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List of Twenty20 cricket competitions

2026-06-01T04:47:07Z

DelmarPrisco: put up new details!

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
{{Dynamic list|multiple=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}

[[Twenty20]] is one of the three [[forms of cricket]] recognised by the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) as being played at the highest level, both internationally and domestically.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2015 |title=T20 timeline: Revolution to uncertainty |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-timeline-revolution-to-uncertainty-820517 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> It was introduced by the [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] (ECB) in 2003, with the [[T20 Blast]], first ever tournament in history of T20 Cricket.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2016 |title=A T20 merry-go-round, and a jelly-bean investigation |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/blogs/content/story/980687.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> A typical Twenty20 game is completed in about three and a half hours, with each innings lasting around 90 minutes and an official 10-minute break between the innings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=icc |date=30 January 2024 |title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup: Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/t20-f-a-q |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Key ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Header
! scope="col" | Meaning
|-
! scope="row" | Competition
| Name of the competition, wikilinked to the article. Competitions are initially listed chronologically in the order of the inaugural edition.
|-
! scope="row" | Organizing body
| [[Sports governing body|Governing body]] which organized the competition.
|-
! scope="row" | First
| Year the inaugural edition of the competition took place, wikilinked to its article if exists.
|-
! scope="row" | Status
| Status of the competition, indicated by colors as well.
{{legend|#9EFF9E|Active competitions}}
{{legend|#FFC7C7|Defunct competitions}}
|-
! scope="row" | Latest
| Latest edition of the competition, wikilinked to its article if exists. Ongoing or future editions are indicated by a dagger ({{dagger}}) symbol next to it.
|-
! scope="row" | {{nobr|Current champions}}
| Current/defending champions of the competition; listed only for active competitions.
|-
! scope="row" | Notes
| Additional information about the competition.
|}

== Multi-national competitions ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ Multi-national Twenty20 competitions
! scope="col" | Competition
! scope="col" | First
! scope="col" | Status
! scope="col" | Latest
! scope="col" | Current champions
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref.}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[International 20:20 Club Championship]]
| 2005 || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || 2005 || {{N/A}} || Played by club teams from 4 countries. || <ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|dynamic=y |series |title=2005 International 20:20 Club Championship |id=international-20-20-club-championship-2005-218272 |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Indian Cricket League]]
| 2007 || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || 2009 || {{N/A}}
|Played by teams from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[Stanford Super Series]]
| 2008 || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || 2008 || {{N/A}} || || <ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|dynamic=y|series |title=2008 Stanford Super Series |id=stanford-super-series-2008-09-354384 |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Champions League Twenty20]]
| [[2009 Champions League Twenty20|2009]] || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || [[2014 Champions League Twenty20|2014]] || {{N/A}} || Discontinued due to lack of audience interest. || <ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|dynamic=y |trophy |title=Champions League Twenty20 records |id=champions-league-twenty20-120 |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2015 |title=Champions League T20 discontinued |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/champions-league-t20-discontinued-898873 |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[North Sea Pro Series]]
| 2014 || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || 2015 || {{N/A}} || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Africa T20 Cup]]
| [[2015 Africa T20 Cup|2015]] || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || [[2018 Africa T20 Cup|2018]] || {{N/A}} || Played by 20 teams from 6 African countries. || <ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|dynamic=y |trophy |title=Africa T20 Cup records |id=africa-t20-cup-713 |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Cricket All-Stars]]
| 2015 || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || 2015 || {{N/A}} || || <ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|dynamic=y |series |id=cricket-all-stars-series-2015-16-935697 |title=2015 Cricket All-Stars |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Global Super League]]
| [[2024 Global Super League|2024]] || {{Active}} || [[2025 Global Super League|2025]] || [[Guyana Amazon Warriors]] || || <ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|dynamic=y |trophy |title=Global Super League records |id=global-super-league-1073 |access-date=20 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |International Masters League
|2025 || {{Active}} || 2026{{dagger}} || India Masters || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[European T20 Premier League]]
| 2026{{dagger}} || {{Active}} || 2026{{dagger}} || || Expected to be inaugurated in 2026. ||
|}

== Franchise competitions ==
=== Men's ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ Men's franchise Twenty20 competitions
! scope="col" | Competition
! scope="col" | Organizing body
! scope="col" | First
! scope="col" | Status
! scope="col" | Latest
! scope="col" | Current champions
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref.}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Indian Premier League]]
| [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] || [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]] || {{Active}} || [[2026 Indian Premier League|2026]] || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Big Bash League]]
| [[Cricket Australia]] || [[2011–12 Big Bash League season|2011–12]] || {{Active}} || [[2025–26 Big Bash League season|2025–26]] || [[Perth Scorchers]] ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Bangladesh Premier League]]
| [[Bangladesh Cricket Board]] || [[2012 Bangladesh Premier League|2012]] || {{Active}} || [[2025–26 Bangladesh Premier League|2025–26]] || [[Rajshahi Warriors]] || Not played between [[2019–20 Bangladesh Premier League|2019–20]] and [[2022 Bangladesh Premier League|2022]] ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Caribbean Premier League]]
| [[Cricket West Indies]] || [[2013 Caribbean Premier League|2013]] || {{Active}} || [[2025 Caribbean Premier League|2025]] || [[Trinbago Knight Riders]] || || <ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|dynamic=y |trophy |title=Caribbean Premier League records |id=caribbean-premier-league-748 |access-date=20 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Pakistan Super League]]
| [[Pakistan Cricket Board]] || [[2016 Pakistan Super League|2016]] || {{Active}} || [[2025 Pakistan Super League|2025]]|| [[Peshawar Zalmi]]|| ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Global T20 Canada]]
| [[Cricket Canada]] || [[2018 Global T20 Canada|2018]] || {{Active}} || [[2024 Global T20 Canada|2024]] || Toronto Nationals || Not played between [[2019 Global T20 Canada|2019]] and [[2023 Global T20 Canada|2023]] || <ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|dynamic=y |trophy |title=Global T20 Canada records |id=global-t20-canada-744 |access-date=20 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Afghanistan Premier League]]
| [[Afghanistan Cricket Board]] || [[2018 Afghanistan Premier League|2018]] || {{Active}} || [[2026 Afghanistan Premier League|2026]]{{dagger}} || {{N/A}} || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/sports/847323/acb-confirms-return-of-afghanistan-premier-league-from-2026 |title=ACB confirms return of Afghanistan Premier League from 2026 |work=[[Daily Sun (Bangladesh)|Daily Sun]] |date=21 December 2025 |access-date=1 June 2026}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Mzansi Super League]]
| [[Cricket South Africa]] || [[2018 Mzansi Super League|2018]] || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || [[2019 Mzansi Super League|2019]] || {{N/A}} || 2 editions only. || <ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|dynamic=y |trophy |title=Mzansi Super League records |id=mzansi-super-league-766 |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Lanka Premier League]]
| [[Sri Lanka Cricket]] || [[2020 Lanka Premier League|2020]] || {{Active}} || [[2024 Lanka Premier League|2024]] || [[Jaffna Kings]] || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Minor League Cricket]]
| [[USA Cricket]] || [[2021 Minor League Cricket season|2021]] || {{Active}} || 2025 || [[Atlanta Fire]] || || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Minor League Cricket |url=https://cricclubs.com/MiLC |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=Cricclubs |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Top End T20 Series]]
| [[Cricket Australia]] || 2022 || {{Active}} || 2025 || [[Perth Scorchers]] || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[International League T20]]
| [[Emirates Cricket Board]] || [[2023 International League T20|2023]] || {{Active}} || [[2025–26 International League T20|2025–26]] || [[Desert Vipers]] || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Major League Cricket]]
| [[USA Cricket]] || [[2023 Major League Cricket season|2023]] || {{Active}} || [[2025 Major League Cricket season|2025]]|| [[MI New York]] || || <ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|dynamic=y |trophy |title=Major League Cricket records |id=major-league-cricket-985 |access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[SA20]]
| [[Cricket South Africa]] || [[2023 SA20|2023]] || {{Active}} || [[2026 SA20|2026]] || [[Sunrisers Eastern Cape]] || || <ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|dynamic=y |trophy |title=SA20 records |id=sa20-987 |access-date=26 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Nepal Premier League]]
| [[Cricket Association of Nepal]] || [[2024 Nepal Premier League|2024]] || {{Active}} || [[2025 Nepal Premier League|2025]] || [[Lumbini Lions]] || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[EUT20 Belgium]]
| [[Belgian Cricket Federation]] || [[2026 EUT20 Belgium|2026]]{{dagger}} || {{Active}} || [[2026 EUT20 Belgium|2026]]{{dagger}} || || Expected to start in 2026. || <ref>{{cite web |title=EUT20 Belgium: All You Need To Know About The New European T20 Tournament |url=https://www.wisden.com/cricket-news/eut20-belgium-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-european-t20-tournament |website=Wisden |date=13 January 2026 |access-date=27 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[European T20 Premier League]]
| [[Cricket Scotland]] [[Cricket Ireland]] [[Royal Dutch Cricket Association]] || [[2026 European T20 Premier League|2026]]{{dagger}} || {{Active}} || [[2026 European T20 Premier League|2026]]{{dagger}} || || Expected to be inaugurated in 2026. ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Dunes League T20]]
| [[Saudi Arabian Cricket Federation]] || 2026{{dagger}} || {{Active}} || 2026{{dagger}} || || Expected to start in 2026. || <ref>{{cite web |title=Saudi Arabia set to launch Dunes League T20 in October|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/saudi-arabia-set-to-launch-dunes-league-t20-in-october-1536753 |website=ESPNcricinfo |date=14 May 2026 |access-date=14 May 2026}}</ref>
|}

=== Women's ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ Women's franchise Twenty20 competitions
! scope="col" | Competition
! scope="col" | Organizing body
! scope="col" | First
! scope="col" | Status
! scope="col" | Latest
! scope="col" | Current champions
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref.}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Women's Big Bash League]]
| [[Cricket Australia]] || [[2015–16 Women's Big Bash League season|2015–16]] || {{Active}} || [[2025–26 Women's Big Bash League season|2025]]{{dagger}} || [[Melbourne Renegades (WBBL)|Melbourne Renegades]] || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Women's Caribbean Premier League]]
| [[Cricket West Indies]] || [[2022 Women's Caribbean Premier League|2022]] || {{Active}} || [[2025 Women's Caribbean Premier League|2025]] || [[Barbados Royals (WCPL)|Barbados Royals]] || || <ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|dynamic=y |trophy |title=Women's Caribbean Premier League records |id=women-s-caribbean-premier-league-944 |access-date=20 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]]
| [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] || [[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2023]] || {{Active}} || [[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026]] || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[T20 Spring Challenge]]
| [[Cricket Australia]] || [[2024 T20 Spring Challenge|2024]] || {{Active}} || 2025 || [[Hobart Hurricanes (WBBL)|Hobart Hurricanes]] || ||
|}

== National-level competitions ==
=== Africa ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ National Twenty20 competitions in Africa region
! scope="col" | Competition
! scope="col" | Organizing body
! scope="col" | First
! scope="col" | Status
! scope="col" | Latest
! scope="col" | Current champions
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref.}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[CSA T20 Challenge]]
| [[Cricket South Africa]] || 2004 || {{Active}} || [[2024–25 CSA T20 Challenge|2024–25]] || [[Imperial Lions]] || || <ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|dynamic=y |trophy |title=CSA Provincial T20 Challenge records |id=csa-provincial-t20-challenge-297 |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Zimbabwe Domestic Twenty20 Competition]]
| [[Zimbabwe Cricket]] || 2007 || {{Active}} || [[2024 Zimbabwe Domestic Twenty20 Competition|2024]] || [[Durham County Cricket Club|Durham County]] || Not played between [[2011 Stanbic Bank 20 Series|2011]] and [[2019 Stanbic Bank 20 Series|2019]]. || <ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|dynamic=y |trophy |title=Zimbabwe Domestic Twenty20 Competition records |id=domestic-twenty20-competition-325 |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[CSA Provincial T20 Cup]]
| [[Cricket South Africa]] || [[2019 CSA Provincial T20 Cup|2019]] || {{Active}} || [[2024 CSA Provincial T20 Cup (October)|2024 Oct.]] || [[KwaZulu-Natal Inland (cricket team)|KwaZulu-Natal Inland]] || || <ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|dynamic=y |trophy |title=CSA Provincial T20 Cup records |id=csa-provincial-t20-cup-819 |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== Americas ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ National Twenty20 competitions in Americas region
! scope="col" | Competition
! scope="col" | Organizing body
! scope="col" | First
! scope="col" | Status
! scope="col" | Latest
! scope="col" | Current champions
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref.}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Stanford 20/20]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Cricket West Indies]] || 2006 || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || 2008 || {{N/A}} || 2 editions only. || <ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|dynamic=y |tournament |title=2006 Stanford 20/20 records |id=stanford-20-20-2006-2669 |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Caribbean Twenty20]]
| [[2010 Caribbean Twenty20|2010]] || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || [[2012–13 Caribbean Twenty20|2013]] || {{N/A}} || 4 editions only. || <ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|dynamic=y |trophy |title=Caribbean Twenty20 records |id=caribbean-t20-118 |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Women's Twenty20 Blaze]]
| [[2012 Regional Women's Twenty20 Championship|2012]] || {{Active}} || [[2024 Twenty20 Blaze|2024]] || [[Barbados national cricket team|Barbados]] || Not played between [[2019 Twenty20 Blaze|2019]] and [[2022 Twenty20 Blaze|2022]]. || <ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|dynamic=y |trophy |title=Women's Twenty20 Blaze records |id=women-s-t20-blaze-999 |access-date=20 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[West Indies Breakout League]]
| [[2025 West Indies Breakout League|2025]]{{dagger}} || {{Active}} || [[2025 West Indies Breakout League|2025]]{{dagger}} || || To be inaugurated in 2025. || <ref>{{Cite web |title=WEST INDIES BREAKOUT LEAGUE TO LAUNCH IN 2025 |url=https://www.windiescricket.com/news/West-Indies-Breakout-League-to-launch-in-2025/ |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=[[Windies]]}}</ref>
|}

