put every European to the sword except two officers who are now prisoners of the country."

====Marriage====
The Kandy King, Kirti Sri Rajasinha (Kirti Sri Maha Raja), married two daughters of Vijaya Manan Naicker, the grandson of [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom#Vijaya Raghava Nayak|Vijaya Raghava Nayaka]] of Tanjore<ref>University of Ceylon review, Volumes 14–16, p.129</ref> and also brought some dispossessed Nayaks of Tanjore to live in Kandy.<ref>University of Ceylon review, Volumes 14–16, p.127</ref> He also married the daughter of one Nadukattu Sami Nayakkar in 1749. He further married three more Nayakkar queens from [[Madurai]], but had no children from them. He had six daughters and two sons by his Sinhalese wife ([[Yakada Doli]]), daughter of the late Dissave (Headman) of Bintenna and granddaughter of the blind and aged [[Mampitiya]] Dissave. Both his sons survived the king and his daughters' married Nayakkar relatives of the king. Mampitiya's sons claim for the throne was overlooked and the choice fell on the king's brother who was living in court.

The king died on 2 January 1782, of the injuries caused two months before by a fall from his horse after a reign of 35 years which the people saw as a great religious revival, and had a sentimental attachment to the King.

===Sri Rajadhi Raja Singha 1782–1798===
{{Main|Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha of Sri Lanka}}
Brother of Kirti Sri Rajasinha, the new king who ascended the throne as Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha. He came from Madurai as a child along with his brother. Hence he was raised as [[Kandy]]an and [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]]; emerging as a brilliant pupil of the Malwatte Temple's chief Prelate at that time. He was quite a sophisticated person and learned many languages amongst which were [[Pali Language|Pali]] and [[Sanskrit Language|Sanskrit]]. A lavish patron of [[Buddhism]], he was a great aficionado of poetry and he himself was a poet.

He died childless in 1798 without nominating a successor. The burden fell on [[Pilimatalava]], the first Adigar (Prime Minister) Pilimatalawe, an able, ambitious and intriguing chief, to select a successor to the vacant throne. The controversial Adigar was also seen as one of the main reason for the demise of the dynasty.

===Sri Vikrama Rajasinha 1798–1815===

{{Main|Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Kandy}}

[[Image:King Sri Vikrama Rajasinha (1780-1832).JPG|thumb|His Majesty Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, Last King of Ceylon]]

The next King who ascended the throne was Prince Kannasamy, the former Kings' nephew, barely 18 years old. He was crowned under the title of Sri Vikrama Rajasinha. He would also be the last King of the Kandy Nayakar dynasty and the last of [[Sri Lanka]]. During his time the British colony was fully established in other parts of Sri Lanka.

There was a rival claimant to succeed King Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha, the brother of [[Queen Upendramma]], who had a stronger claim. However, Pilimatalawe, the first Adigar (prime Minister) choose the South Indian Prince to the Kandyan throne, with reportedly deep-seated plans to usurp the throne to set a new dynasty of his own. The young King, upon ascending the throne, faced many conspiracies and reigned through one of the most turbulent periods in Sri Lanka's history.

====Internal conflict====

During his time, the British who had succeeded the Dutch in the Maritime Provinces had not interfered in the politics of the Kandy. But Pilimatalava, the first Adigar of the King, started covert operations with the British to provoke the King into acts of aggression, which would give the British an excuse to seize the Kingdom. The Adigar manipulated the king into beginning a military conflict with the British, who had gained a strong position in the coastal provinces. War was declared and on 22 March 1803 the British entered Kandy with no resistance, Sri Vikrama Rajasinha having fled. The adigar massacred the British garrison in Kandy in June and restored the king to the throne. Pilimitalava plotted to overthrow the King and seize the crown for himself, but his plot was discovered, and, having been pardoned on two previous occasions, he was executed.

The disgraced adigar was replaced by his nephew, Ehelepola, who soon came under suspicion of following his uncle in plotting the overthrow of Sri Vikrama Rajasinha. A rebellion instigated by Ehalepola was suppressed, after which he then fled to Colombo and joined the British. After failing to surrender (after 3 weeks of notice), the exasperated king dismissed Ehelepola, confiscated his lands, and ordered the imprisonment and execution of his wife and children. A propagandised account of the execution was widely circulated by sympathisers.

Ehelepola fled to British-controlled territory, where he persuaded the British that Sri Vikrama Rajasinha's tyranny deserved a military intervention. The pretext was provided by the seizure of a number of British merchants, who were detained on suspicion of spying and were tortured, killing several of them. An invasion was duly mounted and advanced to Kandy without resistance, reaching the city on 10 February 1815. On 2 March, the kingdom was ceded to the British under a treaty called the [[Kandyan Convention]].

====Exile and death====

On the 2nd of March, the kingdom was ceded to the British under a treaty called the Kandyan Convention. Sri Vikrama Rajasinha was captured and sent along with his family and attendants as a royal prisoner by the British to Vellore Fort in southern India. A son was born to him while he was in exile but he died without issue. The King then adopted the son of his daughter as his own son who was titled {{lang|si-Latn|Alagia Manawala Sinhala Raja}}.<ref>Twentieth century impressions of Ceylon:
its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources, by Arnold Wright, p.65</ref> During Sri Vikrama Rajasinha's time as a royal prisoner in [[Vellore Fort]] the erstwhile King received a [[privy purse]], which his descendants continued to receive from the Government of Ceylon until it was abolished in 1965.

Sri Wikrama Rajasinha died of dropsy on 30 January 1832 aged 52 years.

==Public works==
For centuries [[Kandy]], originally known as Senkadagala, has been the bastion of [[Sri Lanka]]'s culture and its spiritual centre. The [[palace]] complex at [[Kandy]] includes Sri Lanka's most venerated [[shrine]], the Dalada Maligawa or Temple of the [[Sacred Tooth Relic]].

[[Raja Maha Vihara]] (Gangarama) was built at Kandy by the second Nayak king [[Kirti Sri Rajasinha of Sri Lanka|Kirti Sri Rajasinha]] while his successor [[Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha of Sri Lanka|Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha]] was a lavish patron of [[Buddhism]]. The first Nayak king [[Sri Vijaya Rajasinha of Sri Lanka|Sri Vijaya Rajasinha]] is noted for various erection of Buddhist statues throughout the Kingdom. The [[Kandy Lake]] overlooking Kandy was commissioned by [[Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Sri Lanka|Sri Vikrama Rajasinha]].

The Kandy Nayaks are credited for establishing numerous [[Vishnu]] temples in Sri Lanka dedicated to their clan deity Vishnu. In Sinhalese culture, Vishnu, hailed as [[Upulvan]], is said to have been entrusted the task of protection of the island of Lanka by Lord Buddha himself. Thus even after conversion to Buddhism, the kings were devoted to Lord Vishnu as a part of veneration of the protector of the Buddhist island.

== Descendants ==
Social reformer [[Pattukkottai Alagiri]] was a descendant of the Royal Family of [[Kingdom of Kandy|Kandy]].<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Kanchi Kalyanasundaram]] |author2=|title=Latchiyavaadhi Azhagirisamy
|volume= |publisher=Pagutharivu Pasarai, Chennai |year=1950|page=10| url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0008862_இலட்சியவாதி_அழகிரிசாமி.pdf }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Pavai Chandran |author2=|title=Eezha Thamizharin Poraatta Varalaru|volume=1 |publisher=Kanmani Creative Waves, Chennai |year=2010| url=https://padippakam.com/padippakam/document/EelamHistory/pavaichandran/DM055.pdf }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Kanchi Manimozhiar]], M.Ilanchezhian |author2=|title=Editorial : Azhagirisamy |publisher= Por Vaal magazine |date= March 25, 1950|language=ta }}
</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of monarchs of Sri Lanka]]
* [[Mahavamsa]]
* [[History of Sri Lanka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* Robert Binning, ''A Journal of Two Years' Travel in Persia, Ceylon, etc. Volume 1''. (Wm. H. Allen & Co., 1857)
* Horace Hayman Wilson, ''The history of British India, from 1805 to 1835''. (James Madden, 1858)

==External links==
*[http://www.lankalibrary.com/ Great Dynasty of Sri Lanka]
*[http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/kings/keerthi%20sri%20rajasinha.htm King Keerthi Sri Rajasinha and British Envoy John Pybus]
*[http://www.tamilcanadian.com/page.php?cat=28&id=55 Establishment of Madurai Rule in Kandy]
*[http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/kandyan.htm Kandy Rulers]
*[http://www.lankalibrary.com/ Last King of Kandy, Sri Wickrama Raja Singha]
*[http://www.lankalibrary.com/ Capture and last days of Sri Vikrama Rajasinha]
*[http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap10.html Transition to British Administration]
*[http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap09.html Conflicts with the Dutch]
*[https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2002/01/20/fea11.html The Last King]
* [http://www.rootsweb.com/~lkawgw/slm-kings.htm Kings & Rulers of Sri Lanka]
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2007/05/06/stories/2007050600110700.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081108021611/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2007/05/06/stories/2007050600110700.htm
|url-status=usurped
|archive-date=8 November 2008
|title=Lankan legacy |work=The Hindu|access-date=2008-06-14}}

{{Sinhalese Monarchy}}
{{Epochs of Sri Lanka Monarchs}}
{{Kandyan period topics}}

[[Category:Nayaks of Kandy| ]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Kandy|*]]
[[Category:Telugu monarchs]]
[[Category:Nayak dynasties]]

List of think tanks in India

2026-01-09T09:38:22Z

DemetriaMunro: basic enhanced citations based on references and added references

{{Short description|Policy think tanks in india}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Cleanup list|date=December 2023}}
The following is a '''list of notable Indian think tanks'''

India has the second-[[List of think tanks|largest number]] of [[think tank]]s in the world, with the country's total hitting 509 in 2018 behind 1871 in the United States of America and ahead of the People's Republic of China (507), the United Kingdom (321), and Argentina (227).<ref name=ranking1>* (29 January 2019). [https://repository.upenn.edu/think_tanks/16/ 2018 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report], [[University of Pennsylvania]]. Retrieved 30 October 2019.</ref> Many of these are headquartered at its capital [[New Delhi]] and range from government aided organisations to privately funded ones.<ref>[https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=think_tanks - James McGann, TTCSP Global Go To Think Tank Index Report 2018, University of Pennsylvania]</ref>

Several Indian think tanks usually feature in the annual [[Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program#Global Go To Think Tank Index|Global Go To Think Tank Index]] produced by the [[Lauder Institute]] of [[University of Pennsylvania]]. In 2018, the [[Observer Research Foundation]] was the highest ranked among the India-based think tanks.<ref name=globalrank1>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/observer-research-foundation-named-highest-ranked-indian-think-tank-119020101317_1.html Observer Research Foundation named 'highest ranked' Indian think tank], ''Business Standard'', 1 February 2019.</ref>

