Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Ratan Khatri

2026-05-06T15:41:38Z

Delphia92Y:

{{Short description|Indian gambling kingpin and pioneer of Matka betting}}

'''Ratan Khatri''' (c. 1932 – 9 May 2020) was an [[Gambling in India|Indian gambling]] kingpin and film producer, widely regarded as the "[[Matka King]]" for his central role in transforming [[Matka gambling|matka]], a form of betting, into one of the most lucrative underground industries in India. Born in [[Karachi]], British India (now [[Pakistan]]), Khatri migrated to [[Mumbai]] during the [[Partition of India|Partition of 1947]]. Over several decades, he established a nationwide gambling network that became synonymous with his name and legacy.<ref name="ET">{{cite news |title='Matka King' Ratan Khatri passes away |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/matka-king-ratan-khatri-dead/articleshow/75660773.cms |access-date=2024-12-04}}</ref><ref name="Statesman">{{cite news |title=Who is Ratan Khatri? All about the legendary yash 'Matka King' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/who-is-ratan-khatri-all-about-the-legendary-matka-king-1503314219.html |access-date=2024-12-04}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ratan Khatri was born into a [[Sindhi Hindus|Sindhi Hindu]] family in Karachi, British India. Following the Partition in 1947, his family relocated to Mumbai (then Bombay). As a teenager, Khatri began working in Mumbai's bustling textile markets and mill areas where he was introduced to gambling on cotton exchange numbers.<ref name="DNA">{{cite news |title=Who is Ratan Khatri from Chandu Champion? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-who-is-ratan-khatri-from-chandu-champion-matka-king-brought-gambling-to-india-biopic-starring-vijay-varma-3093695 |access-date=2024-12-04}}</ref>

== Career ==
A Kutchi trader Kalyanji Bhagat had introduced Worli Matka, a form of betting on cotton prices transmitted from the [[New York Cotton Exchange]]. Khatri and his friends used to allegedly bet on those cotton market prices. In 1962, Khatri’s friends asked him to start his own syndicate and he then established "Ratan Matka," or “Main Bazaar” Matka which soon became a household name.<ref name="IE">{{cite news |title=Mumbai: Ratan Khatri, the 'matka king', dies at 88 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-ratan-khatri-the-matka-king-dies-at-88-6405531/ |access-date=2024-12-04}}</ref> He simplified the game by introducing 3 card draws using playing cards (from 1-10) from an [[Matki (earthen pot)|earthen pot (matka)]], which added transparency and credibility to the process.<ref name="TimesNow">{{cite news |title=Ratan Khatri passes away: Five lesser-known facts about India's Matka King |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/article/ratan-khatri-passes-away-five-lesser-known-facts-about-india-s-matka-king/590170 |access-date=2024-12-04}}</ref>

By the 1970s, Ratan Matka had become a nationwide phenomenon with daily turnovers reportedly reaching ₹5 [[crore]]. His clientele included people from all walks of life, including [[Bollywood]] celebrities and high-profile businessmen.<ref name="ET"/><ref name="Statesman"/> However, his business faced challenges during India's [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency period]] (1975–1977), when he was imprisoned for 19 months by then prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name="DNA"/>

== Decline and retirement ==
The matka business began to decline in the 1990s due to increased police action due to mafia involvement and internal disputes within the gambling community. Khatri even ventured into film financing, distribution and producing for some time. In 1993, Khatri retired from active involvement in matka betting after an incident where he was placed on a [[No Fly List (India)|no-fly list]] during a family vacation.<ref name="IE"/><ref name="Statesman"/> Following his retirement, other operators attempted to take over the trade, but none could replicate his success or influence.

== Legacy ==
Ratan Khatri is remembered as India’s first legitimate bookmaker and a betting pioneer who transformed matka into an organized and highly profitable industry. Despite its illegal status, matka became deeply ingrained in Mumbai's social and cultural fabric under his leadership. His methods of conducting his daily draws openly in public settings earned him a reputation for transparency and fairness among big betters across India and foreign countries.<ref name="Statesman"/>

Khatri died on 9th May 2020 at his residence in Tardeo, South Mumbai following a cardiac arrest. He was 88 years old.<ref name="Zee">{{cite news |title=Ratan Khatri, Mumbai's Matka King of 60s–90s, dead at 88 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/ratan-khatri-mumbais-matka-king-of-60s-90s-dead-at-88-2282829.html |access-date=2024-12-04}}</ref><ref name="TimesNow"/>

== Popular culture ==
Khatri's life has inspired numerous portrayals in popular media including ''[[Dharmatma]]'' (1975).

2024 Telugu film titled ''[[Matka (film)|Matka]]'' starring [[Varun Tej]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/matka-is-a-biopic-on-ratan-khetri-885435 | title=Matka is a biopic on Ratan Khetri | website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] | date=17 March 2024 | access-date=1 October 2024 | archive-date=14 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814233450/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/matka-is-a-biopic-on-ratan-khetri-885435 | url-status=live }}</ref> and 2026 Hindi [[biopic]] series titled "Matka King" starring [[Vijay Varma]], both were inspired by his life and times.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-17 |title=Matka King review: Vijay Varma show lacks zest and sharpness |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/matka-king-review-vijay-varma-show-lacks-zest-and-sharpness-10641385/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Roy Kapur Films and Aat Pat Productions, highlighting Khatri’s rise in India as the "Matka King" and the impact of matka gambling on Indian society post independence.<ref name="DNA"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Additional sources ==
* {{cite news |title='Matka King' Ratan Khatri dead |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/matka-king-ratan-khatri-dead/articleshow/75660773.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=10 May 2020 |access-date=2024-12-04}}
* {{cite news |title=Sairat fame Nagraj Manjule to direct Matka King, a series based on gambler Ratan Khatri with Siddharth Roy Kapur |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sairat-fame-nagraj-manjule-to-direct-matka-king-a-series-based-on-gambler-ratan-khatri-with-siddharth-roy-kapur-4645217.html |newspaper=News18 |date=17 December 2021 |access-date=2024-12-04}}
* {{cite news |title='Matka King' Ratan Khatri passes away in Mumbai at 88 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/ratan-khatri-mumbais-matka-king-of-60s-90s-dead-at-88-2282829.html |newspaper=Zee News |date=10 May 2020 |access-date=2024-12-04}}
* {{cite web |title=What is Satta Matka? How it is played |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/what-is-satta-matka-how-it-is-played-1349834-2018-09-26 |website=India Today |date=26 September 2018 |access-date=2024-12-04}}
* {{cite news |title='Matka King' Ratan Khatri passes away in Mumbai |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/matka-king-ratan-khatri-passes-away-in-mumbai-6404204/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=10 May 2020 |access-date=2024-12-04}}
* {{cite news |title=Matka is a biopic on Ratan Khetri |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/matka-is-a-biopic-on-ratan-khetri-885435 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=2024-12-04}}
* {{cite news |title=Ratan Khatri, matka king of 60s–90s, dead |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/coronavirus/news/ratan-khatri-matka-king-of-60s-90s-dead/articleshow/75666218.cms |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |date=10 May 2020 |access-date=2024-12-04}}
* {{cite news |title='Matka King' Ratan Khatri dead |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/matka-king-ratan-khatri-dead-120051000707_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard |date=10 May 2020 |access-date=2024-12-04}}

[[Category:Gambling in India]]
[[Category:Indian crime bosses]]
[[Category:Numbers game]]

List of Odia films of 2010

2026-05-06T15:07:55Z

Delphia92Y: Adding a stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|None}}
{{ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Cinema of Orissa|Oriya film industry]] based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]] in 2010:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[2010 in film|2010]]'''
|-
|''[[Aakhi Palakare Tu]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Aakhi Palakare Tu|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1686850/|access-date=2019-02-01}} {{unreliable?|date=September 2022}}</ref>||[[Rabindra Pradhan]] ||[[Sabyasachi Mishra]], [[Babli]], [[Mukesh Rishi]], [[Harihara Mahapatra]] || ||
|-
|''[[Aalo Mora Kandhei]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Aalo Mora Kandhei|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1686851/|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref>||[[Himanshu Parija]] ||[[Akash Das Nayak]], [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Archita Sahu]], [[Priya (actress)|Priya]], [[Anita Das]], [[Mihir Das]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Aama Bhitare Kichhi Achhi]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Aama Bhitare Kichhi Achhi|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1686852/|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref>||[[Sushant Mani]] || [[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Shriya Jha]], [[Gloria Mohanty]], [[Ajit Das]], [[Anita Das]], [[Barsa Priyadarshini]]||Producer-Sarthak Music ||
|-
|''[[Ae Milana Juga Jugara]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Ae Milana Juga Jugara|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1747917/|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref>||[[Ashok Kumar (director)|Ashok Kumar]] ||[[Rajdeep]], [[Elle (Ollywood actress)|Elle]], [[Pushpa Panda]], [[Chandan Kar]], [[Minaketan]], [[Nupura Ghosh]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Anjali (Oriya film)|Anjali]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Anjali|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1780771/|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref>||[[Biswa Bhusan Mohapatra]] ||[[Aditya (actor)|Aditya]], [[Sampurna Chakraborty]], [[Deabasmitha]], [[Raj (Ollywood actor)|Raj]] || ||
|-
|''[[Asibu Kebe Saji Mo Rani]]''||[[Manaranjan Pal]] ||[[Akash Das Nayak]], [[Khushi Garvi]], [[Raimohan]], [[Mihir Das]] || ||
|-
|''[[Bhul Bujhibani Mate]]''||[[Kunal Patnaik]] ||[[Debasis]], [[Amelie Panda]], [[Pintu Nanda]], Aparajita Mohanty, [[Mihir Das]], [[Ajit Das]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Dil Tate Deichi]]''||[[Sanjay Nayak]] ||[[Sabyasachi Misra]], [[Priya (actress)|Priya]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Harihara Mahapatra]] || ||Remake of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Deepavali]]''
|-
|''[[Diwana (Oriya film)|Diwana]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Diwana|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1745688/|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref>||[[Ashok Pati]] ||[[Barsa Priyadarshini]], [[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Samaresh Routray|Samaresh]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Pintu Nanda]], [[Mihir Das]]|| ||Remake of 2008 Tamil movie ''[[Kadhalil Vizhunthen]]''
|-
|''[[Don (oriya film)|Don]]''||[[Sudhanshu Sahu]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Aurosmitha]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Anita Das]]|| ||Remake of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] movie ''[[Don (2007 film)|Don]]'', starring [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]Asst. Director : Tripati Kumar Sahu
|-
|''[[Megha Sabari Re Asiba Pheri]]''||[[Sanjay Nayak]] ||[[Sabyasachi Misra]], [[Priya (actress)|Priya]], [[Minaketan]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Kuna Tripathy]], [[Akhila (Ollywood actress)|Akhila]]|| ||Remake of Telugu film Magaadheera
|-
|''[[Mu Kana Ete Kharap]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Mu Kana Ete Kharap|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1648161/|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref>||[[Basant Sahu]] ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], Arpita Mukherjee, [[Mihir Das]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Minaketan]], [[Satyaki Misra]]|| || Remake of 2008 Telugu movie ''[[Baladur]]'', starring [[Ravi Teja]] and [[Anushka Shetty]]
|-
|''[[Om Namaha Shivaya]]''||[[Rabindra Pradhan]] ||[[Nurul Islam Bablu|Bablu]], [[Rali Nanda]], [[Anita Das]], [[Bijay Mohanty]] || ||
|-
|''[[Pahili Raja]]''||[[Tapas Sargharia]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Anu Chowdhury]], [[Debasis]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Minaketan]], [[Jairam Samala]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Prema Adhei Akhyara]]''||[[Sudhakar Basanta]] ||[[Babushaan Mohanty]], [[Riya Dey]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Harihara Mahapatra]], [[Samaresh Routray|Samaresh]],|| || Remake of 2007 Telugu movie ''[[Adavari Matalaku Ardhalu Verule]]'', starring [[Venktesh]] and [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]
|-
|''[[Sanju Aau Sanjana]]''||[[Ashok Pati]] ||[[Babushaan Mohanty]], [[Parijaat]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Usasi Misra]], [[Pintu Nanda]], [[Samaresh Routray|Samaresh]], [[Uttam Mohanty]]|| ||Remake of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] movie ''[[Parugu]]'', starring [[Allu Arjun]]
|-
|''[[Sasura Ghara Zindabad]]''||[[Sanjay Nayak]] ||[[Sabyasachi Misra]], [[Megha Ghosh]], [[Pushpa Panda]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Hadu]], [[Arabinda]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Subha Vivaha]]''||[[Jyotiprakash Das]] ||[[Akash Das Nayak]], [[Barsa Priyadarshini]], [[Pupinder Singh]], Aparajita Mohanty, [[Jairam Samal]], [[Tandra Roy]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Swayamsiddha]]''||[[Sudhanshu Sahu]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], Sunil Kumar, [[Yukta]], Aparajita Mohanty, [[Anita Das]], [[Pradyumna Lenka]]|| ||Associate Director: Tripati Sahu ||
|-
|''[[Tate Bhala Pauchi Boli]]''||[[Prashant Kumar]] ||[[Bobby Mishra]], [[Koel Mukherjee]], Aparajita Mohanty, [[Mihir Das]], [[Jairam Samal]], [[Kuna Tripathy]]|| ||
|-
|''[[To Akhire Mun]]''||[[S.K. Muralidharan]] ||[[Babushaan Mohanty]], [[Sweety]], [[Namrta Das]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Aparajita Mohanty]][[Hara Patnaik]]|| || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Maasilamani]]''
|-
|''[[Tora More Jodi Sundara]]''||[[Debu Pattnaik]] ||[[Sabyasachi Misra]], Arpita Mukherjee, [[Archita Sahu]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Pintu Nanda]]|| ||
|-
| ''[[Tu Tha Mu Jauchhu Rusi]]''||[[Sreetam]] ||[[Arindam]], [[Koil]] || ||
|-
|''[[Tu Thile Mo Dara Kahaku]]''||[[Dilip Panda]] ||[[Mahashweta Roy]], [[Budhaditya]], [[Rali Nanda]], [[Barsa Priyadarshini]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Raimohan]]|| ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{2010 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|2010]]
[[Category:Lists of 2010 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:2010s in Odisha]]
[[Category:2010 in Indian cinema]]

SSLV Launch Complex

2026-05-05T15:02:57Z

Delphia92Y: Starting new pg!

{{Short description|Under-development spaceport in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox launch pad
|name = SSLV Launch Complex
|image =
|caption =
|site =
|short = SLC
|tlaunches =
|unknown =
|location = [[Kulasekarapattinam]], [[Thoothukudi district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|coordinates = {{Coord|8.36123|78.01572|display=inline,title}}
|operator = [[ISRO]]
|pads = One
|mapframe-zoom = 13
|pad1 = SSLV Launch Pad
|first =
|last =
|status = Under construction
|rockets = {{flatlist|
* [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle|SSLV]]
* [[Vikram (rocket family)|Vikram]]
* [[Agnibaan]]
}}
}}

'''SSLV Launch Complex''' ('''SLC''') is the second [[spaceport]] of [[ISRO]], located in [[Kulasekarapattinam]], a coastal village in [[Thoothukudi district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref name="The Wire - Science">{{cite news |title=ISRO's Second Spaceport, for New SSLV Rocket, to Come up in Tamil Nadu |url=https://science.thewire.in/aerospace/isro-kulasekarapattinam-thoothukudi-sdsc-sriharikota-sslv-pslv-gslv-antrix/ |access-date=26 August 2022 |agency=The Wire - Science |publisher=science.thewire.in |date=1 December 2019 |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826165628/https://science.thewire.in/aerospace/isro-kulasekarapattinam-thoothukudi-sdsc-sriharikota-sslv-pslv-gslv-antrix/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=T.K. Rohit |title=Kulasekarapattinam to be on global scientific map |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kulasekarapattinam-to-be-on-global-scientific-map/article65233841.ece |access-date=26 August 2022 |agency=The Hindu |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826182335/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kulasekarapattinam-to-be-on-global-scientific-map/article65233841.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Space, Annual Report 2020-2021 |url=https://www.vssc.gov.in/pdf/AnnualReport/anual_report_2020-2021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711044541/https://www.vssc.gov.in/pdf/AnnualReport/anual_report_2020-2021.pdf |archive-date=11 July 2022 |quote=SSLV Launch Complex- The Indian Launch Vehicle Programme has attained a level of maturity today to launch 4.5 t class of satellites to GTO through GSLV MkIII. To meet the current market demands of small satellite launches, ISRO is developing a new generation launch vehicle called Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) capable of injecting small satellites (up to 500 kg) into 500 km circular Low Earth Orbit. Existing launch pads at SDSC SHAR Viz., First Launch Pad (FLP) and Second Launch Pad (SLP) are lined up for meeting launch demands of PSLV, GSLV & GSLV Mk-III launches, thus realisation of exclusive launch pad for SSLV is inevitable. Proposed SSLV Launch Site will meet the demands of launching SSLV launch vehicle at shorter interval.}}</ref> The facility is being constructed over {{convert|9.5|sqkm|sqmi}}. The construction at launch site began on 5 March 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Commencement of the construction of SSLV Launch Complex at Kulasekarapattinam, Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/SSLVLaunchComplexKulasekarapattinam.html |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Foundation Stone Laid for Launch Pad at SSLV Launch Complex (SLC), Kulasekarapattinam |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Foundation_Stone_Laid_for_Launch_Pad_at_SSLV_Launch_Complex.html |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

== History ==
In 2011, a requirement for a new launch facility other than the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (SDSC) was expressed to meet future demands and as a redundancy for the existing facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2011 |title=12th Five Year Plan of Department of Space Report of Working Group (WG-14) |url=http://planningcommission.gov.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp12/sandt/wg_dos2905.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404223826/http://planningcommission.gov.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp12/sandt/wg_dos2905.pdf |archive-date=4 April 2016 |pages=84, 106}}</ref> Following this, in 2013, Kulasekarapattinam was proposed as a potential site for this launch facility by parliamentarians from the state of Tamil Nadu, citing advantages such as location, weather and proximity to ISRO facilities like the [[ISRO Propulsion Complex]] and [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2014 |title=Fifteenth Series, Vol. XXXVII, Fifteenth Session, 2014/1935 (Saka) No. 12, Thursday, February 06, 2014/Magha 17, 1935 (Saka) |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/debatestextmk/15/XV/0602.pdf?source=loksabhadocs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306172101/https://sansad.in/getFile/debatestextmk/15/XV/0602.pdf?source=loksabhadocs |archive-date=6 March 2024 |page=44}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2014 |title=Parliamentary Debates Rajya Sabha: Official Report Vol. 233 No. 13 |url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/Debates/OfficialDebatesDatewise/Floor/233/F10.12.2014.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306172106/https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/Debates/OfficialDebatesDatewise/Floor/233/F10.12.2014.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2024 |page=484}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=karthikeyan |first=k |date=2013-11-13 |title=Kulasekarapattinam's ideal launch pad |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131113/news-current-affairs/article/kulasekarapattinam%E2%80%99s-ideal-launch-pad |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317162949/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131113/news-current-affairs/article/kulasekarapattinam%E2%80%99s-ideal-launch-pad |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=17 November 2013 |title=Ex-scientist of ISRO bats for Kulasekarapattinam |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131117/news-current-affairs/article/ex-scientist-isro-bats-kulasekarapattinam |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

However, due to programmatic delays, the Third Launch Pad project was deprioritized<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2017 |title=Two Hundred Ninety Eighth Report Demands For Grants (2017-2018) Of The Department of Space (Demand No. 91) |url=http://164.100.47.5/newcommittee/reports/EnglishCommittees/Committee%20on%20S%20and%20T,%20Env.%20and%20Forests/298.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424113808/http://164.100.47.5/newcommittee/reports/EnglishCommittees/Committee%20on%20S%20and%20T,%20Env.%20and%20Forests/298.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2017 |pages=16, 17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO proposes to set up a new launch pad, referred as Third Launch Pad, at Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=116880 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=pib.gov.in |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722192201/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=116880 |url-status=live }}</ref> as requirements to establish a new launch facility were not being met and existing facilities were augmented instead.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 1725 |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/242/Au1725.pdf?source=pqars |access-date=17 March 2024 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317183606/https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/242/Au1725.pdf?source=pqars |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 2379 |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/245/Au2379.pdf?source=pqars |access-date=17 March 2024 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317183607/https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/245/Au2379.pdf?source=pqars |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 1429 |url=https://164.100.158.235/question/annex/243/Au1429.pdf}}</ref>

After the ISRO began pursuing the [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle|Small Satellite launch Vehicle]] (SSLV) project in 2017, the old proposal of Kulasekarapattinam launch site became relevant again. After considering another site on the western coast near the state of Gujarat, Kulasekarapattinam was eventually selected as the site for the SSLV Launch Complex.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO's Second Spaceport, for New SSLV Rocket, to Come up in Tamil Nadu |url=https://thewire.in/space/isro-kulasekarapattinam-thoothukudi-sdsc-sriharikota-sslv-pslv-gslv-antrix |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=The Wire |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204070728/https://thewire.in/space/isro-kulasekarapattinam-thoothukudi-sdsc-sriharikota-sslv-pslv-gslv-antrix |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2018-09-21 |title=ISRO setting up launch pad for Gaganyaan mission |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-setting-up-launch-pad-for-gaganyaan-mission/article25010147.ece |access-date=2024-03-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608222932/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-setting-up-launch-pad-for-gaganyaan-mission/article25010147.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 1733 |url=https://164.100.158.235/question/annex/247/Au1733.pdf |access-date=17 March 2024 |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722201243/https://164.100.158.235/question/annex/247/Au1733.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> A site survey began in May 2019 and around 2,500 acres of land were identified for acquisition.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-06-03 |title=Villagers oppose land acquisition for Isro rocket launch pad at Kulasekarapattinam in Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/villagers-oppose-land-acquisition-for-isro-rocket-launch-pad-at-kulasekarapattinam-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/69635505.cms |access-date=2024-03-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031054947/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/villagers-oppose-land-acquisition-for-isro-rocket-launch-pad-at-kulasekarapattinam-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/69635505.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2019-09-30 |title=Kudimaramathu work will be completed before Oct. 10: Collector |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/kudimaramathu-work-will-be-completed-before-oct-10-collector/article29557981.ece |access-date=2024-03-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105023712/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/kudimaramathu-work-will-be-completed-before-oct-10-collector/article29557981.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The land acquisition process for the launch facility began in November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-05 |title=Land acquisition underway for 2nd rocket port in Tuticorin |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/land-acquisition-underway-for-2nd-rocket-port-in-tuticorin/1673907 |access-date=2024-03-17 |archive-date=5 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305005149/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/land-acquisition-underway-for-2nd-rocket-port-in-tuticorin/1673907 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 1240 |url=https://pqars.nic.in/annex/250/AU1240.pdf}}</ref>

On 28 February 2024, the foundation stone was laid for the construction of the new facility, with an area of 2,233 acres in the Padukkapathu, Pallakurichi, and Mathavankurichi villages in the Kulasekarapattinam and Sathankulam taluks of the Thoothukudi district. The state government of Tamil Nadu completed the land acquisition for project which will be built at an estimated cost of Rs 950 [[crore]] and aiming for readiness by 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-02-21 |title=Modi to lay foundation stone for Kulasekarapattinam spaceport on February 28 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-for-kulasekarapattinam-spaceport-on-february-28/article67870939.ece |access-date=2024-08-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sivapriyan |first=E. T. B. |title=PM Modi to lay foundation for ISRO's second spaceport on February 28 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-for-isros-second-spaceport-on-february-28-2906049 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223144748/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-for-isros-second-spaceport-on-february-28-2906049 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=M. |date=2023-09-10 |title=ISRO's New Rocket Facility Raises Concerns in Kulasekarapattinam |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/kulasekarapattinam-nervous-about-isros-rocket-launch-station-project/article67291646.ece |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223144754/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/kulasekarapattinam-nervous-about-isros-rocket-launch-station-project/article67291646.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

To mark the occasion, ISRO launched a RH-200 [[Rohini (rocket family)|Rohini Sounding Rocket]] from the launch complex at 13:40 (IST) on 28 February 2024. This was the first rocket launch from the spaceport. The [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSCC) provided the rocket and the meteorological payload, while SDSC installed launch facilities including radars, launchers, and electronic systems.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-02-27 |title=Rohini Sounding Rocket to be launched from Kulasekarapattinam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/rohini-sounding-rocket-to-be-launched-from-kulasekarapattinam/article67892137.ece |access-date=2024-08-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Honourable Prime Minister Lays the Foundation Stone for India's Second Spaceport |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Second_Spaceport_FoundationStone_Laid_Hon_PrimeMinister.html |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=www.isro.gov.in |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308024516/https://www.isro.gov.in/Second_Spaceport_FoundationStone_Laid_Hon_PrimeMinister.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2025, the new ISRO chairman [[V. Narayanan (engineer)|V. Narayanan]] announced that the new facility will be ready for launch within two years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ETB |first=Sivapriyan |date=29 January 2025 |title=NISAR mission launch in next few months: ISRO chief |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/nisar-mission-launch-in-next-few-months-isro-chief-3378659 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The construction of the launch facilities were officially started from 5 March 2025.<ref name=":0" /> ISRO aims to complete the project by December 2026. The construction work of ''SSLV Launch Pad'' is going on in full swing, with the foundation stone laid by ISRO Chairman V. Narayanan on 27 August 2025. It is estimated that this facility will cater 20 to 25 launches every year. ISRO plans to commission the launch pad by August 2026, with the first launch from the site by December 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foundation Stone Laid for Launch Pad at SSLV Launch Complex (SLC), Kulasekarapattinam |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Foundation_Stone_Laid_for_Launch_Pad_at_SSLV_Launch_Complex.html |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/kulasekarapattinam-launch-complex-expected-to-be-ready-by-dec-26-isro-chief/ar-AA1Ll044?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=0a8c7c2abd0b48f2a2531302aed1fc53&ei=41 |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Achievements of Department of Space - 2025|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Achievements_Department_of_Space_2025.html|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2026-01-31}}</ref>

== Location ==
ISRO has operated the SDSC in [[Sriharikota]] as its primary launch site since 1971.<ref>{{cite news |title=Govt may set up new rocket launch pad near Kulasekarapattinam in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/govt-may-set-up-new-rocket-launch-pad-near-kulasekarapattinam-in-tamil-nadu-119112801090_1.html |access-date=26 August 2022 |agency=Business Standard |publisher=www.business-standard.com |date=29 November 2019 |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826183302/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/govt-may-set-up-new-rocket-launch-pad-near-kulasekarapattinam-in-tamil-nadu-119112801090_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Its location on the [[Bay of Bengal]] provides a good launch [[azimuth]] corridor and ensures safety through rockets launched over the ocean. However, the launch corridor is inefficient for smaller rockets carrying payloads to a [[polar orbit]] (circling the Earth above the poles), since the island nation of Sri Lanka is directly to the South of Sriharikota. To avoid the risk of flying over another country, payloads for polar orbits are launched towards the East and follow a curved path to the South to avoid Sri Lanka's landmass. This maneuver is known as a [[dogleg maneuver]].

[[File:PSLV XL C40 Cartosat-2F hazard zones for falling stage debris based on NOTAM.svg|thumb|Depiction of the Dogleg maneuver, which is inefficient for smaller rockets such as the [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle|SSLV]]. This problem will be resolved by launching rockets from the new Spaceport, bypassing the Sri Lankan landmass in its entirety. ]]
The dogleg maneuver utilizes significant amounts of fuel in smaller rockets. Small rockets, such as the SSLV, are specifically designed to efficiently launch smaller payloads. The additional fuel consumption for the curved trajectory compromises the rocket's cost and payload efficiency.<ref>{{cite news |title=ISRO new launchpad in Tamil Nadu to save fuel, increase payload capacity |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/isro-new-launchpad-tamil-nadu-kulasekarapattinam-sriharikota-indian-space-research-organisation-630072 |access-date=26 August 2022 |agency=India TV News |publisher=www.indiatvnews.com |date=29 June 2020 |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826182030/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/isro-new-launchpad-tamil-nadu-kulasekarapattinam-sriharikota-indian-space-research-organisation-630072 |url-status=live }}</ref> To avoid this problem, ISRO is developing the SSLV Launch Complex for launching payloads to polar orbits. Given its location, launches from Kulasekarapattinam can be launched directly South over the [[Indian Ocean]] without crossing any landmass for thousands of miles.<ref name="Wion News">{{cite news |author1=Sidharth MP |title=Why is India building a new spaceport in Tamil Nadu? |url=https://www.wionews.com/science/why-is-india-building-a-new-spaceport-in-tamil-nadu-499495 |access-date=26 August 2022 |agency=Wion News |publisher=www.wionews.com |date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826175817/https://www.wionews.com/science/why-is-india-building-a-new-spaceport-in-tamil-nadu-499495 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Times of India1">{{cite news |author1=U Tejonmayam |title=New launch pad in Tamil Nadu to help Isro save fuel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/new-tn-launch-pad-to-help-isro-save-fuel/articleshow/76668427.cms |access-date=26 August 2022 |agency=Times of India |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=28 Jun 2020 |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826183302/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/new-tn-launch-pad-to-help-isro-save-fuel/articleshow/76668427.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Facilities ==
This spaceport will provide launchpads and support facilities for ISRO missions carrying payloads into polar orbits.<ref name="Times of India1"/> Few of the main facilities of SLC are:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Request for Proposal for Construction Supervision and Inspection Services for construction of SLC project facilities near Kulasekarapattinam, Tuticorin Dt, Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.shar.gov.in/sdscshard/downloadTenderDocument.jsp?slnoOfCircular=PART_01&tendername=NO.%20SDSC%20SHAR/Sr.HPS/PT/MSA/02/2024-2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320235140/https://www.shar.gov.in/sdscshard/downloadTenderDocument.jsp?slnoOfCircular=PART_01&tendername=NO.%20SDSC%20SHAR%2FSr.HPS%2FPT%2FMSA%2F02%2F2024-2025 |archive-date=20 March 2025}}</ref>

* '''SSLV Assembly Facility''' '''(SAF)''': SAF will be a multi-storied building for the vertical assembly of SSLV rocket.
* '''Satellite Preparation Facility''' '''(SPF):''' SPF will facilitate the satellite preparation activities for the launch. It will be equipped to receive the satellites, de-containerization, preparation, propellant loading, encapsulation of satellite before transfer to SAF.
* '''Nozzle Assembly and Stage Preparation Facility (NASPF):''' The facility will be used for SSLV first stage (SS1) preparation like assemble the nozzle with Nozzle End Segment and to prepare other segments for vertical assembly.
* '''Non Destructive Testing Facility (NDT)''': NDT will be equipped to [[Nondestructive testing|non-destructively inspect]] solid motors, segments, igniters of SSLV for any anomalies through [[radiography]].
* '''Upper Stage Assembly Facility 1 and 2''': UAF-1 will prepare the second stage (SS2) and UAF-2 will prepare the third stage (SS3) of SSLV for assembly operations. Both stage preparation facilities will work in parallel.
* '''Segment Storage and Magazine (SSM)''': For storage of SSLV solid stages. SS1 is stored vertically while SS2 and SS3 motors are stored horizontally.
* '''Launch Control Centre / Mission Control Centre (LCC/MCC):''' Launch related activities of SSLV will be controlled from LCC and MCC. The building will include a VIP launch view gallery.
* '''Technical Service Building (TSB), Base Fire Station (BFS), Ground level Reservoir (GLR):''' The Technical Service Building will have provisions to accommodate the senior executives, engineers and conference hall etc. to meets the SLC technical requirements. The Base fire station will monitor the fire alarms and FDA system in SLC and will be equipped with fire tenderer, extinguishers and fire suppression systems for fire emergency. The Ground Level Reservoir will supply water to fire hydrant systems of technical facilities. The GLR includes, 500 and 400 cubic meter reservoirs with pump rooms and hydrant lines connecting the facilities.
* '''Radar Building 1, 2 and 3, Telemetry and Telecommand:''' Radars are used to track the launch vehicle for range safety. For SLC, three identical radar facilities are planned.
* '''Material Handling (MAHAN) and Balloon shed''': For material storage and weather balloons.

== List of launches ==
This section provides a list summary of the launches taken place in SSLV Launch Complex.<ref name="The Wire - Science2">{{cite news |date=1 December 2019|title=ISRO's Second Spaceport, for New SSLV Rocket, to Come up in Tamil Nadu|url=https://science.thewire.in/aerospace/isro-kulasekarapattinam-thoothukudi-sdsc-sriharikota-sslv-pslv-gslv-antrix/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826165628/https://science.thewire.in/aerospace/isro-kulasekarapattinam-thoothukudi-sdsc-sriharikota-sslv-pslv-gslv-antrix/|archive-date=26 August 2022|access-date=26 August 2022|publisher=science.thewire.in|agency=The Wire - Science}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=T.K. Rohit|date=17 March 2022|title=Kulasekarapattinam to be on global scientific map|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kulasekarapattinam-to-be-on-global-scientific-map/article65233841.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826182335/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kulasekarapattinam-to-be-on-global-scientific-map/article65233841.ece|archive-date=26 August 2022|access-date=26 August 2022|publisher=www.thehindu.com|agency=The Hindu}}</ref> It is one of the two satellite launch centre for [[ISRO]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Space, Annual Report 2020-2021|url=https://www.vssc.gov.in/pdf/AnnualReport/anual_report_2020-2021.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711044541/https://www.vssc.gov.in/pdf/AnnualReport/anual_report_2020-2021.pdf|archive-date=11 July 2022|quote=SSLV Launch Complex}}</ref><ref name="The Wire - Science2" /> It is located in [[Kulasekarapattinam]], a coastal village in [[Thoothukudi district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Commencement of the construction of SSLV Launch Complex at Kulasekarapattinam, Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/SSLVLaunchComplexKulasekarapattinam.html|access-date=2025-03-20|website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=India's Space Agency is Going Big… By Going Small|url=https://www.discovery.com/science/indias-space-agency-is-going-big-by-going-small|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810132209/https://www.discovery.com/science/indias-space-agency-is-going-big-by-going-small|archive-date=10 August 2025|access-date=2025-11-14|work=Discovery|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Launch statistics ===

==== By rocket ====

==== Orbital vehicles ====

* '''[[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle|SSLV]]''': '''0''' (0 successful, 0 partial success, 0 failure)

==== By year ====
{{#invoke:Chart | bar-chart
| height = 300
| width = 800
| stack = 1
| group 1 = 0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0:0
| group 2 = 0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0:0
| group 3 = 0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0 : 0:0:0:0:0:0
| colors = #F99 : #FFB : #9F9
| group names = Failure : Partial success : Success
| hide group legends = yes
| units suffix = _launches
| x legends = : 1980 ::::: 1985 ::::: 1990 ::::: 1995 ::::: 2000 ::::: 2005 ::::: 2010 ::::: 2015 ::::: 2020 ::::: 2025
}}

=== List of launches by pad ===

==== SSLV Launch Pad ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Launch date
!Launch Vehicle
!Version /
Serial
!Result
!Notes
|-
|1
|TBA
| align="center" |[[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle|SSLV]]
| align="center" |TBA| {{Pending}}
|–
|-
|2
|TBA
| align="center" |TBA
| align="center" |TBA| {{Pending}}
|–
|-
|3
|TBA
| align="center" |TBA
| align="center" |TBA| {{Pending}}
|–
|-
|4
|TBA
| align="center" |TBA
| align="center" |TBA| {{Pending}}
|–
|}

=== Planned launches === 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Launch date
!Launch pad
!Launch Vehicle
!Version/
Serial
!Payload
|-
|TBA
| align="center" |[[SSLV Launch Complex]]
| align="center" |[[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle|SSLV]]
| align="center" |TBA
|TBA
|-
|TBA
| align="center" |[[SSLV Launch Complex]]
| align="center" |TBA
| align="center" |TBA
|TBA
|-
|TBA
| align="center" |[[SSLV Launch Complex]]
| align="center" |TBA
| align="center" |TBA
|TBA
|-
|TBA
| align="center" |[[SSLV Launch Complex]]
| align="center" |TBA
| align="center" |TBA
|TBA
|-
|TBA
| align="center" |[[SSLV Launch Complex]]
| align="center" |TBA
| align="center" |TBA
|TBA
|-
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|India|Rocketry|Spaceflight}}
* [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
* [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]]
* [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]]
* [[List of SSLV Launch Complex launches]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{ISRO facilities}}

[[Category:ISRO facilities]]
[[Category:Spaceports in Asia]]
[[Category:Rocket launch sites in India]]
[[Category:Space programme of India]]

Pulakeshin I

2026-04-30T19:22:17Z

Delphia92Y: Starting details!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Not to be confused with|Pulakeshin II}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Short description|Chalukya emperor from 543 to 566}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Pulakeshin I
| title = Satyashraya, Vallabha, Dharma-maharaja
| succession = [[Chalukya king]]
| reign = {{circa|543|566}}
| predecessor = [[Ranaraga]]
| successor = [[Kirttivarman I]]
| house = [[Chalukyas of Vatapi]]
| house-type = Dynasty
| father = [[Ranaraga]]
| issue = [[Kirttivarman I]]
}}
{{Chalukyas|Vatapi}}
'''Pulakeshin''' ([[IAST]]: Pulakeśin, c. 543–566) was the first sovereign ruler of the [[Chalukyas of Vatapi|Chalukya]] dynasty of [[Vatapi]] (modern Badami). He ruled parts of the present-day [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]] states in the western [[Deccan]] region of India. Pulakeshin established the city of Vatapi, and performed the [[Ashvamedha]] sacrifice to assert his sovereign status. The dynasty established by him went on to rule a major part of peninsular India in the subsequent years.

== Names and titles ==

Various variants of the name "Pulakeshin" appear in the dynasty's inscriptions, including Polekeshin (Polekeśin), Polikeshin (Polikeśin), and Pulikeshin (Pulikeśin). According to historians [[John Faithfull Fleet|J. F. Fleet]] and [[Dineshchandra Sircar|D. C. Sircar]], the name may be a [[Sanskrit]]-[[Kannada language|Kannada]] hybrid word meaning "tiger-haired". [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]], on the other hand, derived the name from the Sanskrit words ''pula'' or ''pola'' ("great") and ''keśin'' ("lion").{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=33}}{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|1984|p=31}}

The Chalukya inscriptions confer a number of titles and epithets on Pulakeshin:{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=34}}

* ''Satyashraya'' (abode of truth)
* ''Rana-vikrama'' (valorous in war); appears in the [[Satara (city)|Satara]] copper-plate inscription of Vishnuvardhana and the [[Godachi]] copper plate inscription of Klrttivarman I
* ''[[Prithvi-vallabha (title)|Shri-prithvi-vallabha]]'' (the husband of the goddess of fortune and the Earth i.e. [[Vishnu]]), and its variants (''Vallabha'', ''Vallabha-raja'', ''Shri-vallabha''); this title indicates paramountcy
* ''Maharaja'' (great king)
* ''Raja-simha'' (lion among kings); appears in the Altem copper-plate inscription
* ''Dharma-maharaja'' (great king of ''[[dharma]]''); appears in the Godachi inscription

== Early life ==

Pulakeshin was the son and successor of [[Ranaraga]], and a grandson of [[Jayasimha (Vatapi Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha]], the earliest historically attested ruler of his family. His predecessors were vassal kings, probably that of the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambas]] or the early Rashtrakutas of Manapura (not to be confused with the later imperial [[Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta]]).{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=27-32}} The records of the later [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Kalyani Chalukyas]], who claimed descent from the Vatapi Chalukyas, name Pulakeshin's father as Vijayaditya. However, these records can be dismissed as unreliable, as the Vatapi Chalukya records explicitly name Ranaraga as Pulakeshin's father.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=33}}

== Reign ==

Pulakeshin was the first sovereign ruler of his dynasty, and as such, has been termed as the "real founder" of his dynasty.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=34}} Some scholars, such as [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]], theorize that Pulakeshin was initially a Kadamba vassal, and later declared independence by taking control of the area around Vatapi. Others, such as Durga Prasad Dikshit, theorize that he was a feudatory of the Rashtrakutas of Manapura, and captured the former Kadamba territory as their subordinate.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=36}}

The Chalukya inscriptions suggest that Pulakeshin made Vatapi his capital by constructing a fort there.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=35}} His earliest inscription, issued under the title ''Vallabheshvara'', has been discovered at Badami, and is dated to 543 CE ([[Shaka era|Shaka]] year 465). Pulakeshin probably ascended the throne a few years earlier, around 540.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=34-35}}

According to his 543 Badami inscription, Pulakeshin performed [[Ashvamedha]] sacrifice.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=35}} However, the early records of the dynasty do not provide any specific details about his military achievements. Historian [[D. C. Sircar]] suggested that the Chalukya military successes achieved during his reign can be attributed to his son and commander-in-chief [[Kirttivarman I]].{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=36}} This suggestion is corroborated by the fact that the [[Chiplun]] inscription credits Kirttivarman I with founding the city of Vatapi.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=36-37}} However, this statement can alternatively be explained by assuming that the construction of the Vatapi fort was started during Pulakeshin's reign and was completed during Kirttivarman's reign.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=37}}

== Inscriptions ==
<mapframe text="[[Find spot]]s of the inscriptions issued during the reign of Pulakeshin I" width="400" height="400" zoom="6" latitude="15.41" longitude="75.31">
{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Amminabhavi" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.0524, 15.5386] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Badami" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.676082, 15.918622] }
}
]
}
</mapframe>
The following inscriptions dated to Pulakeshin's reign have been discovered:

* 543 CE ([[Shaka era|Shaka]] year 465) Badami rock inscription{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=34}}
* 566-567 CE (Shaka year 488, expired) [[Amminabhavi]] stone tablet inscription, records a grant to the shrine of the deity Kalideva{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=35}}

== Religion ==

Epigraphic evidence suggests that Pulakeshin followed the [[historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]].{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=37}} According to the [[Godachi]] inscription of his son [[Kirttivarman I]], Pulakeshin bore the title ''Dharma-maharaja'' (great king of ''[[dharma]]''). Historian [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]] theorized that this title suggests that Pulakeshin actively promoted the Vedic faith (''dharma'') against [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]]."{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=34}}

Pulakeshin's 543 CE Badami inscription states that he performed [[Ashvamedha]] and other sacrifices in accordance with the [[Shrauta]] (Vedic) tradition.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=35}} The [[Mahakuta Pillar]] inscription of his son Mangalesha states that he performed the Agnishtoma, Agnichayana, Vajapeya, Bahusuvarna, Paundarika, Ashvamedha, and Hiranyagarbha sacrifices. The inscription describes him as a person who upholds the teachings of the [[brahmins|brahmanas]] (''brahmaya''), heeds to the elders (''vriddhopadesha-grahi''), speaks the truth, and never breaks promises.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=37}}

The Nerur inscription of Mangalesha states that Pulakeshin was fully knowledgeable about the ''[[Manusmriti]]''; and had mastered the ''[[Puranas]]'', the ''[[Ramayana]]'', the ''[[Mahabharata|Bharata]]'', and other ''[[itihasa]]'' texts. It also states that he was like the deity [[Brihaspati]] in ''niti'' (politics). Other dynastic records compare him to the legendary kings of Hindu mythology, including [[Yayati]] and [[Dilīpa]].{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=37}}

Pulakeshin's 566-567 CE [[Amminabhavi]], issued under the title ''Satyashraya'', records the grants made by him to the deity Kalideva on the occasion of a [[solar eclipse]], on the new moon day, in the month of [[Vaisakha]].{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=35}} He had his son Kirttivarman make an endowment to the shrine of god Makuteshvara-natha at [[Mahakuta group of temples|Mahakuta]] near Badami.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=37}}

== Personal life ==

Pulakeshin married Durlabha-devi, who came from the Bappura lineage. The Mahakuta pillar inscription states that she was like the legendary [[Damayanti]] in her devotion to her husband.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=37}} The [[Aihole]] inscription states that Pulakeshin, "though he was the consort of Indukanti and though he was the favourite lord of [[Lakshmi|Shri]] (the goddess of fortune), had espoused the bride of Vatapi-puri (city of Vatapi)". According to various interpretations, "Induktani" (literally "lustre of the moon") is a poetic expression or means that before the foundation of Vatapi, Pulakeshin ruled a city called Indukanti. However, it is more likely that Indukanti was the name of Pulakeshin's another queen.{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|1984|p=38}}

Pulakeshin was succeeded by his sons, first [[Kirttivarman I]], and then [[Mangalesha]].{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=37}} Pugavarman, a Chalukya prince attested by a [[Mudhol]] inscription, is sometimes thought to be a son of Pulakeshin, but this is not certain: he may have been a son of Mangalesha.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=37-38}}

Kirttivarman's Badami inscription, issued during his 12th regnal year, is dated to the [[Shaka era|Shaka]] year 500. Thus, he must have succeeded Pulakeshin in the Shaka year 488-489, that is, 566-567 CE.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=39}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Durga Prasad Dikshit |title=Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEB11tKmCgcC&pg=PA152 |year=1980 |publisher=Abhinav |oclc=8313041 }}
* {{cite book |author=K. V. Ramesh |title=Chalukyas of Vātāpi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAwhAAAAMAAJ |year=1984 |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan |oclc=567370037 }}
{{ref end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pulakeshin 01}}
[[Category:6th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Early Chalukyas]]
[[Category:Chalukya kings]]

Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation

2026-04-29T09:06:29Z

Delphia92Y: put up the article first draft

{{Short description|Local civic body in Amdavad, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
| coa_pic = Amdavad Municipal Corporation logo.png
| background_color = {{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
| coa_alt = Logo of Amdavad Municipal Corporation
| coa_caption = [[Emblem|Emblem of Amdavad Municipal Corporation]]
| house_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| jurisdiction = Ahmedabad
| foundation = 1873
| leader1_type = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]
| leader1 = TBA BJP
| leader2_type = Deputy Mayor
| leader2 = TBA BJP
| leader3_type = Leader of Opposition
| leader3 = TBA<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2022 |title=Congress appoints Shehzad Khan Pathan as opposition leader in Ahmedabad civic body despite protests |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/congress-appoints-shehzad-khan-pathan-as-opposition-leader-in-ahmedabad-civic-body-despite-protests/articleshow/88834420.cms |access-date=12 October 2022}}</ref>
| leader4_type = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader4 = Banchhanidhi Pani, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]{{fact|date=January 2026}}
| seats = 192
| structure1 = India Ahmedabad, Gujarat Municipal Corporation Election 2026.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (160)'''
:*{{colorbox|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (160)
'''Opposition (32)'''
:*{{colorbox|#00BBFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (32)
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2026 Gujarat local elections|26 April 2026]]
| next_election1 = February 2031
| meeting_place = Sardar Patel Bhavan, Amdavad
| website = {{url|www.ahmedabadcity.gov.in}}
| motto = Handwork, Self-help, Service
}}

'''Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation''' '''(AMC)''' was established in July 1950 under the Bombay Provincial Corporation Act (1949), and is responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of the city of [[Ahmedabad]].

==History==
{{see also|List of mayors of Ahmedabad}}
On 21 April 1831, the collector of the city, Mr. Bordel formed 'Town Wall Fund Committee' comprising the citizens of Ahmedabad with aim of raising fund to repair and renovate the fort of Ahmedabad damaged in floods. The committee levied 1% tax on the sale of various commodities such as [[ghee]]. It raised 2 lakh rupees and repaired the fort.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=About the Corporation :: Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation|url=https://ahmedabadcity.gov.in/portal/jsp/Static_pages/about_amc.jsp|access-date=2021-06-07|website=ahmedabadcity.gov.in|archive-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425114642/https://ahmedabadcity.gov.in/portal/jsp/Static_pages/about_amc.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Ahmedabad Municipality was founded in 1873.<ref name=":3">Cases in Financial Management, 2/E
By Pandey & Bhat; pp-7</ref> The British Government nominated [[Ranchhodlal Chhotalal]] as the first president of the municipality on 15 September 1885. The republic municipality was formed on 1 April 1915. Bhaishankar Nanabhai was the first elected president of the municipality.<ref name=":2" />

Ahmedabad [[Borough]] Municipality came into existence in 1925–26.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> In 1935, the city celebrated the centenary of Ahmedabad municipality.<ref name=":2" />

Ahmedabad Municipality was upgraded to Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation in July 1950 under the Bombay Provincial Corporation Act, 1949.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The designation of the [[List of mayors of Ahmedabad|mayor]] was formed instead of president. Chinubhai Chimanlal was the last president and the first mayor of the city.<ref name=":2" />

== Jurisdiction ==
The jurisdiction of AMC continued to expand throughout its history.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Expansion of AMC over the years
!Year
!Town, villages, area added
!New area added
!Total Area
!Notes
|-
|1850
|Walled city
|
|5.72 sqkm
|<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last1=Ray |first1=C. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RI6OAAAAMAAJ |title=Nagarlok |last2=Sanghvi |first2=Ajaykumar S. |date=January–March 2005 |publisher=Centre for Training and Research in Municipal Administration, Indian Institute of Public Administration |volume=XXXVII |pages=22 |language=en |chapter=Partnership for Development and Maintenance of Public Gardens: The Case of Ahmedabad |issn=0027-7584 |ref=none |issue=1}}</ref>
|-
|1965
|
|8.4 sqkm
|93 sqkm
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-01 |title=Why did Ahmedabad grow on periphery? Paper maps reasons |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/why-did-ahmedabad-grow-on-periphery-paper-maps-reasons/articleshow/81262783.cms |access-date=2023-10-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|February 1986
|Odhav, Naroda, Vatva
|92.63 sqkm
|190.86 sqkm
|<ref name=":22" />
|-
|2007
|Memnagar, Kaligam, Vejalpur, Ranip, Ghatlodia, Vastrapur, Bodakdev, Thaltej, Vastral, Nikol, Ramol, Lambha
|
|232 sqkm
|<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-30 |title=AMC's merged areas struggle without drainage map |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/amcs-merged-areas-struggle-without-drainage-map/articleshow/100607779.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|Bopal, Ghuma
|39 sqkm
|480.88 sqkm
|<ref name=":02" />
|-
|2021
|Chiloda, Naroda gam, land from other seven villages
|
|505 sqkm
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-19 |title=Gujarat: Municipal limits of six cities expanded |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-municipal-limits-of-six-cities-expanded/articleshow/76459795.cms |access-date=2023-10-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Nandoli (under process)
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-19 |title=Two years on, Ahmedabad to expand again |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/two-years-on-city-to-expand-again/articleshow/93650190.cms |access-date=2023-10-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==Responsibilities==
As per sectiona 63 and 66 of the Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporation Act, the AMC is responsible for certain obligatory and discretionary services.

===Obligatory services===
* Erection of boundary of city defining city limits.
* Watering, Scavenging and Cleansing of all public streets and places
* Sewage services
* Drainage services
* Fire services
* Health & Medical services
* Street Lighting services
* Maintenance of a monuments & open spaces
* Identification of streets & houses
* Regulation and abatement of offensive and dangerous trades or practices
* Maintenance of burial houses and funeral homes
* Construction or acquisition of public markets and slaughter houses
* Construction or acquisition of cattle-pounds
* Primary education services
* Health and hygiene services
* Construction, maintenance and alternation of bridges
* Water supply services
* Preventing and checking the spread of dangerous diseases
* The securing or removal of dangerous buildings and places
* Construction of conservancy staff quarters
* Maintenance of relief works in scarcity

===Discretionary services===
* Construction and maintenance of maternity homes & infant welfare houses
* Maintenance of central laboratories
* Swimming pool and other public health services
* Tree plantation on road sides
* Construction and maintenance of public parks and gardens
* The holding of exhibition, athletics or games
* The maintenance of an ambulance services
* Construction and maintenance of theaters, community halls and museums etc.
* Building or purchase of staff quarters
* Construction and maintenance of public transport facilities
* Construction and maintenance of educational institutes
* Construction and maintenance of infirmaries and hospitals
* The destruction of animals and birds causing a nuisance
* Construction and maintenance of factory for the disposal of sewage
* The building or purchase and maintenance of suitable dwellings for the poor and working classes
* Provision of shelter to homeless persons and poor relief
* Surveys of buildings or lands
* Measures to meet any calamity affecting the public in the city any measure to promote public safety, health, convenience or instruction

==Administration==
{{Tree list}}
; Organizational structure of the AMC :
* State Government
** Municipal Corporation
*** Commissioner
**** Dy.Commissioners
**** Asst. Commissioners
**** other Officers
*** Mayor
**** Secretary
**** Chief Auditor
**** Transport Officer
**** V.S. Hospital Boards
***** Superindendant V.S. Hospital
**** School Board Committee
***** M.J. Library Board
****** Grandhpal
{{Tree list/end}}

The corporation is headed by a Municipal Commissioner, an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer who is appointed by the [[Government of Gujarat]]. He discharges the executive power of the house.

For administrative purposes, the city is divided into seven zones — Central, East, West, North, South, North West, South West. Each zone is further divided into wards totaling 48 wards in seven zones.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=CCRS|url=http://www.amccrs.com/AMCPortal/View/ZonewiseWardList.aspx?m=ZoneWardList|access-date=2021-05-30|website=www.amccrs.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2015-05-30|title=Delimitation order announced: Ahmedabad to have 48 wards|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/delimitation-order-announced-ahmedabad-to-have-48-wards/|access-date=2021-05-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Each ward is represented by four corporators including minimum two women corporators. Thus 48 wards consist of 192 seats in total. An election is held to elect corporators to power. The [[mayor]] heads the party, with the largest number of corporators elected. The post of mayor is largely ceremonial, however.

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of zones and wards<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
!#
!Zone
!Wards
!Total Wards
|-
|1
|Central
|[[Shahpur, Gujarat|Shahpur]], [[Dariapur (Ahmedabad)|Dariapur]], [[Jamalpur, Gujarat|Jamalpur]], [[Khadia, Ahmedabad|Khadia]], [[Asarwa]], [[Shahibaug]]
|6
|-
|2
|East
|[[Gomtipur]], [[Odhav]], [[Vastral]], Bhaipura-Hatkeshwar, [[Amraiwadi]], [[Ramol]]-[[Hathijan]], Nikol, Viratnagar
|8
|-
|3
|North
|[[Bapunagar]], India Colony, [[Thakkar Bapanagar]], [[Saraspur]], [[Sardarnagar]], [[Naroda]], Kubernagar, Saijpur Bogha
|8
|-
|4
|Northwest
|[[Gota, Gujarat|Gota]], [[Chandlodiya]], [[Ghatlodiya]], [[Thaltej]], Bodakdev
|5
|-
|5
|South
|[[Behrampura]], Indrapuri, [[Khokhra]], [[Maninagar]], Danilimda, [[Lambha]], [[Isanpur]], Vatva
|8
|-
|6
|Southwest
|[[Sarkhej]], [[Jodhpur, Gujarat|Jodhpur]], [[Vejalpur]], Maktampura
|4
|-
|7
|West
|[[Ranip]], [[Chandkheda]]-[[Motera]], [[Sabarmati (area)|Sabarmati]], [[Naranpura]], [[Nava Vadaj]], [[S. P. Stadium]], [[Navrangpura]], [[Paldi (Ahmedabad)|Paldi]], [[Vastrapur]], Vasna
|9
|-
|
| colspan="2" |'''Total wards in all zones'''
|'''48'''
|}

==Elections==
The general elections for the elected wing of the corporation is held every five years, the New election being held in April 2026. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] secured a majority, winning 160 seats, with the second-place [[Indian National Congress]] winning 32, <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ahmedabad-local-body-election-results-2026-live-updates-news-1771995-2026-04-28 |title=Ahmedabad Municipal Election Result 2026 highlights: BJP wins 160, Congress 32, |website=India Today |year=2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://ahmedabadcity.gov.in/ Amdavad Municipal Corporation, home page]
* [https://ahmedabadcity.gov.in/StaticPage/Incumbency_Mayor Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, list of mayors]

{{Ahmedabad topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Gujarat]]
[[Category:1873 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government of Ahmedabad]]

Syed Shamaele Nabi

2026-04-27T01:11:25Z

Delphia92Y: adding the article needs work - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{orphan|date=March 2025}}
'''Syed Shamaele Nabi''' was an Indian politician from Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=احمد |first=ملک زاده منظور |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KchjAAAAMAAJ |title=رقص شرر: خود نوشت |date=2004 |publisher=رهبر كارنر، |pages=286 |language=ur}}</ref> He had served as a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from Keoti Assembly constituency from 1980 to 1985 and had also served as the minister of state for health and PRD.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Affairs |first=India Ministry of Law, Justice, and Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eS5QAQAAMAAJ |title=Review of Wakf Administration |date=1970 |publisher=Wakf Section, Ministry of Law, Justice Affairs, Legislative Department, Government of India |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VDkdAQAAMAAJ |title=Centre Calling |date=1981 |pages=15 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Arfi |first=Khurshid Anwar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RNRHAAAAMAAJ |title=Dr. Jagannath Mishra |date=1993 |publisher=Arif Publications |pages=52, 80 |language=en}}</ref> He had been the chairman of Urdu Pragati Samiti, Bihar and the president of Friends of Soviet Union, Bihar Branch.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dept |first=Bihar (India) Public Relations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kyzyt8lsZMsC |title=Bihar |date=1987 |publisher=Public Relations Department |pages=35 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmhDAAAAYAAJ |title=Bihar Information |date=1984 |publisher=Director, Public Relations |pages=54 |language=en}}</ref> He was the founder of ''Rahrau'', an Urdu weekly published from Patna since 1969.<ref>{{Cite book |last=India |first=India Office of the Registrar of Newspapers for |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1gJM3N_Jd4C |title=Press in India: Annual Report of the Registrar of Newspapers for India |date=1973 |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |pages=49 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGgeAQAAMAAJ |title=Annual Report of the Registrar of Newspapers for India |date=1971 |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers |pages=94 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mv1kAAAAMAAJ |title=آجكل اور صحافت |date=2000 |publisher=پبلى ؛يشنزو ڈوژن، وزارت اطلاعات و نشريات، حكومت هند، |isbn=978-81-230-0836-3 |pages=152 |language=ur}}</ref> He was the Bihar State President of [[All India Muslim Majlis-e-Mushawarat]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Congress leader demands death penalty for beheading tailor in Udaipur |url=https://www.uniindia.com/congress-leader-demands-death-penalty-for-beheading-tailor-in-udaipur/east/news/2768743.html |work=United News of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Members – AIMMM |url=https://mushawarat.org/our-leadership/members/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nabi, Syed Shamaele}}

[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper founders]]
[[Category:Urdu-language journalists]]

{{Bihar-politician-stub}}

Islamic State – Hind Province

2026-04-27T00:21:11Z

Delphia92Y: creating article

{{Short description|Indian branch}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{infobox war faction
| name = Islamic State – Hind Province
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| caption =
| image = Islamic State – India Wilayah.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| leaders =
| active = 2019–present
| split_from = {{Flag|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State – Khorasan Province|- Khorasan Province]]
| clans =
| headquarters =
| area = [[India]] (including [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]])
| ideology = [[Salafi movement|Salafism]] [[Takfeeri|Takfiri]] [[Salafist Jihadism]] Anti-[[Barelvi]] Anti-[[Deobandi]] [[Anti-Hindu sentiment]] [[Anti-Sikh sentiment]] [[Anti-Christian sentiment]]
| size = Unknown
| partof = {{Flag|Islamic State}}
| allies =
| opponents = {{flag|India}} {{BHU}} {{MDV}} {{MYA}} {{NEP}} {{SRI}}
| battles =
| war =
| flag = [[File:AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg|150px]]
| url =
| predecessor = {{Flag|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State – Khorasan Province|- Khorasan Province]]
| successor =
}}
The '''Islamic State – Hind Province'''{{NoteTag|{{Langx|ar|الدولة الاسلامية – ولاية الهند|translit=al-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah – Wilāyat al-Hind}}, {{Langx|hi|इस्लामिक स्टेट – हिंद प्रांत|translit=islāmik sṭeṭ – hind prānt}}}} ('''ISHP''') is the Indian branch of the [[Islamic State]] and is responsible for Islamic State activities in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] of India. Islamic State activities in India and [[South Asia]] were initially under [[Islamic State – Khorasan Province]], the Islamic State later began operating in Jammu and Kashmir and rest of India through its [[Islamic State in Jammu and Kashmir|Islamic State Jammu & Kashmir]] (ISJK/ISISJK) branch, which had begun in February 2016 but is currently an unrecognised faction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islamic State Jammu & Kashmir – (Islamic State / ISJK / ISISJK) |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/group/islamic-state-jammu-kashmir-islamic-state-isjk-isisjk |website=Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamic State claims 'province' in India for first time after clash in Kashmir |website=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-islamic-state/islamic-state-claims-province-in-india-for-first-time-after-clash-in-kashmir-idUSKCN1SH08J/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamic State in India: All Talk and No Action |url=https://jamestown.org/program/islamic-state-in-india-all-talk-and-no-action/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=jamestown.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ISIL claims 'province' in India, officials call it 'propaganda' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/5/12/isil-claims-province-in-india-officials-call-it-propaganda |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Katoch |first=Prakash |date=2019-05-13 |title=ISIS announces a 'province' in India |url=http://asiatimes.com/2019/05/isis-announces-a-province-in-india/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Asia Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamic State Announces 'Pakistan Province' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/islamic-state-announces-pakistan-province/4918903.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Voice of America|date=15 May 2019 }}</ref> The Islamic State – Khorasan Province anncouned the creation of [[Wilayah]] [Wilayat] [[al-Hind]] (India Province) for IS on 11 May 2019 on [[Amaq News Agency]] after [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|clashes in Jammu and Kashmir]] in which ISJK leader Ishfaq Ahmad Sofi was killed.<ref>[https://arabic.euronews.com/2019/05/11/islamic-state-claims-province-in-india-for-first-time-after-clash-in-kashmir Islamic State claims province in India for first time after clash in Kashmir]. [[Euronews]].</ref>

[[Shafi Armar]], a former member of the [[Indian Mujahideen]], was formerly the chief of operations for the IS in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2016 |title=Shafi Armar: 26-year-old sought to set up ISIS module in every Indian state – Oneindia News |url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/shafi-armar-26-years-old-sought-to-set-up-isis-module-in-every-indian-state-2002766.html |website=oneindia.com}}</ref> He and his brother Sultan Armar founded the Indian ISIS affiliates Ansar-ut Tawhid fi Bilad al-Hind ({{Translation|Supporters of Monotheism in the Land of India}}) and Janood-ul-Khalifa-e-Hind ({{Translation|Caliph's Army of India}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janood-ul-Khalifa-e-Hind / Army of Caliph of India (Islamic State India/ ISI / ISISI) |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/group/janood-ul-khalifa-e-hind-army-caliph-india/ |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ansar-ut Tawhid fi Bilad al-Hind (AuT) |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/group/ansar-ut-tawhid-fi-bilad-al-hind-aut/ |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium |language=en-US}}</ref> Both he and his brother were killed in action during [[Syrian Civil War]] in 2015, which was only confirmed in 2019 because his online account was controlled by other militants in the group which added to the confusion.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhatkal's Armar brothers who ran the Indian Islamic State confirmed dead |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/bhatkals-armar-brothers-who-ran-the-indian-islamic-state-confirmed-dead-2869576.html |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=Oneindia}}</ref> Janood-ul-Khalifa-e-Hind has published the pro-IS propaganda magazine ''Sawt al-Hind'' ({{Translation|Voice of India}}) since February 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taneja |first1=Kabir |date=16 April 2020 |title=Islamic State propaganda in India |url=https://orfonline.org/research/islamic-state-propaganda-india-64715/ |website=[[Observer Research Foundation]]}}</ref>

== Incidents ==
On 20 March 2024, the [[Special forces of India|special forces]] arrested the ISIS India chief, Haris Farooqi and one of his associates while they were trying to cross to India from neighbouring Bangladesh. Police explained that the suspects had planned many sabotage activities and IED attacks inside India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ISIS India Head, Key Aide Arrested In Major Op In Assam's Dhubri |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isis-india-head-key-aide-arrested-in-major-op-in-assams-dhubri-5277463 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

On 9 August 2024, Rizwan Ali, an ISIS operative was arrested by the NIA while planning an attack in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=ISIS Terrorist With Rs 3 Lakh Bounty Arrested In Delhi, Charged Under UAPA|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isis-terrorist-rizwan-ali-with-rs-3-lakh-bounty-arrested-in-delhi-charged-under-uapa-6297975|access-date=2024-08-09|website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

A terror plot was foiled after police arrested Ashhar Danish, a young man who was covertly manufacturing bombs for ISIS in a dilapidated lodge in Ranchi’s Islamnagar area. The lodge, known as Tabarak Lodge, posed as a hotel but was in fact a hub for terror activities, including bomb-making and recruitment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/world/jharkhand-isis-bomb-making-and-recruitment-cell-busted-in-ranchi-s-tabarak-lodge/ar-AA1MX7zl?ocid=BingNewsSerp |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Territory of the Islamic State#India|Territory of the Islamic State (India)]]
* [[Foreign fighters in the Syrian Civil War and War in Iraq#India|Foreign fighters in the Syrian Civil War and War in Iraq (India)]]
* [[Islamic State – Bengal Province]], IS in Bangladesh
* [[Islamic State – Pakistan Province]], IS in Pakistan

== Notes ==
<references group="note" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Islamic State}}

[[Category:Islamic State – Khorasan Province]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Jihadist groups in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jihadist groups in India]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India]]
[[Category:Anti-Indian sentiment in Asia]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Salafi Jihadist groups]]
[[Category:Anti-Hindu violence in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Hindu violence in Kashmir]]
[[Category:Persecution of Sikhs]]
[[Category:Anti-Christian sentiment in India]]
[[Category:2010s in India]]
[[Category:2020s in India]]
[[Category:Islamism in India]]
[[Category:India–Syria relations]]
[[Category:India–Iraq relations]]
[[Category:Afghanistan–India relations]]
[[Category:Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Provinces of the Islamic State militant movement|Hind]]

Yitachu

2026-04-23T01:10:13Z

Delphia92Y: adding basic entry w/ refs - done

{{short description|Indian politician|bot = PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| party = [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]](2023- ) [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]] (2022- 2023) [[Naga People's Front]] (2003-2022)
| 2 =
| year =
| date =
| footnotes =
| website =
| profession =
| alma_mater = Campus Law Center, University of Delhi
| education = LLB
| father = Thungchamo
| children = 2
| spouse = Kusa Fithu
| name = Yitachu
| successor1 = [[Z. Nyusietho Nyuthe]]
| predecessor1 = Khuasatho
| term_end1 = 2023
| term_start1 = 2003
| constituency1 = [[Meluri Assembly constituency|Meluri]]
| office1 = [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Member of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
| birth_place = Hutsü Village, Meluri, Phek, Nagaland
| birth_date = 15 January 1967
| caption =
| image =
| birth_name =
| source =
}}

'''Yitachu''' is a politician from [[Pochury Naga|Pochury]] tribe of Nagaland, India. He was elected to [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] four times from [[Meluri Assembly constituency]] in 2003, 2008, 2013 and [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]. He also served briefly as a state minister.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yitachu |url=https://myneta.info/nagaland2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5848 |website=My Neta |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Meluri Assembly |url=https://www.elections.in/nagaland/assembly-constituencies/meluri.html |website=Elections |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New Cabinet installed |url=https://thewire.in/politics/shurhozelie-liezietsu-sworn-nagaland-cm |website=The Wire |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:People from Phek district]]

{{Nagaland-politician-stub}}

Household stone implements in Karnataka

2026-04-21T14:40:57Z

Delphia92Y: creating new info

{{Short description|Use of domestic stone tools in India}}

{{multiple issues|{{notability|date=May 2017}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2016}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
'''Household stone implements in [[Karnataka]]''', [[India]] used for wet grinding, dry grinding and pounding are oralu kallu, beeso kallu, dundagallu and kutni.

== Pronunciation ==
In [[Kannada]], the official and chief language of [[Karnataka]], oralu kallu is written as ಒರಳು ಕಲ್ಲು. The pronunciation of ‘lu’ in Oralu is not the same as ‘lu’ in "flu". 'Lu' of Oralu Kallu is depicted as ‘ḷu’ in equivalent English. Oralu is a Kannada word for turn, which here describes the action of gundukallu, a grinding stone. ‘Kallu’ is a Kannada word for stone. An alternate name, rubbo kallu, is written as ರುಬ್ಬೊ ಕಲ್ಲು. ‘Rubbu’ is a Kannada word for grinding.

Beeso kallu is written as ಬೀಸೋ ಕಲ್ಲು. Beesu is a Kannada word for dry grinding.

Dundugallu is written as ದುಂಡುಗಲ್ಲು. ‘Dundu’ is a Kannada word for round which here describes the shape of the stone. It is also called rubbo dundi (ರುಬ್ಬೂ ದುಂಡಿ).

Kutni is written as ಕುಟ್ನಿ. ‘Kuttu’ is a Kannada word for pounding.

== Oralu kallu ==

=== Description ===

Oralu kallu or rubbo kallu is a household stone implement used for wet grinding. It consists of two separate parts. A grinding stone called gundukallu (ಗುಂಡುಕಲ್ಲು)/gootada kallu (ಗೂಟದಕಲ್ಲು) is a stout cylindrical stone of rounded ends with or without a wooden handle, and a base stone which actually is called oralu kallu has a central well with a diameter slightly larger than the gundukallu.

=== Wet grinding ===

Gundukallu is placed in the well of a base stone and rotated, usually with the left hand while the right hand is used to regularly push ingredients towards the well to grind them. The role of the hands keep interchanging with fatigue, duration and quantity of grinding.