=== Asia ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ National Twenty20 competitions in Asia region
! scope="col" | Competition
! scope="col" | Organizing body
! scope="col" | First
! scope="col" | Status
! scope="col" | Latest
! scope="col" | Current champions
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref.}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[SLC Twenty20 Tournament]]
| [[Sri Lanka Cricket]] || [[2004 SLC Twenty20 Tournament|2004]] || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || [[2020–21 SLC Twenty20 Tournament|2021]] || {{N/A}} || Not played between 2007 and 2014. ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Major Clubs T20 Tournament]]
| [[Sri Lanka Cricket]] || 2022 || {{Active}} || [[2026 Major Clubs T20 Tournament|2026]] || [[Colombo Cricket Club]] || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[National T20 Cup]]
| [[Pakistan Cricket Board]] || [[2004–05 National Twenty20 Cup|2005]] || {{Active}} || [[2023–24 National T20 Cup|2024]] || [[Karachi Whites]] || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] || [[2006–07 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2006-07]] || {{Active}} || [[2024–25 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2024-25]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[SLC Super Provincial Twenty20]]
| [[Sri Lanka Cricket]] || [[2007–08 SLC Super Provincial Twenty20|2008]] || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || [[2016 Super Twenty20 Provincial Tournament|2016]] || {{N/A}} || 7 editions only. ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Senior Women's T20 Trophy]]
| [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] || 2008 || {{Active}} || 2024 || [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy]]
| [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] || [[2009–10 Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy|2010]] || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || [[2022–23 Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy|2022]] || {{N/A}} || 4 editions only. ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Super 8 Twenty20 Cup]]
| [[Pakistan Cricket Board]] || [[2011 Super 8 Twenty20 Cup|2011]] || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || [[2015 Super 8 Twenty20 Cup|2015]] || {{N/A}} || 4 editions only. ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Sri Lanka Premier League]]
| [[Sri Lanka Cricket]] || [[2011 Sri Lanka Premier League|2011]] || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || [[2012 Sri Lanka Premier League|2012]] || {{N/A}} || 2 editions only. ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Prime Minister Cup Women's National Cricket Tournament|Women's Prime Minister Cup]]
| [[Cricket Association of Nepal]] || 2015 || {{Active}} || [[2024–25 Prime Minister Cup (Women)|2025]] || [[APF cricket team|APF Club]] || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Shpageeza Cricket League]]
| [[Afghanistan Cricket Board]] || 2016 || {{Active}} || [[2024 Shpageeza Cricket League|2024]] || [[Amo Sharks]] || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Hong Kong T20 Blitz]]
| [[Cricket Hong Kong, China]] || 2016 || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || 2018 || {{N/A}} || 3 editions only. ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Prime Minister Cup Men's National Cricket Tournament|Men's Prime Minister Cup]]
| [[Cricket Association of Nepal]] || [[2017 Prime Minister Cup|2017]] || {{Active}} || [[2026 Prime Minister Cup|2026]] || [[Tribhuwan Army Club cricket team|Tribhuwan Army]] || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://kathmandupost.com/sports/2026/04/18/army-win-men-s-pm-cup-after-five-years |title=Army win Men’s PM Cup after five years |work=[[The Kathmandu Post]] |date=18 April 2026 |access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[PCB Women's Twenty20 Tournament]]
| [[Pakistan Cricket Board]] || 2020 || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || 2022 || {{N/A}} || 3 editions only. ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Nepal T20 League]]
| [[Cricket Association of Nepal]] || [[2022 Nepal T20 League|2022]] || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || [[2022 Nepal T20 League|2022]] || {{N/A}} || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[National T20 Championship]]
| [[Cricket Association of Nepal]] || [[2023 KP Oli Cup (cricket)|2023]] || {{Active}} || 2024 || [[Lumbini Province cricket team|Lumbini Province]] || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Lalitpur Mayor Women's Cup]]
| [[Cricket Association of Nepal]] || 2021 || {{Active}} || [[2024 Lalitpur Mayor Women's Cup|2024]] || [[Nepal A.P.F. Club]] || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Qosh Tepa National T20 Cup]]
| [[Afghanistan Cricket Board]] || [[2024 Qosh Tepa National T20 Cup|2024]] || {{Active}} || 2025{{dagger}} || [[Band-e-Amir Region]] || ||
|}

=== East Asia-Pacific ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ National Twenty20 competitions in EAP region
! scope="col" | Competition
! scope="col" | Organizing body
! scope="col" | First
! scope="col" | Status
! scope="col" | Latest
! scope="col" | Current champions
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref.}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[KFC Twenty20 Big Bash]]
| [[Cricket Australia]] || [[2005–06 KFC Twenty20 Big Bash|2006]] || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || [[2010–11 KFC Twenty20 Big Bash|2010–11]] || {{N/A}} || 6 editions only. ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Super Smash (men's cricket)|Men's Super Smash]]
| [[New Zealand Cricket]] || 2006 || {{Active}} || [[2024–25 Super Smash (men's cricket)|2024–25]] || [[Central Districts cricket team|Central Stags]] || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Super Smash (women's cricket)|Women's Super Smash]]
| [[New Zealand Cricket]] || [[2007–08 State League Twenty20|2007–08]] || {{Active}} || [[2024–25 Super Smash (women's cricket)|2024–25]] || [[Wellington Blaze]] || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Australian Women's Twenty20 Cup]]
| [[Cricket Australia]] || [[2009–10 Australian Women's Twenty20 Cup|2009–10]] || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || [[2014–15 Australian Women's Twenty20 Cup|2014–15]] || {{N/A}} || 6 editions only. ||
|}

=== Europe ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ National Twenty20 competitions in Europe region
! scope="col" | Competition
! scope="col" | Organizing body
! scope="col" | First
! scope="col" | Status
! scope="col" | Latest
! scope="col" | Current champions
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref.}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[T20 Blast]]
| [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] || [[2003 Twenty20 Cup|2003]] || {{Active}} || [[2025 T20 Blast|2025]] || [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]] || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Dutch Twenty20 Cup]]
| [[Royal Dutch Cricket Association]] || 2007 || {{Active}} || || || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Murgitroyd Twenty20]]
| [[Cricket Scotland]] || 2008 || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || 2019 || {{N/A}} || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Women's Twenty20 Cup]]
| [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] || 2009 || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || 2024 || {{N/A}} || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Inter-Provincial Trophy]]
| [[Cricket Ireland]] || 2013 || {{Active}} || [[2025 Inter-Provincial Trophy|2025]] || [[Leinster Lightning]] || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Women's Super Series]]
| [[Cricket Ireland]] || 2015 || {{Active}} || || || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Women's Cricket Super League]]
| [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] || 2016 || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || 2019 || {{N/A}} || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Regional Pro Series]]
| [[Cricket Scotland]] || 2016 || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || 2016 || {{N/A}} || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Charlotte Edwards Cup]]
| [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] || 2021 || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || 2024 || {{N/A}} || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Women's T20 County Cup]]
| [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] || [[2025 Women's T20 County Cup|2025]] || {{Active}} || [[2025 Women's T20 County Cup|2025]] || [[Lancashire Women cricket team|Lancashire]] || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Women's T20 Blast]]
| [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] || [[2025 Women's T20 Blast|2025]] || {{Active}} || [[2025 Women's T20 Blast|2025]] || [[Surrey Women cricket team|Surrey]] || ||
|}

== Domestic regional competitions ==
=== Bangladesh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ Domestic regional Twenty20 competitions in Bangladesh
! scope="col" | Competition
! scope="col" | First
! scope="col" | Status
! scope="col" | Latest
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref.}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Dhaka Premier Division Twenty20 Cricket League]]
| [[2018–19 Dhaka Premier Division Twenty20 Cricket League|2018–19]] || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || [[2021 Dhaka Premier Division Twenty20 Cricket League|2021]] ||
|}

=== India ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ Domestic regional Twenty20 competitions in India
! scope="col" | Competition
! scope="col" | First
! scope="col" | Status
! scope="col" | Latest
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref.}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Karnataka Premier League]]
| 2009–10 || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || 2019 ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Kashmir Premier League (India)|Kashmir Premier League]]
| 2011 || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || 2021 ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Tamil Nadu Premier League]]
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2016]] || {{Active}} || [[2024 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2024]] ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Kerala Cricket League]]
| 2024 || {{Active}} || 2025 || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/kerala-cricket-league-returns-with-bigger-ambitions/article69956228.ece/ | title=Kerala Cricket League returns with bigger ambition |access-date=20 August 2025 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Andhra Premier League]]
| 2022 || {{Active}} || 2024 ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Maharaja Trophy KSCA T20]]
| 2022 || {{Active}} || 2024
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[Rajasthan Premier League]]
| 2023 || {{Active}} || 2024
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[Bengal Pro T20 League]]
| 2024 || {{Active}} || 2024 ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Delhi Premier League T20]]
| 2024 || {{Active}} || 2024 ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Indian Heaven Premier League]]
| 2025 || {{Active}} || 2025 ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Odisha Pro T20 League ]]
| 2025 || {{Active}} || 2025 ||
|}

=== Pakistan ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ Domestic regional Twenty20 competitions in Pakistan
! scope="col" | Competition
! scope="col" | First
! scope="col" | Status
! scope="col" | Latest
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref.}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Kashmir Premier League (Pakistan)|Kashmir Premier League]]
| [[2021 Kashmir Premier League (Pakistan)|2021]] || {{Site inactive|Defunct}} || [[2022 Kashmir Premier League (Pakistan)|2022]] ||
|-
! scope="row" | Influencers Cricket League
| 2026
| {{Active}}
| 2026
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://influencerscricketleague.org/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=ICL 2026 {{!}} Influencers Cricket League |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-11 |title=Team Rajab Butt claims victory in 2026 Influencer Cricket League final - The Tribune International |url=https://thetribuneinternational.com/team-rajab-butt-claims-victory-in-the-2026-influencer-cricket-league-final/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Twenty20 leagues|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Twenty20 cricket lists|Domestic]]

Robert Miranda (bishop)

2026-05-07T15:19:27Z

DelmarPrisco: Made A Stub - done

{{Short description|Roman Catholic bishop (born 1952)}}
{{for|the American actor|Robert Miranda (actor)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific-prefix = {{pre-nominal styles|MRevd}}
| name = Robert Miranda
| honorific-suffix =
| title = Bishop of Gulbarga
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| church = Roman Catholic Church
| archdiocese = Bangalore
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese = Gulbarga
| see =
| appointed = 24 June 2005
| term = 
| predecessor =
| successor =
| other_post =

| ordination = 4 May 1978
| ordained_by =
| consecration = 18 August 2005
| consecrated_by =
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank =

| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1952|04|10}} 
| birth_place = 
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| buried = 
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = Indian
| religion = Roman Catholic
| residence =
| education =
| alma_mater =
}}

The Most Rev. '''Robert Miranda''' (born 10 April 1952) is the first [[bishop]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Gulbarga]].<ref name=ICO>{{cite web|title=Diocese of Gulbarga : Bishop : Most Reverend Robert Michael Miranda|url=http://indiancatholiconline.com/Diocese/Details/56#verticalTab2|publisher=The Catholic Directory of India 2010|accessdate=1 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="TH">{{cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh News : Briefly : New diocese created|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/06/26/stories/2005062609020400.htm|accessdate=4 March 2016|date=26 June 2005|website=[[The Hindu]]|quote=Rev. Fr. Robert Miranda of the Diocese of Mangalore has been appointed the first Bishop of the newly created Catholic Diocese of Gulburga.}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He was born in [[Mangalore]] in 1952 and was educated at local Catholic schools and [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St. Aloysius College]], Mangalore<ref name="AFNA">{{cite press release|title=Erezione della diocesi di Gulbarga e nomina del primo Vescovo|url=http://www.fides.org/it/news/6807-ASIA_INDIA_Erezione_della_diocesi_di_Gulbarga_e_nomina_del_primo_Vescovo#.VtkIhpyLTDc|website=Agenzia Fides News Agency|accessdate=4 March 2016|language=it|date=24 June 2005}}</ref> He was ordained as a priest on 4 May 1978 and as a bishop on 18 August 2005.<ref name=ICO/><ref name="AFNA"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Catholicism|India}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Robert Michael Miranda}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Miranda, Robert}}
[[Category:People from Kalaburagi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]
[[Category:1952 births]]