{{Dynamic list}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Global Rank (2019)<ref name=ranking1/> {{Failed verification|date=May 2024|reason=Citation is of 2018}}
! Specialization
! Funding Type
! City (State)
! Notes
|-
| [[Association for Democratic Reforms]] (ADR)
|
| Politics, Election, Governance
| [[Not-for-profit]]
| [[New Delhi]]
|
|-
| [[Central Institute for Cotton Research]] (CICR)
|
| [[Agriculture]]
| Government
| [[Nagpur]] ([[Maharashtra]]); [[Sirsa]] ([[Haryana]])
|
|-
| [[Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes]] (CIRB)
|
| Agriculture, Animal Husbandry
| Government
| [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] (Haryana)
|<ref name="about cirb">{{cite web|url=http://www.cirb.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58&Itemid=1&lang=en|title=About CIRB|publisher=Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes|access-date=27 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Central Sheep Breeding Farm]] (CSBF)
|
| Agriculture, Animal Husbandry
| Government
| Hisar (Haryana), India
|<ref name="csf">{{cite web|url=http://dahd.nic.in/dahd/reports/compendium-of-schemes/central-sheep-breeding-farm-hissar-haryana.aspx|title=Central sheep breeding farm|publisher=Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, GoI|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122055903/http://dahd.nic.in/dahd/reports/compendium-of-schemes/central-sheep-breeding-farm-hissar-haryana.aspx|archivedate=22 November 2012|access-date=27 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Centre for Air Power Studies (India)|Centre for Air Power Studies]] (CAPS)
| 29 - Top Defence and National Security Think Tank - Worldwide (2019){{Cn|date=May 2024}}
78 - Top Think Tanks in China, India, Japan, and the Republic of Korea (2019){{Cn|date=May 2024}}
| [[Airpower|Air Power]], [[National Security]], [[International Security]]
| Not-for-profit
| New Delhi
|
|-
| [[Centre for Civil Society]] (CCS)
| 83{{Cn|date=May 2024}}
| Politics
| Not-for-profit
| New Delhi
|
|-
|[[Centre for Dialogue and Reconciliation]] (CDR)
|
|Peacebuilding
|Not-for-profit
|New Delhi
|
|-
| [[Centre for Development Studies]] (CDS)
|
| Politics, Infrastructure, Social Science
| Government
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]] ([[Kerala]])
|
|-
| [[Centre for Social and Economic Progress]] (CSEP - formerly Brookings India Centre)
|
| Energy, Climate, Economics, Social Science, International Relations
| Not-for-Profit <ref>https://csep.org/</ref>
| New Delhi
|-
| [[Centre for Land Warfare Studies]] (CLAWS)
|
| Strategic Studies, Regional and National Security, International Relations
| Not-for-profit
| New Delhi
|
|-
| [[Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy]] (CMIE)
|
| Economic Statistics and Database, Economic Policy
| For-profit
| Mumbai
|
|-
| [[Centre for Policy Research]] (CPR)
|
| Politics, Policy, Governance
| Not-for-profit
| New Delhi
|
|-
| [[Centre for Public Policy Research]] (CPPR)
|
| Politics, Policy, Governance
| Not-for-profit
| [[Kochi]] (Kerala)
|
|-
| [[Centre for Science and Environment]] (CSE)
|
| Environment
| Non-Governmental Organization
| New Delhi
|
|-
| [[Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy (CSTEP)|Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy]] (CSTEP)
|
| Policy, Science and Technology
| Not-for-profit Company
| Bengaluru (Karnataka)
|
|-
| [[Chennai Centre for China Studies]] (C3S)
|
| China, International Relations, Strategy
| Not-for-profit
| [[Chennai]] ([[Tamil Nadu]])
|
|-
| [[Council On Energy, Environment and Water]] (CEEW)
|
| Energy, Environment, Water
| Not-for-profit
| New Delhi
|
|-
|[[Edward & Cynthia Institute of Public Health]] (ECIPH)
|
|Global Health, Public Health
|Not-for-profit
|Mangalore, India
|
|-
| [[Forum of Free Enterprise]] (FFE)
|
| Entrepreneurship, Business
| Not-for-profit
| [[Mumbai]] (Maharashtra)
|
|-
| [[Foundation for Democratic Reforms]] (FDR)
|
| Politics, Policy, Governance
| Not-for-profit
| [[Hyderabad]] ([[Telangana]])
|
|-
| [[Indian Council of World Affairs]] (ICWA)
|
| International Relations, Diplomacy, Strategy
| Not-for-profit
| New Delhi
|
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Corporate Affairs]] (IICA)
|
| Business
| Not-for-profit
| New Delhi
|
|-
| [[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]] (IDSA)
| 42
| Military, Security, Geopolitics
| Not-for-profit
| New Delhi
|
|-
| [[Institute for Studies in Industrial Development]] (ISID)
|
| Business, Industries
| Not-for-profit
| New Delhi
|
|-
| [[Institute of Economic Growth]] (IEG)
|
| Business, Economy
| Not-for-profit
| New Delhi
|
|-
| [[Institute of Food Security]] (IFS)
|
| Food, Policy
| Government
| [[Gurgaon]] (Haryana)
|
|-
|[[Institute of Public Health Bengaluru]]
|
|Public health, [[health policy and systems research]]
|Non-governmental
|Bengaluru (Karnataka)
|
|-
| [[Institute for Social and Economic Change]] (ISEC)
|
| Economy, Social Science, Policy
| Government
| Bengaluru (Karnataka)
|
|-
| [[International Centre for Free and Open Source Software]] (ICFOSS)
|
| Free Software
| Government
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]] ([[Kerala]])
|
|-
| [[International Growth Centre]] (IGC)
|
| Business, Economy
| Not-for-profit
| New Delhi
|
|-
| [[Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development Studies]] (NCDS)
|
| Economics, Sociology and Anthropology
| Government
| Bhubaneswar
|
|-
| [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] (NAAS)
|
| Agriculture
| Government
| New Delhi
|
|-

| [[National Centre for Cold-chain Development]] (NCCD)
|
| Food, Agriculture
| Not-for-profit
| New Delhi
|
|-
| [[National Council of Applied Economic Research]] (NCAER)
|
| Business, Economics
| Government
| New Delhi
|
|-
| [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]] (NIAS)
|
| Science, Social Science
| Government
| Bengaluru (Karnataka)
|
|-
| [[National Institute of Public Finance and Policy]] (NIPFP)
|
| Business, Finance, Policy
| Government
| New Delhi
|<ref>[http://dor.gov.in/nipfp National Institute of Public Finance and Policy]. Government of India, Department of Finance. Accessed 21 May 2012.</ref>
|-
|[https://maritimeindia.org/ National Maritime Foundation] (NMF)
|
|Matters related to Maritime
|Non-governmental
|New Delhi
|Indian Navy's Knowledge Partner
|-
|[[National Research Centre on Equines]] (NRCE)
|
| Agriculture, Animal Husbandry
| Government
| Hisar (Haryana)
|
|-
| [[National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Hisar]] (NRCPB)
|
| Agriculture, Animal Husbandry
| Government
| Hisar (Haryana)
| At [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University|CCS HAU]]
|-
|[[Observer Research Foundation]] (ORF)
|
|Geopolitics, Geo-economics
|Not-for-profit
|New Delhi
|
|-
| [[PRS Legislative Research]] (PRSLR)
|
| Politics, Constitution
| Not-for-profit
| New Delhi
|
|-
|[[Public Affairs Centre India|Public Affairs Centre (PAC)]]
|
|Development, Economics, Governance, Social Policy
|[[Think tank]]
|[[Bengaluru]]
|Part of [[International Development Research Centre|IDRC]]'s Think Tank Initiative (TTI)
Website: [https://pacindia.org/ pacindia.org]
|-
| [[Public Health Foundation of India]] (PHFI)
|
| Health, Science, Policy
| Not-for-profit
| New Delhi
|
|-
| [[Research Foundation for Governance in India]] (RFGI)
|
| Politics, Policy, Governance
| Not-for-profit
| [[Ahmedabad]] ([[Gujarat]])
|
|-
| South Asia Analysis Group (SAAG)
|
| International relations, Strategy, Politics, Policy, Governance
| Not-for-profit
| New Delhi
|
|-
|[[The Energy and Resources Institute]] (TERI)
|
|Sustainable Agriculture, Climate Change, Energy, Environment, Sustainable Habitat, Health & Nutrition, Resources and Sustainable Development
|Not-for-profit
|[[New Delhi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETEnergyworld.com |title=Climate justice should be North Star in fight against climate change: VP Jagdeep Dhankhar - ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/climate-justice-should-be-north-star-in-fight-against-climate-change-vp-jagdeep-dhankhar/107508722 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vivekananda International Foundation]] (VIF)
|
| Culture, Civilization, Politics, Policy
| Not-for-profit
| New Delhi
|
|-
| [[World Resources Institute]] India (WRI India)
| 3 - Top Environmental Policy think tank 2019{{Cn|date=May 2024}}
6 - Best transdisciplinary research think tank 2019{{Cn|date=May 2024}}
| Environment Policy, Climate Change, Urban Transport
| Not-for-profit
| [[Mumbai]]
[[New Delhi]]
[[Bangalore]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://wri-india.org/|title=WRI India |access-date=2021-03-22}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Wildlife Institute of India]] (WII)
|
| Ecology Policy
| Government
| [[Dehradun]] ([[Uttarakhand]])
|
|}

==See also==
* [[List of think tanks]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. ''The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy'' (2015) [https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063/ excerpt] pp. 270–284.

{{portalbar|India|Lists|Politics}}

[[Category:Lists of organisations based in India|Think tanks]]
[[Category:Think tanks based in India|*]]
[[Category:Lists of think tanks|India]]

2008 Indian floods

2026-01-08T11:47:00Z

DemetriaMunro: new stub

{{Short description|Natural disaster in India}}
{{Infobox weather event
|image location =
|image name =
|name = 2008 Indian flood
}}{{Infobox weather event/History
|duration = 3 July 2008 - September 2008
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
|damages =
|fatalities = 2400+
|displaced = 350,000+
|affected =[[Assam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/After_Bihar_floods_wreak_havoc_in_Assam/articleshow/3435099.cms|title=After Bihar, floods wreak havoc in Assam|date=2 September 2008|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=2008-09-02}}</ref> [[Bihar]] [[Maharashtra]] [[Andhra Pradesh]] [[West Bengal]] [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] [[Uttar Pradesh]]
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer}}

The '''2008 Indian floods''' were a series of floods in various states of [[India]] during the 2008 [[monsoon]] season. The floods mostly affected the western regions of [[Maharashtra]] state and [[Andhra Pradesh]] as well as northern [[Bihar]]. In India, the monsoon season generally lasts from June to September.<ref name=" India monsoon rains kill dozens">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7552826.stm|title= India monsoon rains kill dozens|date= 10 August 2008|publisher=BBC |access-date=2008-08-11| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080811005829/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7552826.stm| archive-date= 11 August 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

According to the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]'s disaster management unit, the countrywide death toll from floods in various states was 2,404 between June and September.<ref name="Flooding deaths now 2,400 in monsoon-hit India">{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/23/india.floods/index.html?eref=edition_asia|title=Flooding deaths now 2,400 in monsoon-hit India|first=Harmeet |last=Shah Singh|date=September 23, 2008|publisher=CNN|access-date=2008-09-24}}</ref>

== Early monsoon ==
Earlier, during the start of the monsoon season, [[West Bengal]] and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] were hit with heavy rains, creating a flood-like situation in the two states. The monsoon killed 100 people, mostly in the country's east and north-east.<ref name=" India monsoon rains kill dozens" /> In Andhra Pradesh alone, 42 people died in a matter of two days because of sudden, heavy rains.<ref name="42 die in Andhra, Mumbai hit due to rains">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080060971&ch=8/11/2008%2010:14:00%20AM|title=42 die in Andhra, Mumbai hit due to rains|date=11 August 2008 |publisher=NDTV|accessdate=2008-08-11}}</ref>