=== Uses ===

* To wet grind [[Dosa (food)|dosa]]/[[idli]] batters, various [[chutney]]s, masalas etc.
* It is a preferred tool to grind uddina vada batter in hotels and restaurants.
* For making [[chigali]]
* It plays an important role in Arishina Kuttuva Shastra<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tasteofmysore.com/2010/09/arya-vysya-customs-and-traditions.html|title=Arya Vysya Customs and Traditions - Wedding/Maduve|website=www.tasteofmysore.com|access-date=2016-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianfestivals.wikidot.com/godkal-shastra|title=Godkal Shastra - Indian festivals|website=indianfestivals.wikidot.com|access-date=2016-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=vclickz works|title=Arishina Preparation|date=2015-01-24|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7sb2Kk5npPw|accessdate=2016-12-04}}</ref> (details under Miscellaneous section below), a wedding ritual in southern India.

=== Current scenario ===

Oralu kallu used to be a standard fixture of every household in the past. They were mounted flush with the kitchen floor or built into counters or as separate stone unit within or outside homes. With the availability and convenience of mixer grinders, food processors, and commercial wet grinders, the oralu kallu has almost disappeared from urban areas and is on the decline in rural areas. Some believe that foods prepared using an oralu kallu taste better than foods processed in mixer grinders.

== Beeso kallu ==

=== Description ===

Beeso kallu is a household stone implement for dry grinding millet. It is made of two thick circular flat stones on top of each other. The upper stone has a central hole which accommodates a small conical (metal/stone) projection from stone below about which it can rotate. Also, on the upper stone is another hole, peripheral in location, which houses a wooden handle for rotating it. It is also called as chakki (stone mill) in northern India.[[File:Beesu Kallu - Sobana Song.webm|thumb|A Kannada folk song about Beeso Kallu]]

=== Dry grinding ===

Ingredients to be ground are poured through the central hole of the upper stone which then slides along the sides of metal/stone projecting from below into a gap between the upper and lower stone. There it gets ground to flour upon rotating the upper stone.
[[File:Jato An ancient tool used to grind food item in Nepal.ogv|thumb|311x311px|Beeso kallu, called jato in Nepal]]
=== Uses ===

* For making flour from [[millet]] like [[rice]], [[Finger millet|ragi]], wheat, [[jowar]] etc.
* Sometimes powders like chili powder, [[sambar powder]] and other masala powders are also ground in it.

=== Current scenario ===

This was the chief tool of the past to grind millet into flour before the spread of commercial grinding mill shops. Hitherto found in rural areas, these have now almost disappeared.

== Dundugallu ==

=== Description ===

Dundugallu is a household stone implement for wet grinding found mostly in rural areas. It is a very basic form of an implement consisting of two separate parts, a circular or cylindrical or oval stone and another flat surfaced stone. It is seen in various sizes from small to large.

=== Wet grinding ===

Before grinding, both parts are washed and cleaned. Ingredients to be ground are placed on flat surfaced stone. Heavy round or cylindrical or oval stone is then rolled to and fro on the ingredients to grind them.

=== Uses ===

* Used in wet grinding ingredients for masalas, chutneys etc.

=== Current scenario ===

Hitherto found in rural areas, these have now almost disappeared.

== Kutni ==

=== Description ===

Kutni is a miniature household stone implement for grinding small quantities of either dry or wet ingredients. It traditionally is made of stone. It consists of kutni, a roughly boat or circular shaped base stone with shallow upper surface, and a kutto kallu (ಕುಟ್ಟೋ ಕಲ್ಲು), a roughly pear shaped small stone to pound/crush/grind.
[[File:Chigali 3.jpg|thumb|Kutni used for making chigali |383x383px]]

=== Dry or wet grinding ===

Ingredients to be ground are placed in the kutni and the kutto kallu is used to crush/pound/grind.

=== Uses ===

* Usually to coarse powder small quantities of spices like cinnamon, cloves, cardamom etc.
* To crush black pepper
* To make small quantities of menasinkai (chilli) / bendekai (okra) and other chutneys
* To make [[chigali]]

=== Current scenario ===

Kutni in the English world is known as a mortar and pestle. They are available in various sizes and shapes. Traditionally they were made of stone. Currently they are made in various sizes and shapes, from materials like iron, steel, brass, alloys, wood, marble stone, granite, or plastic. They are found in almost every household.

== Miscellaneous ==

=== Arishina Kuttuva Shastra ===
Arishina Kuttuva Shastra (ಅರಿಶಿನ ಕುಟ್ಟುವ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ) is an important wedding ritual in Southern India. <ref name="auto"/> Arishina is a Kannada word for [[turmeric]]. In the ritual, whole turmeric (dried whole unbroken tuber) is placed in the oralu kallu. Women use the onake (description below) to pound it to a powder. Powdered turmeric is made into a paste with water. Turmeric paste is then applied on the bride and groom. In northern India, the Haldi function is similar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ca.news.yahoo.com/beautiful-significance-haldi-ceremony-indian-weddings-113507546.html|title=Beautiful Significance of Haldi Ceremony in Indian Weddings|access-date=2016-12-04}}</ref>

In another wedding ritual, instead of turmeric, various other grains like rice and jowar are symbolically pounded by the bride.

=== Onake ===
Onake is a wooden pole/stick, about the length of an average person, used in the past to pound millets into flour. Millet to be pounded is placed in the oralukallu and pounded with onake to flour. Currently, its usage is mostly limited to the Arishina Kuttuva ritual in South Indian weddings. The onake is sometimes called a pestle in English.

A historical, brave woman, Obavva killed enemy soldiers with an onake in a battle at [[Chitradurga Fort|Chitradurga fort]]. She is revered as [[Onake Obavva]]. She is exemplified for the bravery and courage of women of Karnataka alongside another historical ruler, [[Kittur Chennamma]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2015-10-09 |title=Rani Chennamma - India's first woman independence activist |url=http://www.newsgram.com/rani-chennamma-indias-first-woman-independence-activist/ |access-date=2016-12-05 |newspaper=NewsGram |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Murders ===
Gundukallu, the grinding stone of oralu kallu, has been used as a weapon in numerous murders.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/man-who-killed-wife-motherinlaw-arrested/article6811695.ece|title=Man who killed wife, mother-in-law arrested|last=Gowhar|first=Imran|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2016-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |title=Woman murders husband with grinding stone |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/woman-murders-husband-with-grinding-stone/article8363887.ece |access-date=2016-12-04 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Younger-brother-murders-elder-sibling-with-grinding-stone/articleshow/19892857.cms|title=Younger brother murders elder sibling with grinding stone - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2016-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Woman-kills-husband-with-a-grinding-stone/articleshow/5829921.cms|title=Woman kills husband with a grinding stone - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2016-12-04}}</ref> Rarely, in domestic quarrels or family feuds or fights with neighbours or in village fights, a threat made by one individual to another can be heard said as "gundukallu yattak bidtini" (ಗುಂಡುಕಲ್ಲು ಯತ್ತಾಕ್ಬಿಡ್ತೀನಿ), which can be translated roughly as "will lift up the grinding stone and throw it on you".

== See also ==
* [[Ground stone]]
* [[Metate]]
* [[Batan (stone)]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l8le028VMsM Мельница каменные жернова]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NCN013rLDf0 Grinding of masalas in the stone_xvid.avi]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qWyobP0jSvw VILLAGE LADY MAKING MASALA IN TRADITIONAL GRINDER | MASALA MAKING FOR SEA FOOD RECIPES street food]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKo2CuSRTTU Grinding stone becomes a thing of the past even in villages]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OUDV6lxzcCc Woman grinding grain with a hand mill at Nana village]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvQttEjfYtM Grinding flour by hand in Bhutan]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_z7TchLLXww MAKING OF GRINDING STONE | GRINDING WHEEL MAKING | TRADITIONAL GRINDING MACHINE]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Om3-HD_ORB0 Traditional grinding stone workers in Karur seek govt relief]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xRRd79Az8to MAKING MASALA WITH 100 YEAR GRINDING STONE | TRADITIONAL METHOD OF GRINDING MASALA | street food]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mC1BZ1I59Qk how to grind Traditional Indian Stone Grinder 11 no current navaneethan jelari 2012]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjEegGcvQE8 Ragado - Traditional Indian Stone Grinder]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15r_BSmF5Js - YouTube]
[[Category:Karnataka-related lists]]
[[Category:Karnataka cuisine]]
[[Category:Stone objects]]
[[Category:Food preparation utensils]]

Pradeep Kumar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2026-04-16T06:21:32Z

Delphia92Y: Starting new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pradeep Kumar Singh
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| party = [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| other_party = [[National Democratic Alliance]] (2024–present)
| parents = Keran Singh (father)
Santosh Chaudhary (brother)
| preceded = [[Ramveer Upadhyay]]
| constituency = [[Sadabad (Assembly constituency)|Sadabad]]
| image = [[File:Pradeep Kumar Singh.jpg|100px]]
| caption = Pradeep Kumar Singh (Guddu Chaudhary)
}}
'''Pradeep Kumar Singh''' (Guddu Chaudhary) is an Indian Politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is a [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sadabad (Assembly constituency)|Sadabad]] representing [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pradeep Kumar Singh in Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/pradeep-kumar-singh-sadabad-candidate-s24a079c04/ |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pradeep Kumar Singh(Rashtriya Lok Dal(RLD)):Constituency- SADABAD(HATHRAS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=2068 |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sadabad Election Result 2022 LIVE: Sadabad MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/sadabad-assembly-elections-up-79/ |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=सादाबाद (UP) Chunav Final Result 2022: सादाबाद विधानसभा सीट से RJD के प्रदीप कुमार जीते, BJP को हराया |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2022/sadabad-election-result-2022-live-counting-updates-in-hindi-up-vidhan-sabha-chunav-ke-natije-party-candidate-wise-winner-loser-1083116.html |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:People from Hathras district]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{RJD-politician-stub}}
{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}

Kadiri Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:25:21Z

Delphia92Y: creating a info - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kadiri
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (161-Kadiri highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Kadiri Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Kandikunta Venkata Prasad]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[ Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency|Hindupur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 239,867
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 161
}}

'''Kadiri Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Sri Sathya Sai district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of seven assembly segments of [[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Kandikunta Venkata Prasad]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|title=Assembly Election 2019|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 239,867 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| Tanakallu
|-
| Nambulapulakunta
|-
| Gandlapenta
|-
| Kadiri
|-
| Nallacheruvu
|-
|Talupula
|-
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Kadiri Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q58813154,Q60213293,Q60213296,Q60213298,Q60213294,Q60213283"}</mapframe>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|[[K. V. Vema Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
|K. V. Vema Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[E. Gopalu Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| K. V. Vema Reddy
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| C.Narayana Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[Nawab Mayana Nizam Vali]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| |[[Mohammed Shakir (Indian politician)|Mohammed Shakir]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Chennur Abdul Rasool]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Mohammed Shakir
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| [[Jonna Suryanarayana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[M.S. Partha Sarathi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Jonna Ramaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Kandikunta Venkata Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color |Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Attar Chand Basha]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[P. V. Sidda Reddy]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Kandikunta Venkata Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kadiri<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. V. Vema Reddi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,696 |percentage=48.18% |change=48.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Papireddi |party=Independent politician |votes=14,421 |percentage=35.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Mahamed Ali |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=4,596 |percentage=11.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Venkatsiva Reddi |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=2,167 |percentage=5.30% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,275 |percentage=12.90% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,880 |percentage=56.10% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,868 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kadiri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jonna Ramaiah]]
|votes = 48,104
|percentage = 41.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Kandikunta Venkata Prasad]]
|votes = 39,166
|percentage = 33.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,938
|percentage = 7.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 116,595
|percentage = 65.52
|change = +7.28
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kadiri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Kandikunta Venkata Prasad]]
|votes = 72,308
|percentage = 46.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Battala Venkataramana]]|votes=57,331|percentage=37.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[P. V. Sidda Reddy]]|votes=18,177|percentage=11.73|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=14,977|percentage=9.67|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=154,935|percentage=66.56|change=+1.04}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kadiri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Attar Chand Basha
|votes = 81,639
|percentage = 48.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kandikunta Venkata Prasad]]|votes=80,671|percentage=47.73|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=968|percentage=0.57|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=169,010|percentage=75.68|change=+9.08}}{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kadiri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[P. V. Sidda Reddy]]
|votes = 1,02,432
|percentage = 53.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kandikunta Venkata Prasad]]|votes=75,189|percentage=39.58|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=27,243|percentage=10.57|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,89,980|percentage=78.68|change=+3.00}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kadiri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Kandikunta Venkata Prasad]]
|votes = 1,03,610
|percentage = 49.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=YSR Congress Party
|candidate=[[BS Maqbool Ahmed]]
|votes=97,345
|percentage=46.54
|change=
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6,265|percentage=3.00|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=209,152|percentage=1|change=+1}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSRCP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}{{Sri Sathya Sai district}}
{{coord|14.11|78.16|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sri Sathya Sai district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Indian Rice Exporters Federation

2026-04-11T21:31:49Z

Delphia92Y: creating new info - done

{{Short description|Indian trade association}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Indian Rice Exporters Federation
| abbreviation = IREF
| formation = 2023
| type = [[Trade association]]
| tax_id = 
| registration_id = 
| status = 
| purpose = 
| professional_title = 
| headquarters = [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]]
| location = [[New Delhi]], India
| region_served = India
| leader_title = National President
| leader_name =
| website = https://iref.net
}}
'''Indian Rice Exporters Federation''' ('''IREF''') is an Indian [[trade association]] which represents rice exporters, traders, and millers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amidst Iran crisis, rice exporters seek Commerce Ministry’s help to clear payments |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/amidst-iran-crisis-rice-exporters-seek-commerce-ministrys-help-to-clear-payments/article70505458.ece |website=The Hindu |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |date=13 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India–US Trade Relief: US tariff cut to 18% may strengthen India’s rice exports |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-india-us-trade-relief-us-tariff-cut-to-18-may-strengthen-india-s-rice-exports-389619 |website=Zee Business |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhuri |first=Suchetana |date=2026-02-19 |title=Indian Rice Exporters’ Federation leads India’s nutrition export surge |url=https://agrospectrumindia.com/2026/02/19/indian-rice-exporters-federation-leads-indias-nutrition-export-surge.html |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=Agro Spectrum India |language=en-US}}</ref>

The organization provides services in [[policy advocacy]], [[Trade promotion (international trade)]], and represents exporters in discussions with government bodies such as the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)]] and the [[Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Budget 2026: Rice exporters seek support to offset impact of rising cost, environmental stress |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/budget-2026-union-budget-2026-india-budget-india-rice-exporters-union-budget-of-india-budget-news-2026-budget/articleshow/126368513.cms |website=The Economic Times |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=6 January 2026}}</ref>

== History ==
Indian Rice Exporters Federation (IREF) was founded in 2023 with the aim to provide an unified platform for stakeholders in India’s rice export ecosystem. The organization was established after seeing a growing global demand of Indian rice.<ref>{{cite news |title=IREF expects ₹1.17 lakh crore export boost for India as IRRI joins BIRC 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/iref-expects-rs-1-17-lakh-crore-export-boost-for-india-as-irri-joins-birc-2025-to-open-new-global-rice-markets/articleshow/124546200.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 January 2026}}</ref> The national president of Indian Rice Exporters Federation was chosen by voting process.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of commerce nominates Dr Prem Garg as member of Non-Basmati Rice Development Fund |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ministry-of-commerce-nominates-dr-prem-garg-as-member-of-non-basmati-rice-development-fund/articleshow/124334339.cms |website=The Times of India |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 October 2025}}</ref>

In 2025, The [[Indian Government]] and IREF took a decision to mandate registration of non-basmati rice export contracts with [[Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority]].<ref>{{cite news |title=APEDA registration of non-basmati rice exports to bring transparency in export policy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/economy/news/india-non-basmati-rice-exports-apeda-registration-mandatory-125092500622_1.html |work=Business Standard |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>

Moving forward of Union Budget 2026, IREF provides fiscal support including freight assistance, [[tax incentive]]s and interest subvention.<ref>{{cite news |title=Budget 2026: Rice exporters seek tax relief, credit and freight support |url=https://www.business-standard.com/budget/news/budget-2026-rice-exporters-tax-relief-credit-freight-support-126010600619_1.html |work=Business Standard |access-date=17 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Union Budget 2026: IREF urges Centre to offer tax breaks, logistics aid |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/union-budget/expectations/story/union-budget-2026-iref-urges-centre-to-offer-tax-breaks-logistics-aid-to-strengthen-rice-exports-509902-2026-01-07 |work=Business Today |access-date=17 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=APEDA registration of non-basmati rice exports to bring transparency in export policy: IREF |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/trade/exports/insights/apeda-registration-of-non-basmati-rice-exports-to-bring-transparency-in-export-policy-iref/articleshow/124145885.cms |website=The Economic Times |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=26 September 2025}}</ref>

===International Trade Promotion===
IREF manages activities including trade facilitation, policy advocacy, and market outreach. It organizes conferences, buyer–seller meets, and industry consultations promoting Indian rice in international markets.<ref>{{cite web |title=India-US trade deal to lift rice exports, restore parity with Thailand, Pakistan: IREF |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-us-trade-deal-to-lift-rice-exports-restore-parity-with-thailand-pakistan-iref/articleshow/127876083.cms |website=The Economic Times |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=3 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iran unrest hits Indian basmati rice exports, industry body says |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/iran-unrest-hits-indian-basmati-rice-exports-industry-body-says/articleshow/126499584.cms |work=The Economic Times |access-date=17 January 2026}}</ref>

[[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]] partnerred with IREF to host Bharat International Rice Conference (BIRC) in October 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of food and public distribution collaborates with IREF for BIRC 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/department-of-food-and-public-distribution-collaborates-with-iref-for-birc-2025/articleshow/124304977.cms |website=The Times of India |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 October 2025}}</ref> BIRC is an international industry event organization which brought exporters, policymakers, and research institutions together to explore new global markets for Indian rice.<ref>{{cite news |title=IREF expects ₹1.17 lakh crore export boost for India as IRRI joins BIRC 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/iref-expects-rs-1-17-lakh-crore-export-boost-for-india-as-irri-joins-birc-2025-to-open-new-global-rice-markets/articleshow/124546200.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 January 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Trade associations based in India]]

Kuldeep Solanki

2026-04-03T05:28:45Z

Delphia92Y:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian politician|office=Member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]}}
'''Kuldeep Solanki''' (born 1967)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kuldeep Solanki(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- PALAM(SOUTH-WEST) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Delhi2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=330 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Delhi]]. He is a member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] from Palam Assembly constituency in South West Delhi district. He won the [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Palam, Delhi Assembly Election Results 2025 Highlights: BJP's Kuldeep Solanki with 78098 defeats AAP's Joginder Solanki |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/palam-delhi-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-aap-bjp-congress-daelb-2676407-2025-02-08 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Solanki is from [[Palam]], New Delhi. He is the son of late Ram Roop Solanki. He studied till Class 10 Government Boys Senior Secondary School, Delhi Cantonment, New Delhi and passed his matriculation examination in 1983. Later, he discontinued his studies.<ref name=":0" /> He declared assets of over Rs. 13 crore (Rs. 130 million) before the 2025 election.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Solanki won the [[Palam Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election. He polled 82,046 votes and defeated his nearest competitor, Jogindar Solanki of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]], by 8,952 votes.<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Palam">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Palam |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0537.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318072109/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0537.htm |archive-date=18 March 2025 |access-date=18 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Palam Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Palam Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/palam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318072221/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/palam |archive-date=18 March 2025 |access-date=18 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Palam Election Result 2025: Kuldeep Solanki of BJP Wins, Defeats Joginder Solanki of AAP |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/palam-election-result-2025-live-updates-highlights-winner-leading-mla-margin-9218844.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solanki, Kuldeep}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:People from South West Delhi district]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2025–2030]]

{{Delhi-BJP-politician-stub}}

Abbabba

2026-03-31T19:04:13Z

Delphia92Y: New New Details

{{short description|2024 film by K. M. Chaitanya}}
{{Long plot|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Abbabba
| image = Abbabba.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. M. Chaitanya]]
| producer = [[Ann Augustine]] [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] Vivek Thomas
| writer = KL Rajashekar {{small|(Dialogue)}}
| screenplay = K.M. Chaitanya
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Adi Kapyare Kootamani]]'' (Malayalam) by John Varghese}}
| starring = [[Likith Shetty]] [[Amrutha Iyengar]]
| music = Deepak Alexander
| cinematography = Manohar Joshi
| editing = Haridoss
| studio = Miramar Films [[Friday Film House]]
| distributor = [[KRG Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|02|16}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Abbabba''''' ({{translation|Wow)}} is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy horror]] film written and directed by [[K. M. Chaitanya]] and starring [[Likith Shetty]] and [[Amrutha Iyengar]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/Apr/20/km-chaitanya-i-have-never-repeated-a-genre-but-abbabba-is-an-exception-30998.html |title=KM Chaitanya: I have never repeated a genre, but Abbabba is an exception |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Cinema Express |date=20 April 2022 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517152525/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/Apr/20/km-chaitanya-i-have-never-repeated-a-genre-but-abbabba-is-an-exception-30998.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=KM Chaitanya describes 'Abbabba' as a slapstick comedy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/km-chaitanya-describes-abbabba-as-a-slapstick-comedy/article65337567.ece |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=The Hindu |date=20 April 2022 |last1=Anandraj |first1=Shilpa}}</ref> Film was Produced by Malayalam actress [[Ann Augustine]], [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] and Vivek Thomas under banner of Miramar Films and [[Friday Film House]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ann-augustines-debut-kannada-production-abbabba-is-the-remake-of-the-malayalam-film-adi-kapyare-kootamani/78bd1b10e8931 |title=Ann Augustine's debut Kannada production, Abbabba, is the remake of the Malayalam film Adi Kapyare Kootamani |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=OTT Play}}</ref> The film is a remake of the 2015 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Adi Kapyare Kootamani]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Angadi |first=Jagadish |title='Abbabba' movie review: Entertaining remake of a Malayalam hit |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/abbabba-movie-review-entertaining-remake-of-a-malayalam-hit-2898566 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501143554/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/abbabba-movie-review-entertaining-remake-of-a-malayalam-hit-2898566 |url-status=live}}</ref> The music was composed by Deepak Alexander, while the cinematography and editing were handled by Manohar Joshi and Haridoss respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/abbabba-movie-review-likith-shetty-anusha-rai-are-adorable-as-young-lovers-review-107721610 |title=Abbabba Movie Review: Likith Shetty, Anusha Rai Are Adorable As Young Lovers |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Times Now |date=16 February 2024 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517154027/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/abbabba-movie-review-likith-shetty-anusha-rai-are-adorable-as-young-lovers-review-107721610 |url-status=live}}</ref>

''Abbabba'' was theatrically released on 16 February 2024, where it received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/abbabba/movie-review/107685577.cms?from=mdr |title=Abbabba Movie Review: Abbabba movie review: A perky comedy with a bit of horror |website=The Times of India |date=16 February 2024 |access-date=17 May 2024 |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216091206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/abbabba/movie-review/107685577.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
The movie starts with the introduction of Father Joseph who considers himself a strict warden of a college boys hostel. His assistant, Kempanna, usually tries to show him the mischief of the students but fails all the time. Akhila fights with her father Rowdy Gopal Reddy, over her boyfriend and the next day, meets Dileep, in the canteen of his college. Dileep struggle to save his love, Sharmila who about to get married Police Inspector son due her father's financial losses. Since he needs money, to Sharmila's father and save him goons, Akhila offers help for taking her to his hostel for some unknown reason that night.

Dileep brings Akhila into the hostel, but by the time he tries to get her out, the way out has been blocked by some students. Both stay in Dileep room that night. Not fully trusting Dileep, Akhila ties Dileep to a chair and sets an alarm on his phone for three o'clock in the morning, as by then everyone would be asleep. But both sleep off since the alarm is a lullaby and wake up only by eight in the morning when Dileep friends, Rahu, Kethu, and Tandhav, knock on the door. Dileep skips college and tries to get her out, but it turns out that the escape route has been repaired and therefore, blocked by Father and Kempanna. He tries to get her out through the main entrance of the hostel but to his horror, the college is closed due to a strike that day. Hence, the students came back to the hostel, and Dileep and Akhila run back to his room. Meanwhile, Akhila father finds the auto-rickshaw driver who dropped her off near the hostel. He thinks that she eloped with her boyfriend and starts searching the place along with his goons.

Both stay in Karthi's room for the whole day and plan to escape through the terrace that night. When Karthi goes to the terrace at night to check if the coast is clear, he sees a number of students, including Rahu, Kethu, and Tandav, boozing. They force him to drink, and he forgets about Akhila locked in his room. When drunken Kempanna goes near Karthi's room after some time, he hears Akhila speaking in her sleep. He thinks that it is a ghost and gets the key from Karthi's pocket and opens the door. Akhila kicks him and runs out of the room to Kethu's room, and Kempanna is knocked out.

The next day, Karthik wakes up, and Father is persuaded by Kempanna to check Karthi's room for the ghost. Karthi opens the room reluctantly and is surprised to see that Akhila is not there. He then finds out that his friends have found out about Akhila and together, they plan to get her out. Akhila then tells them the reason why she came into the hostel. Her boyfriend, Premraj, stayed in this hostel, and after he broke up with her through a text, she wanted revenge. So she got into the hostel, went to his room, and slapped him. Meanwhile, Father and Kempanna start searching the inmates' rooms for booze, and a lot of hilarious events ensue when they move Akhila from room to room and make her hide in Rahu's room's sunshade to not get caught. Adding to this, at night, another hilarious scene comes up when Akhila wants to take a bath, and Karthi figures out that Rahu is trying to flirt with Akhila, and gets angry.

When they try to get her out through the terrace that night, Father and Kempanna see her in a white dress, and they believe that she is a ghost. The Father locks the terrace door being scared of the ghost, and Karthi makes a new plan: to make everyone believe that there is actually a ghost and to summon her with Ouija board in the presence of Father. Akhila will pose as the ghost. When the Father performs an exorcism, the ghost will leave the hostel, and that way Akhila also can get out of the hostel. They butter up and get the father to perform an exorcism. They also plan and buy a lot of things from the market, such as fake blood and chemicals that generate smoke and mist, to scare their inmates. Meanwhile, Akhila's father's goons catch up to them after the auto driver sees them at the market but they beat up the goons and escape.

At night, Karthik, Kempanna, and Father start using the Ouija board, but after some time, to Karthi's shock, an actual ghost turns up. Meanwhile, Tandav, Rahu, and Kethu do a lot of things to scare their inmates, such as randomly setting fire to things, throwing fake blood at people, and breaking the glasses, all while hiding, and successfully scare the inmates. Even though some supernatural events do occur, Akhila poses as the ghost and after Father's exorcism, successfully gets out of the hostel as per the original plan. Meanwhile, the actual ghost is shown still wandering through the hostel, then suddenly appearing in the hallway and doing a jumpscare.

In the credits, Akhila is back in her home, and Karthi visits her with her bag which she had forgotten in his room. She asks him if he has just come to give the bag or to say something else. Karthi wanted to say he loves her but Akhila has already figured it out. She tells him that they will talk about it later and asks him to leave but suddenly hears her father's voice and asks him to wait until three in the morning when her father and his goons would have slept. Karthi now realizes that he is trapped in her house just like how she was trapped in the hostel.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Likith Shetty]] as Dileep
* [[Amrutha Iyengar]] as Akhila
* Ajay Raj as Rahul "Rahu"
* Tandhav Ram as Tandhav
* Dhanraj Achar as Kethan "Kethu"
* [[Sharath Lohitashwa]] as Father Joseph
* [[Vijay Chendoor]] as Kempanna
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Rowdy Gopal Reddy, Akhila's father
* Anusha Rai as Sharmila, Dileep's girlfriend
* [[Sudha Belawadi]] as Akhila's Mother
* Nagaraj Kote as Auto Driver
* [[Sihi Kahi Chandru]]
* [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]]
* [[Ann Augustine]]
* [[Dileep]]
}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Abbabba
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Deepak Alexander
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2024
| recorded = 2022–2023
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 8:25
| language = Kannada
| label = [[PRK Productions|PRK Audio]]
| producer = Deepak Alexander
| prev_title = [[In the Name of God (TV series)|In the Name of God]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music was composed by Deepak Alexander.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Original Tracklist

| title1 = Abbabba- Title Track
| lyrics1 = [[All Ok]]
| extra1 = [[All Ok]]
| length1 = 3:21
| title2 = Ayyayyo
| extra2 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| lyrics2 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| length2 = 2:41
| title3 = Odu Odu
| extra3 = [[Vasishta N. Simha|Vasishta Simha]]
| lyrics3 = [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya KA]]
| length3= 2:23
| total_length = 8:25
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|21037504|Abbabba}}

{{K. M. Chaitanya}}
{{Friday Film House}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abbabba}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2024 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Malayalam films]]

Oomaithurai

2026-03-29T14:52:27Z

Delphia92Y: further fixed information for clarity and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian poligar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
'''Oomathurai''' (real name '''Kumarasamy Naiyakar'''), was an Indian [[Poligar]] (Palaiyakkarar) from [[Tamil Nadu]], who fought against the [[British East India Company]] in the [[Polygar War]]s. He was the younger brother of [[Veerapandiya Kattabomman]].

Oomathurai was an active participant in the Polygar Wars, and in the first war, he was captured and imprisoned in the [[Palayamkottai Central Prison]]. On 2 February 1801, he managed to escape from prison after more than an year's imprisonment<ref>{{Cite book |last1=State) |first1=Madras (India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGdDAAAAYAAJ |title=Madras District Gazetteers: Ramanathapuram |last2=Bahadur.) |first2=B. S. Baliga (Rao |date=1957 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Press |language=en}}</ref> and rebuild the [[Panchalankurichi Fort|Panchalankurichi fort]], which had been destroyed in the first war. In the second Polygar war, Oomathurai formed an alliance with the [Parathavarama pandiyan
[[Maruthu Pandiyar|Marudhu brothers]] of Sivagangai, [[Dheeran Chinnamalai]], [[Pazhassi Raja|Kerala Varma]] of Malabar and other leaders, to resist the British East India Company.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nandakumar |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beejEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Oomaithurai%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA29 |title=Swa: Struggle for National Selfhood Past, Present and Future |date=2022-12-10 |publisher=Indus Scrolls Press |language=en}}</ref> The fort was eventually captured by the British after a prolonged siege led by [[Patrick Alexander Agnew|Lt. Colonel Agnew]] and artillery bombardment in May 1801.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Welsh |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sUjRAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Oomaithurai%22+-wikipedia |title=Military Reminiscences |date=1830 |publisher=Smith, Elder, and Company |language=en}}</ref> Oomathurai managed to escape the fall of the fort and joined the Maruthu brothers in their jungle fort at Kalayar Kovil. Despite their efforts, the British eventually captured Kalayar Kovil in October 1801. Oomathurai and Sevathaiah were captured and hanged at [[Panchalankurichi|Panchalamkurichi]] on 16 November 1801.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Antony Raj |first=Jekila |title=Marudhu Brothers -Valiant Brothers in South Indian Rebellion |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365223229 |journal=Mukt Shabd Journal |volume=XI |pages=708–713 |issn=2347-3150}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |title=The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom |first=Nicholas B. |last=Dirks |authorlink=Nicholas Dirks |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1987 |isbn=0-521-32604-4}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oomaithurai}}
[[Category:1801 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Polygar Wars]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

Nancy Grewal

2026-03-28T05:48:18Z

Delphia92Y:

{{Short description|Canadian influencer and activist (1981–2026)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nancy Grewal
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Nancy Grewal
| birth_date = {{birth date|1981|1|19}}
| birth_place = India<ref name="cbc1">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/windsor-lasalle-homicide-9.7116485|title=Social media account touting Khalistani extremism claims responsibility for death of Windsor, Ont., woman|publisher=[[CBC News|CBC]]|date=March 9, 2026}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|2026|3|3|1981|1|19}}
| death_place = [[LaSalle, Ontario]], Canada
| death_cause = Stabbing
| citizenship =
| occupation = Influencer, activist
| organization =
}}

'''Nancy Grewal''' (January 19, 1981 – March 3, 2026) was an Indian-born Canadian activist and influencer. Grewal had worked professionally as a musician in India, then as a [[caregiver|personal support worker]] after moving to Canada in 2018 and settling in [[Windsor, Ontario]].<ref name="cbc1"/><ref name="cbc3">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/nancy-grewal-sister-speaks-about-influencer-s-killing-9.7121317|title=Sister of Sikh influencer killed outside LaSalle, Ont., home says she was ‘kind-hearted’|publisher=[[CBC News|CBC]]|date=March 10, 2026}}</ref>

== Activism ==
Grewal had thousands of followers on [[YouTube]] and primarily created content in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref name="canadaland">{{cite web|url=https://www.canadaland.com/podcast/1328-the-murder-of-nancy-grewal/|title=#1328 The Murder of Nancy Grewal|author1=San Grewal|author2=[[Jesse Brown (journalist)|Jesse Brown]]|publisher=[[Canadaland]]|date=March 11, 2026}}</ref>

She was [[Sikh]] and an outspoken opponent of violent extremists within the [[Khalistan movement|Khalistan separatist movement]],<ref name="cbc2">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/windsor-nancy-grewal-homicide-cbc-interview-9.7118575|title=Slain Windsor woman expressed fears to CBC News days before she died|publisher=[[CBC News|CBC]]|date=March 7, 2026}}</ref> which has substantial support among [[Sikhism in Canada|Sikhs in Canada]]. She was also critical of [[NDP (Canada)|NDP]] leader [[Jagmeet Singh]], and of the [[2023–25 Canada–India diplomatic row|Indian government's interference in Canadian politics]].<ref name="canadaland"/>

== Murder ==
On February 25, 2026, she spoke to the [[CBC News|CBC]] about her concerns of "extremism within the Sikh separatist movement",<ref name="cbc2"/> and of numerous death threats that she had received as a result of her activism. Grewal said that she had received 40 death threats,<ref name="cbc2"/><ref name="cbc3"/> and that her home had been attacked by an [[arson]]ist in November 2025. Following her death, the [[Ontario Provincial Police]] appealed to the public to help identify the arsonist who poured an [[accelerant]] on the front porch of Grewal's home in Windsor on November 8, 2025, based on surveillance video of the incident.<ref name="cbc5">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/grewal-porch-arson-9.7129567|title=Police ask for public's help in finding whoever set fire to Nancy Grewal's front porch
|publisher=[[CBC News|CBC]]|date=March 15, 2026}}</ref>

On Tuesday March 3, 2026, Grewal was stabbed to death at about 9:30 pm in [[LaSalle, Ontario]], while leaving a home where she was working as a personal support worker.<ref name="cbc2"/><ref name="cbc4">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/homicide-stabbing-lasalle-9.7114008|title=LaSalle police investigate fatal stabbing of woman|publisher=[[CBC News|CBC]]|date=March 4, 2026}}</ref><ref name="ctv">{{cite news|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/11727581/nancy-grewal-murder/|title=Ontario influencer killed outside home, OPP join hunt for murder suspect|author=Aaron D'Andrea|publisher=[[Global News]]|date=March 13, 2026}}</ref>
According to her sister, Grewal was "stabbed in the back, … and the puncture hit her lungs," and the patient at whose home she had been attending called emergency services.<ref name="cbc7">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/fatal-stabbing-of-windsor-woman-linked-to-unsolved-november-arson-9.7133660|title='We need justice': Sister of slain Windsor woman questions why it took police so long to release video|publisher=[[CBC News|CBC]]|date=March 19, 2026}}</ref>

The CBC reported that social media accounts linked to the Khalistan separatist movement posted claims of responsibility for Grewal's death,<ref name="cbc1"/> while San Grewal and [[Jesse Brown (journalist)|Jesse Brown]] (both from small, independent media organizations) criticized the CBC's credulity in reporting this, noting their lack of sophisticated understanding of [[misinformation]] targeting the [[Indian diaspora]] and Canada in particular.<ref name="canadaland"/>

== See also ==
* [[Hardeep Singh Nijjar|Murder of Hardeep Singh Nijjar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grewal, Nancy}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:2020s murders in Canada]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:2026 murders in North America]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Activists from Ontario]]
[[Category:Activists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Canadian murder victims]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Canadian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Canadian social workers]]
[[Category:Canadian women activists]]
[[Category:Canadian YouTubers]]
[[Category:Critics of Sikhism]]
[[Category:Deaths by stabbing in Canada]]
[[Category:Female murder victims in Canada]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Indian people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]
[[Category:People from Windsor, Ontario]]
[[Category:People murdered in Ontario]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Victims of Sikh terrorism]]

Right-wing politics

2026-03-26T23:28:50Z

Delphia92Y: further updated references after review and updated info

{{Short description|Political ideologies favouring social stratification}}
{{Redirect-multi|3|Right-wing|Political right|The Right|the term used in sport|Winger (sports)|political freedoms|Civil and political rights|other uses|Right (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Globalise|article|United States|date=November 2025|reason=Focuses heavily throughout on American views, including in sections on other countries where the United States' position on an issue is often given. Requires a thorough rewrite to address US focus.}}
{{Party politics|expanded=political spectrum}}

'''Right-wing politics''' or '''rightism''' is the range of [[Ideology#Political ideologies|political ideologies]] that view certain [[social order]]s and [[Social stratification|hierarchies]] as inevitable, natural, normal, or desirable,{{R|Johnson-2005|Bobbio-1996|Goldthorpe-1985a}} typically supporting this position in favour of [[conservatism]], [[natural law]], [[economics]], [[authority]], [[property]], [[religion]], or [[tradition]].{{R|EB online|Carlisle|T. Alexander Smith 2003. p. 30|Allan Cameron pg. 37|Fuchs, D. 1990. p. 203|Lukes|Clark}} Hierarchy and [[Social inequality|inequality]] may be seen as natural results of traditional social differences{{R|Smith-2003b|Gidron-2019a}} or competition in [[Market economy|market economies]].{{R|Scruton-1996|Goldthorpe-1985b|Gidron-2019b}}

Right-wing politics are considered the counterpart to [[left-wing politics]], and the [[left–right political spectrum]] is the most common [[political spectrum]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McClosky|first1=Herbert|last2=Chong|first2=Dennis|date=July 1985|title=Similarities and Differences Between Left-Wing and Right-Wing Radicals|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/abs/similarities-and-differences-between-leftwing-and-rightwing-radicals/C46411F0228745583D2EB8E91A19D881|journal=British Journal of Political Science|language=en|volume=15|issue=3|pages=329–363|doi=10.1017/S0007123400004221|s2cid=154330828|issn=1469-2112|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The right includes [[social conservatives]] and [[fiscal conservatives]],<ref>Leonard V. Kaplan, Rudy Koshar, ''The Weimar Moment: Liberalism, Political Theology, and Law'' (2012) pp. 7–8.</ref><ref>Alan S. Kahan, ''Mind Vs. Money: The War Between Intellectuals and Capitalism'' (2010), p. 184.</ref><ref>Jerome L. Himmelstein, ''To the right: The transformation of American conservatism'' (1992).</ref> as well as ''[[laissez-faire]]'' economic policies. "Right" and "right-wing" have been variously used as compliments and [[pejorative]]s describing [[neoliberal]] and [[conservative]] economic and social ideas.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7|editor-last=Wright|editor-first=Edmund|location=New York|pages=370, 541}}</ref>

== Name ==
The political terms [[Left–right political spectrum|''Left'' and ''Right'']] were first used in the 18th century, during the [[French Revolution]], referencing the seating arrangement of the [[French parliament]]. Those who sat to the right of the chair of the presiding officer (''le président'') were generally supportive of the institutions of the [[Monarchism|monarchist]] [[Ancien Régime|Old Regime]].<ref name="Parliaments 1988 pp. 287–302">Goodsell, Charles T., "The Architecture of Parliaments: Legislative Houses and Political Culture", British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 18, No. 3 (July 1988), pp. 287–302.</ref><ref>Linski, Gerhard, ''Current Issues and Research In Macrosociology'' (Brill Archive, 1984) p. 59</ref><ref>Clark, Barry ''Political Economy: A Comparative Approach'' (Praeger Paperback, 1998), pp. 33–34.</ref><ref name="Knapp" /> The original "Right" in France was formed in reaction to the "Left" and comprised those supporting hierarchy, tradition, and [[clericalism]].<ref name="Carlisle" />{{rp|693}} The expression {{lang|fr|la droite}} ('the right') increased in use after the [[Bourbon Restoration in France#Second Restoration|restoration of the monarchy in 1815]], when it was applied to the [[ultra-royalist]]s.<ref>Gauchet, Marcel, "Right and Left" in Nora, Pierre, ed., ''Realms of Memory: Conflicts and Divisions'' (1996) pp. 247–248.</ref>

== Positions ==
The following positions are typically associated with right-wing politics.

=== Anti-communism ===
Early [[Communism|communists]] used the term "right-wing" in reference to conservatives, placing the conservatives on the right, the liberals in the centre and the communists on the left. Both the conservatives and the liberals were strongly [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]], although the conservatives' anti-communism was much stronger than liberals'. The history of the use of the term ''right-wing'' about anti-communism is a complicated one.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hendershot|first1=Cyndy|title=Anti-Communism and Popular Culture in Mid-Century America|date=2003|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0786414406|location=Jefferson, N.C.}}</ref>
[[File:За единую Россію.jpg|thumb|[[Anti-communism|Anti-communist]] propaganda poster depicting the [[White movement]] which says "For a united Russia", 1919]]
By [[World War I]], in most European monarchies, the [[divine right of kings]] had become discredited and was replaced by [[Liberalism|liberal]] and [[Nationalism|nationalist]] movements. Most European monarchs became figureheads, or they yielded some power to elected governments. The most conservative European monarchy, the Russian Empire, was replaced by the communist [[Soviet Union]]. The [[Russian Revolution]] inspired a series of other [[Revolutions of 1917–1923|communist revolutions across Europe in the years 1917–1923]]. Many of these, such as the [[German Revolution]], were defeated by nationalist and monarchist military units. During this period, nationalism began to be considered right-wing, especially when it opposed the internationalism of the communists.<ref name="sticks" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Revolutions / 1.0 / handbook |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/revolutions/#toc_russia |access-date=5 February 2025 |website=1914-1918-Online (WW1) Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref>

After [[World War II]], communism became a global phenomenon and anti-communism became an integral part of the domestic and foreign policies of the [[United States]] and its [[NATO]] allies. Conservatism in the post-war era abandoned its monarchist and aristocratic roots, focusing instead on patriotism, religious values, and nationalism. Throughout the [[Cold War]], postcolonial governments in [[Asia]], [[Africa]], and [[Latin America]] turned to the United States for political and economic support. Communists were also enemies of capitalism, portraying [[Wall Street]] as the oppressor of the masses. The United States made anti-communism the top priority of its foreign policy, and many American conservatives sought to combat what they saw as communist influence at home. This led to the adoption of several domestic policies that are collectively known under the term ''[[McCarthyism]]''. While both liberals and conservatives were anti-communist, the followers of Senator McCarthy were called ''right-wing'' and those on the right called liberals who favoured free speech, even for communists, ''leftist''.<ref name="sticks">{{Cite news|last=Nunberg|first=Geoffrey|date=17 April 2003|title=Sticks and Stones; The Defanging of a Radical Epithet|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/17/weekinreview/sticks-and-stones-the-defanging-of-a-radical-epithet.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2022 |title=What was the Cold War—and are we headed to another one? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/cold-war |access-date=5 February 2025 |website=Culture |language=en}}</ref>

=== Economics ===
{{Main|Capitalism|Corporatism}}

Early forms of corporatism would be developed in [[Classical Greece]] and used in [[Ancient Rome]]. Plato would develop the ideas of [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] corporatist systems of natural based classes and social hierarchies that would be organised based on function, such that groups would cooperate to achieve social harmony by emphasising [[Collectivism|collectives]] interests over [[Individualism|individual]] interests.<ref>Adler, Franklin Hugh. ''Italian Industrialists from Liberalism to Fascism: The Political Development of the Industrial Bourgeoisie, 1906–34''. p. 349.</ref><ref name="Wiarda1997">{{Cite book|last=Wiarda|first=Howard J.|title=Corporatism and comparative politics: the other great "ism"|date=1997|publisher=Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-716-3|series=Comparative politics series|location=Armonk, NY}}</ref> Corporatism as a [[political ideology]] advocates the organisation of society by [[Corporate group (sociology)|corporate groups]]—such as agricultural, labour, military, scientific, or guild associations—based on their common interests.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wiarda|first=Howard J.|url=https://archive.org/details/corporatismcompa0000wiar|title=Corporatism and Comparative Politics: The Other Great "Ism"|publisher=[[M.E. Sharpe]]|year=1997|pages=27,141}}</ref><ref name="Clarke, Paul A. B. 2001. Pp. 113">Clarke, Paul A. B; Foweraker, Joe. ''Encyclopedia of democratic thought''. [[London, UK]]; [[New York (state)|New York]]: [[Routledge]], 2001. Pp. 113</ref>

After the [[Decline of Rome|decline of the Western Roman Empire]] corporatism became limited to [[religious order]]s and to the idea of Christian brotherhood, especially in the context of economic transactions.<ref name="Wiarda1997" /> From the [[High Middle Ages]] onwards corporatist organisations became increasingly common in Europe, including such groups as religious orders, [[Monastery|monasteries]], [[Confraternity|fraternities]], [[Military order (religious society)|military orders]] such as the [[Knights Templar]] and the [[Teutonic Order]], educational organisations such as the emerging [[University|universities]] and [[Learned society|learned societies]], the [[Municipal charter|chartered]] [[German town law|towns]] and [[Free imperial city|cities]], and most notably the [[guild system]] which dominated the economics of population centres in [[Europe]].<ref name="Wiarda1997" />

In post-revolutionary France, the Right fought against the rising power of those who had grown rich through commerce, and sought to preserve the rights of the hereditary nobility. They were uncomfortable with capitalism, the Enlightenment, individualism, and industrialism, and fought to retain traditional social hierarchies and institutions.<ref name="Parliaments 1988 pp. 287–302" /><ref name="Appleby">{{cite book|last1=Marty|first1=Martin E.|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|last2=Appleby|first2=R. Scott|date=1994|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-50878-8|edition=2nd|location=Chicago|page=91|quote=Reactionary right-wing themes emphasizing authority, social hierarchy, and obedience, as well as condemnations of liberalism, the democratic ethos, the "rights of man" associated with the legacy of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, and the political and cultural ethos of modern liberal democracy are especially prominent in the writings and public statements of Archbishop Lefebvre.}}</ref> In Europe's history, there have been strong [[Collectivism and individualism|collectivist]] right-wing movements, such as in the social Catholic right, that have exhibited hostility to all forms of [[liberalism]] (including [[economic liberalism]]) and have historically advocated for paternalist class harmony involving an organic-hierarchical society where workers are protected while class hierarchy remains.<ref>Holland, J., ''Modern Catholic Social Teaching: The Popes Confront the Industrial Age'', 1740–1958. Paulist Press, 2003, p. 132.</ref>

In the 19th century, the Right had shifted to support the newly rich in some European countries (particularly Britain) and instead of favouring the nobility over industrialists, favoured capitalists over the working class. Other right-wing movements—such as [[Carlism]] in Spain and nationalist movements in France, Germany, and Russia—remained hostile to capitalism and industrialism. Nevertheless, a few right-wing movements—notably the French [[Nouvelle Droite]], [[CasaPound]], and American [[paleoconservatism]]—are often in opposition to capitalist ethics and the effects they have on society. These forces see capitalism and industrialism as infringing upon or causing the decay of social traditions or hierarchies that are essential for social order.<ref name="Fascism">{{cite book|last1=Payne|first1=Stanley G.|title=Fascism: Comparison and Definition|date=1983|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]]|isbn=978-0-299-08064-8|location=Madison, Wisc.|page=19|quote=Right radicals and conservative authoritarians almost without exception became corporatists in formal doctrines of political economy, but the fascists were less explicit and in general less schematic.}}</ref>

==== ''Laissez-faire'' schools ====
{{Main|Austrian school of economics|Chicago school of economics}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 3
| total_width = 350
| image1 = Portrait of Milton Friedman (3x4 cropped b).jpg
| image2 = Ludwig von Mises (3x4 cropped).jpg
| image3 = Friedrich Hayek portrait.jpg
| image4 =
| footer = L–R: [[Milton Friedman]], [[Ludwig von Mises]] and [[Friedrich Hayek]], 20th century economists belonging to the [[Chicago school of economics|Chicago]] and [[Austrian school of economics|Austrian]] schools of economics
}}
In modern times, "right-wing" is sometimes used to describe [[Laissez-faire|''laissez-faire'' capitalism]]. In Europe, capitalists formed alliances with the Right during their conflicts with workers after 1848. In 1871, the Austrian school came to be with the work of [[Carl Menger]], [[Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk]], [[Friedrich von Wieser]], and others,<ref>Joseph A. Schumpeter, History of economic analysis, Oxford University Press 1996, {{ISBN|978-0195105599}}.</ref> originating from methodologically opposition to the [[Historical school of economics|Historical school]], in a dispute known as ''[[Methodenstreit]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Birner |first1=Jack |url=https://archive.org/details/hayekcoordinatio0000unse |title=Hayek, Co-ordination and Evolution: His Legacy in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas |last2=van Zijp |first2=Rudy |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-415-09397-2 |location=London, New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/hayekcoordinatio0000unse/page/94 94]}}</ref> The Austrian school opposition to be [[Heterodox economics|heterodox]],<ref name="Boettke and Leeson">{{Cite book |last1=Boettke |first1=Peter J. |title=A Companion to the History of Economic Thought |last2=Leeson |first2=Peter T. |author2-link=Peter T. Leeson |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-631-22573-7 |editor=Samuels |editor-first=Warren |editor-link=Warren Samuels |pages=446–452 |chapter=28A: The Austrian School of Economics 1950–2000 |editor2=Biddle |editor-first2=Jeff E. |editor3=Davis |editor-first3=John B. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3H8gBQv5MysC&pg=PA445}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=December 31, 2011 |title=Heterodox economics: Marginal revolutionaries |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2011/12/31/marginal-revolutionaries |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222004727/http://www.economist.com/node/21542174 |archive-date=February 22, 2012 |access-date=February 22, 2012 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Denis |first1=Andy |date=2008 |title=Dialectics and the Austrian School: A Surprising Commonality in the Methodology of Heterodox Economics? |url=https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/3961/ |journal=The Journal of Philosophical Economics |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=151–173 |access-date=19 May 2022}}</ref> advocating strict adherence to [[methodological individualism]], the concept that social phenomena result primarily from the motivations and actions of individuals along with their [[self interest]]. Austrian-school theorists hold that economic theory should be exclusively derived from basic principles of human action.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Menger |first1=Carl |url=https://cdn.mises.org/principles_of_economics.pdf |title=Principles of Economics |publisher=Ludwig von Mises Institute |year=2007 |location=Auburn, Alabama |language=en-us |translator-last1=Dingwall |translator-first1=James |orig-date=1871 |translator-last2=Hoselitz |translator-first2=Bert F.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Heath |first=Joseph |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/methodological-individualism/ |title=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=1 May 2018 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |access-date=1 May 2018 |via=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref><ref name="Mises_Action">Ludwig von Mises. [[Human Action]], p. 11, "Purposeful Action and Animal Reaction". Referenced 2011-11-23.</ref>

In France, the Right's support of capitalism can be traced to the late 19th century.<ref name="Knapp" /> The so-called [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] Right, popularised by [[US President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[UK Prime Minister]] [[Margaret Thatcher]], combines support for [[free markets]], [[privatisation]], and [[deregulation]] with traditional right-wing support for social conformity.<ref name="Lukes" />

=== Nationalism ===
{{Main|Nationalism}}
[[File:Koki2600.jpg|thumb|1940 postcard marking the 2600th anniversary of the [[Emperor Jimmu|mythical foundation of Japan]]. At the time, Japan was [[Kokkashugi|governed by an ultranationalist political regime]].]]
In France, [[nationalism]] was originally a left-wing and republican ideology.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Doyle|first1=William|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryoff00doyl|title=The Oxford History of the French Revolution|date=2002|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-925298-5|edition=2nd|location=Oxford [u.a.]|quote="An exuberant, uncompromising nationalism lay behind France's revolutionary expansion in the 1790s...", "The message of the French Revolution was that the people are sovereign; and in the two centuries since it was first proclaimed it has conquered the world."}}</ref> After [[Georges Ernest Boulanger|the period of ''boulangisme'']] and the [[Dreyfus affair]], nationalism became a trait of the right wing.<ref>[[Michel Winock|Winock, Michel]] (dir.), ''Histoire de l'extrême droite en France'' (1993).</ref> Right-wing nationalists sought to define and defend a "true" national identity from elements which they believed were corrupting that identity.<ref name="Knapp" /> Some were [[supremacism|supremacists]], who in accordance with [[scientific racism]] and [[social Darwinism]] applied the concept of "[[survival of the fittest]]" to [[nations]] and [[race (human categorization)|races]].<ref>Adams, Ian ''Political Ideology Today'' (2nd edition), Manchester University Press, 2002, p. 68.</ref>

Right-wing nationalism was influenced by [[Romantic nationalism]] in which the state derives its political legitimacy from the organic unity of those who it governs. This generally includes the language, race, culture, religion, and customs of the nation, all of which were "born" within its culture. Linked with right-wing nationalism is [[cultural conservatism]], which supports the preservation of the heritage of a nation or culture and often sees deviations from cultural norms as an existential threat.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ramet|first1=Sabrina|title=The Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989|last2=Griffin|first2=Roger|date=1999|publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University Press]]|isbn=978-0271018119|location=University Park}}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2016}}

In the 21st century, [[neo-nationalism]] came to prominence after the [[Cold War]] in the [[Western world]]. It is typically associated with cultural conservatism, [[right-wing populism|populism]], [[anti-globalization movement|anti-globalisation]], and [[nativism (politics)|nativism]] and is [[anti-immigration|opposed to immigration]]. The [[ideology]] takes historical association in determining membership in a nation, rather than [[racism|racial concepts]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Barber|first=Tony|date=2016-07-11|title=A renewed nationalism is stalking Europe|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/53fc4518-4520-11e6-9b66-0712b3873ae1|access-date=2023-09-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Neo-Nationalism - ECPS|url=https://www.populismstudies.org/Vocabulary/neo-nationalism/|access-date=2023-09-23|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Natural law and traditionalism ===
Right-wing politics typically justifies a hierarchical society based on [[natural law]] or [[tradition]].<ref name="T. Alexander Smith 2003. p. 30" /><ref name="Allan Cameron pg. 37" /><ref name="Fuchs, D. 1990. p. 203"/><ref name="Lukes" /><ref name="Clark"/><ref name="autogenerated68">''Left and right: the significance of a political distinction'', Norberto Bobbio and Allan Cameron, pg. 68, [[University of Chicago Press]], 1997.</ref>

Traditionalism was advocated by a group of United States university professors (labelled the "New Conservatives" by the popular press) who rejected the concepts of [[individualism]], [[liberalism]], [[modernity]], and [[social progress]], seeking instead to promote what they identified as cultural and educational renewal.<ref>Bruce Frohnen, Jeremy Beer and Jeffrey O. Nelson, ed. (2006) ''American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia'' Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, p. 870.</ref>

=== Populism ===
{{Main article|Right-wing populism}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 3
| total_width = 250
| image_style = border:none
| image1 = 2020-03-24 Pronunciamento do Presidente da República, Jair Bolsonaro em Rede Nacional de Rádio e Televisão - 49695919452 (cropped 2).jpg
| alt1 =
| image3 = 2025-02-17 ARD-Wahlarena zur Bundestagswahl 2025 by Sandro Halank–051.jpg
| alt3 =
| image4 = Official portrait of Nigel Farage MP crop 2.jpg
| alt4 =
| image5 = Kaczyński & Orbán (2017).jpg
| alt5 =
| footer = 21st century right-wing populists seen from left to right, top to bottom: [[Jair Bolsonaro]], [[Alice Weidel]], [[Nigel Farage]], [[Jarosław Kaczyński]] and [[Viktor Orbán]]
}}

[[Right-wing populism]] is a combination of [[Civic nationalism|civic-nationalism]], [[Cultural nationalism|cultural-nationalism]] and sometimes [[Ethnic nationalism|ethno-nationalism]], [[Localism (politics)|localism]], along with [[anti-elitism]], using populist rhetoric to provide a critique of existing political institutions.<ref>[[Cas Mudde|Mudde, Cas]] and Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal (2017) ''Populism: a Very Short Introduction''. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.14-15, 72-73. {{isbn|978-0-19-023487-4}}</ref> According to Margaret Canovan, a right-wing populist is "a charismatic leader, using the tactics of politicians' populism to go past the politicians and intellectual elite and appeal to the reactionary sentiments of the populace, often buttressing his claim to speak for the people by the use of referendums".<ref name="Canovan">{{cite book|last1=Canovan|first1=Margaret|url=https://archive.org/details/populism00cano|title=Populism|date=1981|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|isbn=978-0151730780|edition=1st|location=New York}}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2016}}

In Europe, right-wing populism often takes the form of distrust of the [[European Union]], and of politicians in general, combined with [[anti-immigrant]] rhetoric and a call for a return to traditional, national values.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hayward|first1=Jack|title=Elitism, Populism, and European Politics|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0198280354|location=Oxford}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=March 2026}} Daniel Stockemer states, the radical right is, "Targeting immigrants as a threat to employment, security and cultural cohesion".<ref name="Daniel Stockemer 2016">Daniel Stockemer, "Structural data on immigration or immigration perceptions? What accounts for the electoral success of the radical right in Europe?." ''JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies'' 54.4 (2016): 999-1016.</ref>

In the United States, the [[Tea Party movement]] stated that the core beliefs for membership were the primacy of individual liberties as defined by the Constitution of the United States, preference for a small federal government, and respect for the rule of law. Some policy positions included opposition to illegal immigration and support for a strong national military force, the right to individual gun ownership, cutting taxes, reducing government spending, and balancing the budget.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 September 2004|title=About Us|url=http://www.teaparty.org/about-us/|access-date=15 November 2016|publisher=Tea Party|archive-date=18 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418102733/http://www.teaparty.org/about-us/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In Indonesia, Islamic populism has a significant impact on right-wing politics.<ref name="Hadiz2018">{{Cite journal |last=Hadiz |first=Vedi R. |date=2018-08-08 |title=Imagine All the People? Mobilising Islamic Populism for Right-Wing Politics in Indonesia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00472336.2018.1433225 |journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia |language=en |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=566–583 |doi=10.1080/00472336.2018.1433225 |issn=0047-2336|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This is largely due to the historical context which Islamic organisations had during the 1960s in destroying the Indonesian Communist Party.<ref name="Hadiz2018" /> Whilst the party is adopting democratic processes with neo-liberal market economies, socially pluralist positions are not necessarily adopted.<ref name="Hadiz2018" /> The Islamic populism in Indonesia has boosted its influence in 1998 after the demise of the Suharto authoritarian regime.<ref name="Hadiz2018" /> Islamic populism in Indonesia has similar properties with Islamic populist regimes like in the Middle East, Turkey and North Africa (MENA).<ref name="Hadiz2018" /> The emphasis on social justice, pluralism, equality and progressive agendas could be potentially mobilised by Islamic cultural resources.<ref name="Hadiz2018" />

In India, supporters of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) have more authoritarian, nativist, and populist ideas than other Indian citizens. Under Narendra Modi, populism is a core part of the party's ideology. The party's rhetoric reflects the idea is that the ordinary, "good" individuals are continuously under attack from "bad" political forces, the media, etc. Since Narendra Modi became the leader of the BJP, it has increasingly been considered a populist radical right party (PRR) and has also been considered a Hindu nationalist party.<ref name="AmmassariFossatiMcDonnell2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Ammassari |first1=Sofia |last2=Fossati |first2=Diego |last3=McDonnell |first3=Duncan |date=October 2023 |title=Supporters of India's BJP: Distinctly Populist and Nativist |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0017257X22000185/type/journal_article |journal=Government and Opposition |language=en |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=807–823 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.18 |hdl=10072/415334 |issn=0017-257X |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
In ''[[Demons (Dostoevsky novel)|The Possessed]]'' (1872) and ''[[The Brothers Karamazov]]'' (1880), [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]] portrayed socialism as an attempt to build a kingdom of Man as opposed to [[Kingdom of God (Christianity)|kingdom of God]]. According to Dostoevsky himself, the intention of the latter book was to portray "the seed of the idea of destruction in our time in Russia among the young people uprooted from reality". This seed is depicted as: "the rejection not of God but of the meaning of His creation. Socialism has sprung from the denial of the meaning of historical reality and ended in a programme of destruction and anarchism".<ref>Letter of May 10, 1879, quoted in {{cite book |last=Frank |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Frank (writer) |title=Dostoevsky A Writer in his Time |date=2010 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691128191 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/dostoevskywriter00fran/page/n5/mode/2up |page=788}}</ref>
In his 1931 encyclical ''[[Quadragesimo anno|Quadragesimo Anno]]'', [[Pope Pius XI]] wrote that "true socialism" was irreconcilable with the teachings of the [[Catholic Church]] "because its concept of society itself is utterly foreign to Christian truth", stating:<ref name="autogenerated122">''Quadragesimo anno'', 115–118</ref>{{Quote|text="For, according to Christian teaching, man, endowed with a social nature, is placed on this earth so that by leading a life in society and under an authority ordained of God he may fully cultivate and develop all his faculties unto the praise and glory of his Creator; and that by faithfully fulfilling the duties of his craft or other calling he may obtain for himself temporal and at the same time eternal happiness. Socialism, on the other hand, wholly ignoring and indifferent to this sublime end of both man and society, affirms that human association has been instituted for the sake of material advantage alone"|author=Pope Pius XI|title=''[[Quadragesimo Anno]]'', 15 May 1931}}American right-wing media outlets oppose sex outside marriage and [[same-sex marriage]], and they sometimes reject scientific positions on [[evolution]] and other matters where science is perceived to disagree with the [[Bible]].<ref>{{cite book|last=DeGette|first=Diana|url=https://archive.org/details/sexsciencestemce00dege|title=Sex, Science, and Stem Cells: Inside the Right Wing Assault on Reason|publisher=[[The Lyons Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59921-431-3}}</ref><ref>Chris Mooney, ''The Republican War on Science: Revised and Updated'', ASIN: B001OQOIPM</ref>

The term ''[[family values]]'' has been used by right-wing parties—such as the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] in the United States, the [[Family First Party]] in Australia, the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] in the United Kingdom, and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in India—to signify support for traditional families and opposition to the changes the modern world has made in how families live. Supporters of "family values" may oppose [[abortion]], [[euthanasia]], and [[birth control]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2004 Republican Party Platform: A Safer World and a More Hopeful America|url=http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/Sections/News/Politics/Conventions/RNC-2004platform.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523005435/http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/Sections/News/Politics/Conventions/RNC-2004platform.pdf|archive-date=23 May 2012|access-date=23 July 2012|publisher=MSNBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.salon.com/2019/07/05/how-did-the-republican-party-become-so-conservative/|title=How did the Republican Party become so conservative?|work=Salon|last=Rozsa|first=Matthew|date=July 5, 2019|access-date=March 7, 2022|quote=To understand how the Republican Party became associated with right-wing politics — and, for that matter, how the Democratic Party became associated with a left-wing, progressive philosophy — it is essential to understand the history of the Grand Old Party.}}</ref>

Outside the [[Western world|West]], the [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist movement]] has attracted privileged groups which fear encroachment on their dominant positions, as well as "plebeian" and impoverished groups which seek recognition around a majoritarian rhetoric of cultural pride, order, and national strength.<ref>Thomas Blom Hansen, ''The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India'', Princeton University Press, 2001, {{ISBN|1-4008-0342-X}}, 9781400803422.</ref>

In [[Israel]], [[Meir Kahane]] advocated the belief that Israel should be a [[Theocracy|theocratic state]], where non-[[Jews]] have no voting rights,<ref>{{cite web|title=Israel's Ayatollahs: Meir Kahane and the Far Right in Israel|url=http://kahane.org/meir/interview.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219141224/http://kahane.org/meir/interview.htm|archive-date=19 February 2009|quote="Any non-Jew, including the Arabs, can have the status of a foreign resident in Israel if he accepts the law of the Halacha. I don't differentiate between Arabs and non-Arabs. The only difference I make is between Jews and non-Jews. If a non-Jew wants to live here, he must agree to be a foreign resident, be he Arab or not. He does not have and cannot have national rights in Israel. He can have civil rights, social rights, but he cannot be a citizen; he won't have the right to vote. Again, whether he's Arab or not."}}</ref> and the far-right [[Lehava]] strictly opposes Jewish assimilation and the Christian presence in Israel.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rubin|first1=Shira|title=Good Will and Peace Towards Men Elusive This Year in Nazareth|url=https://forward.com/news/327875/good-will-and-peace-towards-men-elusive-this-year-in-nazareth/|website=Forward|date=24 December 2015}}</ref> In the United States, the [[Jewish Defence League]] (JDL) was classified as "a right wing terrorist group" by the FBI in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|title=FBI — Terrorism 2000/2001|url=https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/terror|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation}}</ref> Many [[Islamism|Islamist]] groups have been called right-wing, including the [[Great Union Party]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Demirtas, Burcu|date=27 March 2009|title=Rescue Teams Could Not Reach Turkish Party Leader, Muhsin Yazicioglu after Helicopter Crash|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/68827/rescue-teams-could-not-reach-turkish-party-leader-muhsin-yazicioglu-after-helicopter-crash.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305234419/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/68827/rescue-teams-could-not-reach-turkish-party-leader-muhsin-yazicioglu-after-helicopter-crash.html|archive-date=5 March 2012|access-date=1 June 2012|publisher=Turkishweekly.net|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the [[Combatant Clergy Association]]/Association of Militant Clergy,<ref>{{cite web|date=Fall 2007|title=Readings|url=http://www.uvm.edu/~fgause/168read.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006083545/http://www.uvm.edu/~fgause/168read.htm|archive-date=6 October 2012|access-date=1 June 2012|publisher=uvm.edu|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=10 February 2000|author-first1=Jim|author-last1=Muir|title=Poll test for Iran reformists|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/623899.stm|access-date=1 June 2012}}</ref> and the [[Islamic Society of Engineers]] of Iran.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 May 1997|title=Middle East Report Online: Iran's Conservatives Face the Electorate, by Arang Keshavarzian|url=http://www.merip.org/mero/mero020101.html|access-date=13 May 2010|publisher=Merip.org|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030242/http://merip.org/mero/mero020101.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Mahjoob Zweiri, ''Iran and the rise of its neoconservatives: the politics of Tehran's silent revolution'', I.B. Tauris, 2007.</ref>

=== Social stratification ===
[[File:Kirk 1962.jpg|thumb|American political philosopher [[Russell Kirk]] in 1962|upright=0.9]]
Right-wing politics involves, to varying degrees, the rejection of some [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]] objectives of [[left-wing politics]], based on the belief that [[Social inequality|social]] or [[economic inequality]] is natural and inevitable or the belief that it is beneficial to society.<ref name="autogenerated68" /> Right-wing ideologies and movements support [[social order]]. The original French right-wing was called "the party of order" and held that France needed a strong political leader to keep order.<ref name="Knapp" />

Conservative British scholar R. J. White, who rejects egalitarianism, wrote: "Men are equal before God and the laws, but they are unequal in all else; hierarchy is the order of nature, and privilege is the reward of honourable service".<ref name="autogenerated2003">Moyra Grant. ''Key Ideas in Politics''. Cheltenham, England, UK: Nelson Thornes, Ltd., 2003. p. 52.</ref> American conservative [[Russell Kirk]] also rejected egalitarianism as imposing sameness, stating: "Men are created different; and a government that ignores this law becomes an unjust government for it sacrifices nobility to mediocrity".<ref name="autogenerated2003" /> Italian scholar [[Norberto Bobbio]] argued that the right-wing is inegalitarian compared to the left-wing, as he argued that equality is a relative, not absolute, concept.<ref>Bobbio, Norberto. Left and right: The significance of a political distinction. University of Chicago Press, 1996, pp.60-62</ref>

[[Right-libertarianism|Right-libertarians]] reject collective or state-imposed equality as undermining rewards for personal merits, initiatives, and enterprise.<ref name="autogenerated2003" /> In their view, such imposed equality is unjust, limits personal freedom, and leads to social uniformity and mediocrity.<ref name="autogenerated2003" />

In the view of philosopher [[Jason Stanley]] in ''[[How Fascism Works]]'', the "politics of hierarchy" is one of the hallmarks of [[fascism]], which refers to a "glorious past" in which members of the rightfully dominant group sat atop the hierarchy, and attempt to recreate this state of being.<ref>[[Jason Stanley|Stanley, Jason]] (2018) ''How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them''. New York: Random House. p.13. {{Isbn|978-0-52551183-0}}</ref>

== History ==
According to ''[[The Cambridge History of Political Thought|The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought]]'' (2003), the Right has gone through five distinct historical stages:<ref>Ball, T. and R. Bellamy, eds., ''The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought'', pp. 610–12.</ref>
# The reactionary right sought a return to [[aristocracy]] and [[State religion|established religion]].
# The moderate right [[Anti-intellectualism|distrusted intellectuals]] and advocated the establishment of limited governments.
# The [[Far-right politics|radical right]] espoused a [[Romantic nationalism|romantic]] and an aggressive form of [[nationalism]].
# The extreme right explicitly advocated the implementation of [[Opposition to immigration|anti-immigration]] policies and it implicitly espoused [[racism]].
# The [[Neoliberalism|neo-liberal]] right sought to combine a market economy and economic deregulation with the traditional right-wing beliefs in [[patriotism]], elitism and law and order.<ref name="Clark"/>{{page needed|date=August 2018}}