{{India-RC-bishop-stub}}

Vidya Balakrishnan

2026-05-06T12:38:43Z

DelmarPrisco: Done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''Vidya Balakrishnan''' (born 1974) is an Indian politician from Kerala. She is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from Elathur Assembly constituency in [[Kozhikode district]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=4 May 2026 |title=Elathur election result LIVE: Adv Vidya Balakrishnan of INC wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/elathur-kerala-assembly-2026-winner-live-updates-highlights-exaxt-en-liveblog-10071535.html |access-date=5 May 2026 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Kerala elections 2026: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala-assembly/kerala-election-2026-live-constituency-wise-full-list-of-winners-mla-dharmadam-paravur-nemom-thrissur-palakkad/article70908187.ece |access-date=2026-05-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She is one of the 11 elected woman MLAs in 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-05 |title=Kerala assembly election results: New faces, key upsets mark women's performance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-assembly-election-results-new-faces-key-upsets-mark-womens-performance/articleshow/130814695.cms |access-date=2026-05-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Vidya is from [[Kozhikode]], Kerala, graduated Law from [[Government Law College, Kozhikode]].<ref name=":0" /> She is a lawyer and a two time councillor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala election results 2026: Meet 11 women MLAs of 16th Kerala Assembly and key losers |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2026/05/04/kerala-assembly-election-results-2026-10-women-mlas-and-losers.html |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=@onmanorama |language=en}}</ref>

Vidya became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly electio]]<nowiki/>n from [[Elathur Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]]. She polled 77,662 votes and defeated her nearest rival, [[A. K. Saseendran]] of the [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]], by a margin of 12,162 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Elathur Election Result 2026 Highlights: INC's Vidya Balakrishnan with 77662 defeats NCP (SP)'s A.K. Saseendran |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/elathur-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-kerala-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-kaelb-2905291-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Elathur assembly results: Congress’s Vidya Balakrishnan wins Elathur seat, defeats NCP (SP)’s A K Saseendran by 12,162 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/elathur/articleshow/130635939.cms |access-date=2026-05-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Kerala Assembly Elections 2026: UDF sweeps Kozhikode with 12 seats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-assembly-elections-2026-udf-sweeps-kozhikode-with-12-seats/article70939892.ece |access-date=2026-05-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balakrishnan, Vidya}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women members of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:People from Kozhikode]]

Asampurna Melakarta

2026-05-04T15:55:22Z

DelmarPrisco: New a info

{{Short description|Musical system in Carnatic music}}
{{For|currently formally accepted Melakarta system|Melakarta}}
{{Carnatic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

The '''Asampurna Melakarta''' (transliterated as '''Asaṃpūrṇa Mēḷakarta''') scheme is the system of 72 [[raga]]s (musical scales) originally proposed in the 17th century by [[Venkatamakhin]] in his Chaturdanda Prakasikha.<ref name="dikshitar">Shree Muthuswami Dikshitar Keerthanaigal, by A Sundaram Iyer, Music Book Publishers, Chennai</ref> This proposal used scales with notes that do not conform to the [[sampurna raga]] system. Skipped notes or repeated notes, etc., were used in some of the ragas.<ref name="dikshitar" /> Some of the ragas of any ''Melakarta'' system will use ''[[Vivadi]]'' swaras (discordant notes). The original system is supposed to avoid such ill-effects and was followed by the [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] school. The naming of the original system followed [[Katapayadi system]].<ref name="dikshitar" /> Muthuswami Dikshitar's compositions use the name of these ragas in the lyrics of the songs and is still referred to by those names even in radio / TV announcements of these songs.

Later Govindacharya came up with a more mathematical and regular system of 72 ragas, which is currently considered fundamental [[raga]]s (musical scales) in [[Carnatic music]] (South Indian classical music). These ''melakarta'' ragas were ''[[sampurna raga]]s''. Some of the names of the ragas had to be modified to fit into the Katapayadi system.

== Rules for ''Melakarta'' ==
In the Asampurna Melakarta system, there is no set rule for the ragas in contrast to the currently used system of ''Melakarta'' ragas.<ref name="dikshitar"/><ref name="ragas"/> Some ragas though are the same in both systems (like 15 - ''Mayamalavagowla'' and 29 - ''Dheerasankarabharanam''), and in some cases the scales are same, while names are different (like 8 - Janatodi and Hanumatodi, 56 - Chamaram and Shanmukhapriya).<ref name="dikshitar" /><ref name="ragas" /><ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref>

== History ==
The ''mela'' system of ragas was first propounded by Raamamaatya in his work [[Svaramelakalanidhi]] c. 1550. He is considered the father of ''mela'' system of ragas. Later [[Venkatamakhin]] expounded in the 17th century in his work ''Caturdandi Prakaasikaa'' a new ''mela'' system known today as ''melakarta''.<ref name="dikshitar"/> He had made some bold and controversial claims and defined somewhat arbitrarily 6 ''swaras'' from the known 12 semitones, at that time, to arrive at 72 ''melakarta'' ragas. The controversial parts relate to double counting of R2 (and similar ''swaras'') and his exclusive selection of ''madyamas'' for which there is no specific reasoning (also known as ''asampurna melas'' as opposed to ''[[sampurna raga]]s''). However, today the 72 ''melakarta'' ragas use a standardized pattern, unlike Venkatamakhin's pattern, and have gained significant following. Govindhacharya is credited with standardization of rules and giving a different name for such standard ragas, which have different structure but same swaras as that proposed by Venkatamakhin.<ref name="dikshitar" /> The scales in this page are those proposed by Govindhacharya.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

== ''Chakras'' ==
The 72 ''melakarta'' ragas are split into 12 groups called ''chakras'', each containing 6 ragas. The ragas within the chakra differ only in the ''dhaivatham'' and ''nishadham'' notes (D and N), as [[#Table of Melakarta ragas|illustrated below]]. The name of each of the 12 ''chakras'' suggest their ordinal number as well.<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref><ref name="sim">''South Indian Music'' Book III, by Prof. P Sambamoorthy, Published 1973, The Indian Music Publishing House</ref>

* ''[[Chandra|Indu]]'' stands for the moon, of which we have only one - hence it is the first ''chakra''.
* ''Netra'' means eyes, of which we have two - hence it is the second.
* ''[[Agni]]'' is the third ''chakra'' as it denotes the three ''agnis'' or the holy [[fires]] (''laukikaagni'' - earthly fire, ''daavaagni'' - lightning, and ''divyaagni'' - the Sun).
* ''Veda'' denoting four ''[[Vedas]]'' or scriptures namely [[Rigveda]], [[Samaveda]], [[Yajurveda]], [[Atharvaveda]] is the name of the fourth ''chakra''.
* ''Bana'' comes fifth as it stands for the five banas of ''[[Kamadeva|Manmatha]]''.
* ''[[Ritu (Indian season)|Rutu]]'' is the sixth ''chakra'' standing for the 6 seasons of Hindu calendar.
* ''[[Rishi]]'', meaning sage, is the seventh ''chakra'' representing the [[Saptarshi|seven sages]].
* ''[[Vasu]]'' stands for the eight ''vasus'' of Hinduism.
* ''[[Brahma]]'' comes next of which there are 9.
* The 10 directions, including ''akash'' (sky) and ''patal'' (nether region), is represented by the tenth ''chakra'', ''Disi''.
* Eleventh ''chakra'' is ''[[Rudra]]'' of which represents the eleven names of Lord [[Shiva]].
* Twelfth comes ''Aditya'' of which stands for the twelve names of Lord [[Surya]] or the [[Sun]] God.

== ''Melakarta'' table ==

The 72 ''melakarta'' ragas<ref name="dikshitar" /><ref name="carnaticindia">[http://www.carnaticindia.com/images/downloads/Rasi_Pocket_new.pdf Pocket book of Melakarta ragas]</ref> can be divided into two parts: suddha Madhyamam and prati Madhyamam ragas. See [[Katapayadi sankhya]] for more information on how to derive the various ''swaras'' of a raga from its ''melakarta'' number. See [[swara#Svaras in Carnatic music|swaras in Carnatic music]] for explanation of the notations like R1, G2, N2, etc.