== August flooding ==
In August, the [[Konkan]] region of [[Maharashtra]] experienced heavy monsoon rains, placing lives in jeopardy. Many inter-city trains between [[Mumbai]] and [[Pune]] were cancelled. Heavy waterlogging had been reported from [[Chiplun]], [[Rajapur, Maharashtra|Rajapur]], [[Khed, Ratnagiri|Khed]] and [[Mahad]] in Maharashtra. On 10 August 2008, a major [[landslide]] caused extensive damage to a three-story building at the Sinhgad Technical Education Society's (STES) academic campus in [[Lonavala]].<ref name="Incessant rains disrupt Pune-Mumbai traffic">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-11/pune/27941398_1_pune-lonavla-incessant-rains-pune-and-mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023143431/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-11/pune/27941398_1_pune-lonavla-incessant-rains-pune-and-mumbai|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2012|title=Incessant rains disrupt Pune-Mumbai traffic|date=11 August 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2008-08-11}}</ref> A large number of passengers were reportedly stranded at various railway stations across western Maharashtra as [[Central Railways]] canceled many trains. Vehicular traffic on the [[Mumbai-Pune expressway]] was also affected due to heavy rainfall and was diverted.<ref name="Heavy rains lash Pune; rail, road traffic affected">{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14737559|title=Heavy rains lash Pune; rail, road traffic affected|date= 10 August 2008|work=[[Sify]]|accessdate=2008-08-11| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080920134135/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14737559| archivedate= 20 September 2008 | url-status= dead}}</ref>

In [[Mumbai]], heavy rains lashed the city and its suburbs, affecting [[traffic]] and disrupting rail services on the days of 10–11 August.<ref name="Heavy rains continue to lash Mumbai">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-11/mumbai/27944902_1_heavy-rains-danger-mark-mumbai-international-airport-limited|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023143436/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-11/mumbai/27944902_1_heavy-rains-danger-mark-mumbai-international-airport-limited|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2012|title=Heavy rains continue to lash Mumbai|date=11 August 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2008-08-11}}</ref>

In Andhra Pradesh 119 relief camps were set up in the state, most of them in the [[Guntur]] and [[Krishna district]]s. [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], Krishna district, and the East and West Godavari districts were the worst affected areas due to floods. The situation in Andhra Pradesh was more deadly as 53 people reportedly died due to floods.<ref name="Rains wreak havoc in Maharashtra, Andhra">{{cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/rains-wreak-havoc-in-maharashtra-andhra---cj-pics/70786-3.html?from=rssfeed|title=Rains wreak havoc in Maharashtra, Andhra|date=August 10, 2008 |publisher=CNN IBN|accessdate=2008-08-11| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080818175345/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/rains-wreak-havoc-in-maharashtra-andhra---cj-pics/70786-3.html?from=rssfeed| archivedate= 18 August 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> In Hyderabad alone 14 people were killed, when they were crushed by the collapsing roofs of their homes.<ref name=" India monsoon rains kill dozens" />

=== Bihar ===
{{main|2008 Bihar flood}}
[[File:2008 Bihar floods.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Kosi river flood was the worst hit flood of India in 2008]]

The nexus of the Bihar flood is the [[Kosi River]]'s immense [[alluvial fan]], extending some 185 km from the river's exit from the [[Himalayas]] and [[Mahabharat Lekh|foothills]] in [[Geography of Nepal|Nepal]], down to its confluence with the [[Ganges]] in [[Bihar]]. The laws of geology and physics cause rivers to course back and forth across such fans in ephemeral channels lasting decades at most, but for flood control reasons man-made embankments endeavored to contain the Koshi within a channel along its fan's western edge. On 18 August, heavy monsoon rains caused the river to break out of this channel. It started flowing through an old channel much further east, inundating cropland and towns and villages with 1.2 million inhabitants, mostly in Bihar.

[[Chief Minister of Bihar]] [[Nitish Kumar]] met India Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] to seek his help in dealing with the "catastrophe".<ref name="Bihar flood 'catastrophe'; CM seeks Govt's help">{{cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/bihar-flood-catastrophe-cm-seeks-govts-help/72143-3.html?from=rssfeed|title=Bihar flood 'catastrophe'; CM seeks Govt's help|date=2008-08-26|publisher=CNN IBN|accessdate=2008-08-26| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080901201418/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/bihar-flood-catastrophe-cm-seeks-govts-help/72143-3.html?from=rssfeed| archivedate= 1 September 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name=" Flood devastation in Bihar state">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7580587.stm|title= Flood devastation in Bihar state|first=Amarnath |last=Tewary |date=25 August 2008|publisher=BBC|access-date=2008-08-26| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080826081331/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7580587.stm| archive-date= 26 August 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> The worst affected districts included [[Supaul]], [[Madhepura]], north [[Bhagalpur]], [[Araria]], [[Purnia]] (all by the Kosi) and [[West Champaran]] (by Gandak). Relief work was carried with [[Indian Air Force]] [[helicopters]] dropping relief materials in the worst hit districts.<ref name="Bihar flood 'catastrophe'; CM seeks Govt's help" />

The district magistrate of [[Madhepura]] has ordered the inhabitants of the town of Madhepura to evacuate because the water level continued to rise. Relief work was carried with [[Indian Air Force]] [[helicopters]] dropping relief materials (including 600 food packets per day) from Purnia in the worst hit districts where nearly two million persons were entrapped.<ref name="Bihar flood 'catastrophe'; CM seeks Govt's help" />
It is not possible to assess the magnitude of deaths or destruction, because the affected areas are totally inaccessible. Even [[mobile phone]]s had stopped working, because entrapped persons cannot get their batteries charged. 150 persons were washed away in a single incident (Dainik Hindustan, Darbhanga edition). Another report says 42 people have died in the flood in Bihar.<ref name="Koshi wreaks havoc in Bihar, claims 42 lives">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080062979&ch=8/26/2008%2012:36:00%20PM |title=Koshi wreaks havoc in Bihar, claims 42 lives |date=26 August 2008 |work=Press Trust of India |publisher=NDTV |accessdate=2008-08-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080903101153/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080062979&ch=8%2F26%2F2008%2012%3A36%3A00%20PM |archivedate=3 September 2008 }}</ref>

The [[Government of Bihar]] has constituted a technical committee, headed by retired engineer-in-chief of the water resource department, [[Nilendu Sanyal]], to manage the restoration work and closure of the breach in the East Koshi afflux embankment.<ref name="Koshi wreaks havoc in Bihar, claims 42 lives" /> Indian authorities were working to prevent further widening of the breach and channels would be dug to direct the water back to the main river bed.<ref name="Bihar floods: 47 die; thousands marooned">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-26/india/27919675_1_kosi-river-kosi-embankment-relief-camps|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022024118/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-26/india/27919675_1_kosi-river-kosi-embankment-relief-camps|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2012|title=Bihar floods: 47 die; thousands marooned|date=26 August 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2008-08-26}}</ref> However, Dainik Hindustan (Darbhanga edition) reported on Aug 28 that Indian officials were chased away by anti-social elements from the breach site in Nepal. Nepal's Defence Minister has made a statement that Nepal will repair the breach on its own, although it was not made clear when this work will be started.

Dainik Hindustan (Darbhanga edition) later sent its reporter to the site of the Kushaha breach, who reported with photographs on Sep 5 that all earlier claims by government officials of repairing the breach and of Nepalis chasing away Indian officials were utterly false reports by Indian officials, because there were thick forests on the embankment and it was not possible to reach the site before the end of August. Forest on the embankment proves that these parts of Kosi embankments were not even visited for decades. Its maintenance was the responsibility of Indian, especially Bihar's officials. The life of these embankments elapsed over two decades ago, but no effort was taken to even survey their conditions, although the Bihar government spends huge sums on the maintenance of embankments each year.

A high-level [[Government of Nepal]] team that inspected areas devastated by the flood in the [[Koshi River]] has held India responsible for the havoc. Media reports stated ''The devastation took place as the Indian side did not carry out repair and maintenance work on the Kosi barrage and the embankment along the river, thereby violating the Nepal-India Koshi agreement''. As per the bilateral agreement of 1954<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/regionaldocs/kosi-river1.html |title=International Water Law Project - Agreement Between the Government of India and the Government of Nepal on the Kosi Project |publisher=Internationalwaterlaw.org |accessdate=2008-09-08|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070701073906/http://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/regionaldocs/kosi-river1.html |archivedate = July 1, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/regionaldocs/kosi-river2.html |title=International Water Law Project - Amended Agreement Between Nepal and India Concerning the Kosi Project |publisher=Internationalwaterlaw.org |accessdate=2008-09-08|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080922185953/http://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/regionaldocs/kosi-river2.html |archivedate = September 22, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> India is entirely responsible for repair and maintenance work and operation of the barrage.<ref name="Nepal held India responsible for flood in Kosi">{{cite news|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/World/20080823/1034796.html|title=Nepal held India responsible for flood in Kosi|last=Sabtu|date=23 August 2008|publisher=WebIndia123|accessdate=2014-11-30| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080916194833/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/World/20080823/1034796.html| archivedate= 16 September 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> There was no effort by Indian officials to repair the breach in time, although the Kosi took 15 days to make the breach.

On the other hand, Indian engineers say that anti-social elements in Nepal did not allow them to repair the embankment (Dainik Hindustan, Darbhanga edition, Aug 28). These so-called "anti-social" elements are the victims of the Kosi embankments who have been forced to bear tsunami-like floods every year;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://infochangeindia.org/200501156863/Disasters/Related-Features/Abandoned-victims-of-the-Kosi-embankments.html |title=InfoChange India News - Abandoned victims of the Kosi embankments |publisher=Infochangeindia.org |author=Dinesh Kumar Mishra |accessdate=2008-09-08|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080917033534/http://infochangeindia.org/200501156863/Disasters/Related-Features/Abandoned-victims-of-the-Kosi-embankments.html |archivedate = September 17, 2008|url-status=usurped}}</ref> they are happy that the river wants to change its course. Kosi embankments are designed to contain the Kosi in the channel of the Tilyuga River, while the old course of the Kosi lies far to the east in Purnia district. Later, Dainik Hindustan reported on Sep 5 that Indian officials could not reach the site of breach as there were forests on the embankment which were cleared in early September, hence Indian officials were lying about being prevented to repair the breach: they had not visited the site for decades due to forests in the way.
{{External media|video1=[http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/72143/bihar-flood-catastrophe-cm-seeks-govts-help.html News report on Koshi River flooding]}}
''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that it is the worst flood in the area in 50 years, prompting [[Manmohan Singh]] to declare a “national calamity” on 28 August. The government earmarked US$230 million in aid for the region.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/30/world/asia/30india.html?ref=world nytimes.com, Floods in India May Displace Millions]</ref> The Indian Army, [[National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)]] and non-governmental organizations<ref>[http://blogs.mybandra.com/2008/09/08/bihar-floods-update/ Update from Medha Patkar of Narmada Bachao on Flood Relief and Donations]</ref> operated the biggest flood rescue operation in India in more than 50 years. Death tolls rose from Indian floods as more than 65 people had been killed in monsoon rains.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080907072502/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/08/29/2350609.htm?section=justin abc.net.au, Death toll rises from Indian floods]</ref> Villagers ate raw rice and flour mixed with polluted water in [[Bihar]], amid hunger and diseases. [[Supaul]] district was the worst-hit by floods and surging waters swamped {{convert|1000|km2|acre}} of farmlands, destroying wheat and paddy crops.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080901203453/http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-35231420080829?sp=true reuters.com, Bihar villagers desperate as floods spread]</ref>
<gallery>
Image:The Kosi, August 8, 2008.jpg|The Kosi before it flooded in August 2008
Image:The Kosi, August 24, 2008.jpg|The Kosi during the August 2008 flood
</gallery>