From the 1830s to the 1880s, the [[Western world]]'s [[social class]] structure and economy shifted from [[nobility]] and [[aristocracy]] towards [[capitalism]].<ref>Alan S. Kahan. ''Mind Vs. Money: The War Between Intellectuals and Capitalism''. New Brunswick, New Jersey: [[Transaction Publishers]], 2010. p. 88.</ref> This shift affected [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]] movements such as the [[Conservative Party (UK)|British Conservative Party]], which responded supporting capitalism.<ref>Ian Adams. ''Political Ideology Today''. Manchester, England, UK; New York, New York, US: [[Manchester University Press]], 2001. p. 57.</ref>

The populations of [[English-speaking countries]] did not apply the terms ''right'' and ''left'' to their politics until the 20th century.<ref>''The English Ideology: Studies in the Language of Victorian Politics'', George Watson Allen Lane, London, 1973, p. 94.</ref> The term ''right-wing'' was originally applied to [[Traditionalist conservatism|traditional conservatives]], [[Monarchism|monarchists]], and reactionaries; a revision of this which occurred sometime between the 1920s and 1950s considers the ''[[extreme right-wing|far-right]] to'' denote [[fascism]], [[Nazism]], and [[racial supremacy]].<ref>Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan, ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics'', ''Right (-wing)...and for extreme right parties racism and fascism.'', p. 465, Oxford, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-19-920780-0}}.</ref>

Rightist regimes were common in Europe in the [[Interwar period]], 1919–1938.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bresciani |first=Marco |date=2021-01-01 |title=Conservatives and Right Radicals in Interwar Europe |url=https://www.academia.edu/44836859 |journal=Conservatives and Right Radicals in Interwar Europe}}</ref>

=== China ===
{{see also|Conservatism in China}}
==== Republic of China (1912–1949) ====
{{See also|Chiangism|Dai Jitao Thought}}
[[file:Chiang Kai-shek (3x4 cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Chiang Kai-shek]], {{circa|1943}}]]
Among [[Kuomintang]] (KMT)'s conservatives during the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], [[Dai Jitao]] and [[Hu Hanmin]] supporters formed the right-wing [[Western Hills Group]] in the [[1920s]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=A. Wells |title=The Political Thought of Sun Yat-sen: Development and Impact |date= October 29, 2001 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |pages=228}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Jack Gray |title=Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1800s to 2000 |quote=... from positions of influence not only the Communists and their allies of the left-wing Guomindang but also the right-wing Western Hills Group. |date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=228}}</ref>

[[Chiang Kai-shek]] initially claimed himself as a 'centrist' in the KMT left-right conflict, but became an anti-communist right-wing after [[Shanghai massacre]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Donald A. Jordan |title=The Northern Expedition: China's National Revolution of 1926–1928 |date=31 March 2019 |publisher=Humanities Open Books program, a joint initiative of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation |page=50}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Peter Gue Zarrow |title=China in War and Revolution, 1895–1949 |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |page=239}}</ref> Within the Kuomintang, both right-wing and left-wing factions existed, but the [[National Revolutionary Army]] was Chiang's led by the right-wing Kuomintang.<ref name="CKS">{{cite book |editor1=Christopher R. Lew |editor2=Edwin Pak-wah Leung |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WYSAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22right-wing%22+%22National+Revolutionary+Army%22&pg=PA246 |title=
Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil War |quote=By late 1926, the GMD leadership had split into Jiang's right-wing faction, which controlled the National Revolutionary Army (NRA), and the GMD left wing, which was allied with the Communists. |page=246 |date=July 29, 2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7874-7 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=John Ashley Soames Grenville |title=A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century |quote=The right wing of the Kuomintang controlled the national revolutionary army it was organising. |page=77 |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge }}</ref>

==== People's Republic of China ====
[[Conservatism in China#Neoauthoritarianism|Neoauthoritarianism]] is a current of political thought that rose in China in the late 1980s and came into ascendancy after the death of [[Deng Xiaoping]]; it advocates a powerful state to facilitate [[Reform and Opening Up|market reforms]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bramall |first=Chris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9Rr-M8MXAEC&pg=PA475 |title=Chinese Economic Development |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-19051-5}}</ref> It has been described as right-wing, [[Traditionalist conservatism|classically conservative]] even though it incorporated some aspects of Marxist–Leninist and [[Maoism|Maoist]] theories.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Yuezhi Zhao |title=Communication in China: Political Economy, Power, and Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdNqAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22right+-+wing+ideology+of+neo-+authoritarianism%22&pg=PA170 |date=March 20, 2008 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |pages=170|isbn=978-0-7425-7428-1 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sautman|first=Barry|author-link=Barry Sautman|date=1992|title=Sirens of the Strongman: Neo-Authoritarianism in Recent Chinese Political Theory|journal=[[The China Quarterly]]|volume=129|issue=129|pages=72–102|doi=10.1017/S0305741000041230|issn=0305-7410|jstor=654598|s2cid=154374469}}</ref> Since Xi took office as [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP general secretary]] and became the [[Paramount leader|top leader]] in November 2012, [[social conservatism]] has been strengthened, including the traditional gender role for women<ref name="Time">{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/6330091/china-population-xi-childbirth-culture/ |title=Facing Population Decline, China's Xi Promotes 'Childbirth Culture' for Women |date=31 October 2023 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> and accelerated crackdown on LGBTQ+ activism.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 May 2023 |title=Why the Communist Party fears gay rights |url=https://www.economist.com/china/2023/05/25/why-the-communist-party-fears-gay-rights |access-date= 5 Dec 2025 |work=[[The Economist]]}}</ref>

=== France ===
{{See also|Conservatism in France}}
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Portrait of Joseph de Maistre (cropped).jpg
| image2 = De Gaulle-OWI (cropped)-(c).jpg
| caption1 = [[Joseph de Maistre]] (1753–1821)
| caption2 = [[Charles de Gaulle]] (1890–1970)
| total_width = 350
}}

Throughout [[France in the 19th century]], the main line dividing the left and right was between supporters of the republic and those of the monarchy, who were often secularist and Catholic respectively.<ref name="Knapp">{{cite book|author=Andrew Knapp and Vincent Wright|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67ttjXHhT3wC&q=the+government+and+politics+of+france|title=The Government and Politics of France|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-35732-6}}</ref>

=== Hungary ===
The dominance of the political right of [[Hungary between the two world wars|inter-war Hungary]], after the collapse of a short-lived Communist regime, was described by historian [[István Deák]]:
:Between 1919 and 1944 Hungary was a rightist country. Forged out of a counter-revolutionary heritage, its governments advocated a "nationalist Christian" policy; they extolled heroism, faith, and unity; they despised the French Revolution, and they spurned the liberal and socialist ideologies of the 19th century. The governments saw Hungary as a bulwark against [[bolshevism]] and bolshevism's instruments: [[socialism]], [[cosmopolitanism]], and [[Freemasonry]]. They perpetrated the rule of a small clique of aristocrats, civil servants, and army officers, and surrounded with adulation the head of the state, the counterrevolutionary [[Miklós Horthy|Admiral Horthy]].<ref>István Deák, "Hungary" in Hans Roger and Egon Weber, eds., ''The European right: A historical profile'' (1963), p. 364–407 quoting p. 364.</ref>

=== India ===
{{see also|Conservatism in India}}
Although [[Freedom fighters of India|freedom fighters]] are favoured, the right-wing tendency to elect or appoint politicians and government officials based on aristocratic and religious ties is common to almost all the states of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://origins.osu.edu/article/right-wing-politics-india-Modi-Kashmir-election|title=Right wing politics in India, by Archana Venkatesh|publisher=osu.edu|date=1 October 2019|access-date=November 11, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hindutva-enters-takes-centre-stage-andhra-pradesh-politics-134277|title=Hindutva enters, takes centre-stage in Andhra Pradesh politics, by Balakrishna Ganeshan|publisher=thenewsminute.com|date=1 October 2020|access-date=November 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Global-Rise-of-Right-Wing-Populism-Modi-Cultural-Sociology|title=India Will Move Beyond Modi, his Party, and Right Wing Populism, by Ajay Gudavarthy|work=NewsClick |publisher=newsclick.in|date=11 July 2020|access-date=November 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rao|first1=Jaithirth|title=The Indian Conservative : A History of Indian Right-Wing Thought|date=25 October 2019|publisher=Juggernaut Press|location= New Delhi|isbn=978-9353450625|page=280|edition=First}}</ref> Multiple political parties, however, identify with terms and beliefs which are, by political consensus, right- or left-wing. Certain political parties such as the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], identify with conservative<ref>{{Cite journal|last=IWANEK|first=Krzysztof|title=Is the BJP Conservative?|s2cid-access=free|date=2019|journal=Politeja|volume=16|issue=59|pages=55–72|doi=10.12797/Politeja.16.2019.59.04|jstor=26916353|s2cid=212822106|issn=1733-6716|doi-access=free}}</ref> and nationalist elements. Some, such as the [[Indian National Congress]], take a liberal stance. The [[Communist Party of India]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], and others, identify with left-wing socialist and communist concepts. Other political parties take differing stands, and hence cannot be clearly grouped as the left and the right wing.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-04-24|title=Left-wing or Right-wing: Why labels simply don't capture India|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/left-wing-or-right-wing-why-labels-simply-dont-capture-india-721481.html|first1=Sagarika|last1=Ghose|access-date=2021-02-18|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
{{see also|Conservatism in the United Kingdom}}
[[File:Sir Winston Churchill - 19086236948.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Winston Churchill]] in 1941]]
In British politics, the terms ''right'' and ''left'' came into common use for the first time in the late 1930s during debates over the [[Spanish Civil War]].<ref>[[Charles Loch Mowat]], ''Britain Between the Wars: 1918–1940'' (1955), p. 577.</ref>

The [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], one of the country's two main political parties, is placed on the centre-right{{refn|name=inac|<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bale |first=Tim |date=2018 |title=Who leads and who follows? The symbiotic relationship between UKIP and the Conservatives – and populism and Euroscepticism |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0263395718754718 |journal=Politics |language=en |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=263–277 |doi=10.1177/0263395718754718 |issn=0263-3957 |quote=This article makes clear that UKIP's achievement cannot be understood without taking into account both the populist interventions and the internal politics of its mainstream centre-right competitor. We cannot, in other words, understand populist Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom unless we appreciate that, as this article has shown, the Conservatives, not UKIP, were the United Kingdom's first populist Eurosceptic party...|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Webb |first1=Paul |last2=Bale |first2=Tim |date=2014 |title=Why Do Tories Defect to UKIP? Conservative Party Members and the Temptations of the Populist Radical Right |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9248.12130 |journal=Political Studies |language=en |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=961–970 |doi=10.1111/1467-9248.12130 |issn=0032-3217 |quote=For one thing, as we have already suggested, the problems posed by UKIP for the Conservatives are akin to those posed to other European centre-right parties by populist radical right challengers: there is no prima facie reason to think that if large numbers of the Tory rank-and-file are considering switching their vote to UKIP that the same does not apply to, say, members of the ÖVP in Austria (who might switch to the FPÖ), or of the Dutch VVD and CDA (who might vote for the PVV), or of Denmark's Venstre (who might cast their ballot for the DF), or of KOK in Finland (who might be tempted by the Finns Party), or even of the French UMP (who might plump for Marine Le Pen's FN).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ford |first1=Robert |last2=Goodwin |first2=Matthew J. |last3=Cutts |first3=David |date=2012 |title=Strategic Eurosceptics and Polite Xenophobes: Support for the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) in the 2009 European Parliament Elections |url=https://ejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.01994.x |journal=European Journal of Political Research |language=en |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=204–234 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.01994.x |issn=0304-4130 |quote=The more strident Euroscepticism of the Conservative Party under David Cameron, who has withdrawn the party from the pro-integration European People's Party, appointed the strongly Eurosceptic William Hague as foreign secretary and at the 2010 general election ﬁelded the most Eurosceptic slate of Westminster candidates in recent history, suggest the centre-right Tories have recognised the discontent among strategic UKIP supporters and are attempting to win them back.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carter |first1=Neil |last2=Pearson |first2=Mitya |date=2022-11-22 |title=From green crap to net zero: Conservative climate policy 2015–2022 |journal=British Politics |volume=19 |pages=154–174 |language=en |doi=10.1057/s41293-022-00222-x |issn=1746-918X |pmc=9684876 |pmid=38625241 |quote=European centre-right parties often face common strategic challenges, such as competition from the radical right, but the UK Conservative Party case study shows that responding to these challenges does not necessarily demand the abandonment of climate commitments.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Geoffrey |last2=de Geus |first2=Roosmarijn |last3=Green |first3=Jane |date=2023 |title=Boris Johnson to the Rescue? How the Conservatives Won the Radical-Right Vote in the 2019 General Election |journal=Political Studies |language=en |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=984–1005 |doi=10.1177/00323217211051191 |issn=0032-3217 |quote=...By the 2019 election, however, support for UKIP and its successor anti-EU party, the Brexit Party, was effectively ended, at least for the time being. The primary beneficiaries of this electoral elimination were the Conservative Party – the mainstream centre–right party.|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abou-Chadi |first1=Tarik |last2=Cohen |first2=Denis |last3=Wagner |first3=Markus |date=2021 |title=The centre-right versus the radical right: the role of migration issues and economic grievances |journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=366–384 |doi=10.1080/1369183X.2020.1853903 |quote=Specifically, the centre-right contains Christian Democratic parties such as the German CDU, Conservative parties such as the British Tories or the French Gaullists, and classically Liberal parties such as Venstre in Denmark or the VVD in the Netherlands.}}</ref>}} to right-wing{{refn|name=accu|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keating |first1=Michael |editor-first1=Javier |editor-first2=Cristina |editor-last1=Cremades |editor-last2=Hermida |author-link=Michael Keating (political scientist)|chapter=Scotland's Constitutional Odyssey|title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Constitutionalism |date=2024 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=London; Berlin |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-31739-7 |isbn=978-3-319-31739-7|quote=It was also, like the Labour Party at the same time, able to play the European center-left against the dominant rightwing Conservative Party.|url=https://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1007/978-3-319-31739-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turnbull-Dugarte |first1=Stuart J. |title=Do Opportunistic Snap Elections Affect Political Trust? Evidence from a Natural Experiment |quote=H2a assumes right-leaning voters are congruent with the incumbent right-wing Conservative party|journal=[[European Journal of Political Research]]|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|location=New York/Oxford|date=February 2023 |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=308–325 |doi=10.1111/1475-6765.12531|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Ba23>{{cite book|last1=Bale|first1=Tim|author-link=Tim Bale|title=The Conservative Party After Brexit: Turmoil and Transformation|date=March 2023|publisher=[[Polity (publisher)|Polity]]|pages=3–8, 291, ''[[et passim]]''|location=Cambridge|quote=[...] rather than the installation of a supposedly more 'technocratic' cabinet halting and even reversing any transformation on the part of the Conservative Party from a mainstream centre-right formation into an ersatz radical right-wing populist outfit, it could just as easily accelerate and accentuate it. Of course, radical right-wing populist parties are about more than migration and, indeed, culture wars more generally. Typically, they also put a premium on charismatic leadership and, if in office, on the rights of the executive over other branches of government and any intermediate institutions. And this is exactly what we have seen from the Conservative Party since 2019|isbn=9781509546015|access-date=12 September 2023|url=https://www.politybooks.com/bookdetail?book_slug=the-conservative-party-after-brexit-turmoil-and-transformation--9781509546015|archive-date=14 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914194203/https://www.politybooks.com/bookdetail?book_slug=the-conservative-party-after-brexit-turmoil-and-transformation--9781509546015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=deGSh22>{{cite book |last1=de Geus |first1=Roosmarijn A. |last2=Shorrocks |first2=Rosalind |title=Sell-Outs or Warriors for Change? A Comparative Look at Conservative Women in Politics in Democracies |date=2022|chapter=Where Do Female Conservatives Stand? A Cross-National Analysis of the Issue Positions and Ideological Placement of Female Right-Wing Candidates|editor-last1=Och|editor-last2=Shames|editor-last3=Cooperman|editor-first1=Malliga|editor-first2=Shauna|editor-first3=Rosalyn |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon/New York |isbn=9781032346571 |pages=1–29 |quote=[R]ight-wing parties are also increasing the presence of women within their ranks. Prominent female European leaders include Theresa May (until recently) and Angela Merkel, from the right-wing Conservative Party in the UK and the Christian Democratic Party in Germany respectively.|url=https://www.routledge.com/Sell-Outs-or-Warriors-for-Change-A-Comparative-Look-at-Conservative-W/Cooperman-Och-Shames/p/book/9781032346571}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alonso |first1=José M. |last2=Andrews |first2=Rhys |title=Political Ideology and Social Services Contracting: Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design |journal=[[Public Administration Review]] |date=September 2020 |location=Hoboken |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=743–754 |doi=10.1111/puar.13177|s2cid=214198195 |url=https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/129657/1/Politics%20of%20contracting%20RDD%20-%20Alonso%20and%20Andrews.pdf |quote=In particular, there is a clear partisan division between the main left-wing party (Labour) and political parties with pronounced pro-market preferences, such as the right-wing Conservative Party}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alzuabi |first1=Raslan |last2=Brown |first2=Sarah |last3=Taylor |first3=Karl |title=Charitable behaviour and political affiliation: Evidence for the UK |journal=[[Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics]]|location=Amsterdam|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|doi-access=free|quote=...alignment to the Liberal Democrats (centre to left wing) and the Green Party (left wing) are positively associated with charitable behaviour at both the extensive and intensive margins, relative to being aligned with the right wing Conservative Party.|date=October 2022 |volume=100 |article-number=101917 |doi=10.1016/j.socec.2022.101917}}</ref>}} of the left–right political spectrum. [[Reform UK]] is situated on the right wing of the political spectrum, generally to the Conservative Party's right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2024 |title=All of Farage's Reform UK pledges on immigration – and how the Tories compare |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/all-of-farages-reform-uk-pledges-on-immigration-and-how-the-tories-compare-3091059 |website=i (newspaper)}}</ref><ref name="John Curtice, 20242">{{cite news |last=Curtice |first=John |date=16 February 2024 |title=John Curtice: By-election results leave Tories with mountain to climb |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-68305798 |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Scott |first=Geraldine |title=Tories fear Nigel Farage and Reform UK could deliver a red wall rout |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/tories-fear-nigel-farage-and-reform-uk-could-deliver-a-red-wall-rout-v0r9pnjt6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214024012/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/tories-fear-nigel-farage-and-reform-uk-could-deliver-a-red-wall-rout-v0r9pnjt6 |archive-date=14 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |work=The Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kenyon |first=Megan |date=2025-05-07 |title=Reform faces an uphill battle in power |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk-politics/2025/05/reform-faces-an-uphill-battle-in-power |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=New Statesman}}</ref>

=== United States ===
{{see also|Conservatism in the United States}}
{{Multiple issues|section=y|{{Expand section|date=March 2021}}}}
[[File:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg|upright=0.7|thumb|Official presidential portrait of [[Donald Trump]], 2025]]
In the United States, following the [[World War II|Second World War]], social conservatives joined forces with right-wing elements of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] to gain support among traditionally [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] voting populations like [[white southerners]] and [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholics]]. [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald Reagan's]] election to the presidency in 1980 cemented the alliance between the [[religious right in the United States]] and social conservatives.<ref>{{cite book|last=Farney|first=James|date=2012|title= Social Conservatives and Party Politics in Canada and the United States|url=https://eds.p.ebscohost.com/eds/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzY4Mjg4NF9fQU41?sid=bb8cd8b3-9f6c-43d7-948a-baba732e8bf0@redis&vid=5&format=EB|location=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|page=28|isbn=978-1-4426-1260-0}}</ref>

In 2019, the United States populace leaned [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]], with 37% of Americans self-identifying as [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]], compared to 35% moderate and 24% [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]]. This was continuing a decades-long trend of the country leaning centre-right.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/275792/remained-center-right-ideologically-2019.aspx|title=The U.S. Remained Center-Right, Ideologically, in 2019|date=9 January 2020|publisher=Gallup|access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>

The [[United States Department of Homeland Security]] defines right-wing extremism in the United States as "broadly divided into those groups, movements, and adherents that are primarily hate-oriented (based on hatred of particular religious, racial or ethnic groups), and those that are mainly anti-government, rejecting federal authority in favour of state or local authority, or rejecting government authority entirely. It may include groups and individuals that are dedicated to a single issue, such as opposition to abortion or immigration".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/eprint/rightwing.pdf|title=Rightwing Extremism: Current Economic and Political Climate Fueling Resurgence in Radicalization and Recruitment|publisher=United States Department of Homeland Security|access-date=16 October 2017|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120118205541/https://fas.org/irp/eprint/rightwing.pdf|archive-date=2012-01-18}}</ref>

== Types ==
The meaning of right-wing "varies across societies, historical epochs, and political systems and ideologies".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Augoustinos|first1=Martha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CYjEwFRPEQgC&pg=PA230|title=Social Cognition: An Integrated Introduction|last2=Walker|first2=Iain|last3=Donaghue|first3=Ngaire|date=2006|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=9780761942191|edition=2nd|location=London|page=320}}</ref> According to ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics'', in liberal democracies, the political right opposes [[socialism]] and [[social democracy]]. Right-wing parties include [[Conservatism|conservatives]], [[Christian democracy|Christian democrats]], [[Classical liberalism|classical liberals]], and [[Nationalism|nationalists]], as well as [[Fascism|fascists]] on the [[far-right]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=McLean|first1=Iain|title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics|last2=McMillan|first2=Alistair|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199205165|edition=3rd|location=Oxford|page=465}}</ref>

British academics [[Noël O'Sullivan]] and [[Roger Eatwell]] divide the right into five types: reactionary, moderate, radical, extreme, and new.<ref>Davies, p. 13.</ref> [[Chip Berlet]] wrote that each of these "styles of thought" are "responses to the left", including liberalism and socialism, which have arisen since the 1789 French Revolution.<ref name="Berlet, p. 117">Berlet, p. 117.</ref>

# The reactionary right looks toward the past and is "aristocratic, religious and authoritarian".<ref name="Berlet, p. 117" />
# The [[Centre-right politics|moderate right]], typified by the writings of [[Edmund Burke]], is tolerant of change, provided it is gradual and accepts some aspects of liberalism, including the rule of law and capitalism, although it sees radical ''[[laissez-faire]]'' and individualism as harmful to society. The moderate right often promotes nationalism and social welfare policies.<ref>Eatwell: 1999, p. 284.</ref>
# [[Radical right (disambiguation)|Radical right]] is a descriptive term that was developed after World War II and it was applied to groups and ideologies such as [[McCarthyism]], the [[John Birch Society]], [[Thatcherism]], and the [[Republikaner Party]]. Eatwell stresses that this usage of the term has "major typological problems" because it "has also been applied to clearly democratic developments".<ref>Eatwell: 2004, pp. 7–8.</ref> The radical right includes [[right-wing populism]] and various other subtypes.<ref name="Berlet, p. 117" />
# The [[Extreme Right|extreme right]] has four traits: "1) [[anti-democracy]], 2) [[ultranationalism]], 3) [[racism]], and 4) the strong state".<ref>Eatwell: 2004, p. 8, "Today four other traits feature most prominently in definitions: 1) anti-democracy; 2) nationalism; 3) racism; 4) the strong state".</ref>
# The [[New Right]] consists of the [[Liberal conservatism|liberal conservatives]], who stress [[small government]], [[free market]]s, and individual initiative.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vincent|first1=Andrew|title=Modern Political Ideologies|date=1995|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-0-631-19507-8|edition=2nd|location=Oxford [u.a.]|quote=Who to include under the rubric of the New Right remains puzzling. It is usually seen as an amalgam of traditional liberal conservatism, Austrian liberal economic theory ... extreme libertarianism (anarch-capitalism) and crude populism.}}</ref>

Other authors make a distinction between the centre-right and the far-right.<ref>Betz & Immerfall 1998; Betz 1994; Durham 2000; Durham 2002; Hainsworth 2000; Mudde 2000; Berlet & Lyons, 2000.</ref>
* Parties of the centre-right generally support liberal democracy, capitalism, the market economy (though they may accept government regulation to control monopolies), private property rights, and a limited welfare state (for example, government provision of education and medical care). They support conservatism and economic liberalism and oppose socialism and communism.
* By contrast, the phrase "far-right" is used to describe those who favour an absolutist government, which uses the power of the state to support the dominant ethnic group or religion and criminalise other ethnic groups or religions.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Peter|url=https://archive.org/details/routledgecompani00davi|title=The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right|last2=Davies|first2=Peter Jonathan|last3=Lynch|first3=Derek|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-415-21495-7|quote=far right.|access-date=13 May 2010|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Durham|first1=Martin|author-link=Martin Durham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ual1NR2WPasC&q=%22far+right%22|title=The Christian Right, the Far Right and the Boundaries of American Conservatism|year=2000|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-5486-0|access-date=13 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Merkl|first1=Peter H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVZ8EUvJjJ4C&q=%22far+right%22|title=Right-wing Extremism in the Twenty-first Century|last2=Weinberg|first2=Leonard|last3=Leonard|first3=Weinberg|last4=Merkl|first4=Professor Peter|date=30 June 2000|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7146-5182-8|access-date=13 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Eatwell|first1=Roger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcJ5nr2MZfUC&q=%22far+right%22|title=Western Democracies and the New Extreme Right Challenge|last2=Mudde|first2=Cas|year=2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-36971-8|access-date=13 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=7 March 2002|title=Pim Fortuyn: The far-right Dutch maverick|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1857918.stm|access-date=1 June 2012}}</ref> Typical examples of leaders to whom the far-right label is often applied are: [[Francisco Franco]] in [[Spain]], [[Benito Mussolini]] in [[Italy]], [[Adolf Hitler]] in [[Nazi Germany]], [[Augusto Pinochet]] in [[Chile]], and [[Jorge Rafael Videla]] in [[Argentina]].<ref>{{cite web|date=14 September 2006|title=A Dictator's Legacy of Economic Growth|website=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6069233|access-date=15 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|date=31 May 2012|title=Glenn Greenwald|work=Salon.com|url=http://www.salon.com/opinion/greenwald/2007/05/04/politico_funding/|access-date=1 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Canovan" />{{page needed|date=November 2016}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Betz|first=Hans-Georg|url=https://archive.org/details/radicalrightwing00betz|title=Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1994|isbn=978-0-312-08390-8}}</ref><ref>Michael E. Brown, Owen R. Cote Jr., ''Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict'', "Anti-immigrant and anti-refugee feeling is being exploited by extreme right-wing parties throughout Europe...", p. 442, MIT Press, 2001, {{ISBN|978-0-262-52315-8}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkVHAAAAYAAJ&q=%22extrema+derecha%22+%22Jorge+rafael+videla%22|title=La teoría social latinoamericana: La centralidad del Marxismo|date=1995|publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, Coordinación de Estudios Latinoamericanos, Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico|isbn=978-968-36-4710-8|language=es}}</ref>

== See also ==

{{Div col|colwidth=20em|small=no}}
* [[Alt-right]]
* [[Antifeminism]]
* [[Centre-right politics]]
* [[Far-right politics]]
** [[Far-right subcultures]]
* [[List of right-wing political parties]]
* [[New Right]]
* [[Old Right (United States)|Old Right]]
* [[Political repression]]
* [[Political violence]]
* [[Radical right (Europe)]]
* [[Radical right (United States)]]
* [[Right realism]]
* [[Right-wing antiglobalism]]
* [[Right-wing dictatorship]]
* [[Right-wing populism]]
* [[Right-wing terrorism]]
{{div col end}}


== References ==
{{Reflist |refs= 

<ref name="Bobbio-1996">{{cite book|last1=Bobbio|first1=Norberto|last2=Cameron|first2=Allan|title=[[Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction]]|date=1996|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-06246-4|pages=51, 62}}</ref>

<ref name="Carlisle">{{cite book|last1=Carlisle|first1=Rodney P.|title=Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpo0000carl|url-access=registration|date=2005|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]]|location=Thousand Oaks [u.a.]|isbn=978-1-4129-0409-4}}</ref>

<ref name="Allan Cameron pg. 37">''Left and right: the significance of a political distinction'', Norberto Bobbio and Allan Cameron, p. 37, [[University of Chicago Press]], 1997.</ref>

<ref name="Clark">{{cite book|last1=Clark|first1=William Roberts|title=Capitalism, Not Globalism: Capital Mobility, Central Bank Independence, and the Political Control of the Economy|date=2003|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|location=Ann Arbor [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-472-11293-7|edition=[Online-Ausg.].}}{{page needed|date=August 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="EB online">{{cite web|date=2009-04-15|title=Right|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/right|access-date=2022-05-22|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Fuchs, D. 1990. p. 203">[[Seymour Martin Lipset]], cited in Fuchs, D., and Klingemann, H. 1990. The left-right schema. pp. 203–34 in Continuities in Political Action: A Longitudinal Study of Political Orientations in Three Western Democracies, ed.M.Jennings et al. Berlin:de Gruyter</ref>

<ref name=Gidron-2019a>{{cite journal|author1=Gidron, N|author2=Ziblatt, D.|title=Center-right political parties in advanced democracies 2019|year=2019|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|volume=22|page=23|quotation=Defining the right by its adherence to the status quo is closely associated with a definition of the right as a defense of inequality (Bobbio 1996, Jost 2009, Luna & Kaltwasser 2014). As noted by Jost (2009), within the context of Western political development, opposition to change is often synonymous with support for inequality. Notwithstanding its prominence in the literature, we are hesitant to adopt this definition of the right since it requires the researcher to interpret ideological claims according to an abstract understanding of equality. For instance, Noel & Therien (2008) argue that right-wing opposition to affirmative action speaks in the name of equality and rejects positive discrimination based on demographic factors. From this perspective, the right is not inegalitarian but is "differently egalitarian" (Noel & Therien 2008, p. 18).|url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/dziblatt/files/gidron_and_ziblatt_2019.pdf|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750|doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Gidron-2019b">{{cite journal|author1=Gidron, N|author2=Ziblatt, D.|title=Center-right political parties in advanced democracies 2019|year=2019|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|volume=22|page=24|quotation=...since different currents within the right are drawn to different visions of societal structures. For example, market liberals see social relations as stratified by natural economic inequalities.|url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/dziblatt/files/gidron_and_ziblatt_2019.pdf|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750|s2cid=182421002}}</ref>

<ref name="Goldthorpe-1985a">{{cite book|last1=Goldthorpe|first1=J.E.|title=An Introduction to Sociology|date=1985|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-24545-6|page=156|edition=Third}}</ref>

<ref name="Goldthorpe-1985b">{{cite book|last1=Goldthorpe|first1=J.E.|title=An Introduction to Sociology|date=1985|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-24545-6|page=156|edition=3rd|quote="There are ... those who accept inequality as natural, normal, and even desirable. Two main lines of thought converge on the Right or conservative side...the truly Conservative view is that there is a natural hierarchy of skills and talents in which some people are born leaders, whether by heredity or family tradition. ... now ... the more usual right-wing view, which may be called 'liberal-conservative', is that unequal rewards are right and desirable so long as the competition for wealth and power is a fair one."}}</ref>

<ref name="Johnson-2005">{{cite web|work=A Politics Glossary|url=http://www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/gloss/right-wing|publisher=Auburn University website|last=Johnson|first=Paul|title=Right-wing, rightist|year=2005|access-date=23 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819232535/http://www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/gloss/right-wing|archive-date=19 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Lukes">{{cite book |last=Lukes |first=Steven |author-link=Steven Lukes |date=2003 |chapter=Epilogue: The Grand Dichotomy of the Twentieth Century |title=The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought |editor1-last=Ball |editor1-first=Terence |editor2-last=Bellamy |editor2-first=Richard |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=London |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521563543.030 |isbn=9780521563543 |oclc=7334137654  |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-twentiethcentury-political-thought/DA22CCF70AD0B5A45671D7C6B82E3835 |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-history-of-twentiethcentury-political-thought/epilogue-the-grand-dichotomy-of-the-twentieth-century/E83641F59518832F8A811962B443DBC3 |pages=610–612 }}</ref>

<ref name="Scruton-1996">Scruton, Roger "A Dictionary of Political Thought" "Defined by contrast to (or perhaps more accurately conflict with) the left the term ''right'' does not even have the respectability of a history. As now used it denotes several connected and also conflicting ideas (including) 1)conservative, and perhaps authoritarian, doctrines concerning the nature of civil society, with emphasis on custom, tradition, and allegiance as social bonds ... 8) belief in free enterprise free markets and a capitalist economy as the only mode of production compatible with human freedom and suited to the temporary nature of human aspirations ..." pp. 281–2, Macmillan, 1996</ref>

<ref name="T. Alexander Smith 2003. p. 30">T. Alexander Smith, Raymond Tatalovich. ''Cultures at war: moral conflicts in western democracies''. Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press, Ltd, 2003. p. 30. "That viewpoint is held by contemporary sociologists, for whom 'right-wing movements' are conceptualized as 'social movements whose stated goals are to maintain structures of order, status, honor, or traditional social differences or values' as compared to left-wing movements which seek 'greater equality or political participation.' In other words, the sociological perspective sees preservationist politics as a right-wing attempt to defend privilege within the ''social hierarchy''."</ref>

<ref name=Smith-2003b>Smith, T. Alexander and Raymond Tatalovich. ''Cultures at War: Moral Conflicts in Western Democracies'' (Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press, Ltd., 2003) p. 30. "That viewpoint is held by contemporary sociologists, for whom 'right-wing movements' are conceptualized as 'social movements whose stated goals are to maintain structures of order, status, honor, or traditional social differences or values' as compared to left-wing movements which seek 'greater equality or political participation.'</ref>

}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Bacchetta, Paola, and Margaret Power, eds. 2002. ''Right-Wing Women: From Conservatives to Extremists around the World''. New York: Routledge.
* Berlet, Chip. 2006. "When Alienation turns Right". In ''The Evolution of Alienation: Trauma, Promise, and the Millennium'', edited by Langman, Lauren, and Kalekin-Fishman. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. {{ISBN|0-7425-1835-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7425-1835-3}}.
* Davies, Peter. 2002. ''The Extreme Right in France, 1789 to the Present: From De Maistre to Le Pen''. New York, NY: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-23982-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-415-23982-0}}.
* Eatwell, Roger. 1999. "Conclusion: The 'End of Ideology'". In ''Contemporary Political Ideologies'', edited by R. Eatwell and A. Wright. Continuum International Publishing Group. {{ISBN|0-8264-5173-X}}, {{ISBN|9780826451736}}.
* —— 2004. "Introduction: the new extreme right challenge". In ''Western Democracies and the new Extreme Right Challenge'', edited by [[Roger Eatwell|R. Eatwell]] and [[Cas Mudde|C. Muddle]]. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-36971-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0-415-36971-8}}.
* Fielitz, Maik, and Laura Lotte Laloire, eds. 2016. ''Trouble on the Far Right. Contemporary Right-Wing Strategies and Practices in Europe''. Bielefeld: transcript. {{ISBN|978-3-8376-3720-5}}.
* Gottlieb, Julie, and Clarisse Berethezéne, eds. 2017. ''Rethinking right-wing women: Gender and the Conservative Party, 1880s to the present''.
* {{cite book|last1=Miles|first1=Michael W.|title=The Odyssey of the American Right|date=1980|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780195027747}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{commons-inline}}
* {{wikiquote-inline}}

{{Political spectrum}}
{{Political ideologies}}
{{subject bar|portal1=Conservatism|portal2=Philosophy|portal3=Politics|wikt=yes|commons=yes|commons-search=Category:Right-wing politics|n=yes|n-search=yes|q=yes|s=yes|s-search=Portal:Conservatism|b=yes|d=yes}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Right-Wing Politics}}
[[Category:Right-wing politics| ]]
[[Category:Political spectrum]]
[[Category:Political terminology]]

Cinema of Manipur

2026-03-20T08:46:47Z

Delphia92Y: added a info

{{Short description|Indian filmmaking in Manipur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox cinema market
|name=Cinema of Manipur
|screens=approx. 30 screens in [[Manipur]]
|distributors=
|produced_total=30-40 films per annum
}}
The '''Cinema of Manipur''' is the [[film industry]] based in [[Manipur]], [[India]]. It includes not only [[Meitei language]] movies but also productions in the various languages spoken by Manipur's different communities. The Manipuri film industry was born with the release of ''[[Matamgi Manipur]]'' by Debkumar Bose on 9 April 1972.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esamskriti.com/sa/SPECIAL-SECTIONS/50-years-of-Manipuri-Cinema-1972~2022-1.aspx|title=50 years of Manipuri Cinema 1972-2022|author=Rajkumar Sanatomba Singh|date=21 April 2022|website=eSamskriti}}</ref> From [[Aribam Syam Sharma]]'s ''[[Imagi Ningthem]]'' and ''[[Ishanou]],''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=M Biswanath |date=9 March 2026 |title=Boong: India’s First BAFTA in Children’s Cinema and Why It Matters |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/opinion/story/boong-indias-first-bafta-in-childrens-cinema-and-why-it-matters-1357061-2026-03-09 |access-date=19 March 2026 |work=India Today NE}}</ref> [[Oken Amakcham]]'s ''[[Lammei]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2021 |title=Celebrating Fifty Years of Manipuri Cinema |url=https://blog.mygov.in/celebrating-fifty-years-of-manipuri-cinema/ |access-date=22 August 2023 |website=Government of India}}</ref> [[Haobam Paban Kumar]]'s ''[[Loktak Lairembee (film)|Loktak Lairembee]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thokchom |first=Khelen |date=7 September 2016 |title=Busan world premiere of film on Loktak lake |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/busan-world-premiere-of-film-on-loktak-lake/cid/1418800#goog_rewarded |access-date=19 March 2026 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> to [[Priyakanta Laishram]]'s ''[[Oneness (film)|Oneness]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2023 |title=Manipur's culture takes centre stage with Aribam Syam Sharma's 'Ishanou' at 76th Cannes Film Festival |work=Money Control |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/cannes-film-festival-2023-manipur-culture-takes-centre-stage-with-aribam-syam-sharma-ishanou-10624851.html |access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Puja |first=Mahanta |date=31 December 2022 |title=Manipuri Cinema needs content improvement, says state’s first gay-themed movie director Priyakanta Laishram |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/manipuri-cinema-needs-content-improvement-says-states-first-gay-themed-movie-director-priyakanta-laishram-491158-2022-12-31 |access-date=19 March 2026 |work=India Today NE}}</ref> and [[Lakshmipriya Devi]]'s ''[[Boong]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Biswas |first=Aishani |date=17 March 2026 |title=Boong Box Office: BAFTA Winner Becomes First Manipuri Film To Cross Rs 1 Crore |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/boong-first-manipuri-film-to-cross-1-crore-at-indian-box-office |access-date=19 March 2026 |work=Outlook}}</ref> Manipuri cinema has evolved in terms of both form and cultural expression.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bishwajit |first=Aribam |date=24 May 2025 |title=Manipuri Cinema: Between Retrospection, Reinvention, and a Rendezvous with Relevance |url=https://imphalreviews.in/manipuri-cinema-between-retrospection-reinvention-and-a-rendezvous-with-relevance/ |access-date=15 November 2025 |work=Imphal Review of Art and Politics.}}</ref>

Prior to ''Matamgi Manipur'', several attempts were made to produce films in the state, the most significant being ''Mainu Pemcha'' in 1948, which was left incomplete.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2023 |title=Rising against all odds |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rising-against-all-odds/article22827431.ece |access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref> [[Aribam Syam Sharma]]'s ''[[Ishanou]]'', screened in the [[Un Certain Regard]] section at the [[1991 Cannes Film Festival]], was the only Indian film to be considered under the ''Cannes Classic'' section at the [[2023 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 2023 |title=Aribam Syam Sharma's Restored Indian Masterpiece 'Ishanou' Set for Cannes Classics Debu |work=Variety |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/aribam-syam-sharma-ishanou-cannes-classics-1235617204/ |access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref> In 2002, the [[Revolutionary People's Front]] banned Hindi-language films from being shown in the state,<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 November 2018 |title=Cinema is slowly dying in Manipur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/cinema-is-slowly-dying-in-manipur/article25515178.ece |access-date=22 August 2023 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> leading to increased interest in Manipuri-language cinema and decreased attendance in local theatres.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=17 August 2014 |title=From Manipur, stories of the women actors who didn't get to play Mary Kom |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/shes-got-the-look-3/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> In 2026, the film ''[[Boong]]'' became the first [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] to receive a [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] award, representing a development for Manipuri cinema in an international context.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2026 |title=Indian movie ‘Boong’ bags BAFTA award for Best Children’s & Family Film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bafta-awards-india-manipuri-language-film-boong-updates/article70664598.ece |access-date=19 March 2026 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
[[File:Matamgi Manipur — Meitei language cinema — Manipuri language cinema — Directed by Deb Kumar Bose.jpg|thumb|A scene from the first Manipuri feature film ''Matamgi Manipur'' (1972)]]

== Notable feature films: 1972-2022 ==
This section covers notable Manipuri feature films released between 9 April 1972 and 9 April 2022. Notable films, in this context, include those films which have participated or won awards in national and international film festivals, and the films which have made history (for example, first full-length film, first filmmaker, first color film, longest movie).

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year of release
! Film
! Notes
! Director
|-
|1972
|''[[Matamgi Manipur]]''
|'''The first Manipuri feature film'''.
Won Best Feature Film in Manipuri at the [[20th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Manipuri_cinema_in_the_last_three_decades.html|title=Manipuri cinema in the last three decades|work=E-pao}}</ref>
| Debkumar Bose
|-
|1973
|''[[Brojendragee Luhongba]]''
|Manipuri movie made by the '''first filmmaker of Manipur''' Sapam Nodia Chand.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kongbam |first=Meghachandra |date=27 April 2022 |title=SN Chand: The father of Manipuri cinema |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/4/27/Meghachandra-Kongbam-He-sold-his-own-saleable-properties-and-even-mortgaged-his-homestead-property.html |access-date=20 March 2026 |work=The Sangai Express}}</ref>
| S.N. Chand
|-
|1976
|''[[Saaphabee]]''
|'''The first Manipuri folk movie.'''
Won Best Feature Film in Manipuri at the [[24th National Film Awards]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Kongbam |first=Meghachandra |date=27 February 2021 |title=Aribam Syam Sharma: A Genius in the World of Indian Cinema |url=https://imphalreviews.in/aribam-syam-sharma-a-genius-in-the-world-of-indian-cinema/}}</ref>
|[[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|-
|1980
|''[[Olangthagee Wangmadasu|Olangthagee Wangmadasoo]]''
|Won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri at the [[27th National Film Awards]].<ref name=":1" />
|[[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|-
|1981
|''[[Imagi Ningthem]]''
|Won the [[Golden Montgolfiere]] at [[Three Continents Festival|the Festival des 3 Continents, Nantes]], in 1982, becoming the first Indian film to win a grand prix award.
Won the [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]] (Master Leikhendra) and National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri at the [[29th National Film Awards]].<ref name=":1" />
|[[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|1983
|''[[Sanakeithel]]''
|Won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri at the [[31st National Film Awards]].
|M. A. Singh
|-
|''[[Paokhum Ama]]''
|'''The first Manipuri colour (short) feature film''' (runtime: 54 minutes). Screened at the Tyneside International Film Festival, U.K.
|[[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|-
|1984
|''[[Langlen Thadoi]]''
|'''The first Manipuri colour full-length feature film'''. First film to be produced by a woman, Kh. Sakhi Devi.
|M. A. Singh
|-
|1986
|''Nonglei''
|'''The first VHS feature film in the Meiteilon language.'''
|Ramchandra
|-
| 1990
|''[[Ishanou]]''
|Screened at the [[Un Certain Regard]] section of the [[1991 Cannes Film Festival|1991 Cannes International Film Festival]].
Won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri and Special Mention (''Anoubam Kiranmala'') Award at the [[38th National Film Awards]].

The restored version was selected for world premiere at the prestigious Cannes Classic section of the [[Cannes Film Festival 2023]]. <ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 2023 |title=At Cannes, a classic Manipuri film about tradition and alienation |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1049264/at-cannes-a-classic-manipuri-film-about-tradition-and-alienation |access-date=20 March 2026 |work=Scroll.in}}</ref>
|[[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|-
|1992
|''Khonthang''
|Selected for Indian Panorama of the [[International Film Festival of India]], New Delhi, in 1993.
Invited to Singapore International Film Festival 1994 and Festival of SPARROW, Mumbai, 2008.
|[[Oken Amakcham]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|1993
|''[[Sambal Wangma]]''
|Won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri at the [[41st National Film Awards]]. Selected for Indian Panorama of the International Film Festival of India 1994.
|K. Ibohal Sharma
|-
|''Madhabee''
|Movie with the longest running time (197 minutes) in the history of Manipuri cinema. It is based on the first Manipuri novel of the same title by Dr. Lamabam Kamal.
|L. Banka Sharma
|-
|1994
|''[[Mayophygee Macha|Mayophy Gee Macha]]''
|Won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri at the [[42nd National Film Awards]].
|[[Oken Amakcham]]
|-
|1995
|''[[Sanabi (film)|Sanabi]]''
|Won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri at the [[43rd National Film Awards]]. Screened at the International Film Festival of India and Cairo International Film Festival, Egypt.<ref name=":1" />
|[[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|-
|1997
|''Khamba Thoibi''
|Based on the Mahakavya (epic) ''Khamba Thoibi'' written by Hijam Anganghal.
|Moirangthem Nilamani Singh
|-
|rowspan="2"|2000
|''[[Chatledo Eidi]]''
|Won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri at the [[48th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Award_Winners.National_Awards_Film|title=National Awards Film|website=E-pao}}</ref> Selected for Indian Panorama of the [[32nd International Film Festival of India]] 2001.
|[[Makhonmani Mongsaba]]
|-
|''[[Paari (2000 film)|Paari]]''
|'''The first Manipuri children's film.'''
|[[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|-
|2002
|''[[Lammei]]''
|'''The first Manipuri video film to have a commercial screening at a theatre.''' It marked the beginning of a digital era in Manipuri cinema.
|[[Oken Amakcham]]
|-
|2007
|''[[Yenning Amadi Likla]]''
|Entered into the feature film section of the Indian Panorama of the International Film Festival of India 2007.
|[[Makhonmani Mongsaba]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2009
|''[[Nobap]]''
|Opening film at the 2nd Guwahati Film Festival 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Frames-of-peace/article16851373.ece|title=Frames of peace|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
|Heisnam Tomba
|-
|''[[Keibu Keioiba (film)|Keibu Keioiba]]''
|Official selection in the [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] (MIFF) 2010; first animated feature film in [[Meitei language|Manipuri]].
|Bhumenjoy Konsam
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|''[[Phijigee Mani]]''
|Received award for Best Supporting Actress ([[Leishangthem Tonthoingambi Devi]]) and the regional award for National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri at the [[59th National Film Awards]]. Selected for Indian Panorama 2011.
|[[Oinam Gautam Singh]]
|-
|''[[Fried Fish, Chicken Soup and a Premiere Show]]''
|[[National Film Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film]] at the [[59th National Film Awards]].
|Mamta Murthy
|-
|2012
|''[[Leipaklei (film)|Leipaklei]]''
|Selected for 14th [[Jeonju International Film Festival]], South Korea 2012, 18th [[Kolkata International Film Festival]] and 5th Guwahati Film Festival.
Won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri at the [[60th National Film Awards]].<ref name=":1" />
|[[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|-
|2013
|''[[Nangna Kappa Pakchade]]''
|Received Special Jury Award with the title ''Epic Mirror of the Century'' in the Kinshasa International Film Festival 2017.
Screened at [[Ladakh International Film Festival]] 2014 in the Indian Feature section.
|[[Makhonmani Mongsaba]]
|-
|2014
|''[[Pallepfam]]''
|Screened in the 10th Habitat Film Festival in May 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kanglaonline.com/2015/05/manipuri-feature-film-pallefam-to-be-screened-in-10th-habitat-film-festival/|title=Manipuri feature film 'Pallefam' to be screened in 10th Habitat Film Festival |website=Kangla Online}}</ref> Opened the 2nd edition of Fragrances from the Northeast, a 3-day festival of cinema from the northeast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thepeopleschronicle.in/?p=15351|title=Manipuri Film 'Pallepfam' to open Northeast Film Festival in Delhi |website=The People's Chronicle|date=8 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208062343/http://thepeopleschronicle.in/?p=15351|archivedate=8 December 2015|accessdate=10 September 2022}}</ref> Official selection in the [[46th International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI) 2015 under the section ''New Horizon from the North East''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishachannel.com/index.php/5733/cinema-from-the-north-east-finds-a-special-place-in-iffi-2015/|title=Cinema from the North East finds a special place in IFFI 2015|website=Odisha Channel|date=2 December 2015}}</ref>
|Wanglen Khundongbam
|-
|2015
|''[[Eibusu Yaohanbiyu]]''
|Won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri at the [[63rd National Film Awards]].
|Maipaksana Haorongbam
|-
|2016
|''[[Loktak Lairembee]]''
|Participated in around 16 International Film Festivals across the globe and won several awards. Won Best Film on Environment/Conservation/Preservation at the [[64th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iffk.in/lady-of-the-lake-loktak-lairembee/|title=Lady of the Lake / Loktak Lairembee|access-date=10 February 2019|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029164017/http://iffk.in/lady-of-the-lake-loktak-lairembee/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|[[Haobam Paban Kumar]]
|-
|2018
|''[[Magi Matambakta]]''
|Selected for [[Bengaluru International Film Festival]] 2018, Third Eye Asian Film Festival, Mumbai 2020 and Delhi International Film Festival 2020. Won the Best Manipuri Film in the 2nd [[Jharkhand International Film Festival Awards]] (JIFFA) 2019.
|[[Makhonmani Mongsaba]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Nongphadok Lakpa Atithi]]''
|Premiered at the 3rd Guwahati International Film Festival as the Opening Film of the Indian Section. Official selection at 5th North-East Film Festival 2020, Pune. Opening Film at 12th International Guwahati Film Festival 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newslivetv.com/12th-intl-guwahati-film-festival-starts-friday/|title=12th Int'l Guwahati Film Festival starts Friday|website=News Live}}</ref>
|[[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Pandam Amada]]''
|World premiered at the [[Dhaka International Film Festival]] 2020.
|[[Oinam Gautam Singh]]
|-
|''[[Eigi Kona]]''
|Won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri at the [[67th National Film Awards]]. Selected for the [[51st International Film Festival of India]] (Indian Panorama) in the feature section.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/2-manipuri-films-also-selected-for-indian-panaroma-section-of-event/articleshow/79837777.cms|title=2 Manipuri films also selected for Indian Panaroma section of event|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Official selections at the Indica Film Utsav 2020, 4th Ottawa Indian Film Festival Awards (OIFFA) 2021 and [[Thrissur International Film Festival]] 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ifp.co.in/10562/eigi-kona-receives-rajat-kamal-for-best-regional-manipuri-feature-film|title='Eigi Kona' receives Rajat Kamal for best regional Manipuri feature film|newspaper=Imphal Free Press}}</ref>
|[[Bobby Wahengbam]] and Maipaksana Haorongbam
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''[[Nine Hills One Valley]]''
|Special Mention Award in the Film Bazaar Recommends Section of the Film Bazaar 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/19663-haobam-paban-kumar-s-nine-hills-one-valley-wins-special-mention-award-in-nfdc-s-film-bazar-2020 |title=Haobam Paban Kumar's "Nine Hills One Valley" wins Special Mention Award in NFDC's Film Bazaar 2020 |newspaper=Imphal Times}}</ref> Official selection at the [[Jogja-NETPAC Asian Film Festival]] 2021, Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2021/11/22/manipur-filmmaker-paban-kumars-2nd-narrative-feature-nine-hills-one-valley-to-premiere-at-jogja-netpac-asian-film-festival-2021/|title=Manipur : Filmmaker Paban Kumar's 2nd Narrative Feature "Nine Hills One Valley" To Premiere At Jogja-NETPAC Asian Film Festival 2021|accessdate=23 November 2021|website=Northeast Today}}</ref> Entered into the India Gold section of the [[MAMI Mumbai Film Festival|22nd Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival]] 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/22312-haobam-paban-kumar-s-nine-hills-one-valley-to-vie-for-golden-gateway-award-in-jio-mami-mumbai-film-festival-2022|title=Haobam Paban Kumar's Nine Hills One Valley to vie for Golden Gateway Award in Jio Mami Mumbai Film Festival 2022|access-date=19 February 2022|newspaper=Imphal Times}}</ref>
|[[Haobam Paban Kumar]]
|-
|''[[Nakamh-Riangsuanneic]]''
|World premiered at the International Folklore Film Festival of Kerala 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/manipurs-rongmei-film-selected-for-international-folklore-film-festival/|title=Manipur's Rongmei film selected for International Folklore Film Festival|website=Assam Tribune}}</ref> A [[Rongmei people|Rongmei]] film.
|Kachangthai Gonmei
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Eikhoigi Yum]]''
|Official selections at the 22nd Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2022 and 27th International Film Festival of Kerala 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/2/18/IMPHAL-Feb-17-Romi-Meitei-s-feature-film-Eikhoigi-Yum-has-been-selected-for-the-22nd-Jio-Mumbai-A.html|title=Eikhoigi Yum s|access-date=18 February 2022|newspaper=The Sangai Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/indian-films-chosen-for-iffk-sections/article66049904.ece|title=Indian films chosen for IFFK sections|access-date=29 October 2022|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Won Best Feature Film in Manipuri at the [[69th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 2023 |title=A reason to smile for people of Manipur! Two filmmakers from the state bag National Award |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/a-reason-to-smile-for-people-of-manipur-two-filmmakers-from-the-state-bag-national-award/articleshow/104505541.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 August 2023 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
|''[[Apaiba Leichil]]''
|Official selections at the 18th [[Thrissur International Film Festival|International Film Festival of Thrissur]] 2023, Kerala and [[KASHISH Pride Film Festival|Kashish International Queer Film Festival 2023]], Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/3/7/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Mar-6-Feature-film-Apaiba-Leichil-has-been-selected-to-be-screene.html|title=Apaiba Leichil|access-date=15 April 2023|newspaper=The Sangai Express}}</ref>
|[[Bobby Wahengbam]]
|}

== Notable non-feature films: 1972-2022 ==
This section covers notable Manipuri non-feature films released between 9 April 1972 and 9 April 2022, with ''Maipak: Son of Manipur'' being the exception in the categorization (released in 1971). ''Notable films'', in this context, include those films which have participated in or won awards in national and international film festivals, and the films which have made history (for example, first full-length film, first filmmaker, first color film, longest movie).

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year of release
! Film
! Notes
! Director
|-
|1971
|''Maipak: Son of Manipur''
|'''The first Manipuri documentary film to be screened publicly'''.
|Debkumar Bose
|-
|1984
|''Pebet''
|Best Short Fiction Film in the International Short Film Festival, Kolkata 1985. Selected for Panorama Section of the [[International Film Festival of India]], New Delhi 1985.
|Arambam Lokendra
|-
|1989
|''The Deer on the Lake''
|Won the National Film Award for Best Environment/Conservation/Preservation Film at the [[37th National Film Awards]].<ref name=":1" />
|[[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|1991
|''Meitei Pung''
|Won the Special Mention Award at the [[39th National Film Awards]].<ref name=":1" />
|[[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|-
|''Lai Haraoba''
|Official selection in the Indian Panorama of the [[International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI), 1992.<ref name=":1" />
|[[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|-
|1993
|''[[Orchids of Manipur (film)|Orchids of Manipur]]''
|Won the Best Environment/Conservation/Preservation Film at the [[41st National Film Awards]].
Screened at the [[Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival]] 2019, Japan.<ref name=":1" />
|[[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|-
|1995
|''[[Yelhou Jagoi]]''
|Won the National Film Award for Best Anthropological/Ethnographic Film at the [[43rd National Film Awards]].
Screened at the [[Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival]] 2019, Japan.<ref name=":1" />
|[[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|1999
|''Thang-Ta: The Martial Arts of Manipur''
|Won the National Film Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film at the [[47th National Film Awards]].<ref name=":1" />
|[[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|-
|''The Marams''
|Participated at [[Indian Panorama]] of IFFI, 2000; [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] 2000 in competition section and [[Kathmandu International Mountain Film Festival]], 2000.
|[[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|-
|2001
|''Threads of Life''
|Official selection at the 7th [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://imphalreviews.in/filmmakers-associated-with-northeast-campaign-to-have-miff-2022-showcase-late-maipaks-works/|title=Filmmakers Associated With Northeast Campaign to Have MIFF 2022 Showcase Late Maipak's Works|access-date=21 April 2022|website=imphalreviews.in}}</ref>
|Bachaspatimayum Sunzu
|-
|2004
|''Nongdi Tarakkhidare''
|Selected for Indian Panorama of [[International Film Festival of India]], Goa, 2004.
|Ningthouja Lancha
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006
|''Guru Laimayum Thambalngoubi Devi''
|Won the National Film Award for Best Biographical Film at the [[54th National Film Awards]].
|[[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Ngaihak Lambida]]''
|Got entry into Indian Panorama (non feature section) of the [[38th International Film Festival of India]] 2007. Participated in the Third Eye 6th Asian Film Festival, Mumbai 2007.
|[[Haobam Paban Kumar]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2007
|''Ratan Thiyam: The Man of Theatre''
|Selected for Indian Panorama of [[International Film Festival of India]], 2008 and 11th [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] 2008.
|[[Oken Amakcham]] Nirmala Chanu
|-
|''[[Rajarshi Bhagyachandra of Manipur]]''
|Selection at the Indian Panorama in the non-feature section of [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] 2007.
|[[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2008
|''[[AFSPA, 1958 (film)|AFSPA, 1958]]''
|Won the National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film at the [[56th National Film Awards]].
|[[Haobam Paban Kumar]]
|-
|''Challenge/Singnaba''
|Won the National Film Award for Exploration & Sports at the [[56th National Film Awards]].
|Sunzu Bachaspatimayum
|-
|''Sana Keithel''
|Won the National Film Award for Best Narration/Voice Over at the [[56th National Film Awards]].
|Natasha Elangbam
|-
|''Nungee Mit''
|Best Short Film in 2nd Cine ASA International Film Festival 2009, Guwahati. Screened at Asiatica Film Mediale, Rome, Italy, 2009; Mumbai International Film Festival 2010; PLAN 9 Festival of Experimental Movies, Prague, 2011.
|Chaoba Thiyam
|-
| rowspan="5" |2009
|''Mr. India''
|Won the National Film Award for Best Film on Social Issues at the [[57th National Film Awards]].
|[[Haobam Paban Kumar]]
|-
|''Ilisha Amagi Mahao''
|Best Director Award in the Cine ASA International Film Festival 2009, Guwahati. Featured in the Indian Panorama of [[International Film Festival of India]], Goa, 2009. Official selection at the 25th [[Munich International Film Festival]] 2010.
|Ningthouja Lancha
|-
|''Boiling Blood''
|Selection at 11th [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] (MIFF) 2010.
|[[Khwairakpam Bishwamittra]]
|-
|''Roshni''
|Selection at 11th [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] (MIFF) 2010.
|[[Bobby Wahengbam]]
|-
|''The Sun is not Still Setting''
|Selection at 11th [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] (MIFF) 2010.
|Suvas E.
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
|''Heart to Heart''
|Won the National Film Award for Best Scientific Film at the [[58th National Film Awards]].
|Bachaspatimayum Sunzu
|-
|''Songs of Mashangva''
|Won the National Film Award for Best Anthropological/Ethnographic Film on Social Issues at the [[58th National Film Awards]].
|Oinam Doren
|-
|''The Zeliangrongs''
|Won Special Mention Award at the [[58th National Film Awards]].
|Ronel Haobam
|-
|''Cease Baby’s Whimpering Cry''
|Official selection at [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] 2010 and SIGN 2010.
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
|''The Silent Poet''
|Won the National Film Award for Best First Non-Feature Film at the [[59th National Film Awards]] Bagged the Best Documentary Award in the 2nd Siliguri International Short & Doc. Film Festival 2011.
Official selections at the MIFF 2012, ADDA Film Festival 2013 and Indie 8 Film Festival 2013.
|Borun Thokchom
|-
|''Noong Amadi Yeroom''
|Official selection in Indian Panorama of the [[42nd International Film Festival of India]], [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] 2012. 2nd Best Film in Manhattan Short Film Festival. Official selection at Beyond Bollywood Festival, Frankfurt.
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
|''My Grandpa's Home''
|Screened at the Mumbai International Film Festival 2014. A Poulah film.
|Alexander Leo Pou
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|''[[Manipuri Pony (film)|Manipuri Pony]]''
|Won the National Film Award for Best Exploration/Adventure Film (Including sports) at the [[60th National Film Awards]].
|[[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|-
|''Kaangkhada Lin''
|Received Best Director & Best Film Awards at [[Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival]] (BVFF) 2013 and [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] 2014.
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
|2013
|''Karfew''
|2nd Best Film Award in [[Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival]] 2014. Won the 2nd Prize at the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)'s Short Film Award Competition 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/telugu-short-film-street-student-wins-rs-2-lakh-prize-at-nhrcs-short-film-award-competition/articleshow/89194036.cms|title=Telugu short film 'Street Student' wins Rs 2 lakh prize at NHRC's Short Film Award Competition|access-date=31 January 2022|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
|2014
|''Phum Shang''
|Won the National Film Award for Best Investigative Film at the [[62nd National Film Awards]]. Best Medium Length Film at 18th International Environmental Film & Video Festival, Goias, Brazil 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/india/manipuri-film-phum-shang-wins-golden-conch-award.html|title=Manipuri film 'Phum Shang' wins Golden Conch Award|website=The Pioneer}}</ref>
|[[Haobam Paban Kumar]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|''[[Auto Driver (2015 film)|Auto Driver]]''
|Won the National Film Award for Best Film on Social Issues at the [[63rd National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenewsmill.com/manipur-film-autodriver-wins-best-short-documentary-award-california/|title=Manipur film 'Autodriver' wins best short documentary award in California|date=5 May 2017}}</ref>
|Longjam Meena Devi
|-
|''[[It's Not My Choice]]''
|'''The first [[Cinema of India|Indian short film]] to be adapted in [[Thai language]]'''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 February 2024 |title=Manipuri film 'It's not my choice' becomes the first Indian short film to be adapted into Thai|url=https://ukhrultimes.com/manipuri-film-its-not-my-choice-becomes-the-first-indian-short-film-to-be-adapted-into-thai/|work=Ukhrul Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2 February 2024 |title=Manipuri film IT'S NOT MY CHOICE triumphs in every aspect |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/2/2/Brainee-HijamThe-2015-Manipuri-short-film-It-s-Not-My-Choice-Eina-Khankhiba-Natte-which-runs-for-14-minu.html|work=The Sangai Express}}</ref> Won Special Jury Mention and Best Film on Social Cause at the 2015 Highland Independent Film Festival, Shimla. Won Best Filmmaker for a Cause and Best Story at the Jalandhar Short Film Festival 2015. Won Honorable Mention at the Riverdale International Short Film Festival 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 February 2024 |title=It's Not My Choice: A Film To Endure For Many Years To Come|url=https://signpostnews.com/its-not-my-choice-a-film-to-endure-for-many-years-to-come/|work=Signpost News}}</ref>
|[[Priyakanta Laishram]]
|-
|''Eesing gi Machu (Colors of Water)''
|Best Director and Best Film Awards at [[Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival]] 2015 and [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] 2016.
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016
|''Ima Sabitri''
|Bagged the Best Documentary Film Award at the 15th [[Mumbai International Film Festival]]. Winner of the Women of the Lens Film Digital Broadcast Festival 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/868620/documentary-ima-sabitri-is-a-tribute-to-the-manipuri-theatre-legend|title=Documentary 'Ima Sabitri' is a tribute to the Manipuri theatre legend|first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|website=Scroll.in}}</ref> Opening Film, [[Indian Panorama]] IFFI 2016.
|Bobo Khuraijam
|-
|''Tou-Tai'' (Seed)
|Best Short Film (Golden Royal Bengal Tiger) in the [[Kolkata International Film Festival|22nd Kolkata International Film Festival]] 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 November 2016 |title=Young film maker from Senapati, Manipur won Best National film |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/young-film-maker-from-senapati-manipur-won-best-national-film/ |access-date=20 March 2026 |work=Imphal Times}}</ref>
|Ashok Veilou
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017
|''Bloody Phanek''
|Selected for 9th [[DMZ International Documentary Film Festival]] 2017, South Korea. Screened at the Ethanografilm Paris Film Festival 2019, France.
|Sonia Nepram
|-
|''Theatre of the Earth''
|Winner of Satyajit Ray Bronze Award for the 3rd Best Documentary at the 2nd South Asian Short Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsnetone.com/2019/04/india-dominates-awards-at-south-asian-film-festival/|title=India Dominates Awards At South Asian Film Festival|access-date=28 December 2021|website=newsnetone.com}}</ref>
|Oinam Doren
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018
|''Look At The Sky''
|Best Short Fiction Film at the 12th [[International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala|International Documentary and Short Film Festival Kerala]], 2019. A Poulah film.
|Ashok Veilou
|-
|''[[Fireflies (2018 film)|Fireflies]]''
|Best Documentary Short at Arthouse Asia International Film Festival 2018. Official selections at Balkan Can Kino 2018, Athens; [[Kathmandu International Mountain Film Festival]] 2019.
|Johnson Rajkumar
|-
|''[[Who Said Boys Can't Wear Makeup?]]''
|Won the Best Multimedia Influencer Award at [[Lifestyle Stores|Lifestyle]] Young Influencer Awards 2018, Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2023 |title=2018 Manipuri film Who Said Boys Can't Wear Makeup is no less than a revolution |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/pdf/2023/April/16%20April.pdf |access-date=19 August 2024 |work=Imphal Times}}</ref>
|[[Priyakanta Laishram]]
|-
|''Pe (The Umbrella)''
|Won Best Short Film at the [[Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival]] 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tangkhulonline.com/|title=Site is undergoing maintenance|website=TangkhulOnline - Tangkhul Online - Community Portal of the Tangkhul Nagas|access-date=11 November 2019|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029164025/https://tangkhulonline.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|Rakesh Moirangthem
|-
|''[[Daughters of the Polo God]]''
|Best Documentary award in the 19th Annual [[New York Indian Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kothasobi.com/roopa-barua-daughters-of-the-polo-god/|title=Daughters of the Polo God Won Best Documentary at NYIFF|accessdate=1 July 2021|website=kothasobi.com|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029164016/https://kothasobi.com/roopa-barua-daughters-of-the-polo-god/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|Roopa Barua
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[I Rise (film)|I Rise]]''
|Best Documentary Award at the Mumbai Short International Film Festival 2020. Best Film on Women and the Outstanding Achievement Awards at the Tagore International Film Festival 2020. Official selection in the 16th International Short and Independent Film Festival, Dhaka 2022 and 17th [[Mumbai International Film Festival|Mumbai International Film Festival (MIFF)]] 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/movies/manipuri-film-i-rise-selected-for-international-film-festival|title=Manipuri film 'I RISE' selected for international film festival|accessdate=18 February 2022|newspaper=Imphal Free Press}}</ref>
|Borun Thokchom
|-
|[[The Foul Truth|''The Foul Truth'' ''(Amakpa Achumba)'']]
|Won Best Actor in a Leading Role at the Symbiosis Allied Media Awards 2019, Critics’ Choice Award for Best Actor In A Leading Role at the Short Motion Pictures National Wave Festival 2018 and Best Film On Other Social Issues at the St. Leuven International Short Film Festival 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 August 2023 |title=Priyakanta Laishram's 'The Foul Truth' Is The Gruesome Reality Of Society. |work=Signpost News |url=https://signpostnews.com/priyakanta-laishrams-the-foul-truth-is-the-gruesome-reality-of-society/ |access-date=18 August 2023}}</ref>
|[[Priyakanta Laishram]]
|-
|''Motsillaba Mingsel''
|Won Best Director and Best Child Artist awards at the Cochin International Shortfilm Awards 2021. Official selections at the Lift-Off Global Network Sessions 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp7..070621.jun21|title=Motsillaba Mingsel wins two awards : 07th jun21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> and the 12th Indian Film Festival of Melbourne 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themorningbell.in/motsillabamingsel-nominated-for-melbourne-festival/|title=Motsillaba Mingsel nominated for Melbourne festival|accessdate=28 July 2021|website=themorningbell.in|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029164015/https://themorningbell.in/motsillabamingsel-nominated-for-melbourne-festival/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Winner of the Grand Jury Award for Best Film and House of Illusion Award for Best Short Fiction at the Chalachitram National Film Festival 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/9159/chalachitram-national-festival-2021-manipuri-filmmaker-romi-meiteis-motsillaba-mingsel-bags-awards|title=Chalachitram National Festival 2021: Manipuri filmmaker Romi Meitei's 'Motsillaba Mingsel' bags awards|access-date=1 October 2021|newspaper=Imphal Free Press}}</ref> Won the Best Short Film Award at The Himalayan Film Festival 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/first-himalayan-film-festival-concludes-sekool-shadey-a-forgotten-land-win-honours/article36748328.ece|title=First Himalayan Film Festival concludes; 'Sekool', 'Shadey: A Forgotten Land' win honours|accessdate=2 October 2021|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
|2020
|''Highways of Life''
|Got selection at the [[51st International Film Festival of India]] (Indian Panorama) in the non-feature section.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=4..211220.dec20|title='Bridge', 'Eigi Kona', 'Highways of Life' get entry to Indian Panorama : 21st dec20 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> Won Best Film Award at the 8th Liberation DocFest, Bangladesh 2020. Official selection at the 13th Festival of Southasian Documentaries 2022, Kathmandu.
|Amar Maibam
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Pabung Syam]]''
|Official selections at the [[52nd International Film Festival of India]] 2021 in the non-feature section of Indian Panorama and 17th Mumbai International Film Festival for Documentary, Short Fiction and Animation films (MIFF) 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenewsmill.com/five-films-from-northeast-in-iffis-indian-panorama/|title=Five films from Northeast in IFFI's Indian Panorama|website=thenewsmill.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/5/30/IMPHAL-May-29-At-least-eight-Manipuri-films-will-be-screened-at-the-17th-Mumbai-International-Film.html|title=8 Manipuri films to grace International Film Fest|access-date=31 May 2022|newspaper=The Sangai Express}}</ref> Winner of [[National Film Award for Best Biographical Film|Best Biographical Film]] at the [[68th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/68th-national-film-awards-winners-list-8045178/|title=68th National Film Awards winners list: Suriya's Soorarai Pottru wins big|access-date=23 July 2022|newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|[[Haobam Paban Kumar]]
|-
|''Beyond Blast''
|Won Best Biographical Film at the [[69th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 October 2023 |title=Two Manipur filmmakers bag national film awards |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/two-manipur-filmmakers-bag-national-film-awards-1500152 |access-date=19 August 2024 |work=The Assam Tribune}}</ref> Official selection at the 13th Festival of South Asian Documentaries 2022, Kathmandu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/2/19/IMPHAL-Feb-18-Manipuri-documentary-film-makers-Amar-Maibam-s-Highways-of-Life-and-Ratan-Maibam-s.html|title=2 films from Manipur make the cut|access-date=19 February 2022|newspaper=The Sangai Express}}</ref>
|Saikhom Ratan
|-
|''[[Spaced Out - Panthung Di Kadaaida!]]''
|'''The first Manipuri film to be dubbed in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]].'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 2025 |title=Manipuri film 'Spaced Out' to be dubbed in Punjabi and Haryanvi |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/manipuri-film-spaced-out-dubbed-punjabi-haryanvi-teenage-addiction-1236978-2025-06-30 |access-date=30 June 2025 |work=INDIA TODAY}}</ref>
Won Best Actor in a Leading Role at the Human Rights & Social Issues Film Festival 2019 in [[Tokyo]], and Best Actor in Drama and Best Screenplay at the Short & Non-Feature Motion Pictures Wave Festival 2020–2021 in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2024 |title=A deep dive into despair 'Spaced Out - Panthung Di Kadaaida!' confronts substance abuse |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/8/11/Debabrata-YumnamThe-2021-Manipuri-film-SPACED-OUT-Panthung-Di-Kadaaida-is-a-poignant-and-powerful-expl.html |access-date=30 June 2025 |work=The Sangai Express}}</ref>
|[[Priyakanta Laishram]]
|}