{|class="wikitable" width="90%"
!colspan=5 align="center"|''''Shuddha Madhyamam ragas''''
|-
!No.!!Raga!![[Arohana]]!![[Avarohana]]!![[Sampurna raga]] equivalent
|-
!colspan=5 align="center"|1. ''Indu Chakra''
|-
|1||''[[Kanakambari]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D1|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G1|R1|S}} ||''[[Kanakangi]]''
|-
|2||''[[Phenadyuti]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D1|P|N2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G1|R1|S}} ||''[[Ratnangi]]''
|-
|3||''[[Ganasamavarali]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D1|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G1|R1|S}} ||''[[Ganamurti]]''
|-
|4||''[[Bhanumati (Raga)|Bhanumati]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D2|N2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G1|R1|S}} ||''[[Vanaspati (Raga)|Vanaspati]]''
|-
|5||''[[Manoranjani]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D2|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G1|R1|S}} ||''[[Manavati]]''
|-
|6||''[[Tanukeerti]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|N3|P|M1|G1|R1|S}}||''[[Tanarupi]]''
|-
!colspan=5 align="center"|2. ''Netra Chakra''
|-
|7||''[[Senagrani]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G2|R1|M1|G2|M1|P|N1|D1|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G2|M1|G2|R1|S}} ||''[[Senavati]]''
|-
|8||''[[Janatodi]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D1|N2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|P|G2|R1|S}} ||''[[Hanumatodi]]''
|-
|9||''[[Dhunibhinnashadjam]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D1|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G2|R1|S}} ||''[[Dhenuka (raga)|Dhenuka]]''
|-
|10||''[[Natabharanam]]''
|{{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|N2|D2|N2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|N2|P|M1|G2|G2|R1|R1|S}} ||''[[Natakapriya]]''
|-
|11||''[[Kokilaravam]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|M1|M1|P|M1|P|D2|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|D2|P|M1|G2|R1|S}} ||''[[Kokilapriya]]''
|-
|12||''[[Rupavati]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|S'|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|N3|P|M1|G2|S}} ||''[[Rupavati]]''
|-
!colspan=5 align="center"|3. ''Agni Chakra''
|-
|13||''[[Geyahejjujji]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|M1|G3|M1|P|D1|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S}} ||''[[Gayakapriya]]''
|-
|14||''[[Vativasantabhairavi]]''<ref name="dikshitar"/> (''[[Dhativasantabhairavi]]''<ref name="ragas"/><ref name="raganidhi"/>)
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D1|N2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|G3|M1|P|M1|G3|R1|S}} ||''[[Vakulabharanam]]''
|-
|15||''[[Mayamalavagowla]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D1|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S}} ||''[[Mayamalavagowla]]''
|-
|16||''[[Toyavegavahini]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R1|S}} ||''[[Chakravakam (raga)|Chakravakam]]''
|-
|17||''[[Chayavati]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|D2|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R1|S}} ||''[[Suryakantam]]''
|-
|18||''[[Jayashuddhamalavi]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|N3|P|M1|G3|R1|S}} ||''[[Hatakambari]]''
|-
!colspan=5 align="center"|4. ''Veda Chakra''
|-
|19||''[[Jhankarabhramari]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|N1|D1|P|D1|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|G2|R2|S}} ||''[[Jhankaradhwani]]''
|-
|20||''[[Nariritigaula]]''
|{{svaraC|S|G2|R2|G2|M1|N2|D1|M1|N2|N2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|G2|M1|P|M1|G2|R2|S}} ||''[[Natabhairavi]]''
|-
|21||''[[Kiranavali]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D1|P|D1|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|P|D1|P|M1|P|G2|R2|S}} ||''[[Keeravani]]''
|-
|22||''[[Shree (Carnatic raga)|Sree]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|P|D2|N2|P|M1|R2|G2|R2|S}} ||''[[Kharaharapriya]]''
|-
|23||''[[Gourivelavali]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G2|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S}} ||''[[Gourimanohari]]''
|-
|24||''[[Viravasantam]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N3|D3|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|M1|R2|G2|S}} ||''[[Varunapriya]]''
|-
!colspan=5 align="center"|5. ''Bana Chakra''
|-
|25||''[[Sharavati raga|Sharavati]]''
|{{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|P|D1|N1|D1|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G3|R2|S}} ||''[[Mararanjani]]''
|-
|26||''[[Tarangini (raga)|Tarangini]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D1|N2|D1|P|D1|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|D1|P|G3|R2|S|R2|G3|M1|G3|R2|S}} ||''[[Charukesi]]''
|-
|27||''[[Sowrasena]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D1|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R2|G3|S}} ||''[[Sarasangi]]''
|-
|28||''[[Kedaragaula|Harikedaragaula]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S}} ||''[[Harikambhoji]]''
|-
|29 ||''[[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Sankarabharanam]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S}} ||''[[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Sankarabharanam]]''
|-
|30||''[[Nagabharanam]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|N3|D3|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|G3|M1|R2|S}} ||''[[Naganandini]]''
|-
!colspan=5 align="center"|6. ''Rutu Chakra''
|-
|31||''[[Kalavati (Carnatic)|Kalavati]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D1|N1|D1|P|D1|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|R3|G3|M1|R3|S}} ||''[[Yagapriya]]''
|-
|32||''[[Ragachudamani]]''
|{{svaraC|S|M1|R3|G3|M1|P|N2|N2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|M1|R3|S}} ||''[[Ragavardhini]]''
|-
|33||''[[Gangeyabhushani|Gangatarangini]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D1|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|P|D1|M1|M1|G3|M1|R3|S}} ||''[[Gangeyabhushani]]''
|-
|34||''[[Bhogachayanata]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|N2|N2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|S'|N2|P|M1|R3|S}} ||''[[Vagadheeswari]]''
|-
|35||''[[Shailadeshakshi]]''
|{{svaraC|S|M1|G3|P|D2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|S|N3|P|M1|R3|S}} ||''[[Shulini]]''
|-
|36||''[[Nata (raga)|Chalanata]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D3|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|R3|S}} ||''[[Chalanata]]''
|-
!colspan=5 align="center"|''''Prati Madhyamam ragas''''
|-
!colspan=5 align="center"|7. ''Rishi Chakra''
|-
|37||''[[Saugandhini]]''
|{{svaraC|S|G1|R1|G1|M2|P|D1|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M2|G1|R1|S}} ||''[[Salagam]]''
|-
|38||''[[Jaganmohanam]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D1|N2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G1|R1|S}} ||''[[Jalarnavam]]''
|-
|39||''[[Varali|Dhalivarali]]''
|{{svaraC|S|G1|R1|G1|M2|P|D1|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G1|R1|S}} ||''[[Jhalavarali]]''
|-
|40||''[[Nabhomani]]''
|{{svaraC|S|G1|R1|M2|P|D2|P|N2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G1|R1|S}} ||''[[Navaneetam]]''
|-
|41||''[[Kumbhini]]''
|{{svaraC|S|G1|R1|G1|M2|P|N3|D2|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G1|R1|S}} ||''[[Pavani (raga)|Pavani]]''
|-
|42||''[[Ravikriya]]''
|{{svaraC|S|G1|R1|G1|M2|P|N3|D3|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G1|R1|S}} ||''[[Raghupriya]]''
|-
!colspan=5 align="center"|8. ''Vasu Chakra''
|-
|43||''[[Girvani]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D1|N1|D1|P|D1|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M2|G2|R1|S}} ||''[[Gavambhodi]]''
|-
|44||''[[Bhavani (raga)|Bhavani]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D1|P|N2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G2|R1|S}} ||''[[Bhavapriya]]''
|-
|45||''[[Shivapantuvarali]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D1|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G2|R1|S}} ||''[[Shubhapantuvarali]]''
|-
|46||''[[Stavarajam]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|M2|P|D2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G2|S}} ||''[[Shadvidamargini]]''
|-
|47||''[[Sauviram]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D2|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M2|G2|R1|S}} ||''[[Suvarnangi]]''
|-
|48||''[[Jivantika]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D3|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G2|R1|S}} ||''[[Divyamani]]''
|-
!colspan=5 align-"center"|9. ''Brahma Chakra''
|-
|49||''[[Dhavalangam]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D1|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N1|P|M2|G3|R1|S}} ||''[[Dhavalambari]]''
|-
|50||''[[Namadeshi]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D1|N2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G3|R1|S}} ||''[[Namanarayani]]''
|-
|51||''[[Kashiramakriya]]''
|{{svaraC|S|G3|R1|G3|M2|P|D1|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G3|R1|S}} ||''[[Kamavardani]]''
|-
|52||''[[Ramamanohari]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D2|N2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G3|R1|S}} ||''[[Ramapriya]]''
|-
|53||''[[Gamakakriya]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D2|P|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G3|R1|S}} ||''[[Gamanashrama]]''
|-
|54||''[[Vamshavati]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D3|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G3|R1|S}} ||''[[Vishwambari]]''
|-
!colspan=5 align="center"|10. ''Disi Chakra''
|-
|55||''[[Shamalam]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D1|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M2|G2|R2|S}} ||''[[Shamalangi]]''
|-
|56||''[[Chamaram (raga)|Chamaram]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D1|N2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G2|R2|S}} ||''[[Shanmukhapriya]]''
|-
|57||''[[Sumadhyuti]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D1|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G2|R2|S}} ||''[[Simhendramadhyamam]]''
|-
|58||''[[Deshisimharavam]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D2|N2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G2|R2|S}} ||''[[Hemavati (raga)|Hemavati]]''
|-
|59||''[[Dhaamavati]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D2|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G2|R2|S}} ||''[[Dharmavati]]''
|-
|60||''[[Nishadham]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D3|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G2|R2|S}} ||''[[Neetimati]]''
|-
!colspan=5 align="center"|11. ''Rudra Chakra''
|-
|61||''[[Kuntalam]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D1|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M2|G3|R2|S}} ||''[[Kantamani]]''
|-
|62||''[[Ratipriya]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D1|N2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G3|R2|S}} ||''[[Rishabhapriya]]''
|-
|63||''[[Gitapriya]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D1|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G3|R2|S}} ||''[[Latangi]]''
|-
|64||''[[Bhushavati]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D2|N2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G3|R2|S}} ||''[[Vachaspati (raga)|Vachaspati]]''
|-
|65||''[[Shantakalyani]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D2|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G3|R2|S}} ||''[[Mechakalyani]]''
|-
|66||''[[Chaturangini]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D3|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G3|R2|S}} ||''[[Chitrambari]]''
|-
!colspan=5 align="center"|12. ''Aditya Chakra''
|-
|67||''[[Santanamanjari]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D1|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M2|R3|S}} ||''[[Sucharitra]]''
|-
|68||''[[Jyoti swarupini|Joti]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D1|N2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G3|S}} ||''[[Jyoti swarupini]]''
|-
|69||''[[Dhautapanchamam]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D1|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|R3|G3|S}} ||''[[Dhatuvardani]]''
|-
|70||''[[Nasamani]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D2|N2|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|R3|G3|S}} ||''[[Nasikabhushani]]''
|-
|71||''[[Kusumakaram]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D2|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|R3|G3|S}} ||''[[Kosalam]]''
|-
|72||''[[Rasamanjari]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R3|G3|S|P|M2|P|N3|D3|N3|S'}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|N3|P|M2|P|R3|G3|S}} ||''[[Rasikapriya]]''
|}

== Popular ''Melakarta'' scheme ==
{{Main|Melakarta}}
Govindacharya learnt the 72 ragas scheme above of Venkatamakin and later proposed the symmetrical scales that is more in vogue today in terms of the ''official'' Melakarta scheme.<ref name="dikshitar" />

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
*[[Melakarta]]
*[[Janya|''Janya'' raga]]
*[[List of Janya Ragas]]
*Illustration of the [[Commons:Melakarta ragas (svg)|notes in Melakarta ragas in a Keyboard layout]] at Wikimedia commons
*[[Katapayadi system]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://members.tripod.com/~RKSanka/music/katapaya.html The katapayadi sankhya applied to the melakarta ragas]
* [http://webspace.webring.com/people/dv/vasudevanvrv/carnatic/mela.htm Explanation of the two melakarta systems]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060723184530/http://hkhandrika.blinkk.com/music/ Explanation of the melakarta and demonstration of ragas with piano keys]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100725092647/http://www.carnaticcorner.com/articles/mukund_chart.htm Melakarta Raga Chart]

{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Carnatic ragas|*]]
[[Category:Carnatic music terminology]]

Gurdwara Rori Sahib

2026-05-04T14:30:46Z

DelmarPrisco: new - done

{{Short description|Historic Sikh gurdwara}}
{{For|the gurdwara in Eminabad|Gurdwara Rori Sahib, Eminabad}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Gurdwara Rori Sahib Patshahi Pehli
| religious_affiliation = [[Sikhism]]
| image = Photograph of Gurdwara Rori Sahib (Jahman).jpg
| caption = Photographed in 2015 prior to its collapse
| location = Jahman village, Lahore district, Punjab, Pakistan
| festivals = [[Vaisakhi]] (historical)
| status =
| functional_status = Defunct (abandoned in 1947; collapsed in July 2023)
| architecture_style = [[Sikh architecture]]
| creator = Bhai Wadhawa Singh
| completed = c. 1799–1839
}}

'''Gurdwara Rori Sahib''' (official name '''Gurdwara Rori Sahib Patshahi Pehla'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Gurmukh |title=JĀHMAṆ |url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/JAHMAN.html |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=eos.learnpunjabi.org (digital version of 'The Encyclopedia of Sikhism' operated by Punjabi University, Patiala)}}</ref>) was a historic [[Sikhs|Sikh]] [[gurdwara]] located half a kilometre east of Jahman village in [[Lahore District]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khalid |first=Haroon |date=Nov 30, 2018 |title=Kartarpur: Along world’s most dangerous border, these gurdwaras could be made part of peace corridor |url=https://scroll.in/article/903973/kartarpur-along-worlds-most-dangerous-border-these-gurdwaras-could-be-made-part-of-peace-corridor |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Khalid |first=Haroon |date=Jan 11, 2019 |title=This ruined Pakistani shrine linked with Guru Nanak tells of Sikhism’s lost architectural traditions |url=https://scroll.in/article/909019/this-ruined-pakistani-shrine-linked-with-guru-nanak-tells-of-sikhisms-lost-architectural-traditions |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Aslam |first=Irfan |date=July 18, 2023 |title=The fall of neglected gurdwara in border village |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1765330 |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=Dawn}}</ref> The edifice marked a spot on a mound where [[Guru Nanak]] and [[Bhai Mardana]] sat and sung songs together.<ref name="Khalid 2018">{{cite web |last=Khalid |first=Haroon |date=2018-11-30 |title=Kartarpur: Along world's most dangerous border, these gurdwaras could be made part of peace corridor |url=https://scroll.in/article/903973/kartarpur-along-worlds-most-dangerous-border-these-gurdwaras-could-be-made-part-of-peace-corridor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530151817/https://scroll.in/article/903973/kartarpur-along-worlds-most-dangerous-border-these-gurdwaras-could-be-made-part-of-peace-corridor |archive-date=30 May 2019 |access-date=2019-11-11 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref name="Haroon Khalid 2018">{{cite web |last=Khalid |first=Haroon |date=2018-12-13 |title=5 gurdwaras that could be made part of Kartarpur Corridor |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1451202 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010073248/https://www.dawn.com/news/1451202 |archive-date=10 October 2019 |access-date=2019-11-11 |website=DAWN.COM}}</ref> Existing as a temple on a raised mound, the shrine was located only a few kilometres from the India-Pakistan border, with houses from the Indian side of the border being viewable from the roof of the shrine.<ref name="Khalid 2018" /><ref name="Haroon Khalid 2018" />

The gurdwara was located on a historical route that connected several historical Sikh shrines together based out of villages in the general vicinity, such as Jahman, Bedian, Heir, and Chahal villages.<ref name=":1" /> Bedian was founded by Nanak's descendants, Heir was associated with the Mina sect, and Chahal was the ancestral village of Nanak's maternal family.<ref name=":1" /> The gurdwara is in poor condition and dangerous to explore due to its unstable nature. The gurdwara is located at the coordinates 31°21'20.6"N 74°32'02.5"E.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Butalia |first=Tarunjit Singh |url=https://jeevaysanjhapunjab.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Sikh-Historical-Shrines-in-Pakistan-Lahore-District.pdf |title=Sikh Historical Shrines in Pakistan: Lahore District |date=April 2025 |publisher=Jeevay Sanjha Punjab |edition=1st |pages=8 |chapter=}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word ''rori'' (meaning "shards" in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref name=":1" />) is derived from the [[Pottery sherds|<dfn>potsherd</dfn>s]] excavated at the mound the shrine was built-on.<ref name="Khalid 2018" /><ref name="Haroon Khalid 2018" /> Thus, the site acquired the name ''Rori Sahib''.<ref name=":2" />

== History ==

=== Religious significance ===
The village of Jahman, located 1.5 km from the international border, was purportedly founded in the 13th century as per British land survey reports.<ref name="Khalid 2018" /><ref name="Haroon Khalid 2018" /> Jhaman village was a stopping place for Guru Nanak, who journeyed to his ancestral maternal village of Chahal (located near Jahman) to visit his maternal grandparents, travelling with his companion Bhai Mardana.{{Efn|The name of Jahman village is alternatively spelt as 'Jhaman'.|group=note}}<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first='Giani' Thakur |title=Srī Gurduāre Darshan |year=1923 |location=Amritsar |language=pa}}</ref><ref name="Khalid 2018" /><ref name="Haroon Khalid 2018" /><ref name=":2" /> The site the gurdwara was built on is said to have been a spot near the bank of a big pond that Nanak and Mardana are believed to taken rest at and sung spiritual hymns whilst seated atop of the mound.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name="Khalid 2018" /><ref name="Haroon Khalid 2018" />

It is believed Guru Nanak visited the site three times during his life.<ref name=":2" /> During one such visit prior to his divine revelation, Guru Nanak is said to have found some pottery shards from ruins located on the mound.<ref name=":1" /> Afterwards, Guru Nanak disembarked from Jahman for Sultanpur Lodhi.<ref name=":1" /> On one of these visits, it is believed that Nanak used wood from a tree at Jahman village to use for the construction of a ''[[sarangi]]'' instrument for Bhai Mardana.<ref name=":2" />

=== Operation as a gurdwara ===
Afterwards, the pond was expanded and converted into a temple tank (''[[Temple tank|sarovar]]'') by a devotee of the area named Naria<ref name=":2" /> and the gurdwara was constructed, most likely during the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh,<ref name=":2" /> at the location to mark its significance.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name="Khalid 2018" /><ref name="Haroon Khalid 2018" /> The raising of the darbar-style gurdwara is attributed to Bhai Wadhawa Singh.<ref name=":2" /> [[Punjabi festivals|Festivals]] were held at the shrine's location on [[Vaisakhi]] and the 20th day of the month of ''[[Jeth]]''.<ref name=":2" /> There exists a land-grant of 100 ''bigha'' in the name of the gurdwara.<ref name=":2" />