== September flooding ==
In September, even as the Bihar floods had not receded completely, the north-eastern state of [[Assam]] faced floods with rising waters from the [[Brahmaputra River]]. [[Kaziranga National Park]], which has the highest density of [[Rhinoceros|rhinos]] in the world, was 90% submerged in water. Also, [[Pobitra national park]] in Assam was flooded. Two rhinos have died in these floods. A tiger has killed one rhino calf. In addition, four deer and one elephant have also failed to survive.
The flood situation has affected estimated 2.1 million people and caused 24 deaths so far. Worst affected districts are [[Dhubri]], [[Jorhat]], [[Kamrup Rural district|Kamrup]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]], [[Dhemaji]] and [[Morigaon]]. Thousands of people are staying in makeshift shelters with the government providing food and other essentials to the displaced people, besides healthcare facilities.<ref name="Assam flood situation grim; 2.1 million affected">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Assam_flood_situation_grim_21_million_affected/rssarticleshow/3454633.cms|title=Assam flood situation grim; 2.1 million affected|date=7 September 2008|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=2008-09-06|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081203232833/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Assam_flood_situation_grim_21_million_affected/rssarticleshow/3454633.cms |archivedate = December 3, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Indian officials say that the flooding situation could cause an [[epidemic]], because refugees are consuming unclean water and food in shelters.<ref name="UPI">{{cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2008/09/07/Disease_outbreak_feared_in_India_flood/UPI-43841220803609/|title=Disease outbreak feared in India flood|publisher=UPI|accessdate=2008-09-07|date=2008-09-07}}</ref>

Breaches in embankments have caused these floods in Assam. Four embankments on the [[Puthimari River]], one constructed just three months ago, were breached causing the calamity.<ref name="Human faults cause flood in Assam ">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080063938&ch=9/3/2008%201:48:00%20PM|title=Human faults cause flood in Assam |date=3 September 2008|publisher=NDTV|accessdate=2008-09-06}}</ref> Waters have breached embankments at total 54 vital locations,<ref name="Assam flood situation grim; 2.1 million affected" /> and [[water level]]s are dangerously high in about 10 points.<ref name=UPI/>

The [[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] government is sending €350,000 (Rs. 22.3 million) in aid to the victims of the floods.<ref>[http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/mhqlgbojsnql/ BreakingNews.ie - ''Ireland to aid flood victims in India'']</ref>

{{Wikinews|Fresh floods in India claims sixteen lives}}
Eastern [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] state and most populous northern state [[Uttar Pradesh]] were flooded heavily causing more than 150 deaths from September 19 to September 22.<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/heavy-rains-pound-india-163-killed-over-4-days--in-pics-orissa-deluged/74146-3.html heavy rains pound India; 163 killed over 4 days - covered by CNN IBN]</ref> Army has reached in [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] to rescue at least a quarter million people and food packets have been supplied to the rescued.<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/up-ravaged-by-floods-army-called-in/74148-3.html UP ravaged by floods, Army called in - covered by CNN IBN]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2008 disasters in India|Floods]]
[[Category:2008 floods in Asia|Indian floods]]
[[Category:Floods in India]]
[[Category:Floods in Nepal]]

Raj Hamsa Voyager

2025-11-09T00:51:26Z

DemetriaMunro: created initial article initial version

{{Short description|Indian ultralight aircraft}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}

{{Infobox aircraft
| name = Voyager
| logo =
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| aircraft_type = [[Ultralight trike]]
| aim =
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| national_origin = [[India]]
| manufacturer = [[Raj Hamsa Ultralights]]
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| status = In production (2013)
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| construction_date = 1990s-present
| introduction =
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| developed_from = [[Raj Hamsa Clipper]]
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}}
The '''Raj Hamsa Voyager''' is an Indian [[ultralight trike]], designed and produced by [[Raj Hamsa Ultralights]] since the 1990s. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.<ref name="WDLA11">Bayerl, Robby; Martin Berkemeier; et al: ''World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2011-12'', page 224. WDLA UK, Lancaster UK, 2011. ISSN 1368-485X</ref>

==Design and development==
The Voyager was designed as a cross country derivative of the [[Raj Hamsa Clipper]] [[Trainer (aircraft)|trainer]] and complies with the [[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]] [[microlight]] category, including the category's maximum gross weight of {{convert|450|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}. The aircraft has a maximum gross weight of {{convert|360|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}. It features a [[Flying wires|cable-braced]] [[hang glider]]-style [[high-wing]], weight-shift controls, a two-seats-in-[[tandem]] open cockpit without a [[cockpit fairing]], [[tricycle landing gear]] with optional [[wheel pants]] and a single engine in [[pusher configuration]].<ref name="WDLA11" />

The aircraft is made from bolted-together [[aluminum]] tubing, with its double surface Raj Hamsa-made wing covered in [[Dacron]] sailcloth. Its {{convert|10.1|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} span wing is supported by a single tube-type aerodynamically faired [[kingpost]] and uses an "A" frame weight-shift control bar. The wing is of a smaller area and faster design than the Clipper's wing and is mounted lower on a shorter mast. The [[landing gear]] has hydraulic suspension and large diameter wheels, to permit rough field operations. The powerplant is a twin cylinder, air-cooled, [[two-stroke]], [[dual-ignition]] {{convert|50|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Rotax 503]] engine or the four cylinder, air-cooled, [[four-stroke]], dual-ignition {{convert|85|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Jabiru 2200]] engine.<ref name="WDLA11" /><ref name="Specs">{{cite web|url = http://www.x-air.in/html/phgccountry.htm|title = Two-Seater Powered Hang Glider, Type "Voyager"|accessdate = 24 September 2013|last = [[Raj Hamsa Ultralights]]|date = n.d.}}</ref>

The aircraft has an empty weight of {{convert|160|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} and a gross weight of {{convert|360|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}, giving a useful load of {{convert|200|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}. With full fuel of {{convert|70|L}} the payload is {{convert|150|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="WDLA11" />




==Specifications (Voyager) ==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Bayerl and Raj Hamsa<ref name="WDLA11" /><ref name="Specs" />
|prime units?=met

|genhide=

|crew=one
|capacity=one passenger
|length m=
|length ft=
|length in=
|length note=
|span m=10.1
|span ft=
|span in=
|span note=
|height m=
|height ft=
|height in=
|height note=
|wing area sqm=14.2
|wing area sqft=
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg=160
|empty weight lb=
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=360
|gross weight lb=
|gross weight note=
|fuel capacity={{convert|70|L}}
|more general=

|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Rotax 503]]
|eng1 type= twin cylinder, air-cooled, [[two stroke]] [[aircraft engine]]
|eng1 kw=
|eng1 hp=50

|prop blade number=3
|prop name=composite
|prop dia m=
|prop dia ft=
|prop dia in=
|prop note=


|perfhide=

|max speed kmh=120
|max speed mph=
|max speed kts=
|max speed note=
|cruise speed kmh=90
|cruise speed mph=
|cruise speed kts=
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kmh=55
|stall speed mph=
|stall speed kts=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed kts=
|never exceed speed note=
|range km=350
|range miles=
|range nmi=
|range note=
|endurance=4.0 hours
|ceiling m=3000
|ceiling ft=
|ceiling note=
|g limits=
|roll rate=
|glide ratio=
|climb rate ms=3.0
|climb rate ftmin=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|sink rate ms=
|sink rate ftmin=
|sink rate note=
|lift to drag=
|wing loading kg/m2=25.4
|wing loading lb/sqft=
|wing loading note=
|power/mass=
|thrust/weight=
|more performance=
|avionics=
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.x-air.in/html/phgccountry.htm}}
{{Raj Hamsa Ultralights aircraft}}

[[Category:1990s Indian sport aircraft]]
[[Category:1990s Indian ultralight aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined pusher aircraft]]
[[Category:Ultralight trikes]]

Deal or No Deal (Indian game show)

2025-10-31T03:48:25Z

DemetriaMunro: put up a details from scratch

{{Short description|Indian game show}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = DealYaNoDealLogo.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Game show]]
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director = Manav Dhanda
| presenter = {{plainlist|
* [[R. Madhavan]]
* [[Mandira Bedi]]
* [[Rajeev Khandelwal]]
* [[Ronit Roy]]
}}
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 4
| num_episodes =
| executive_producer = Manisha
| producer = [[Miditech]] [[Endemol|Endemol India]]
| editor =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime =
| company =
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2005|11|23}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2015|11|29}}
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]] (season 1 - 3) [[&TV]] (season 4)
}}
'''''Deal or No Deal''''' is an Indian adaptation of the popular international ''[[Deal or No Deal]]'' format, which is owned and produced by [[Endemol|Endemol International]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/oct/oct121.htm|title=Sony's 'Deal Ya No Deal' to hit airwaves in November; prize money Rs 10 million|work=Indiantelevision.com|date=11 October 2005}}</ref>

It premiered on 23 November 2005 on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]] and aired on three nights each week. The first series had a set similar to the [[¡Allá Tú!|Spanish version]], and the theme song and music cues were the same as those used in the [[Deal or No Deal (Netherlands)|Dutch version]]. Contestants held the boxes. The top prize is 10,000,000 [[Indian rupee|rupees]] (about $142,000 [[USD]]), and the lowest prize is 25 paise (a paisa is the Indian counterpart to a cent/penny). The second lowest prize was originally 1 rupee, but was later changed to a [[Chlormint]] (an Indian breath refresher). It was hosted by [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]], but he quit after fulfilling his 35-episode contract, and was replaced by [[Mandira Bedi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodsargam.com/shownews.php?newsstory=80767811 |title=Madhavan quits Deal Ya No Deal |work=BollywoodSargam.com |date=14 January 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002040945/http://www.bollywoodsargam.com/shownews.php?newsstory=80767811 |archivedate=2 October 2011 |access-date=6 May 2011 }}</ref>

The second series premiered in late January 2006 and had a set virtually identical to the Australian version, except there were 22 briefcases. In this series, when the contestant picked a case, the contestant that held the case could guess the amount in it. If they guessed correctly, they would win Rs. 50,000.

After the second series, Mandira Bedi quit, citing time constraints as the reason for her departure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywood.com/node/566|title=Mandira quits Sony's 'Deal Ya No Deal 2'|work=Bollywood.com|year=2006}}</ref> Therefore, the third season of the series, which premiered in April 2006, was presented by a new host, [[Rajeev Khandelwal]], and aired once weekly. The third series features a new set and new graphics that are virtually identical to those used on the [[Deal or No Deal (US game show)|American version]]. Even though it was a lot similar to the US version, the third series did not have any games that carried over and did not show previous offers when it was time for the offer. Models were also introduced to hold the briefcases, instead of the contestants in series 1 and 2. In this series, once the host calls out the name of the contestant, he asks them a question with 2 possible answers. If they give the correct answer, they will get to play. At the end of most episodes of series 3, Rajeev ended by saying, "Keep Smiling!" This version ended in July 2006, as it was believed viewers couldn't connect with the concept.

==Season 4 on &TV==

Season 4 of this show was aired from 5 September 2015 to 29 November 2015 and will air on Saturday-Sunday nights at 8:00pm on [[&TV]].