== Notable feature films: 2022-present ==
This section covers notable Manipuri feature films released since 9 April 2022.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year of release
! Film
! Notes
! Director
|-
|2023
|''[[Joseph's Son]]''
|Premiered at the 25th [[Shanghai International Film Festival]] 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2023 |title=Filmmaker Haobam Paban Kumar's 'Joseph's Son' to premiere at Shanghai film fest |work=The Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/filmmaker-haobam-paban-kumars-josephs-son-to-premiere-at-shanghai-film-fest/articleshow/100753017.cms |access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref>
|[[Haobam Paban Kumar]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
|''[[Oneness (film)|Oneness]]''
|'''The first Manipuri film to address same-sex relationships.'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 June 2025 |title=Manipur's Queer Film ONENESS Wins 2 State Govt. Film Awards |url=https://northeasttoday.in/northeast/manipurs-queer-film-oneness-wins-2-state-govt-film-awards/ |access-date=15 November 2025 |work=Northeast Today}}</ref>
World premiered at the [[KASHISH Pride Film Festival|KASHISH Pride Film Festival 2024]], Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 May 2024 |title=Priyakanta's 'Oneness' steals spotlight at Pride Film Fest|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/5/21/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-May-20-Manipuri-filmmaker-and-actor-Priyakanta-Laishram-has-taken-the-Kashish.html |access-date=19 August 2024 |work=The Sangai Express}}</ref> The first Meitei language film to be officially selected and screened at the [[Bangalore Queer Film Festival]] 2024.<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 August 2024|title=Manipuri Film “ONENESS” selected as the sole entry from NE India for Bangalore Queer Film Festival 2024|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/manipuri-film-oneness-selected-as-the-sole-entry-from-ne-india-for-bangalore-queer-film-festival-2024/|access-date=19 August 2024|work=Imphal Times}}</ref>
|[[Priyakanta Laishram]]
|-
|''[[Boong (film)|Boong]]''
|Official selection at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2024 |title=Manipur film 'Boong' to premiere at Toronto International Film Festival 2024 |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-film-boong-to-premiere-at-toronto-international-film-festival-2024-1056945-2024-07-26 |access-date=5 August 2024 |work=India Today NE}}</ref> Won [[BAFTA Award for Best Children's & Family Film]], and became the first Indian film to win a [[BAFTA]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 2026 |title=BAFTA Awards 2026: Farhan Akhtar-backed Manipuri film 'Boong' gets nominated for Best Children's and Family Film category|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bafta-awards-2026-farhan-akhtar-backed-manipuri-film-boong-gets-nominated-in-best-childrens-and-family-film-category/articleshow/127628735.cms|access-date=27 January 2026 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|[[Lakshmipriya Devi]]
|-
|''[[Langdai Ama]]''
|Best Direction award at the 9th [[Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival]] 2024.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Assam: 9th Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival concludes|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-9th-brahmaputra-valley-film-festival-concludes.html|author=Pallav Bora|access-date=9 December 2024|website=nenow.in}}</ref>
|[[Binoranjan Oinam]]
|-
|''Oitharei''
|Official selection at the [[56th International Film Festival of India]] in the Indian Panorama section.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2025 |title=Documentary on Imphal battle selected in Indian Panorama |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/documentary-on-imphal-battle-selected-in-indian-panorama-101762604430609.html |access-date=15 November 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|Dinesh Naorem
|-
|2025
|''[[Phouoibee (The Goddess of Paddy)|Phouoibee]]''
|Official selection for Competition on Indian Languages at the 31st [[Kolkata International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kiff.in/official-selection/competition-on-indian-languages-films|title=Official Selection - Competition on Indian Language's Films - 31st Kolkata International Film Festival|accessdate=16 October 2025|website=kiff.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/phouoibee-selected-for-31st-kolkata-international-film-festival-2025/|title=PHOUOIBEE selected for 31st Kolkata International Film Festival 2025|accessdate=17 October 2025|newspaper=Imphal Times}}</ref>
|Rakesh Moirangthem
|}

== Notable non-feature films: 2022-present ==
This section covers notable Manipuri non-feature films released since 9 April 2022.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year of release
! Film
! Notes
! Director
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''Meiram - The Fire Line''
|Opening film at the 17th [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] for Documentary, Short Fiction and Animation films (MIFF) 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/05/11/manipur-two-documentaries-selected-for-17th-edition-of-mumbai-international-film-festival-miff-2022/|title=Manipur : Two Documentaries Selected For '17th Edition Of Mumbai International Film Festival (MIFF) 2022' |access-date=17 May 2022|website=Northeast Today}}</ref>
|James Khangembam
|-
|''[[Lembi Leima]]''
|Official selection at the [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]] 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |first= |date=14 March 2023 |title=A Manipuri Film Is Premiering At Indian Film Festival of Melbourne |url=https://www.bollywoodcouch.com/a-manipuri-film-is-premiering-at-indian-film-festival-of-melbroune/ |access-date=15 November 2025 |work=Bollywood Couch}}</ref>
|Mayank Pratap Singh
|-
|''Padma Shri Wareppa Naba: Rituals to Mainstream''
|Official selection at the [[29th Kolkata International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news|title="Padma Shri Wareppa Naba: Rituals to Mainstream" at the 29th Kolkata International Film Festival|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/padma-shri-wareppa-naba-rituals-to-mainstream-at-the-29th-kolkata-international-film-festival/|access-date=17 December 2024|author=Guru Aribam Naocha|newspaper=Imphal Times}}</ref>
|[[Bobby Wahengbam]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|2023
|''Subedar''
|Official selection at the [[Nepal International Film Festival]] 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/movies/manipuri-documentary-film-subedar-nominated-for-nepal-international-film-festival-2023|title=Manipuri documentary film ‘Subedar’ nominated for Nepal International Film festival 2023|access-date=15 April 2023|newspaper=Imphal Free Press}}</ref>
|Th. Rolivin, G. Devadarshan & A. Debabarta
|-
|''Andro Dreams''
|Premiered at the 15th [[International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala]] 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 July 2023|title=Paban’s ‘Iron Women of Manipur’ & Meena’s ‘Andro Dreams’ to compete in 15th IDSFFK 2023|work=Ukhrul Times|url=https://ukhrultimes.com/pabans-iron-women-of-manipur-meenas-andro-dreams-to-compete-in-15th-idsffk-2023/ |access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref> Opening film at the [[54th International Film Festival of India]] in the Indian Panorama Non-Feature section.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 October 2023|title=Manipur's 'Andro Dreams' To Screen As Opening Film At IFFI's Indian Panorama Non-Feature Section|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/manipur-s-andro-dreams-to-screen-as-opening-film-at-iffi-s-indian-panorama-non-feature-section-news-326367|work=Outlook India}}</ref>
|Meena Longjam
|-
|''Last Meet''
|Official selection at the [[54th International Film Festival of India]] in the Indian Panorama Non-Feature section.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 2023 |title=Assam's cinematic excellence shines in Indian panorama at 54th IFFI |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assams-cinematic-excellence-shines-in-indian-panorama-at-54th-iffi-699187-2023-10-23 |access-date=19 March 2026 |work=India Today NE}}</ref>
|Waribam Dorendra Singh
|-
|''Iron Women of Manipur''
|Premiered at the 15th [[International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala]] 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2023 |title=‘Iron Women of Manipur’ and ‘Andro Dreams’ to compete in 15th IDSFFK 2023 |work=The Sangai Express |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/7/18/Imphal-Jul-17Haobam-Paban-Kumar-s-documentary-film-Iron-Women-of-Manipur-and-Meena-Longjam-s-documentary.html |access-date=11 September 2023}}</ref>
|[[Haobam Paban Kumar|Haobam Paban]]
|-
|2024
|''Chara Iyong''
|Screened in the Unheard India (Rare Language) category at the 30th [[Kolkata International Film Festival]] 2024.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/manipuri-film-on-ethnic-art-screened-at-kolkata-intl-film-fest/articleshow/116262444.cms|title=Manipuri film on ethnic art screened at Kolkata Int'l Film Fest|accessdate=13 December 2024|newspaper=Times of India}}</ref>
|Ningthouja Lancha
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''The Silent Performer''
|Official selection at the 31st [[Kolkata International Film Festival]] 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bishwajit |first=Aribam |date=25 October 2025 |title=Phouoibee and The Silent Performer: Manipur's Festival Triumph and the Bigger Question |url=https://imphalreviews.in/phouoibee-and-the-silent-performer-manipurs-festival-triumph-and-the-bigger-question/ |access-date=15 November 2025 |work=Imphal Review of Arts and Politics}}</ref>
|Huidrom Rakesh
|-
|''Battlefield''
|Official selection at the [[56th International Film Festival of India]] in the [[Indian Panorama]] section.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Keny Devi |first=Phurailatpam |date=7 November 2025 |title=Manipur filmmaker's documentary ‘Battlefield’ makes it to Indian panorama at IFFI 2025 |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-filmmakers-documentary-battlefield-makes-it-to-indian-panorama-at-iffi-2025-1300701-2025-11-07 |access-date=15 November 2025 |work=India Today NE}}</ref>
|Borun Thokchom
|}

== See also ==
* [[Meitei cinema]]
*[[Manipur]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.kumhei.com/kumhei/movies Manipuri Film | Manipuri Movies | Manipuri Cinema | Manipuri Film Songs| Manipuri Movies Songs Mp3 | Manipur Video]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151222102333/http://www.kanglafilms.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1:manipuri-cinema&catid=1:content Manipuri Cinema]

{{Cinema of India}}
{{World cinema}}

[[Category:Cinema of Manipur| ]]
[[Category:Cinema by language of India]]

Dilras Banu Begum

2026-03-18T23:33:41Z

Delphia92Y: added a post

{{Short description|First wife of Emperor Aurangzeb (c. 1622 – 1657)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = (Rabia) Dilras Banu Begum
| title = [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] Princess
| image = File:Dilras Banu Begum.png
| caption =
| reign =
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1622<ref>{{cite book|last1=Paranjape|first1=Makarand R.|title=Cultural Politics in Modern India: Postcolonial Prospects, Colourful Cosmopolitanism, Global Proximities|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317352167|page=32|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=335wCwAAQBAJ&q=editions:HCQIa2rOphQC|language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1657|10|8|1622|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[India]]
| consort = yes
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Aurangzeb]]|1637}}
| issue = {{plainlist|
*[[Zeb-un-Nissa]]
*[[Zinat-un-Nissa Begum|Zinat-un-Nissa]]
*[[Zubdat-un-Nissa Begum|Zubdat-un-Nissa]]
*[[Muhammad Azam Shah]]
*[[Muhammad Akbar (Mughal prince)|Sultan Muhammad Akbar]]}}
| full name =
| house = [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] (by birth) [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] (by marriage)
| father = [[Mirza Badi-uz-Zaman Safavi|Shah Nawaz Khan Safavi]]
| mother = Nauras Banu Begum
| religion = [[Shia Islam]]
| burial_place = [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]], Aurangabad
}}

'''(Rabia) Dilras Banu Begum''' ({{IPA|ur|dɪlrəs ˈbaːnuː ˈbeːgəm}}; {{circa}} 1622 – 8 October 1657) was the first wife and chief consort of Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] after Marriage she changed her name from Rabia to Dilras ,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age|url=https://archive.org/details/mughalworldlifei00eral|url-access=limited|last= Eraly|first= Abraham|year=2007| publisher=Penguin Books India|page=[https://archive.org/details/mughalworldlifei00eral/page/n157 147]|isbn=9780143102625 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Parties and politics at the Mughal Court, 1707-1740|last=Chandra|first= Satish |year=2002|page=50|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref name=Koch>{{cite book|last=Koch|first=Ebba|title=King of the world: the Padshahnama|year=1997|publisher=Azimuth Ed|page=104}}</ref><ref name=Nath>{{cite book|last=Nath|first=Renuka|title=Notable Mughal and Hindu women in the 16th and 17th centuries A.D.|year=1990|publisher=Inter-India Publ.|location=New Delhi|page=148}}</ref> the sixth [[Mughal emperor]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Aurangzeb|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/43255/Aurangzeb|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=18 January 2013}}</ref> She is also known by her posthumous title, Rabia-ud-Durrani ("[[Rabia of Basra|Rabia]] of the Age"). The [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]] in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], which bears a striking resemblance to the [[Taj Mahal]] (the mausoleum of Aurangzeb's mother [[Mumtaz Mahal]]), was commissioned by her husband to act as her final resting place.<ref name=Eraly008>{{cite book|title=The Mughal world: India's tainted paradise|last=Eraly|first= Abraham |year= 2008| publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]]|page=376}}</ref>

Dilras was a member of the [[Safavid dynasty]] of [[Persia]] and was the daughter of [[Mirza Badi-uz-Zaman Safavi]] (titled Shahnawaz Khan), a descendant of [[Ismail I|Shah Ismail I]], who served as the viceroy of [[Gujarat]]. She married Prince Muhi-ud-din (later known as 'Aurangzeb' upon his accession) in 1637 and bore him five children, including: [[Muhammad Azam Shah]] (the [[heir apparent]] anointed by Aurangzeb),<ref>{{cite book|last=Sir Jadunath Sarkar|title=Anecdotes of Aurangzib|year=1925|publisher=M.C. Sarkar & Sons|page=21}}</ref> who temporarily succeeded his father as [[Mughal emperor]], the gifted poet Princess [[Zeb-un-Nissa]] (Aurangzeb's favourite daughter),<ref name="Krynicki, p. 73">[[#refKrynicki|Krynicki]], p. 73</ref> Princess [[Zinat-un-Nissa]] (titled [[Padshah Begum]]), and [[Sultan Muhammad Akbar]], the Emperor's best-loved son.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sir Jadunath Sarkar|title=Studies in Mughal India|year=1919|publisher=W. Heffer and Sons|page=91}}</ref>

Dilras died possibly of [[puerperal fever]] in 1657, a month after giving birth to her fifth child, Muhammad Akbar,<ref name="Krynicki, p. 3">[[#refKrynicki|Krynicki]], p. 3</ref> and just a year before her husband ascended the throne after a fratricidal war of succession.

==Family and lineage==
(Rabia) Dilras Banu Begum was a member of the prominent [[Safavid dynasty]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Yust|first=Walter|title=Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 2|year=1954|page=694}}</ref> the ruling dynasty of [[Persia]] and one of its most significant ruling dynasties. She was the daughter of [[Mirza Badi-uz-Zaman Safavi]] (titled Shahnawaz Khan and popularly known as Mirza Deccan) whose great-grandfather was a son of [[Ismail I|Shah Ismail I Safavi]], the founder of the Safavid dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |title=Military transition in early modern Asia, 1400-1750: cavalry, guns, governments and ships |date=2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1780938004 |page=39}}</ref> Shahnawaz Khan was the viceroy of [[Gujarat]] and a powerful, high ranking grandee at the Mughal court.<ref name=Sarkar57>{{cite book|last=Sir Jadunath Sarkar|title=Volume 1 of History of Aurangzib: Mainly Based on Persian Sources|year=1912|publisher=M.C. Sarkar and Sons|pages=57}}</ref> He loved pomp and grandeur, which was very evident in the lavish and grand marriage celebrations of his daughter, Dilras to Prince Muhi-ud-Din.<ref name="Krynicki, p. 1">[[#refKrynicki|Krynicki]], p. 1</ref>

Dilras' mother, Nauras Banu Begum, was the daughter of Mirza Muhammad Sharif,<ref name=proc>{{cite book|last=Indian Historical Records Commission|title=Proceedings of the ... Session, Volume 3|year=1921|publisher=The Commission|page=18}}</ref> while her father was a son of Mirza Rustam Safavi,<ref name=Koch /> who rose to eminence during Emperor [[Jahangir]]'s reign.<ref name=Sarkar57/> In 1638, Dilras' younger sister, Sakina Banu Begum, married Aurangzeb's youngest brother, Prince [[Murad Baksh]].<ref name=Hansen>{{cite book|title=The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India|last=Waldemar|first= Hansen|year=1986| publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|page=124}}</ref> A niece of Shahnawaz Khan and cousin of Dilras was also married to Aurangzeb's older brother Prince [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]].<ref name="Faruqui">{{cite book |last1=Faruqui |first1=Munis D. |title=The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504-1719 |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107022171 |page=246 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vhbDSXbbksC&q=shahnawaz+khan+governor+gujarat&pg=PA246 |language=en}}</ref> These marriages further strengthened the ties between the imperial family and Shahnawaz Khan's family, and as an extension, the Safavid dynasty.<ref name=Hansen/>

==Marriage to Aurangzeb==
[[File:Female musicians wedding of Aurangzeb.jpg|150px|thumbnail|Female musicians at the wedding of Dilras Begum and Aurangzeb.]]

In February 1637,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lal|first1=Muni|title=Aurangzeb|date=1988|publisher=Vikas Pub. House|page=391|isbn=9780706940176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTZuAAAAMAAJ&q=aurangzeb+engaged+february+1637|language=en}}</ref> Dilras was betrothed to Prince Muhi-ud-din (later known as Aurangzeb), the third son of the reigning Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]] and his beloved wife [[Mumtaz Mahal]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Sandler|editor-first1=Stanley|title=Ground warfare : an international encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/groundwarfareint00sand|url-access=limited|date=2002|publisher=ABC CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif. [u.a.]|isbn=9781576073445|page=[https://archive.org/details/groundwarfareint00sand/page/n108 74]|edition=1.udg.}}</ref> The marriage proposal was put forth by Shah Jahan and was accepted by Dilras' father which led to their betrothal. Aurangzeb was lovingly called by the Emperor from the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], where he was campaigning, and arrived at [[Agra]] on 15 April 1637 for his wedding.<ref name=Sarkar1912/> The marriage took place a few weeks later on 8 May 1637 at Agra amidst great rejoicings.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sir Jadunath Sarkar|title=A short history of Aurangzib, 1618-1707|year=1979|publisher=[[Orient Longman]]|page=409}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mehta|first1=Jl|title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India|date=1986|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=9788120710153|page=475|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&q=dilras&pg=PA475|language=en}}</ref>

As decided by the imperial court astrologers, their marriage ceremony was held four hours before dawn, amid lavish and grand celebrations and took place at Shahnawaz Khan's mansion.<ref name="Eraly07" /> The grandeur of the celebrations are described by chronicler [[Khafi Khan]], "The burst of fireworks transformed the earth into another sky," and the charms of the singers and dancers would've been the envy "even of [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]]."<ref name="Krynicki, p. 1"/> The ''[[Qadi|qazi]]'' married the couple in the Emperor's presence, and the ''[[Mahr|mehr]]'' was fixed at 400,000 rupees. After the wedding, a reception (''[[walima]]'') was held on 14 May at Aurangzeb's mansion, where Emperor Shah Jahan gave wedding gifts to ''[[amir]]s''.<ref name=Eraly07>{{cite book|title=The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age|url=https://archive.org/details/mughalworldlifei00eral|url-access=limited|last =Eraly|first= Abraham|year=2007| publisher=Penguin Books India|page=[https://archive.org/details/mughalworldlifei00eral/page/n163 153]|isbn=9780143102625 }}</ref>

The newly married couple spent more than three happy months at Agra with the Emperor before taking their leave for the Deccan on 4 September 1637, where Aurangzeb was serving as [[viceroy]].<ref name=Sarkar1912/> During their stay at Agra, Dilras had become pregnant with Aurangzeb's first child: the gifted poet Princess [[Zeb-un-Nissa]]. She was born nine months after their marriage on 15 February 1638 at [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]], Deccan,<ref>{{cite book|last=Sir Jadunath Sarkar|title=Studies in Aurangzib's reign: (being Studies in Mughal India, first series)|year=1933|publisher=Orient Longman|page=90}}</ref> and was her father's favourite daughter.<ref name="Krynicki, p. 73"/> Over the next nineteen years, the imperial couple would have four more children, all of whom were favoured by Aurangzeb above the rest of his children from his secondary wives. As Aurangzeb's chief consort, Dilras wielded considerable influence over him and ruled his [[harem]].<ref name="Krynicki, p. 92">[[#refKrynicki|Krynicki]], p. 92</ref> She was amongst the highest ranked figures at the Mughal court unlike her husband's secondary wives, who were very unpopular at court.<ref name=proc/> However, Dilras did not take part in court politics and in administrative affairs as her husband did not seem to have allowed his wives to interfere in such matters. But, it is said that it is true that Muhi-ud-din rules over the provinces where he was acting as Na'ib (viceroy), but in the house of this Dilras Banu who rules over him.<ref name="Krynicki, p. 92"/>

Dilras' known physical and personal attributes describe her as being beautiful, vivacious and charming.<ref>{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=Annemarie Schimmel|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture|year=2005|publisher=Sang-E-Meel Pub.|location=Lahore|isbn=9781861891853|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/57 57]|edition=Revised|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/57}}</ref> Pertaining to her character, she seems to have been a proud and self-willed woman and her husband stood in some awe of her.<ref name=Sarkar1912>{{cite book|last=Sir Jadunath Sarkar|title=Volume 1 of History of Aurangzib: Mainly Based on Persian Sources|year=1912|publisher=M.C. Sarkar and Sons|pages=58–61}}</ref> She was reputed to have been short-tempered, and was, says Aurangzeb, a woman of "extreme imperiousness, but to the end of her life I continued to love her and never once did I wound her feelings."<ref>{{cite book|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|title=The Mughal Throne: The Saga Of India's Great Emperors|year=2004|publisher=Orion Publishing Group|page=395}}</ref> Dilras' proud nature did not create problems in her marriage as Aurangzeb always acted humbly with his haughty and imperious wife.<ref name="Krynicki, p. 84">[[#refKrynicki|Krynicki]], p. 84</ref> From all accounts it appears that Dilras shared several character traits with her husband. Both of them were strong-willed, pious and comparatively indifferent to the normal scheme of material values.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lal|first=Muni|title=Aurangzeb|year=1988|publisher=Vikas Pub. House|page=60}}</ref>

[[File:Darbarscene.jpg|150px|thumbnail|Dilras' eldest son, Azam Shah, stands before his father, Aurangzeb.]]

However, whereas Aurangzeb was a staunch [[Sunni]], Dilras Begum was a devout [[Shia]].<ref name="Krynicki, p. 54">[[#refKrynicki|Krynicki]], p. 54</ref> Safavid Shias grew in Aurangzeb's reign became even more influential than ever in the Mughal empire and their military leaders led almost all of Aurangzeb's successful military campaigns.<ref name="Krynicki, p. 55">[[#refKrynicki|Krynicki]], p. 55</ref>

Aurangzeb's other marriages to his two secondary wives were meaningless.<ref name="Hansen162">{{cite book |last1=Hansen |first1=Waldemar |title=The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India |date=1986 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120802254 |page=162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AV--abKg9GEC&q=alienated |language=en}}</ref> As a result, these two inferior wives, though they produced four more children for him, remained isolated from their husband.<ref name="Hansen162" /> The status and authority of being the imperial consort was reserved for Dilras only.<ref name=Sarkar1912/><ref>{{cite book|last=Saqi Must'ad Khan, Sir Jadunath Sarkar|title=Maāsir-i-Alamgiri: A History of the Emperor Aurangzib-ʻĀlamgir|year=1947|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal|page=10}}</ref> She retained her influence over her husband till the end of her life and always remained his favourite as well as his chief consort.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Commissariat |first1=Mānekshāh Sorābshāh |title=A History of Gujarat: Mughal period, from 1573 to 1758 |date=1957 |publisher=Longmans, Green & Company, Limited |page=151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BFZuAAAAMAAJ&q=dilras+chief+consort |language=en}}</ref> Even after her untimely death, her position at court, in the palace, and in her husband's life was not taken by either of his secondary wives.<ref name="Krynicki, p. 103">[[#refKrynicki|Krynicki]], p. 103</ref> Thus, Dilras was never replaced and no empress ruled Aurangzeb's palace.<ref name="Krynicki, p. 103"/>

===Issue===
Dilras' initial pregnancies took place at intervals of at least four years. Professor Annie Krieger-Krynicki states that "Aurangzeb may not have wanted to put a strain on her fragile health by imposing too many pregnancies on her frequently, as Shah Jahan, fatally, had done with Mumtaz Mahal."<ref>[[#refKrynicki|Krynicki]], p. 41</ref> During the course of their twenty years of marriage, the imperial couple became parents of five children:

*[[Shahzadi]] [[Zeb-un-Nissa]] [[Begum]] (15 February 1638 – 26 May 1702) died unmarried.
*Shahzadi [[Zinat-un-Nissa]] Begum (5 October 1643 – 7 May 1721) acted as the First Lady ([[Padshah Begum]]) of the empire during Aurangzeb's reign, she died unmarried.
*Shahzadi [[Zubdat-un-Nissa]] Begum (2 September 1651 – 17 February 1707) married her [[first cousin]], Prince [[Sipihr Shikoh|Siphir Shikoh]], son of her uncle, [[Dara Shikoh]]; had issue.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sir Jadunath Sarkar|title=Volume 3 of History of Aurangzib: Mainly Based on Persian Sources|year=1981|publisher=South Asian Publishers|page=39}}</ref>
*[[Shah]]zada [[Muhammad Azam Shah]] ''Shahi Ali Jah'' (28 June 1653 – 8 June 1707), briefly succeeded his father as Mughal emperor, married his first cousin, Princess [[Jahanzeb Begum|Jahanzeb Banu]], a daughter of Dara Shikoh; had issue.
*Shahzada [[Sultan Muhammad Akbar]] (11 September 1657 – 31 March 1706) married his cousin, Princess Salima, a granddaughter of Dara Shikoh; had issue.

==Death and aftermath==
[[File:Biwi ka Maqbara.JPG|thumb|[[Bibi Ka Maqbara]] in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]]]
On 11 September 1657, Dilras gave birth to her fifth child, Muhammad Akbar,<ref name=Sarkar1912/> following which she possibly suffered from [[puerperal fever]],<ref name="Krynicki, p. 3"/> due to complications caused by the delivery and died on 8 October 1657.<ref name=Sarkar1912/> Upon her death, Aurangzeb's pain was extreme, and their eldest son, the four-year-old Prince Azam, was so grieved that he had a [[nervous breakdown]].<ref name="Krynicki, p. 84"/> It became Dilras' eldest daughter, Princess Zeb-un-Nissa's responsibility to take charge of her newborn brother. Zeb-un-Nissa doted on her brother, and at the same time, Aurangzeb greatly indulged his motherless son and the prince soon became his best-loved son.<ref name=Eraly>{{cite book|title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals|url=https://archive.org/details/emperorspeacockt00eral|url-access=limited|last=Eraly|first= Abraham |year=2000| publisher=[[Penguin Books]] India|page=[https://archive.org/details/emperorspeacockt00eral/page/n423 424]|isbn=9780141001432 }}</ref>

===Bibi Ka Maqbara===
In 1660, three years after Dilras' death, Aurangzeb commissioned a mausoleum at Aurangabad to be her final resting place, known as [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]] ("Tomb of the Lady").<ref>{{cite book|last=Lach|first=Donald F.|title=Asia in the Making of Europe: Volume III, the Century of Advance|year=1998|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226467672|page=738|edition=Pbk.|author2=Kley, Edwin J. Van}}</ref> It is notable that Aurangzeb never raised monumental edifices during his half-a-century reign, but made just one exception, that is, to build the mausoleum of his wife. Here, Dilras was buried under the [[posthumous title]] of 'Rabia-ud-Daurani' ("Rabia of the Age"). Her title was given in honour after [[Rabia of Basra]].{{Fact|date=November 2024}} Rabia of Basra lived in the 9th century CE and is considered a saint due to her piety. The Bibi Ka Maqbara bears a striking resemblance to the [[Taj Mahal]], the mausoleum of Dilras' mother-in-law, Empress Mumtaz Mahal, who herself died in childbirth.<ref name="Kumar2014">{{cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Anant |date=January–June 2014 |title=Monument of Love or Symbol of Maternal Death: The Story Behind the Taj Mahal |url=http://www.casereportswomenshealth.com/article/S2214-9112(14)00003-4/pdf |journal=Case Reports in Women's Health |publisher=Elsevier |volume=1 |pages=4–7 |doi=10.1016/j.crwh.2014.07.001 |access-date=21 December 2015|doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Tomb of Dilras Banu.jpg|thumb|Cenotaph of Dilras Banu inside Bibi Ka Maqbara]]
Bibi Ka Maqbara was the largest structure that Aurangzeb had to his credit and is considered to be a symbol of his conjugal fidelity.

In the following years, her tomb was repaired by her son, Azam Shah, under Aurangzeb's orders.<ref name=Sarkar1912/> Aurangzeb, himself, is buried a few kilometers away from her mausoleum in [[Khuldabad]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ahmed|first1=Farooqui Salma|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131732021|page=264|language=en}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
*Dilras Banu Begum is a principal character in Ruchir Gupta's historical novel ''Mistress of the Throne'' (2014).
*She is a main character in the 2016 novel ''Shahenshah: The Life of Aurangzeb'' written by N.S. Inamdar and Vikrant Pande.
*Dilras is an important character in the 2018 novel ''Frontiers: The Relentless Battle between Aurangzeb and Shivaji'' written by Medha Deshmukh Bhaskaran.
*She might be portrayed by [[Alia Bhatt]] in the upcoming epic film ''Takht'' (2020) directed by [[Karan Johar]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Manjari |title=Takht: Here's Who Will Romance Whom In This Karan Johar Directorial! Surprises Inside |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/takht-romance-whom-karan-johar-080855781.html |website=in.news.yahoo.com |access-date=8 February 2019 |language=en-IN |date=25 January 2019}}</ref>

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Dilras Banu Begum'''
|2= 2. [[Mirza Badi-uz-Zaman Safavi|Shah Nawaz Khan]]
|3= 3. Nauras Banu Begum
|4= 4. [[Rustam Mirza Safavi]]
|5=
|6= 6. Mirza Muhammad Sharif
|7=
|8= 8. [[Soltan Hosayn Mirza Safavi]]
|9=
|10=
|11=
|12= 12. [[Mirza Ghiyas Beg|I'timad-ud-Daulah]]
|13= 13. [[Asmat Begam|Asmat Begum]]}}

==See also==
*[[Bibi Ka Maqbara]]
*[[Safavid dynasty]]
*[[Aurangzeb]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* <cite id=refKrynicki> Annie Krieger-Krynicki (2005). ''Captive Princess: Zebunissa, Daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|9780195798371}}.</cite>

{{Mughal Empire}}
{{Auranzeb}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Begum, Dilras Banu}}
[[Category:Safavid princesses]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:Deaths in childbirth]]
[[Category:1657 deaths]]
[[Category:1620s births]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Wives of Aurangzeb]]
[[Category:17th-century Iranian women]]
[[Category:Mothers of Mughal emperors]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Ganga (goddess)

2026-03-17T21:04:24Z

Delphia92Y:

{{short description|Personification of the river Ganges as a deity in Hinduism}}
{{redirect|Ganga Devi|the Indian painter|Ganga Devi (painter)|the Indian politician|Ganga Devi (politician)|Queen of Bhaktapur|Ganga Rani}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = 17th to 18th-century goddess Ganga sculpture, Musée Rodin, Paris.jpg
| caption = 17th-18th-century sculpture of goddess Ganga
| name = Ganga
| affiliation = {{hlist|[[Devi]]|[[River deities in Hinduism|River goddess]]|[[Yogini]]|[[Banai (goddess)|Banai]]}}
| mantra = Oṁ Śrī Gaṅgāyai Namaḥ
| siblings = [[Parvati]], [[Mainaka]] (in some texts)
| consort = * [[Shantanu]] (married temporarily)
* [[Shiva]] (in some Puranas)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hawley |first1=John Stratton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3R1z0sE340C&dq=ga%E1%B9%85g%C4%81+wife+of+%C5%9Biva&pg=PA177 |title=The Divine Consort: Rādhā and the Goddesses of India |last2=Wulff |first2=Donna Marie |date=1984 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House |isbn=978-0-89581-441-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite book |last=Wangu |first=Madhu Bazaz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8y-vKtqCmIC&dq=ga%E1%B9%85g%C4%81+wife+of+%C5%9Biva&pg=PA90 |title=Images of Indian Goddesses: Myths, Meanings, and Models |date=2003 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-416-5 |language=en}}
</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sivaramamurti |first=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vu9PAAAAMAAJ&q=ga%E1%B9%85g%C4%81+wife+of+%C5%9Biva |title=Gaṅgā |date=1976 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-0-86125-084-4 |language=en}}</ref>
| children = [[Bhishma]] and 7 other sons of Shantanu
| symbol = [[Ganges River]]
| festivals = {{bulleted list|[[Ganga Dussehra]]|Ganga Jayanti|[[Navaratri]]|[[Loy Krathong]]|[[Triyampawai ceremony]]}}
| weapon = [[Kalasha]]
| mount = [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|Makara]]
| other_names = {{hlist|[[Bhagirathi]]|Shivapriya|Jahnavi|Nikita|Mandakini|}}
| deity_of = Personification of the [[Ganges River]] Goddess of Forgiveness and Purification
| parents = [[Himavan]] and Maināvati (in some texts)
}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

'''Ganga''' ({{langx|sa|गङ्गा}}, {{IAST3|Gaṅgā}}) is the personification of the river [[Ganges]], who is worshipped by [[Hindu]]s as the goddess of purification and forgiveness. Known by many names, Ganga is often depicted as a fair, beautiful woman, riding a divine crocodile-like creature called the [[makara]].

Some of the earliest mentions of Ganga are found in the [[Rigveda]], where she is mentioned as the holiest of the rivers. Her stories mainly appear in post-Vedic texts such as the ''[[Ramayana]]'', ''[[Mahabharata]],'' and the ''[[Puranas]]''.

The ''[[Ramayana]]'' describes her to be the firstborn of [[Himavat]], the personification of the [[Himalayas]], and the sister of the mother goddess [[Parvati]]. However, other texts mention her origin from the preserver deity, [[Vishnu]]. Legends focus on her descent to earth, which occurred because of a royal-sage [[Bhagiratha]], aided by the god [[Shiva]].

In the epic ''Mahabharata'', Ganga is the mother of the warrior [[Bhishma]] in a union with the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] king [[Shantanu]].

In Hinduism, Ganga is seen as a mother to humanity. Pilgrims immerse the [[Antyesti|ashes of their kin]] in the river Ganga, which is considered by them to bring the souls (purified spirits) closer to [[moksha]], the liberation from the cycle of life and death. Festivals like [[Ganga Dussehra]] and Ganga Jayanti are celebrated in her honour at several sacred places, which lie along the banks of the Ganges, including [[Gangotri]], [[Haridwar]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Varanasi]] and [[Kalighat Kali Temple|Kali Ghat]] in [[Kolkata]]. Alongside [[Gautama Buddha]], Ganga is worshipped during the [[Loy Krathong]] festival in [[Thailand]].

==Vedic scriptures==

Ganga is mentioned in the ''[[Rigveda]]'', the earliest and theoretically the holiest of the Hindu scriptures. Ganga is mentioned in the [[Nadistuti sukta|Nadistuti]] (Rigveda 10.75), which lists the rivers from east to west. In RV 6.45.31, the word ''Ganga'' is also mentioned, but it is not clear if the reference is to the river. RVRV 3.58.6 says that "your ancient home, your auspicious friendship, O Heroes, your wealth is on the banks of the Jahanvi". This verse could refer to the Ganga. In RV 1.116.18–19, the Jahanvi and the [[Ganges river dolphin]] occur in two adjacent verses.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Talageri|first=Shrikant G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpkoAAAAYAAJ&q=Ganges|title=The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis|date=2000|publisher=Aditya Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7742-010-4|language=en}}</ref>

==Iconography==
[[File:Images_from_National_Museum,_New_Delhi,_India_18_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Ganga stone statue, 8th century AD, Ellora. Currently at National Museum, New Delhi, India.]]
Ganga is described as the melodious, the fortunate, the cow that gives much milk, the eternally pure, the delightful, the body that is full of fish, affords delight to the eye and leaps over mountains in sport, the bedding that bestows water and happiness, and the friend or benefactor of all that lives.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumari|first=M. Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U95LswEACAAJ&q=iconography+of+Ganga|title=Iconography of Gaṅgā and Yamunā|date=2018|publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-93-86223-70-8|language=en}}</ref>

Since the Vedic period, the Ganges river has been considered the holiest of all rivers by [[Hindus]]. Ganga is also personified as a goddess and worshipped as Goddess Ganga. She holds an important place in the [[Hindu deities|Hindu pantheon]]. Ganga is represented as a fair-complexioned woman, wearing a white crown and sitting on a crocodile. She holds a water lily in her right hand and a flute in her left. When shown with four hands she carries a water-pot, a lily, and a rosary, and has one hand in a protective mode. The ''[[Rig Veda|Rigveda]]'' mentions Ganga but more of her is said in the [[Puranas]].

Ganga is depicted [[Chaturbhuja|four-armed]] and mounted on a crocodile or enthroned surrounded by crocodiles. In one of the iconography in Maha Virat-rupa, she holds a jar of [[amrita]], rosary, [[Lotus flower|lotus]] and varada mudra. She may be depicted in other ways holding only a [[kalasha]] (or 2 replacing lotus) and lotus, while other 2 hands in [[varada]] and [[Abhayamudra|abhaya mudra]].

Another depiction popular especially in [[Bengal]] shows her holding [[shankha]], [[chakra]] ([[discus]]), [[lotus flower|lotus]] and abhaya mudra, with the [[kalasha]] releasing her holy water.

In [[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]], Ganga is often depicted with her divine mount, the [[makara]] – an animal with the head of a crocodile and tail of a dolphin.

==Legend==
===Birth===
Varying myths of Ganga's birth is found in Hindu scriptures. According to the'' [[Bhagavata Purana]]'', [[Vishnu]], in his incarnation as [[Vamana]], extended his left foot to the end of the universe, and pierced a hole in its covering with the nail of his big toe. Through the hole, the pure water of the [[Causal Ocean|causal ocean]] entered this universe as the Ganges river. Having washed the lotus feet of the lord, which are covered with reddish saffron, the water of the Ganga acquired a very beautiful pink colour. Because the Ganges directly touches the lotus feet of [[Vishnu]] ([[Narayana]]) before descending within this universe, it is known as ''Bhagavat-Padi'' or ''Vishnupadi,'' which means e''manating from the feet of Bhagavan (God)''. It finally settles in [[Brahmaloka]] or [[Brahmapura]], the abode of the Brahma, before descending to the planet earth at the request of [[Bhagiratha]], and held safely by [[Shiva]] on his head, to prevent the destruction of [[Bhumi Devi]] (the earth goddess). Then, Ganga was released from Shiva's hair to meet the needs of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241588.html|title = Story of Gaṅgā|date = 28 January 2019|access-date = 7 November 2020|archive-date = 12 November 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201112220139/https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241588.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

The ''[[Ramayana]]'' narrates a different version of the myth. Ganga is described as the eldest child of [[Himavat]], son of Brahma and the king of the [[Himalayas]], and his wife Queen Menavati, the daughter of [[Mount Meru|Meru]]. Her younger sister is [[Parvati]], who latter marries Shiva. When Ganga attained youth, the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] took her to [[Svarga]], where she took a form of a river and flowed.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=V?lm?ki|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkSzznK3VuEC&q=himavan+and+ganga&pg=PA20|title=The Concise R_m_ya_a of V_lm_ki|last2=Venkatesananda|first2=Swami|date=1988-01-01|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-88706-862-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sivkishen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmVZBgAAQBAJ&q=himavan+and+ganga&pg=PT465|title=Kingdom of Shiva|date=2015-01-23|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-81-288-3028-0|language=en}}</ref>

=== Transformation into a river ===
A legend in the [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana|Devi Bhagavata Purana]] describes Ganga as originally being one of the three wives of Vishnu, together with [[Lakshmi]] and [[Saraswati]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&q=Ganga+shiva|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=2014-04-18|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9|language=en}}</ref> In the midst of a conversation, Saraswati observed Ganga playfully glancing at Vishnu. Frustrated, Saraswati launched a furious tirade against Ganga, accusing her of stealing Vishnu's love away from her. When Ganga appealed to her husband to help her, he chose to remain neutral, not wishing to participate in a quarrel between his three wives, whom he loved equally. When Lakshmi attempted to soothe Saraswati's anger by reasoning with her, the jealous goddess grew angry with her as well, accusing her of disloyalty towards her. She cursed Lakshmi to be born as the [[Tulasi in Hinduism|Tulasi]] plant upon the earth. Ganga, now enraged that Lakshmi had been cursed because she had defended her, cursed Saraswati that she would be incarnated as a river on earth. Saraswati issued the same curse against Ganga, informing her that sinful men would cleanse themselves of their sins with her water. To prevent further conflict among the goddesses, Vishnu declares Lakshmi as his only wife and sends Saraswati to Brahma and Ganga to Shiva.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2013-05-15 |title=On the coming in this world of Lakṣmī, Gaṅgā and Sarasvatī [Chapter 6] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/devi-bhagavata-purana/d/doc57319.html |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021081331/https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/devi-bhagavata-purana/d/doc57319.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=George M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&dq=three+wives+vishnu&pg=PA137 |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology |date=2008-03-27 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-533261-2 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Bulbul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=on_ZhlB5taUC&dq=bhagavata+purana+lakshmi+ganga+saraswati&pg=PA67 |title=The Book of Devi |date=June 2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-306766-5 |pages=67–71 |language=en}}</ref>

===Descent upon the earth===
[[File:Ravi Varma-Descent of Ganga.jpg|thumb|upright|''Descent of Ganga'', painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]] {{Circa|1910}}]]

The ''[[Mahabharata]]'' narrates that there was once a war between the devas and the [[asura]]s. The leader of the asuras, [[Vritra]], was killed by [[Indra]], and so his followers hid in the sea, causing the devas to be unable to find them. The devas requested Sage [[Agastya]] to help. He used his divine powers and swallowed the ocean to reveal where the asuras were hiding. The devas defeated the remaining asuras, and asked Sage Agastya to restore the water. However, the sage was unable to release the water, despite trying several times. This caused drought conditions upon the earth, but [[Vishnu]] assured that the ocean would be filled by the flow of Ganga on the planet.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Warrier |first=Shrikala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNhiCAAAQBAJ&q=Ganga |title=Kamandalu: The Seven Sacred Rivers of Hinduism |date=December 2014 |publisher=MAYUR University |isbn=978-0-9535679-7-3 |pages=42–45 |language=en}}</ref>

The story about Ganga's descent on earth through the efforts of [[Bhagiratha]], a descendant of [[King Sagara]], is narrated in the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and various Puranas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Eck |first=Diana L. |url= |title=India : a sacred geography |publisher=Harmony Books |year=2012 |isbn= |edition= |location=New York |pages=216–221 |oclc=}}</ref> Wanting to show his sovereignty, King Sagara performed a ritual known as [[ashvamedha]], where a horse was left to wander for one year. However, Indra stole the horse to prevent the ritual from being successful. Learning that the horse had disappeared, King Sagara sent his sixty thousand sons to look for it.<ref name=":0" /> They eventually found the horse at the [[ashram]]a of Sage [[Kapila]], in the netherworld. Thinking that Sage Kapila had stolen the horse, the sons interrupted him while he was in a deep meditation. This infuriated Kapila, and with his ascetic's gaze, he burned all the sixty thousand sons to ashes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sudipta |url= |title=Ganges : the many pasts of an Indian River |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2019 |isbn= |location=New Haven |oclc=}}</ref>

King Sagara sent his grandson, [[Amshuman]], to ask the sage Kapila what could be done to bring deliverance to their souls. Sage Kapila advised that only the water of the Ganges, which flowed from Svarga, could liberate them.<ref name=":1" /> Bhagiratha, Amshuman's grandson, undertook severe ascetic practices, and won the favour of Brahma and Shiva. Brahma allowed Ganga to descend on earth, while Shiva broke Ganga's fall in the coils of his hair, so that her force would not shatter the earth.<ref name=":1" /> When Ganga descended, Bhagiratha led her to the sea. From there, the river reached the [[Patala|netherworld]], and liberated the sixty thousand sons of King Sagara.<ref name=":2" />

Because of Bhagiratha's efforts, the river is also known as [[Bhagirathi River|Bhagirathi]]. She is also known as Tripathaga because she flows in the three worlds, heaven, earth, and the netherworld.<ref name=":0" /> Another epithet that Ganga is known by is Jahnavi, because she flooded the ashram of Sage [[Jahnu]] while being led by Bhagiratha. Her waters extinguished the ritual fire there, which angered the sage Jahnu, so he drank up all of Ganga's waters. Sage Jahnu later released the water out of his left ear after Bhagiratha explained his mission for Ganga's descent. Due to this incident, Ganga is known as ''Jahnavi,'' which means daughter of Sage Jahnu.<ref name=":2" />

===Marriage and children===
In the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', Ganga is the wife of [[Shantanu]] as well as the mother of the eight [[Vasu]]s, including [[Bhishma]].<ref name="eck1998-p149"/><ref name=":3" /> Ganga and Shantanu were cursed by [[Brahma]] to be born on earth. Shantanu met Ganga on the banks of the Ganges and asked her to marry him. She accepted the proposal on the condition that Shantanu would not question any of her actions.<ref name=":3">{{Citation |last=Vemsani |first=Lavanya |title=Introduction: Feminine Journeys of the Mahabharata |url= |work= |page=198 |publication-date=2021 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn= |access-date=}}</ref> Shantanu agreed and they married. They lived together peacefully and had eight sons who were the incarnation of the eight Vasus.
They too had been cursed and had asked Ganga to end their life when they were born to her on earth. Due to their request, Ganga began drowning each son upon birth while Shantanu watched without questioning. However, when she was about to drown their eighth son, Bhishma, Shantanu stopped her.<ref name=":3" /> Ganga later leaves with Bhishma but gives him back to Shantanu when he is ten years old.<ref name=":3" />

{{multiple image
| align = centre
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 800
| header =
| image1 = Santanu and Ganga.JPG
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Shantanu meets Ganga and asks for her hand in marriage.
| image2 = Raja Ravi Varma, Ganga and Shantanu (1890).jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Shantanu trying to stop Ganga from drowning their eighth child
| image3 = The_scene_from_the_Mahabharata_of_the_presentation_by_Ganga_of_her_son_Devavrata_(the_future_Bhisma)_to_his_father,_Santanu..jpg
| alt3 =
| caption3 = Ganga presenting her son Devavrata (the future Bhishma) to his father, Shantanu
| image4 =
| alt4 =
| caption4 = Krishna and Vyasa console Ganga grieving over her son Bhishma's death.
}}

== Significance ==
The Ganga is also called the ''Ganga Mata'' (Mother), and is revered in Hindu worship and culture, venerated for her forgiveness of sins and capacity to cleanse mankind.<ref name="eck1982-p218">Quoted in {{Harvnb|Eck|1982|p=218}}</ref> Unlike various other goddesses, she has no destructive or fearsome aspect, destructive though she might be as a river in nature.<ref name="eck1982-p218"/> She is also a mother to other gods.<ref name="eck1998-p149">{{Harvnb|Eck|1998|p=149}}</ref>

==Festivals==
[[File:Ganga Dashara, at Haridwar.jpg|thumb|Pilgrims at Haridwar on the occasion of [[Ganga Dussehra]]]]

===Ganga Jayanti===
On this day, Ganga is regarded to have been reborn. According to legend, the goddess is regarded to have accidentally destroyed the hut of Sage [[Jahnu]] during her descent upon the earth. In retort, the sage drank the entirety of the river's water. At the request of [[Bhagiratha]] and Ganga herself, he released the river from his ear, and she earned the epithet Jahnavi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dowson |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ejh82j8G_CYC&dq=jahnu+jahnavi&pg=PA129 |title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology, and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature |date=2004 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1786-5 |pages=129 |language=en}}</ref> Ganga Jayanti falls on the [[Saptami|seventh day]] of the month of [[Vaisakha|Vaishakha]]'s [[Paksha|first fortnight]].

===Navaratri===
Ganga is worshipped during [[Navaratri]] as all the forms of [[Mahadevi|Adishakti]] during the duration of the festivities.

===Loy Krathong===
Thais use the Krathong to thank the Goddess of Water known as Phra Mae Khongkha and who represents the [[Devi|Hindu goddess]] Ganga.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-16 |title=Loy Krathong 2024: Celebrations across Thailand to honour river Goddess |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/loy-krathong-2024-celebrations-across-thailand-to-honour-river-goddess/photostory/115365434.cms?picid=115365450 |access-date=2025-10-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>

===Triyampawai ceremony===
The worship dedicated to Ganga is of great importance in the [[Triyampawai ceremony]]. An image of her in the form of a Nang kradan (นางกระดาน) along with a [[Phra Mae Thorani]], Surya and Chandra are invited at the beginning of the festival for three days which is considered to symbolise the beginning of the Triyampawai festival.<ref>https://www.finearts.go.th/fad12/view/42238-%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87----%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2---%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2---%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8F%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1=Madla | first1=Rochana | title=แห่นางดาน : ประเพณีปีใหม่ของพราหมณ์เพื่อบูชาเทพบริวารทั้ง 4 ด้วยไม้กระดาน 3 แผ่น - คลังสารสนเทศวลัยลักษณ์ | work=คลังสารสนเทศวลัยลักษณ์ | date=14 April 2024 | url=https://library.wu.ac.th/NST_localinfo/haenangdan/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Untitled | url=https://www.tungsong.com/NakhonSri/Tradition_NakhonSri/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99/Index_02%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99.htm }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Thailand Festival | url=https://www.thailandfestival.org/events/21fc7d55-6734-4a2e-8f78-3717d199dfd2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=แห่นางดาน-โล้ชิงช้า เมืองคอน ต้อนรับการมาเยือนของเทพแห่งพราหมณ์ | date=12 April 2006 | url=https://mgronline.com/live/detail/9490000048726 }}</ref>

== Beyond the Indian subcontinent and Hinduism ==
{{Infobox
| title = Beyond the Indian subcontinent and Hinduism
| image = {{image array|perrow=2|width=125|height=115
| image1 = A_Devi_sculpture_in_Sri_Lanka_Goddess_Ganga.jpg| caption1 = Goddess Ganga, [[Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara]]
| image2 = Tara_at_Mul_Chowk_02.jpg| caption2 = Goddess Ganga, [[Patan Durbar Square]]
| image3 = Angkor-Thommanon-08-2007-gje.jpg | caption3 = [[Shiva]] breaks Ganga's fall in the coils of his hair, lintel in [[Thommanon]].
| image4 = Lakshmi Statue Holy Lake Temple Mauritius.jpg | caption4 = [[Murti|Statue]] of Goddess Ganga at [[Ganga Talao]] in [[Mauritius]]
}}
}}

Ganga is respected in [[Nepal]] as a guardian water goddess, worshipped together with another river goddess [[Yamuna in Hinduism|Yamuna]]. Her sculptures are found in [[Patan Durbar Square]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-statue-river-goddess-ganga-royal-palace-patan-kath-ancient-famous-standing-makara-mul-chowk-kathmandu-valley-image89398650|title=Statue of the River Goddess Ganga in Royal Palace in Patan, Kathmandu Valley, Nepal Stock Photo - Image of Nepalese, Asian: 89398650|access-date=21 June 2020|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622235058/https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-statue-river-goddess-ganga-royal-palace-patan-kath-ancient-famous-standing-makara-mul-chowk-kathmandu-valley-image89398650|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/nepal-patan-ganga-statue.html|title=Nepal Patan Ganga Statue High Resolution Stock Photography and Images - Alamy|access-date=21 June 2020|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120174411/https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/nepal-patan-ganga-statue.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Gokarneshwar|Gokarneshwar Mahadev temple]] is a municipality in [[Kathmandu District]] in the [[Bagmati Province]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mountainsoftravelphotos.com/Nepal%20-%20Kathmandu/Gokarna%20Mahadev%20Temple/slides/53%20Kathmandu%20Gokarna%20Mahadev%20Temple%20Ganga%20Statue.html |title=53 Kathmandu Gokarna Mahadev Temple Ganga Statue |publisher=Mountainsoftravelphotos.com |date=2010-10-10 |accessdate=2022-08-12 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831141812/http://mountainsoftravelphotos.com/Nepal%20-%20Kathmandu/Gokarna%20Mahadev%20Temple/slides/53%20Kathmandu%20Gokarna%20Mahadev%20Temple%20Ganga%20Statue.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[Sri Lanka]], Ganga with other Hindu deities assumes a Buddhist persona. Her sculpture is seen in [[Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.photodharma.net/Sri-Lanka/Kelaniya/Kelaniya.htm|title=Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara|access-date=21 June 2020|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621171842/https://www.photodharma.net/Sri-Lanka/Kelaniya/Kelaniya.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahavidya.ca/2008/06/22/ganga-goddess-and-sacred-river/the-goddess-ganga-bas-relief-depicting-the-goddess-ganga-atop-her-crocodile-makara-mount-at-kelaniya-temple-sri-lanka/|title=The Goddess Ganga (Bas-relief depicting the goddess Ganga atop her crocodile (Makara) mount at Kelaniya Temple, Sri Lanka) | Mahavidya|access-date=21 June 2020|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622151937/http://www.mahavidya.ca/2008/06/22/ganga-goddess-and-sacred-river/the-goddess-ganga-bas-relief-depicting-the-goddess-ganga-atop-her-crocodile-makara-mount-at-kelaniya-temple-sri-lanka/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Balinese Hinduism]], she is worshipped together with the [[Dewi Danu|goddess Danu]]. Her waters are considered holy in [[Bali]]. Her maternal association with Bhishma is known in Bali. Religious sites associated with her in Bali are [[Tirta Gangga]], [[:id:Pura Taman Mumbul|Pura Taman Mumbul Sangeh]], and [[:id: Kongco Pura Taman Gandasari|Kongco Pura Taman Gandasari]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bali.tribunnews.com/2018/03/09/taman-mumbul-dengan-panglukatan-pancoran-solas-di-sangeh-simbol-dewata-nawasanga|title=Taman Mumbul dengan Panglukatan Pancoran Solas di Sangeh, Simbol Dewata Nawasanga|access-date=21 June 2020|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622232844/https://bali.tribunnews.com/2018/03/09/taman-mumbul-dengan-panglukatan-pancoran-solas-di-sangeh-simbol-dewata-nawasanga|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Ganga Talao]] in Mauritius is considered by the [[Hinduism in Mauritius|Mauritian Hindus]] equivalent to Ganga. In 1972, the then [[Prime Minister of Mauritius]], [[Seewoosagur Ramgoolam|Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam]] brought Holy water from the Ganga's source – [[Gomukh]] in India and mixed it with the water of the [[Ganga Talao|Grand Bassin]] and renamed it as Ganga Talao.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

Ganga is invoked with Hindu deities Shiva, [[Bhūmi|Bhumi]], [[Surya]] and [[Chandra]] in [[Thailand]]'s royal [[Triyampawai ceremony]]. She is worshipped together with goddess [[Phra Mae Thorani]] within [[Buddhism in Thailand|Thai Budhhism]] and goddess [[Phosop]] in [[Tai folk religion]]. The four sacred pools of [[Suphan Buri Province]] have waters from the Ganga and the Yamuna rivers and are used for rituals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srichinda.com/index.php?lite=article&qid=181442|title=พระราชพิธีตรียัมปวาย-ตรีปวาย|access-date=21 June 2020|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622211048/http://www.srichinda.com/index.php?lite=article&qid=181442|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~cvipada/land_06.html|title=อุทยานศาสนาพระโพธิสัตว์กวนอิม|access-date=21 June 2020|archive-date=23 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123024359/http://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~cvipada/land_06.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.silpa-mag.com/on-view/tour-tod-nong-tong-tiew/article_28733|title = "พันปีไม่เคยแห้ง" น้ำศักดิ์สิทธิ์ ของพญานาค จากสระทั้งสี่ ที่เมืองสุพรรณบุรี|date = 4 March 2019|access-date = 21 June 2020|archive-date = 25 June 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200625133736/https://www.silpa-mag.com/on-view/tour-tod-nong-tong-tiew/article_28733|url-status = live}}</ref>

Ganga has been revered in [[Cambodia]] since the [[Khmer empire]]. In Shiva's iconographical form ''Uma-Gangapatisvarar'' ({{langx|km|ព្រះឧមាគង្គាបតិស្វរ}}), Shiva is depicted with Ganga and his wife Uma ([[Parvati]]). Ganga's images are located in [[Bakong]], [[Lintel]] in [[Thommanon]] and exhibit in [[International Council of Museums]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://users.clas.ufl.edu/vasu/cambodia/hariharalaya/shiva.jpg|title=Vasudha Narayanan | Department of Religion|access-date=21 June 2020|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622151935/http://users.clas.ufl.edu/vasu/cambodia/hariharalaya/shiva.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://icom.museum/en/object/shiva-with-uma-and-ganga-sandstone-101-x-53-x-13-cm/|title=Shiva with Uma and Ganga, sandstone, 101 x 53 x 13 cm|access-date=21 June 2020|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621180206/https://icom.museum/en/object/shiva-with-uma-and-ganga-sandstone-101-x-53-x-13-cm/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bhishma]]
*[[Shantanu]]
*[[Shiva]]
*[[Yami]]/[[Yamuna]]
*[[Narmada#Significance in Hinduism|Narmada]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{citation|last=Eck|first=Diana L.|author-link=Diana Eck|title=Banaras, city of light|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J57C4d8Bv6UC|year=1982|publisher=Columbia University| isbn=978-0231114479}}
* {{Citation|last=Eck|first=Diana| author-link=Diana Eck| chapter= Gangā: The Goddess Ganges in Hindu Sacred Geography|pages=137–53|editor1-last=Hawley|editor1-first=John Stratton|editor2-last=Wulff|editor2-first=Donna Marie|title=Devī: Goddesses of India|year=1998|publisher=University of California / Motilal Banarasidass| isbn=8120814916}}
* Vijay Singh: ''The River Goddess'' (Moonlight Publishing, London, 1994)

==External links==

{{commons category|Ganga}}
{{Wikiquote}}

*[https://vimeo.com/ondemand/gangama ''Ganga Ma: A Pilgrimage to the Source''] a documentary that follows the Ganges from the mouth to its source in the Himalayas.

{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Mahabharata}}
{{Ramayana}}
{{Burmese nats}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Sea and river goddesses]]
[[Category:Rigvedic rivers]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites]]
[[Category:Ganges]]
[[Category:Water and Hinduism]]
[[Category:Personifications of rivers]]
[[Category:Buddhist goddesses]]
[[Category:Sinhalese Buddhist deities]]
[[Category:Thai goddesses]]

Thennal Abhilash

2026-03-15T05:20:04Z

Delphia92Y: adding the pg w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{COI|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Thennal Abhilash
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2014|07|30|df=y}}
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Thalassery]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2020–present
| awards = [[54th Kerala State Film Awards|Best Child Actress for ''Sesham Mike-il Fathima'']]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kerala-state-film-awards-kaathal-wins-best-film-aadujeevitham-bags-9-honours-2583164-2024-08-16|title=Kerala State Film Awards: Kaathal wins Best Film, Aadujeevitham bags 9 honours|date=August 16, 2024|website=India Today}}</ref>
}}

'''Thennal Abhilash''' (born 30 July 2014) is an Indian child actress who appears in the [[Malayalam Cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/udan-panam-3-0-social-media-sensation-kutty-thennal-to-grace-the-show/articleshow/87763148.cms|title=Udan Panam 3.0: Social media sensation Kutty Thennal to grace the show|newspaper=The Times of India |date=November 17, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/soorarai-pottru-movie-kaattu-payale-dance-cover-by-kutti-thennal/articleshow/79642570.cms|title='വെള്ളരിപ്രാവി'ന് പിന്നാലെ 'കാട്ടു പയലേ' ഡാൻസ് കവറുമായി കുട്ടി തെന്നൽ|website=Samayam Malayalam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/here-the-littile-girl-benki-benki-bhoom-bhoom-viral-video-fame-thennal/articleshow/74043626.cms|title=വീണ്ടും കുട്ടി തെന്നൽ; ആരാണ് ശരിക്കും തെന്നൽ എന്നറിയോ?|website=Samayam Malayalam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/children/kidz-club/2020/08/16/kutt-thennal-dance-video-vathukkalu-vellaripravu.html|title=വാതുക്കല് വെള്ളരിപ്രാവ്: ഭാവങ്ങൾ കൊണ്ട് മനം മയക്കും ഈ കുട്ടി സുജാത|website=വാതുക്കല് വെള്ളരിപ്രാവ്: ഭാവങ്ങൾ കൊണ്ട് മനം മയക്കും ഈ കുട്ടി സുജാത}}</ref> She is best known for portraying Kunju Fathima in ''[[Sesham Mike-il Fathima]]'' (2023),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/08/16/kerala-state-film-awards-2024-live.html|title=Kerala State Film Awards 2024: Prithviraj wins Best Actor, 'Kaathal' takes Best Film | LIVE|website=Onmanorama}}</ref> Malavika Das in [[Forensic (2020 film)]] (2020), Appumol in [[Minnal Murali]] (2021), Rukku in [[Lalitham Sundaram]] (2022), Balan Daughter in [[Voice of Sathyanathan]] (2023), Anya in [[Rudhran]] (2023, Vannamayil in [[Story of Things]] (2023), Keshav Daughter in [[Manorathangal]] (2024).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manju-warriers-selfies-with-social-media-star-kutty-thennal-are-trending-online/articleshow/74690883.cms|title=Manju Warrier's selfies with social media star Kutty Thennal are trending online|newspaper=The Times of India |date=March 18, 2020}}</ref>

== Career ==
Thennal started acting with the role of childhood of Malavika Das in the movie ''[[Forensic (2020 film)]]'' in 2020. Her role as Kunju Fathima in ''[[Sesham Mike-il Fathima]]'' in 2023 was critically acclaimed and she has also got Best Child actress award in [[54th Kerala State Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kerala-state-film-awards-2023-winners-1.9816901#:~:text=16%20August%202024%2C%2012:00%20PM%20IST&text=Thiruvananthapuram:%20The%2054th%20State%20Film,Pellissery%20and%20writer%20N%20S%20Madhavan.&text=An%20error%20occurred.,is%20disabled%20in%20your%20browser | title=Kerala State Film Awards 2023: Urvashi, Prithviraj, Beena Chandran shine; 'Kaathal' named Best Film | date=16 August 2024 }}</ref> Kutti Thennal and Vasisht Umesh are two emerging dancers whose performances went viral on social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/minnal-murali-fame-vasisht-and-kutti-thennal-reels-goes-viral-78973|title=Viral Video | കുറുക്കൻ മൂലയിൽ നിന്നും കൽപ്പാത്തിയിലേക്ക്! മിന്നൽ വസിഷ്ഠിന്റെ കിടിലൻ റീൽസ്, ഒപ്പം കുട്ടി തെന്നലും|date=January 8, 2022|website=Zee News Malayalam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/children/kidz-club/2022/01/22/minnal-murali-child-artists-vashisht-and-kutti-thennal-instagram-reels.html|title='കരളേ കരളിന്റെ കരളേ'; തകർപ്പൻ ചുവടുകളുമായി മിന്നൽ മുരളിയിലെ മിന്നും താരങ്ങൾ|website=‘കരളേ കരളിന്റെ കരളേ’; തകർപ്പൻ ചുവടുകളുമായി മിന്നൽ മുരളിയിലെ മിന്നും താരങ്ങൾ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/karale-karalinte-karale-reel-video-by-minnal-murali-kid-stars-r63qk2|title=Kutti Thennal and Vasisht : 'കരളേ കരളിന്റെ കരളേ..' ചുവടുവെച്ച് 'മിന്നല്‍ മുരളി' കുട്ടിത്താരങ്ങള്‍|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
* ''All films are in Malayalam language unless otherwise noted''
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2020 || ''[[Forensic (2020 film)|Forensic]]'' || Malavika Das || Debut film ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2021 || ''[[Minnal Murali]]'' || Appumol || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2022 || ''[[Lalitham Sundaram]]'' || Rukku || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2023 || ''[[Voice of Sathyanathan]]'' || Balan Daughter || ||
|-
|''[[Sesham Mike-il Fathima]]'' || Kunju Fathima || ||
|-
|''[[Rudhran]]'' || Anya || Tamil film ||
|-
|''[[Story of Things]]'' || Vannamayil || Tamil series||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2024 || ''[[Manorathangal]]'' || Keshav's Daughter || ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Nancy Rani]]'' || Young Nancy || ||
|-
|}

==Awards==
* [[54th Kerala State Film Awards]] for Best Child Actress.<ref name="auto"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|13252817}}
*{{Instagram|kutti_thennal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abhilash, Thennal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2014 births]]

Lucasinho Ribeiro

2026-03-11T14:27:22Z

Delphia92Y:

{{Short description|Goan playwright and theatre actor (1863–1928)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lucasinho Ribeiro
| image = Lucasinho Ribeiro.jpg
| caption = The only surviving portrait of Ribeiro
| birth_name = Costâncio Lucasinho Caridade Ribeiro
| birth_place = [[Assagão]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1863|1|2|df=y}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|1928|1|23|1863|1|2|df=y}}
| death_place = Assãgao, Goa, Portuguese India
| other_names = Lucasinho Antonio Ribeiro
| years_active = 1892–1900s
| occupation = {{Hlist|Playwright|theatre director|actor|singer|composer}}
| spouse = Filomena de Souza
| children = 3
| notable_works = {{ubl|
* ''[[Italian Bhurgo]]'' (1892)
* ''[[Batcara]]'' (1904)}}
}}

'''Costâncio Lucasinho Caridade Ribeiro''' (2 January 1863 – 23 January 1928) was a [[Goan]] playwright, [[theatre director]], actor, singer, and composer known for staging the first ''[[tiatr|teatro]] [[Italian Bhurgo]]'' (''Italian Boy'') on 17 April 1892 in [[Bombay]]. Known as the originator of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]'', he also staged the first ''teatro'' at [[Assagao|Assagão]], [[Goa]] on 1 January 1894.