The gurdwara became affiliated to the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> During the colonial-period, the [[Naujawan Bharat Sabha]] was based in nearby Jahman village.<ref name=":2" /> As a result, some martyrs of the [[Indian independence movement]] also hailed from the local village.<ref name=":2" /> The bhog ceremony of [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Sukhdev Thapar]], and [[Shivaram Rajguru]] attracted five-to-seven thousand attendees to the village.<ref name=":2" />

After the [[partition of Punjab]] in 1947, the gurdwara was abandoned by Sikhs.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Pre-partition, the nearby village of Jahman had a Sikh-majority population, with a Muslim minority belonging to landless artisans and scheduled castes.<ref name=":2" /> After 1947, land formerly owned by Sikhs surrounding the gurdwara was illegally-occupied, which amounted to 100 ''[[bigha]]'' (around 500 [[Acre#Indian subcontinent|kanal]]).<ref name=":2" />

The [[Pakistan Rangers]] took possession of the former gurdwara and used it as a border outpost to survey the boundary with India.<ref name=":2" /> Civilians were not allowed to visit the former gurdwara or take photos of it while it was occupied by the Pakistani military.<ref name=":2" /> According to Yudhvir Rana of ''[[The Times of India]]'', the [[Khalistan movement|Khalistani]] militant Wadhawa Singh Babbar of [[Babbar Khalsa]] International was housed in the gurdwara during the [[Insurgency in Punjab, India|Punjab insurgency]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rana |first=Yudhvir |date=11 July 2023 |title=Pak historical gurdwara loses section to rain fury |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/pak-historical-gurdwara-loses-section-to-rain-fury/articleshow/101653566.cms |access-date=20 April 2026 |work=Times of India}}</ref> Visiting the site in 1994, Iqbal Qaiser later wrote in a book titled ''Historical Sikh Shrines in Pakistan'' (1998) that the pond associated with the shrine had shrunk and the dome of the building needed repairs, warning of future collapse if not availed.<ref name=":2" /> In 1995, the Pakistan Rangers stopped using the shrine as a border post due to safety concerns as the building started forming cracks and also due to privacy complaints by local villagers.<ref name=":2" /> In circa 2008, the shrine was still in a relatively complete state but started decaying fast shortly thereafter.<ref name=":2" /> An outhouse was placed outside of the gurdwara by a local landlord.<ref name=":2" /> The quick decline of the site after the clearance of the Pakistan Rangers has been attributed to land-grabbers seizing land around the gurdwara.<ref name=":2" />

=== Present condition ===
Prior to its collapse, the gurdwara was in a poor-condition.<ref name="Khalid 2018" /><ref name="Haroon Khalid 2018" /> There existed [[Sikh art|frescoes]] depicting the ten Sikh gurus on the underside of the gurdwara's dome.<ref name="Khalid 2018" /><ref name="Haroon Khalid 2018" /> The frescoes depicted the Sikh gurus engaged in warfare and also children of the gurus.<ref name=":1" /> However, the faces of the figuratives in the frescoes have been deliberately chipped-off by an iconoclastic vandal.<ref name=":1" /> The abandoned gurdwara was believed to be haunted, with an episode of a Pakistani paranormal investigation show being filmed at it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracking Pakistan's Forgotten Gurdwaras |url=https://www.worldsikh.org/tracking_pakistan_s_forgotten_gurdwaras |access-date=20 April 2026 |website=World Sikh Organization}}</ref>

Its associated temple tank has become dirty.<ref name="Khalid 2018" /><ref name="Haroon Khalid 2018" /> Treasure-hunters dug-up the floor in the room where the Guru Granth Sahib was formerly recited within the temple.<ref name=":1" /> The walls of the edifice have been vandalized by Islamic graffiti.<ref name=":1" />

After the successful opening of the [[Kartarpur Corridor]], Haroon Khalid has proposed the feasibility of opening the gurdwara up for visits by Indian Sikh pilgrims via a corridor connecting to the Indian border.<ref name="Khalid 2018" /><ref name="Haroon Khalid 2018" /> Haroon Khalid has identified a total of five Sikh gurdwaras (excluding [[Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur|Gurdwara Kartarpur Sahib]]) associated with a Sikh guru very near to the Indian border in Pakistan.<ref name="Khalid 2018" /><ref name="Haroon Khalid 2018" />

==== Collapse ====
In July 2023, much of the gurdwara collapsed due to flooding and decades-long neglect.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 July 2023 |title=Pak neglect ruins Gurdwara Patshahi Rori Sahib Jahman |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/pak-neglect-ruins-gurdwara-patshahi-rori-sahib-jahman20230713232139/ |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=ANI}}</ref> According to Balwinder Singh of INTACH, the immediate cause of the collapse was water from the flooded pond located adjacent to the site seeping into the foundation of the shrine.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=13 July 2023 |title=Sikh shrine in Pakistan damaged |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/sikh-shrine-in-pakistan-damaged-525408/ |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> After the collapse, only the backwall and a small portion of a sidewall remains whilst the dome, central part of the building, and the whole front of the building totally collapsed.<ref name=":2" /> The remaining remnants of wall post-collapse are three to four feet in-height.<ref name=":2" />

The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) has requested Sikh and government bodies on both sides of the border to make efforts to preserve whatever remained of the site after its collapse.<ref name=":4" /> The Pakistani authorities and [[Pakistan Sikh Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]] have not made any attempts at conserving the shrine till now.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Goyal |first=Divya |date=July 11, 2023 |title=In Pak, rain fury — and apathy — consume a piece of Sikh history: Historic gurdwara related to Nanak collapses in Lahore |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/pakistan-rain-sikh-history-historic-gurdwara-nanak-collapses-lahore-8825222/ |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=Indian Express}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The gurdwara was a two-storied structure constructed out of red [[nanakshahi bricks]].<ref name=":2" /> A large, golden dome complimented the top of the building.<ref name=":2" /> At the front of the site laid a pond.<ref name=":2" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Defaced and decaying fresco formerly depicting Guru Nanak with Guru Angad, located underneath the dome of Gurdwara Rori Sahib in Jahman village, Lahore district, Punjab, Pakistan.jpg|Fresco formerly depicting Guru Nanak with Guru Angad
File:Defaced and decaying fresco formerly depicting Guru Gobind Singh, located underneath the dome of Gurdwara Rori Sahib in Jahman village, Lahore district, Punjab, Pakistan.jpg|Fresco formerly depicting Guru Gobind Singh
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
<references />

{{Sikh sites in Pakistan}}

{{coord|31.35570|74.53408|format=dms|type:landmark_region:PK|display=title}}

{{authority control}}
[[Category:Gurdwaras in Pakistan]]

Edwin Atkinson

2026-05-03T23:39:46Z

DelmarPrisco: post - done

{{Short description|British Army general (1867–1947)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-general]]
|name= Sir Edwin Henry de Vere Atkinson
|honorific_suffix ={{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KBE|CB|CMG|CIE}}
|image=
|caption=
|rank=[[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-general]]
|branch=[[British Army]]
|commands=
|unit=
|battles=[[World War I]]
|awards= [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] [[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]] [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
|family=
|nickname=
|allegiance= United Kingdom
|birth_name=
|birth_date=19 February 1867
|death_date={{death date and age|1 April 1947|19 February 1867|df=y}}
|birth_place=[[Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|death_place= [[Kensington]], [[London]]
|burial_place=
|service_years=
|other work=
}}
[[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-general]] '''Sir Edwin Henry de Vere Atkinson''' (19 February 1867 – 1 April 1947) {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KBE|CB|CMG|CIE}} was a senior British Army officer who became [[Master-General of the Ordnance (India)|Master-General of the Ordnance]] in India.

==Military career==
Educated at [[Charterhouse School]] and the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]], Atkinson was commissioned into the [[Royal Engineers]] on 16 September 1885.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25515|page=4558|date=29 September 1885}}</ref> He was appointed Principal of the [[IIT Roorkee|Thomason Engineering College]] at [[Roorkee]], India in 1901. He saw service in the [[First World War]], becoming Commander Royal Engineers, [[38th (Welsh) Infantry Division]] in September 1915, Chief Engineer, [[I Corps (United Kingdom)|I Corps]] in summer 1916 and Chief Engineer, [[First Army (United Kingdom)|First Army]] in November 1917.<ref name=bio>{{cite web|url= https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/centres-institutes/war-studies/surnames-beginning-with-a|title=Edwin Henry de Vere Atkinson|publisher=University of Birmingham|access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref>

After the war, he became General Officer Commanding Poona District in July 1920, Engineer-in-Chief, India in 1921<ref name=bio/> and [[Master-General of the Ordnance (India)|Master-General of the Ordnance]] in India in April 1924 before retiring in April 1930.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Army%20Commands%201900-2011.pdf |title=Army Commands |accessdate=27 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705211343/http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Army%20Commands%201900-2011.pdf |archivedate=5 July 2015 }}</ref>

He was appointed a [[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]] on 1 January 1917,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29886|page=4|date=29 December 1916|supp=y}}</ref> a [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] on 1 January 1918<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30450|page=2|date=28 December 1917|supp=y}}</ref> and a [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] on 7 February 1921.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=13742|page=1526|date=13 September 1921|city=e}}</ref>

==Works==
*{{cite book|title=Text-book of practical solid geometry, etc., for the use of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich|publisher=E. & F. N. Spon|year=1899}}
*{{cite book|title=Report on the enquiry to bring technical institutions into closer touch and more practical relations with the employers of labour in India|publisher=Superintendent Government Printers|year=1912}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=New post}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Master-General of the Ordnance (India)]]|years=1924−1930}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Bertram Kirwan]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Atkinson, Edwin}}
[[Category:1867 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:People educated at Charterhouse School]]
[[Category:Royal Engineers officers]]

Uttarakhand Electricity Regulatory Commission

2026-05-03T09:51:25Z

DelmarPrisco: Location

{{Short description|Regulatory body of electricity in the state of Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = {{PAGENAME}}
| nativename = {{lang|en|Uttarakhand Electricity Regulatory Commission}}
| formed = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|2002|01|01}}
| preceding1 = [[Central Electricity Regulatory Commission]]
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand Government]]
| headquarters = Vidyut Niyamak Bhawan Near I.S.B.T., P.O. Majra [[Dehradun]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact Us {{!}} Uttarakhand Electricity Regulatory Commission {{!}} India |url=https://uerc.uk.gov.in/contact-us/ |access-date=2026-01-09 |language=en}}</ref>
| employees = Classified
| budget =
| chief1_name = Chairman
| chief1_position = M. L. Prasad <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Profiles of Chairman & Members {{!}} Uttarakhand Electricity Regulatory Commission {{!}} India |url=https://uerc.uk.gov.in/about-department/profiles-of-chairman-members/ |access-date=2026-01-09 |language=en}}</ref>
| chief2_name = Secretary
| chief2_position = Neeraj Sati <ref name="auto"/>
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| website = {{URL|https://uerc.uk.gov.in|uerc.uk.gov.in}}
| coordinates =
}}

'''Uttarakhand Electricity Regulatory Commission (UERC)'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-01 |title=State electricity regulatory commissions may become more autonomous |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/state-electricity-regulatory-commissions-may-become-more-autonomous/articleshow/34445237.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> is the statutory regulatory authority responsible for regulating the [[Electricity sector in India|electricity sector]] in the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]]. The [[Commissioner|commission]] was established under the provisions of the Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Functions of the Commission {{!}} Uttarakhand Electricity Regulatory Commission {{!}} India |url=https://uerc.uk.gov.in/about-department/vision-mission/ |access-date=2026-01-09 |language=en}}</ref> and continues to function in accordance with the [[The Electricity Act, 2003|Electricity Act, 2003]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abhishek |first=Chaman |title=CER - Centre for Energy Regulation |url=https://cer.iitk.ac.in/ERC_Hub/ercs?erc=UERC |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=cer.iitk.ac.in |language=en}}</ref> It was established to promote competition, efficiency and economy in the [[power sector]]. It also regulates tariffs of [[power generation]], [[Transmission tower|transmission]] and distribution in Uttarakhand.

== History ==
Formed as Uttaranchal Electricity Regulatory Commission post-statehood via the Uttaranchal (Uttar Pradesh Electricity Reforms Act) Adaptation Order, 2001, UERC has issued key rules like Standards of Performance Regulations, 2022. UERC integrates state grid codes with the grid code designed by [[Central Electricity Regulatory Commission]] (CERC). CERC oversees inter-state transmission and national standards via the Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC), while UERC's State Grid Code Regulations, 2016, align consistently as required under Section 86(1)(h).<ref>{{Cite journal |title=UTTARAKHAND ELECTRICITY REGULATORY COMMISSION |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3cf05968255451bdefe3c5bc64d550517/uploads/2025/05/202505011818089494.pdf |journal=Uttarakhand Electricity Regulatory Commission (State Grid Code) Regulations, 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Regulatory agencies of India]]
[[Category:Electric power in India]]
[[Category:Electricity authorities]]
[[Category:Energy regulatory authorities]]

Naulakha Palace

2026-04-29T22:44:36Z

DelmarPrisco: started entry!