==Case values==

===First and Second Series (2005-06)===
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="195px"
| width=75px bgcolor="green"| 25 paisa
| bgcolor="yellow"| ₹ 50,000
|-
| bgcolor="green"| ₹ 1
| bgcolor="yellow"| ₹ 100,000
|-
| bgcolor="green"| ₹ 10
| bgcolor="yellow"| ₹ 200,000
|-
| bgcolor="green"| ₹ 100
| bgcolor="yellow"| ₹ 300,000
|-
| bgcolor="green"| ₹ 250
| bgcolor="yellow"| ₹ 400,000
|-
| bgcolor="green"| ₹ 500
| bgcolor="yellow"| ₹ 500,000
|-
| bgcolor="green"| ₹ 1,000
| bgcolor="red"| ₹ 1,000,000
|-
| bgcolor="green"| ₹ 2,500
| bgcolor="red"| ₹ 2,500,000
|-
| bgcolor="green"| ₹ 5,000
| bgcolor="red"| ₹ 5,000,000
|-
| bgcolor="green"| ₹ 7,500
| bgcolor="red"| ₹ 7,500,000
|-
| bgcolor="green"| ₹ 10,000
| bgcolor="red"| ₹ 10,000,000
|}

===Third Series (2006)===
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="195px"
| width=75px bgcolor="gold"| 25 paisa
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 100,000
|-
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 1
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 150,000
|-
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 10
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 200,000
|-
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 100
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 300,000
|-
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 250
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 400,000
|-
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 500
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 500,000
|-
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 1,000
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 750,000
|-
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 2,500
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 1,000,000
|-
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 5,000
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 1,500,000
|-
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 10,000
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 2,500,000
|-
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 25,000
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 5,000,000
|-
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 50,000
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 7,500,000
|-
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 75,000
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 10,000,000
|}

=== Fourth Series (2015) ===
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="195px"
| width=75px bgcolor="silver"| ₹ 1
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 100,000
|-
| bgcolor="silver"| ₹ 10
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 200,000
|-
| bgcolor="silver"| ₹ 100
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 300,000
|-
| bgcolor="silver"| ₹ 500
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 400,000
|-
| bgcolor="silver"| ₹ 1,000
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 500,000
|-
| bgcolor="silver"| ₹ 2,500
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 600,000
|-
| bgcolor="silver"| ₹ 5,000
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 750,000
|-
| bgcolor="silver"| ₹ 10,000
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 1,000,000
|-
| bgcolor="silver"| ₹ 20,000
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 1,500,000
|-
| bgcolor="silver"| ₹ 30,000
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 2,000,000
|-
| bgcolor="silver"| ₹ 40,000
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 2,500,000
|-
| bgcolor="silver"| ₹ 50,000
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 5,000,000
|-
| bgcolor="silver"| ₹ 75,000
| bgcolor="gold"| ₹ 1,00,00,000
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Deal or No Deal}}
{{SET Shows}}

[[Category:Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Deal or No Deal]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:2005 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:&TV original programming]]

John Nesfield

2025-10-30T16:24:45Z

DemetriaMunro:

{{use British English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}

[[File:John Collinson Nesfield.jpg|thumb|John Collinson Nesfield, 1860]]
'''John Collinson Nesfield''' (14 August 1836 – 28 June 1919) served in various roles as an educator in [[British India]] and was for some time [[curate]] of [[St Michael's Church, Highgate]], London. He wrote numerous books, of which his works on grammar were particularly influential.

== Life ==
John Nesfield was born in 1836 and was the son of a cleric from [[Wiltshire]], England.{{sfnp|Whitehead|2003|p=8|ps=}} He attended [[Highgate School|Highgate Grammar School]] from 1852 to 1855 and later taught there from 1859 to 1864.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ed. Boreham|first1=J.Y.|title=Highgate School Register 1838-1938|page=24|edition=4th}}</ref> He became a postmaster (holder of a senior scholarship) at [[Merton College, Oxford|Merton College]] at the [[University of Oxford]].{{sfnp|Schools Inquiry Commission|1868|p=40|ps=}} There he earned a BA degree in 1860{{sfnp|Whitehead|2003|p=8|ps=}} and was later [[Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)|promoted to an MA]] in 1862.{{sfnp|Lovett|2005|p=222|ps=}}

Nesfield became the curate of [[St Michael's Church, Highgate]], in [[Middlesex]].{{sfnp|National Portrait Gallery|2016|ps=}}{{sfnp|Crockford|1865|p=458|ps=}} He began his career in British India in January 1867. There he served initially as a professor at [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]] and [[Krishnagar Government College]], both in the [[Bengal Presidency]], before becoming in May 1872 a Director of Public Instruction (DPI) and schools inspector in [[Lower Burma]].{{sfnp|India Office List|1905|p=576|ps=}} The [[Indian Education Service]] was not founded until 1896 and thus he was an employee of the provincial government. In his role as a DPI he took on responsibility for administration and policy-making, rather than being purely a teacher.{{sfnp|Whitehead|2003|pp=5-6, 8|ps=}}{{efn|There were 102 people from Britain employed in education by provincial governments in 1879, ranked in four Grades, descending from I and IV, and headed by one DPI per province. However, [[British rule in Burma|British Burma]] and [[Assam]] did not have DPIs, with that role being given to people ranked at Grade II. The Assam DPI was indeed the only British educator there, while in Burma there was also a Grade III educator.{{sfnp|Whitehead|2003|p=7|ps=}}}}

Nesfield transferred from Lower Burma to become DPI in [[Oudh State]] in March 1874,{{sfnp|India Office List|1905|p=576|ps=}} then in 1878 became principal of [[Benares Sanskrit University|Benares College]] when the administration of Oudh was subsumed in the newly created [[North-Western Provinces|North-Western Provinces and Oudh]]. He joined the inspectorate there in the following year and in 1885 was passed over for promotion to become the province's DPI when, as was not uncommon, the government determined to prefer Edmund White, who was a member of the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]], to an educator.{{sfnp|Whitehead|2003|pp=7-8|ps=}} Nesfield objected strenuously to this decision, firing off letters first to the Secretary of State for the province, [[R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross]], and then to [[Alfred Comyn Lyall]], who was the [[List of Lieutenant-Governors of the North-Western Provinces and Chief Commissioners of Oudh|Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces and Chief Commissioner of Oudh]]. When those appeals failed, he wrote also to the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]], [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava]], but was again rebuffed. He eventually did achieve the promotion when White retired in August 1892.{{sfnp|Whitehead|2003|p=9|ps=}} He had been made a Fellow of the [[University of Allahabad]] in 1887, the year of its establishment, and retired from India in October 1894.{{sfnp|India Office List|1905|p=576|ps=}}

Issues of promotion were not the only thing about which Nesfield complained during his time in India. Education was particularly poorly developed in the North-Western Provinces and in 1882 he asked the province's Education Commission "what hope is there of reaching the heart or brain of a man who is educated at a cost of four rupees a year?"{{sfnp|Bellenoit|2015|p=41|ps=}} He was also involved in a dispute that persisted for a while after he retired. There had been investigations regarding whether many of the English and vernacular textbooks prescribed for use in schools of the North-Western Provinces had been contrived so as to provide him with a monopoly on publication. It was eventually agreed that he had acted under the instructions of White, had done so at his own risk, and was providing a much-needed service. He gave the copyrights to a publisher in London after retiring.{{sfnp|Whitehead|2003|p=21|ps=}}

He had married a missionary, Ellen Blumhardt, and the couple had many children, including Vincent Blumhardt Nesfield who pioneered the use of chlorine in water purification.{{sfnp|Plarr's Lives|2016|ps=}} Nesfield died in 1919.{{sfnp|National Portrait Gallery|2016|ps=}}

== Influence ==
[[File:Manual of English Grammar and Composition.djvu|thumb|cover of Nesfield's ''Manual of English Grammar and Composition'' (1908)]]

=== Education ===
Nesfield's ''English Grammar: Past and Present'' was originally written for the market in colonial India. It was later expanded to appeal to students in Britain as well, from young men preparing for various professional examinations to students in "Ladies' Colleges". Other books on the English language by Nesfield include ''A Junior Course In English Composition, A Senior Course In English Composition'', but it was his ''A Manual Of English Grammar and Composition'' that proved really successful both in Britain and [[British Empire|her colonies]] — so much so that it formed the basis for many other grammar and composition primers including but not limited to ''[[Warriner's English Grammar and Composition]]'', and ''High School English Grammar and Composition'', fondly called [[Wren & Martin]] by [[P. C. Wren]] and H. Martin.{{sfnp|Linn|2006|p=80|ps=}} Bibliographer Manfred Görlach is critical, saying of the frequently reprinted ''English Grammar: Past and Present'' that "it is not quite easy to see how its wordiness, lack of clear structure, mixture of synchronic description and diachronic explanation and often unclear definitions gave the book the immense impact it had".{{sfnp|Görlach|1998|p=256|ps=}}

=== Anthropology ===
Like [[Denzil Ibbetson]], an administrator of the [[British Raj]], Nesfield believed that the society of the North-Western Provinces in British India did not permit the rigid imposition of an administratively defined [[Caste system in India|caste]] construct as [[Herbert Hope Risley]] advocated. According to Nesfield, society there was less governed by ideas of caste based on [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] and instead was more open and fluid. Tribes, which he considered to be kin-based groups that dominated small areas, were the dominant feature of rural life. Caste designators, such as [[Jat]] and [[Rajput]], were status-based titles to which any tribe that rose to social prominence could lay a claim, and which could be dismissed by their peers if they declined.{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|pp=139-141|ps=}}

The debate about caste reflected the contemporary debate around topics such as [[scientific racism]] and the [[Indo-Aryan migration theory|Aryan invasion theory]]. Anthropologist Ellen Bal notes that {{blockquote|Nesfield denied any general difference between so-called Aryan and aboriginal blood, arguing that Aryan blood had been mixed with the indigenous by the time the caste system evolved. Risley, on the other hand, maintained that the primary distinction was one of race. He argued that social ranking was a matter of purity of blood, with the communities of pure Aryan and pure aboriginal stock at top and bottom respectively.{{sfnp|Bal|2007|p=47|ps=}}}}

== Works ==
Nesfield's publications include:{{sfnp|India Office List|1905|p=576|ps=}}

*''An Essay on the Kanjar Tribe'' (1882)
*''On the Results of Primary Education in the North-Western Provinces and Oudh'' (1883)
*''Brief View of the Caste System of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh'' (1885)
*''The Function of Modern Brahmins in Upper India'' (1887)
*''Two Essays on the Mushera Tribe'' (1888)
*''English Grammar: Past and Present'' (1898)
*''A Junior Course In English Composition, A Senior Course In English Composition''
*''A Manual of English Grammar and Composition'' (1898)
*English Grammar Series

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |title=They Ask If We Eat Frogs: Garo Ethnicity in Bangladesh |first=Ellen |last=Bal |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2007 |isbn=978-9-81230-446-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JahG6Is2VboC}}
*{{citation |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age |first=Susan |last=Bayly |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-52179-842-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA139}}
*{{citation |title=Missionary Education and Empire in Late Colonial India, 1860-1920 |first=Hayden J. A. |last=Bellenoit |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-31731-507-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xVWkCgAAQBAJ}}
*{{citation |title=Crockford's Clerical Directory |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1865 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BzkFAAAAYAAJ |ref={{harvid|Crockford|1865}}}}
*{{citation |title=An Annotated Bibliography of Nineteenth-century Grammars of English |first=Manfred |last=Görlach |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |year=1998 |isbn=978-9-02723-752-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAEPwXsejWMC}}
*{{citation |title=The India List and the India Office List |year=1905 |publisher=Harrison and Sons |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ |ref={{harvid|India Office List|1905}}}}
*{{citation |last=Linn |first=Andrew |chapter=English grammar writing |year=2006 |title=Handbook of English Linguistics |editor1-first=Bas |editor1-last= Aarts |editor2-first= April |editor2-last=McMahon |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=1-4051-8787-5}}
*{{citation |title=Lewis Carroll Among His Books: A Descriptive Catalogue of the Private Library of Charles L. Dodgson |first=Charlie |last=Lovett |publisher=McFarland |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-78642-105-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPwJBgAAQBAJ}}
*{{citation |title=John Collinson Nesfield |publisher=National Portrait Gallery |author=National Portrait Gallery |year=2016 |url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw196513/John-Collinson-Nesfield#sitter |accessdate=2016-07-26 |ref={{harvid|National Portrait Gallery|2016}}}}
*{{citation |title=Nesfield, Vincent Blumhardt (1879 - 1972) |author=Plarr's Lives |url=http://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E005981b.htm |publisher=The Royal College of Surgeons of England |accessdate=2016-07-26 |ref={{harvid|Plarr's Lives|2016}}}}
*{{citation |title=Schools Inquiry Commission |volume=XII |publisher=Geo. Eyre & W. Spottiswoode |year=1868 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OdxMAAAAcAAJ |ref={{harvid|Schools Inquiry Commission|1868}}}}
*{{citation |title=Colonial Educators: The British Indian and Colonial Education Service 1858-1983 |first=Clive |last=Whitehead |publisher=I. B. Tauris |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-86064-864-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dij297KbFDAC}}
{{refend}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nesfield, John}}
[[Category:1836 births]]
[[Category:1919 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Highgate School]]
[[Category:Alumni of Merton College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Allahabad]]
[[Category:History of education in India]]
[[Category:Administrators in British India]]
[[Category:Administrators in British Burma]]
[[Category:Grammarians from England]]
[[Category:English anthropologists]]
[[Category:19th-century Church of England clergy]]
[[Category:19th-century English writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Church of England clergy]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]
[[Category:19th-century British anthropologists]]
[[Category:20th-century British anthropologists]]