==Early life==
Costâncio Lucasinho Caridade Ribeiro was born on 2 January 1863 in [[Assagão]], [[Bardes]], [[Portuguese Goa]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date=2010 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |language=en |access-date=2024-02-01 |archive-date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126045216/https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Theatrical career==
===Background: Early ''zagor'' and ''khell tiatrs''===
During the 19th century, [[Goa]] was known for its theatrical performances called ''[[Zagor (festival)|zagor]]'' and ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell]]''. These [[musical play]]s were staged outdoors in various public spaces such as street corners, village centers, and open areas. ''Zagor'' was primarily popular in [[North Goa]], particularly in [[Bardes]], while ''khell'' found its audience in [[South Goa]], particularly in [[Salcete]]. Initially, these performances focused on social themes and were free from controversy and [[negative criticism]]. However, towards the end of the 19th century, the ''zagor'' form of entertainment gained popularity in [[Bombay]], attracting the interest of North Goans. Unfortunately, this form of entertainment was considered crude and vulgar, leading to the embarrassment of the more affluent Goans residing in Bombay. They faced ridicule and mockery from non-Goans, which prompted the middle and upper classes in Bombay to shift their attention to [[English drama|English]] and Portuguese dramas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=1–24 |language=en |access-date=2024-02-01 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Role in Italian Opera Company===
In 1890, while ''zagor'' was still common in Bombay, an [[Italian Opera]] Company arrived in the city, presenting performances of high quality in renowned theaters. These Italian operas had good storylines, musical compositions, direction, stage designs, costumes, and lighting effects. These productions attracted a considerable audience, including some well-to-do Goans. It was during this time that Ribeiro, then 27 years old, arrived in Bombay to seek employment. Ribeiro had a strong interest in music and stage arts and was dissatisfied with the condition of [[Goan]] entertainment. Comparing the subpar quality of Goan performances to the excellence of the Italian Opera Company, Ribeiro decided that improvements were necessary. However, he encountered many difficulties in Bombay, where he had limited education and few opportunities. Despite these difficulties, he analyzed the differences between Goans and the producers of Italian opera. He questioned why Goans could not create dramas of comparable quality and decided to take steps toward change. Through his personal connections, he obtained a position with the Italian Opera Company, starting as a curtain operator and caretaker or a [[stagehand]].<ref name=":1" /> Although the position offered a modest salary, Ribeiro accepted it as it provided him an opportunity to involve himself in theater, observe the artists, and enjoy the music.<ref name=":0" />

===''Italian Bhurgo'' and other plays===
During his time with the Italian Opera Company, Ribeiro travelled extensively with the troupe, visiting cities such as [[Poona]], [[Madras]], [[Simla]], and [[Calcutta]] in [[British India]]. However, when the company planned to travel to [[British Burma]], Ribeiro decided to resign and return to Bombay. By then, he had gained a thorough understanding of one of their [[operettas]],<ref name=":1" /> memorizing both, the script and the music. He had also purchased used costumes from the company. Upon his return to Bombay, Ribeiro wrote the first [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]'', which was a translation of an Italian operetta by the Gonzalez Brothers. Named ''Italian Bhurgo'', this marked the beginning of the Konkani theatrical tradition. Ribeiro collaborated with Caetaninho Fernandes, a young resident of [[Taleigao]], who not only joined Ribeiro's troupe but also assisted in recruiting additional artists. Caetaninho, employed as a clerk at the ''[[Bombay Gazette]]'', helped expand the group. The ''tiatr'' required a team of nine performers, each assuming multiple roles.<ref name=":0" />

Consequently, Ribeiro, Caetaninho, and [[Pai Tiatrist|João Agostinho Fernandes]], a young man from [[Borda, Goa|Borda]], [[Margão]], employed at a [[pharmaceutical company]] in Bombay, began seeking additional artists. This was challenging due to the negative perception associated with Goan ''[[Zagor (festival)|zagors]]'', which discouraged potential participants from engaging in Konkani entertainment. However, two additional Goans, Agustinho Mascarenhas from Mungul, Margão, and Fransquino Fernandes,<ref>{{Cite web |title=No one can dethrone Lucasinho Ribeiro |url=https://www.thegoan.net//no-one-can-dethrone-lucasinho-ribeiro/8657.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201145028/https://www.thegoan.net//no-one-can-dethrone-lucasinho-ribeiro/8657.html |url-status=live }}</ref> were recruited. Now a team of five, they started planning for the first presentation of a Konkani ''tiatr''. They met for [[rehearsal]]s each evening after their respective work commitments, near the Round Bungalow on Picket Road in Bombay. Only when they were entirely satisfied with their preparations did they finalize a date for their first performance. On 17 April 1892, the first-ever Konkani ''tiatr'', ''Italian Bhurgo'' (The Italian Boy), written and directed by Ribeiro, was performed at the New Alfred Theatre in Bombay. The audience appreciated the production's music, narrative, songs, and the authentic velvet costumes borrowed from the Italian Opera Company. The ''tiatr's'' success increased the group's recognition, prompting Ribeiro to name them the Goa Portuguese Dramatic Company.<ref name=":0" />

Encouraged by their initial success, Ribeiro undertook further translations of plays into Konkani, including works such as ''Alladin Ani Tacho Ojeapancho Divo'' ([[Aladdin|Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp]]), ''Alibaba ani Cheallis Chor'' ([[Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves]]), and ''Carlos Magno'' ([[Charlemagne]]). Ribeiro's proficiency in English helped in the precise translation of these classic [[English novel]]s in Konkani; they were met with acclaim. The popularity of Konkani ''tiatr'' became evident as it attracted support not only in Bombay but also in Goa and among Goans residing elsewhere. Ribeiro then worked to introduce Konkani ''tiatr'' to Goa. While historical records from Assagão, Bardez, Ribeiro's birthplace, confirm that the first Konkani ''tiatr'' in Goa was staged in Assagão in 1894, it remains uncertain whether the performance was ''Italian Burgo'' or one of the other three plays translated by Ribeiro. This performance took place on [[New Year's Day]], 1 January 1894, and featured artists such as Napoleanv, Manuel Jose Fonseca, Zeferine Andrade, Tolentino Fonseca, and L. J. Rapose. The musical accompaniment for this ''tiatr'' was provided by Mestre Gabriel Franco. Subsequently, Ribeiro went on to produce numerous ''tiatrs'' at Sokol-Vaddear in Assagão, Goa.<ref name=":0" />

===Introduction of ''teatro'' in Goa===
The Konkani ''[[tiatr]]'' originated in [[Goa]] under the leadership of Ribeiro, making him the first [[Goan]] to introduce this theatrical form in the region. As Ribeiro's influence grew, the Konkani ''tiatr'' gradually spread to other parts of Goa. Inspired by Ribeiro, [[Pai Tiatrist|João Agostinho Fernandes]] from Borda, Margao, began writing and staging ''tiatrs'' in Bombay, where he improved his skills under Ribeiro's tutelage. While Ribeiro focused on translating established [[English drama|English]] and Portuguese plays into Konkani, Fernandes distinguished himself by creating original ''tiatrs''. Fernandes openly acknowledged Ribeiro as his mentor in Konkani ''tiatrs'', as evident in his writings for Konkani newspapers of the time, such as ''Ave Maria''. One notable production by Fernandes was ''[[Batcara]]'', which premiered on 22 November 1904, at the [[Capitol Cinema (Mumbai)|Gaiety Theatre]] in Bombay. The play featured Ribeiro as one of the actors, alongside Policarpo Mendonca, N.M. Fernandes, Anton Abranv, and [[Regina Fernandes]], who became the first Goan woman to perform in Konkani ''tiatrs''.<ref name=":0" />

===Closure of Ribeiro and Cruz Opera Company===
The success of these early pioneers led to the formation of several new ''tiatr'' groups, reflecting the growing popularity and interest in the Konkani ''tiatr''. Among these groups were Lusitan, Dona Amelia, Don Carlos, Douglas Cornic Opera, Karachiwallas Delectable Company, Goan Union, Lazarus Comic Opera, and Goa Nacional. However, conflicts and jealousy emerged among Ribeiro's group members, possibly influenced by external factors. Motivated by unsubstantiated rumours, Ribeiro decided to end his professional relationship with his long-term associates, including Caetaninho Fernandes, João Agostinho Fernandes, Agostinho Mascarenhas, and Fransquino Fernandes. He formed a new group called the Ribeiro and Cruz Opera Company, leaving his former colleagues without guidance.<ref name=":0" />

This period also witnessed the rise and subsequent decline of numerous Konkani drama/opera companies. While some, like the Union Jack Drama Company led by A.J. Rocha, lasted longer, many others ceased operations within a few years, including the Ribeiro and Cruz Opera Company. After its closure, Ribeiro appears to have ceased translating English plays or producing new works in Konkani. Despite his continued involvement as an actor in João Agostinho Fernandes's productions in later years, there is no record of Ribeiro's own productions during this period. Although Ribeiro possessed a substantial collection of written material, including ''tiatr'' scripts and related documents, stored in a wooden box at his home in Assagão, Bardez, the current location of this box remains unknown. It is presumed that it may have been destroyed by pests or stolen. Konkani Historian and singer [[Wilson Mazarello]] writes that the loss of this valuable material deprives us of a deeper understanding of Ribeiro's artistic vision and contributions to the Konkani ''tiatr''. Towards the end of his career, Ribeiro wrote and directed five ''tiatrs'', including works such as ''Italian Bhurgo'', ''Alibaba ani Cheallis Chor'', and ''Carlos Magno''. He was also a composer and singer of ''tiatr'' songs. In addition, Ribeiro continued his acting career, appearing in both his own productions and those of João Agostinho Fernandes.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life ==
Ribeiro was also an artist, known for his skills as both a [[painter]] and a [[portrait artist]]. The artistic skill of Ribeiro was acknowledged by the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese government]], leading to a commission to create [[portraits]] of two [[List of governors of Portuguese India|former governors]]. However, Ribeiro's primary creative passion laid in the world of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]'', a form of [[Goan]] theater. He remained committed to this art form throughout his life.<ref name=":2" />

Ribeiro was married to Filomena de Souza, and together they had three sons: Caetano Paulo, Teofilio, and Joaquim Menino. Caetano Paulo Ribeiro and Joaquim Menino Ribeiro, the latter commonly referred to as "Jack," followed his father and performed in ''tiatrs''. Jack was also a commercial artist, involved in crafting posters and portraits specifically for ''tiatr'' performances. The ''tiatr'' community thus referred to him as "painter J. Ribeiro".<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=2–3}}</ref>

==Plays==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Location
!Notes
|-
|1892
|''[[Italian Bhurgo]]''
|New Alfred Theatre, [[Bombay]]
|Writer & director; Translation of an Italian [[operetta]] by the Gonzalez Brothers
|-
|
|''Alladin Ani Tacho Ojeapancho Divo''
|Bombay
|Writer & director; Translation of ''[[Alladin]]''
|-
|
|''Alibaba ani Cheallis Chor''
|Bombay
|Writer & director; Translation of ''[[Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves]]''
|-
|
|''Carlos Magno''
|Bombay
|Writer & director; Translation of an English novel, presumably based on [[Charlemagne]]
|-
|1894
|''Untitled teatro''
|Sokol Vaddo, [[Assagao|Assãgao]], [[Goa]]
|Writer & director; restaging of ''Italian Bhurgo'' or the other three plays
|-
|1904
|''[[Batcara]]''
|[[Capitol Cinema (Mumbai)|Gaiety Theatre]], Bombay
|Credited as an actor
|}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=e Sa |first=Mario Cabral |author-link=Mario Cabral e Sa |year=2002 |title=Redefining Horizons: Goa, Four Decades of Freedom|location=[[Panaji, Goa]]|publisher=Department of Information and Publication, [[Government of Goa]]|oclc=230683321|pages=110–114}}
*{{cite book |last=Cardozo |first=Tomazinho |author-link=Tomazinho Cardozo|year=2007|title=My Journey|location=[[Candolim]], Goa|publisher=Ormor Prakaxon|oclc=159919747|pages=39–40, 115}}
*{{cite book |last=Komatsu|first=Kazuhiko |year=2008 |title=Anthropology of Japanese Culture/Folklore of Different Cultures|language=Japanese |location=[[Kyoto]], Japan|publisher=Hozokan|isbn=9784831856821|pages=145}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ribeiro, Lucasinho}}
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1928 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actors from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Writers from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]
[[Category:Male actors from Goa]]

Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai

2026-03-08T00:29:09Z

Delphia92Y: adjusted page per standard format and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
'''Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai''' (1887–1951) also called '''[[Darbar (title)|Darbar]] Gopaldas Desai''' was a prince who ascended the throne of the State of Dhasa currently known as Gopalgram in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and a noted [[Gandhian]] political and social activist. He is remembered as the first prince in India who gave up his principality to become a freedom fighter against the British Raj.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/wanderings-in-wonderland/article3818579.ece|title=Wanderings in wonderland|date=25 August 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Gopaldas was born at [[Vaso, India|Vaso]] in the present day [[Kheda district]] of [[Gujarat]]. He was an [[Inamdar (feudal title)|''inamdar'']] or feudatory to the [[Baroda State]], the ruler of the Dhasa State and a ''[[jagirdar]]'' of the [[Rai-Sankli|Rai and Sankhli]] villages. He was a [[Vaishnavite]] and a [[Patidar]] by caste and a [[Desai]] and [[Patidar|Amin]] by title.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yog Sunder: A true Prince of Dance|url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/tdhc/tdhc7.html}}</ref> He became the ruler of Dhasa succeeding his maternal grandfather Ambaidas who adopted him as heir to the throne.<ref>{{cite book|last=McLeod|first=John|title=Sovereignty, Power, Control: Politics in the State of Western India, 1916–1947|year=1999|publisher=Brill|location=Netherlands|page=232|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXpzWlPpE1cC&q=gopaldas+desai&pg=PA232|isbn=9789004113435}}</ref> Gopaldas had been a supporter of [[Mohandas Gandhi]] and the [[Indian National Congress]] and often gave them financial support. He was a progressive ruler and provided free education to his subjects. Impressed by the ideas of Madam Montessori, he started first Montessori school in [[Vaso, India|Vaso]] in 1915 with the help of his mentor, Motibhai Amin. It was the first Montessori School in Gujarat, and perhaps in entire India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vaso Heritage Village|url=http://www.thevaso.com/about.html|access-date=25 August 2012|archive-date=2 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234823/http://www.thevaso.com/about.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Indian Independence movement ==
By 1921, Gopaldas had become active in the [[Indian National Congress]]. That year he became the president of the [[Kheda district|Kheda]] District Congress Committee.<ref name="books.google">{{cite book|last=Heredia|first=Ruth|title=The Amul India Story|year=1997|publisher=Tata Mc Graw Hill|location=New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYEkjpYkHrMC&q=darbar+gopaldas+&pg=PA30|isbn=9780074631607}}</ref> The following year, his [[princely state|state]] was confiscated and was deposed as ruler by the British after he disobeyed the [[British Resident|British Resident General's]] warnings against his involvement in the national movement and extending financial support to Gandhi. Gopaldas and his wife Bhakti Lakshmi, better known as Bhaktiba became active freedom fighters from 1922. After his removal, the British proposed Gopaldas' eldest son Suryakant as the new ruler. He however rejected the offer arguing that he held the same political views as his father. The British later approached Gopaldas' other three sons as they approached the age of majority. They all rejected the offer, following the footsteps of their father.<ref>{{cite book|last=McLeod|first=John|title=Sovereignty, Power, Control: Politics in the State of Western India, 1916–1947|year=1999|publisher=Brill|location=Netherlands|page=235|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXpzWlPpE1cC&q=gopaldas+desai&pg=PA232|isbn=9789004113435}}</ref>

Following the confiscation of his estates, Gopaldas relocated to [[Borsad]] from where he participated in both the Borsad and [[Bardoli Satyagraha]]s.<ref name="books.google" /> During the 1930 [[Civil Disobedience Movement]], the entire Desai family was imprisoned including Gopaldas, his wife Bhaktiba, the two elder sons Mahendra and Suryakant, and their wives and even their newborn son, a mere six-month-old, Barindra. Thus, Barindra must have been the youngest freedom fighter. Bhaktiba was obliged to take the infant to Sabarmati jail in 1930 because he was too young to be left with anyone.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sunder|first=Yog|title= Thus Youngest Freedom Fighter in India's Struggle for Independence|url=http://www.yale.edu/macmillan/southasia/saim/recollections/Desai.pdf}}</ref> The Desais were also active participants in the [[Quit India Movement]]. Bhaktiba became a renowned social worker and Gandhian political activist in her own right<ref>{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Ravindra|title=Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Comrade Mao Tse-Tung: A Comparative Study|year=1999|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New delhi|page=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2DkA3ucaJtMC&q=darbar+gopaldas+desai+the+statesman&pg=PA105|isbn=9788170997146}}</ref> while Yog Sunder went on to become a renowned dancer and choreographer and the founder of the Indian Revival Group.<ref name="thehindu" />

== Social activism==
Gopaldas and Bhaktiba worked for the Gandhian causes of eradication of [[untouchability]] and for women's education. They were the pioneers in advancing female literacy in Gujarat and Saurashtra, especially the residential schools for girls. They founded Vitthal Kanya Vidyalaya in [[Nadiad]] in 1935 and later Vallabh Kanya Vidyalaya at [[Rajkot]] in 1946, both of them residential schools for girls.<ref>{{cite news|title=When Gandhians pioneered female literacy in S'rashtra|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-21/rajkot/28128351_1_female-literacy-saurashtra-higher-education|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203065611/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-21/rajkot/28128351_1_female-literacy-saurashtra-higher-education|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 January 2010}}</ref> Soon after independence, it was Darbar Gopaldas who was given the honour in 1947 to lay the foundation stone of [[Kirti Mandir, Porbandar|Kirti Mandir]], the memorial for Mahatma Gandhi in his birthplace [[Porbandar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gandhi Bapu Kirti mandir|url=http://www.gandhibapu.com/templet.jsp?sno=49}}</ref>

He was elected to the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] as a member from [[Baroda State|Baroda]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Constituent Assembly Debate on 28 April, 1947|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/323093/}}</ref> Gopaldas was reinstated as a ruler of his principality after India's independence. He is remembered as the first prince among about 550 princely states to voluntarily and unconditionally merge his principality with the Indian Union.<ref>McLeod John, Sovereignty, Power, Control: Politics in the State of Western India, 1916-1947</ref>

[[Rajmohan Gandhi]] has authored, ''The Prince of Gujarat'' (2014), a biography of Desai.<ref>{{cite news|title=Remembering a prince|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/interview-with-rajmohan-gandhi/article6658450.ece|access-date=5 December 2014|work=The Hindu|date=3 December 2014}}</ref>

== References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian independence movement}}

{{Mohandas K. Gandhi}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Darbar Gopaldas}}
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kheda district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Maharajas in Gujarat]]

List of Malayalam films of 1974

2026-03-07T04:50:44Z

Delphia92Y: brief updated details after review also

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Malayalam films}}

The following is a list of [[Malayalam film]]s released in the year 1974.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! colspan='2' | Opening !! Sl. No. !!Film !! Cast !! Director !! Music director !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''J A N'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 3
|valign="center" | {{center|1}}
| ''[[Angathattu]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Vijayasree]] || T. R. Raghunath || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 25
|valign="center" | {{center|2}}
| ''[[Kamini (film)|Kamini]]'' || [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]], [[Sobhana]] || [[Subair]] || [[M. S. Baburaj]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|3}}
| ''[[Manyasree Viswamithran]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Sheela]] || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"|'''F E B'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 1
|valign="center" | {{center|4}}
| ''[[Pattabhishekam (1974 film)|Pattabhishekam]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Ushanandini]] || Mallikarjuna Rao || [[R. K. Shekhar]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|5}}
| ''[[Oru Pidi Ari]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[A. T. Ummer]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 15
|valign="center" | {{center|6}}
| ''[[Shapamoksham]]'' || [[Jayan]], [[Sheela]] || [[Jesey]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 22
|valign="center" | {{center|7}}
| ''[[Jeevikkan Marannupoya Sthree]]'' || [[Sheela]], [[Vijayasree]] || [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 28
|valign="center" | {{center|8}}
| ''[[Chandrakantham]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"|'''M A R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 1
|valign="center" | {{center|9}}
| ''[[Suprabhatham (1974 film)|Suprabatham]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Adoor Bhasi]] || [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 8
|valign="center" | {{center|10}}
| ''[[Checkpost (film)|Checkpost]]'' || [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[Adoor Bhasi]] || [[J. D. Thottan]] || P. S. Divakar ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 15
|valign="center" | {{center|11}}
| ''[[Mister Sundari]]'' || [[Internet Movie Database]], || Dr. Vasan || [[Kannur Rajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 22
|valign="center" | {{center|12}}
| ''[[Pancha Thanthram]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[J. Sasikumar]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 23
|valign="center" | {{center|13}}
| ''[[Rahasyarathri]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[A. B. Raj]] || [[M. K. Arjunan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 28
|valign="center" | {{center|14}}
| ''[[Pathiravum Pakalvelichavum]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]] || M. Azad || [[K. Raghavan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''A P R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 5
|valign="center" | {{center|15}}
| ''[[Durga (1974 film)|Durga]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Vijayanirmala]] || [[Kunchacko]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 11
|valign="center" | {{center|16}}
| ''[[Youvanam]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Vijayasree]] || Babu Nanthankodu || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|17}}
|''[[Bad Romance]]''|| Zac Crowe || Brenden Wesson ||[[Lady Gaga]]||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 13
|valign="center" | {{center|18}}
| ''[[Nathoon]]'' || [[Rani Chandra]], [[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]] || K. Narayanan || [[M. S. Baburaj]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 19
|valign="center" | {{center|19}}
| ''[[Sethubandhanam (film)|Sethubandhanam]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]], [[Baby Sumathi]], || [[J. Sasikumar]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"|'''M A Y'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 1
|valign="center" | {{center|20}}
| ''[[Neelakannukal]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 10
|valign="center" | {{center|21}}
| ''[[Chattakkari (1974 film)|Chattakkari]]'' || [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Mohan Sharma]] || [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 17
|valign="center" | {{center|22}}
| ''[[Night Duty]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[J. Sasikumar]] || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"|'''J U N'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 7
|valign="center" | {{center|23}}
| ''[[Alakal]]'' || Rajesh, [[Vijayasree]] || M. D. Mathews || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 14
|valign="center" | {{center|24}}
| ''[[Moham]]'' || [[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]], [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] || Rander Guy || [[M. K. Arjunan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 28
|valign="center" | {{center|25}}
| ''[[Nagaram Sagaram]]'' || [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]], [[Sumithra]] || K. P. Pillai || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''J U L'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 5
|valign="center" | {{center|26}}
| ''[[Aswathy]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sheela]] || [[Jesey]] || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 12
|valign="center" | {{center|27}}
| ''[[College Girl (1974 film)|College Girl]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Vidhubala]] || [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]] || [[A. T. Ummer]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|28}}
| ''[[Bhoogolam Thiriyunnu]]'' || [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]], [[Rani Chandra]] || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 26
|valign="center" | {{center|29}}
| ''[[Kanyakumari (film)|Kanyakumari]]'' || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Rita Bhaduri]] || [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] || [[M. B. Sreenivasan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"|'''A U G'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 2
|valign="center" | {{center|30}}
| ''[[Ayalathe Sundari]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]] || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 3
|valign="center" | {{center|31}}
| ''[[Chakravakam (1974 Malayalam film)|Chakravakam]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] || [[Thoppil Bhasi]] || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 12
|valign="center" | {{center|32}}
| ''[[Chanchala (film)|Chanchala]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] || S. Sabu || [[M. K. Arjunan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 23
|valign="center" | {{center|33}}
| ''[[Thumbolarcha]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sheela]] || [[Kunchacko]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|34}}
| ''[[Nellu (1974 film)|Nellu]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[Ramu Kariat]] || [[Salil Chowdhury]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 29
|valign="center" | {{center|35}}
| ''[[Thacholi Marumakan Chandu]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 30
|valign="center" | {{center|36}}
| ''[[Devi Kanyakumari (film)|Devi Kanyakumari]]'' || [[Vinodini Sasimohan|Baby Vinodini]], [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] || [[P. Subramaniam]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"|'''S E P'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 27
|valign="center" | {{center|37}}
| ''[[Nadeenadanmare Avasyamundu]]'' || [[Adoor Bhasi]], [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] || [[Crossbelt Mani]] || [[R. K. Shekhar]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''O C T'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 11
|valign="center" | {{center|38}}
| ''[[Rajahamsam]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 17
|valign="center" | {{center|39}}
| ''[[Swarnavigraham]]'' || [[Jayabharathi]], [[Adoor Bhasi]] || Mohan Gandhiraman || [[M. B. Sreenivasan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 25
|valign="center" | {{center|40}}
| ''[[Vishnu Vijayam]]'' || [[Sheela]], [[Kamalahasan]] || [[N. Sankaran Nair]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"|'''N O V'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 8
|valign="center" | {{center|41}}
| ''[[Sapthaswaragal]]'' || [[Srividya]], [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] || [[Baby (director)|Baby]] || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 10
|valign="center" | {{center|42}}
| ''[[Poonthenaruvi]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Nanditha Bose]] || [[J. Sasikumar]] || [[M. K. Arjunan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 29
|valign="center" | {{center|43}}
| ''[[Bhoomidevi Pushpiniyayi]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] || [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"|'''D E C'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 5
|valign="center" | {{center|44}}
| ''[[Honeymoon (1974 film)|Honeymoon]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jose Prakash]] || [[A. B. Raj]] || [[M. K. Arjunan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 8
|valign="center" | {{center|45}}
| ''Udayam Kizhakku Thanne'' || [[Sukumaran]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], [[Pattom Sadan]] || [[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]] || [[K. J. Yesudas]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 13
|valign="center" | {{center|46}}
| ''[[Vrindavanam (1974 film)|Vrindavanam]]'' || [[Srividya]], [[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]]|| K. P. Pillai || [[M. K. Arjunan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 20
|valign="center" | {{center|47}}
| ''[[Arakkallan Mukkalkkallan]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 21
|valign="center" | {{center|48}}
| ''[[Kunjikkaikal]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]] || || K. K. Antony ||
|}

==Dubbed movies==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! width="25%" | Movie
! width="18%" | Director
! width="18%" | Cast
! width="18%" | Music
! width="18%" | Lyrics
|- valign="top"
| ''Pennum Ponnum''

| V. Ramachandra Rao
|  
|  
|  
|- valign="top"
| ''Aramanarahasyam''

| P. Naga Anjanayelu
|  
|  
|  
|- valign="top"
| ''Chandana Kadu''

| ([[dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]])
|  
|  
|  
|- valign="top"
| ''Pakaram Njangal Chodikkum''

| Dwarai Bhagavan
|  
|  
|  
|- valign="top"
| ''Vilakkapetta Kani''

| [[Puttanna Kanagal|S. R. Puttanna]]
| [[Prem Nazir|Nazeer]]
|  
|  
|- valign="top"
| ''Swarnnam Chirikyunnu''

| [[J. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]]
| [[Prem Nazir|Nazeer]], [[Jayabharathi]], [[A. T. Ummer]]
| [[M. K. Arjunan]]
| [[Thampi]]
|}

==References==
{{No footnotes|date=February 2011}}
*{{cite web|title=Kerala Government Public Relations Department |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/art/list.htm |access-date=24 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050828202957/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/art/list.htm |archive-date=28 August 2005 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web | title=Cinema of Malayalam | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050426081118/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/ | archive-date=26 April 2005 | url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net | access-date=18 September 2019 }}
*{{cite web | title=Official Site of Association of Malayalam Movie Artists | url=http://malayalamcinema.com | access-date=24 February 2011 }}

{{Malayalam films|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1974 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malayalam Films Of 1974}}
[[Category:1974 Malayalam-language films| 1974]]
[[Category:Lists of Malayalam films by year|1974]]
[[Category:Lists of 1974 films by language|Malayalam]]
[[Category:1974 in Indian cinema| ]]

Mohiuddin Jahangir

2026-02-26T19:53:02Z

Delphia92Y: adjusted lead further and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Short description|Bangladeshi fighter and recipient of Bir Sreshtho award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[File:Bir Sreshtho Medal.png|20px]]
| name = Mohiuddin Jahangir
| native_name = মহিউদ্দীন জাহাঙ্গীর
| honorific_suffix = [[Bir Sreshtho]]
| image =
| caption = Captain Mohiuddin Jahangir, circa Dec. '71
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1949|03|07}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1971|12|14|1949|3|7}}
| birth_place = [[Babuganj Upazila|Babuganj]], [[East Bengal]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
| death_place = [[Chapai Nawabganj|Nawabganj]], [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]], Bangladesh
| allegiance = {{PAK}} {{BAN}}
| branch = {{army|Pakistan}} (before 1971) {{army|Bangladesh}}
| serviceyears = 1967–1971
| servicenumber = PSS-10439
| rank = [[File:Bangladesh-army-OF-2.svg|20px]] [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| unit = [[Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]]
| commands = *Sub-Commander of [[List of sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War|Sector – VII]]
| battles = [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]{{KIA}}
| awards = [[File:Bir Sreshtho ribbon.svg|40px]] [[Bir Sreshtho]]
| laterwork =
}}
[[Captain (land)|Captain]] '''Mohiuddin Jahangir''' [[Bir Sreshtho|BS]] ({{langx|bn|মহিউদ্দীন জাহাঙ্গীর}}) (7 March 1949-14 December 1971) was a [[Pakistan Army]] officer who joined the [[Mukti Bahini]] during the 1971 war. He was born in the village of Rahimgonj under Babugonj Upazila of [[Barisal District]], [[East Pakistan]]. He was an officer in [[List of sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War|Sector 7]] of the Mukti Bahini and was killed while attempting to breakthrough enemy defenses on the bank of the [[Mahananda River]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

His initiative seriously undermined the Pakistani Army's resistance in the area; eventually allowing, the Mukti Bahini to overrun the positions of the Pakistan Army. The main gate of [[Dhaka Cantonment]], "Shaheed Birsreshto Jahangir Gate", is named in his honor.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

He was awarded the [[Bir Sreshtho|highest recognition of bravery in Bangladesh]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Nation to recall martyrdom of Bir Shreshtha Jahangir today |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/nation-to-recall-martyrdom-of-bir-shreshtha-jahangir-today-55184 |newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref>

==Early life==

Mohiuddin Jahangir was born on 7 March 1949 at Rahimganj, [[Babuganj Upazila|Babuganj upazila]] in [[Barisal District]], [[East Pakistan]]. His primary education was at the Patarchar Primary School in Muladi. He achieved scholarships in talent pool in his 5th and 8th grade, and he passed his SSC examination from Muladi Mahbudjan High School in 1964. He finished his HSC from the Barisal BM College in 1966.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jahangir,_Birsrestha_Mahiuddin |title=Jahangir, Birsrestha Mahiuddin |website=Banglapedia |access-date=2016-11-17}}</ref> In 1967 he enrolled at the department of Statistics at the [[University of Dhaka]]. On 5 October 1967 he joined the [[Pakistan Army]] as a cadet at the [[Pakistan Military Academy]].<ref name="auto"/> Jahangir was then commissioned in the Corps of Engineers after successfully completing his training with the 15th war course. Later he was posted at 173 Engineer's Battalion in [[Multan]]. After working with the battalion for six months, he was shifted to Military College of Engineering in [[Risalpur]]. After finishing the 13-month-long training he took bomb-disposal training.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

==Involvement in the war==
In 1971, Mohiuddin Jahangir was working at the construction field at [[Chilas]] near the [[Karakoram]]. On 10 June 1971, he took a few days leave and went back to Risalpur. A day later, he started going towards the [[Sialkot]] border to reach India. He managed to cross the border and joined the [[Mukti Bahini]] at Mehdipur under [[Malda district]] in West Bengal. On 3 July, he became a captain of sector 7, Mohodipur. He was given the responsibility to fight at the [[Chapai Nawabganj District|Chapai Nawabganj]] border at [[Rajshahi District|Rajshahi]] district.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chapainawabganj was freed on this day in 1971 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/chapainawabganj-was-freed-on-this-day-in-1971/ |newspaper=The Daily Star |accessdate=18 June 2015}}</ref> In December he was ordered to take Chapai Nawabganj. On 14 December, he died after being shot during a battle near [[Nawabganj Town|Nawabganj]]. He was buried near [[Sona Mosque]] premises and afterwards, was posthumously declared "Bir Shrestho". This award is one of the most highly honored awards in [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="auto"/>

==Death==
[[File:Mohiuddin Jahangir Tomb by Mustafiz.jpg|right|thumb|Tomb of Captain Mohiuddin Jahangir and Major Nazmul Huq]]
In December 1971, Jahangir was made the captain of a team in order to take control of [[Chapai Nawabganj District|Chapai Nawabganj]] from the Pakistanis. On 10 December he set his camp up at a place called Barghoria at the west of Nawabganj.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

On 13 December, Jahangir divided his force into three groups in order to attack enemy camps at Chapai Nababganj and Rajshahi. One team, led by Lieutenant Rafiq, crossed Mohananda and proceeded towards Rohonpur-Nachole-Anupura and Nawabganj. The second team crossed the [[Mahananda River]] and marched towards the city. At this point Jahangir failed to establish any advantage over the enemy, so he continued with his team and crossed Mahananda and camped at Rehaichar before dawn. He intended to destroy one of the light machine gun bunkers of the Pakistan Army and crawled towards it. He managed to get close to the bunker and throw a grenade, but was shot in the forehead by a sniper atop a nearby house.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

Pakistani soldiers didn't initially recognize him as an officer as he dressed like an ordinary soldier. His code name was "Tiger" and his soldiers responded on the radio with "Tiger is dead". He died in [[Chapainawabganj|Chapainawabganj town]].<ref>{{cite news |title=42nd death anniversary of Birshrestha Janhangir today |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/42nd-death-anniversary-of-birshrestha-janhangir-today/ |newspaper=The Daily Star |accessdate=18 June 2015}}</ref> He was buried in Choto Shona Mosque premises at Mehdipur, where most of his activities had taken place during the war. Later, he was announced Bir Shrestho.<ref name=":0" />

==Legacy==
[[File:Birsreshto Shaheed Jahangir Gate.jpg|thumb|Front view of Birsreshto Shaheed Jahangir Gate, Dhaka cantonment. This gate was named after Mohiuddin Jahangir.]]
Birshreshtha Shaheed Captain [[Mohyeddin|Mohiuddin]] Jahangir College at Swarupnagar was named after him. The main gate of Dhaka Cantonment, "Shaheed Jahangir Gate", is named in his honour. Also, a college called Mohiuddin Jahangir College was named after him as well.
<ref>{{cite news |title=PM: Reject those involved in destructive politics |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2015/may/17/pm-reject-those-involved-destructive-politics |newspaper=Dhaka Tribune |agency=UNB |accessdate=18 June 2015}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Mohiuddin Jahangir Tomb by Mustafiz 2.jpg|Tomb of [[Bir Sreshtho]] Captain [[Mohyeddin|Mohiuddin]] Jahangir and Major Nazmul Huq
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bir Sreshtho}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jahangir, Mohiuddin}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:People killed in the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Pakistani defectors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bir Sreshtho]]
[[Category:People from Babuganj Upazila]]
[[Category:Brojomohun College alumni]]
[[Category:Mukti Bahini personnel]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Army captains]]
[[Category:Pakistan Army officers]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Barisal District]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani military personnel]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:People from Patarchar]]

Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary

2026-02-24T02:25:44Z

Delphia92Y: Adding new post with sources...

{{Short description|Nature reserve in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary नवाबगंज बर्ड सैंक्चुरी
| alt_name = Shahid Chandra Shekhar Azad Bird Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary, Unnao 03.JPG
| image_alt = Wetlands of Bird Sanctuary
| image_caption =
| image_size =
| map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_width =
| coordinates = {{coord|26.6191858|80.6531205|display=inline,title}}
| location = Nawabganj, [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| nearest_city =
| region =
| area =
| established =
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [[Government of India]]
| url =
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary
| designation1_date = 19 September 2019
| designation1_number = 2412<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2412|access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref>}}
}}
[[File:591 Spotted-Deer.jpg|thumb|A [[spotted deer]] in the Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary.]]
'''Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary''', renamed in 2015 '''Shahid [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]] Bird Sanctuary''',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lucknow-zoo-nawabganj-bird-sanctuary-to-be-renamed-115062300749_1.html |title=Lucknow zoo, Nawabganj bird sanctuary to be renamed}}</ref> is a bird sanctuary located in [[Unnao district]] on the Kanpur-Lucknow highway in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]] consisting of a [[lake]] and the surrounding environment. It is one of the many [[wetlands]] of Northern India. The sanctuary provides protection for 250 species of [[migratory birds]] mostly from [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] (or formerly [[USSR]]) countries, but the numbers have been dwindling since the 1990s, most having relocated to newer areas in Himachal and Rajasthan. The sanctuary also houses a deer park, watchtowers and boats.

==Birds==
The avian population here comprises a mix of residents as well as migratory birds. The birds migrate across [[Himalayas]] from [[Tibet]], [[China]], [[Europe]] and [[Siberia]] during winters. Some of these birds fly over 5000 km and above 8500 meters high to reach here. Some of the major migratory birds during the season are [[greylag goose]], [[Northern pintail|pintail]], [[cotton teal]], [[red-crested pochard]], [[gadwall]], [[shoveller]], [[coot]] and [[mallard]]. Some major local migratory and residential birds are [[sarus crane]], [[painted stork]], [[peafowl]], [[Black-headed ibis|white ibis]], [[Little grebe|dabchick]], [[Lesser whistling duck|whistling teal]], [[open-bill stork]], [[white-necked stork]], [[pheasant-tailed jacana]], [[bronze winged jacana]], [[purple moorhen]], [[lapwing]], [[tern]], [[vulture]], [[pigeon]], [[Black drongo|king crow]], [[Indian roller]] and [[bee-eater]].

==Reptiles==
The major reptiles found in the sanctuary are [[cobra]], [[viper]], [[krait]], [[ratsnake]] and water snakes.

==Deer park==
A small park for deer has been established in the vicinity of the sanctuary. There are [[Chital|spotted]] and [[Muntjac|barking deer]] in the park. It is one of the main attractions in the sanctuary.

==Hospitality==
A guesthouse with bedding and lodging is provided inside the sanctuary along with a restaurant and a children park.

==Image gallery==
<gallery>
File:Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary, Unnao 02.jpg|Panorama of Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary
File:Birds at Nawabganj bird sanctuary, Unnao 02.JPG|A pond heron at the bird sanctuary
File:Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary, Unnao 01.JPG|Watch tower
File:Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary, Unnao 05.JPG|Wetlands of Bird Sanctuary
File:Lake at Nawabganj bird sanctuary, Unnao 04.JPG|Wetlands of Bird Sanctuary
File:Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary, Unnao 06.JPG|Migratory birds in winter
File:Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary, Unnao 07.JPG
File:Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary, Unnao 09.JPG
File:Boating in lake at Nawabganj bird sanctuary, Unnao 01.JPG|Boating in lake
File:Indian Cormorant swimming in Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary.png|Indian Cormorant
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Wildlife refuge]]
*[[Nature reserve]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary}}
* [http://www.wild-india.com/NationalParksIndia/index.html Information on National Parks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193959/http://www.wild-india.com/NationalParksIndia/index.html |date=3 March 2016 }}
* [http://unnao.nic.in/nawabganjbirds/index.html Nawabganj birds]

{{Kanpur}}
{{Bird Sanctuaries}}
{{Lucknow division topics}}
{{Protected areas in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Zoos of India}}
{{Ramsar sites in India}}
{{Kanpur division topics}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Bird sanctuaries of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]
[[Category:Unnao district]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Jai Bhim (disambiguation)

2026-02-15T09:47:26Z

Delphia92Y:

'''[[Jai Bhim]]''' ({{Translation|"Victory to [[B. R. Ambedkar|Bhim]]}}) is a slogan that refers to [[B. R. Ambedkar]].

'''Jai Bhim''' may also refer to:
* [[Jai Bhim (film)]]
** [[Jai Bhim (soundtrack)]]
* [[Jai Bhim Comrade]], a film

== See also ==
* [[Ambedkar (disambiguation)]]

{{dab}}

Allahabad Bank

2026-02-11T18:23:57Z

Delphia92Y: general added layout for accuracy and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian bank, 1865–2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Allahabad Bank
| logo = Allahabad Bank Logo.svg
| logo_caption = 
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE was|532480}} {{NSE was|ALBK}}
| founded = {{start date and age|1865|4|24|df=y}}
| industry = Banking, [[Financial services]]
| location_city = [[Kolkata]]
| location_country = India
| defunct = {{End date and age|2020|4|1|df=yes}}
| fate = Merged with [[Indian Bank]]
| successor = [[Indian Bank]]
| num_locations_year = 2019
| area_served = India
| locations = 3230 branches
| key_people = Ch. S. S. Mallikarjuna Rao {{small|([[Managing Director|MD]] & [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])}}
| services = {{ubl
| [[Commercial bank]]
| [[Finance and insurance]]
| [[Retail banking]]
}}
| revenue = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|18564.50|c}}
| revenue_year = 2019
| operating_income = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|2767.01|c}}
| income_year = 2019
| net_income = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|-8333.96|c}}{{Verify source|date=October 2021}}
| net_income_year = 2019
| assets = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|248575.77|c}}
| assets_year = 2019
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 23,210
| num_employees_year = 2019
| ratio =
| homepage = {{official URL}}
| footnotes = <ref name="Balance Sheet 2019">[https://www.allahabadbank.in/Internet_Site/download/alb-110518.pdf "Balance Sheet 31.03.2019"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140255/https://www.allahabadbank.in/Internet_Site/download/alb-110518.pdf |date=12 June 2018 }} (PDF)</ref>
}}

'''Allahabad Bank''' was an Indian [[Nationalization|nationalised]] bank with its headquarters in [[Kolkata]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Allahabad Bank head office IFSC Code, MICR Code, Branch Code and Full Address|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/ifsc-code/allahabad-bank/head-office-branch-in-kolkata-alla0210032/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119191057/https://www.financialexpress.com/ifsc-code/allahabad-bank/head-office-branch-in-kolkata-alla0210032/|archive-date=
19 November 2020|access-date=19 November 2020|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> Founded in [[Allahabad]] in 1865 and nationalised by the government of India in 1969, the bank provided banking and financial services for 155 years until it was merged with [[Indian Bank]] in 2020. It was the oldest still running joint stock bank in India until its merger.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

{{As of|2018|3|31}}, Allahabad Bank had over 3245 branches across India.<ref name="ar">{{cite web|url=https://www.allahabadbank.in/Internet_Site/download/alb-110518.pdf|title=Welcome to the website of Allahabad Bank|access-date=8 June 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140255/https://www.allahabadbank.in/Internet_Site/download/alb-110518.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The bank did a total business of {{INR}}3.8 trillion during the FY 2017–18.<ref name=ABAR2012-13>{{cite web |url=https://www.allahabadbank.in/Internet_Site/download/alb-110518.pdf |title=Annual Report 2017-18 |publisher=Allahabad Bank |access-date=11 May 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140255/https://www.allahabadbank.in/Internet_Site/download/alb-110518.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The bank's market capitalisation {{As of|2018|6|alt=in June 2018}} was US$573 million and ranked #1,882 on the [[Forbes Global 2000]] list.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/allahabad-bank/|title=Allahabad Bank on the Forbes Global 2000 List|date=31 May 2016|work=Forbes|access-date=11 May 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144441/https://www.forbes.com/companies/allahabad-bank/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==19th century==
[[File:Allahabad Bank 1989 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|left|A 1989 stamp dedicated to the 125th anniversary of Allahabad Bank]]
On 24 April 1865, {{Citation needed span|text=a group of Europeans|date=October 2021}} founded Allahabad Bank in Allahabad.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rajesh|first1=R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHCQsprFST4C&q=allahabad+bank+established&pg=PA8|title=Banking Theory: Law & Practice|last2=Sivagnanasithi|first2=T|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|year=2009|isbn=9780070091238|page=8|access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Narasimhan|first=T. E.|date=29 April 2020|title=Indian Bank sees new opportunities with larger footprint after merger|work=[[Business Standard India]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/indian-bank-see-new-opportunities-with-larger-footprint-after-merger-120042900021_1.html|access-date=30 October 2021}}</ref> By the end of the 19th century it had branches at [[Jhansi]], [[Kanpur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Bareilly]], [[Nainital]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], and [[Delhi]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

==20th century==
In the early 20th century, with the start of [[Swadeshi movement]], Allahabad Bank witnessed a spurt in deposits. In 1920, [[P&O Bank|P & O Banking Corporation]] acquired Allahabad Bank with a bid price of {{INRConvert|436}} per share. In 1923 the bank moved its head office and the registered office to Calcutta for reasons of both operational convenience and business opportunities. Then in 1927 [[Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China]] (Chartered Bank) acquired P&O Bank. However, Chartered Bank continued to operate Allahabad Bank as a separate entity.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

Allahabad Bank opened a branch in Rangoon ([[Yangon]]). At some point, Chartered Bank amalgamated Allahabad Bank's branch in Rangoon with its own.<ref>Turnell, Sean (2009) ''Fiery Dragons: Banks, Moneylenders and Microfinnance in Burma''. NAIS Press. p. 110. {{ISBN|9788776940409}}.</ref> In 1963 the [[Politics of Burma#Military socialist era|revolutionary government]] in Burma nationalized the Chartered Bank's operations there, which became People's Bank No. 2.<ref>Standard Chartered Bank: A Story Brought Up To Date, Standard Chartered Bank (1980) p. 45.</ref>

On 19 July 1969, the Indian government nationalised Allahabad Bank, along with 13 other banks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reserve Bank of India - Chronology of Events |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/chro_1968.aspx |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=www.rbi.org.in |archive-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010300/https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/chro_1968.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 1989, Allahabad Bank acquired [[United Industrial Bank]], a Calcutta-based bank that had been established in 1940 and that brought with it 145 branches. Two years later, Allahabad Bank established AllBank Finance Ltd, a wholly owned [[merchant bank]]ing subsidiary.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

==21st century==
Its older logo, a monogram consisting of "A" and "B", was replaced by the current 'Triveni Sangam' logo circa 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebusinessquiz.com/2014/11/06/indian-banks-the-story-of-allahabad-bank/|title=The history of Allahabad Bank|date=2014-11-06|website=The Business Quiz - TBQ|language=en|access-date=2019-11-08|archive-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108043356/https://www.thebusinessquiz.com/2014/11/06/indian-banks-the-story-of-allahabad-bank/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The government's ownership of Allahabad Bank shrank in October 2002 after the bank engaged in an [[initial public offering]] (IPO) of {{INRConvert|100|m}} of shares, each with a face value of {{INR}}10. The IPO reduced the Government's shareholding to 71.16%. Then in April 2005 the bank conducted a second public offering of {{INR}}100 million shares, each again with a face value {{INR}}of 10 and selling at a premium of {{INR}}72. This offering reduced the Government's ownership to 55.23%.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

In June 2006, the bank opened its first office outside India when it opened a representative office in [[Shenzhen]], [[Mainland China]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Allahabad Bank opens first overseas office in China |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/allahabad-bank-opens-first-overseas-office-in-china/articleshow/1660933.cms |access-date=2022-04-07}}</ref> In February 2007, Allahabad Bank opened its first overseas branch, in [[Hong Kong]]. In March, the bank's business crossed the {{INR}}10 million mark.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

On 30 August 2019, [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]] [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] announced that Allahabad Bank would merge with [[Indian Bank]]. The merger would create the seventh largest public sector bank in the country with assets of {{INRConvert|8.08|t}}.<ref>{{cite web|date=30 August 2019|title=Bank Merger News: Government unveils mega bank mergers to revive growth from 5-year low|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/government-unveils-mega-bank-mergers-to-revive-growth-from-5-year-low/articleshow/70911359.cms|url-status=live|access-date=30 August 2019|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830131147/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/government-unveils-mega-bank-mergers-to-revive-growth-from-5-year-low/articleshow/70911359.cms |archive-date=30 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=30 August 2019|title=10 public sector banks to be merged into four|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pnb-obc-and-united-bank-to-be-merged-nirmala-sitharaman-1567158678718.html|url-status=live|access-date=30 August 2019|website=[[LiveMint]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830122322/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pnb-obc-and-united-bank-to-be-merged-nirmala-sitharaman-1567158678718.html |archive-date=30 August 2019 }}</ref> The Union Cabinet approved the merger on 4 March 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghosh |first1=Shayan |title=Three banks announce merger ratios |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/two-anchor-banks-pnb-union-bank-of-india-disclose-merger-ratios-11583413469591.html |website=Livemint |access-date=6 March 2020 |language=en |date=5 March 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307140419/https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/two-anchor-banks-pnb-union-bank-of-india-disclose-merger-ratios-11583413469591.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Indian Bank assumed control of Allahabad Bank on 1 April 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 September 2020|title=Indian Bank to merge 325 branches|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/indian-bank-to-merge-325-branches/article32726370.ece|access-date=30 October 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030161723/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/indian-bank-to-merge-325-branches/article32726370.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Listings and shareholding==
Allahabad Bank's equity shares were listed on [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and the [[National Stock Exchange of India]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Shareholders (as on 31 March 2014)<ref name=Shareholding>{{cite web |url=https://www.allahabadbank.in/english/shareholding.aspx |title=Shareholding pattern |publisher=Allahabad Bank |access-date=26 February 2014 |archive-date=17 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317101140/https://www.allahabadbank.in/english/shareholding.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> !! Shareholding
|-
| Promoter Group ([[Government of India]])||64.80%
|-
| Indian FIs/MFs||16.60%
|-
| Foreign Institutional Investors (FII)||03.20%
|-
| Resident Indians||08.80%
|-
| Others||06.60%
|-
| Total||100.0%
|}
[[File:Albho.jpg|thumb|Allahabad Bank head office in Kolkata]]

==Employees==
{{As of|2013|3|31}}, the bank had 22,557 employees, out of which 3,293 were women (15%).<ref name=ABAR2012-13/> Out of the total employees, 51% were officers, 30% were clerks and the remaining 19% were subordinate staff.<ref name=ABAR2012-13/> The bank recruited 1,950 employees (1,421 Officers, 390 Clerks and 139 subordinate staff) during the same financial year.<ref name=ABAR2012-13/> The company incurred {{INR}}20 billion on employee benefit expenses during the same financial year.<ref name=ABAR2012-13/> During the FY 2013–14, the business per employee was {{INR}}13.50 million and it earned a net profit of {{INR}}0.477 million per employee.<ref name=ABAR2012-13/>

The bank was operating in the following states/UTs.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Andaman And Nicobar Island
* Andhra Pradesh
* Arunachal Pradesh
* Assam
* Bihar
* Chandigarh
* Chhattisgarh
* Delhi
* Goa
* Gujarat
* Haryana
* Himachal Pradesh
* Jammu And Kashmir
* Jharkhand
* Karnataka
* Kerala
* Madhya Pradesh
* Maharashtra
* Manipur
* Meghalaya
* Nagaland
* Odisha
* Puducherry
* Punjab
* Rajasthan
* Sikkim
* Tamil Nadu
* Telangana
* Tripura
* Uttar Pradesh
* Uttarakhand
* West Bengal
{{div col end}}

== Scams ==
On 13 July 2019, Allahabad Bank disclosed that it detected a fraud, worth {{INRConvert|17.7482|b|0}} by [[Bhushan Power & Steel]] (BPSL).<ref>{{cite news |title=Allahabad Bank defrauded of Rs 17,775 crore by Bhushan Power & Steel |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/allahabad-bank-defrauded-of-rs-17-775-crore-by-bhushan-power-steel-1568419-2019-07-13 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=July 13, 2019 |archive-date=14 July 2019 |access-date=18 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714110112/https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/allahabad-bank-defrauded-of-rs-17-775-crore-by-bhushan-power-steel-1568419-2019-07-13 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The bank also detected another fraud of {{INRConvert|6.8827|b|0}} by SEL Manufacturing Ltd., a Ludhiana-based textile company on 17 July 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Allahabad Bank reports Rs 688.27 crore fraud |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/allahabad-bank-reports-rs-688-27-crore-fraud-1570644-2019-07-18 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=July 18, 2019 |archive-date=18 July 2019 |access-date=18 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718120929/https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/allahabad-bank-reports-rs-688-27-crore-fraud-1570644-2019-07-18 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Allahabad Bank reports about ₹688 crore fraud by SEL Manufacturing |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/allahabad-bank-reports-about-rs-688-crore-fraud-by-sel-manufacturing-1563417859745.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=July 18, 2019 |archive-date=20 July 2019 |access-date=18 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720130639/https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/allahabad-bank-reports-about-rs-688-crore-fraud-by-sel-manufacturing-1563417859745.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Companies|Banks|India}}
*[[List of banks in India]]
*[[Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Allahabad Bank}}
* [http://www.allahabadbank.in Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527185553/http://www.allahabadbank.in/ |date=27 May 2019 }}

{{Banking in India}}

[[Category:Defunct banks of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1865]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1865]]
[[Category:Banks disestablished in 2020]]
[[Category:Companies nationalised by the Government of India]]
[[Category:Banks based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian companies disestablished in 2020]]
[[Category:Economic history of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Saunrakhal

2026-01-28T15:28:58Z

Delphia92Y: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Rudraprayag district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Koeri

2026-01-15T09:55:08Z

Delphia92Y: enhance structure based on references and improved wording

{{Short description|Caste community of India}}
{{for|the village in Estonia|Koeri, Estonia}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox caste
| caste_name = Koeri
| region = [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhesh Province|Madhesh]]
| languages = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/sri-lankan-missionary-engineers-conversion-in-gaya-about-500-embrace-buddhism/articleshow/45752797.cms|title=Sri Lankan missionary engineers conversion in Gaya|website=Times of India|date=5 January 2015 |accessdate=28 August 2023|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829103202/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/sri-lankan-missionary-engineers-conversion-in-gaya-about-500-embrace-buddhism/articleshow/45752797.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| image =
| caption =
| country = [[India]] and [[Nepal]]
| classification = [[Other Backward Class]]
}}

The '''Koeri''' (spelt as '''Koiry''' or '''Koiri'''), also referred to as [[Kushwaha]] and more recently self-described as '''Maurya'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/nitish-kumar-triveni-sangh-caste-coalition|title=Nitish Kumar's 'Triveni Sangh' of Backward Castes May Threaten BJP's Monopoly in 2024 Polls|editor=Soroor Ahmed|website=The Wire|accessdate=2 January 2023|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202200228/https://thewire.in/politics/nitish-kumar-triveni-sangh-caste-coalition|url-status=live}}</ref> in several parts of northern India are an Indian non-elite<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bayly |first1=Susan |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age, Part 4, Volume 3 |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521798426 |page=200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&dq=koeri+non-elite&pg=PA200 |quote=In eastern Gangetic Hindustan, there were yet more high-farming zones where superior rent-receivers could claim to have been following a life of lordly refinement for many centuries. Here the established patricians included many co-parcenors from 'secular' or lokika Brahman groupings such as the Kanyakubjas and Sarjuparins of Awadh; these areas also contained clusters of landed Rajputs. Other Gangetic 'squireens' belonged to the north Indian status group known as Bhumihar, who had achieved a somewhat ambiguous entitlement to be regarded as Brahmans under the patronage of eighteenth-century rulers and their local deputies. In addition, some of upper India's high-farming localities contained sizable groups of elite landed Muslims; landed families of scribal and service origin who used the jati title Kayastha had also come to be included among the proprietary 'squireen' populations. In southern Awadh, eastern NWP, and much of Bihar, non-labouring gentry groups lived in tightly-knit enclaves among much larger populations of non-elite 'peasants' and labouring people. These other groupings included 'untouchable' Chamars and newly recruited 'tribal' labourers, as well as non-elite tilling and cattle keeping people who came to be known by such titles as Kurmi, Koeri and Goala/Ahir. |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202200224/https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&dq=koeri+non-elite&pg=PA200 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[caste]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=उत्तर प्रदेश चुनावः कितने ताक़तवर हैं स्वामी प्रसाद मौर्य?|language=hi|work=BBC News हिंदी|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-59967724|access-date=14 January 2022|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202200224/https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-59967724|url-status=live}}</ref> found largely in [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]], whose traditional occupation was agriculture. According to [[Arvind Narayan Das]], they were [[horticulturist]]s rather than agriculturists.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Arvind N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHhuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Republic of Bihar |date=1992 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-012351-7 |pages=23 |language=en}}</ref> They are also recorded as performing the work of Mahajan (rural moneylenders) in credit market of rural parts of Bihar and [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] in the 1880s.<ref name=Ram/><ref name=Chakraborty/> Koeris have attempted [[Sanskritisation]]— as part of social resurgence. During the British rule in India, Koeris were described as "agriculturalists" along with [[Kurmis]] and [[Caste system in India|other cultivating castes]]. They are described as a [[dominant caste]] in various opinions.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66 |last=Kumar |first=S. |year=2018 |title=Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns|place=India|publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9789352805860 |access-date=11 March 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311173417/https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ew2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA190|first=Samaddar|last=Ranabir|year=2016|title=Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace|place=United Kingdom|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=9781317125389|access-date=13 March 2023|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829103157/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ew2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA190|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-upper-caste-leaders-back-in-circulation-in-bihar/304876|title=Upper Caste Leaders Back In Circulation In Bihar|website=outlookindia|editor=Giridhar Jha|accessdate=12 March 2023|archive-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311194416/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-upper-caste-leaders-back-in-circulation-in-bihar/304876|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bihar's land reform drive of 1950s benefitted the groups like Koeris, and they were able to consolidate their landholdings at the cost of big landlords, whose possession witnessed a liquidation. It is argued that these reforms weren't percolated down to the most vulnerable groups in agrarian society, the [[Scheduled Castes]], but the traditional agrarian relations based on caste did witness some changes. In the backdrop of this change many new [[landlords]] of post reform period hailed from groups like Koeris.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ju2wEAAAQBAJ|title=Migration, Food Security and Development: Insights from Rural India|author=Chetan Choithani|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2023|isbn=978-1009276771|page=107|quote=Although the end of zamindari led to a mass eviction of sharecroppers and tenant cultivators who were the actual tillers of the land, big landlords from high castes also saw their landholdings diminish. A new class of landlords belonging to the upper-middle caste groups such as Kurmi, Koeri and Yadavs- officially categorised as other backward classes in contemporary Bihar - emerged. These were mostly small and middle peasants who were able to consolidate their landholdings and position in society in the midst of zamindari reforms (Wilson, 1999; Sharma, 2005).|access-date=18 August 2023|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829103157/https://books.google.com/books/about/Migration_Food_Security_and_Development.html?id=ju2wEAAAQBAJ#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> In post-independence India, Koeris have been classified as [[Upper Backward Castes|Upper Backwards]] by virtue of being part of the group of four of the [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] communities in [[Bihar]], who acquired land overtime, adopted improved agricultural technology and attained political power to become a class of rising ''[[Kulak]]s'' in the agricultural society of India.<ref name="BergerHeidemann2013"/> In some of the districts of Bihar, they have also participated in the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]] against the [[feudal]] order. In parts of northern India, they, besides [[Yadav]]s, [[Jat]]s and [[Kurmi]]s, are considered as largest politically organised peasant community.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/amit-shahs-choice-of-up-bjp-chief-to-dampen-nitish-kumars-pitch/articleshow/51771360.cms|title=Amit Shah's choice of UP BJP chief to dampen Nitish Kumar's pitch|website=Economic Times|date=11 April 2016 |access-date=2 January 2023|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804222626/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/amit-shahs-choice-of-up-bjp-chief-to-dampen-nitish-kumars-pitch/articleshow/51771360.cms|url-status=live |last1=Tiwari |first1=Ravish }}</ref>

The Koeris are found in [[Saran district]] and are also distributed more heterogeneously across [[Munger]], [[Banka, Bihar|Banka]], [[Khagaria]], [[Samastipur]], [[East Champaran]], [[West Champaran]] and [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] district.<ref name="News18">{{cite web |date=30 January 2021 |title=Bihar: Nitish Kumar is Trying to Consolidate the Luv-Kush-Dhanuk Axis to Expand Social Base |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/nitish-kumar-bihar-kurmi-koeri-electoral-base-3364709.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413103338/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/nitish-kumar-bihar-kurmi-koeri-electoral-base-3364709.html |archive-date=13 April 2021 |access-date=11 April 2021 |website=News18}}</ref> Outside India, the Koeris are distributed among the Bihari diaspora in [[Mauritius]] where they were taken as indentured labourers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Claveyrolas |first1=Mathieu |title=The 'Land of the Vaish'? Caste Structure and Ideology in Mauritius |journal=[[Archives de sciences sociales des religions]] |date=2013 |pages=191–216 |doi=10.4000/samaj.3886 |doi-access=free }}</ref> They also have a significant population residing in [[Nepal]].

In 1977, the government of Bihar introduced an affirmative action of quota in government jobs and universities which has benefitted the backward castes like the Koeris. They are classified as a “Backward caste” or “Other Backwards Caste” under the Indian government's system of positive discrimination.