{{Short description|Palace in Gondal, India}}
[[File:Naulakha Palace 12.jpg|thumb|[[Façade]] of the palace]]
[[File:Palais Naulakha balcon.jpg|upright|thumb|A [[Jharokha]] of the Naulakha Palace balcony that inspired many similar architecture in other royal buildings]]
The '''Naulakha Palace''', the oldest extant palace in [[Gondal, India]], dating back to the 18th century (1748) during the reign of Haloji Sagramji, with a "sculpted facade"{{sfn|Bradnock|Bradnock|2000|p=1241}} is a part of the Darbargardh fort complex. It is named "Navalakaha" meaning that which cost rupees "nine lakhs", nine lakhs or Rs 900,000 being the cost of the construction at that time.{{Sfn|Miller|2012|p=77}} It has [[stone carving]]s with "[[jharokha]]s" (balconies), a pillared courtyard, delicately carved arches, and a unique spiral staircase. The large chandelier-lit "[[Durbar (court)|durbar]]" hall (court house) has stuffed [[leopard|panthers]], gilt wooden furniture, and antique mirrors.{{sfn|Bradnock|Bradnock|2000|p=1241}}<ref name= handbooks >{{cite book|last= handbooks|first= Footprint |title=India Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RowAQAAIAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Trade & Travel Publications |page=1241|isbn= 9780844248417 }}</ref><ref name= Chakraborty>{{Cite web|last= Chakraborty|first=Subhasish |url=http://wsimag.com/travel/11180-the-palaces-of-gondal|title=The Palaces of Gondal A Tryst With Royal Gujarat|access-date=30 June 2015|date= 4 October 2014|publisher=Wall Street International}}</ref>{{Sfn|Miller|2012|p=77}} The "private palace museum" displays an array of silver caskets which were in the services of carrying messages and gifts for the Maharajah [[Bhagvatsingh of Gondal|Bhagwat Sinhji]] on his [[silver jubilee]] as ruler of Gondal.<ref name= Chakraborty/>
The palace is situated in Gondal city, which is well connected by road, rail and air services. It is located {{Convert|38| km}} away from [[Rajkot]],{{sfn|Bradnock|Bradnock|2000|p=1241}} which is also the airport ({{Convert|40|km}} away) and rail head.<ref name= Chakraborty/>

==Features==
[[File:Naulakha Palace - Interior 01.jpg|upright|thumb|An interior view of the Naulakha Palace]]
Gondal was the capital city of a [[Jadeja]] [[Rajput]] clan.{{Sfn|Abram|2013|p=662}} The Naulakha Palace is said to be the oldest palace in the Gondal area {{citation needed|date=April 2026}}. It features arcades, jharokas, a royal audience hall (durbar hall) (which is still used by the present Maharaja), a winding stairway, chandeliers, decorated mirrors and antique furnishings.<ref name= Chakraborty/> It is a triple storied edifice with an open arcade with stone carvings on the first floor flanked by towers. The eaves above the stone fittings on this floor are carved with sculptures of real and mythical animals. A part of the first floor also houses a museum which has architectural features over the rooms with carvings made out of wood and stone over its doors. The exhibits in the museum include artifacts collected by the Maharaja of a large number of toy cars, pictures, a library of books, trophies and so forth. The decorated balcony provides scenic views of the Gondal town. The side room on the left side of the palace has exhibits of kitchen ware and a pair of huge weighing balance; the weighing balance was used on special celebrations of the Maharaja's birthdays when he used to be weighed in gold equivalent which would then be donated to the poor.{{Sfn|Miller|2012|p=77}}

==Grounds==
Naulakha Palace is situated within Darbargardh (an old fort complex), which was built during the 18th century (1748{{sfn|Bradnock|Bradnock|2000|p=1241}}), with a number of additional structures built in subsequent years. The main approach to the complex is through a curved gateway structure with a clock tower which rises in three tiers above the gateway. The palace is at the far end from the gate and is fronted by a rectangular forecourt.{{Sfn|Miller|2012|p=77}} The palace has an overview of the Gondal River.

There are many other structures within the complex,{{Sfn|Miller|2012|p=77}} such as the [[Huzoor Palace, Gondal|Huzoor Palace]], a large building which is currently the residence of the royal family; the [[Huzoor Palace, Gondal|Orchard Palace]], a wing of the Huzoor; and the [[Riverside Palace]], which is {{Convert|1.26|km}} away from Naulakha.{{Sfn|Abram|2013|p=662}}{{Sfn|Miller|2012|p=77}}{{sfn|Pandya|2007|p=}}<ref name= Chakraborty/> An adjoining [[zenana]] is in a state of ruin. It is flanked by two statues of guards and has stone [[tracery]] architectural features on its upper floor. The Gori Pir, a [[Muslim]] shrine ([[dargah]]) of a saint is within the courtyard.{{Sfn|Miller|2012|p=77}} An old railway saloon, which is displayed in the gardens, has basic accommodation of a bedroom, dining room, and bathroom with period fitments.{{Sfn|Miller|2012|p=77}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Naulakha Palace 07.jpg
File:Naulakha Palace 01.jpg|The palace from the front
File:Naulakha Palace - Interior 02.jpg| The Museum
File:Naulakha Palace 08.jpg
File:Naulakha Palace 02.jpg|Detail of Naulakha Palace
File:Gondal zenana 01.jpg|A [[zenana]] in the palace complex
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Abram|first=David|title=The Rough Guide to India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FfKtAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT662|date=1 October 2013|publisher=Rough Guides|location=London|isbn=978-1-4093-4267-0}}
*{{cite book|last1=Bradnock|first1=Robert W|last2=Bradnock|first2=Roma|title=India Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RowAQAAIAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Trade & Travel Publications|isbn=9780844248417}}
*{{cite book|last= Miller |first=Sam |title=Gujarat: Chapter from Blue Guide India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Uy_CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT77|date=27 October 2012|publisher=Blue Guides|isbn=978-1-909079-68-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Pandya|first=Kaushik|title=A journey to the glorious Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4MMAQAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Akshara Prakashan|isbn=9788170570851}}

{{coord|26|24|10|N|86|10|14|E|type:landmark|display=title}}

==External links==
*{{commonscat-inline|Naulakha Palace}}

[[Category:Palaces in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Rajkot district]]
[[Category:Rajput architecture]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1748]]

Sri Sathya Sai International Organization

2026-04-27T03:14:21Z

DelmarPrisco: New

{{promo|date=December 2025}}
{{short description|Indian spiritual and charity organization}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Sri Sathya Sai International Organization (SSSIO)
| image =
| abbreviation = SSSIO
| image_size =
| caption = Sri Sathya Sai Organization Official Logo
| map =
| map_size = 
| formation = 1965
| logo =
| extinction =
| type = Non Profit
| headquarters = No Single Headquarters
| location = Worldwide
| num_members = Multiple Centers Across 120 Countries
| language =
| key_people =
| num_staff =
| budget =
| website = {{URL|http://www.sathyasai.org}}
}}

The '''Sri Sathya Sai International Organization''' (SSSIO) is a spiritual and humanitarian [[non-governmental organization]] founded in the 1960s by [[Sathya Sai Baba]], an [[Indian people|Indian]] guru and spiritual leader.<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=Sri Sathya Sai International Organization |url=https://www.sathyasai.org/about-us/organisation |publisher=Sri Sathya Sai International Organization |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Promoting peace |url=https://www.barbadosadvocate.com/news/promoting-peace}}</ref> The SSSIO’s main objective is to help humans recognise the divinity that is inherent, through the human values of Truth (Sathya), Righteousness (Dharma), Peace (Shanti), Love (Prema) and Non-Violence (Ahimsa).<ref name=":0" /> It primarily works within the areas of education and humanitarian aid, in India and internationally.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Usha |date=2023-07-05 |title=The Sri Sathya Sai International Organization continues humanitarian efforts in Ukraine – Sri Sathya Sai Humanitarian Relief |url=https://sathyasaihumanitarianrelief.org/2023/07/the-sri-sathya-sai-international-organization-continues-humanitarian-efforts-in-ukraine/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The SSSIO is an umbrella organization which runs several institutes, trusts and associations.<ref name="about" /> There are 1,969 Sathya Sai Centers in 120 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sai Region 10 – Sathya Sai Baba International Organization, USA Region 10, West South Central States |url=https://sairegion10.org/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=sairegion10.org}}</ref>

== Medical Care ==
[[File:SAI2556.jpg|thumb|Prime Cabinet Secretary of Kenya, Musalia Mudavadi, appreciating the Sri Sathya Sai International Organization (SSSIO) members for conducting medical camps in Kenya]]
The Organization has been conducting medical conferences and camps in various countries through its regional arms. Medical camps have been conducted every year in [[Fiji]] since 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia Day Awards 2020: Dr Gunvantrai Premji Naker, OAM |url=https://www.indianlink.com.au/australia-day-awards-2020-dr-gunvantrai-premji-naker-oam/ |website=indianlink.com |date=25 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In 2017, Fiji arm and the Australian arm of the Organization conducted a regional conference at the Sangam School of Nursing in [[Labasa]] where the Fijian Minister for Health and Medical Services, [[Rosy Akbar]] was the chief guest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compassion Can Resolve Problems: Health Minister |url=https://fijisun.com.fj/2017/08/14/compassion-can-resolve-problems-health-minister/}}</ref> Thanking the Sathya Sai International Organisation for its key role in serving Fiji communities continuously over the years, she said that Sathya Sai is helping to build a stronger and more harmonious Fiji, through the values of ‘Love, Truth, Right to Conduct, Non-Violence and Peace’.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akbar Commends Sathya Sai Work |url=https://fijisun.com.fj/2017/09/24/akbar-commends-sathya-sai-work/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=fijisun.com.fj |language=en-US}}</ref>

The SSSIO of Sri Lanka established a [[hospice]] called Sathya Sai Suva Sevana at [[Hanwella]], 20 kilometres from the [[National Cancer Institute (Sri Lanka)]] in 2002 for providing palliative care to terminally ill cancer patients.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sai hospice where cancer patients find love and care|url=https://www.sundaytimes.lk/070211/Plus/010_pls.html}}</ref> It is funded totally by donations made voluntarily and can accommodate up to 50 inmates. A physician visits the hospice four times every week and is always available for emergency calls.

The hospice’s contribution to palliative care in Sri Lanka has received national recognition. Dr. Viswanatha Jeganathan, a founding member of its management committee, was awarded a Palliative Care Excellence Award for his role in advancing hospice and palliative care services in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Establishing the College of Palliative Medicine of Sri Lanka: A momentous feat |date=17 October 2021 |url=https://www.themorning.lk/articles/167819 |access-date=2025-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217062724/https://www.themorning.lk/articles/167819 |archive-date=2025-12-17 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2024, Prime Cabinet Secretary of Kenya, [[Musalia Mudavadi]], appreciated the organization for conducting medical camps in [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mudavadi hails religious groups role in healthcare|date=7 April 2024 |url=https://cloud.kbc.co.ke/mudavadi-hails-religious-groups-role-in-healthcare/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=shared&v=qCQchvYYujY |title=Hundreds of Kenyans get free treatment amid ongoing doctors' strike |date=2024-04-07 |last=NTV Kenya |access-date=2024-08-30 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=shared&v=nouSbZAqDLo |title=Listen to Mudavadi's great speech during the SSSIO International Conference!!! |date=2024-06-28 |last=Kenya Digital News |access-date=2024-08-30 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=shared&v=134KOAvIL1o |title=Mudavadi hails faith based organisations role in universal health coverage |date=2024-04-07 |last=Citizen TV Kenya |access-date=2024-08-31 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/live/7BDFP226J1o |title=Sri Sathya Sai Medical Camp - Uthiru, Nairobi {{!}} Musalia Mudavadi |language=en |access-date=2024-08-31 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=shared&v=gDvMzfsZoDI |title=PCS Mudavadi attends the Kiambu free medical camp: From the counties |date=2024-04-07 |last=KTN News Kenya |access-date=2024-08-31 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
[[File:Medical Camp at Madagascar by SSSIO.jpg|thumb|Medical Camp at Madagascar by SSSIO]]
As a special project in the 100th birthday year of Sathya Sai Baba, the SSSIO conducted a free medical camp providing high-quality medical care to underserved communities while fostering unity, spiritual upliftment, and transformation from the 21 to 25 April 2025 in [[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]], offering expertise across 14 specialties to more than 6600 patients.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Midi Madagasikara – 18 juin 2025 – Kiosque Midi Madagasikara |url=https://kiosque-midi.com/midi-madagasikara-18-juin-2025/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Rédaction Midi |date=2025-04-16 |title=Santé - Fondation HV : Mission médicale pour 6.000 bénéficiaires à Fiombonana et Andoharanofotsy |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/sante-fondation-hv-mission-medicale-pour-6-000-beneficiaires-a-fiombonana-et-andoharanofotsy/ |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Midi Madagasikara |language=fr-FR}}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:The_Sathya_Sai_School_of_Kisaju,_Nairobi,_Kenya.jpg|thumb|The Sathya Sai School of Kisaju, Nairobi, Kenya]]
The Sathya Sai International Organization has helped followers set up similar schools in other countries,<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=SATHYA SAI BABA |url=https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/sathya-sai-baba |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.speakingtree.in}}</ref> with the goal of educating children in the five human values of Sathya (Truth), Dharma (Duty), Prema (Love), Shanthi (Peace) and Ahimsa (Non-Violence). Schools have been founded in 33 countries, including Australia,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathya Sai College, Murwillumbah |url=https://sathyasai.nsw.edu.au/}}</ref> Mexico, United Kingdom, Kenya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathya Sai School Kisaju |url=https://sathyasaischoolkisaju.org/}}</ref> and Peru.