Vivek Dahiya (admiral)

2025-10-23T06:20:39Z

DemetriaMunro: adding post

{{short description|Indian Navy Admiral}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]]
| name = Vivek Dahiya
| honorific_suffix = [[Nao Sena Medal|NM]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| serviceyears = 1993 – present
| rank = [[File:British Royal Navy (sleeves) OF-7.svg|20px]] [[File:12-Indian Navy-RADM.svg|20px]] [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]]
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands = [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]] {{ship|INS|Chennai|D65}} {{ship|INS|Karmuk|P64}}
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Nao Sena Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Nao Sena Medal]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Naval Academy]]
| spouse = 
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| memorials =
| module =
}}

[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] '''Vivek Dahiya''', [[Nao Sena Medal|NM]] is a serving Flag officer in the [[Indian Navy]]. He currently serves as the [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]]. He earlier commanded the [[guided missile destroyer]] {{ship|INS|Chennai|D65}}.

==Naval career==
Dahiya attended the Naval Academy, Goa and was commissioned into the [[Indian Navy]] on 1 July 1993. He later specialised in Navigation and Direction. He has served as the Navigating Officer of the [[Kora-class corvette]] {{ship|INS|Kora|P61}}, the [[Delhi-class destroyer]] {{ship|INS|Delhi|D61}}, the [[Godavari-class frigate]] {{ship|INS|Godavari|F20}}, the [[Delhi-class destroyer]] {{ship|INS|Mumbai|D62}} and the [[aircraft carrier]] {{ship|INS|Viraat|R22}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Navy Leadership: Rear Admiral Vivek Dahiya Leads Western Fleet |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/rear-admiral-vivek-dahiya-assumes-command-of-navys-western-fleet-3746225 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=3 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2005, Dahiya was selected to attend the Advanced Command and Staff Course at the [[Joint Services Command and Staff College]] (JSCSC), [[Shrivenham]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. He served in the Directorate of Operations at naval headquarters. He commanded the [[Kora-class corvette]] {{ship|INS|Karmuk|P64}}. As a [[commander]], he served as the Fleet Navigation Officer (FNO) of the [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Vivek Dahiya assumes command of Indian Navy’s Western Fleet |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/rear-admiral-vivek-dahiya-assumes-command-of-indian-navys-western-fleet-23596213 |website=Mid-day |access-date=3 October 2025 |language=en |date=28 September 2025}}</ref>

Dahiya attended the naval higher command course at [[Naval War College, Goa]]. He took over as the Officer-in-charge of his alma mater, the Navigation and Direction School. He also served as the Command Plans Officer of the [[Eastern Naval Command]] as well as the Naval Assistant (NA) to the [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai: Rear Admiral Vivek Dahiya Takes Command Of Indian Navy's Western Fleet |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-rear-admiral-vivek-dahiya-takes-command-of-indian-navys-western-fleet |website=Free Press Journal |access-date=3 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:FOCWF handover 2025.jpg|right|thumb|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Gokhale|Rahul Vilas Gokhale]] (left) hands over command of Western Fleet to Rear Admiral Dahiya]]

In 2018, Dahiya was appointed [[commanding officer]] of the [[Kolkata-class destroyer|Kolkata-class]] [[guided-missile destroyer]] {{ship|INS|Chennai|D65}}. During his command tenure, ''Chennai'' was adjudged the Best Ship of the Western Fleet.<ref>{{cite web |title=REAR ADMIRAL VIVEK DAHIYA ASSUMES COMMAND OF WESTERN FLEET |url=https://indiannavy.gov.in/content/rear-admiral-vivek-dahiya-assumes-command-western-fleet |website=indiannavy.gov.in |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref> As a [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]], Dahiya served as the Commodore Workup at the Indian Naval Workup Team, and as the Chief Staff Officer to the [[Flag Officer Sea Training (India)|Flag Officer Sea Training]] (FOST). FOST's charter includes the conduct of the operational sea training of all ships of the [[Indian Navy]] and the [[Indian Coast Guard]]. It also includes enhancing crew proficiency in all aspects, including safe navigation practices, damage control and firefighting drills, weapon firings as well as seamanship training.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Krishna Swaminathan, VSM assumes Charge as Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST) |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1568986 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

In 2021, Dahiya was selected to attend the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]]. He also served as the Commodore (Staff Requirements) at NHQ.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Vivek Dahiya assumes command of Navy's Western Fleet |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/rear-admiral-vivek-dahiya-assumes-command-of-navys-western-fleet20250928231522/ |website=ANI News |access-date=3 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

===Flag rank===
Dahiya was promoted to flag rank in November 2023 and was appointed [[Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff]] (Staff Requirements) at NHQ. On 27 September 2025, he took command of the [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]] as the [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]] from Rear Admiral [[Rahul Vilas Gokhale]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Syndication |first1=T. S. G. |title=Rear Admiral Vivek Dahiya assumes command of Navy's Western Fleet |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/rear-admiral-vivek-dahiya-assumes-command-of-navys-western-fleet20250928231522-153044/ |website=The Sunday Guardian |access-date=3 October 2025 |language=en |date=28 September 2025}}</ref> Within a week of taking over as FOCWF, he led the Western Fleet in Exercise Konkan, the biennial bilateral maritime exercise between the Indian Navy and the [[Royal Navy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=India-UK Exercise KONKAN-2025 Commences Off Western Coast of India |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/india-uk-exercise-konkan-2025-commences-off-western-coast-of-india/ |website=newsonair.gov.in |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=EXERCISE KONKAN - 2025 COMMENCES ON THE WESTERN SEABOARD |url=https://indiannavy.gov.in/content/exercise-konkan-2025-commences-western-seaboard |website=indiannavy.gov.in |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==
Dahiya was awarded the [[Nao Sena Medal]] (Devotion to duty) in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Medal Winners |url=https://indiannavy.gov.in/content/medal-winners-0 |website=indiannavy.gov.in |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=75th REPUBLIC DAY PRESIDENT APPROVES DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AND GALLANTRY AWARDS TO INDIAN NAVY PERSONNEL |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1999696 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Nao_Sena_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
||{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Samanya_Seva_medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Operation_Parakram_medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Videsh_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg
|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=75yearmedal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|colspan=4|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[Nao Sena Medal]]
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Videsh Seva Medal]]
|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|-
|
|[[20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]]
* [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Rahul Vilas Gokhale]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]]|years=2025 – Present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dahiya, Vivek}}
[[Category:Indian Navy rear admirals]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Flag Officers Commanding Western Fleet]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Graduates of Joint Services Command and Staff College]]
[[Category:Naval War College, Goa alumni]]
[[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]

Masks of West Bengal

2025-05-21T08:52:10Z

DemetriaMunro: adding a info

{{cleanup|reason=Poor, unencyclopedic language.|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
[[File:Performance of Chhau dance of Purulia.jpg|thumb|Chhau Mask dance performing in the field]]
[[File: Mask of West Bengal made from bamboo stock.jpg|thumb|Tribal bamboo mask from Dinajpur]]
'''Mask or Mukhosh of West Bengal''', as it is known for has a mysterious history. Mostly it uses for the Mask Dance, the [[folk dance of West Bengal]]. The wearing of these masks is connected with early types of folklore and religion. There are various type of masks made up of clay, wood, sponge wood or shola, pith, paper, metal etc. Generally, half of these masks are made up of clay, pith and paper and wooden masks are very rare. Some of these masks come from the Tribal of [[West Bengal]]. Geographically, West Bengal comes well within this mask using culture zone. Masks in West Bengal is mostly used in folk dance.<ref>Masks of West Bengal_Publisher:Indian Museum_kolkata_Author: Sabita Ranjan Sarkar </ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/masks-of-west-bengal-NAE093/|title=Masks of West Bengal}}</ref> [[UNESCO]] selected The Rural Craft Hub of Bengal to showcase their artwork in Paris in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/west-bengal-rural-craft-hubs-help-artisans-double-their-incomes/articleshow/50862490.cms|title=West Bengal rural craft hubs help artisans double their incomes|last=Roy|first=Tasmayee Laha|date=2016-02-05|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref>

== Classification ==
[[File: Mask Purulia3.jpg|thumb|mask from purulia]]
Mask artisan shape out models from materials like bamboo, wood, sponge wood, clay, paper, pith etc. After they shape out the masks then it is painted with various colours.
=== Wooden mask ===
[[File: Bengal handicrafts 01.jpg|thumb|Wooden Gomera Masks of [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]]]
The masks of Bengal are acclaimed for their craftsmanship. A lot of masks are made up of wood. Among the masks of Bengal, Gomera masks, Shiknidhal mask, Gambhira dance masks, Gilded masks of Kushmundi, Bagpa dance masks are made up of wood.
=== Sponge wood (shola) masks===
Sponge wood masks are used in the ancient Gomera dance of North Dinajpur. Shola masks from [[Murshidabad]] are also popular.
=== Clay mask ===
Clay masks of [[Ghurni]] have been the notable centre of clay art for a long time. The most popular folk dance of West Bengal is [[Chhau dance]] where the mask is an inseparable part. The making of a mask goes through various stages. The facial features are made of clay. [[Kumortuli|Kolkata Kumortuli]] is well known for its statues and their masks are very popular. In Nabadwip '''Shiber Mukhosh''' is a popular clay mask.
=== Bamboo mask ===
[[File:Bamboo mask of West Bengal.jpg|thumb|Bamboo mask of Dinajpur, W.B]]
Bamboo mask is a popular folk mask originated in [[West Dinajpur district|Dinajpur District]] of [[West Bengal]]. It made of a single piece of bamboo stick. The Mask is like a Tribal mask.
=== Metal mask ===
The popular metal mask is [[Dhokra]] masks. It's a unique folk art of West Bengal.