==Sanskritisation==
[[File:Twee Koeri mannen op een pad in Gorakhpur met gereedschap voor de landbouw Koerees. Low caste tribe, possibly aboriginal. Goruckpoor (titel op object), RP-F-2001-7-1122B-44.jpg|thumb|British era image of two men from Koeri caste describing low caste and possibility of aboriginal origin.]]
Haruka Yanagisawa, Professor Emeritus of the [[University of Tokyo]] mentions in his work that Koeris along with Yadav and Kurmis were classified as upper-middle caste, who were known for their sturdy and hardy nature.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hf-VEAAAQBAJ |last=Yanagisawa|first =H.|title=Indian Economic Growth in Historical Perspective: The Roots of Development|date=23 December 2022 |place=United States|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=9781000803396 |quote= Three upper-middle castes, the Yadav, Koeri and Kurmi (designated OBC), considerably improved their economic position. "These three castes have been the major beneficiaries of the so- called Green Revolution in Bihar.... These sturdy and hardy castes, traditionally engaged in cultivation, have managed to produce more from cultivation than their upper caste counterparts".}}</ref> Koeris have traditionally been classified as a “[[shudra]]“<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Shalendra |title=Development and Democracy in India |date=1999 |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |isbn=9781555878108 |page=157 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4bV4cKpPlIC&pg=PA157 |quote=Upper of forward caste(brahmin thakur bania kayastha), cultivating or middle castes(jat bhumihar tyagi), lower shudra or backward caste(yadav, kurmi, lodh koeri gujar kahar gadaria teli harhai nai kachi others), scheduled castes(chamar pasis dhobi bhangi) |access-date=18 April 2022 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418013913/https://books.google.com/books?id=i4bV4cKpPlIC&pg=PA157 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Omvedt |first=Gail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlxb0uacnRcC |title=Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India |date=18 June 1993 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-0-7656-3176-3 |pages=58 |language=en |quote=But in eastern U.P. and Bihar, marked much more by landlordism and within this the domination of the "twice-born" upper castes (brahmans, bhumihars, and rajputs), even the "shudra" peasant castes (kurmis, koeris, and yadavas) were cruelly subordinated, and there had been little of a broad anticaste movement. |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202200227/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlxb0uacnRcC |url-status=live }}</ref> caste and today Koeris have attempted [[Sanskritisation]]—the attempt by traditionally middle and low castes to rise up the social ladder, often by tracing their origins to mythical characters or following the lifestyle of higher ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'', such as following [[vegetarianism]], secluding women, or wearing ''[[Upanayana|Janeu]]'', the sacred thread.<ref name="Jayapalan2001">{{cite book|author=N. Jayapalan|title=Indian society and social institutions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AumuJ2jtRZIC&pg=PA428|access-date=17 January 2013|year=2001|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|isbn=978-81-7156-925-0|page=428}}</ref> The Sanskritising trend in castes of northern India, including that of the Koeris, was inspired by the [[Vaishnavism|vaishnavite]] tradition, as attested by their bid to seek association with avatars of [[Vishnu]]. Author William Pinch wrote:
{{blockquote|"The nineteenth century antecedents of the Kushvaha- kshatriya movement reveal distinct cosmological associations with Shiva and his divine consort, Parvati. Kushvaha-kshatriya identity was espoused by agricultural community well known throughout the Gangetic north for an expertise in vegetable and (to an increasingly limited scale after the turn of twentieth century) poppy cultivation.
Prominent among them were ''Kachhi'' and ''[[Murao people|Murao]]'' agriculturalist of central Uttar Pradesh ,''Kachhvahas'' of western Uttar Pradesh and ''Koiris'' of Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh."<ref>{{cite book |title=Peasants and monks in British India |first=William R. |last=Pinch |publisher=University of California Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-520-20061-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEP-ceGYsnYC&q=peasants+and+monk+in+br&pg=PA92 |page=91,92 |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417221352/https://books.google.com/books?id=uEP-ceGYsnYC&q=peasants+and+monk+in+br&pg=PA92 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
Kushwaha Kshatriya Mahasabha, the caste association of Koeris, held its first session in 1922.<ref name="Ashwani2008_36">{{cite book |first=Ashwani |last=Kumar |title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA36 |year=2008 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-709-8 |pages=36 |quote=The Koiris are known as great horticulturists and engage primarily in agricultural operations in the capacity of small landowners and poor peasants. Unlike Kurmis and Yadavs, they are generally considered non aggressive and disinterested in caste riots. They also attempted to attain higher social status by claiming to be descendants of Lord Ram's son Kush. They formed the Kushwaha Kshatriya Mahasabha as their nodal caste association and held the first session of the association in March 1922. |access-date=29 June 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202200226/https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA36 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some [[Kushwaha]] reformers like Ganga Prasad Gupta in [[Banaras]] argued the Koeris descended from [[Kusha]] and that they served Raja [[Jayachandra]] in their military capacity during the period of Muslim consolidation under [[Muhammad of Ghor|Shuhabuddin Ghuri]]. He argued further that after defeat, the fear of persecution at the hands of Muslims caused the Kusvaha Kshatriya to flee into the forest in disarray and discard their sacred threads, so as not to appear as erstwhile defenders of Hinduism. The British ethnographer [[Herbert Hope Risley]] recorded various Koeri origin myths in the 1890s. According to one of them, [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] created Koeri and [[Kachhi (caste)|Kachhi]] to take care of vegetables and their flower gardens in Banaras. Writing eighty years later, [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] records that Koeris of Bihar were followers of [[Dashanami Sampradaya]] while those of Gorakhpur and Ayodhya looked towards [[Ramanandi Sampradaya|Ramanandi]] saints for spiritual guidance.<ref>{{cite book |title=Peasants and monks in British India |first=William R. |last=Pinch |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-520-20061-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEP-ceGYsnYC|page=92}}</ref>

According to [[Christophe Jaffrelot]], the caste associations were formed with the basic objective of unifying individual castes. The All India Kushwaha Kshatriya Mahasabha was formed to bring the horticulturist and market gardener communities like the Koeri, the Kachhi and the Murao under one umbrella. The Koeris also attempted to forge a caste coalition called Raghav Samaj, backed by [[kurmi]]s which was named after one of [[Rama]]'s names. This was done to justify the communities' claims of descent from [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] and [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]], respectively. In 1928, the Mahasabha also petitioned the [[Simon Commission]] on behalf of various subcastes of the Koeri community to seek recognition as Kshatriya.<ref>{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |pages=197–199 |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |publisher=[[C. Hurst & Co.]] |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWms_1WzF1sC&q=india+silent+revolution+luv+kush&pg=PA197 |access-date=29 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231223916/http://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |archive-date=31 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The terminology Lav-Kush for the Koeri-Kurmi community became more important in politics than in culture; in Bihar, it came to represent the political solidarity of the Koeri and Kurmi castes.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTjbCgAAQBAJ&q=koeri+kurmi+luv+kush&pg=PA91|title=Why India Votes? :Exploring the Political in South Asia|first=Mukulika|last=Banerjee|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1317341666|access-date=25 June 2020|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421095019/https://books.google.com/books?id=hTjbCgAAQBAJ&q=koeri+kurmi+luv+kush&pg=PA91|url-status=live}}</ref>

In context of the communal riots related to cow protectionism, some writers are also of the opinion that low castes groups like Koeri, Ahirs also took to cow protection for asserting higher social status since ''cow'' already had symbolic importance in Hinduism. This particular view of cow protection was different from the UP's urban elites.<ref>{{cite book|first=William|last=Gould|title=Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia|year=2012|pages=70|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|quote=Gyan Pandey's detailed research on the cow protection riots in eastern UP and Bihar in 1893 and 1917 relates the conflict to specific registers of caste difference and status assertion, in a context where the popular view of cow protection from the point of view of low-caste Ahirs, Koeris and Kurmis was quite different to that of UP's urban elites. For both Freitag and Pandey, cow protection became a means for relatively low-status communities to assert higher status via association with something of symbolic importance to Hinduism as a whole: in this case, the cow.|isbn=978-0-521-87949-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2oexn_mLPIC&q=Religion+and+Conflict+in+Modern+South+Asia+By+Williiam+gould|language=en|access-date=14 May 2022|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202200227/https://books.google.com/books?id=K2oexn_mLPIC&q=Religion+and+Conflict+in+Modern+South+Asia+By+Williiam+gould|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Economy==
The community was at the heart of the Indian [[opium]] trade, which had its main base in Bihar. For many years the [[British East India Company]] via an agency in [[Patna]] regulated and exploited it. [[Carl Trocki]] believes that. "Opium cultivators were not free agents" and describes the coercion and financial arrangements that were involved to achieve production, which included restricting land to that product even when the people needed grain because of famine. Although profitable for the company, it was often not so for the peasant producer, and, "Only one particular caste, the Koeris, managed to carry on the cultivation with some degree of efficiency. They were able to do this because they could employ their wives and children to help out with the tasks of opium production."<ref name=Trocki1999pp64-67>{{cite book |title=Opium, empire and the global political economy: a study of the Asian opium trade, 1750–1950 |first=Carl A. |last=Trocki |author-link=Carl A. Trocki|publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-415-19918-6 |pages=64–67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDNvkSC26bcC |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>

Other groups involved in opium production had to hire labour, but the Koeris cut costs by utilising that available within their own family.<ref name=Trocki1999pp64-67/> Describing the industrious nature of the Koeri people, [[Susan Bayly]] wrote:
{{blockquote|"By the mid-nineteenth century, influential revenue specialists were reporting that they could tell the caste of a landed man by simply glancing at his crops. In the north, these observers claimed, a field of 'second-rate barley' would belong to a [[Rajput]] or [[Brahmin|Brahman]] who took pride in shunning the plough and secluding his womenfolk. Such a man was to be blamed for his own decline, fecklessly mortgaging and then selling off his lands to maintain his unproductive dependents. By the same logic, a flourishing field of wheat would belong to a non-twice-born tiller, wheat being a crop requiring skill and enterprise on the part of the cultivator. These, said such commentators as [[Denzil Ibbetson]] and [[E. A. H. Blunt]], were the qualities of the non-patrician 'peasant' – the thrifty [[Jat]] or canny Kurmi in upper India, .... Similar virtues would be found among the smaller market-gardening populations, these being the people known as Koeris in Hindustan"<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&q=specialists+were+reporting+that+they+could+tell+the+caste+of+a+landed+man&pg=PA212|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|first=Susan|last=Bayly|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2001|isbn=0521798426|access-date=2020-06-30|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202200229/https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&q=specialists+were+reporting+that+they+could+tell+the+caste+of+a+landed+man&pg=PA212|url-status=live}}</ref>}}Colonial ethnographers like Dr. Hunter identified Koiris and Oudhia Kurmis as most respectable of all cultivating castes in some districts of Bihar.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GjpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187|title=The Limited Raj Agrarian Relations in Colonial India|author=Anand A. Yang|publisher=University of California Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0520369108|pages=187–188|access-date=27 May 2022|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528095251/https://books.google.com/books?id=5GjpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1877, there was an attempt by colonial [[Bengal Presidency|Government of Bengal]] to prepare an account of Indian society and it culminated into the process of all india social classification of various castes and tribes beginning with the first census of 1871. In 1901, [[Herbert Hope Risley]] applied anthropometrical methods to develop a racial taxonomy of Indian society leading to a problematic attempt to classify people of India. The Koeris were classified as "agricultural caste" along with the Kurmis.<ref name="Bauer">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCmVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|title=The Peasant Production of Opium in Nineteenth Century India|author=Rolf Bauer|publisher=BRILL|year=2019|isbn=978-9004385184|page=143|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202200228/https://books.google.com/books?id=UCmVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|url-status=live}}</ref> An official report of 1941 described them as being the "most advanced" cultivators in Bihar and said, "Simple in habits, thrifty to a degree and a master in the art of market-gardening, the Koeri is amongst the best of the tillers of the soil to be found anywhere in India."<ref>{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |page=197 |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |access-date=29 August 2011 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202200231/https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[British Raj|colonial period]], in the provinces such as Bengal, although majority of rural population was having a living from the agriculture, only a few of them deserved classification as "agriculturists". The Koeris along with the [[Kachhi (caste)|Kachhi]]s and the [[Kurmi]]s were not only the major "agricultural caste", but were also reputed as most skilled cultivators. As per the description of [[William Crooke]] of the contemporary agrarian society, the Koeris were 'quiet, industrious and well-behaved people'.<ref name="Bauer"/>

In the early 19th century in the [[Gaya district]], Koeris were recorded by Francis Buchanan as a community of "ploughing tribes" consisting primarily of poor and middle peasants. It was however noted that in his survey, Buchanan had neglected an upper crust among them, which had accumulated and hoarded cash and had emerged as moneylenders forwarding ''Kamiauti'' advances to acquire dependent labour. Oral testimonies from the colonial period indicates that by the end of 19th century, Koeris in the Gaya district included rich peasants, who had acquired material wealth by improving land relation and extending market relations. This enabled them to forward advances to the dependent labourers in order to bring them under debt bondage and ''Kamia-Malik'' relationship.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQFvks7lahoC&pg=PA162|title=Bonded Histories Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India|issn=0575-6863|author=Gyan Prakash|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=0521526582|pages=162–163|access-date=21 June 2022|archive-date=22 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622094620/https://books.google.com/books?id=MQFvks7lahoC&pg=PA162|url-status=live}}</ref> According to author Bindeswar Ram, who studied rural credit market of 1880s in region such as Bengal and Bihar, Koeris worked as Mahajan or moneylenders alongside Bania and [[Sunar|Sonar]] caste in rural areas. Ram mentions that these social groups acted both as prosperous peasant proprietors as well as rural credit market agent by forwarding credit to tenants (''Raiyat''). By 1885, when the price of land surged, they started increasing their landholdings through purchase. There also witnessed increased transfer of the land of tenants by these social groups, when they mortgaged their land for credit. Ram also mentioned that after 1885, due to increase in registration of land under law and growing prices of land, the bargaining power of these groups, acting as moneylenders increased tremendously.<ref name=Ram>{{cite book|last=Ram|first=B.|year=1997|title=Land and Society in India: Agrarian Relations in Colonial North Bihar|place=India|publisher=Orient Longman|page=69|isbn=9788125006435 |accessdate=29 August 2023|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2b_j0mNe2FwC&pg=PA69|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829103244/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2b_j0mNe2FwC&pg=PA69&dq=|url-status=live}}</ref>

Malabika Chakrabarti also mentions that better-off peasants of Koeri caste in region of South Bihar supplemented their income from cultivation by working as Mahajan or moneylenders. She also notes that they also involved the local [[Bhuiya]] population in bonded labour system by forwarding ''Kamiauti'' advances (a kind of loan) to them. These Koeri Mahajans, according to Chakraborty, were most stringent in terms of their advances to [[Bhuiya]].<ref name=Chakraborty>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3R6umYMROsC&pg=PA99|last=Chakrabarti|first=M.|year=2004|title=The Famine of 1896-1897 in Bengal: Availability Or Entitlement Crisis?|place=India|publisher=Orient BlackSwan|page=99|isbn=9788125023890 |accessdate=29 August 2023|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829103158/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=J3R6umYMROsC&pg=PA99&dq=|url-status=live}}</ref>

In post independence India, Koeris have been classified as [[Upper Backward Castes|upper strata of Backward Castes]] by virtue of being part of the group of four of the [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] communities in [[Bihar]], who acquired land overtime, adopted improved agricultural technology and attained political power to become a class of rising ''[[Kulak]]s'' in the agricultural society of India.<ref name="BergerHeidemann2013">{{cite book | author = Carolyn Brown Heinz | editor1 = Peter Berger | editor2 = Frank Heidemann | date = 3 June 2013 | title = The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory | publisher = Routledge | pages = | isbn = 978-1-134-06118-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sQF5-d9BMqcC&pg=PT48 | quote = The four dominant high caste groups (the forward castes)-Brahman, Bhumihar, Rajput, Kayastha-together constitute about 12 percent of the population. These are the old elite, from whose numbers came the major zamindars and land owning castes. The so-called Backward castes consisting of about half the population of Bihar, were further classified soon after independence into Upper Backward and Lower Backwards(Blair 1980). The upper backwards - Bania, Yadav, Kurmi and Koiri - constitute about 19 percent of the population, and now include most of the rising Kulak class of successful peasants who have acquired land, adopted improved agricultural technology, and become a powerful force in Bihar politics. This is true, above all, of the Yadavas. The lower backwards are shudra castes such as Barhi, Dhanuk, Kahar, Kumhar, Lohar, Mallaah, Teli etc, about 32 percent of the population. The largest components of the scheduled castes(14 percent) are the Dusadh, Chamar, and Musahar, the Dalit groups who are in many parts of the statelocked in struggles for land and living wages and living wages with the rich peasants and landlords of the forward and upper backward castes | access-date = 15 June 2022 | archive-date = 14 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220614220553/https://books.google.com/books?id=sQF5-d9BMqcC&pg=PT48 | url-status = live }}</ref> The diversification in occupation of the Koeri caste in post independence India is shown by studies in select villages of North Bihar. In his paper, called ''Land and caste relation'', Awanish Kumar's study of select villages of West Champaran and [[Samastipur district]] of North Bihar revealed that in some of these villages, Koeri and Yadav caste have become dominant over the time, leaving behind old elite groups, such as [[Bhumihar]]s. Kumar's study found that both these caste compete for political power in these zones and a few Koeri families, who are economically sound, also own the local [[Primary Agricultural Credit Societies]] and [[Public Distribution System]]. However, intra-caste differentiation in Koeris was also high, as not all Koeri households in villages under study shared the prosperity attained by some of their clan members. The study also presented a differentiated pattern of control over land and resources, as, in some quarters, caste like Koeri and Yadav were dominant, while in others, Bhumihar caste still had control over significant amount of cultivable land.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Land and Caste Relations in North Bihar: Observations from Two Villages|last=
Kumar|first= Awanish|year=2022|journal ="Land and Caste Relations in North Bihar: Observations from Two Villages," Review of Agrarian Studies|volume =12|issue=1|url=http://ras.org.in/5baea16fe33094ce0fa6dc641b7b811f}}</ref>

===Post land reforms===
Peasants in middle castes like the Koeris benefitted the most from the land reform policies of the Indian government. Faced with the land ceiling laws and communist pressure in the 1970s, upper caste landlords resorted to selling off their lands. In most cases the buyer would be from the Koeri, the [[Kurmi]], or the [[Yadav]] castes. These peasants worked skilfully on their land and made their holdings more productive. In contrast, the upper castes were unable to do so, and they seemed to be satisfied with the price they got for their land. The increased urbanisation among forward castes created a category of new landlords in the countryside as these three middle castes seldom sold their land, rather they looked on reforms as an opportunity to buy more.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sinha | first=A. | title=Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar | page=80,81 | publisher=[[Viking Press|Viking]] | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-670-08459-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA81 | access-date=7 April 2015 | archive-date=2 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201352/https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA81 | url-status=live }}</ref>

This phenomenon promoted the upward mobility of middle peasant castes. While this mobility in the Yadavas consolidated them as both big peasants and landlords, in the Koeris, the vertical mobility was exclusively towards them becoming [[landlords]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Agrarian Reforms, Land Markets, and Rural Poor|first=D. Narasimha|last=Reddy|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=279|year=2009|isbn=978-8180696046|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJgfNVjZ8koC&q=bihar+and+caste&pg=PA279|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421095002/https://books.google.com/books?id=jJgfNVjZ8koC&q=bihar+and+caste&pg=PA279|url-status=live}}</ref> The rise of castes like the Koeri, the Kurmi, and the Yadav, and the fall from power of the forward castes was characterised by growing assertiveness among these middle peasants who now acted as the landowners they once condemned.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sinha | first=A. | title=Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar | page=82 | publisher=Viking | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-670-08459-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA82 | access-date=7 April 2015 | archive-date=2 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201353/https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA82 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1989, Frankel observed that 95% of the upper castes and 36% of the middle peasant castes like the Koeri and the Yadav belonged to a rich peasant-cum-landlord class. An aversion to manual labour characterised this class. However, some Koeris and Yadavas who held comparatively less land to provide them with subsistence also worked as agricultural labourers, though the bulk of agricultural labourers belonged to the [[Dalit]] caste. According to Frankel, the bulk of middle and poor peasantry belonged to castes like the Koeris and the Yadavas; this class worked in their own fields but considered it beneath their dignity to work in others' fields.<ref>{{cite book |title=Rebels From the Mud Houses: Dalits and the Making of the Maoist Revolution ... |page=31 |first=George |last=Kunnath |publisher=[[Taylor and Francis Group]] |location=New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-138-09955-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115155155/https://books.google.com/books?id=IkcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 |url-status=live }}</ref>
However, the socio-economic progress and transition towards the upper edge of the social hierarchy was not unabated. The Koeris, like the other middle level castes in northern India, were facing a double-edged confrontation from the upper castes who were supporters of the status quo as well as from the Dalits and the lowest castes who now became assertive for their own rights. All this made the middle castes aggressive.<ref>{{cite book|title=Beyond Ambedkar: Essays on Dalits in India|first=Nandu|last=Ram|publisher=Har Anand Publications|year=2009|page=32|isbn=978-8124114193|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BV0FuSXACbUC&q=koeri+caste+improved+economic+status&pg=PA32|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201353/https://books.google.com/books?id=BV0FuSXACbUC&q=koeri+caste+improved+economic+status&pg=PA32|url-status=live}}</ref> Sanjay Kumar associates the political mobilisation of the middle peasant [[caste]]s, also called [[Upper Backward Castes|upper-OBCs]] with this gradual process of land reforms undertaken in Bihar in the decades preceding the period of 1970-90. According to Kumar:
{{Blockquote|Despite all their limitations, the land reform laws since 1948 have transferred ownership right in vast areas of land to upper-OBCs mainly Yadav and Koeri-Kurmi. This gave them strength to ask for a larger share in political power and by the late 1960s, they seemed to have started asserting themselves politically, which is reflected in slow but gradual rise of their representation in [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly)<ref name="Sanjay 55">{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Sanjay|title=Post mandal politics in Bihar:Changing electoral patterns|publisher=SAGE publication|pages=31|isbn=978-93-528-0585-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT31|date=27 May 2022|access-date=28 May 2022|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528095251/https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT31|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

The conflict with upper caste landlords led to an attraction towards far-left [[Naxalite|naxalism]]. This was witnessed in [[Ekwari]], a village, in the [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]] where [[Jagdish Mahto]], a Koeri teacher, began leading the Maoists and organised the murders of upper caste landlords after he was beaten up by [[Bhumihar]]s for supporting the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) in the 1967 elections to [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. Mahto also set up a newspaper in Arrah called ''Harijanistan''. After Mahto was killed in 1971, the communist uprising in Bhojpur subsided.<ref>{{cite book|title=Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India|first=Gail|last=Omvedt|publisher=[[M.E.Sharpe]]|page=59|year=1993|isbn=0765631768|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlxb0uacnRcC&q=Reinventing+Revolution%3A+New+So%2Fjagdish+mahto&pg=PA59|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201353/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlxb0uacnRcC&q=Reinventing+Revolution%3A+New+So%2Fjagdish+mahto&pg=PA59|url-status=live}} "Its first mass leader was Jagdish Mahto, a Koeri teacher who had read Ambedkar before he discovered Marx and started a paper in the town of Hrrah called Harijanistan("dalit land").</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=From popular movement to rebellion:The Naxalite dacade|page=317,318|first=Ranbir|last=Samaddar|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=New york|year=2019|isbn=978-0-367-13466-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjZ7DwAAQBAJ&q=jagdish+prasad+mahto+naxal&pg=PT317|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201354/https://books.google.com/books?id=BjZ7DwAAQBAJ&q=jagdish+prasad+mahto+naxal&pg=PT317|url-status=live}}</ref>

A report of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]] titled ''Flaming fields of Bihar'' revealed the participation of Koiris in the [[Naxalite-Maoist insurgency]] in some of the districts of Bihar. It was reported that being the victims of persistent banditry and oppression by the upper-caste landlords, middle castes like them more often come within the folds of revolutionary groups. The CPI(ML) remained successful in mobilising Koeris in the districts of [[Patna]], [[Bihar|Bhojpur]], [[Aurangabad]] and [[Rohtas District|Rohtas]] districts.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zA2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178|title=Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace|chapter=Bihar 1990-2011|author=Ranabir Samaddar|date=3 March 2016|publisher=Routledge, 2016|isbn=978-1317125372|access-date=21 June 2022|page=178|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201354/https://books.google.com/books?id=zA2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178|url-status=live}}</ref>

Later, a section of the upper strata of the Koeris and other middle peasant castes voiced their support for the militant organisation [[Ranvir Sena]]. This group had benefitted the most from land reforms and became ruthless towards the [[Dalits]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The situated politics of belonging|page=135,136|first=Nira-Yuval-Davis|last=Kalpana|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|location=london|year=2006|isbn=1-4129-2101-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6pIf0EjBXIC&q=koeri+in+army&pg=PA135|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421100742/https://books.google.com/books?id=d6pIf0EjBXIC&q=koeri+in+army&pg=PA135|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Affirmative Action ===
Koeris are classified as a “Backward caste” or “Other Backwards Caste” under the Indian governments system of positive discrimination, so they are entitled to OBC reservations in govt jobs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mukherji |first1=Partha Nath |title=Understanding Social Dynamics in South Asia: Essays in Memory of Ramkrishna Mukherjee |date=2019 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811303876 |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHWKDwAAQBAJ&dq=koeri+other+backwards+caste&pg=PA89 |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514110508/https://books.google.com/books?id=IHWKDwAAQBAJ&dq=koeri+other+backwards+caste&pg=PA89 |url-status=live }}</ref> The findings of [[2022 Bihar caste-based survey]] showed that a total of 1,12,106 members of community were holding government jobs in 2023, leading to their inclusion in the group having highest number of government jobs besides Yadavs and Kurmis in [[Other Backward Class]] category in Bihar. However, they were behind [[Forward Castes]] in holding government jobs.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhelari |first=Amit |date=8 November 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihars-caste-based-survey-report-shows-yadavs-hold-most-govt-jobs-among-obcs/article67509087.ece |title=Bihar caste-based survey report {{!}} Poverty highest among Scheduled Castes, lowest among Kayasths |work=The Hindu |access-date=9 November 2023 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108181900/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihars-caste-based-survey-report-shows-yadavs-hold-most-govt-jobs-among-obcs/article67509087.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Distribution==
Between 1872 and 1921 the Koeris represented approximately seven per cent of the population in [[Saran district]], according to tabulated data prepared by [[Anand Yang]]. Yang also notes their involvement in tenanted landholdings around the period 1893–1901: the Koeris worked around nine per cent of the total cultivated area of the district which was one per cent less than the Ahirs, although they represented around five per cent more of the population.<ref>{{cite book |title=The limited Raj: agrarian relations in colonial India, Saran District, 1793–1920 |first=Anand A. |last=Yang |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-520-05711-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck4jmD7H34UC |page=45 |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> According to [[Christopher Bayly]] :
{{blockquote|"Eighteenth-century settlement of Kurmi, Kacchi and Koeri cultivators were also numerous in northern and western Awadh. On the fringes of cultivation, these castes were given special rental rates for bringing areas of jungle under plough. In the first five years, for instance the rent might be only half of what was common for soil of the same type. The revenue benefits to the entrepreneur or official who planted the colony were very great."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA101|title=Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion|first=C. A.|last=Bayly|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1988|isbn=0521310547|access-date=1 July 2020|page=101|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421095002/https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA101|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
They are also distributed in the [[Samastipur]] district of Bihar. In this district the Koeri caste is notorious for their criminal affairs and represent most of the ten [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] seats in this district.<ref>{{cite book|title=Women Empowerment Through Panchayati Raj Institutions|first=Minni|last=Thakur|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2010|isbn=978-8180696800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hbA4A--9HcC&q=koeri+and+bhumihar&pg=PA31|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201354/https://books.google.com/books?id=0hbA4A--9HcC&q=koeri+and+bhumihar&pg=PA31|url-status=live}}</ref> In a fieldwork study, where data was collected in 2008-11 by Gaurang R Sahay, the details of 13 villages of Unwas panchayat in the [[Buxar district|Buxar]] of South western Bihar which were close to each other concluded that Koeris had the largest population and were one of the main landholding castes in ten of those villages but the average landholding by the households in the surveyed villages were found to be just 2.12 acres per household. The limited landholding was also found to be unequally distributed in caste and class.<ref>{{cite book |last=N. Jayaram |first=Partha Nath Mukherji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHWKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 |title=Understanding Social Dynamics in South Asia |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |year=2019 |isbn=978-9811303876 |page=88-[https://books.google.com/books?id=IHWKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 99] |quote= |access-date=16 June 2020 |quote-page= |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201354/https://books.google.com/books?id=IHWKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 |url-status=live }}</ref> Further, another study conducted in some select villages of rural Bihar revealed the Koeris perform the function of a [[Purohit]] (family priest) and a significant number of houses were seen availing themselves of the services of the purohits of the Koeri caste.<ref>{{cite book|title=Readings in Indian Sociology: Volume II|first=K. L.|last=Sharma|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|location=India|year=2013|isbn=978-8132118725|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqICwAAQBAJ&q=koeri+caste+occupational+change&pg=PA136|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201356/https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqICwAAQBAJ&q=koeri+caste+occupational+change&pg=PA136|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Distribution outside India===
Outside India, Koeris are distributed among the Bihari diaspora in [[Mauritius]]. Though the island is divided along ethnic and religious lines, 'Hindu' Mauritians follow a number of original customs and traditions, quite different from those seen on the Indian subcontinent. Some castes in Mauritius in particular are unrecognisable from a subcontinental Indian perspective, and may incorporate mutually antagonistic castes into a single group. The 'vaish', which includes the Koeris, is the largest and most influential caste group on the island. The former Brahmin elites together with former [[Kshatriya]] are called 'Babuji' and enjoy the prestige conferred by high caste status, though politically they are marginalised.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_F7NCwAAQBAJ&q=koeri+in+Mauritius&pg=PA14|title=Community, Empire and Migration: South Asians in Diaspora|first=Crispin|last=Bates|publisher=Springer|page=14|year=2016|isbn=978-0333977293|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421095011/https://books.google.com/books?id=_F7NCwAAQBAJ&q=koeri+in+Mauritius&pg=PA14|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Koeris also have a significant population residing in [[Nepal]]. The 1991 census conducted there included estimates of their population estimates but these were not included in the 2001 census.<ref>{{cite book |title=Social Inclusion of Ethnic Communities in Contemporary Nepal |pages=109–110 |first=Monika |last=Mandal |publisher=KW Publishers |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-81904-58-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f0y6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT109 |access-date=4 July 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201356/https://books.google.com/books?id=f0y6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT109 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===In Uttar Pradesh===
In some regions of [[Uttar Pradesh]], many of the Koeris were also involved in the occupation of [[weaving]] along with members of the [[Mallaah]] caste and produce cloth for local use.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raman |first1=Vasanthi |title=The Warp and the Weft: Community and Gender Identity Among the Weavers of Banaras |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136518003 |page=109 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIFpa2Oea3sC&dq=koeris+weavers&pg=PA109 |quote=The fact that weavers in Banaras are still predominantly Muslim (particularly in the highly skilled silk weaving domain) and the traders and buyers still predominantly Hindu constitutes the basis for interdependence between the two communities. However, many Hindu lower-caste groups (particularly Koeris, Mallaahs, Mauryas, and even Yadavs) and some Dalit groups have also taken to the occupation of weaving. The large majority of Momin Ansaris are still ordinary weavers, trying to eke out a livelihood in very straitened circumstances. |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202200224/https://books.google.com/books?id=BIFpa2Oea3sC&dq=koeris+weavers&pg=PA109 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Bijnor |date=1989 |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |page=56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54sbAAAAIAAJ&q=koeris+weavers |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514110507/https://books.google.com/books?id=54sbAAAAIAAJ&q=koeris+weavers |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Subdivisions, classification and culture==
Castes similar to the Koeri in northern India include the Maurya, the [[Kushwaha]], the [[Mahto]], the [[Kachhi (caste)|Kachhi]], the Shakya and the [[Saini]]. Over the time, these castes have come closer and began intermarrying while developing the all India network to strengthen their caste solidarity.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58G8PPAN48cC|title=Awareness in Weaker Section: Perspective Development and Prospects|first=Mahendra Lal|last=Patel|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|year=1997|page=37|isbn=8175330295|access-date=15 August 2020|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201928/https://books.google.com/books?id=58G8PPAN48cC|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 1811, the physician [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] classified the producer castes of Bihar and Patna - the Koeri, the Gwala, the Kurmi, the Sonar (goldsmith) and even the [[Kayastha]]s (a scribe caste) as "pure [[Shudra]]". However, due to the advancements in their level of education, the Kayastha community was first among them to challenge their Shudra status and claimed a higher Varna. They were followed by the rest of these communities.<ref name="William Pinch ">{{cite book |title=Peasants and monks in British India |first=William R. |last=Pinch |publisher=University of California Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-520-20061-6 |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft22900465&chunk.id=s1.2.11&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch2 |pages=73–75 |quote=Buchanan, in the early nineteenth century, had included in the term "pure shudra" the well-known designations of Kayasth, Koiri, Kurmi, Kahar, Goala, Dhanuk (archers, cultivators, palanquin bearers), Halwai (sweets vendor), Mali (flower gardener), Barai (cultivator and vendor of betel-leaf), Sonar (goldsmith), Kandu (grain parcher), and Gareri (blanket weavers and shepherds)[108].108. Buchanan, Bihar and Patna, 1811–1812, 1:329–39; Martin, Eastern India, 2:466–70 |access-date=13 August 2020 |archive-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421095003/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft22900465&chunk.id=s1.2.11&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the households of the cultivator castes like the Koeris, there was no major segregation of family duties based on gender. Here, both male and female members of the family participated in cultivation- related operations, thus paving the way for egalitarianism and a lack of gender-related discrimination and seclusion. The view of the Koeris regarding their women is portrayed through their (Jati) Caste pamphlet, where Koeri women are described as being loyal to their husbands and having all the qualities of a true [[Kshatriya]] woman, who faces the enemy with courage and fights along with her husband rather than being defeated outrightly.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oDeFAAAAIAAJ&q=koeri+women|title=Daughters of the Earth: Women and Land in Uttar Pradesh|first=Smita Tewari|last=Jassal|publisher=Manohar|year=2001|isbn=8173043752|access-date=1 July 2020|page=71,53|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421095018/https://books.google.com/books?id=oDeFAAAAIAAJ&q=koeri+women|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Kshatriya reform movement in the middle peasant castes which took place during 1890s turned rural Bihar into an arena of conflict. William Pinch claims that castes like the Koeris, the Kurmi, and the Yadav joined the [[British Indian Army]] as soldiers. The ''kshatriyatva'' or "essence of being [[kshatriya]]", was characterised by aggressiveness among these castes, which led to the formation of many caste armies resulting in intercaste conflict.<ref name="George">{{cite book |title=Rebels From the Mud Houses: Dalits and the Making of the Maoist Revolution ... |page=209,210 |first=George |last=kunnath |publisher=Taylor and Francis group |location=New york |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-138-09955-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA209 |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201927/https://books.google.com/books?id=JkcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA209 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 1980s, in region surrounding [[Rohtas Plateau|Kaimur Plateau]] of [[Rohtas district]], Koeris also operated bandit groups, which were responsible for caste warfare with the members of rival groups. One such group was [[Ramashish Koeri gang]], which operated out of Kaimur hills.<ref>{{cite book|title=In the Mirror of Mandal Social Justice, Caste, Class, and the Individual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnjaAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9788120203525|year=1992|publisher=Ajanta Publications|author=Hiranmay Karlekar|quote=Five Yadavs, including a woman, were killed by a gang reportedly led by Ramashish Koeri alias Dada . The incident broke a lull in the gang warfare between the Yadavs and Koeris in the Khaimur hills|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829103707/https://books.google.com/books?id=XnjaAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Organisation==
In the interwar years, during a period when there was a general movement among various castes seeking to uplift their status, there was also at least one journal being published for the Koeri community, the ''Kashbala Kshatriya Mitra'',<ref>{{cite book |title=Hindu nationalism and the language of politics in late colonial India |first=William |last=Gould |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-83061-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNsganXnq-oC |page=31 |access-date=4 October 2011|quote=In the inter-war period religious community was rendered an important site of public political contestation in periodicals and journals. Newspaper publicity, and the symbolism it employed, created and re-created communal stereotypes. 'Communal' controversy, as the early journalistic career of Muhammad Ali who publicised the Kanpur mosque dispute of 1913 demonstrates, was sensational and sold newspapers, causing periodicals to rise and fall. For example, Arti, a Hindi daily from Lucknow, which reached a high circulation of 3,000, was started specifically in response to communal disputes centred around Aminabad Park in the city. The Arya Mitra, a Hindi weekly published from Agra, served as the organ of the Arya Pratinidhi Sabha, which sought to promote shuddhi and the uplifting of the depressed class. The Bharat Bhol was supported by the Rishikesh fund to further agitation over a temple in Dehra Dun. Caste-based journals were also common, such as the Kshattriya, set up to support social reform amongst the Jats of Meerut, the Kashbala Kshattriya Mitra, which promoted the interests of the Koeri community and the Jatava of Agra, which supported the interests of 'untouchables'.}}</ref> while other interests of the Koeri community is taken care of by the Kushwaha Kshatriya Mahasabha.<ref name="Ashwani2008_36"/> Besides these organisations, there exists various state level organisations catering to socio-political needs of the community. In [[Jharkhand]], one such organisation called Kushwaha Mahasabha works for political empowerment of community. Prominent Jharkhand leaders like [[Aklu Ram Mahto]], [[Dev Dyal Kushwaha]] and [[Bhubneshwar Prasad Mehta]] had remained associated with this organisation in past.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/JHA-BOK-MAT-latest-bokaro-news-021002-348443-NOR.html|title=People of Kushwaha community should be politically represented: Mehta|website=Bhaskar|date=4 August 2014 |accessdate=11 August 2023|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418191003/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/JHA-BOK-MAT-latest-bokaro-news-021002-348443-NOR.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Politics==
In the early twentieth century, the Koeri and their sub-caste the [[Murao]] participated in the politics of the [[Kisan Sabha (1919-1922)|Kisan Sabha]], which worked for the peasants' cause against the ill effects of [[landlordism]] and the 1920 Gandhian [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation movement]]. These peasant castes, which had a long tradition of independence and caste solidarity, founded the Kisan Sabhas, which later became instrumental in supporting peasant causes. The traditional method of Nai-Dhobi band—disallowing of service of washermen and barbers to enforce the sanctions on the landlords and use of their robust caste panchayats—became a symbol of this peasant movement. Koeri leader [[Mata Badal Koeri]] became a founding leader of ''Oudh Kisan Sabha'' (Awadh Farmers Conference) along with [[Baba Ram Chandra]]. Large numbers of Koeris participated in the Awadh Kisan Conference of 1920, which was held in Ayodhya.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-A2oDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT210|title=The Rise and Fall of Modern Empires, Volume IV: Reactions to Colonialism|year=2016|place=United Kingdom|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|pages=210–211|isbn=9781351882675|access-date=22 July 2023|archive-date=22 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722130106/https://books.google.com/books?id=-A2oDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hardiman|first=D|year=2021|title=Noncooperation in India: Nonviolent Strategy and Protest, 1920-22|place=United States|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=74|isbn=978-0-19-754830-1|accessdate=19 July 2023|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47IYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|archive-date=22 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722104609/https://books.google.com/books?id=47IYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U82GAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194|page=194|last=Menon|first=V|year=2003|title=From Movement To Government: The Congress in the United Provinces, 1937-42|place=India|publisher=SAGE Publications.|isbn=9788132103684|access-date=22 July 2023|archive-date=22 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722104609/https://books.google.com/books?id=U82GAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the heyday of [[British Raj]], the Koeris aligned with the Kurmis and the Yadavs to form a caste coalition-cum-political party called [[Triveni Sangh]]. The actual date of the formation of Triveni Sangh is disputed among scholars. This caste coalition fared badly against the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party and faced a considerable challenge from Congress's backward class federation. Though politically it was not able to make a significant mark, it remained successful in eradicating the practice of [[begar]] (forced labour).<ref name="Jaffrelot197">{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |edition=Reprinted |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |pages=197–198 |access-date=15 October 2016 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202200231/https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |page=44 |title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar |first=Ashwani |last=Kumar |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA44 |isbn=978-1-84331-709-8 |access-date=23 June 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201929/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Community_Warriors/num2I4NFGqIC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA44&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Indian National Congress]] continued its policy of not giving due importance to the demand of upper-OBCs for more political representation and the Koeris along with other OBCs remained unsatisfied in the post independence period as well, when the question of political representation for greater part of society was gaining ground. The Congress's reliance on its "Coalition Of Extremes", referring to the alliance of [[Forward Caste|Upper Caste]]s, [[Dalit]]s and [[Muslim]]s became the prime reason behind the upper-OBC's drive for alternative route to gain political ascendency. The "Coalition Of Extremes" was also favourable for the upper-caste lobby within the Congress, as they knew that [[Dalit]]s being a weak socio-economic group could hardly pose any challenge to their position in the socio-economic sphere unlike the Upper-Backwards.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Sanjay|title=Post mandal politics in Bihar:Changing electoral patterns|publisher=SAGE publication|pages=53|isbn=978-93-528-0585-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|date=27 May 2022|quote=If any (class/caste) could compete with the upper castes in terms of the social, economic, and political muscle, it was these three upper backward castes—Yadavs, Kurmis, and Koeris. The social coalition of the 1980s was much more politically oiled than the coalition of 1930, during the days of "Triveni Sangh".|access-date=28 May 2022|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528095252/https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/10/24/caste-anti-congressism-and-quotas-a-history-of-the-plotting-of-social-coalitions-in-bihar-till-2005|title=Caste, land and quotas: A history of the plotting of social coalitions in Bihar till 2005
|first=Anand|last=Vardhan|access-date=28 May 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220527235214/https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/10/24/caste-anti-congressism-and-quotas-a-history-of-the-plotting-of-social-coalitions-in-bihar-till-2005|website=Newslaundry.com|date=24 October 2020
|archive-date=27 May 2022}}</ref>

The period of the 1960s witnessed an improvement in the fortunes of the backward castes in politics, with a significant growth seen in the number of backward caste MLAs in the Bihar legislative assembly. In the 1970s, with the defining slogan of social justice, Koeris rose to prominence in the politics of Bihar under the leadership of [[Jagdeo Prasad]]. However, this achievement was short-lived and their representation was gradually lost to other backward castes after Prasad's death.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Sanjay|title=Post mandal politics in Bihar:Changing electoral patterns|publisher=SAGE Publication|isbn=978-93-528-0585-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zhODwAAQBAJ&q=jagdeo+prasad&pg=PA39|date=5 June 2018|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421095011/https://books.google.com/books?id=2zhODwAAQBAJ&q=jagdeo+prasad&pg=PA39|url-status=live}}</ref> This period also witnessed [[Satish Prasad Singh]], a lesser known Koeri leader, become the chief minister of Bihar merely a week after the fall of [[Mahamaya Prasad Sinha]] government. He led a coalition of the Shoshit Samaj Dal party of Jagdeo Prasad and the Congress.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rik-AAAAMAAJ&q=satish+prasad+singh+caste|title=Teaching Politics, Volume 6 - Volume 7, Issue 4|first=Delhi University|last=Political Science Association|publisher=Delhi University Political Science Association(Original from the University of Michigan)|year=1981|access-date=22 June 2020|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201930/https://books.google.com/books?id=rik-AAAAMAAJ&q=satish+prasad+singh+caste|url-status=live}} In 1969, Bindeshwar Prasad Mandal, a rich landlord Yadav of Saharsa district in manipulating some M . L . A ' s to defect from U . F . Parties to cause the fall of Mahamaya Ministry, asked Satish Prasad Singh a lesser known Koeri leader to head the ministry for a day to facilitate his nomination in the Council.</ref><ref name="Sharma1989">{{cite book|author=Bijender Kumar Sharma|title=Political Instability in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHMBgjfitvQC&pg=PA49|access-date=10 April 2018|year=1989|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-184-7|pages=49–|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201930/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHMBgjfitvQC&pg=PA49|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1977, the [[Karpoori Thakur]] government of Bihar introduced an affirmative action of quota in government jobs and universities. While the lower backward castes were assigned 12% of the quota, only eight per cent was earmarked for landowning castes like the Koeri, the Kurmi and the Yadavs. Being a [[Nai (caste)|Nai]] by caste, Thakur was aware of the robust economic position and aggressiveness of these castes who were many times seen bullying the Harijans and lower backwards castes.<ref>{{cite book|title=City, Society, and Planning: Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odCJoIaDqZ0C&q=koeri+bihar+politics&pg=PA397|first=Baleshwar|last=Thakur|location=University of Akron. Department of Geography & Planning, Association of American Geographers|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2007|page=397 ,398|isbn=978-8180694608|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421100844/https://books.google.com/books?id=odCJoIaDqZ0C&q=koeri+bihar+politics&pg=PA397|url-status=live}}</ref>

In later years, the Koeris remained in a muted position for a long period in politics or played a secondary role, while the Yadav-centric politics of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav|Laloo Yadav]] flourished in Bihar. However, after the formation of the [[Samta Party]] (now [[Janata Dal (United)]]) by [[Nitish Kumar]], they voted en masse for [[Samta Party|Samta]]. Its alliance showed that political parties in Bihar are identified with caste and the Samta Party was considered the party of Koeri-Kurmi community.<ref>{{cite book|title=City, Society, and Planning: Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odCJoIaDqZ0C&q=koeri+bihar+politics&pg=PA400|first=Baleshwar|last=Thakur|location=University of Akron. Department of Geography & Planning, Association of American Geographers|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2007|isbn=978-8180694608|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201931/https://books.google.com/books?id=odCJoIaDqZ0C&q=koeri+bihar+politics&pg=PA400|url-status=live}} While Samta with its leader Nitish is considered to be the party of Koeri-Kurmi, Bihar people's party led by Anand Mohan is perceived to be a party having sympathy and support of Rajputs.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Caste and Democratic Politics in India|first=Ghanshyam|last=Shah|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2004|isbn=8178240955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aou17T8KaEEC&q=caste+and+bihar+politics&pg=PA346|access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421095002/https://books.google.com/books?id=Aou17T8KaEEC&q=caste+and+bihar+politics&pg=PA346|url-status=live}}</ref> Until the 2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly elections, Koeris were well represented in [[Janata Dal (United)]]. Out of twenty Koeri legislators elected to 243 membered Bihar Legislative Assembly, eleven were from JDU.<ref>{{cite news |title=कुशवाहा राजनैतिक विचार मंच का अभियान 5 से - Patna News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/patna/news/campaign-from-kushwaha-political-forum-to-5-043550-3316132.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |date=1 December 2018 |access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>

The parting of the ways between the Koeris and the Kurmis and the movement of the Koeris away from [[Janata Dal (United)]] (JD(U)) was witnessed after the formation of the [[Rashtriya Lok Samta Party]] by [[Upendra Kushwaha]], who commanded huge support among members of the Koeri castes. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] appealed to the kushwaha in the 2014 elections in hopes of getting the support of the Koeri caste who had earlier voted for [[Nitish Kumar]] and the JD(U).<ref>{{cite book|title=India's 2014 Elections: A Modi-led BJP Sweep|first=Paul|last=Wallace|publisher=SAGE Publications|location=India|year=2015|isbn=978-9351505174|page=127,129|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFslDAAAQBAJ&q=upendra+kushwaha&pg=PT129|access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201931/https://books.google.com/books?id=UFslDAAAQBAJ&q=upendra+kushwaha&pg=PT129|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the quitting of BJP and alliance by Upendra Kushwaha left Koeri politics in Bihar in a dilemma.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/upendra-kushwahas-exit-could-undo-bjps-carefully-planned-bihar-caste-coalition/|title=Upendra Kushwaha's exit could undo BJP's carefully planned Bihar caste coalition|first=PRAGYA|last=KAUSHIKA|website=theprint.in|date=10 December 2018|access-date=28 May 2020|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605223131/https://theprint.in/politics/upendra-kushwahas-exit-could-undo-bjps-carefully-planned-bihar-caste-coalition/|url-status=live}}</ref> This rift between the Koeris and the Kurmis was orchestrated by the rise of influential Koeri leaders like Mahendra Singh and [[Shakuni Choudhury]], while Kushwaha remained the strongest leader of the community in Bihar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/the-liberation-struggle-of-bihar|title=The Liberation Struggle of Bihar|first=P. R.|last=Ramesh|date=15 October 2015|work=Open Magazine|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=9 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309170255/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/the-liberation-struggle-of-bihar|url-status=live}} The real migraine for the JD-U led alliance is the emergence of strong leaders within the NDA who command Kushwaha loyalties as effectively as Ashok Mahto once did for the fight against Bhumihars in the past. Rocking the Grand Alliance's prospects are Kushwaha leaders such as Upendra Kushwaha, Shakuni Chaudhury and Mahendra Singh.</ref>

In 2010s, attempts to trace the community's lineage to Mauryan king [[Ashoka]] were supported by [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[Janata Dal (United)]] with an apparent eye towards the electoral benefits, particularly in northern Indian states like [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-celebrates-emperor-ashokas-birth-anniversary-in-bihar/article65303366.ece|title=BJP celebrates emperor Ashoka's birth anniversary in Bihar|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=22 April 2022|work=The Hindu|access-date=26 May 2022|archive-date=26 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526164835/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-celebrates-emperor-ashokas-birth-anniversary-in-bihar/article65303366.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/BJP-banking-on-votes-of-Koeris/articleshow/47321629.cms|title=BJP banking on votes of Koeris|first=Abhay|last=Singh|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 May 2015|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428214522/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/BJP-banking-on-votes-of-Koeris/articleshow/47321629.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/caste-groups-are-burning-rajnath-singhs-effigies-as-he-called-chandragupta-maurya-shepherd/|title=Caste groups are burning Rajnath Singh's effigies as he called Chandragupta Maurya shepherd|first=Shivam|last=Vij|work=theprint.in|access-date=27 May 2020|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428214837/https://theprint.in/opinion/caste-groups-are-burning-rajnath-singhs-effigies-as-he-called-chandragupta-maurya-shepherd/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notables==
*[[Sumitra Devi (politician)|Sumitra Devi]], first women cabinet minister of Bihar, several times Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly, mother-in-law of former Lok Sabha speaker [[Meira Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/education/photo/education-upa-president-candidate-meira-kumar-unknown-facts-education-family-all-details-480843-2017-06-24|title=मीरा कुमार से जड़ी वो बातें, जो आपको हैरान करने के लिए काफी हैं|website=AajTak|date=24 June 2017|language=Hindi|accessdate=15 April 2023|quote=She met Manjul Kumar while studying law. Manjul belonged to the political family of Bihar. His mother Sumitra Devi was a Congress leader. They came from Koeri caste, which is categorised as OBC in Bihar, while Meira was a Dalit.|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414211125/https://www.aajtak.in/education/photo/education-upa-president-candidate-meira-kumar-unknown-facts-education-family-all-details-480843-2017-06-24|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Jagdish Mahto]], the founder of [[Naxalism]] in the state of Bihar. He was the leader of [[1970 Bhojpur uprising]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=S.|year=2015|title=Ruled Or Misruled: Story and Destiny of Bihar|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|quote= He saw an upper caste Bhumihar man rig the booth in favour of Rajdev Ram. Bhumihars had long been waiting to teach a lesson to this 'fearless and highheaded' Jagdish, a Koeri. }}</ref>
*[[Jagdeo Prasad]], a socialist leader and former Deputy Chief Minister in the [[Government of Bihar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/no-to-casteism-politicians-wont-agree/articleshow/438064.cms|title=No to casteism? Politicians won't agree|website=Times of India|date=22 January 2004|accessdate=27 June 2023|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829103717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/no-to-casteism-politicians-wont-agree/articleshow/438064.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Upendra Nath Verma]], participated in [[Indian Independence movement]]. He served as a Union Minister in the cabinet of [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Lenin' waits wrapped in plastic|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/lenin-waits-wrapped-in-plastic/cid/1668125|access-date=9 September 2021|website=www.telegraphindia.com|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715023500/https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/lenin-waits-wrapped-in-plastic/cid/1668125|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Chandradeo Prasad Verma]], participated in [[Indian Independence movement]]. He also served as Union Minister in [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The situated politics of belonging|page=135,136|first=Nira-Yuval-Davis|last=Kalpana|publisher=Sage publication|location=london|year=2006|isbn=1-4129-2101-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6pIf0EjBXIC&pg=PA135|accessdate=30 May 2020|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804124732/https://books.google.com/books?id=d6pIf0EjBXIC&pg=PA135|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="womensstudies">{{cite journal |last=Björkert |first=Suruchi Thapar |title=Women as arm-bearers: Gendered caste-violence and the Indian state |journal=Women's Studies International Forum |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=474–488 |doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2006.07.005 |date=September–October 2006 }}</ref>
*[[Ramdeo Verma]], six term Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from [[Bibhutipur Assembly constituency]], leader of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/left-parties-bihar-elections-rjd|title=How a Reinvented Left Is Gaining Electoral Significance in Poll-Bound Bihar|website=The Wire|accessdate=27 June 2023|archive-date=18 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218183009/https://thewire.in/politics/left-parties-bihar-elections-rjd|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Satish Prasad Singh]], former Chief Minister of Bihar.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rik-AAAAMAAJ&q=satish+prasad+singh+caste|title=Teaching Politics, Volume 6 - Volume 7, Issue 4|first=Delhi University|last=Political Science Association|publisher=Delhi University Political Science Association(Original from the University of Michigan)|year=1981|accessdate=22 June 2020|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407103441/https://books.google.com/books?id=rik-AAAAMAAJ&q=|url-status=live}} In 1969, Bindeshwar Prasad Mandal, a rich landlord Yadav of Saharsa district in manipulating some M . L . A ' s to defect from U . F . Parties to cause the fall of Mahamaya Ministry, asked Satish Prasad Singh a lesser known Koeri leader to head the ministry for a day to facilitate his nomination in the Council.</ref>
*[[Tulsidas Mehta]], six times Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from [[Jandaha Assembly constituency]], founder of The Vaishali Cooperative Bank.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arnimesh |first1=Shanker |title=Denting Nitish's 'Luv-Kush' vote, synergy with Raje, OBC push — why BJP has new chiefs in 4 states |url=https://theprint.in/politics/denting-nitishs-luv-kush-vote-synergy-with-raje-obc-push-why-bjp-has-new-chiefs-in-4-states/1467308/ |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=ThePrint |date=24 March 2023}}</ref>
*[[Manju Verma]], former minister for social welfare, [[Government of Bihar]].<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/caste-card-counter/cid/1445945|title=Caste card counter |first=Amit|last=Bhelari|quote="I belong to the Kushwaha caste which is also known as Koiri. Our caste has always become the role model of guiding the society, our ancestor is emperor Asoka and we follow his guidelines. We are engaged in farming and feed others. We never suppress anyone and are not involved in heinous crimes. It is the RJD and the Yadav caste that is involved in such acts," Manju declared at a media conference at her 6 Strand Road residence.|website=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914064222/https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/caste-card-counter/cid/1445945 |accessdate=27 July 2020|archive-date=14 September 2020 }}</ref>
*[[Samrat Choudhary]], Bihar state president of [[Bhartiya Janata Party]], former minister in [[Government of Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bhaskar.com/news/kushwaha-society-is-known-for-cultivating-vegetable-bjp-leader-samrat-choudhary-said-5951802.html|title=भाजपा नेता सम्राट चौधरी बोले-हम न दूध वाले और न चावल वाले, हम तो सब्जी वाले हैं|website=Bhaskar.com|date=5 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115204537/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/kushwaha-society-is-known-for-cultivating-vegetable-bjp-leader-samrat-choudhary-said-5951802.html|accessdate=15 November 2020|archive-date=15 November 2020|quote=BJP leader Samrat Chaudhary who comes from Kushwaha community, on the statement made by the RLSP chief Upendra Kushwaha says that we are neither milk sellers nor rice growers, we are vegetable growers. The Kushvanshis (Kushwaha Caste) are known for vegetables. Rice is grown by people of every society. Although everyone should do the work of cooking kheer in politics, there are no two opinions about it. He was talking to a private television channel. }}</ref>
*[[Mewalal Chaudhary]], former Vice-Chancellor of [[Bihar Agricultural University]], former Minister of Education (Government of Bihar).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/how-bjp-got-jdus-mewa-lal-to-resign-as-nitishs-minister-within-an-hour-of-taking-charge/548012/|title=How BJP got JD(U)'s Mewa Lal to resign as Nitish's minister within an hour of taking charge|website=the Print|date=19 November 2020|accessdate=18 February 2023|archive-date=18 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218163005/https://theprint.in/politics/how-bjp-got-jdus-mewa-lal-to-resign-as-nitishs-minister-within-an-hour-of-taking-charge/548012/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Ajit Kumar Mehta]], educationist, former professor of technology at [[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra]] and former Member of Parliament from [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=IndiaToday>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19781130-tarakeshwari-sinha-a-hot-favourite-for-samastipur-seat-823413-2014-04-04|title=Tarakeshwari Sinha a hot favourite for Samastipur seat|magazine=India Today|accessdate=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324191805/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19781130-tarakeshwari-sinha-a-hot-favourite-for-samastipur-seat-823413-2014-04-04|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Saurabh Suman]], [[Agronomy|Agri researcher]], received [[Nari Shakti Puraskar|Nari Shakti Award]] for social service.<ref name=mah>{{Cite web|last=Chandan|first=Sanjeev|date=16 April 2016|title='Mahishasur's daughter' gets award from President|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/04/mahishasurs-daughter-gets-award-from-president-4/|access-date=6 July 2020|website=Forward Press|language=en-US|quote=“I was born into a Kushwaha (OBC) family but I consider myself a daughter of a Dalit foster father who worked as a labourer to provide for me, my sister and my mother. He sent us to school and fed us.”|archive-date=6 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706234410/https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/04/mahishasurs-daughter-gets-award-from-president-4/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Baidyanath Prasad Mahto]], former deputy leader of [[Janata Dal (United)]] in [[Lok Sabha]], twice Member of Parliament from [[Valmiki Nagar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/blog/lok-sabha-election-2019-bihar-nda-announces-seat-names-1090497-1090497|title=NDA सीट गणित: ललन सिंह की वजह से गिरिराज बेगुसराय पहुंचे, BJP ने अपने 5 सांसदों को टिकट से पैदल किया|website=ABP live|date=17 March 2019|accessdate=15 July 2023|quote=वाल्मिकीनगर से कोइरी जाति के पूर्व सांसद वैद्यनाथ महतो का नाम तय है.|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716200518/https://www.abplive.com/blog/lok-sabha-election-2019-bihar-nda-announces-seat-names-1090497-1090497|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Chandrashekhar Prasad]], former president of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union]], one of the founding leader of [[All India Students Association]], known for his opposition to [[Mohammad Shahabuddin (Indian politician)|Mohammad Shahabuddin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2013/01/jnu-travails-of-a-dalit-comrade-president/|title=JNU: Travails of A Dalit Comrade President|website=forward Press|date=January 2013 |accessdate=12 June 2023|archive-date=29 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129120804/https://www.forwardpress.in/2013/01/jnu-travails-of-a-dalit-comrade-president/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Rati Lal Prasad Verma]], founding leader of [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in Bihar-Jharkhand region; former member of [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency]], [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Towards a New Era: Economic, Social and Political Reforms|year=2001|place=India|publisher=Har-Anand Publication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-CavJF-EVEC&pg=PA166|page=166|isbn=9788124108000 |access-date=22 July 2023|archive-date=22 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722074606/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5-CavJF-EVEC&pg=PA166&dq=|url-status=live|quote= Another BJP MP from Koderma, Ratilal Prasad Verma belongs to backward community of Koeris constituting 10 percent in Bihar. He was upset at ordnance factory not being founded in his constituency but in the constituency of George Fernandes.. Expressing his disappointment and threatening to leave the party he said: "My decision will depend on Koeri Samaj-they have been urging me to leave the party.}}</ref>
*[[Binod Singh Kushwaha]], former Minister for Backward and Extremely Backward Castes in Government of Bihar, former MLA of BJP from [[Pranpur Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-bihar-cabinet-expansion-not-only-jdu-but-bjp-too-eyeing-on-kushwaha-and-muslim-faces-know-21332972.html|title=Bihar Cabinet Expansion: कुशवाहा व मुसलमान चेहरों पर JDU ही नहीं BJP की भी टिकी हैं नजरें, जानिए|website=jagran|accessdate=28 July 2023|quote=At present there are three Kushwaha MLAs in BJP. In this, in the previous government, the BJP had made Vinod Singh, MLA from Pranapur in Seemanchal, a minister. Vinod passed away. Former minister's wife Nisha Singh has won for the first time in the 17th assembly. On the other hand, Dr. Sunil Kumar from Bihar Sharif won for the third time and Pramod Sinha, MLA from Raxaul won for the first time.|archive-date=28 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728112801/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-bihar-cabinet-expansion-not-only-jdu-but-bjp-too-eyeing-on-kushwaha-and-muslim-faces-know-21332972.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Ramdeo Mahto]], founding leader of Bharatiya Janata Party and [[Bhartiya Jana Sangh]] in Bihar, former Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from [[Patna East Assembly constituency]].<ref name=Verma>{{Cite book |last=Varma |first=VP |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2HVAAAAMAAJ |title=A Study of the Mid-term Elections in Bihar 1969 |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Public Administration|Institute of Public Administration]] |year=1970 |location=India |quote=The voters belonging to the Backward Class ( Koeri and Awadhia ) and the voters . of the business communities voted in favour of the Jana Sangh candidate Ramdeo Mahto who happened to be a member of the backward community ( Koeri )}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bihari Mauritians]]
*[[History of Backward Caste movement in Bihar]]
*[[Maurya (surname)]]
*[[Kushwaha (surname)]]
*[[Shakya (surname)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78rfCgAAQBAJ&q=koeri+rise+of+the+plebeians&pg=PA98|title=Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies|first=Christophe Jaffrelot|last=Sanjay Kumar|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=978-1136516610|access-date=30 June 2020}}

[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Agricultural castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]

Dhulipala

2025-12-27T15:30:28Z

Delphia92Y: added new data

{{Short description|Indian actor (1921–2007)}}
{{for|the actress|Sobhita Dhulipala}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dhulipala
| birth_name = Dhulipala Sitarama Sastry
| birth_date = {{birth date text|24 September 1921}}
| birth_place = [[Palnadu]], [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2007|4|13|1921|9|24}}
| death_place = [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| yearsactive = 1961–2001
| occupation = Actor
| website = {{URL|http://www.dhulipala.org}}
}}

'''Dhulipala Sitarama Sastry''' (24 September 1921 – 13 April 2007), known [[mononym]]ously by the [[surname]] '''Dhulipala''', was an Indian actor and [[Actor|thespian]], known for his works predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name=autogenerated1>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080619122105/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/14/stories/2007041412480400.htm The Hindu : Andhra Pradesh / Guntur News : Dhulipala no more]</ref>
He was noted for playing mythological roles, particularly the role of [[Shakuni]]. He began his acting career at the young age of 13 and went on to work in about 300 films. He shot to fame with ''[[Bhishma (1962 film)|Bhishma]]'' and ''[[Sri Krishna Pandaveeyam]]'', acting alongside [[N. T. Rama Rao]].<ref>Natinundi neti daaka: Autobiography of Dhulipala</ref>

==Life and career==
Born on September 24, 1921, to Sankarayya and Ratnamma of Dachepalli village in Palnadu taluk of Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, he dropped out of school after Class. 8th and spent a year at Sankara Vidyalayam, Bapatla, studying Vedas. Subsequently, he worked as a clerk for an advocate. Simultaneously entering the stage, initially portraying female characters. He was introduced to film industry by his preceptor Mr. Gayudu (1927-2005), who was a famous actor, director, writer, singer and music director, make-up artist and also owned the costumes related to mythological dramas. Initially, Mr. Gayudu was selected for the role of Bhishma in the movie ''[[Bhishma (1962 film)|Bhishma]]'' and [[N. T. Rama Rao]] was offered the role of Duryodhana, but, due to a conspiracy to wedge Mr.Gayudu from entering the film industry, the Art Director of the movie, Mr. Vali, was arrested and made a deal out of it with Mr. Gayudu that if he drops out of the role of Bheeshma which he was offered and instead play the role of Duryodhana, he could get Vali released. Mr. Gayudu wasn't ready to accept the deal but for the sake of his friend Vali, he dropped out of the movie stating, his student Dhulipala, is capable enough to play Duryodhana. When NTR thanked him for dropping out of the movie, Mr.Gayudu replied showing him all the letters and telegrams that he received earlier, "I am backing off for the sake of my friend Vali. No matter how much you succeed in your career, don't forget that I was the first preference for the lead role of every movie and you had always been the second choice, as I couldn't make it on time and you grabbed the opportunities. I received Vendi Gada (Silver Gada) from Mysore Maharaja as a token of gratitude. That's my greatest achievement". Mr.Gayudu headed back home and never turned around. He realized that his brothers were right, as they said "Talent is injurious to career and life".

Hence, Dhulipala who was popular on the stage in the role of Duryodhana, made his debut with that film. Mr. Gayudu was the first choice for every lead role in mythological movies but his family members didn't want him to enter the film industry as they feared for his well-being after his uncle, the great actor Dommeti Surya Narayana was assassinated by his rivals, as he was the first generation superstar of Telugu film industry and was still thriving. so they concealed every letter and telegram that Mr.Gayudu received offering him the lead roles to work for their movies.<ref>[http://idlebrain.com/movie/photogallery/dhulipala/index.html Dhulipala photo gallery – Telugu cinema actor]</ref>
Dhulipala entered film industry in 1960, with the movie ''Bhishma'', portraying the role of Duryodhana. He acted in around 300 movies and won several accolades and awards. He was a staunch devotee of Hanuman and was inspired by Swami [[Jayendra Saraswati]] of [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]] to take sanyas in 2001 and establish Maruthi Ashram at [[Guntur City]]. He died on 13 April 2007.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> He was survived by his wife and two sons.<ref>[http://www.idleburra.com/2007/04/veteran-actor-dhulipala-passes-away.html idleburra.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713003429/http://www.idleburra.com/2007/04/veteran-actor-dhulipala-passes-away.html |date=2011-07-13 }}</ref>

==Selected filmography==
* ''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Choodalani Vundi]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Oorantha Golanta]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=OORANTHA GOLANTA TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} CHANDRA MOHAN {{!}} KALPANA {{!}} V9 VIDEOS | date=26 April 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XtIeUw4zwDo |access-date=2023-07-01 |language=en}}</ref> (1989) as Govindayya
* Veera Pratap (1987)
* ''Sri Vemana Charithra'' (1986)
* ''[[Tandra Paparayudu (film)|Tandra Paparayudu]]'' (1986) as Buchanna
* ''Sangeeta Samrat'' (1984)
* ''[[Muddula Mogudu (1983 film)|Muddula Mogudu]]'' (1983) as 'Rangamarthanda' Madhavaiah
* ''[[Pratigna (1982 film)|Pratigna]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Prathignya (1982) |url=https://indiancine.ma/WYB/info |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1982) as Venkataramaiah
*''[[Bobbili Puli]]'' (1982)
*''[[Swargam 1981 film|Swargam]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=SWARGAM {{!}} TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} CHANDRA MOHAN {{!}} JAYASUDHA {{!}} SATHYANARAYANA {{!}} S.VARALAKSHMI {{!}} V9 VIDEOS | date=30 July 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wZGpeds9GA |access-date=2023-09-24 |language=en}}</ref> (1981) as Hanumanthu
* ''Mahashakti'' (1980)
*''[[Punnami Naagu (1980 film)|Punnami Naagu]]'' (1980)
*''[[Sri Tirupati Venkateswara Kalyanam]]'' (1979) as [[Bhrigu|Bhrigu Maharshi]]
*''[[Rangoon Rowdy]]'' (1979)
*''[[Sri Vinayaka Vijayamu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sree Vinayaka Vijayamu (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/VGC |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1979) as [[Shukracharya]]
*''[[Sri Madvirata Parvam]]'' (1979) as [[Shakuni]]
*''[[Lawyer Viswanath]]'' (1978) as Judge
* ''[[Yuga Purushudu]]'' (1978) as Dhanunjayam
* ''[[Jaganmohini (1978 film)|Jaganmohini]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Daana Veera Soora Karna]]'' (1977) as [[Shakuni]]
* ''[[Kurukshetram (1977 film)|Kurukshetram]]'' (1977) as [[Indra]]
*''Bangaru Bommalu'' (1977) as Ranganna
*''Pichi Maraju'' (1976) as Dharma Rao
* ''[[Sita Kalyanam (1976 film)|Seeta Kalyanam]]'' (1976) as [[Vasishtha|Vasishtha Mahamuni]]
* ''[[Mahakavi Kshetrayya]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Andharu Bagundali]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andharu Bagundali (1976) |url=https://indiancine.ma/QRA |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1976) as Swamiji
* ''[[Gunavanthudu|Gunavantudu]]'' (1975)
*''[[Manushullo Devudu]]'' (1974) as Garudachalam
*''[[Uttama Illalu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttama Illalu (1974) |url=https://indiancine.ma/QPG |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1974) as Bheemayya
*''[[Manchi Manushulu]]'' (1974) as Dr. Anand
* ''[[Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddham]]'' (1974) as [[Yayati]]
*''[[Mayadari Malligadu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayadari Malligadu (1973) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PUA |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1973) as Judge
*''[[Ganga Manga]]'' (1973)
*''Kanna Koduku'' (1973) as Buchi Raju
*[[Desoddharakulu]] (1973)
*Stree (1973)
* ''[[Andala Ramudu (1973 film)|Andala Ramudu]]'' (1973) as Secretary
* ''[[Manchirojulu Vachayi|Manchi Rojulu Vachayi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchirojulu Vachayi (1972) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PDB |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1972) as Zamindar Ungarala Bangaraiah
* ''[[Monagadostunnadu Jagratha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=MonagadOstunnadu Jagratha streaming: watch online |url=https://www.justwatch.com/in/movie/monagadostunnadu-jagratha |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=JustWatch |language=en}}</ref> (1972) as Gurunatham
* ''[[Inspector Bharya]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inspector Bharya (1972) |url=https://indiancine.ma/BCFB |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1972) as Ranga Rao
* ''[[Bala Bharatam]]'' (1972) as [[Shakuni]]
*''[[Sri Krishna Satya]]'' (1972) as [[Karna]]
*''Collector Janaki'' (1972)
*''[[Pattukunte Laksha]]'' (1971)
*''[[Mattilo Manikyam]]'' (1971) as Mallayya
*''[[Rajakota Rahasyam]]'' (1971)
*''[[Adrusta Jathakudu]]'' (1971) as Parandhamaiah
*''[[Pavitra Hrudayalu]]'' (1971) as Sivaiah
* ''[[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1971 film)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]'' (1971) as [[Vibhishana]]
*''[[Mayani Mamata]]'' (1970) as Janakiramaiah
* ''[[Balaraju Katha]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Pettandarulu]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Ukku Pidugu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukku Pidugu - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ukku_pidugu |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> (1969) as Sage Haricharanudu
* ''[[Bhale Abbayilu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhale Abbailu (1969) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NGY |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1969) as Judge Madhava Rao
* ''[[Pratheekaram]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pratheekaram (1969) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NOF |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1969) as Kanthayya
* ''[[Gandara Gandadu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Gandara Gandadu (1969) Complete Cast & Crew |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/gandara-gandadu-1969-telugu-movie/cast-crew |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref> (1969) as Vijayendra
* ''[[Bhale Rangadu]]'' (1969) as Narasaiah
* ''[[Ekaveera]]'' (1969) as Father of Veerabhupati
* ''[[Aatmiyulu]]'' (1969) as Veerayya
* ''[[Nene Monaganni]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Kalisochina Adrushtam]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Bandhavyalu]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Undamma Bottu Pedata]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Veeranjaneya]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veeranjaneya (1968) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NEJ |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1968) as [[Vishwamitra]]
* ''[[Aggi Meeda Guggilam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aggi Meeda Guggilam (1968) |url=https://indiancine.ma/MTN |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1968) as Chandavarma, Mahamantri of Sripura
* [[Ranabheri (1968 film)|''Ranabheri'']] (1968)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rana Bheri (1968) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NCL |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> as Rajaguru
*''[[Nindu Manasulu]]'' (1967)
*''[[Aggi Dora]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aggi Dora (1967) |url=https://indiancine.ma/MHM |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1967) as Raghunatha Rayalu, Maharaj of Ratnagiri
* ''[[Sri Krishnavataram]]'' (1967) as [[Satrajit]]
* ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1967 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' (1967) as [[Indra]]
* ''[[Mohini Bhasmasura 1966 Telugu Film|Mohini Bhasmasura]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohini Bhasmasura 1966 Telugu Movie Cast Crew, Actors, Director, Mohini Bhasmasura Producer, Banner, Music Director, Singers & Lyricists |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/mohini-bhasmasura-5475/cast-crew |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=MovieGQ |language=en}}</ref> (1966) as [[Shukra]]charya
* ''[[Paduka Pattabhishekam 1966 film|Paduka Pattabhishekam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paduka Pattabhishekamu 1966 Telugu Movie Cast Crew, Actors, Director, Paduka Pattabhishekamu Producer, Banner, Music Director, Singers & Lyricists |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/paduka-pattabhishekamu-6360/cast-crew |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=MovieGQ |language=en}}</ref> (1966) as [[Dasharatha|Dasaratha]]
* ''[[Sri Krishna Pandaveeyam]]'' (1966) as [[Shakuni]]
*''[[Dorikithe Dongalu]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Pandava Vanavasam]]'' (1965) as Chitragupta
* ''[[Amara Silpi Jakkanna]]'' (1964) (Kannada)
* ''[[Bobbili Yudham|Bobbili Yuddham]]'' (1964) as Narasarayalu
* ''[[Nartanasala (1963 film)|Nartanasala]]'' (1963) as [[Duryodhana]]
* ''[[Sri Krishnarjuna Yuddham]]'' (1963) as Gayudu
*''Madana Kamaraju Katha'' (1962) as Acharya of Mahendragiri
* ''[[Mahamantri Timmarusu (film)|Mahamantri Timmarusu]]'' (1962)
*''[[Kalimilemulu]]'' (1962) as Narasaiah
* ''[[Bhishma (1962 film)|Bhishma]]'' (1962) as [[Duryodhana]]

==Awards==
*[[Nandi Award for Best Actor]] - 1968 - [[Bandhavyalu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sastry, Dhulipala}}
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:People from Guntur]]
[[Category:Actors from Guntur district]]
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]

Mohammad Khaledur Rahman Tito

2025-12-16T16:34:38Z

Delphia92Y: updated section per standard format and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician (1945–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammad Khaledur Rahman Tito
| native_name = খালেদুর রহমান টিটো
| native_name_lang = bn
| constituency_MP = [[Jessore-3]]
| termstart = 10 July 1986
| termend = 6 December 1987
| predecessor = [[Mohammad Ebadot Hossain Mondal|Ebadot Hossain Mondal]]
| successor = [[Abdul Hai (Bangladeshi politician)|Abdul Hai]]
| termstart1 = 25 January 2009
| termend1 = 20 November 2013
| predecessor1 = [[Tariqul Islam]]
| successor1 = [[Kazi Nabil Ahmed]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1945|03|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|01|10|1945|03|01|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Jessore]], Bangladesh
| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| otherparty = [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)]]
| parents = [[Habibur Rahman (Jessore politician)|Habibur Rahman]] (father)
}}

'''Mohammad Khaledur Rahman Tito''' (1 March 1945 – 10 January 2021)<ref name=nomore>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-10|title=Veteran politician Khaledur Rahman Tito no more|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/online/news/veteran-politician-khaledur-rahman-tito-no-more-2025469|access-date=2021-01-10|website=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref> was a Bangladeshi politician. He served as a [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member as a [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]] member during 1986–1988 and a [[Bangladesh Awami League]] member during 2009–2013 representing the [[Jessore-3]] constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Constituency 87|url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/former-mp-s/list-of-9th-parliament-members-bangla?layout=edit&id=735|access-date=2021-01-10|website=www.parliament.gov.bd}}</ref>

==Early life==
Tito passed his matriculation in 1960 and intermediate exams in 1963 from Quaid e Azam College (now [[Government Shaheed Suhrawardy College]]) in [[Dhaka]] in the then [[East Pakistan]].<ref name=nomore/> He then graduated from [[Michael Madhusudan College]] in [[Jessore]] in 1967 from jail.<ref name=nomore/>

Tito joined politics at Chhatra Union in Michael Madhusudan College in 1963. He then got involved with left-leaning workers' politics in 1967.<ref name=nomore/>

==Career==
Tito was elected Jessore municipality chairman in 1984 and was elected a member of [[Jatiya Sangsad]] from [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]] in 1986. Next year, he took charge as organising secretary of the central Jatiya Party. In 1990, he was appointed as the state minister for Labour and Man Power ministry. After the fall of [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]] ruling, he was put in jail in 1991. At the end of 1991, Tito was made the secretary general (in charge) of Jatiya Party.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Tito joined [[Bangladesh Awami League]] on 9 March 2006.<ref>{{cite news|title=Former minister Tito joins AL today|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/03/09/d60309060871.htm|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=The Daily Star|date=9 March 2006|archive-date=1 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401075529/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/03/09/d60309060871.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was elected to Parliament from Jessore-3 on 29 December 2008 as a candidate of Bangladesh Awami League. On 22 April 2009 he sued former Minister [[Tariqul Islam|Tarikul Islam]], also publisher of Daily Loksamaj, for defamation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Former minister Tarikul, wife sued|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-86410|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=The Daily Star|date=1 May 2009|language=en}}</ref> His house in Jessore was attacked in March 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cocktails blasted at ex-MP's house, son hurt|url=http://www.banglanews24.com/index.php/politics/article/38092/Cocktails-blasted-at-ex-MPs-house-son-hurt|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=banglanews24.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tito, Mohammad Khaledur Rahman}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:Jatiya Party (Ershad) politicians]]
[[Category:3rd Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:People from Jessore]]
[[Category:Politicians from Khulna Division]]
[[Category:Mayors of places in Bangladesh]]

{{Khulna-AL-politician-stub}}

2024 National Kho Kho Championship (India)

2025-12-01T04:39:28Z

Delphia92Y: stub

{{Short description|National championship in India}}
{{Infobox sports competition event|event=2024 National Kho Kho Championship|venue=[[Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium]]|location=[[New Delhi, India]]|date=27 March - 1 April 2024}}

The '''56th National Kho Kho Championship''' took place from 27 March to 1 April 2024 in [[New Delhi, India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavthale |first=Sumeet |date=2024-03-28 |title=56th National Kho-Kho Championship begins in Delhi, Sumitra Mahajan attends opening ceremony |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/other/56th-national-kho-kho-championship-begins-in-delhi-sumitra-mahajan-attends-opening-ceremony-schedule-fixtures-dates-2024-03-28-923603 |access-date=2024-04-03 |work=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-04-02 |title=National Kho Kho: Maharashtra clinched title in both men and women category |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/sports-news/national-kho-kho-maharashtra-clinched-title-in-both-men-and-women-category |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref> The National championship is the top tournament in India, annually contested by the states, and the winner is declared as the National champion. [[Maharashtra]] won both the men's and women's titles in the 56th edition.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-01 |title=Maharashtra secure men and women's titles in National Kho Kho Championships |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/maharashtra-secure-men-and-womens-titles-in-national-kho-kho-championships/articleshow/108953242.cms |access-date=2024-04-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Kho kho, along with kabaddi are the two Indian traditional sports which are very popular in the country and the home grown sport are played for over thousand years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nag |first=Utathya |date=2022-04-14 |title=Kho Kho, a kabaddi-like sport linked with Indian epic Mahabharata - know all about it |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/kho-kho-history-rules-how-to-play |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=Olympics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kho Kho (India) - Traditional Sports |url=https://www.traditionalsports.org/traditional-sports/asia/kho-kho-india.html |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=Traditional Sports |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kukalyekar |first=Aditya |date=2024-04-01 |title=Kho-Kho is India's homegrown sport and we need to take it to international level: Rajat Sharma |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/other/kho-kho-is-india-s-homegrown-sport-and-we-need-to-take-it-to-international-level-rajat-sharma-2024-04-01-924168 |access-date=2024-04-05 |work=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> Besides cricket, the game has enjoyed good viewership, after the [[Ultimate Kho Kho|Ultimate kho kho]] league was introduced.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the sport of kho-kho and its new ultimate avatar? |url=https://khelnow.com/kho-kho/kho-kho-origin-rules-and-evolution |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref>

The kho kho National championships are organised by the [[Kho Kho Federation of India]] annually and the champion states are decided and awarded National titles in both men's and women's categories.