[[Times of Zambia|The Times of Zambia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathya Sai Baba — Saint, philanthropist, educator |url=https://opinionexpress.in/sathya-sai-baba-saint-philanthropist-educator |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=opinionexpress.in |language=en}}</ref> had once published: "The positive influence of Sathya Sai is unprecedented in the annals of education in [[Zambia]]. Sai Baba's education ideals as embodied in his human-values-based approach to education are enlightening to educationists in Zambia."

In Australia, at the [[Tweed Shire]] Council's inaugural Tweed Sustainability Awards (2019), the SSSIO's Sathya Sai College at [[Murwillumbah]], a K-12, non denominational school in which the NESA curriculum is integrated with the five human values of Love, Peace, Truth, Right Conduct and Non Violence <ref>{{Cite web | title=Sathya Sai College | url=https://sathyasai.nsw.edu.au/ | access-date=2025-05-22 | website=sathyasai.nsw.edu.au}}</ref> won the Sustainability Award in Education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tweed Sustainability Award Winners Announced|date=18 November 2019 |url=https://www.tweedchamber.com.au/tweed-sustainability-award-winners-announced/}}</ref>

Since 2000, the Sathya Sai Primary School at Lautoka in Fiji has been offering nearly free education for children from low socio-economic backgrounds.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The work of Sai |url=https://www.pressreader.com/fiji/the-fiji-times/20190916/281801400665472 |access-date=2025-06-26 |via=PressReader}}</ref> Apart from the regular curriculum and syllabus from the country's Education Ministry, Value-Education is also taught.

In [[Canada]], the [[Fraser Institute]],<ref name=":7" /> an independent Canadian research and educational organization, had ranked the Sathya Sai School of Canada as one of the top 37 elementary schools in [[Ontario]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/toronto/six-toronto-schools-among-the-best-in-province-fraser-institute-1.1666745?cache=fcpbhnqhlqs | title=Six Toronto schools among the best in province: Fraser Institute | date=2 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://communitysearch.ca/the-ultimate-guide-to-the-best-toronto-elementary-schools/ | title=The Ultimate Guide to the Best Toronto Elementary Schools | date=20 September 2024 }}</ref> The Sathya Sai School had scored a perfect 10 out of 10 in the institute's overall rating for academic performance. The school continues to hold top spot even as per the 2026 report that ranked 3052 public, Catholic, and independent schools. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsekouras |first=Phil |date=2026-01-08 |title=Ontario’s best - and worst - performing elementary schools ranked in new report. Where did your child’s school place? |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/toronto/article/ontarios-bestand-worstperforming-elementary-schools-ranked-in-new-report-where-did-your-childs-school-place/ |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=CTVNews |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:The Federal Senate Brazil.jpg|thumb|The Brazilian Federal Senate organized a special session to mark the 22nd anniversary of Sathya Sai Institute of Education.]]
A Sathya Sai School was set up in the [[Lopburi]] province of [[Thailand]] in 1991 by Art-Ong Jumsai na Ayudhya, with focus on 'human values' along with academics. The school is a role model in Thailand, with hundreds of students from kindergarten up to high school level, and offers everything, including boarding, free-of-charge.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A different school of thought|newspaper=Bangkok Post |date=14 September 2014 |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/special-reports/432140/a-different-school-of-thought |last1=Yongcharoenchai |first1=Chaiyot }}</ref> The school is able to fund itself by growing its own rice and vegetables. It also produces solar and hydro electricity, selling surplus supply to the Provincial Electricity Authority.

[[The Barbados Advocate]] reported that the SSSIO's "brand of education is more targeted towards character education" during the course of a large public meeting on the global impact of the Sathya Sai Education in Human Value (SSEHV) Programme held in the island.<ref name=":0" />

The [[Federal Senate (Brazil)]] held a special session to celebrate the 22nd anniversary of Sathya Sai Institute of Education (an arm of the organization) in Brazil <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senate celebrates 22 years of Sathya Sai Institute of Education Fonte: Agência Senado|url=https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/materias/2022/08/26/senado-celebra-os-22-anos-do-instituto-sathya-sai-de-educacao}}</ref>

In Trinidad and Tobago, the Longdenville Sathya Sai Primary School, previously operated solely by the Sri Sathya Sai Baba Organisation of Trinidad and Tobago, gained government-assisted status in 2025. The school's students achieved 87.5% above the national average in the 2024 Secondary Entrance Assessment (SEA) results.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ttt.live/longdenville-sathya-sai-primary-school-gains-government-assisted-status/|title=Longdenville Sathya Sai Primary School Gains Government-Assisted Status|author=Danielle John|date=September 5, 2025|website=TTT News|access-date=September 7, 2025}}</ref>

== SSSIO Around The World ==
[[File:SSSIO SRI LANKA CONFERENCE.jpg|thumb|The Sri Sathya Sai International Conference was held at the [[University of Jaffna]], [[Sri Lanka]] on the theme "My Life is His Message" in September 2023]]
The SSSIO of [[Sri Lanka]] has been actively carrying out educational, spiritual, and service activities and projects all across Sri Lanka through its arms in the North Region, North Central Region, Central Region, Southern Region and Western Region.<ref name="virakesari.lk">{{Cite web |title=Inauguration of newly constructed Sathya Sai Seva Station at Kilinochchi |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/147431}}</ref> It constantly builds on the good work previously done, expanding the number of samithis or service stations.<ref name="virakesari.lk"/> Activities include providing permanent homes with all facilities to the needy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Sathya Sai International organization donates a house to a blind family in Vavunia|date=5 December 2022 |url=https://www.vavuniyanet.com/news/344276/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE/}}</ref> Another regular activity is the 'Walk For Values' where members pledge to follow the universal human values - truth, right conduct, peace, love and non-violence in daily life and inspire others also to do the same.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Big draw for 'Walk for Values' |url=https://www.ft.lk/article/610970/Big-draw-for-%E2%80%98Walk-for-Values-}}</ref> In September 2023, an international conference was held by the organization at the [[University of Jaffna]] on the theme "My Life is His Message".<ref>{{Cite web |title=International conference on the theme "My life is his message" at Jaffna University |url=https://ibctamil.com/article/international-conference-in-university-of-jaffna-1695801566?itm_source=parsely-api#google_vignette}}</ref>

The SSSIO held an international conference in Nairobi, Kenya in June–July 2024, which was attended by delegates from 35 countries <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Sathya Sai International Conference - Nairobi, Kenya {{!}} June 28 - July 1, 2024 {{!}} Sri Sathya Sai International Organization |url=https://www.sathyasai.org/sri-sathya-sai-conference-kenya-2024 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=www.sathyasai.org}}</ref> and included prominent personalities like the Prime Cabinet Secretary of Kenya, [[Musalia Mudavadi]], and Kenyan long-distance runner [[Eliud Kipchoge]], who spoke at the event congratulating the organization for its initiatives in education.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7gZCmMpIdf0 |title=The Greatest Equalizer Of Life {{!}} Dr Eliud Kipchoge EGH {{!}} Sri Sathya Sai International Conference |date=2024-07-09 |last=Sri Sathya Sai International Organization |access-date=2025-06-26 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

The Sathya Sai International Organization of Malaysia carries out non-stop charity including food and rations distribution and programmes on a regular basis, especially centred around the festivals and celebrations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=V.Vijayakumar |date=2024-11-23 |title=Sathya Sai Organization Centre distributes free meals for the needy in Ipoh |url=https://myipoh.my/sathya-sai-organization-centre-distributes-free-meals-for-the-needy-in-ipoh/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=My Ipoh {{!}} Your Digital Online Media News Community Business Food Travel & Tourism |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Sathya Sai International Organization of Fiji works with the government in providing service, education, medical care and disaster relief. It also undertakes regular activities in areas of devotion and spiritual study.<ref name=":1" />

In 2025, the Sri Sathya Sai Baba Spiritual Centre of Ottawa-Carleton, an SSSIO-affiliated spiritual centre in Ottawa, committed CAD 1 million to The Ottawa Hospital’s “Campaign to Create Tomorrow” in support of patient care, medical research, and innovation. The donation was made in celebration of the 100th birth anniversary of Sri Sathya Sai Baba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Sathya Sai Baba Spiritual Centre of Ottawa-Carleton commits $1M to The Ottawa Hospital |url=https://ohfoundation.ca/news/sri-sathya-sai-baba-spiritual-centre-of-ottawa-carleton-commits-1m-to-the-ottawa-hospital/ |publisher=The Ottawa Hospital Foundation |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.sathyasai.org/ Official website]
* [http://saiuniverse.sathyasai.org/ Service Activities of the SSSIO]
* [https://sathyasaihumanitarianrelief.org/ Sri Sathya Sai Humanitarian Relief]

{{Sathya Sai Baba}}

[[Category:Sathya Sai Baba]]
[[Category:Hindu organizations]]
[[Category:Religious organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Puttaparthi]]

Rpa Ralte

2026-04-25T16:54:26Z

DelmarPrisco: Made New Stub - done

{{Short description|Mizo musician, songwriter and producer from Aizawl}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rpa Ralte
| image =
| birth_name = Lalrinpuia Ralte
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|4|11}}
| birth_place = [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]], India
| origin = Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| genre = [[Mizo music|Mizo pop]], [[Electronic dance music|EDM]], [[Gospel music|Gospel]], [[Rock music|Rock]]
| occupation = Singer, songwriter, music producer
| years_active = 2010s–present
| website =
}}
'''Rpa Ralte''' (born '''Lalrinpuia Ralte''', 11 April 1986) is a [[Mizo people|Mizo]] singer, songwriter, and music producer from [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vanglaini |date=2022-07-18 |title=Thalai - Rpa Ralte hla thar tur 'Ka sawifiah thiam lo' |url=https://vanglaini.org/thalai/71084 |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=vanglaini.org |language=en}}</ref> He is considered an innovative musician in modern [[Mizo music]]. He created the first song in the Mizo language which had reached one million views on [[YouTube]]. <ref name="exploremizoram">{{cite web |url=https://www.exploremizoram.com/2020/09/rpa-ralte.html |title=Featuring: Mizo Zaithiam leh Hla phuahthiam Rpa Ralte |publisher=Explore Mizoram |language=mzo |date=2020-09-16 |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Lalrinpuia Ralte was born on April 11, 1986, in Hunthar Veng, Aizawl, who is the youngest among his siblings. <ref name="exploremizoram"/> He matriculated from HL Mizo Secondary School, Shillong, in 2004 and graduated with a BA degree in 2010 from Shillong College. <ref name="exploremizoram"/>

==Career==
Rpa Ralte composes and makes music in the [[Mizo language]], which includes genres such as pop, [[electronic dance music|EDM]], rock, and gospel.<ref name="exploremizoram"/> H“Tu Dang Ka Ngai Tawh Lo’ng” was his big break. Originally intended for another artist, he ended up producing it himself after the other musician did not take much interest in it. It became the first Mizo song to have one million views on YouTube. <ref name="exploremizoram"/>

He has since released a string of singles with prominent Mizo artists. These include "Khuavang Note" (2021) with Shin Bia,<ref name="applemusic">{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/rpa-ralte/1472507591 |title=Rpa Ralte on Apple Music |website=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref> ''"Chhingmitin Biahthu Kan Hlan"'' (2021) with [[Benjamin Sum]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vanglaini |date=2021-07-27 |title=Thalai - Benjamin Sum 'Chhingmitin Biahthu Kan Hlan' Music Video a chhuak ta |url=https://vanglaini.org/thalai/38471 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=vanglaini.org |language=en}}</ref>,''"Hmangaihte Hmangaihna"'' (2022) with Zaii Hauchhum and Vanlalhmangaiha,<ref name="applemusic"/> and ''"Lawm Zai Ka Rel Ta'ng E"'' (2022) with David Lai.<ref name="applemusic"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vanglaini |date=2023-08-01 |title=Thalai - Khiangte Construction Ṭhazual Lengzem: Zaii Hauchhum a rawn lang e |url=https://vanglaini.org/thalai/97033 |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=vanglaini.org |language=en}}</ref> His Christmas gospel single "[[Angelte Zai Ri]]" (2021), featuring Strings For Christ, is among his best-known gospel releases.<ref name="angelte">{{cite web |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/00bkJX4mO3uNVkBU3yjIdZ |title=Angelte Zai Ri |website=[[Spotify]] |date=2021-10-31 |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>

Ralte also composes for film. He wrote the original soundtrack for the 2023 Mizo film ''Amawii''<ref name="amawii">{{cite web |url=https://www.exploremizoram.com/2023/01/mizo-film-thar-amawii-feb-11-ah.html |title=Mizo film thar 'Amawii' Feb 11-ah |publisher=Explore Mizoram |language=mzo |date=2023-01-19 |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref> and handled music production for ''Ka U Liana'' (2022).<ref name="kauliana">{{cite web |url=https://www.vanglaini.org/thalai/65747 |title=Ka U Liana' Zaninah tlangzarh a ni dawn ta |publisher=[[Vanglaini]] |language=mzo |date=2022-05-28 |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref> He contributed original songs to the film ''Scooty'' as well.<ref name="exploremizoram"/>