== [[Chhau dance]] mask ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 650

| image1 = Chhau dancer.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = A Chhau dancer in Bagmundi

| image2 = Mask Purulia.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = chhau mask

| image3 = Chaumasksanddrums.png
| alt3 =
| caption3 = mask and musical instrument of chhau dance

|image4 = Durga with Lion - Mahisasuramardini - Chhau Dance - Royal Chhau Academy - Science City - Kolkata 2014-02-13 9127.JPG
|alt4 =
|caption4 = Durga with Lion, Purulia style Chhau

| footer = <big>''Chhau masks and dancer of [[West Bengal]]''</big>
}}
The most interesting fact, Purulia [[Chhau dance|Chhau Dance]] is listed on [[UNESCO|UNESCO’s]] world heritage list of dances.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.utsavpedia.com/cultural-connections/indian-performing-arts/chhau-dance-of-purulia/|title=Chhau Dance: West Bengal's Performing Art Treasure {{!}} Utsavpedia|date=2015-07-30|work=Utsavpedia|access-date=2018-02-12|language=en-US}}</ref> The main difference between the Purulia chhau and Orisha chhau is in the use of the mask. Purulia chhau used the mask in dance, but Orisha does not have the mask thereby adding facial expression with body movement and gesture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://purulia.gov.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/chau_dance.html|title=The Official Website of Purulia District|website=purulia.gov.in|access-date=2018-02-12}}</ref> Traditionally, the chhau dance held in the mid march when one agricultural circle ends and a new circle begins.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=85&Name=Chho|title=:::::: Daricha Foundation ::::::|website=www.daricha.org|access-date=2018-02-12}}</ref> Purulia chhau dancer were the earthy and theatrical mask which represent the mythological characters. After making the shape of mask with clay, it is coloured and decorated with Shola and other things.

These [[Chhau Mask]]s are made by the artists from the '''''[[Sutradhar]] community'''''. The making of a mask goes through various stages. 8-10 layers of soft paper, immersed in diluted glue, are pasted one after another on the mould before the mud mould is dusted with fine ash powder. The facial features are made of clay. A special layer of mud and cloth is applied and the mask is then sun-dried. After this, the mould is polished and the second round of sun drying is done before separating the layers of cloth and paper from the mould. After finishing and drilling of holes for the nose and eyes, the mask is colored and decorated.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5590e1c1e4b01cfd84ef7264/t/56bd94ae7da24fd5476fbc2e/1455264959070/Masks+of+Bengal.pdf |title=The Masks of Bengal |access-date=13 February 2018 |archive-date=13 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213135506/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5590e1c1e4b01cfd84ef7264/t/56bd94ae7da24fd5476fbc2e/1455264959070/Masks+of+Bengal.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=http://www.biswabangla.in/ldf-blog/2015/9/22/the-mask|title=The Mask|work=Biswa Bangla|access-date=2018-02-12|language=en-US|archive-date=13 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213140142/http://www.biswabangla.in/ldf-blog/2015/9/22/the-mask|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Gomera mask ==
[[File:Bengal handicrafts 09.jpg|thumb|Wooden Gomera Masks of [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]]]
{{see also|Wooden Mask of Kushmandi}}
Gomera mask is a part of Gomera dance which is originated in [[Uttar Dinajpur district|North]] and [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|South Dinajpur]] of [[West Bengal]]. The word ''Gomera'' is colloquial from ''Gram-Chandi'', a female deity. The extract origin of this craft is no doubt very old and some of the craftsmen claim it is at least as old as the beginning of ''[[Kali Yuga]]''. The Gomera dances are organized to propitiate the deity to usher in the ''good forces'' and drive out the ''evil forces''. The mask dance organised within the month of mid-April to mid-July. The wood-crafted Gomera mask represents two distinct forms. The characters of two distinct forms of dance are the Gomera and the Ram-Vanwas. The scary masks of the Gomera are made from the wood of the ''Gamar tree''. Holes are made under the eyes of the mask for the wearer to see.

In Gomera mask dance Mahiraban is a mythical character in the epic Ramayana. Mahiraban is said to be the brother of Raban, the Lanka king. The tri-headed wooden mask is made to represent Mahiraban. This mask is popular in [[South Dinajpur]].

The ancient Gomera dance of North Dinajpur used sponge wood mask. At first, the artist prepares a model from mashed paper layered upon a piece of cloth soaked in mud water. After drying the cloth, it is topped with sponge wood and coloured. For the glow, it is given a varnish polish n the mask and decorated with sequences, foil and coloured paper.

Shiknidhal mask, the other gigantic wooden mask used in the gomira dance of [[South Dinajpur]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://museumsofindia.gov.in/repository/record/im_kol-79-16-5341 |title=Mask of Siknidhal (a malevolent deity)|work=Museum of India }}</ref> This mask is used in the war dance. It is also called '''''Mukha Khel''''' meaning the game of masks.

In 2013, after a memorandum of understanding was signed between the [[West Bengal]] government and UNESCO to promote culture-based livelihoods, things began to change for the better for these mask-makers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/last-of-the-gomira-mask-makers-see-silver-lining/article19242786.ece|title=Last of the Gomira mask-makers see silver lining|last=Singh|first=Shiv Sahay|date=2017-07-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-02-12|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Clay masks ==
[[Ghurni]] region of Krishnanagar has been a notable center of clay art for a long time. Their clay mask of Durga and the other is well known for their beauty and the mask follow a contemporary style. Kolkata Kumartuli is well-known for clay mask. The masks are made in clay and then sun-dried and finally coloured and decorated with sponge wood or foil. Potter has been receiving a lot of attention for sculpting Bengali deities.<ref name=":1" />

== Gambhira mask ==
[[File:Wood Mask of Gomira.jpg|thumb|People wearing various types of wooden Gombhira mask]]
The Gambhira dance is performed all over the [[Malda district]] of North Bengal during the festival of Chaitra Sankranti. The masks are made out of neem and fig trees by the local ''Sutradhar community''. Sometimes they were also made the mask of clay.<ref name=":3"/><ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=http://www.biswabangla.in/ldf-blog/2015/9/22/the-mask|title=The Mask|work=Biswa Bangla|access-date=2018-02-13|language=en-US|archive-date=13 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213140142/http://www.biswabangla.in/ldf-blog/2015/9/22/the-mask|url-status=dead}}</ref> The three-dimensional crowns are the specialty of these masks. First, the facial features are carved out from a piece of wood and then coloured according to the character. This mask dance performed with [[Gombhira]] song. The songs of Gambhira originated among the Hindu community of [[Malda district|Maldah]] in [[West Bengal]], completely in its theme formation.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

== Rabankata mask ==
Rabankata mask dance is performed during [[Durga Puja]] in [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]] of [[Bankura district]]. The theme is the victory of good over the evil where Goddess Durga stands for the good that destroys the evil Raban. It is an old mask dance which is started between 1626 and 1656 CE. Six masks uses in the dance where the first four are used directly in the dance and the other two are absolutely ritualistic.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://indroyc.com/2017/09/08/masks-of-bengal/|title=Masks of Bengal|date=2017-09-08|work=Indrosphere|access-date=2018-02-13|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Dokra mask ==
Dokra is unique folk art of West Bengal.Metal casting dokra mask is created various contemporary sculptures with this art form. Gita Karmakar, a female artist from Bankura has been awarded the President’s award. Her works of Dokra art are equally popular in other countries.<ref name=":3" />

== Gilded mask ==
The Gilded mask is an ecstatic wooden mask from Kushmundi in the district of [[Dakshin Dinajpur]], [[West Bengal]]. It is part of the costume of the traditional Gamira dancers. The themes of the masks are generally historic and religious. The mask made out of Bamboo and wood. The weight of the masks is around 2.5 to 3 kg. The soft wood, which is used to make the mask is called gamari. so that it can be easily chiselled into intricate designs. The mask is then covered with exquisite Italian gold leaves hammered into thin sheets.<ref name=":3"/><ref name="auto"/>
== Shola mask of Murshidabad ==
Durga face is a well known shola mask of [[Murshidabad]]. It's mainly used for the decorate status. For making this masks, shola is pulled from water and dried. Then it is cut with the knife according to the design. The most attractive fact, Murshidabad is recognize for the shola work.<ref name=":3"/>

== Bagpa dance mask ==
Bagpa dance is a mask dance which is a part of tantrik Buddhism. It was conceptualised by Guru Padmashambhava. Bagpa is called Bagchham by the Buddhist guru lamas of Tamang. This dance is also known as Lama dance in the Himalayan region of Bengal.<ref name="auto1"/> It’s a war dance based on the theme of the destruction by evil and for the well-being of humanity. It is a colorful wooden mask mainly colored with red, blue and white. Other color is used for detailing the mask.<ref name="auto"/>

== See also ==
* [[Chhau dance]]
* [[Chhau Mask]]
* [[Ghurni]]
* [[Kumortuli]]
* [[Gombhira]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Culture of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Purulia district]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage of India]]

John Deng Pohrmen

2025-03-24T15:43:15Z

DemetriaMunro: Put Up First Bio Initial Version

{{Short description|Former deputy chief minister of Meghalaya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
'''John Deng Pohrmen''' (d. 18 August 2012) was a War-Jaintia politician from [[West Jaintia Hills district]] in [[Meghalaya]], India. He was the former deputy chief minister of Meghalaya. During his multiple terms as legislators, he served as cabinet minister with different portfolios under many chief ministers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyngdoh |first=R. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FltuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22John+Deng+Pohrmen%22 |title=Government and Politics in Meghalaya |date=1996 |publisher=Sanchar Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7203-029-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=V. Venkata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5QlAAAAMAAJ&q=%22John+Deng+Pohrmen%22 |title=A Century of Tribal Politics in North East India, 1874-1974 |date=1976 |publisher=S. Chand |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
John Deng was born at [[Nongtalang]] village in the former Jaintia Hills District (now [[West Jaintia Hills district]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=19 August 2012 |title=Ex-Dy CM JD Pohrmen passes away |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2012/08/19/ex-dy-cm-jd-pohrmen-passes-away/ |work=[[The Shillong Times]]}}</ref> From 1952 to 1967, he worked as a school teacher in St. Anthony's High School, Shillong.<ref name=":0" /> In 1955, he was elected as a ward commissioner of the [[Shillong Municipal Board]]. He served as editor of two Khasi newspapers — ''Ka Lympung Ri Lum'' and ''U Nongsain Hima''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=19 August 2012 |title=Former deputy CM dies |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/former-deputy-cm-dies/cid/393194 |access-date=14 January 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref>

== Political life ==
Early on, Pohrmen was involved in the [[Hill State Movement]] and joined active politics in the early 1960s.<ref name=":0" />

=== All Party Hill Leaders Conference ===
He was elected to the [[Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council]] as a member of the [[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]] (APHLC) in 1967. He later became the council's Chief Executive Member (CEM).<ref name=":0" />

In 1978 Pohrmen was elected to the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] from the War Jaintia constituency on the APHLC ticket. He became a cabinet minister in 'The Three Flag Government' under the chief ministership of [[Darwin Diengdoh Pugh]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He also served as a cabinet minister in the first [[B. B. Lyngdoh]] government.<ref name=":1" />

=== Indian National Congress ===
In 1981 Pohrmen joined the [[Indian National Congress]] and later, became president of the Jaintia Hills District Congress Committee.<ref name=":0" /> He then served as a cabinet minister in the [[P. A. Sangma]] government. In 1991, Porhmen refused to accept the proposal of his Congress legislators to become the chief minister and instead proposed [[D. D. Lapang]] as the leader.<ref name=":1" /> He then served as a cabinet minister in the coalition governments of [[D. D. Lapang]], and [[S. C. Marak]].<ref name=":0" />

== Death ==
After prolonged illness, Pohrmen died on 18 August 2012 at his residence in [[Laitumkhrah]] at the age of 86. He was survived by his wife, Margaret Rose Rapthap and four children. His funeral was held at the Laitumkhrah Catholic cemetery.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pohrmen, John Deng}}

[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Meghalaya]]