== Format ==
The champion teams were presented {{INRConvert|3|l}} each and the runners-up won {{INRConvert|2|l}} each.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-04-01 |title=Maharashtra teams reign in National kho-kho |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/maharashtra-teams-reign-in-national-kho-kho/article68016827.ece |access-date=2024-04-03 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Men's edition ==

=== Playoffs ===

==== Semifinal 1 ====
Maharashtra beat Kolhapur 30–28.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2024-04-01 |title=National Kho Kho: Maharashtra clinched title in both men and women category - www.lokmattimes.com |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/other-sports/national-kho-kho-maharashtra-clinched-title-in-both-men-and-women-category/ |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}</ref>

==== Semifinal 2 ====
Railways beat Odisha 24–22.<ref name=":2" />

==== Final ====
Maharashtra beat Railways 52-50 (match lasted three innings because first two innings were tied).<ref name=":1" />

== Women's edition ==

=== Playoffs ===

==== Semifinal 1 ====
Maharashtra team defeated Odisha 24–20.<ref name=":2" />

==== Semifinal 2 ====
Airport Authority of India defeated Delhi 32–10.<ref name=":2" />

==== Final ====
Maharashtra beat Airport Authority of India 18–16.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Kho kho competitions in India]]
[[Category:National championships]]
[[Category:National championships by sport]]
[[Category:National championships in India]]
[[Category:Kho kho in India]]
[[Category:Sport in India]]

Capital market

2025-11-18T13:34:09Z

Delphia92Y: fix page per sources and improved wording

{{Short description|Financial market}}
{{Capitalism sidebar}}
[[File:NYSE-floor.jpg|200px|right|thumb|The [[trading floor]] of the [[New York Stock Exchange]], one of the largest secondary capital markets in the world. Most of the trades on the New York Stock Exchange are executed electronically, but its hybrid structure allows some trading to be done face to face on the floor.]]

A '''capital market''' is a [[financial market]] in which long-term [[debt]] (over a year) or [[Equity (finance)|equity]]-backed [[security (finance)|securities]] are bought and sold,<ref name="Principles">{{cite book
| last1 = O'Sullivan
| first1 = Arthur
| author-link = Arthur O'Sullivan (economist)
| first2 = Steven M. | last2 = Sheffrin
| title = Economics: Principles in Action
| url = https://archive.org/details/economicsprincip00osul
| url-access = limited
| publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall
| year = 2003
| location = Upper Saddle River, NJ
| page = [https://archive.org/details/economicsprincip00osul/page/n299 283]
| isbn = 0-13-063085-3}}</ref> in contrast to a [[money market]] where short-term debt is bought and sold. Capital markets channel the wealth of savers to those who can put it to long-term productive use, such as companies or governments making long-term investments.{{efn|The idea of governments making investments may be less familiar than the case involving companies. A government can make investments that are expected to develop a nation's economy, by improving a nation's physical infrastructure, such as by building roads, or by improving public education.}} [[Financial regulator]]s like [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI), [[Bank of England]] (BoE) and the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC) oversee capital markets to protect investors against fraud, among other duties.

Transactions on capital markets are generally managed by entities within the financial sector or the treasury departments of governments and corporations, but some can be accessed directly by the public. As an example, in the United States, any American citizen with an internet connection can create an account with [[TreasuryDirect]] and use it to buy bonds in the primary market. However, sales to individuals form only a small fraction of the total volume of bonds sold. Various private companies provide browser-based platforms that allow individuals to buy shares and sometimes even bonds in the secondary markets. There are many thousands of such systems, most serving only small parts of the overall capital markets. Entities hosting the systems include investment banks, stock exchanges and government departments. Physically, the systems are hosted all over the world, though they tend to be concentrated in [[financial centre]]s like London, New York, and Hong Kong.

==Definition==
A capital market can be either a [[primary market]] or a [[secondary market]]. In a primary market, new stock or bond issues are sold to investors, often via a mechanism known as [[underwriting]]. The main entities seeking to raise long-term funds on the primary capital markets are governments (which may be municipal, local or national) and business enterprises (companies). Governments issue only bonds, whereas companies often issue both equity and bonds. The main entities purchasing the bonds or stock on primary markets include [[pension fund]]s, [[hedge fund]]s, [[sovereign wealth fund]]s, and less commonly wealthy individuals and investment banks trading on their own behalf. In the secondary market, existing securities are sold and bought among investors or traders, usually on an [[Exchange (organized market)|exchange]], [[over-the-counter (finance)|over-the-counter]], or elsewhere. The existence of secondary markets increases the willingness of investors in primary markets, as they know they are likely to be able to swiftly cash out their investments if the need arises.<ref name = "CapDev">''Privatization and Capital Market Development: Strategies to Promote Economic Growth'', Michael McLindon (1996)</ref>

A second important division falls between the [[stock market]]s (for equity securities, also known as shares, where investors acquire ownership of companies) and the [[bond market]]s (where investors become creditors).<ref name = "CapDev"/>

=== Contrast with money markets===
{{Finance sidebar}}
The [[money market]]s are used to raise short-term finance; including loans that are expected to be paid back as early as overnight. In contrast, the "capital markets" are used to raise long-term finance, in the form of shares/equities, and loans that are not expected to be fully paid back for at least a year.<ref name="Principles"/>

Funds borrowed from money markets are typically used for general operating expenses, to provide liquid assets for brief periods. For example, a company may have inbound payments from customers that have not yet cleared, but need immediate cash to pay its employees. But when a company borrows from the primary capital markets, often the purpose is to invest in additional physical [[capital good]]s, which will be used to help increase its income. It can take many months or years before the investment generates sufficient return to pay back its cost, and hence the finance is long term.<ref name = "CapDev"/>

Together, money markets and capital markets form the [[financial market]]s, as the term is narrowly understood.{{efn|Note however that the term "financial markets" is also often used to refer all the different sorts of markets in the financial sector, including those that are not directly concerned with raising finance, such as [[commodity market]]s and [[Forex|foreign exchange]].}} The capital market is concerned with long-term finance. In the widest sense, it consists of a series of channels through which the savings of individuals and institutions are made available for industrial and commercial enterprises and public authorities. This process of channeling savings into productive investments is crucial for economic growth and development. Moreover, capital markets provide opportunities for both individuals and institutions to diversify their investments, thereby managing risk and potentially enhancing returns over the long term.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Houston |first1=Joel |last2=James |first2=Christopher |last3=Maarcus |first3=David |date=1997 |title=Capital market frictions and the role of internal capital markets in banking |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-405X(97)81511-5 |journal=Journal of Financial Economics |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=135–164|doi=10.1016/S0304-405X(97)81511-5 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Capital market versus bank loans===
Normal [[bank lending]] is not usually classed as a capital market transaction, even when loans are extended for a period longer than a year. First, these bank loans are not [[Securitization|securitized]] (i.e. they are not packaged into a resaleable security like a share or bond that can be traded on the markets). Second, lending by banks is more heavily regulated than capital market lending. Third, bank depositors tend to be more risk-averse than capital market investors. These three differences all act to limit institutional lending as a source of finance. Two additional differences, this time favoring lending by banks, are that banks are more accessible for small and medium-sized companies, and that they have the ability to [[Money creation#Money creation through the fractional reserve system|create money as they lend]]. In the 20th century, most company finance apart from share issues was raised by bank loans. But since about 1980 there has been an ongoing trend for [[disintermediation]], where large and creditworthy companies have found they effectively have to pay out less interest if they borrow directly from capital markets rather than from banks. The tendency for companies to borrow from capital markets instead of banks has been especially strong in the United States. According to the ''[[Financial Times]]'', capital markets overtook bank lending as the leading source of long-term finance in 2009, which reflects the risk aversion and bank regulation due to the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref>
{{cite news
|url= https://www.ft.com/content/21925f04-a2d4-11de-ba74-00144feabdc0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/21925f04-a2d4-11de-ba74-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-status=live
|title= Market Insight: Can the rally end the crisis?
|newspaper= [[The Financial Times]]
|author= Lena Komileva
|date = 2009-09-16
|access-date=2012-09-06
|url-access=subscription}}
</ref>

Compared to the United States, companies in the [[European Union]] have a greater reliance on bank lending for funding. Efforts to enable companies to raise more funding through capital markets are being coordinated through the EU's [[Capital Markets Union]] initiative.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-capital-markets-union-2-0-explained/|title=EU's capital markets union 2.0, explained|date=2017-06-08|work=POLITICO|access-date=2018-03-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/growth-and-investment/capital-markets-union/what-capital-markets-union_en|title=What is the capital markets union?|website=European Commission – European Commission|language=en|access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/stream/445ebffe-2704-479e-ae69-0ac0a34c3cd0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/stream/445ebffe-2704-479e-ae69-0ac0a34c3cd0 |archive-date=2022-12-10|title=EU Capital Markets Union|website=Financial Times|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-03-07|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cityam.com/284612/eu-commissioner-dombrovskis-kicks-off-fresh-row-over-citys|title=EU's Dombrovskis ignites fresh row over City's market access post-Brexit|last=White|first=Lucy|date=2018-04-24|access-date=2018-04-25|language=en|quote=Regarding Capital Markets Union, the European Commission's plan to improve access to non-bank financing across the EU, he said the "departure of the UK makes this project even more important and even more urgent. It will have to compensate for the EU's largest financial centre not being in the EU and not being in the single market any more"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424211509/http://www.cityam.com/284612/eu-commissioner-dombrovskis-kicks-off-fresh-row-over-citys|archive-date=2018-04-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Examples==

=== Government on primary markets ===
[[File:Barclays HQ.jpg|thumb|[[One Churchill Place]], Barclays headquarters in [[Canary Wharf]], London. Barclays is a major player in the world's primary and secondary bond markets.]]

When a government wants to raise long-term finance it will often sell bonds in the capital markets. In the 20th and early 21st centuries, many governments would use [[investment bank]]s to organize the sale of their bonds. The leading bank would underwrite the bonds, and would often head up a syndicate of brokers, some of whom might be based in other investment banks. The syndicate would then sell to various investors. For developing countries, a [[multilateral development bank]] would sometimes provide an additional layer of [[underwriting]], resulting in risk being shared between the investment bank(s), the multilateral organization, and the end investors. However, since 1997 it has been increasingly common for governments of the larger nations to bypass investment banks by making their bonds directly available for purchase online. Many governments now sell most of their bonds by computerized auction. Typically, large volumes are put up for sale in one go; a government may only hold a small number of auctions each year. Some governments will also sell a continuous stream of bonds through other channels. The biggest single seller of debt is the U.S. government; there are usually several transactions for such sales every second,{{efn|Even if there is no activity from big players, U.S. citizens might be making small investments through channels like ''Treasury Direct''.}} which corresponds to the continuous updating of the U.S. real-time debt clock.<ref name = "IntCM"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usdebtclock.org |title=U.S. National Debt Clock : Real Time|work=usdebtclock.org}}</ref>

===Company on primary markets===
When a company wants to raise money for long-term investment, one of its first decisions is whether to do so by issuing bonds or shares. If it chooses shares, it avoids increasing its debt, and in some cases the new shareholders may also provide non-monetary help, such as expertise or useful contacts. On the other hand, a new issue of shares will dilute the ownership rights of the existing shareholders, and if they gain a controlling interest, the new shareholders may even replace senior managers. From an investor's point of view, shares offer the potential for higher returns and capital gains if the company does well. Conversely, bonds are safer if the company does poorly, as they are less prone to severe falls in price, and in the event of bankruptcy, bond owners may be paid something, while shareholders will receive nothing.

When a company raises finance from the primary market, the process is more likely to involve face-to-face meetings than other capital market transactions. Whether they choose to issue bonds or shares,{{efn|Sometimes the company will consult with the investment bank for advice before they make this decision.}} companies will typically enlist the services of an investment bank to mediate between themselves and the market. A team from the investment bank often meets with the company's senior managers to ensure their plans are sound. The bank then acts as an [[securities underwriting|underwriter]], and will arrange for a network of [[Broker-dealer|brokers]] to sell the bonds or shares to investors. This second stage is usually done mostly through computerized systems, though brokers will often phone up their favored clients to advise them of the opportunity. Companies can avoid paying fees to investment banks by using a [[direct public offering]], though this is not a common practice as it incurs other legal costs and can take up considerable management time.<ref name = "IntCM">''An Introduction to International Capital Markets: Products, Strategies, Participants'', Andrew M. Chisholm, (2009), Wiley, see esp Chapters 1, 4 & 8</ref>

===Secondary market trading===
[[File:Deutsche-boerse-parkett-ffm008.jpg|thumb|right|An employee at the [[Deutsche Börse]]. Most 21st century capital market transactions are executed electronically.]]

Most capital market transactions take place on the secondary market. On the primary market, each security can be sold only once, and the process to create batches of new shares or bonds is often lengthy due to regulatory requirements. On the secondary markets, there is no limit to the number of times a security can be traded, and the process is usually very quick.{{efn|This is far more likely to occur with shares, as exchanges that allow the automated trading of bonds are not as common, and bonds are generally traded less frequently.}} Transactions on the secondary market do not directly raise finance, but they do make it easier for companies and governments to raise finance on the primary market, as investors know that if they want to get their money back quickly, they will usually be easily able to re-sell their securities. Sometimes, however, secondary capital market transactions can have a negative effect on the primary borrowers: for example, if a large proportion of investors try to sell their bonds, this can push up the yields for future issues from the same entity. An extreme example occurred shortly after [[Bill Clinton]] began his first term as President of the United States; Clinton was forced to abandon some of the spending increases he had promised in his election campaign due to pressure from the bond markets.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} In the 21st century, several governments have tried to lock in as much as possible of their borrowing into long-dated bonds, so they are less vulnerable to pressure from the markets. Following the [[2008 financial crisis]], the introduction of [[quantitative easing]] further reduced the ability of private actors to push up the yields of government bonds, at least for countries with a [[central bank]] able to engage in substantial [[open market operation]]s.<ref name = "IntCM"/><ref>{{cite news
|url= https://www.ft.com/content/1131abe8-4594-11e4-9b71-00144feabdc0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1131abe8-4594-11e4-9b71-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=2022-12-10
|title= After a life of trend spotting, Bill Gross missed the big shift
|newspaper= [[The Financial Times]]
|author= Gillian Tett
|author-link= Gillian Tett
|date = September 28, 2014
|access-date= October 14, 2014
|url-access=subscription}}
</ref>

A variety of different players are active in the secondary markets. Individual investors account for a small proportion of trading, though their share has slightly increased; in the 20th century it was mostly only a few wealthy individuals who could afford an account with a broker, but accounts are now much cheaper and accessible over the internet. There are now numerous small [[Trader (finance)|traders]] who can buy and sell on the secondary markets using platforms provided by brokers which are accessible via web browsers. When such an individual trades on the capital markets, it will often involve a two-stage transaction. First they place an order with their broker, then the broker executes the trade. If the trade can be done on an exchange, the process will often be fully automated. If a dealer needs to manually intervene, this will often mean a larger fee. Traders in investment banks will often make deals on their bank's behalf, as well as executing trades for their clients. Investment banks will often have a division (or department) called "capital markets": staff in this division try to keep aware of the various opportunities in both the primary and secondary markets, and will advise major clients accordingly. [[Pension fund|Pension]] and [[sovereign wealth fund]]s tend to have the largest holdings, though they tend to buy only the highest grade (safest) types of bonds and shares, and some of them do not trade all that frequently. According to a 2012 ''Financial Times'' article, hedge funds are increasingly making most of the short-term trades in large sections of the capital market (like the UK and US stock exchanges), which is making it harder for them to maintain their historically high returns, as they are increasingly finding themselves trading with each other rather than with less sophisticated investors.<ref name = "IntCM"/><ref>
{{cite news
|url= https://www.ft.com/content/0dc3dd2a-ec6b-11e1-8e4a-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/0dc3dd2a-ec6b-11e1-8e4a-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-status=live
|title= The hedge funds are playing a loser's game
|newspaper= [[The Financial Times]]
|author= Jonathan Ford
|date = 2012-08-24
|access-date=2012-09-06
|url-access=subscription}}
</ref>

There are several ways to invest in the secondary market without directly buying shares or bonds. A common method is to invest in [[mutual fund]]s{{efn|A mutual fund itself will sometimes purchase securities from the primary markets as well as the secondary.}} or [[exchange-traded fund]]s. It is also possible to buy and sell derivatives that are based on the secondary market; one of the most common type of these is [[contract for difference|contracts for difference]] – these can provide rapid profits, but can also cause buyers to lose more money than they originally invested.<ref name = "IntCM"/>

==Size==
{{out of date|date=November 2024}}
All figures given are in billions of [[US Dollar|US$]] and are sourced to the [[IMF]]. There is no universally recognized standard for measuring all of these figures, so other estimates may vary. A [[GDP]] column is included for comparison.
{| class="wikitable"
!Year<ref>Refer to the references used for each year to find a breakdown of capital market size for individual countries and regions.</ref>!!Stocks!!Bonds!!Bank assets<ref>Bank assets are mainly regular bank loans. The IMF reports used to source these figures do recognize the distinction between capital markets and regular bank lending, but bank assets are traditionally included in their tables on overall capital market size.</ref>!!Total of stocks, bonds and bank assets<ref>The table may slightly overstate the total size of the capital markets, as in some cases the IMF data used to source the reports may double-count stocks and bonds as bank assets.</ref>!!World GDP
|-

!2013<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/gfsr/2014/02/pdf/text.pdf| title = IMF Global Financial Stability Report Oct 2014}}</ref>
|62,552.00||99,788.80||120,421.60||282,762.40||74,699.30
|-

!2012<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.imf.org/External/Pubs/FT/GFSR/2013/02/index.htm| title = IMF Global Financial Stability Report Oct 2013}}</ref>
|52,494.90||99,134.20||116,956.10||268,585.20||72,216.40
|-

!2011<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.imf.org/External/Pubs/FT/GFSR/2012/02/index.htm| title = IMF Global Financial Stability Report Oct 2012}}</ref>
|47,089.23||98,388.10||110,378.24||255,855.57||69,899.22

|}

===Forecasting and analyses===
A great deal of work goes into analyzing capital markets and predicting their future movements. This includes academic study, work within the financial industry for the purposes of making money and risk management, and work done by governments and multilateral institutions for the purposes of regulation and understanding the impact of capital markets on the wider economy. Methods range from the gut instincts of experienced traders, to various forms of [[stochastic calculus]] and algorithms such as the [[Stratonovich-Kalman-Bucy]] filtering algorithm.<ref>{{Cite news
|url= https://www.ft.com/content/79e8b8fc-7c33-11e6-ae24-f193b105145e |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/79e8b8fc-7c33-11e6-ae24-f193b105145e.html |archive-date=2022-12-10
|title= Man v machine: 'Gut feelings' key to financial trading success
|work= [[Financial Times]]
|author= Clive Cookson
|date= 2016-09-19
|access-date=2016-09-19
|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| author= Paul Wilmott
| author-link= Paul Wilmott
| year=2007
| title= Paul Wilmott Introduces Quantitative Finance
| publisher= [[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]]
| isbn= 978-0470319581
}}</ref>

==Capital controls==
{{Main article|Capital control}}
Capital controls are measures imposed by a state's government aimed at managing [[capital account]] transactions – in other words, capital market transactions where one of the counter-parties{{efn|i.e., either the buyer or the seller.}} involved is in a foreign country. Whereas domestic regulatory authorities try to ensure that capital market participants trade fairly with each other, and sometimes to ensure institutions like banks do not take excessive risks, capital controls aim to ensure that the [[Macroeconomics|macroeconomic]] effects of the capital markets do not have a negative impact. Most advanced nations like to use capital controls sparingly if at all, as in theory allowing markets freedom is a win-win situation for all involved: investors are free to seek maximum returns, and countries can benefit from investments that will develop their industry and infrastructure. However, sometimes capital market transactions can have a net negative effect: for example, in a [[financial crisis]], there can be a mass withdrawal of capital, leaving a nation without sufficient [[foreign-exchange reserves]] to pay for needed imports. On the other hand, if too much capital is flowing into a country, it can increase [[inflation]] and the value of the nation's currency, making its exports uncompetitive. Countries like [[India]] employ capital controls to ensure that their citizens' money is invested at home rather than abroad.<ref name = "differentBook">{{cite book
| author = Carmen Reinhart
| author-link = Carmen Reinhart
| author2 = Kenneth Rogoff| author2-link = Kenneth Rogoff
| name-list-style = amp
| title = This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly
| year = 2010
| pages = ''passim'', esp. 66, 92–94, 205, 403
| publisher = Princeton University Press
| isbn = 978-0-19-926584-8
}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bank]]
*[[Center for Audit Quality]] (CAQ)
* [[Committee on Capital Markets Regulation]] (United States)
* [[Credit union]]
* [[Financial market]]
* [[Financial regulation]]
* [[Stock exchange]]
*[[Capital Markets Union]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Capital Market}}
[[Category:Financial markets]]
[[Category:Financial services]]

Maharaja Bijli Pasi railway station

2025-11-16T20:43:16Z

Delphia92Y: Adding the article w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Railway station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Maharaja Bijli Pasi railway station {{small|Nihalgarh railway station}}
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|100px]]
| image_caption =
| address = Nihalgarh Railway Station, State Highway 15, [[Jagdishpur (Industrial Area)|Jagdishpur]] [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates =
| map_type = India#India Uttar Pradesh
| line = [[Varanasi–Sultanpur–Lucknow line]]
| other = Taxi stand, auto stand
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 3 [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|BG]]
| elevation = {{convert|108|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| levels =
| tracks = 6 [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|BG]]
| parking = Available
| bicycle = Available
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MBLP (formerly NHH)
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Lucknow NR}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| status = Construction – Electric-line doubling
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
}}

'''Maharaja Bijli Pasi railway station''', formerly known as '''Nihalgarh railway station''' (station code: '''MBLP''', old code '''NHH''') is a railway station in [[Amethi district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Its code is '''NHH'''. It serves [[Jagdishpur (Industrial Area)|Jagdishpur]] town. The station consists of two platforms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/nihalgarh-nhh-station |title=NIHALGARH (NHH) Railway Station |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3267&did=13855333449904E33FB4A60702FDD1EA40EB6BBC46D95.web103 NORTHERN RAILWAY RUNS MORE WINTER SPECIAL TRAINS BETWEEN JAMMU TAWI- PATHANKOT & SAHARANPUR- AMBALA CANTT.]</ref>{{failed verification|date=February 2019}}<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/After-Rahul-praise-more-trains-to-stop-in-Amethi-district/articleshow/26490326.cms After Rahul praise, more trains to stop in Amethi district]</ref>{{failed verification|date=February 2019}} The main line of the [[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]] from [[Lucknow]] to [[Rae Bareli]] and [[Mughal Sarai]] serves the south-western portion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/nihalgarh-nhh/636|title = Nihalgarh Railway Station Map/Atlas NR/Northern Zone - Railway Enquiry}}</ref> The [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]] changed the name of the station from Nihalgarh to Maharaja Bijli Pasi on 27 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/up-8-railway-stations-in-lucknow-division-officially-renamed/articleshow/112845546.cms?from=mdr|title=UP: 8 railway stations in Lucknow division officially renamed|work=Economic Times|accessdate=27 August 2024}}</ref>

== Trains ==
Some of the trains that runs from Nihalgarh are :
* [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus – Sultanpur Express]]
* [[Mahamana Express]]
* [[Suhaildev SF Express]]
* [[Begampura Express]]
* [[Himgiri Superfast Express]]
* [[Akal Takht Express]]
* [[Indore–Patna Express]]
* [[Marudhar Express (via Sultanpur)]]
* Sadbhavana Express
* Ahmedabad–Sultanpur Express
* Varanasi–Sultanpur Passenger
* [[Howrah–Amritsar Express]]

== See also ==

* [[Varanasi Junction railway station]]
* [[Sultanpur Junction railway station]]
* [[Varanasi–Sultanpur–Lucknow line]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/636 NHH/Nihalgarh]

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Amethi district]]
[[Category:Lucknow NR railway division]]

{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}

List of Goan Brahmin communities

2025-11-14T18:13:45Z

Delphia92Y: enhanced section after review and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|none}}
{{Confusing|date=January 2011}}
List of [[Brahmin]] communities of [[Goa]], India.

*[[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin]]
*[[Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahmin]]
*[[Saraswat Brahmin|Rajapur Saraswat Brahmin]]
*[[Karhade Brahmin]]
*[[Chitpavan Brahmins]]
*[[Daivadnya|Daivadnya Brahmins]]

[[Category:Brahmin communities of Goa]]
[[Category:Konkani]]

The New Indian Express

2025-10-03T10:51:41Z

Delphia92Y: general improved content further and updated info for clarity

{{short description|Indian English-language daily newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = The New Indian Express
| logo = TNIE Masthead 2016.svg
| image = The New Indian Express front page design as of April 2011.jpg
| caption = The April 2011 redesigned front page of ''The New Indian Express''
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| founded = 1932 in [[Madras]], [[British Raj|British India]], Bifurcated from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' and renamed in 13 August 1999
| owners = Express Publications (Madurai) Limited
| publisher = Express Publications
| chief_editor = Santwana Bhattacharya
| headquarters = Chennai – 600 058

| political_position = [[Centre-left]]
| language = English
| website = {{URL|https://www.newindianexpress.com/|newindianexpress.com}}
| oclc = 844203788
| circulation =
}}

'''''The New Indian Express''''' is an Indian English-language [[broadsheet]] daily newspaper published by the [[Chennai]]-based Express Publications. It was founded in 1932 as ''[[The Indian Express]]'', under the ownership of Chennai-based [[P. Varadarajulu Naidu]].

[[File:The New Indian Express, Coimbatore press (2).JPG|thumb|The New Indian Express and Dinamani, Coimbatore press]] Santwana Bhattacharya was appointed Editor-in-Chief on 1 July 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-25 |title=The New Indian Express appoints Santwana Bhattacharya as new Editor |url=http://www.allaboutnewspapers.com/the-new-indian-express-appoints-santwana-bhattacharya-as-new-editor/ |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=All About Newspapers |language=en-US |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813061422/http://www.allaboutnewspapers.com/the-new-indian-express-appoints-santwana-bhattacharya-as-new-editor/ |url-status=live }}</ref> replacing G.S. Vasu.

==History==
''Indian Express'' was first published on 5 September 1932, in [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]) by an [[ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] doctor and [[Indian National Congress]] member P Varadarajulu Naidu, publishing from the same [[Publisher|press]] where he ran the ''Tamil Nadu'' Tamil weekly. But soon, on account of financial difficulties, he sold it to [[S. Sadanand]], founder of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'', another English newspaper.

In 1933, ''The Indian Express'' opened its second office in [[Madurai]] and launched the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] daily ''[[Dinamani]]'' on 11 September 1934. Sadanand introduced several innovations and reduced the price, but later sold part of his stake in the form of convertible [[debentures]] to Ramnath Goenka due to financial difficulties. When ''The Free Press Journal'' further went into financial decline in 1935, Sadanand lost ownership of ''Indian Express'' after a long controversial court battle with Goenka, where blows were exchanged. Finally, a year later, Goenka bought the rest of the 26 per cent stake from Sadanand, and the paper came under his control, who took the already anti-establishment tone of the paper to greater heights.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} At that time it had to face stiff competition from the well-established ''[[The Hindu]]'' and the ''Mail'', besides other prominent newspapers. In the late 1930s, the circulation was no more than 2,000.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}

In 1939 Goenka bought out ''[[Andhra Prabha]]'', a prominent [[Telugu language|Telugu]] daily. It gained the name [[Three Musketeers]] for the three dailies.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} In 1940 the whole premises were gutted by fire. ''The Hindu'', its rival, helped considerably in re-launching the paper, by getting it printed temporarily at one of its Swadesimithran's press and later offering its recently vacated premises in Madras at 2, Mount Road later to become the landmark [[Express Estates]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} This relocation helped the ''Express'' obtain better high-speed printing machines.

In later years, [[Ramnath Goenka|Goenka]] started the [[Mumbai]] edition with the landmark [[Express Towers]] as his office when the ''Morning Standard'' was bought by him in 1944. Two years later it became the Mumbai edition of ''The Indian Express''. Later on, editions were started in cities like [[Madurai]] (1957), [[Bangalore]] (1965) and [[Ahmedabad]] (1968). The ''[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]'' was launched in 1961 from Mumbai, a Bangalore edition of ''Andhra Prabha'' was launched in 1965, and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] dailies ''Lok Satta'' and ''Jansatta'' in 1952, from Ahmedabad and Baroda.

The [[Delhi]] edition started was when the Tej group's ''Indian News Chronicle'' was acquired in 1951, which from 1953 became the Delhi edition of ''Indian Express''. In 1990 it bought the Sterling group of magazines and, along with it, the ''Gentleman'' magazine.

After Goenka's demise in 1991, two of the family members split the group into ''Indian Express'' Mumbai with all the north Indian editions, while the southern editions were grouped as Express Publications (Madurai) Limited with [[Chennai]] as headquarters.

==Editions==
''The New Indian Express'' is now published from all 22 major cities in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Odisha]], [[Tamil Nadu]] [[Telangana]] and Morning Standard from [[Delhi]].

==Circulation==
[[Image:The New Indian Express Masthead.png|thumb|right|270px|Masthead from 1999 until 2008]]

''The New Indian Express'' has a net paid circulation of 595,618 copies.<ref>Source: ABC J-D, 2010</ref> ''NIE'' achieves its biggest penetration (paid sales per head of population) in the state of Kerala. In Kerala, the newspaper has a circulation of 1,24,005 copies. It claims to be the first Indian newspaper to give insurance benefits to its subscribers.{{Citation needed|date=April 2007}} It is published in a geographical area that covers approximately 24 per cent of the national population. ''The New Sunday Express'' (the Sunday edition of the NIE) is arguably the flagship publication, with magazine supplements incorporating national and international themes and sections on developmental issues, society, politics, literature, arts, cinema, travel, lifestyle, sports, new-age living, self-development and entertainment.

==Recent changes==
[[File:City Express Bengaluru.jpg|thumb|220px|''City Express'' (Bengaluru) front page design as of September 2016]]
[[File:The New Sunday Express front page design as of April 2011.jpg|thumb|right|220px|''The New Sunday Express'' front page design as of April 2011]]

During late 2007/early 2008, there was a big shakeout of editorial staff, with many old hands leaving to make way for new. In April 2008, the newspaper underwent a major, drastic and exceptionally modern layout and design makeover and launched a huge advertising campaign.

===''Indulge''===
In October 2007, ''The New Indian Express'' launched a 40-page Friday magazine supplement (now, total colour) called '''''Indulge''''' exclusively for the Chennai edition. In September 2010, the lifestyle pullout began a Bangalore edition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhula |first=Pooja |date=2024-02-05 |title=Who Owns Your Media: New Indian Express through disputes, dreams, on road to recovery |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2024/02/05/who-owns-your-media-new-indian-express-through-disputes-dreams-on-road-to-recovery |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref>

== Websites ==
The New Indian Express Group of Companies also publishes ''[[Dinamani]]'' in Tamil and the following magazines: ''[[Cinema Express]]'' (Tamil), ''[[Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika]]'' (Malayalam), in addition to the website ''Edex Live''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jain|first=Nitish|date=March 3, 2021|title=Impact of COVID-19 on Education – Edex Live interviews Nitish Jain (President, SP Jain)|url=https://www.spjain.org/blog/news/impact-of-covid-19-on-education-edex-live-interviews-nitish-jain-president-sp-jain|access-date=2021-08-11|website=SP Jain News|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811060740/https://www.spjain.org/blog/news/impact-of-covid-19-on-education-edex-live-interviews-nitish-jain-president-sp-jain|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian Express Group]]
* ''[[The Indian Express]]''
* [[List of newspapers in India by circulation]]
* [[List of newspapers in the world by circulation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/ Epaper]
*{{Twitter|id=NewIndianXpress}}

{{Newspapers in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:New Indian Express, The}}
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1932]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1991]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Mass media in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Mass media in Madurai]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]

Khanivali

2025-09-20T08:06:30Z

Delphia92Y: creating new biography - done

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khanivali
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.5958828|N|73.0597125|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vada, Palghar|Wada]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 34
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 964
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 552615
| footnotes =
}}
'''Khanivali''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Wada taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Khanivali has 228 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 64.18%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 964 || 477 || 487
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 160 || 74 || 86
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 730 || 374 || 356
|-
| Literates || 516 || 296 || 220
|-
| Workers (all) || 391 || 257 || 134
|-
| Main workers (total) || 306 || 203 || 103
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 51 || 45 || 6
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 130 || 80 || 50
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 5 || 1 || 4
|-
| Main workers: Other || 120 || 77 || 43
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 85 || 54 || 31
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 7 || 2 || 5
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 24 || 20 || 4
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 53 || 31 || 22
|-
| Non-workers || 573 || 220 || 353
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bhiwandi taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhiwandi taluka]]

Mongol invasion of Sindh

2025-09-07T09:46:46Z

Delphia92Y: Adding the details from scratch...

{{Short description|1290s campaign in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Sivistan 1298–1299
| partof = [[Mongol invasions of India]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = 1298–1299
| place = [[Sehwan Sharif|Sivistan]], [[Sindh]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.4234157|N|67.8629399|E|source:nowiki_region:RU_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Pakistan
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location of Sivistan (Sehwan) in present-day Pakistan
| result = [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]]-[[Soomra Dynasty|Soomra]] victory
| territory = Mongol forces expelled from Sivistan
| combatant1 = [[Mongols]], possibly [[Neguderi]] fugitives
| combatant2 = [[Delhi Sultanate]] [[Soomra dynasty]]
| commander1 = Saldi
| commander2 = [[Zafar Khan (general)|Zafar Khan]] [[List of monarchs of Sindh|Chanesar II]]
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 = Heavy
| casualties2 = Unknown
| notes =
}}
{{Campaignbox Mongol invasions of India|state=expanded}}

In 1298–99, a [[Mongols|Mongol]] army (possibly [[Neguderi]] fugitives) invaded the [[Sindh]] region of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], and occupied the fort of [[Sehwan Sharif|Sivistan]] in present-day Pakistan. The Delhi Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] dispatched his general [[Zafar Khan (Indian general)|Zafar Khan]] to evict the Mongols. Zafar Khan recaptured the fort, and imprisoned the Mongol leader Saldi and his companions.

== Mongol invasion ==

The [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] [[Chagatai Khanate]] had invaded the Delhi Sultanate a number of times. In February 1298, a Delhi army led by [[Alauddin Khalji]]'s general [[Ulugh Khan]] inflicted a [[Mongol invasion of India, 1297-98|crushing defeat]] on the Mongols.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=153}}

Sometime later, a Mongol force invaded the [[Sindh]] region located on the western frontier of the Delhi Sultanate. The invaders occupied the fort of Sivistan (also called Siwistan or Sibi).{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=336}} This place can be identified with the north-western part of [[Sindh]] (around modern [[Sehwan Sharif|Sehwan]]).{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=154}}

The invasion seems to have happened in 1298–99. According to the 17th century chronicle ''Zafar-al-Walih'', the Mongols occupied the Sivistan fort in 697 [[Hijri year|AH]], and the Delhi forces recaptured it in 698 AH.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|pp=219-220}}

The 14th century chronicler [[Ziauddin Barani]] states that the invasion was led by Saldi (or Soldi) and his brother.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=153}} Historian [[Peter Jackson (historian)|Peter Jackson]] believes that "Saldi" is the Indian transcription of the Mongol name "Sogedei" (or "Sogetei"). The 14th century chronicler [[Isami (historian)|Isami]] describes Saldi as a [[Turkic people|Turk]] and his associate as a "[[Baloch people|Baluch]]". Based on this, Jackson theorizes that Sogedei's forces were fugitives from the [[Neguderi]] territory in present-day [[Afghanistan]].{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|pp=219-220}}

The 16th century historian [[Firishta]] claims that the invasion was led by [[Duwa]] (the ruler of the Chagatai Khanate) and his brother Chaldi (Saldi).{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=153}} However, this is obviously incorrect: Firishta states that after their defeat, Saldi and his brother were imprisoned and brought to Delhi. On the other hand, Duwa was a powerful ruler who remained in power until 1306–07.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=153-154}}

== Sultanates' response ==
Jam Chanesar, a Soomra ruler of southern Sindh during Alauddin Khalji’s reign, diplomatically submitted to the Khilji Sultanate, offering tribute and a marriage alliance with Alauddin’s brother, Ulugh Khan.<ref name="Barani">{{cite book |last=Barani |first=Ziauddin |title=Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi |year=1357 |editor=Syed Ahmad Khan |location=Calcutta |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |pages= |language=Persian}}</ref><ref name="Isami">{{cite book |last=Isami |first=Abdul Malik |title=Futuh-us-Salatin |year=1350 |editor=A.S. Usha |location=Madras |publisher=University of Madras |pages= |language=Persian}}</ref><ref name="Lal">{{cite book |last=Lal |first=Kishori Saran |title=History of the Khaljis: A.D. 1290–1320 |year=1950 |publisher=Allahabad |pages= |isbn=}}</ref> This alliance ensured Sindh’s loyalty, preventing collaboration with the Mongols who occupied Sivistan in 1298–1299.<ref name="Jackson">{{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Peter |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |year=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 |pages=}}</ref><ref name="Chandra">{{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals, Part One |year=2007 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-241-1268-7 |pages=}}</ref> Chanesar’s submission stabilized the region, allowing Alauddin to focus on repelling the Mongols without deploying forces to southern Sindh.<ref name="Lal" /><ref name="Jackson" /><ref name="Chandra" /> No evidence suggests Chanesar’s direct military involvement.<ref name="Barani" /><ref name="Isami" />

In 1298–99, a large part of Alauddin's army had [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|marched to Gujarat]], led by [[Ulugh Khan]] and [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=89}} In absence of these reputed generals, Alauddin dispatched [[Zafar Khan (Indian general)|Zafar Khan]], the governor of [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]], to evict the Mongols from Sivistan.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=336}} Despite a barrage of arrows from the Mongols and despite not making use of any [[siege engine]]s, Zafar Khan's army entered the fort.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=154}}

According to the Delhi courtier [[Amir Khusrau]], Zafar Khan reclaimed the fort in heavy [[battle]]s involving [[melee combat]]s using short ranged weapons like [[axe]]s, [[sword]]s, [[javelin]]s, and [[spear]]s. He carried out this siege without using standard military equipments of siege warfare such as [[trebuchet|manjaniq]] or [[ballista]]s (''aradah'' or ''irada''). He did not even resort to [[mining (military)|mines]], [[siege tower|wooden siege towers]] (''gargaj'') or [[fortification#Nomenclature|earthwork battlement mounds]] (''pashib'').{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1981|p=266}}

== Aftermath ==

Saldi, his brother and other Mongols (both male and female) were arrested and brought to Delhi in chains.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=336}} No chroniclers state what happened to them, but it is likely that Alauddin ordered them to be killed.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=154}}

The victory established Zafar Khan's reputation as a brilliant general. According to the chronicler [[Ziauddin Barani]], Zafar Khan's success made both Alauddin and his brother Ulugh Khan jealous. Barani further states that they made plans to blind or poison Zafar Khan.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=155}} Historian [[Banarsi Prasad Saksena]] doubts the truthfulness of Barani's allegations.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=336}}

Alauddin's courtier [[Amir Khusrau]] does not mention this conflict in his writings.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=153}} Alauddin perceived Zafar Khan's actions in the subsequent [[Battle of Kili]] (1299) as reckless and a sign of disobedience: therefore, Zafar Khan's name was omitted in the royal chronicles.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=336}} However, later chroniclers such as [[Ziauddin Barani]], [[Isami]] and [[Firishta]] have described it.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=153}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}
* {{cite book |author=Mohammad Habib|author-link=Mohammad Habib|title=Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQ1uAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=People's Publishing House |oclc=32230117 }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson|author-link=Peter Jackson (historian)|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA221 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D02003020%26ct%3D26 Description of the campaign] by the 14th century chronicler Ziauddin Barani (English translation by Mohammad Habib)

{{Alauddin Khalji}}

[[Category:Military history of Sindh]]
[[Category:Invasions by the Mongol Empire|Sindh]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Delhi Sultanate|Sivistan]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1298|Sivistan]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1299|Sivistan]]
[[Category:1290s in the Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:1298 in Asia]]
[[Category:1299 in Asia]]
[[Category:Alauddin Khalji]]

Kashmir Smast

2025-08-18T03:39:01Z

Delphia92Y: creating new page - done

{{Short description|Cave in Pakistan}}
{{COI|date=December 2019}}
[[File:Kashmir smast besides babozi1.jpg|thumb|300px|View of one of the caves from the Kashmir Smast]]
The '''Kashmir Smast''' ({{langx|ps|کشمیر سمڅ}}) caves, also called '''Kashmir Smats''', are a series of natural limestone caves, artificially expanded from the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] to the [[Kabul Shahi (disambiguation)|Shahi]] periods, situated in the Babuzai Sakrah mountains in the [[Katlang, Mardan|Katlang Valley]] [[Mardan]] in Northern [[Pakistan]]. According to recent scholarship based on a rare series of bronze coins and artifacts found in the region, the caves and their adjacent valley probably comprised a sovereign kingdom in [[Gandhara]] which maintained at least partial independence for almost 500 years, from c. 4th century AD to the 9th century AD.<ref name="Ziad">Waleed Ziad (2006), "Treasures of Kashmir Smast, followed by interview with Ijaz Khan" in ''Oriental Numismatic Society Journal- Volume 187''</ref> For most of its history, it was ruled by [[White Hun]] (or [[Hephthalite]]) governors or princes.

==Name==

"Smast" is a mistranscription of the [[Pashto language|Pashto]] word for 'cave,' which is actually {{Transliteration|ps|smats}} ({{langx|ps|سمڅ}}).<ref>[http://www.qamosona.com/AA/g1/index.php/term/15,15239.xhtml Pashto - English Larg Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924165554/http://www.qamosona.com/AA/g1/index.php/term/15,15239.xhtml |date=2012-09-24 }}; M.G. Aslanov, ''Pushtu-russkii slovar'' (Moscow: "Russkii yazyk", 1985), p. 522 (سمست смəц); and, e.g., Edward George G. Hastings, ''Report of the Regular Settlement of the Peshawar District of the Punjab'' (Central Jail Press, 1878), p. 16: "Smats is the Pashto word for cave."</ref>

As for "Kashmir", the Gazetteer of the Peshawar district 1897-1898 describes that “the name [Kashmir Smast] may be derived from the fact that the gorge here is fairly and picturesquely wooded, and this may have suggested Kashmir.” Another explanation is that according to legend, the network caves was so vast that it stretched from Gandhara to the kingdom of [[Kashmir]].<ref name="The Kashmir Smast Project">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091027002731/http://geocities.com/ziadnumis/home Hephthalite History and Coins of the Kashmir Smast Kingdom- Waleed Ziad]</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Ancient hindu wood carving peshawar.jpg|thumb|One of the wooden sculptured panels discovered by Major [[Harold Arthur Deane|H.A. Deane]] in the 1880s that is now in the [[British Museum]], 9th-10th centuries AD.]]
A number of the cells had wooden architectural interiors, carved with elaborate [[Hindu]] and [[Buddhist]] iconography. Examples of these panels can be found in the [[British Museum]] in London.<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?place=35562&plaA=35562-3-2 British Museum Collection]</ref> Excavations at the Kashmir Smast site uncovered one of the most well organized town planning systems in ancient [[Gandhara]].{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

Sir [[Alexander Cunningham]] in “The Ancient Geography of India” and in the “Archaeological Survey Reports” outlined the principal ancient sites in Gandhara, which at that time was part of the [[Yusufzai]] subdivision. Among the sites covered is the Kashmir Smast.

The Kashmir Smast sites are described by Cunningham as cave temples situated near the summit of the Sakri ridge of Pajja, and approached from the village in Babozai in the tappah Baezai, it can easily be approached from village Pirsai. Cunningham associated the Kashmir Smast with the cave of Prince Sudana in Mount Dantalok, described by the contemporary Chinese traveler [[Xuanzang]].

A detailed discussion of the site in the Gazetteer of the [[Peshawar]] district 1897-1898 states the following:

:“This cave has not been thoroughly explored yet… A little way below the level of the cave, and opposite, there are the ruins of a small city, the walls of which still stand and are in good preservation…”

:“The cave is situated on a cliff looking towards the south-west below the ridge on which the Kashmir Burj stands. A road from Pirsai crosses the ridge, which is practicable for most of the distance for a good hill pony. Another footpath leads to Babozai direct from the cave…”

It goes on to describe the layout of the caves:

:“There are three chambers in the [[limestone]] rock, of which the first two open into each other, and the third is reached by a winding flight of steps. The length of the first two chambers from the entrance is {{convert|322|ft|m}}, and the height of the first about 60, and of the second about {{convert|100|ft|m}}. The width of the first cave is {{convert|81|ft|m}} and of the second {{convert|90|ft|m}}, and fully between them about {{convert|40|ft|m}}. The third cave is {{convert|80|ft|m}} high, and above {{convert|80|ft|m}} in [[diameter]], with an opening in the roof which admits light and air, so that the air throughout is pure…”

:“In the third cave there is a square temple built on a dome-shaped rock of [[stalagmite]], which was evidently the holiest shrine. In the first cave there is an octagonal shrine just inside the entrance which contained a large wooden [[coffin]], and in a similar [[shrine]] near the right wall some carved wooden plaques with figures of a fakir dancing and a woman giving flowers to the fakir, and portions of a wooden box were found. In the center room there is a large square shrine, and a water tank {{convert|13|ft|m}} wide, {{convert|20|ft|m}} long, and {{convert|10|ft|m}} deep. About {{convert|100|ft|m}} below the cave towards Babozai on a plateau there are remains of a considerable fort… The Kashmir Burj and another on a western spur of [[Pajja]] were also evidently outposts to guard this shrine. The entrance to the cave is difficult as the old masonry steps have fallen down and the cliff is very precipitous…”

:“There are well built stone castles dating back to [[Buddhist]] times all along the northern hills. One near Saughar in Baezai is specially interesting, as the care taken to bring down in a small stone duct that scanty supply of water from a spring, which still exists in the hill above the castle or monastery, would seem to show that the water supply was not much more plentiful then than it is at present.”

What is being described here is an enclosed and [[Fortification|fortified complex]] comprising a city and temples built into natural caves. The presence of walls and a water system serving the area would indicate a certain level of economic independence exerted in the region.<ref name="Ziad"/>

==Numismatic discoveries==
[[Image:KashmirSmastSeal.jpg|thumb|A Bronze Personal Seal from the Kashmir Smast of ''Sri Randrokshi'' ([[Pakistan]]/ [[Gandhara]], c. 375-400).]]
[[Image:Kashmir Smast Queen.JPG|thumb|450px| Image of a Hunnic Queen on a bronze coin of Kashmir Smast ([[Pakistan]]/ [[Gandhara]], c. 375-400).]]
Given the fact that exact find data is not available for the coins of the Kashmir Smast, and that numerous symbols, legends, and images on the coins have come to light which have never before been encountered in 150 years of Hunnic [[numismatic]] study, the attribution and dating of these specimens becomes an arduous task. In the varieties of coins found in the Kashmir Smast, it becomes apparent that during the period of the Kidara, the Alxon, the Nazek, the Turk Shahis, and the Hindu Shahis, a minor kingdom based in this region maintained some level of autonomy from the greater Hunnic hordes which ruled Gandhara. This is evidenced by the use of hithertofore unrecorded images, stylistic peculiarities, and tamghas (royal symbols).

The bronze coins found in cave and its adjacent valley can be divided into seven groups:

1) '''[[Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom|Kushano-Sassanian]]'''. The hoard includes numerous Kushano-Sassanian bronzes of the dumpy fabric, including mostly known varieties in addition to unpublished fractionals, and a number of anonymous Hunnic imitations minted in the dumpy Kushano-Sassanian fabric.

2) '''[[Kidara]]'''. [[Kidarite]] coins in the hoard comprise the majority of unpublished specimens. The obverse of some varieties closely resemble, or are crudely rendered versions of, known Kidarite drachms. The busts portrayed on these coins are depicted wearing headdresses associated with particular Kidara princes, often in turn borrowed from contemporary [[Sassanian]] / Kushano-Sassanian monarchs. This group also includes thin AE units featuring bearded busts occasionally with Brahmi legends. As they are notably different from other recorded Kushano-Sassanian bronzes, they may be attributed to Kidarite governors or princes under Kushano-Sassanian or Sassanian sovereignty.<ref name="Ziad 3">Waleed Ziad (2006), "A queen consort of the early Kidarite principality of Kashmir Smast" in ''Oriental Numismatic Society Journal'' Vol. 187.</ref>

3) '''Alxon''' (or [[Alchon]]) Huns. The hoard includes a number of coins which are stylistically similar to the Alxon Hunnic series. Some feature the royal Hunnic tamgha, or royal symbol, most often associated with the first of the Alxon Hunnic kings in Gandhara, Khingila and his immediate successors.<ref name="Ziad 2">Waleed Ziad (2006), "Unpublished bronzes of the Alchon Hunnic period from Kashmir Smast" in ''Oriental Numismatic Society Journal'' Vol. 187.</ref>

4) '''Nezak'''. Common published Nazek bronzes abound in the hoard. In addition to these, a number of unpublished varieties with stylistic similarities to Nezak bronzes have also been discovered, notably featuring a trident tamgha.

5) '''Turk Shahi'''. These include small AE units imitating larger silver Turk Shahi drachms. They are either anepigraphic or feature [[Bactrian Greek]] legends.

6) '''The Shahi Kings of Kabul and Gandhara'''. This category includes coins stylistically similar to the coins of '''[[Samanta Deva]]''' and [[Spalapati Deva]], characterized by linear stylized anthropomorphic or zoomorphic representations.

7) '''Anonymous coins''' which cannot be stylistically attributed to any particular Hunnic period or clan.

8) Bronze imitations of [[Bactria]]n drachms of [[Menander I]] and other dynasts.<ref name="Menander Imitation">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090830003157/http://geocities.com/ziadnumis/IndoGreekKS.htm AE Hunnic Imitations of Indo-Greek Drachms from the Mardan Valley- Waleed Ziad]
</ref>

==Political and monetary independence==

Scholars contend that the bronze currency found in the region were issued by local semi-independent governors, or Tegins, in the Kashmir Smast valley, paying allegiance to the greater Hunnic Tegins of [[Gandhara]] and [[Bactria]]. The feudal and tribal nature of the ancient [[Central Asian]]' states allowed for substantial independence to be exercised by local governors.

It is worth noting that all the new varieties found in this area are small bronze pieces, varying in weight between 0.5 and 1.1 g. (referred to as the Kashmir Smast standard). They are occasionally small versions of more common drachms circulating in the region, or feature entirely new portraits/images with some or no resemblance to commonly circulating coins of the period.

Given the fact that these pieces have not been found elsewhere in Hunnic domains, we can infer that they were not considered acceptable currency outside of the Kashmir Smast region. However, imitating the coins of the contemporary rulers of [[Gandhara]], and employing certain of their dynastic symbols and portraits, alongside a totally new set of portraits, names / titles, and symbols, may indicate that while they were issued independently for use in the local kingdom, the local rulers must have paid homage to and acknowledged their [[Huns#Unified Empire under Attila|Hunnic]] overlords. The fact that they were allowed to use some of their own tamghas and titles and that the greater chiefs gave them the privilege of minting their own currency strengthens this argument. The minting of coins was a prerogative of the rulers, and carried with it a certain degree of governing authority. Numismatically speaking, this can be likened to the period of Hephthalite and Turk Shahi sovereignty over [[Sogdiana]], during which civic bronze coinage circulated alongside silver drachms referencing a Hunnic or Turkic overlord (the Bukharkhoda). The fact that such independent issues continued throughout five separate dynasties, until the [[Hindu Shahi]] period, means that to a degree this principality maintained its status for perhaps as long as three to four hundred years.<ref name="Ziad"/>

==Notes==
<references/>

==Literature==
H.A. Deane, Note on Udyana and Gandhara. ''JRAS'' 1896, pp. 655–675.

H. Falk, A Copper Plate Donation Record and Some Seals from the Kashmir Smast. ''Beiträge zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie'' 23 (2003), pp. 1–19.

{{coord missing|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
{{Protected areas of Pakistan}}

[[Category:Caves of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Buddhist caves]]

Epic (web browser)

2025-08-14T14:57:46Z

Delphia92Y:

{{Short description|Indian Web Browser based on chromium}}{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{about
|a web browser developed by Hidden Reflex
|the American video game company|Epic Games
|the civil liberties group|Electronic Privacy Information Center
}}{{Infobox web browser
| name = Epic
| logo = Epic icon.png
| screenshot = Epic Browser 38.png
| caption = Epic Browser on [[Windows 11]]
| collapsible =
| author =
| developer = Hidden Reflex
| released = {{Start date and age|2010|07|15}}
| discontinued =
| latest release version = Version 138.0.7204.50 (Official Build) (32-bit))<ref>{{cite web |url=https://epic-browser.en.softonic.com/download |title=Download Epic Privacy Browser for PC |work=epic-browser.en.softonic.com |access-date=June 3, 2025|archive-date=July 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724023518/https://epic-browser.en.softonic.com/download |url-status=live }}</ref>
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2025|06|03}}
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date = 
| status =
| programming language =
| operating system = [[Windows]], [[macOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]]
| engine = [[Blink (browser engine)|Blink]]
| platform =
| size =
| language =
| genre =
| license = Proprietary<ref>{{cite web |title=Epic Browser Terms & Conditions |url=http://www.epicbrowser.com/tou.html |publisher=Hidden Reflex |access-date=January 20, 2014 |archive-date=July 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724233701/https://epicbrowser.com/tou.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.epicbrowser.com/}}
}}

'''Epic''' is an Indian [[Proprietary software|proprietary]] [[privacy]]-centric [[web browser]] developed by [[Hidden Reflex]] using [[Chromium (web browser)|Chromium]] source code.<ref name="epic">{{cite web|title=Epic Privacy Browser|url=http://www.epicbrowser.com/|access-date=September 8, 2013|archive-date=July 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724023616/https://epicbrowser.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> Epic is always in private browsing mode, and exiting the browser deletes all browser data. The browser's developers claim that Google's tracking code has been removed, and that blocks other companies from tracking the user.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epicbrowser.com/our-key-features.html|title=Epic Privacy Browser Features. Epic is a secure chromium-based web browser that protects your privacy online.|website=www.epicbrowser.com|language=en|access-date=February 18, 2018|archive-date=July 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724233730/https://www.epicbrowser.com/our-key-features.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.darkreading.com/risk-management/custom-chrome-browser-promises-more-privacy-no-tracking/d/d-id/1111356?|title=Custom Chrome Browser Promises More Privacy, No Tracking|date=August 30, 2013 |access-date=January 29, 2017|archive-date=January 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123233413/https://www.darkreading.com/risk-management/custom-chrome-browser-promises-more-privacy-no-tracking/d/d-id/1111356|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
Epic changed its [[browser engine]] from [[Firefox]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-06 |title=Epic Browser FAQ [Bottom] |url=http://www.epicbrowser.com/help.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806213253/http://www.epicbrowser.com/help.html |archive-date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2024-09-08 }}</ref> to [[Chromium (web browser)|Chromium]] on August 29, 2013, with some features for Indian users specifically. The browser integrates widgets such as [[social networking]], chat clients, and [[email]] facilities.<ref name="pcworld">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.in/news/indian-startup-launches-epic-web-browser-29372010|title=Indian Startup Launches Epic Web Browser|last=Sharma|first=Ojas|date=July 15, 2010|publisher=PC World|access-date=July 15, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426140349/http://www.pcworld.in/news/indian-startup-launches-epic-web-browser-29372010|archive-date=April 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author= |title=Hidden Reflex Launches New Epic Privacy Browser To Confront Growing Anxieties About Online Privacy |url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/hidden_reflex_launches_new_epic_privacy_browser_to_confront_growing_anxieties_about_online_privacy/prweb11063606.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724234327/https://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/8/prweb11063606.htm |archive-date=July 24, 2021 |access-date=August 29, 2013 |agency=PRWeb}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=PTI |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/internet/article517259.ece |title=Epic: first web browser for India launched |work=The Hindu |date=July 15, 2010 |access-date=July 16, 2010 |archive-date=October 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020023101/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/internet/article517259.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.techtree.com/India/News/First_Browser_with_an_Indian_Origin_-_Epic/551-112290-643.html |title=First Browser with an Indian Origin – Epic |publisher=Techtree.com |access-date=July 16, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718062644/http://www.techtree.com/India/News/First_Browser_with_an_Indian_Origin_-_Epic/551-112290-643.html |archive-date=July 18, 2010 }}</ref>
== Features ==
Epic's default configuration removes [[Session (computer science)|session]] data (such as [[HTTP cookie|cookies]], [[Web browser history|history]], and [[Cache (computing)|cache]]) upon closing the [[Web browser|browser]]. The browser includes a [[web proxy|proxy]] service that can be enabled by the user, and is automatically enabled when using a [[search engine]]. The browser also prefers [[Secure Sockets Layer|SSL]] connections and always sends a [[Do Not Track]] [[HTTP header|header]].<ref name="epic-privacy">{{cite web|title=How Epic Protects You|url=http://www.epicbrowser.com/#three|work=Epic Privacy Browser|access-date=September 8, 2013|archive-date=July 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724023616/https://epicbrowser.com/#three|url-status=live}}</ref>

AD and user activity trackers (e.g. cookies) are blocked by default by the Epic browser. The browser also blocks [[cryptocurrency]] miners from running on the user's system. The browsers' [[device fingerprint|fingerprinting]] protection blocks access to image canvas, font canvas, and audio context data.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epicbrowser.com/our-key-features.html|title=Epic Privacy Browser Features. Epic is a secure chromium-based web browser that protects your privacy online.|website=epicbrowser.com|access-date=July 17, 2019|archive-date=July 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724233730/https://www.epicbrowser.com/our-key-features.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[WebRTC]] [[IP address|IP Address]] Leaking is also blocked by default.

The Epic Proxy service was deprecated in the latest version.

Supplementary services found in the [[Chromium (web browser)|Chromium]] browser that send data to external servers, such as address bar suggestion and installation tracking, are removed in Epic to reduce the scope of potential [[data leak]]age.<ref name="epic-privacy"/>

==Critical reception==
[[Computerworld]] published an article on Epic in the month of July 2020. The article describes many of the features claimed by Epic, such as blocking of ads, tracking, referrer header data, and "[[Fingerprint (computing)|fingerprint]]", proxy/VPN. As Google's servers are not used, functions such as auto-suggest in the address box and language translation are either handled by Epic locally or not available. The article says that the Epic FAQ warns users not to sign into their Gmail account: "if you're logged into Gmail, then Google can track your searches". Very few Chrome add-ons are supported due to privacy risk. Some sites do not work with Epic; in those cases the IE Tab add-on will open the page in [[Internet Explorer]]. According to owner Hidden Reflex, the company was working on a way to sustain itself, perhaps offering premium privacy services, sponsors on the new tab page, and private search sponsors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/3286605/what-is-the-epic-browser-and-what-makes-it-different.html |title=What is the Epic browser (and what makes it different)? |website=Computer World |date=July 3, 2018 |author=Gregg Keizer |access-date=August 21, 2020 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423114908/https://www.computerworld.com/article/3286605/what-is-the-epic-browser-and-what-makes-it-different.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

While Epic is not [[open source software]], the company states that it will release files to be audited.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.epicbrowser.com/FAQ.html |title=Epic Privacy Browser FAQ. Epic is a secure chromium-based web browser that protects your privacy online. |website=Epic Browser |access-date=August 21, 2020 |archive-date=July 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707192921/https://www.epicbrowser.com/FAQ.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of web browsers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}

{{Web browsers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Epic (Web Browser)}}
[[Category:Cross-platform web browsers]]
[[Category:Windows web browsers]]
[[Category:MacOS web browsers]]
[[Category:Web browsers]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]

Rajmachi

2025-05-22T23:51:38Z

Delphia92Y: small fix article and corrected details

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2008}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajmachi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = राजमाची
| other_name = Udhewadi
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Rajmachi.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Rajmachi Fort
| image_map = Maharashtra locator map.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.825799|N|73.3955267|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}

| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Pune District
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Maval
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Lonavala
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Lonavala
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Shiva Temple, Rajmachi Village.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5]]
'''Rajmachi Fort''' (Killa) is a historical fort in the hills of the [[Sahyadri]] mountains ([[Western Ghats]]).<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://pune365.com/rajmachi-weekend-getaway-trekking-enthusiasts/ | title=Rajmachi -The Weekend Getaway for Trekking Enthusiasts | date=25 February 2018 }}</ref> It consists of two twin fortresses [[Shrivardhan Fort|Shriwardhan]] and [[Manaranjan Fort|Manaranjan]], with a wide machi (plateau) surrounding the two Balekillas. [[Udhewadi]] is a small village of about 60 households (as per 2011 census report) situated on the machi, at the southern foot of Manaranjan Balekilla of Rajmachi Fort.<ref>Directorate of Census Operations, DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK ,http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2725_PART_B_DCHB_PUNE.pdf</ref>

== History ==
The fort played a strategic role in the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]].<ref name="Naravane">{{Cite book|title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company|last=Naravane|first=M.S.|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|year=2014|isbn=9788131300343|pages=60}}</ref>

Rajmachi Fort has been declared as a protected monument.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asimumbaicircle.com/images/list-of-protected-monuments-n-forts.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606093840/http://www.asimumbaicircle.com/images/list-of-protected-monuments-n-forts.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 June 2013|title=List of the protected monuments of Mumbai Circle district-wise}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Shrivardhan Fort]]
* [[Kataldhar Lonavla]] Waterfall[[File:Rajmachi Maharashtra India forts map.jpg|right|300px|thumb]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Lonavala-Khandala]]
[[Category:Villages in Pune district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Lonavala-Khandala]]
[[Category:Forts in Pune district]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Maharashtra]]

Zoroastrian festivals

2025-05-04T23:05:42Z

Delphia92Y: expanded formatting per sources and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|Zoroastrian religious commemorations}}
{{Zoroastrianism sidebar}}
[[Zoroastrianism]] has numerous festivals and holy days, all of which are bound to the [[Zoroastrian calendar]]. The ''[[Shahenshahi]]'' and ''Kadmi'' variants of the calendar do not intercalate leap years and hence the day of the Gregorian calendar year on which these days are celebrated shifts ahead with time. The third variant of the Zoroastrian calendar, known as either ''Fasli'' (in India) or ''Bastani'' (in Iran), intercalates according to Gregorian calendar rules and thus remains synchronous with the seasons. For details on the differences, see [[Zoroastrian calendar]].

==Seasonal festivals{{anchor|Gahanbar}}==
Six irregularly-spaced seasonal festivals, called ''[[Gahambars|gahanbars]]'' (meaning "proper season"), are celebrated during the religious year. The six festivals are additionally associated with the six "primordial creations" of [[Ahura Mazda]], otherwise known as the [[Amesha Spenta]]s, and through them with aspects of creation (the sky, the waters, the earth, plant life, animal life, humankind). Due to the peculiarities of the ''Shahenshahi'' and ''Kadmi'' variants of the Zoroastrian calendar, which do not [[intercalation (timekeeping)|intercalate]] and are therefore no longer synchronized with the seasons, the seasonal festivals are actually celebrated many months in advance. The six festivals are:<ref>{{citation|last=Boyce|first=Mary| chapter=Gāhānbār|title=Encyclopedia Iranica|series=vol. X, f3|year=2000|location=New York|publisher=Routledge & Kegan, Paul|pages=254–256}}.</ref>
* ''Maidyozarem Gahanbar'' (literally: 'midgreening'), originally celebrated as a mid-spring festival.
* ''Maidyoshahem Gahanbar'' ('midsummer'), originally celebrated on the summer solstice.
* ''Paitishahem Gahanbar'' ('bringing in the corn'), originally celebrated as a harvest festival.
* ''Ayathrem Gahanbar'' ('bringing home (the herds)'), originally celebrated at the end of autumn.
* ''Maidyarem Gahanbar'' ('mid-year'), originally celebrated on the winter solstice.
* ''Hamaspathmaidyem Gahanbar'' (for which there is no generally accepted literal meaning), celebrating mankind. This ''gagambar'' is not a seasonal festival in the technical sense, but rather commemorates the souls of the dead at the end of the religious year. It is better known as ''[[fravashi|fraward]]<nowiki>igan</nowiki>''.

In the present day, each of these festivals is celebrated over five days, except Hamaspathmaidyem Gahambar, which is held over ten days (two five-day periods, see "other holy days" below).

Originally, these seasonal festivals were celebrated on one day each, and were synchronous with the seasons. The Zoroastrian calendar was originally a 360-day luni-solar calendar, and also without intercalation, with the result that the seasons and the seasonal festivals gradually drifted apart. A first calendar reform (of uncertain date) introduced five [[epagomenal]] days at the end of the year, with the result that each festival then had two dates: one in the old 360-day calendar, and one in the new 365-day calendar. These apparently caused some confusion, and at some point the old and new festival days were joined as six-day-long observations (later reduced to five). Additionally, Hamaspathmaidyem Gahanbar, originally held on the last day of the year, came to be held on the last days of the last month of the year ''and'' on the new five epagomena days at the end of the new 360-day year, for a total of ten days. A second reform, in the 4th or 5th century, introduced a one-month intercalation every 120 years, abruptly realigned the calendar such that the year began again on the spring equinox, and the Gahanbars were again in accord with the seasons. However, following the collapse of the Sassanian state, after which Zoroastrianism had no central authority to govern intercalation, the practice was not maintained. As a result, in living Zoroastrianism, the Gahanbar are again no longer synchronous with the seasons.

==Name-day feasts==
There are fifteen name-day feasts in a Zoroastrian religious year. Each of these feasts is held on the day(s) on which the day-of-the-month/month-of-the-year dedications to a ''yazata'' intersect. Eleven of these intersections are dedicated to individual ''yazata''s, and four intersections are dedicated to [[Ahura Mazda]]. A special ''[[Yasna]]'' or ''Jashan'' (meaning "worship", "oblation") service is then held in honor of the respective ''yazata'' on those day/month intersections.

Four of the name-day feasts are dedicated to ''[[Dadvah|Dae]]'' "Creator" ([[Ahura Mazda]]), who has the tenth month of the year plus four days per month dedicated to Him (1st, 8th, 15th, 23rd day of the month). Accordingly, the 1st, 8th, 15th, 23rd day of the tenth month are each feast-days of Ahura Mazda, and each of those four days is called ''Jashan of Dadvah'' ("Creator").

Six of the ''Jashan'' days are dedicated to the six ''Ameshaspand''s ([[Amesha Spenta]]s). These six days are respectively:
* ''Jashan of [[Vohu Manah|Bahman]]'', celebrating animal creation. 2nd day of the 11th month (January 16)
* ''Jashan of [[Asha Vahishta|Ardavisht]]'', celebrating [[Atar|fire]] and all other luminaries. 3rd day of the 2nd month (April 22)
* ''Jashan of [[Kshathra Vairya|Shahrevar]]'', celebrating metals and minerals. 4th day of the 6th month (August 21)
* ''Jashan of [[Armaiti|Spendarmad]]'', celebrating [[Zam|the earth]]. 5th day of the 12th month (February 18)
* ''Jashan of [[Haurvatat|(K)Hordad]]'', celebrating [[Aban|the waters]]. 6th day of the 3rd month (May 25)
* ''Jashan of [[Ameretat|Amurdad]]'', celebrating plant creation. 7th day of the 5th month (July 25)
Dates in parentheses are the ''Fasli''/''Bastani'' calendar dates.

Another five name-day feasts are dedicated to other ''[[yazata]]s'' with a single name/month dedication:
* ''Jashan of [[Fravashi|Farvardin]]'' (not to be confused with ''[[Fravashi|Farward]]<nowiki>igan</nowiki>''), celebrates the [[Fravashi]]s on the 19th day of the 1st month (April 8)
* ''Jashan of [[Tishtrya|Tir]]'', also known as ''[[Tiregan]]'', celebrates [[Tishtrya]] and the rains, on the 13th day of the 4th month (July 1).
* ''Jashan of [[Aban]]'', also known as ''Abanegan'', celebrates Apas, the waters, in particular of [[Aredvi Sura Anahita]]. It falls on the 9th day of the 8th month (October 26).
* ''Jashan of [[Atar|Adar]]'', also known as ''Adaregan'', celebration of [[Atar]], fire. ''Adargan'' falls on the 10th day of 9th month (November 24).
* ''Jashan of [[Mithra|Mihr]]'', also known as ''[[Mehregan]]'', celebrating [[Mithra]] on the 16th day of the 7th month (October 2).