National Highway 552G (India)

2025-02-27T18:42:31Z

DemetriaMunro: adding a details

{{short description|National Highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 552G
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
|title=National Highway 552G|zoom=7|text= Map of National Highway '''552G''' in red}}
| map_custom = yes
| length_km = 166
| direction_a = North
| direction_b = South
| terminus_a = [[Jhalrapatan]]
| terminus_b = [[Ujjain]]
| junction =
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 52
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 52 
| next_route = 552G 
| states = [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]]
| destinations =
}}

'''National Highway 552G''', commonly referred to as '''NH 552G''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2018/184523.pdf|title=New national highways declaration notification|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It is a [[Spur route|secondary]] route of [[National Highway 52 (India)|National Highway 52]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> NH-552G runs in the states of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref>

== Route ==
NH552G connects Jhalrapatan in Rajasthan to Ujjain in the state of Madhya Pradesh.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />
;Rajasthan
[[Jhalrapatan]], Beenda, Dawal - M.P. border
;Madhya Pradesh
Rajasthan border - [[Dongargaon, Agar Malwa]] - Soyat, [[Susner]], Agar, Ghosla, Ghatia, [[Ujjain]]

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|52|country=IND}} Terminal near Jhalrapatan.<ref name=":1" />
: {{jct|NH|752B|country=IND}} near Susner.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11612879 NH 552G on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH52 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:National highways in Madhya Pradesh]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Bhoja I (Shilahara dynasty)

2025-01-11T06:12:40Z

DemetriaMunro: new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{About|Shilahara king|other uses|Bhoja (disambiguation)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Refimprove|date=January 2016}}
{{No footnotes|date=January 2016}}
}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = [[Shilahara]] king
}}
'''Bhoja I''' was a medieval [[Shilahara]] king of Southern [[Maharashtra]] ([[Kolhapur]]) on the west coast of India.

On the death of Guhala 11 in 1055 CE, Bhallala and Bhoja I must have ruled the kingdom. Achugi II, the Sinda ruler of Yelburga, is said to have repulsed a certain Bhoja I who can be only the [[Shilahara]] Bhoja I.

==References==
* Bhandarkar R.G. (1957): Early History of Deccan, Sushil Gupta (I) Pvt Ltd, Calcutta.
* Fleet, J.F. (1896): "The Dynasties of the Kanarese District of The Bombay Presidency", written for ''The Bombay Gazetteer''.
* Department of Gazetteer, Govt of Maharashtra (2002): Itihaas : Prachin Kal, Khand -1 (Marathi)
* Department of Gazetteer, Govt of Maharashtra (1960): Kolhapur District Gazetteer
* Department of Gazetteer, Govt of Maharashtra (1964): Kolaba District Gazetteer
* Department of Gazetteer, Govt of Maharashtra (1982): Thane District Gazetteer
* A.S. Altekar (1936): The Silaharas of Western India.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091026231253/http://geocities.com/ancientcoinsofindia/shilacoinex.html Silver Coin of Shilaharas of Southern Maharashtra (Coinex 2006 - Souvenir)]

{{Shilahara dynasty}}

[[Category:Shilahara dynasty]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]

Army Public School Peshawar

2023-06-28T21:37:37Z

DemetriaMunro: added formatting further and fixed typos

#redirect [[Peshawar]]

Pari, Raebareli

2023-06-17T17:21:58Z

DemetriaMunro: created a info w/ infobox

{{other uses|Pari (disambiguation){{!}}Pari}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pari
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Pāri
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Salon block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Pari (#483) in Salon CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.041788|N|81.350378|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here|title="Geonames Search"}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 744.8
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7060
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 229401<ref name="Census 2011"/>
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pari''' is a village in [[Salon, India|Salon]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=427–51 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=19 September 2021}}</ref> It is located 27 km from [[Raebareli]], the district headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, Pari has a population of 7,060 people, in 1,283 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has one primary school and one [[maternity and child welfare centre]], as well as a post office, an [[Anganwadi]] centre, and an [[agricultural credit society]].<ref name="Census 2011"/> The village hosts a market twice per week, on Mondays and Fridays; grain and vegetables are the main items traded.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Pari as comprising 12 hamlets, with a total population of 2,991 people (1,488 male and 1,503 female), in 645 households and 598 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=176, cx-cxi of section "Salon Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=19 September 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 1,901 [[acre]]s and it had a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961"/> Average attendance of the twice-weekly market was about 75 people then.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Pari as having a population of 3,952 people, in 972 households, and having an area of 769.32 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=226–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=19 September 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

{{Raebareli-geo-stub}}

Ward No. 117, Kolkata Municipal Corporation

2023-05-18T11:39:23Z

DemetriaMunro:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement



|name = Ward No. 117
|official_name =
|other_name =
|native_name = 
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Kolkata Municipal Corporation
|total_type = 
|motto =

|image_skyline =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=India/West Bengal/Kolkata/Ward No. 117, KMC.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Ward No. 117
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{IND}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = City
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type3 = Neighbourhoods
|subdivision_name3 = Tollygunge Circular Road (Chandubabur Jheel-Buroshibtala)
|subdivision_type4 = Reservation
|subdivision_name4 = Open
|subdivision_type5 = Parliamentary constituency
|subdivision_name5 = [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]
|subdivision_type6 = Assembly constituency
|subdivision_name6 = [[Behala Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Behala Purba]]

|seat_type = Borough
|seat = 13
|parts_type =
|parts_style = 
|parts = 
|p1 =
|p2 = 

|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 = 
|leader_name1 =
|established_title = 
|established_date =

|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 
|area_land_km2 = 
|area_water_km2 =
|area_water_percent =

|elevation_footnotes = 
|elevation_m =
|elevation_max_m =
|elevation_min_m =

|population_as_of = 2011
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 21,824
|population_density_km2 = 

|timezone = IST
|utc_offset = +5:30
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|coor_type = 
|coordinates = {{coord|22.501833|N|88.337806|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[West Bengal]]}}|display=inline,title}}

|postal_code_type = PIN
|postal_code = 700 034
|area_code = +91 33
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Ward No. 117, Kolkata Municipal Corporation''' is an administrative division of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] in Borough No. 13, covering parts of Tollygunge Circular Road (Chandubabur Jheel-Buroshibtala) neighbourhoods in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
The establishment and evolution of Kolkata Municipal Corporation followed a long process starting from around the middle of the 19th century. The Municipal Consolidation Act of 1888 and certain steps taken thereafter saw the addition of peripheral areas in the eastern and southern parts of the city to the corporation area. In 1888, there were 75 commissioners, 50 of whom were elected, 15 appointed by the government and 10 nominated from bodies like Chambers of Commerce, Trades Associations and the Port Commissioners. The Calcutta Municipal Act of 1923 brought about important changes. The adjacent municipalities of Cossipore, Chitpore, Manicktola and Garden Reach, as well as the New Dock Extension area, were amalgamated with Kolkata. Garden Reach was later taken out.<ref name= kmc1>{{cite web| url = https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KMCAboutKolkataHome.jsp|title= A walk down memory lane | work= About Kolkata | publisher= KMC|access-date = 16 February 2018}}</ref><ref name=kmc2>{{cite web| url = https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/MunicipalHistoryHome.jsp|title= Kolkata Municipal Corporation | work= Kolkata - a municipal history | publisher= KMC|access-date = 16 February 2018}}</ref>

Post-independence developments saw the introduction of adult franchise in municipal elections in 1962. The number of wards increased from 75 to 100. Tollygunge was merged with Kolkata in 1953. The Calcutta Municipal Corporation Act 1980, which came into effect in 1984, extended the boundaries of Kolkata by including South Suburban, Garden Reach and Jadavpur municipalities in Kolkata. With the addition of Joka to Kolkata, the number of wards rose to 144.<ref name= kmc1/><ref name=kmc2/>

==Geography==
Ward No. 117 is bordered on the north by Tollygunge Circular Road and S.N.Roy Road; on the east by Tolly’s Nullah; on the south by Roy Bahadur A.C.Roy Road and Pran Krishna Chandra Lane; and on the west by Buroshibtala Main Road.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/mwards.html |title= Municipal Wards| publisher= Yellow Pages.com|access-date = 4 June 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Ward no. 117 in Kolkata Municipal Corporation.svg|thumb|Location of Ward No. 117 in Kolkata Ward Map]]

The ward is served by [[Behala#Police district|Behala]] police station of [[Kolkata Police Force|Kolkata Police]].<ref name="police">{{cite web| url = http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=9&Division=B|title = Kolkata Police |work = South West Division | publisher= KP| access-date = 21 March 2018}}</ref><ref>Kolkata: Detail Maps of 141 Wards with Street Directory, Fourth Impression 2003, Map No. 87, D.P. Publication and Sales Concern, 66 College Street, Kolkata-700 073.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title= Table 3 District Wise List of Statutory Towns (Municipal Corporation, Municipality, Notified Area and Cantonment Board), Census Towns and Outgrowths, West Bengal, 2001 |access-date= 12 February 2018 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163402/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

[[Behala#Police district|Behala Women police station]] covers all police districts under the jurisdiction of the [[Divisions of Kolkata Police|South West Division]], i.e. Sarsuna, Taratala, Behala, Parnasree, Thakurpukur and Haridevpur.<ref name="police"/>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Ward No. 117, Kolkata Municipal Corporation, had a total population of 21,824, of which 11,121 (51%) were males and 10,703 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,742. The total number of literates in Ward No. 117 was 17,376 (86.53% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 12 February 2018 }}</ref>

Kolkata is the second most literate district in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1916_PART_B_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII B |work = Page 25: District Highlights, 2011 Census | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 15 February 2018}}</ref> The literacy rate of Kolkata district has increased from 53.0% in 1951 to 86.3% in the 2011 census.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 63-64: Literacy Rate | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 15 February 2018}}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in KMC wards|collapsible=y}}
Census data about mother tongue and religion is not available at the ward level. For district level information see [[Kolkata district#Demographics|Kolkata district]].

According to the District Census Handbook Kolkata 2011, 141 wards of Kolkata Municipal Corporation formed Kolkata district. (3 wards were added later).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map on third page plus demographic data about all the wards in the handbook | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 15 February 2018}}</ref>

==Election highlights==
The ward forms a city municipal corporation council electoral constituency and is a part of [[Behala Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 4 June 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"ìÍĦĤĠčw
|-
! Election year!!Constituency!!Name of councillor!!Party affililiation
|-
|2005||Ward No. 117||Sailen Dasgupta||[[Indian National Congress]]||<ref>Search the web for COUNCILLORS OF KOLKATA MUNICITIPAL CORPORATION. In the search list click on this. On clicking one gets an option for "List of KMC Councillors" at the bottom of the page. Press <Open> to get to Adobe Acrobat file.</ref>
|-
|2010||||Sailen Dasgupta||[[All India Trinamool Congress]]||<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbsec.gov.in/(S(csnkqo55bqu3de55qcptl2ib))/Municipal/Detailed_Mun_KMC.aspx |title= Kolkata Municipal Corporation General Election Results 2010| publisher= Government of West Bengal |access-date = 4 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
|2015||||Sailen Dasgupta||All India Trinamool Congress||<ref>Prabahat Khabar, Hindi newspaper, print edition, 29 April 2015</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =http://wbsec.gov.in/(S(knvrcje3wq5iuhzomlbppt55))/writereaddata/Orders/Municipal/1712-sec.pdf |title= Ward-wise winners| work= Gazette Notification | publisher= West Bengal State Election Commission|access-date = 4 June 2015}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Portal|India}}
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata Municipal Corporation wards}}

[[Category:Municipal wards of Kolkata]]