==Other holy days==
Other holy days include:
* [[Nouruz]], New Year's Day. In the ''Fasli''/''Bastani'' variant of the Zoroastrian calendar, this day is always the day of the spring [[equinox]] (nominally falling on March 21). In the ''Shahenshahi'' and ''Kadmi'' yuppa, which do not account for leap years, the New Year's Day has drifted ahead by over 200 days. These latter two variants of the calendar, which are only followed by the Zoroastrians of India, celebrate the spring equinox as ''Jamshed-i Nouroz'', with New Year's Day then being celebrated in July/August as ''Pateti'' (see below).
* ''[[Fravashi|Fraward]]<nowiki>igan</nowiki>'' (also known as Hamaspathmaidyem Gahambar, {{Transliteration|ae|mukhtad}} or {{Transliteration|ae|panji}}) is a 10-day period during which the souls of the dead (i.e. the {{Transliteration|ae|[[fravashi]]}}) are commemorated. The ten days of Frawardigan span the last five days of the last month of the year, plus the five intercalary days ("Gatha" days) between the last month of the year and first month of the next year. Among Indian Zoroastrians, an extended {{Transliteration|ae|mukhtad}} of eighteen days is also observed.
* [[Pateti]], "(day) of penitence" (from ''patet'' "confession," hence also repentance and penitence). This is actually a day of introspection, and originally occurred on the last day (or on the last 5 days) of the calendar year. For reasons related to single day occasions being observed over six days, (the last day of) Pateti came to fall on (the first day of) the New Year's Day celebrations, and in India (Shahenshahi/Kadmi calendars) came to be "celebrated" on New Year's Day itself. Although the name has been retained, Pateti is no longer a day of introspection.
* [[Sadeh]], a mid-winter festival traditionally celebrated 100 days (hence ''sadeh'') after the first day of winter, or alternatively, 50 days (100 days and nights) before New Year's Day. Because this festival involves building a bonfire, it is also called ''[[Atar|Adar]]-Jashan''.
* [[Zartosht No-Diso]], the death anniversary of [[Zoroaster|Zarathushtra]], which is celebrated on the 11th day (Khorshed) of the 10th month (Dae). In the seasonal calendar, Zoroaster's death anniversary falls on December 26.
* [[Khordad Sal]], which celebrates the birth anniversary of Zoroaster. It falls on the 6th day ([K]hordad) of the 1st month (Farvardin). In the seasonal calendar, Zoroaster's birth anniversary falls on March 26.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Iranica|title=Festivals: Zoroastrian|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/festivals-i|last=Boyce|first=Mary|author-link=Mary Boyce|volume=9|year=1999|publisher=Mazda|location=Costa Mesa}}

==External links==
* The festival days in the ''Fasli''/''Bastani'' variants of the Zoroastrian calendar for [http://www.avesta.org/zcal2007.htm 2007].
*The festivals in detail:
** [http://www.avesta.org/mihragan.htm The Zoroastrian Festival of Mihragan] (Jashan-e Mihragan)
** [http://www.avesta.org/tiragan.htm The Festival of Tiragan] (Jashan-e Tiragan)
** [http://www.avesta.org/sadeh.htm The Zoroastrian festival of Sadeh] (Jashan-e Sadeh)
** [http://festivals.iloveindia.com/gahambars/index.html Gahambars] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424125925/http://festivals.iloveindia.com/gahambars/index.html |date=2019-04-24 }}
** [http://festivals.iloveindia.com/khordad-sal/index.html Khordad Sal] (Zoroaster's birth anniversary)
** [http://festivals.iloveindia.com/zarthost-no-deeso/index.html Zarthost-no-deeso] (Zoroaster's death anniversary)
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20150122230410/http://parsicalendar.com/ Parsi Calendar] (Parsi Calendar)

[[Category:Zoroastrian festivals| ]]

Prahara

2025-03-15T05:32:01Z

Delphia92Y: Starting pg

{{Short description|Time division system}}

'''Prahara''' is a [[Sanskrit]] term for a unit of time, or subdivision of the day, approximately three hours long.<ref>[http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/mw.html ''Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary''], sv. "prahara."</ref>

==Definition==
The day is divided into eight parts: four ''prahara''s for the day, and four for the night. The first ''prahara'' of the day begins at sunrise, and the fourth ''prahara'' of the day ends at sunset. A second round of four ''prahara''s unfolds during the night, between sunset and sunrise.

The traditional system of ''prahara''s overlaps with the traditional system of [[muhurta]]s also, which is based on precise astronomical calculations.

Thus, the day can be regarded as divided into eight ''prahara''s (of three hours each) or thirty ''muhurta''s (of 48 minutes each). In both systems, the day commences with sunrise. The timing of the two systems coincides only at sunrise and sunset (four ''prahara''s coincide with fifteen ''muhurta''s at the twelve-hour, or 720-minute, point).

==History==
In the ancient [[Puranas]], the day is divided into eight ''praharas'': four for the day and four for the night.<ref>[[Bhagavata Purana]] (also known as ''Srimad Bhagavatam'') [http://vedabase.net/sb/3/11/10/en1 3.11.10] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721112026/http://vedabase.net/sb/3/11/10/en1 |date=2010-07-21 }}</ref> The concept still prevails today in [[India]], particularly in connection with the performance of [[Indian classical music]] (see below).

==Timing==
The first ''prahara'' is commonly placed at sunrise, although some sources place it at the [[brahmamuhurta|brahma-muhurta]], a period of time before sunrise (around 4.30 am when Venus can be sighted).<ref>Indic astronomical calculations identify the ''brahma-muhurta'' as the penultimate ''muhurta'' before dawn (in other words, the first of two ''muhurtas'', or periods of 48 minutes, before dawn). If sunrise is at 6 am, the ''brahma-muhurta'' starts 96 minutes earlier, at 4:24 am. (The traditional calculations are available through GCal, computer software developed by the [[ISKCON]] GBC for the purposes of calculating the Vaishnava calendar, now available [http://www.krishnadays.com/eng/ online] and as [https://web.archive.org/web/20140504181826/https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/gcal/id432731927?mt=8 |an iTunes app]). See also ''Āgama-kosha'', vol 4, by Saligrama Krishna, Ramachandra Rao, Rama R. Rao, Kalpatharu Research Academy, 1991. Other secondary sources speak of the ''brahma-muhurta'' as the antepenultimate ''muhurta'' before dawn (in other words, the first of three ''muhurtas'' before dawn). Assuming a 6 am sunrise, this would place the start of the ''brahma-muhurta'' at 3:36 am; see Gaya Charan Tripathi, "Communication with God: The Daily Puja Ceremony in the Jagannatha Temple" and [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/Brahmamuhurta-The-best-time-for-meditation/articleshow/4659848.cms ''Times of India'']. Yet other sources conflate the two accounts: they claim that the "brahma-muhurta" begins two ''muhurtas'' before dawn (i.e., 4:24), but say that it begins at 3:36 am (which would be three ''muhurtas'' before dawn); see the [http://www.harekrsna.com/practice/sadhana/morning/morning.htm ISKCON program for morning sadhana]. The [[Axial precession|precession of the equinoxes]] may complicate things yet further; see e.g. the discussion of [[Muhurta|Muhurta: yearly calibration.]]</ref>

The concept of ''prahar'' originated where the lengths of the day and night were based on actual, observable sunrise and sunset. The four ''prahara''s of the day start at sunrise, and the four ''prahara''s of the night at sunset. If the location is near the [[equator]], where day and night are the same length year round, the ''prahara''s of the day and the ''prahara''s of the night will be of equal length (three hours each). In other regions, where the relative length of day and night varies according to the season, the ''prahara''s of the day will be longer or shorter than the ''prahara''s of the night.

Contemporary discussions of ''prahara'' often use 7:00 am (the time of sunrise at the equator and at the [[equinox]]es) as a theoretical fixed point of reference for mapping out the ''prahara''s at three-hour intervals (7-10, 10–1, etc.). This scheme is a useful pedagogical tool and an efficient way of applying the concept of ''prahara'' in a technological "clock" culture. However, this rigid schema most likely does not capture the original application of ''prahara.'' In a traditional, non-technological culture, the length of day and night are based on observable sunrise and sunset. The day, which starts at sunrise and ends at sunset, is divided into four ''prahara''s of equal length; and, the night, which starts at sunset and ends at sunrise, is also divided into four equal watches. During the summer, when the days are longer than the nights, the ''praharas'' of the day will be longer than the ''praharas'' of the night, and vice versa during the winter.<ref>Some scholars correctly infer that in seasons (and regions) where days and nights are unequal in length, the ''prahara''s expand and contract in length. See Duncan Forbes' early comment on the [[pahar]] (= ''prahar'') in Northern India: "The first [[pahar]] of the day began at sunrise, and of the night at sunset; and since the time from sunrise to noon made exactly two ''pahars'', it follows that in the north of India the ''pahar'' must have varied from three and a-half hours about the summer solstice, to two and a-half in winter, the ''pahar''s of the night varying inversely." (Duncan Forbes, LL.D, transl. ''Bāgh O Bahār; or Tales of the Four Derwishes'', by Mīr Amman of Dihli. London: W. H. Allen & Co. 1882, [https://books.google.com/books?id=va9AAAAAYAAJ&q=time (p. 23, note 1]). What we are encountering here is a difference between modern cultures that rely on clock time, and traditional cultures where the length of a day is observed in the sky, from sunset to sundown.</ref>

The question of how to handle the ''prahara''s when days and nights are unequal in length is critical for timing the performance of [[raga]]s, since each ''raga'' is ideally performed during a certain ''prahara''.

Based on the contemporary operational concept of prahara based on the hour or time of day the following scheme has been in use for sometime in performing rituals in most of India east of Bengal:

# 1st Prahara of the Day (Brahmi Muhoorta): 3 am up to 6 am: Used for completing snaanam, Sandhyaa-Vandanam at sun-rise, and to determine tithi of the day at sunrise. Sunrises during this Prahara in almost all of the Indian subcontinent (Bharat Bhumi or Bharata Khanda). In practice, most people wake up only after 4.30 am in the morning and pursue their morning chores.
# 2nd Prahara of the Day (Praat: Kaala): 6 am up to 9 am: Used for performing various poojas based on the tithi of the day at sunrise.
# 3rd Prahara of the Day (Aparaahnam): 9 am up to 12 pm: Used for performing Apara Karmas based on the tithi of the day at Aparahnam. The time around noon and thereafter is also called Do-Pehar in Hindi and similarly in some other Indian languages because colloquially this time is considered the 2nd Prahara coming after the morning.
# 4th Prahara of the Day (Madhyaahnam): 12 pm up to 3 pm: Used for eating Lunch (Bhojanam) and taking rest (siesta). Most temples are usually closed during this time. The time around noon and thereafter is also called Do-Pehar in Hindi and similarly in some other Indian languages colloquially.
# 5th Prahara of the Day (Saayam Kaala): 3 pm to 6 pm: Used for snaanam again, followed by Sandhya-Vandanam, and performing evening poojas, aarati and other functions. Most temples re-open during this time.
# 6th Prahara of the Day(1st of the Night) (Ratri: 6 pm to 9 pm: Used for having dinner (or alpaahaaram aka mini dinner), and any early night functions, poojas and celebrations. Temples close by 10 pm except on some occasions like Siva-Ratri.
# 7th Prahara of the Day(2nd of the Night) (Ratri): 9 pm to 12 am (Ardha-Ratri): Sleep time or time for other activities. Typically, 1 am is termed Ardha-Ratri, although there is no single definition of Ardha-Ratri which is used to imply the 'middle of the night'.
# 8th Prahara of the Day(3rd of the Night)(Ratri): 12 am to 3 am: Sleep time.
While it is considered that there are 4 Praharas in the night, in practice with the inclusion of Brahmi Muhoorta into the Day hours, there are 5 praharas during the day and 3 during the night in contemporary life, each of 3 hours, and this seems to be the convention in practice irrespective of what the theories in books say. Besides, the sun rises before 7.00am on almost all days of the year in most of Bhaarat bhumi (Indian sub-continent) based on the Indian Standard Time (IST). Furthermore, humans who are not babies, on average, sleep for fewer hours than 12 in any given day, independent of seasons.

This is the typical schedule in the contemporary life of people in India (Bharat) subject to the length of the day as per season. Everyone is not required to follow this scheme and many do not. Also, some people may skip certain rituals or perform other activities as is suitable for them. Brahmi Muhoorta is considered the time the gods/devas appear to bless humans, and hence a special significance is attached to this prahara before sunrise. People from the north-east of India start their day much earlier because sun rises in those parts as early as 4.30am IST and sets as early as 5pm IST in some seasons, however, this does not contradict the contemporary operational scheme in practice.

==Indian classical music==
Some [[raga]]s of the [[Indian classical music]] are prescribed to be performed at a particular ''prahara'' to maximize their [[Aesthetics|aesthetic]] effects (''see'' [[samayā]]). Perhaps the earliest mention of the relation between [[raga]] and time is [[Narada]]'s ''[[Sangita Makaranda]],'' written sometime between the 7th and 11th century, which warns musicians against playing ''ragas'' at the incorrect time of day.<ref>Walter Kaufmann, ''The Ragas of North India'', Calcutta: Oxford (1968)</ref> [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande|Pandit V.N. Bhatkhande]] (1860-1936), who formulated the modern system of Indian musical [[thaat|thāt]], states that the correct time (or ''prahara'') to play a ''raga'' has a relation to its ''thāt''.<ref>For [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande|Bhatkande]]'s assignation of ''ragas'' to ''prahara''s, see Anthony Peter Westbrook, [http://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=4276 "Testing the Time Theory," ''Hinduism Today'', February 2000]. But note, contrary to Westbrook's assertion, that the concept of ''prahara''s existed long before Bhatkande made use of them in the 19th century; see, for example, the [http://vedabase.com/en/search/site/prahara numerous references] in the 16th century scripture [[Caitanya Caritamrta]].</ref>

== Modern etymology and usage ==
The word is commonly used in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]] is prahar ([[Hindi]]/[[Nepali language|Nepali]] प्रहर, [[Urdu]]پہر), more commonly pronounced {{transliteration|bn|italic=no|[[Paher|paher or peher]]}} and in [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]] is prohor ([[Bengali language|Bengali]] প্রহর) in Marathi it is pronounced as Prahar (प्रहर). In [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] the word for "afternoon" is ''dopahar'' (= two {{transliteration|hi|prahars}}).<ref>Henry M. Hoenigswald, ''Spoken Hindustani'', vol. 2, p. 403. Henry Holt (1945)</ref> In [[Bengali language|Bengali]] the corresponding word is ''dui-pôhor'' or more commonly ''dupur''. In Marathi, afternoon is Dupaar with same etymology as in Hindi. It is known as ''Paar'' in, [[Konkani language|Konkani]], where First Prahara is known as '' Faantya Paar'' (from Sanskrit, प्रातः प्रहर), and afternoon is known as ''Donpaar''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Time in India]]
[[Category:Time in Hinduism]]

Syed Abul Farah Sani

2025-01-08T15:45:35Z

Delphia92Y: adding some entry basic info - done

{{notability|1=Biographies|date=January 2025}}
{{Short description|Islamic scholar}}
{{orphan|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| name = Syed Abul Farah Sani
| honorific prefix = ''[[Hazrat]]''
| honorific suffix = Jajneri, Zaidi, Wasti
| native_name = سید ابوالفرح ثانی
| native_name_lang = fa
| home_town = Jajneri, Patiala
| birth_place = Dharsul, Punjab
| region = Punjab
| main interests = [[Sufism]]
| lineage = [[Sayyid|Zaidi Sayyid]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| creed = [[Maturidi]]
| posthumous_name = Hazrat Abul Farah Sani Wasti
| occupation = Orator
| birth_name = Syed Abul Farah
| death_place = Dharsul, Punjab
}}

'''Syed Abul Farah Sani bin Syed Abul Faras''', popularly known as '''Abul Farah Sani''', was an Islamic scholar, [[Wali|saint]] and [[Sufism|Sufi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hussain |first=Jamaluddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gkYOAAAAQAAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AD+%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C&pg=PA178 |title=کتاب لا جواب لغت مؤلفۀ جمال الدين حسين انجو الملقب بعضد الدوله همچو بدر بر چرخ بى نظيرى المسمى به فرهنگ جهانگيرى ... |publisher=Mataba Khas Samar Hind |year=1876 |pages=178 |language=fa |trans-title=The book La Jawaab, the author of Jamaluddin Hussain Anju, nicknamed Al-Kazd-ud-Dawla, is a unique book called Farhang Jahangiri.}}</ref> He was the grandson of Syed Abul Farah al-Wasti, who reached India from [[Wasit]]. He was a [[Zaidi Sadat]] and the second leader of Jajneri Sadaat, who resided in Jajneri village of [[Patiala]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hassan |first=Abbas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCJkAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AD+%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C |title=احوال و آثار مير غلامعلي آزاد بلگرامي |publisher=Dr. Mahmood Afshar Foundation |year=2005 |isbn=978-964-6053-65-6 |pages=211 |language=fa |trans-title=Biography of Mir Ghulam Ali Azad Bilgrami}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vāst̤ī |first=Raushan ʻAlī Zaidī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_mEZUdlHIQUC&q=%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AD+%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C |title=Sayyid al-tārīk̲h̲ |date=1869 |publisher=Sang-i Mel Pablīkeshanz |pages=142 |language=ur}}</ref> He is the ancestors of Sadaat of Bilgram and Sadaat of Marehra.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fazli |first=Sayyid Najmulhasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCccAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AD+%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C |title=Ashraaf-i ʻArab |publisher=Jajneri Akademi |year=1993 |pages=302 |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bilgrāmī |first=Ghulām ʻAlī ibn Nūḥ Āzād |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vUkKAQAAIAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AD+%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C |title=Maʼāthir al-kirām |publisher=Maktabat Iḥyāʼ al-ʻUlūm al-Sharqīyah |year=1971 |pages=11 |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Riz̤vī |first=ʻAbdulmujtabá |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ap8OAAAAIAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AD+%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C |title=Taz̲kirah-yi mashāʼik̲h̲-i Qādiriyah Riz̤viyah |date=1989 |publisher=Kashmīr Inṭarnaishnal Pablisharz |pages=331 |language=ur}}</ref>

== Early life ==
His father came to India with his brothers, Syed Abul Fazail, Syed Daud and Syed Najmuddin in the leadership of his grandfather Syed Abul Farah al-Wasti from Wasit through [[Medina|Madina]] in the early 11th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chewarwi |first=Syed Abdul Qayyum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_F1mAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AD+%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C |title=سادات جاجنيرى |publisher=Syed Abdul Qayyum Chewarwi |year=1992 |pages=29 |language=ur |trans-title=Sadaat of Jajneri}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXpjAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AD+%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C |title=اردو |publisher=Anjuman-ī Taraqqī-yi Urdū Pākistān. |year=1983 |pages=12 |language=ur |trans-title=Urdu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Шалькевіч |first=Вячаслаў |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BFNQAQAAMAAJ |title=Скорина и скориниана |publisher=Изд-во "Право и экономика" |year=2001 |isbn=978-985-442-076-9 |pages=33 |language=en}}</ref>

He was named as Abul Farah, taken name from his grandfather but later added ''Sani'' means Second.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qādrī |first=Muḥammad Mīyān̲ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xG0XAAAAIAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AD+%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C |title=Aṣaḥḥuttavārīk̲h̲: jis men̲ silsilah-yi ʻāliyah Barkātiyah Mārahrah mut̤ahharah ke akābir-i kirām ... ke ... ḥālāt ... darj hain̲ |date=1988 |publisher=Barkātī Pablisharz |language=ur}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sani, Syed Abul Farah}}
[[Category:Sufi saints]]
[[Category:People from Patiala district]]
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Indian Sufi saints]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian scholars]]

Ropar Lok Sabha constituency

2024-10-18T06:25:03Z

Delphia92Y: Starting details!

{{Short description|Former constituency in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ropar
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = Punjab
| union_territory =
| established = 1967
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Ropar''' or '''Rupar''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> It was dissolved in 2008.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Members of Parliament==
{{Pie chart|value1=50|value2=41.666|label1=[[Shiromani Akali Dal|'''SAD''' (6 Times)]]|label2=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC '''(5 Times)]]|color1={{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Ropar Lok Sabha|label3=[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|'''SAD (A)''' (1 Times)]]|color3={{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)}}|value3=8.333}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Election
!Member
!Party
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4114-general-election-1967-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1967 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Buta Singh]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<ref name=election1971>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4115-general-election-1971-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1971 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| Basant Singh Khalsa<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| [[Buta Singh]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |
| [[1984 Indian general election|1985]]
| [[Charanjit Singh Atwal]]
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)}}" |
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| [[Bimal Kaur Khalsa]]
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|Shiromani Akali Dal (Mann)]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[1991 Indian general election|1992]]
| [[Harchand Singh]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| Basant Singh Khalsa
| rowspan="3" |[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|-
| 1997^
| [[Satwinder Kaur Dhaliwal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1996-election-results.html|title=1996 Lok Sabha election results}}</ref>
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| [[Satwinder Kaur Dhaliwal]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| [[Shamsher Singh Dullo]]<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| [[Sukhdev Singh Libra]]<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|}
^bypoll
*2008 Onwards: [[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]]

==Election results==
===General elections 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: [[Ropar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = [[Bimal Kaur Khalsa]]
|votes = 4,24,010
|percentage = 60.38
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Raja Singh
|votes = 1,93,434
|percentage = 27.54
|change = {{down}}13.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jaspal Singh
|votes = 47,077
|percentage = 6.70
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Lachhman Singh
|votes = 25,143
|percentage = 3.58
|change = {{up}} 3.28
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,30,576
|percentage = 32.84
|change = {{up}}20.91
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,14,245
|percentage = 68.47
|change = {{down}} 6.10
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 10,43,186
|ref=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing |winner = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar) |loser = Shiromani Akali Dal |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Rupnagar]] (formerly known as Ropar)
* [[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Punjab}}

{{coord|31.0|76.5|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ropar Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

List of Surrey Twenty20 cricket records

2024-08-03T16:35:04Z

Delphia92Y: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
This is a '''list of Surrey Twenty20 cricket records'''; that is, record team and individual performances in [[Twenty20 cricket]] for [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]]. Surrey have played nearly 100 Twenty20 matches since first doing so in 2003. Records for Surrey in [[first-class cricket]], the longest form of the game, are found at [[List of Surrey first-class cricket records]]. Those for [[List A cricket]] are found at [[List of Surrey List A cricket records]].

''All statistics are up-to-date as of 8 August 2011.''

== Listing notation ==
;Team notation
* (300–3) indicates that a team scored 300 [[run (cricket)|runs]] for three [[wicket]]s and the innings was closed, either due to a successful run chase or if no playing time remained.
* (300–3 d) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets, and declared its innings closed.
* (300) indicates that a team scored 300 runs and was [[End of an innings (cricket)|all out]].

;Batting notation
* (100) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was [[dismissal (cricket)|out]].
* (100*) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out.

;Bowling notation
* (5–100) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while conceding 100 runs.

;Currently playing
* Record holders who are currently playing for the county (i.e. their record details listed could change) are shown in '''bold'''.

==Team records==
===Results by opponent===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Opponent !! Played !! Won !! Tied !! Lost !! No result !! Abandoned !! % Won
|-
|align="left"| [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]]<ref name="Opposition">{{cite news|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Twenty20/Surrey/Team_Records/Playing_Record.html|title=Playing Record|publisher=cricketarchive.com|work=CricketArchive|accessdate=6 August 2011}}</ref> || 12 || 2 || 0 || 9 || 1 || 1 || 16.67
|-
|align="left"| [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club|Glamorgan]]<ref name="Opposition"/> || 4 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 25.00
|-
|align="left"| [[Gloucestershire County Cricket Club|Gloucestershire]]<ref name="Opposition"/> || 6 || 4 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 66.67
|-
|align="left"| [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]]<ref name="Opposition"/> || 13 || 7 || 0 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 53.85
|-
|align="left"| [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]]<ref name="Opposition"/> || 16 || 10 || 0 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 62.50
|-
|align="left"| [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]]<ref name="Opposition"/> || 2 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 50.00
|-
|align="left"| [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]]<ref name="Opposition"/> || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0.00
|-
|align="left"| [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]]<ref name="Opposition"/> || 16 || 11 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 68.75
|-
|align="left"| [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]]<ref name="Opposition"/> || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0.00
|-
|align="left"| [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]]<ref name="Opposition"/> || 3 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 66.67
|-
|align="left"| [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]]<ref name="Opposition"/> || 16 || 7 || 0 || 9 || 0 || 0 || 43.75
|-
|align="left"| [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]]<ref name="Opposition"/> || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 50.00
|-
|align="left"| [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]]<ref name="Opposition"/> || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
! '''Total''' !! '''93''' !! '''47''' !! '''1''' !! '''43''' !! '''2''' !! '''2''' !! '''50.54'''
|-
|}

===Margins of victory===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Margin !! Opponent !! Venue !! Season
|-
!107 runs<ref name="High margin runs">{{cite news|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Twenty20/Surrey/Team_Records/Largest_Victory_by_Runs.html|title=Largest Margin of Runs Victory|publisher=cricketarchive.com|work=CricketArchive|accessdate=9 June 2022}}</ref>
| v [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]] || [[The Oval]] || 2006
|-
!100 runs<ref name="High margin runs"/>
| v [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]] || [[County Ground, Hove|Hove]] || 2004
|-
!100 runs<ref name="High margin runs"/>
| v [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]] || [[County Ground, Hove|Hove]] || 2007
|-
!97 runs<ref name="High margin runs"/>
| v [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club|Glamorgan]] || The Oval || 2019
|-
!86 runs<ref name="High margin runs"/>
| v [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] || [[Lord's]] || 2013
|-
|}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Margin !! Opponent !! Venue !! Season
|-
!1 run<ref name="Low margin runs">{{cite news|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Twenty20/Surrey/Team_Records/Narrowest_Victory_by_Runs.html|title=Narrowest Margins of Runs Victory|publisher=cricketarchive.com|work=CricketArchive|accessdate=9 June 2022}}</ref>
| v [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]] || [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]] || 2006
|-
!1 run<ref name="Low margin runs"/>
| v [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]] || [[The Oval]] || 2006
|-
!1 run<ref name="Low margin runs"/>
| v [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]] || [[St Lawrence Ground|Canterbury]] || 2019
|-
!2 runs<ref name="Low margin runs"/>
| v [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]] || [[County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford]] || 2017
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

===Scores===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Score !! Opponent !! Venue !! Season
|-
!224–5<ref name="High scores">{{cite news|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Twenty20/Surrey/Team_Records/Highest_Team_Total_For.html|title=Highest Team Totals for Surrey|publisher=cricketarchive.com|work=CricketArchive|accessdate=6 August 2011}}</ref>
| v [[Gloucestershire County Cricket Club|Gloucestershire]] || [[County Ground, Bristol|Bristol]] || 2006
|-
!221–8<ref name="High scores"/>
| v [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]] || [[County Ground, Hove|Hove]] || 2004
|-
!218–7<ref name="High scores"/>
| v [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] || [[Lord's]] || 2006
|-
!217–4<ref name="High scores"/>
| v [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]] || [[St Lawrence Ground|Canterbury]] || 2006
|-
!203–2<ref name="High scores"/>
| v [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]] || [[Whitgift School]] || 2011
|-
|}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Score !! Opponent !! Venue !! Season
|-
!94<ref name="Low scores">{{cite news|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Twenty20/Surrey/Team_Records/Lowest_Team_Total_For.html|title=Lowest Team Totals for Surrey|publisher=cricketarchive.com|work=CricketArchive|accessdate=6 August 2011}}</ref>
| v [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]] || [[County Ground, Chelmsford|Chelmsford]] || 2008
|-
!97<ref name="Low scores"/>
| v [[Gloucestershire County Cricket Club|Gloucestershire]] || [[The Oval]] || 2010
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

==Individual records==
===Appearances===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Appearances !! Player !! Seasons
|-
! 144<ref name="Appearances">{{cite news|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Twenty20/Surrey/Miscellaneous/Most_Appearances.html|title=Most Appearances for Surrey|publisher=cricketarchive.com|work=CricketArchive|accessdate=7 June 2022}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Gareth Batty]] || 2010–2021
|-
! 120<ref name="Appearances"/>
| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Jason Roy]]''' || 2008–2022
|-
! 111<ref name="Appearances"/>
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jade Dernbach]] || 2005–2021
|-
! 75<ref name="Appearances"/>
| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Azhar Mahmood]] || 2003–2016
|-
! 74<ref name="Appearances"/>
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Steven Davies]] || 2010–2016
|}

===Batting===
====Career====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Runs !! Player !! Seasons
|-
!3,421<ref name="Career runs">{{cite news|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Twenty20/Surrey/Batting_Records/Most_Career_Runs.html|title=Most Runs for Surrey|publisher=cricketarchive.com|work=CricketArchive|accessdate=6 August 2011}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|England}} '''[[Jason Roy]]''' || 2008–2022
|-
!1,735<ref name="Career runs"/>
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Aaron Finch]]|| 2016–2019
|-
!1,719<ref name="Career runs"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Mark Ramprakash]]|| 2003–2010
|-
!1,584<ref name="Career runs"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Steven Davies]] || 2010–2016
|-
!1,272<ref name="Career runs"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} '''[[Will Jacks]]'''|| 2018–2022
|}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Centuries !! Player !! Seasons
|-
!4<ref name="Career centuries">{{cite news|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Twenty20/Surrey/Batting_Records/Most_Hundreds_For.html|title=Most Centuries for Surrey|publisher=cricketarchive.com|work=CricketArchive|accessdate=6 August 2011}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|England}} '''[[Jason Roy]]'''|| 2008–2022
|-
!4<ref name="Career centuries"/>
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Aaron Finch]]|| 2016–2019
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

====Season====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Runs !! Player !! Season
|-
!677<ref name="Season runs">{{cite news|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Twenty20/Surrey/Batting_Records/Most_Season_Runs.html|title=Most Runs in a Season for Surrey|publisher=cricketarchive.com|work=CricketArchive|accessdate=6 August 2011}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Jason Roy]] || 2014
|-
!589<ref name="Season runs"/>
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Aaron Finch]]|| 2018
|-
!495<ref name="Season runs"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} Jason Roy|| 2016
|-
!489<ref name="Season runs"/>
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Aaron Finch|| 2017
|-
!398<ref name="Season runs"/>
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Aaron Finch|| 2019
|}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Centuries !! Player !! Season
|-
!2<ref name="Season centuries">{{cite news|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Twenty20/Surrey/Batting_Records/Most_Season_Centuries.html|title=Most Hundreds in a Season for Surrey|publisher=cricketarchive.com|work=CricketArchive|accessdate=6 August 2011}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Jason Roy]] || 2016
|-
!2<ref name="Season centuries"/>
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Aaron Finch]] || 2018
|-
!1<ref name="Season centuries"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} Jason Roy || 2010
|-
!1<ref name="Season centuries"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} Jason Roy || 2015
|-
!1<ref name="Season centuries"/>
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Aaron Finch || 2017
|-
!1<ref name="Season centuries"/>
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Aaron Finch || 2019
|}
{{col-end}}

====Innings====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Runs !! Player !! Opponent !! Venue !! Season
|-
!131*<ref name="Innings runs">{{cite news|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Twenty20/Surrey/Batting_Records/Highest_Innings_For.html|title=Most Runs in an Innings for Surrey|publisher=cricketarchive.com|work=CricketArchive|accessdate=6 August 2011}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Aaron Finch]] || v [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]] || [[County Cricket Ground, Hove|Hove]] || 2018
|-
!122*<ref name="Innings runs"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Jason Roy]] || v [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]] || [[The Oval]] || 2015
|-
!120*<ref name="Innings runs"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} Jason Roy || v [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]] || [[The Oval]] || 2016
|-
!117*<ref name="Innings runs"/>
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Aaron Finch || v [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] || [[The Oval]] || 2018
|-
!114*<ref name="Innings runs"/>
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Aaron Finch || v [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]] || [[The Oval]] || 2017
|}

===Bowling===
====Career====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Wickets !! Player !! Seasons
|-
!114<ref name="Career wickets">{{cite news|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Twenty20/Surrey/Bowling_Records/Most_Career_Wickets.html|title=Most Wickets for Surrey|publisher=cricketarchive.com|work=CricketArchive|accessdate=6 August 2011}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Gareth Batty]]|| 2010–2021
|-
!114<ref name="Career wickets"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Jade Dernbach]]|| 2005–2021
|-
!82<ref name="Career wickets"/>
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Azhar Mahmood]]|| 2003–2016
|-
!75<ref name="Career wickets"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} '''[[Tom Curran (cricketer)|Tom Curran]]''' || 2014–2021
|-
!56<ref name="Career wickets"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} '''[[Sam Curran]]''' || 2015–2022
|}

====Season====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Wickets !! Player !! Season
|-
!24<ref name="Season wickets">{{cite news|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Twenty20/Surrey/Bowling_Records/Most_Season_Wickets.html|title=Most Wickets in a Season for Surrey|publisher=cricketarchive.com|work=CricketArchive|accessdate=6 August 2011}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Chris Tremlett]]|| 2010
|-
!21<ref name="Season wickets"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Nayan Doshi]]|| 2006
|-
!20<ref name="Season wickets"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Adam Hollioake]]|| 2004
|-
!19<ref name="Season wickets"/>
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Dirk Nannes]]|| 2011
|-
!19<ref name="Season wickets"/>
| {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Imran Tahir]]|| 2019
|-
!18<ref name="Season wickets"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Jade Dernbach]]|| 2013
|}

====Innings====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Figures !! Player !! Opponent !! Venue !! Season
|-
!6–24<ref name="Innings wickets">{{cite news|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Twenty20/Surrey/Bowling_Records/Best_Innings_Bowling_For.html|title=Most Wickets in an Innings for Surrey|publisher=cricketarchive.com|work=CricketArchive|accessdate=6 August 2011}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Tim Murtagh]]|| v [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] || [[Lord's]] || 2005
|-
!5–18<ref name="Innings wickets"/>
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Andrew Symonds]] || v [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]] || [[Kent County Cricket Ground, Beckenham|Beckenham]] || 2010
|-
!5–21<ref name="Innings wickets"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Adam Hollioake]] || v [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]] || [[Rose Bowl, Southampton|Rose Bowl]] || 2003
|-
!5–26<ref name="Innings wickets"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[James Ormond (cricketer)|James Ormond]] || v [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] || [[The Oval]] || 2003
|-
!5–30<ref name="Innings wickets"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Sam Curran]] || v [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]] || [[The Oval]] || 2022
|}

===Fielding===
====Career====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Catches !! Player !! Seasons
|-
!59<ref name="Career catches">{{cite news|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Twenty20/Surrey/Fielding_Records/Most_Catches_In_Career.html|title=Most Catches in a Career for Surrey|publisher=cricketarchive.com|work=CricketArchive|accessdate=6 August 2011}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|England}} '''[[Jason Roy]]''' || 2008–2022
|-
!38<ref name="Career catches"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Rikki Clarke]] || 2003–2021
|-
!34<ref name="Career catches"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Ali Brown]] || 2003–2008
|-
!29<ref name="Career catches"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Gareth Batty]] || 2010–2021
|-
!25<ref name="Career catches"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} '''[[Rory Burns]]'''|| 2012–2021
|-
!25<ref name="Career catches"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} '''[[Tom Curran (cricketer)|Tom Curran]]''' || 2014–2021
|}

====Season====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Catches !! Player !! Seasons
|-
!10<ref name="season catches">{{cite news|url=https://www.cricketarchive.com/Surrey/Records/Twenty20/Fielding_Records/Most_Catches_Season_For.html|title=Most Catches in a Season for Surrey|publisher=cricketarchive.com|work=CricketArchive|access-date=24 March 2023}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Jamie Overton]] || 2020
|-
!9<ref name="season catches"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Stewart Walters]] || 2010
|-
!9<ref name="season catches"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Jason Roy]] || 2011
|-
!9<ref name="season catches"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Rikki Clarke]]|| 2018
|-
!8<ref name="season catches"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Ali Brown]]|| 2004
|-
!8<ref name="season catches"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} Ali Brown|| 2005
|-
!8<ref name="season catches"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} Jason Roy || 2016
|-
!8<ref name="season catches"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Rory Burns]]|| 2020
|}

====Innings====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Catches !! Player !! Opponent !! Venue !! Season
|-
!4<ref name="Innings catches">{{cite news|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Twenty20/Surrey/Fielding_Records/Most_Catches_Innings_For.html|title=Most Catches in an Innings for Surrey|publisher=cricketarchive.com|work=CricketArchive|accessdate=6 August 2011}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Grant Elliott]] || v [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]] || [[The Oval]] || 2009
|-
!3<ref name="Innings catches"/>
|colspan=4|11 occasions
|}

===Wicket-keeping===
====Career====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dismissals !! Player !! Seasons
|-
!49<ref name="Career dismissals">{{cite news|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Twenty20/Surrey/WicketKeeping_Records/Most_Victims_In_Career.html|title=Most Victims in a Career for Surrey|publisher=cricketarchive.com|work=CricketArchive|accessdate=6 August 2011}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Jonathan Batty]] || 2003–2009
|-
!48<ref name="Career dismissals"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Steven Davies]]|| 2010–2016
|-
!38<ref name="Career dismissals"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} '''[[Ben Foakes]]'''|| 2015–2020
|-
!36<ref name="Career dismissals"/>
| {{flagicon|Ireland|variant=cricket}} [[Gary Wilson (cricketer)|Gary Wilson]]|| 2008–2016
|-
!8<ref name="Career dismissals"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} '''[[Jamie Smith (cricketer)|Jamie Smith]]'''|| 2018–2022
|}

====Season====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dismissals !! Player !! Season
|-
!17<ref name="Season dismissals">{{cite news|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Twenty20/Surrey/WicketKeeping_Records/Most_Victims_Season_For.html|title=Most Victims in a Season for Surrey|publisher=cricketarchive.com|work=CricketArchive|accessdate=6 August 2011}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Jonathan Batty]] || 2006
|-
!15<ref name="Season dismissals"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Steven Davies]] || 2010
|-
!13<ref name="Season dismissals"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} Steven Davies|| 2011
|-
!13<ref name="Season dismissals"/>
| {{flagicon|Ireland|variant=cricket}} [[Gary Wilson (cricketer)|Gary Wilson]]|| 2014
|-
!11<ref name="Season dismissals"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} Jonathan Batty || 2007
|-
!11<ref name="Season dismissals"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Ben Foakes]] || 2016
|}

====Innings====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dismissals !! Player !! Opponent !! Venue !! Season
|-
!5<ref name="Innings dismissals">{{cite news|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Twenty20/Surrey/WicketKeeping_Records/Most_Victims_Innings_For.html|title=Most Victims in an Innings for Surrey|publisher=cricketarchive.com|work=CricketArchive|accessdate=6 August 2011}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|Ireland|variant=cricket}} [[Gary Wilson (cricketer)|Gary Wilson]] || v [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]] || [[The Oval]] || 2014
|-
!4<ref name="Innings dismissals"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Jonathan Batty]] || v [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]] || [[County Ground, Hove|Hove]] || 2007
|-
!4<ref name="Innings dismissals"/>
| {{flagicon|Ireland|variant=cricket}} Gary Wilson || v [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club|Glamorgan]] || [[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Cardiff]] || 2015
|-
!3<ref name="Innings dismissals"/>
|colspan=4|9 occasions
|}

==Partnership records==
{| class="wikitable"
! Wicket!! Runs !! Batsmen !! Opponents !! Venue !! Season
|-
! 1st
! 194<ref name="Partnerships">{{cite news|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Twenty20/Surrey/Partnership_Records/Highest_Partnership_Each_Wicket_For.html|title=Highest Partnership for Each Wicket for Surrey|publisher=cricketarchive.com|work=CricketArchive|accessdate=6 August 2011}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Jason Roy]] and {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Aaron Finch]] || v [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] || [[The Oval]] || 2018
|-
! 2nd
! 139*<ref name="Partnerships"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Usman Afzaal]] and {{flagicon|England}} [[Mark Ramprakash]] || v [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] || [[Lord's]] || 2009
|-
! 3rd
! 104<ref name="Partnerships"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Laurie Evans (cricketer)|Laurie Evans]] and {{flagicon|England}} [[Sam Curran]] || v [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]] || [[County Ground, Taunton|Taunton]] || 2021
|-
! 4th
! 139<ref name="Partnerships"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Mark Ramprakash]] and {{flagicon|England}} [[Rikki Clarke]] || v [[Gloucestershire County Cricket Club|Gloucestershire]] || [[County Ground, Bristol|Bristol]] || 2006
|-
! 5th
! 117*<ref name="Partnerships"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Matthew Spriegel]] and {{flagicon|Ireland|variant=cricket}} [[Gary Wilson (cricketer)|Gary Wilson]] || v [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] || [[Lord's]] || 2012
|-
! 6th
! 90*<ref name="Partnerships"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Mark Ramprakash]] and {{flagicon|England}} [[Adam Hollioake]] || v [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]] || [[The Oval]] || 2004
|-
! 7th
! 79<ref name="Partnerships"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Jordan Clark (cricketer)|Jordan Clark]] and {{flagicon|England}} [[Rory Burns]] || v [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]] || [[County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford|Chelmsford]] || 2019
|-
! 8th
! 46*<ref name="Partnerships"/>
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Zafar Ansari]] and {{flagicon|England}} [[Tom Curran (cricketer)|Tom Curran]] || v [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] || [[The Oval]] || 2016
|-
! 9th
! 38*<ref name="Partnerships"/>
| {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Robin Peterson]] and {{flagicon|England}} [[Jade Dernbach]] || v [[Gloucestershire County Cricket Club|Gloucestershire]] || [[College Ground, Cheltenham|Cheltenham]] || 2014
|-
! 10th
! 27<ref name="Partnerships"/>
| {{flagicon|Ireland|variant=cricket}} [[Gary Wilson (cricketer)|Gary Wilson]] and {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[André Nel]] || v [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]] || [[The Oval]] || 2009
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Twenty20/Surrey/ Surrey Twenty20 records] on CricketArchive

{{Surrey CCC}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surrey Twenty20 cricket records}}
[[Category:Lists of English cricket records and statistics|Surrey]]
[[Category:Surrey County Cricket Club records]]
[[Category:Surrey-related lists|Cricket]]
[[Category:Lists of Twenty20 cricket records and statistics|Surrey]]

Ancestry of Chandragupta Maurya

2024-05-26T22:16:58Z

Delphia92Y: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Chandragupta Maurya#Ancestry]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-05-26|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Chandragupta Maurya#Ancestry|reason= The anchor (Ancestry) [[Special:Diff/927099333|has been deleted]].}}

2022 Tambaram City Municipal Corporation election

2024-05-24T03:33:04Z

Delphia92Y: New A Place

{{Short description|Indian local government election}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}

{{Infobox election
| election_date = {{Start date|2022|02|19}}
| election_name = 2022 Tambaram City Municipal Corporation Election
| country = India
| flag_image = Emblem of Tambaram City Municipal Corporation.png
| type = legislative
| ongoing = no
| seats_for_election = All 70 seats in the [[Tambaram City Municipal Corporation]]
| majority_seats = 36
| turnout = 51.38
| party1 = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| alliance1 = [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]
| seats1 = 50
| popular_vote1 = 1,59,497
| percentage1 = 39.92%
| party2 = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
| alliance2 = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
| seats2 = 9
| popular_vote2 = 98,479
| percentage2 = 24.65%
| party3 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| alliance3 = [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]
| seats3 = 2
| popular_vote3 = 9,013
| percentage3 = 2.26%
| party4 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| seats4 = 1
| popular_vote4 = 3,173
| percentage4 = 0.79%
| party5 = [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
| alliance5 = [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]
| seats5 = 1
| popular_vote5 = 2,772
| percentage5 = 0.69%
| alliance4 = [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]
| title = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]
| after_election = [[K. Vasanthakumari]]
| after_party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| next_year = 2027
| next_election = 2027 Tambaram City municipal corporation election
| map2_image = 1st Tambaram Municipal Corporation Council.png
| party6 = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| alliance6 = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| seats6 = 7
| popular_vote6 = 62,225
| percentage6 = 15.57%
| map2_caption = '''Seats by party''' {{legend|#FF0D0D|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] : 50}} {{legend|#009546|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] : 9}} {{legend|#19AAED|[[Indian National Congress]] : 2}} {{legend|#b3140f|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] : 1}} {{legend|#fe8080|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] : 1}} {{legend|#DCDCDC|[[Independent politician|Independent]] : 7}}
| map3_image = 1st Tambaram Municipal Corporation Council by Alliance.png
| map3_caption = '''Seats by coalition''' {{legend|#FF0D0D|[[Secular Progressive Alliance]] : 54}} {{legend|#009546|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] : 9}} {{legend|#DCDCDC|[[Independent politician|Independent]]: 7 seat}}
}}

The '''First Tambaram City Municipal Corporation''' '''Election''' was held on [[2022 Tamil Nadu urban local body elections|19 February 2022]] to elect 70 Councillors from 70 wards across five zones in [[Tambaram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.

The [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] consisting of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and [[Indian National Congress]] won 54 seats. [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] became the second largest party by winning 9 seats. Independents won the other 7 seats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tambaram Corporation Election Results 2022: Ward Wise Results, Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/tambaram-corporation-elections-5/ |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundaram |first=Ram |date=22 February 2022 |first2=Omjasvin |last2=M. D. |title=DMK dominates elections in newly formed Tambaram and Avadi corporations near Chennai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/dmk-dominates-elections-in-newly-formed-tambaram-and-avadi-corporations-near-chennai/articleshow/89748740.cms |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Event
!Date
|-
| Date for Nominations
| 28 January 2022
|-
| Last Date for filing Nominations
|4 February 2022
|-
| Date for scrutiny of nominations
| 5 February 2022
|-
| Last date for withdrawal of candidatures
| 7 February 2022
|-
| Date of poll
| '''19 February 2022'''
|-
| Date of counting
| '''22 February 2022'''
|}

== Voting ==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="11" |Previous Election (2011)
!Current Election (2022)
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;" |Change
|-
! colspan="11" |Merged local bodies
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;"|Tambaram City Municipal Corporation
|-
!{{vert header|Anakaputhur}}
!{{vert header|Chitlapakkam}}
!{{vert header|Madambakkam}}
!{{vert header|Pallavaram}}
!{{vert header|Pammal}}
!{{vert header|Peerkangaranai}}
!{{vert header|Perungaluthur}}
!{{vert header|Sembakkam}}
!{{vert header|Tambaram}}
!{{vert header|Tiruneermalai}}
! style="vertical-align:bottom;"| Total
|-
|Registered voters
|29,729
|26,701
|21,374
|142,767
|52,133
|17,805
|27,507
|30,957
|110,581
|22,458
|'''4,82,012'''
|'''7,77,938'''
|{{fluc|295926|neutral|custom label=+2,95,926}}
|-
|Votes cast
|22,359
|16,854
|14,430
|91,915
|34,934
|12,513
|18,295
|19,163
|75,138
|16,744
|'''3,22,345'''
|'''3,99,687'''
|{{fluc|77342|maximize|custom label=+77,342}}
|-
|Voter turnout
|75.21%
|63.12%
|67.51%
|64.38%
|67.01%
|70.28%
|66.51%
|61.90%
|67.95%
|74.56%
|'''66.87%'''
|'''51.38%'''
|{{fluc|-15.49|maximize|custom label=-15.49%}}
|-
|Abstentions
|7,370
|9,847
|6,944
|50,852
|17,199
|5,292
|9,212
|11,794
|35,443
|5,714
|'''1,59,667'''
|'''3,78,251'''
|{{fluc|21,8584|minimize|custom label=+21,8584}}
|-
! colspan="14" style="text-align:left;" |Source: Tamil Nadu State Election Commission<ref name=":1112">{{Citation |last=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission |title=Municipality: Kancheepuram District |date=2011 |url=https://tnsec.tn.nic.in/tnsec_upload/results/ulbe2022/corp_cpt.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029181117/https://tnsec.tn.nic.in/tnsec_upload/results/Result%202011/Result_municipality/Mun-Coun%20Kancheepuram.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2023 |author-link=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission}}</ref><ref name=":111">{{Citation |last=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission |title=Town Panchayat: Kancheepuram District |date=2011 |url=https://tnsec.tn.nic.in/tnsec_upload/results/ulbe2022/corp_cpt.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029170701/https://tnsec.tn.nic.in/tnsec_upload/results/Result%202011/Result_town_panchayat/TPWM%20Kancheepuram.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2023 |author-link=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission |title=Municipal City Corporations: Chengalpattu District |date=22 February 2022 |url=https://tnsec.tn.nic.in/tnsec_upload/results/ulbe2022/corp_cpt.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406132443/https://tnsec.tn.nic.in/tnsec_upload/results/ulbe2022/corp_cpt.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2023 |author-link=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission}}</ref>
|}

=== Turnout by ward ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Zone
!Ward
!Turnout
|-
!No
!No.
!%
|-
|1
|1
|61.27
|-
|1
|2
|53.06
|-
|1
|3
|55.84
|-
|1
|4
|61.29
|-
|1
|5
|48.77
|-
|1
|6
|47.61
|-
|1
|7
|43.16
|-
|1
|8
|50.46
|-
|2
|9
|51.21
|-
|1
|10
|53.63
|-
|1
|11
|54.09
|-
|1
|12
|55.74
|-
|2
|13
|53.92
|-
|2
|14
|47.37
|-
|2
|15
|54.91
|-
|2
|16
|52.75
|-
|2
|17
|53.57
|-
|2
|18
|42.38
|-style="background:#ffc7c7;"
|2
|19
|40.01
|-
|2
|20
|51.70
|-
|2
|21
|51.05
|-
|3
|22
|55.88
|-
|3
|23
|58.88
|-
|2
|24
|46.70
|-
|3
|25
|47.99
|-
|2
|26
|45.24
|-
|2
|27
|55.80
|-
|2
|28
|43.14
|-
|1
|29
|48.70
|-
|1
|30
|53.03
|-
|1
|31
|59.58
|-style="background:#bbffdd;"
|4
|32
|70.24
|-
|4
|33
|52.99
|-
|3
|34
|48.47
|-
|3
|35
|40.23
|-
|3
|36
|46.66
|-
|3
|37
|48.59
|-
|3
|38
|52.96
|-
|3
|39
|53.68
|-
|3
|40
|50.79
|-
|3
|41
|47.12
|-
|3
|42
|42.20
|-
|3
|43
|44.89
|-
|3
|44
|49.34
|-
|5
|45
|47.93
|-
|5
|46
|48.12
|-
|5
|47
|52.42
|-
|5
|48
|43.93
|-
|4
|49
|58.26
|-
|4
|50
|62.86
|-
|4
|51
|57.13
|-
|4
|52
|57.07
|-
|4
|53
|54.38
|-
|4
|54
|55.32
|-
|4
|55
|43.52
|-
|4
|56
|48.71
|-
|4
|57
|42.20
|-
|4
|58
|49.69
|-
|4
|59
|49.34
|-
|4
|60
|59.12
|-
|4
|61
|56.34
|-
|5
|62
|53.19
|-
|5
|63
|55.10
|-
|5
|64
|57.02
|-
|5
|65
|51.90
|-
|5
|66
|46.18
|-
|5
|67
|43.59
|-
|5
|68
|51.38
|-
|5
|69
|52.98
|-
|5
|70
|54.94
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" |Source: Tamil Nadu State Election Commission<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission |title=Municipal City Corporations: Chengalpattu District |date=22 February 2022 |url=https://tnsec.tn.nic.in/tnsec_upload/results/ulbe2022/corp_cpt.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406132443/https://tnsec.tn.nic.in/tnsec_upload/results/ulbe2022/corp_cpt.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2023 |author-link=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission}}</ref>
|}
== Results ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" |Alliance & Parties
! rowspan="2" |Ideology
! rowspan="2" |Leader(s)
!2022 result
|-
!Seats
|-
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
| rowspan="4" |[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[Social democracy|Social Democracy]]
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|{{Composition bar|50|70|{{Party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | 
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Social liberalism|Social Liberalism]]
|[[K. Selvaperunthagai]]
|{{Composition bar|2|70|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | 
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Communism]]
|[[P. Mahalingam]]
|{{Composition bar|1|70|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[Social democracy|Social Democracy]]
|[[Vaiko]]
|{{Composition bar|1|70|{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|-
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
| rowspan="1" |{{nowrap|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]}}
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[Social democracy|Social Democracy]]
|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|{{Composition bar|9|70|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|-
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| rowspan="1" |{{nowrap|[[Independent politician|Independent]]}}
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|N/A
|{{Composition bar|7|70|{{party color|Independent politician}}}}
|-
! colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" |Source: Tamil Nadu State Election Commission<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission |title=Municipal City Corporations: Chengalpattu District |date=22 February 2022 |url=https://tnsec.tn.nic.in/tnsec_upload/results/ulbe2022/corp_cpt.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406132443/https://tnsec.tn.nic.in/tnsec_upload/results/ulbe2022/corp_cpt.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2023 |author-link=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission}}</ref>
|}

=== By party ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Alliance
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="3" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Votes
! '''%'''
!+/-
!Contested
!Won
!+/-
|-
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|159497
|39.92
|N/A
|60
|50
|N/A
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|9013
|2.26
|N/A
| 5
|2
|N/A
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|3173
|0.79
|N/A
| 2
|1
|N/A
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|2772
|0.69
|N/A
|2
|1
|N/A
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}" |
|[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]
|915
|0.23
|N/A
| 1
|0
|N/A
|-
|bgcolor="darkgrey" | 
|
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|98479
|24.65
|N/A
|70
|9
|N/A
|-
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | 
|
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|23905
|5.98
|N/A
|61
|0
|N/A
|-
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | 
|
| bgcolor="{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]
|10465
|2.62
|N/A
|61
|0
|N/A
|-
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | 
|
| bgcolor="{{party color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}" |
|[[Naam Tamilar Katchi]]
|8084
|2.02
|N/A
|69
|0
|N/A
|-
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | 
|
| bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}" |
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|6510
|1.63
|N/A
|24
|0
|N/A
|-
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | 
|
| bgcolor="{{party color|Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam}}" |
|[[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam]]
|5395
|1.35
|N/A
|64
|0
|N/A
|-
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | 
|
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|4194
|1.05
|N/A
|8
|0
|N/A
|-
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | 
|
| bgcolor="{{party color|Makkal Needhi Maiam}}" |
|[[Makkal Needhi Maiam]]
|3902
|0.98
|N/A
|42
|0
|N/A
|-
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | 
|
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|402
|0.10
|N/A
|1
|0
|N/A
|-
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | 
|
| bgcolor="{{party color|Social Democratic Party of India}}" |
|[[Social Democratic Party of India]]
|128
|0.03
|N/A
|2
|0
|N/A
|-
|bgcolor="darkgrey" | 
|
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi}}" |
|[[Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi]]
|119
|0.03
|N/A
|2
|0
|N/A
|-
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | 
|
| bgcolor="#E9E9E9" | 
|Manithaneya Jananayaga Katchi
|97
|0.02
|N/A
|1
|0
|N/A
|-
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | 
|
| bgcolor="{{party color|Republican Party of India}}" |
|[[Republican Party of India|Republican Party of India (Sivaraj)]]
|71
|0.02
|N/A
|1
|0
|N/A
|-
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | 
|
| bgcolor="#E9E9E9" | 
|Desiya Makkal Sakthi Katchi
|21
|0.01
|N/A
|1
|0
|N/A
|-
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | 
|
| bgcolor="#E9E9E9" | 
|Udaya Chandra Desam Party
|21
|0.01
|N/A
|1
|0
|N/A
|-
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | 
|
| bgcolor="#E9E9E9" | 
|Tamizhaga Vazhvurimai Katchi
|16
|0.00
|N/A
|1
|0
|N/A
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|Independents
|62225
|15.57
|N/A
|204
|7
|N/A
|-
! colspan="4" |Total
!3,99,575
!100.00
!
!
!70
!
|-
! colspan="10" style="text-align:left;" |Source: Tamil Nadu State Election Commission<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission |title=Municipal City Corporations: Chengalpattu District |date=22 February 2022 |url=https://tnsec.tn.nic.in/tnsec_upload/results/ulbe2022/corp_cpt.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406132443/https://tnsec.tn.nic.in/tnsec_upload/results/ulbe2022/corp_cpt.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2023 |author-link=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission}}</ref>
|}

=== By ward ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Zone
!Ward
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner 
! colspan="2" |Margin
! colspan="4" |Second Place
! colspan="4" |Third Place
|-
!No
!No.
!%
!Councillor
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Votes
!%
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
|-
|1
|1
|61.27
|Kalaivani Prabu P
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|3395
|43.61
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |1693
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |21.75
|bgcolor="{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|1702
|21.86
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|781
|10.03
|-
|1
|2
|53.06
|Naresh Kanna R
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2664
|51.72
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |1256
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |24.39
|bgcolor="{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|1408
|27.33
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|759
|14.74
|-
|1
|3
|55.84
|Vanisri M V
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|4883
|66.96
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |3436
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |47.12
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1447
|19.84
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|340
|4.66
|-
|1
|4
|61.29
|Chitra T
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|3794
|55.27
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |1130
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |16.46
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|2664
|38.81
|bgcolor="{{party color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}" | 
|[[Naam Tamilar Katchi|NTK]]
|231
|3.36
|-
|1
|5
|48.77
|Jeganathan V
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|2028
|31.68
| style="background:#99d5b5;" |880
| style="background:#99d5b5;" |13.75
|bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" | 
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|1148
|17.93
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | 
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1137
|17.76
|-
|1
|6
|47.61
|Kalyani D
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2913
|45.93
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |1731
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |27.29
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1182
|18.64
|bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" | 
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|930
|14.66
|-
|1
|7
|43.16
|Inbasekar M
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2052
|40.87
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |1053
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |20.97
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|999
|19.9
|bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" | 
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|573
|11.41
|-
|1
|8
|50.46
|Ramya S
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2708
|55.23
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |1622
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |33.08
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1086
|22.15
|bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" | 
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|545
|11.12
|-
|2
|9
|51.21
|Latha S
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|4130
|73.3
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |2964
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |52.6
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1166
|20.7
|bgcolor="{{party color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}" | 
|[[Naam Tamilar Katchi|NTK]]
|153
|2.72
|-
|1
|10
|53.63
|Madhina Begum A
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|4456
|50.33
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |1321
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |14.92
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|3135
|35.41
|bgcolor="{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|345
|3.9
|-
|1
|11
|54.09
|Karunanithi VE
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|3219
|56.58
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |1254
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |22.04
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|1965
|34.54
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|341
|5.99
|-
|1
|12
|55.74
|Sathya M
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2782
|41.89
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |223
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |3.36
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|2559
|38.53
|bgcolor="{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|1043
|15.71
|-
|2
|13
|53.92
|Renukadevi P
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2330
|58.16
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |776
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |19.37
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1554
|38.79
|bgcolor="{{party color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}" | 
|[[Naam Tamilar Katchi|NTK]]
|72
|1.80
|-
|2
|14
|47.37
|Mangaiar Thilagam R
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2581
|51.81
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |983
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |19.73
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1598
|32.08
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | 
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|267
|5.36
|-
|2
|15
|54.91
|Rajendran T V
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|3908
|63.73
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |2321
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |37.85
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1587
|25.88
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | 
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|216
|3.52
|-
|2
|16
|52.75
|Nedunchezhiyan S
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|3120
|66.16
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |2643
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |56.05
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|477
|10.11
|bgcolor="{{party color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}" | 
|[[Naam Tamilar Katchi|NTK]]
|277
|5.87
|-
|2
|17
|53.57
|Joseph Annadurai I
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|3731
|47.46
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |1873
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |23.82
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|1858
|23.64
|bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" | 
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|621
|7.90
|-
|2
|18
|42.38
|Premalatha P
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1650
|42.45
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |771
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |19.84
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}" | 
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|879
|22.61
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|480
|12.35
|-
|2
|19
|40.01
|Brindha Devi E
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1875
|45.68
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |450
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |10.97
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1425
|34.71
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | 
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|646
|15.74
|-
|2
|20
|51.70
|Muthukumar C
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2593
|39.95
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |171
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |2.64
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|2422
|37.31
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|777
|11.97
|-
|2
|21
|51.05
|Kalaiselvi V
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|4169
|70.23
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |3265
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |55.00
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|904
|15.23
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | 
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|455
|7.67
|-
|3
|22
|55.88
|Krishnamurthy A
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|2652
|33.93
| style="background:#c8c8c8;" |78
| style="background:#c8c8c8;" |1.00
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|2574
|32.93
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | 
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1252
|16.02
|-
|3
|23
|58.88
|Kannan N
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|3846
|59.05
| style="background:#c8c8c8;" |2791
| style="background:#c8c8c8;" |42.85
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1055
|16.20
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|610
|9.37
|-
|2
|24
|46.70
|Geetha N
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2439
|41.15
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |1120
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |18.9
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}" | 
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|1319
|22.25
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|659
|11.12
|-
|3
|25
|47.99
|Senthilkumar R S
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | 
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1777
|33.50
| style="background:#a3ddf8;" |970
| style="background:#a3ddf8;" |18.29
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}" | 
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|807
|15.21
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|711
|13.40
|-
|2
|26
|45.24
|Bushirabanu N
| bgcolor="{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
|1958
|41.70
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |425
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |9.06
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1533
|32.64
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|574
|12.22
|-
|2
|27
|55.80
|Maheshwari K
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2038
|37.48
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |428
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |7.87
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|1610
|29.61
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|961
|17.68
|-
|2
|28
|43.14
|Vijayalakshmi G
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | 
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|1964
|35.93
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |129
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |2.36
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1835
|33.57
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|633
|11.58
|-
|1
|29
|48.70
|Shanmuga Sundari J
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|3040
|67.87
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |2264
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |50.54
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|776
|17.33
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | 
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|325
|7.26
|-
|1
|30
|53.03
|Kamaraj G
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|4582
|69.11
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |3693
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |55.70
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|889
|13.41
|bgcolor="{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|358
|5.40
|-
|1
|31
|59.58
|Chitradevi M
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|3908
|51.21
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |1258
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |16.48
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|2650
|34.73
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|535
|7.01
|-
|4
|32
|70.24
|[[K. Vasanthakumari|Vasanthakumari K]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2354
|57.27
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |791
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |19.24
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1563
|38.03
|bgcolor="{{party color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}" | 
|[[Naam Tamilar Katchi|NTK]]
|110
|2.68
|-
|4
|33
|52.99
|Suresh C
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|3269
|49.92
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |872
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |13.32
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|2397
|36.60
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | 
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|216
|3.30
|-
|3
|34
|48.47
|Subashini P
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|2787
|45.75
| style="background:#99d5b5;" |386
| style="background:#99d5b5;" |6.34
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2401
|39.41
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | 
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|542
|8.90
|-
|3
|35
|40.23
|Sangeetha V
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|1118
|32.00
| style="background:#c8c8c8;" |304
| style="background:#c8c8c8;" |8.70
|bgcolor="{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
|814
|23.30
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|707
|20.23
|-
|3
|36
|46.66
|Saraswathi C
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1484
|42.15
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |472
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |13.41
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1012
|28.74
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | 
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|570
|16.19
|-
|3
|37
|48.59
|Mahalakshmi K
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|3317
|61.79
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |2331
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |43.42
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|986
|18.37
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | 
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|634
|11.81
|-
|3
|38
|52.96
|Saranya C
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2200
|37.14
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |588
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |9.93
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}5" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|1612
|27.21
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1334
|22.52
|-
|3
|39
|53.68
|Girija C
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|1879
|38.38
| style="background:#c8c8c8;" |735
| style="background:#c8c8c8;" |15.01
|bgcolor="{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|1144
|23.37
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1023
|20.89
|-
|3
|40
|50.79
|Jayapradeep C
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|2470
|43.90
| style="background:#c8c8c8;" |526
| style="background:#c8c8c8;" |9.35
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1944
|34.55
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|533
|9.47
|-
|3
|41
|47.12
|Karpagam S
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1766
|30.88
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |281
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |4.91
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1485
|25.97
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|1001
|17.51
|-
|3
|42
|42.20
|Kalyani M
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1601
|36.16
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |489
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |11.04
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|1112
|25.12
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | 
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|451
|10.19
|-
|3
|43
|44.89
|Jagan C
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2146
|35.99
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |277
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |4.65
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1869
|31.34
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | 
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|828
|13.89
|-
|3
|44
|49.34
|Raja R
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2384
|40.89
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |775
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |13.29
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1609
|27.60
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|673
|11.54
|-
|5
|45
|47.93
|Dhamodharan R
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1955
|45.87
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |1148
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |26.94
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}" | 
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|807
|18.93
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|766
|17.97
|-
|5
|46
|48.12
|Ramani A
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1765
|40.18
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |485
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |11.04
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1280
|29.14
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|712
|16.21
|-
|5
|47
|52.42
|Ganesan S
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1511
|29.87
| style="background:#99d5b5;" |29
| style="background:#99d5b5;" |0.58
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1482
|29.29
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|796
|15.73
|-
|5
|48
|43.93
|Sasikala R
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2551
|53.40
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |1011
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |21.16
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1540
|32.24
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | 
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|521
|10.91
|-
|4
|49
|58.26
|Kamaraj D
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2759
|52.87
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |983
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |18.83
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1776
|34.04
|bgcolor="{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|233
|4.47
|-
|4
|50
|62.86
|Yacoob M
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|3737
|46.73
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |2341
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |29.27
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|1396
|17.46
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|1364
|17.06
|-
|4
|51
|57.13
|Lingeswari B
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|3399
|63.30
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |2360
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |43.95
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1039
|19.35
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|337
|6.28
|-
|4
|52
|57.07
|Periyanayagam L
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|1748
|33.30
| style="background:#c8c8c8;" |587
| style="background:#c8c8c8;" |11.18
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1161
|22.12
|bgcolor="{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}" | 
|[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|VCK]]
|915
|17.43
|-
|4
|53
|54.38
|Gopi T R
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2728
|50.65
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |1729
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |32.10
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|999
|18.55
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|949
|17.62
|-
|4
|54
|55.32
|Star Prabha
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1414
|38.90
| style="background:#99d5b5;" |411
| style="background:#99d5b5;" |11.31
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|1003
|27.59
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|939
|25.83
|-
|4
|55
|43.52
|Pugazhendhi P
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2354
|52.36
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |1399
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |31.12
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | 
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|955
|21.24
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|549
|12.21
|-
|4
|56
|48.71
|Sekar S
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2418
|36.73
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |648
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |9.85
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|1770
|26.88
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1516
|23.03
|-
|4
|57
|42.20
|Kamala S
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2583
|50.50
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |1220
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |23.85
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1363
|26.65
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | 
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|410
|8.02
|-
|4
|58
|49.69
|Madhumitha S
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2579
|43.67
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |1334
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |22.59
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|1245
|21.08
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|904
|15.31
|-
|4
|59
|49.34
|Rajeswari S
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|3115
|41.43
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |1668
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |22.18
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | 
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|1447
|19.25
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|1028
|13.67
|-
|4
|60
|59.12
|Geetha V
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|2878
|39.71
| style="background:#99d5b5;" |462
| style="background:#99d5b5;" |6.37
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2416
|33.34
|bgcolor="{{party color|Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazhagam|AMMK]]
|990
|13.66
|-
|4
|61
|56.34
|Hemavathi S
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|3436
|43.57
| style="background:#c8c8c8;" |938
| style="background:#c8c8c8;" |11.89
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|2498
|31.68
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | 
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|1209
|15.33
|-
|5
|62
|53.19
|Indiran S
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1855
|39.58
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |931
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |19.87
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|924
|19.71
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}" | 
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|909
|19.39
|-
|5
|63
|55.10
|Jothikumar P
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|3010
|51.00
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |538
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |9.12
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|2472
|41.88
|bgcolor="{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|123
|2.08
|-
|5
|64
|57.02
|Shakila Jancy Mary
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | 
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2520
|41.29
| style="background:#a3ddf8;" |286
| style="background:#a3ddf8;" |4.69
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|2234
|36.60
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|580
|9.50
|-
|5
|65
|51.90
|Sankar G
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|3134
|49.93
| style="background:#99d5b5;" |807
| style="background:#99d5b5;" |12.86
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | 
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2327
|37.07
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | 
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|263
|4.19
|-
|5
|66
|46.18
|Vani
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1758
|31.41
| style="background:#99d5b5;" |160
| style="background:#99d5b5;" |2.86
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|1598
|28.55
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1279
|22.85
|-
|5
|67
|43.59
|Natarajan A
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2148
|50.39
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |1215
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |28.50
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|933
|21.89
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | 
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|507
|11.89
|-
|5
|68
|51.38
|Ramadevi S
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|3150
|63.35
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |2090
| style="background:#ff9e9e;" |42.03
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1060
|21.32
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | 
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|424
|8.53
|-
|5
|69
|52.98
|Raj K
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|3001
|43.63
| style="background:#99d5b5;" |222
| style="background:#99d5b5;" |3.23
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2779
|40.40
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|603
|8.77
|-
|5
|70
|54.94
|Devendran M
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|3449
|51.54
| style="background:#99d5b5;" |857
| style="background:#99d5b5;" |12.81
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2592
|38.73
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | 
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|411
|6.14
|-
! colspan="18" style="text-align:left;"| Source: Tamil Nadu State Election Commission<ref name=":1" />
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Tambaram City Municipal Corporation|2022_Tambaram_City_municipal_corporation_election]]
[[Category:2022 elections in India]]
[[Category:Local elections in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Municipal corporation elections in India]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tambaram_City_municipal_corporation_election_2022}}

Jalamb Junction

2024-04-11T07:52:07Z

Delphia92Y: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Jalamb]]