His [[YouTube]] channel has over 290,000 subscribers.<ref name="chosic">{{cite web |url=https://www.chosic.com/genre-chart/mizo-pop/ |title=Mizo Pop Music Genre: Artists, Tracks and Related Genres |website=Chosic |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ralte married Bambi Laldinpuii in 2015. They have a daughter and a son.<ref name="exploremizoram"/> He is a Christian and his catalogue spans both secular and gospel music.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vanglaini |date=2020-11-27 |title=Thalai - Rpa Ralte leh Hlimhlimi-te'n Krismas hla zaninah an tichhuak dawn |url=https://vanglaini.org/thalai/4377 |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=vanglaini.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Selected discography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Featured artist(s)
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021 || "Khuavang Note" || Shin Bia
|-
| "Chhingmitin Biahthu Kan Hlan" || [[Benjamin Sum]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022 || "Hmangaihte Hmangaihna" || Zaii Hauchhum & Vanlalhmangaiha
|-
| "Hmangaihna Ka Hua" || Zaii Hauchhum
|-
| "Lawm Zai Ka Rel Ta'ng E" || David Lai
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023 || "I Awm Tlat Si" (''Amawii'' OST) || Hmangaihi
|-
| "Kan Dam Nan" (''Amawii'' OST) || Grace Pachuau
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024 || "I Fa Ka Ni" || Lalhruaitluangi
|-
| "Ka Hmangaih a Che" || Hminghmingi
|-
| 2025 || "Pathian Hmangaihna" || Adventist Choir
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:People from Aizawl]]
[[Category:Singers from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Mizo people]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]

Ritaben Patel

2026-04-24T19:28:51Z

DelmarPrisco: Made Stub - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| term_start = 2022
| constituency = [[Gandhinagar North Assembly constituency|Gandhinagar North]]
| office = Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| name = Ritaben Ketankumar Patel
| birth_place = [[Gandhinagar]], Gujarat
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1983}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| predecessor = [[C. J. Chavda|Chatursinh Javanji Chavda]]
| education = Master of Commerce ([[Gujarat University]]) Diploma in Computer Application ([[Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University]])
| office1 = Mayor of the [[Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation]]
| term_start1 = 15 April 2019
| term_end1 = 5 May 2021
| successor1 = Hiteshbhai P. Makwana
| predecessor1 = Pravinbhai D. Patel
}}

'''Ritaben Ketankumar Patel''' (born 1983)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ritaben Ketankumar Patel(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- GANDHINAGAR NORTH(GANDHINAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=6215 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gandhinagar North Election Results 2022: Counting starts, can BJP's Ritaben Patel make a comeback? |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/politics/story/gandhinagar-north-election-results-2022-live-news-bjp-aap-congress-ritaben-patel-355631-2022-12-08 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> She is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Gandhinagar North Assembly constituency in [[Gandhinagar district]]. She won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Election Result 2022: Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-election-results-2022-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms |access-date=2024-12-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Patel is from [[Gandhinagar]], Gujarat. She married Ketankumar Dineshbhai Patel. She completed her MCom in 2006 at [[Gujarat University]] and later did a post graduate Diploma in Computer Application in 2007 at [[Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Patel won from [[Gandhinagar North Assembly constituency]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. She polled 80,623 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Virendrasinh Vaghela of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 26,111 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandhinagar North Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Ritaben Ketankumar Patel of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/gandhinagar-north-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6561631.html |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Gujarat gandhinagar north Election Results, Gujarat Elections 2022 Vote Counting LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/electionselections/gujarat-assembly-election-2022/gujarat-gandhinagar-north-constituency-36.html |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

She was the mayor of [[Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation]] from 15 April 2019 to 5 May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elected Incumbency Chart – Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation |url=https://gandhinagarmunicipal.com/elected-incumbency-chart/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=gandhinagarmunicipal.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Ritaben}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Gandhinagar]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]
[[Category:Women members of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

Raipur Domana Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:16:22Z

DelmarPrisco: Made Info - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = [[Raipur Domana]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Jammu district|Jammu]]
| established = 1996
| abolished = 2018
| type= SLA
}}
'''Raipur Domana''' was a legislative constituency in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. Raipur Domana was also part of [[Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jammu constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam,Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Raipur Domana Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/vijaypur.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Elections.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Sat Paul || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Mulla Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Bharat Bhushan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Bali Bhagat]]
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Raipur Domana<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bali Bhagat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=49,134 |percentage=66.99% |change={{increase}}19.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mulla Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,991 |percentage=23.17% |change={{decrease}}4.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sat Paul |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=2,767 |percentage=3.77% |change={{decrease}}6.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaman Lal |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=1,384 |percentage=1.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Behari Lal Digra |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,189 |percentage=1.62% |change={{decrease}}6.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=559 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,143 |percentage=43.83% |change= {{increase}}23.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,342 |percentage=74.52% |change= {{increase}}3.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,420 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}19.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Raipur Domana<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Bhushan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=28,685 |percentage=47.78% |change={{increase}}35.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mulla Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,416 |percentage=27.34% |change={{decrease}}16.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sat Paul |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=6,333 |percentage=10.55% |change={{decrease}}4.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Badri Nath |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,070 |percentage=8.44% |change={{increase}}3.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bodh Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,023 |percentage=1.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neelam Devi |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=880 |percentage=1.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dewakar Bhagat |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=445 |percentage=0.74% |change={{decrease}}1.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puran Chand |party=Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party |votes=399 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,269 |percentage=20.44% |change= {{decrease}}4.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,036 |percentage=70.55% |change= {{increase}}9.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,094 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Raipur Domana<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mulla Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,538 |percentage=43.49% |change={{increase}}29.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Bhushan |party=Independent politician |votes=8,852 |percentage=18.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sat Paul |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=6,899 |percentage=14.61% |change={{decrease}}2.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bansi Lal Bharti |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,857 |percentage=12.40% |change={{decrease}}7.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bal Krishan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,163 |percentage=4.58% |change={{decrease}}11.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Beli Ram Kundal |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=1,196 |percentage=2.53% |change={{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurnam Singh |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=467 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rashpal |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=378 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaman Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=349 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,686 |percentage=24.74% |change= {{increase}}16.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,230 |percentage=61.05% |change= {{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,364 |ref = |change= {{increase}}44.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Dal |swing= {{increase}}15.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Raipur Domana<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sat Paul |party=Janata Dal |votes=9,076 |percentage=27.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bansi Lal Bharti |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,346 |percentage=19.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Bhushan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=5,579 |percentage=17.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Nath |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,301 |percentage=16.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Beli Ram Kundal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,619 |percentage=14.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tirth Kumar |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=821 |percentage=2.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Milkhi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=452 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami League |votes=395 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,730 |percentage=8.38% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,589 |percentage=61.69% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,551 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Dal |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Raipur Domana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|32.788|74.778|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1996]]

Oinam Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:13Z

DelmarPrisco: Made A Article - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Oinam
| mla = [[Irengbam Nalini Devi]]
| party = {{Party index link|National People's Party (India)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Bishnupur district|Bishnupur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:28688}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 25
}}

'''Oinam Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=results2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3713-manipur-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2017 - Manipur - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Bishnupur district]].

== Extent ==
Oinam is the 25th among 60 constituencies of Manipur. It consists of 39 parts namely: 1 - Leimram (A) 2 - Leimram, (B), 3 - Leimram Waroiching, 4 - Leimram Mamang Leikai, 5 - Heinoubok, 6 - Irengbam Awang mamang, 7 - Irengbam Makha Mamang Mayai Leikai, 8 - Irengbam Makha Maning Leikai (A), 9 - Irengbam Makha Maning Leikai, 10 - Irengbam Awang Maning Leikai, 11 - Oinam (A-1), 12 - Oinam (A-2), 13 - Oinam (B), 14 - Oinam (C), 15 - Oinam (D), 16 - Oinam Mamang Makha, 17 - Oinam (E-1), 18 - Oinam (E-2), 19 - Yumnam Khunou, 20 - Keinou Awang Sorok Maning, 21 - Keinou (A), 22 - Keinou (B), 23 - Keinou (C), 24 - Naikhong Khunou, 25 - Ngakchroupokpi, 26 - Ngaikhong Maning Leikai, 27 - Ngaikhong Khullen Kha Leikai, 28 - Ngaikhong Khullen Mamang Leikai, 29 - Ngaikhong Khullen Awang Leikai, 30 - Ngaikhong Siphai Maning Leikai, 31 - Ngaikhong Siphai Mamang Leikai, 32 - Toubul (A-1), 33 - Toubul (A-2), 34 - Toubul (B), 35 - Toubul Makha Maning, 36 - Toubul Mamang Makha, 37 - Khoijuman Khullen (A), 38 - Khoijuman Khullen (B), and 39 - Khoijuman Khullen (B-2).<ref>{{Cite web |title=CEO, Manipur {{!}} Electoral Roll |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/eroll |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=ceomanipur.nic.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="3" | Yamnam Yaima Singh || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || rowspan="2"|Keisham Bira Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan="2"|Dr. Yumnam Jiten Singh || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || {{Full party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Laishram Radhakishore Singh || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || rowspan="2"| Irengbam Ibohalbi Singh || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || Laishram Radhakishore Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Irengbam Nalini Devi]]|| {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}|40.57}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|49.07}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|30.66}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|32.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|36.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}|48.51}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|39.26}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|38.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.39}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Janata Party}}|34.23}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|50.57}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|56.15}}
}}
=== Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Oinam<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Irengbam Nalini Devi]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=10,808 |percentage=40.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Laishram Radhakishore Singh|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=10,366|percentage=38.91%|change=-10.16%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Thokchom Ithoibi Devi|party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,289|percentage=12.35%|change=-33.28%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Laitonjam Brojen Singh|party=Republican Party of India (Athawale)|votes=970|percentage=3.64%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Thingbaijam Swarankumar Singh|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=527|percentage=1.98%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashem Babu Singh|party=Shiv Sena|votes=408|percentage=1.53%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ngangom Shivakumar Singh|party=Independent politician|votes=145|percentage=0.54%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=442 |percentage=1.66% |change=-1.78% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=26,641|percentage=92.86%|change=0.05%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,688 |change =8.60% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= -8.50% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Oinam<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Radhakishore Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,029 |percentage=49.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Irengbam Ibohalbi Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,186 |percentage=45.63% |change=19.80% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Romio Khundrakpam |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,030 |percentage=4.20% |change=-12.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laitonjam Thoiba Singh |party=Manipur National Democratic Front |votes=190 |percentage=0.78% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=843 |percentage=3.44% |change=-0.70% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,516 |percentage=92.81% |change= 1.16% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,415 |change =4.93% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=All India Trinamool Congress |swing= 18.41% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Oinam<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Irengbam Ibohalbi Singh |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=7,074 |percentage=30.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Radhakishore Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=6,118 |percentage=26.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Yumnam Jitendra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,958 |percentage=25.82% |change=-3.41% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Romio Khundrakpam |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,765 |percentage=16.32% |change=-12.59% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=956 |percentage=4.14% |change=0.79% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,073 |percentage=91.03% |change= 0.45% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,174 |change =0.53% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Trinamool Congress |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= -1.93% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Oinam<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Irengbam Ibohalbi Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=7,443 |percentage=32.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Radhakishore |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,677 |percentage=29.23% |change=3.20% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Yumnam Jitendra Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=6,603 |percentage=28.91% |change=-8.07% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mutum Angouba |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=2,051 |percentage=8.98% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=766 |percentage=3.35% |change=0.33% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,840 |percentage=91.21% |change= 1.36% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,042 |change =14.86% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= -4.40% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Oinam<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Radhakishore Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=7,182 |percentage=36.98% |change=7.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Yumnam Jiten Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=6,595 |percentage=33.96% |change=-14.55% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Mutum Angouba Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,055 |percentage=26.03% |change=4.41% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nameirakpam Meghachandra Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=285 |percentage=1.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchom Surjaboro Singh |party=Manipur National Conference |votes=170 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=587 |percentage=3.02% |change=-15.62% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,419 |percentage=89.85% |change= -4.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,803 |change =6.91% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= -2.27% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Oinam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Yumnam Jiten Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=8,752 |percentage=48.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Radhakishore Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=5,388 |percentage=29.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Keisham Apabi Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,900 |percentage=21.62% |change=-16.00% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,364 |percentage=18.65% |change=17.01% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,040 |percentage=89.39% |change= -4.88% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,394 |change =11.94% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= 9.26% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Oinam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumnam Jiten |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=6,651 |percentage=39.26% |change=8.17% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Keisham Apabi Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,373 |percentage=37.61% |change=-0.41% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Oinam Tombi |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=2,416 |percentage=14.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ngangom Tomba Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,015 |percentage=5.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nilababu Oinam |party=Janata Dal |votes=384 |percentage=2.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongthombam Nimai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=104 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=278 |percentage=1.64% |change=-5.29% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,943 |percentage=94.27% |change= 0.99% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,218 |change =5.25% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.24% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Oinam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Keisham Bira Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,047 |percentage=38.02% |change=-16.37% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yamnam Yaima Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=4,944 |percentage=31.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thoudam Ibohal Singh |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=3,302 |percentage=20.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ngangom Tomba Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,612 |percentage=10.14% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,103 |percentage=6.93% |change=-4.84% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,905 |percentage=93.28% |change= -1.38% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,309 |change =16.99% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -16.37% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Oinam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Keisham Bira Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,415 |percentage=54.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yamnam Yaima Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,809 |percentage=42.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Khedajit Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=354 |percentage=2.60% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,606 |percentage=11.78% |change=9.98% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,634 |percentage=94.65% |change= 5.12% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,795 |change =4.86% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= 20.15% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Oinam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Yamnam Yaima Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=4,220 |percentage=34.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Keisham Bira Singh |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=3,998 |percentage=32.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thoudam Iboyaima Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,191 |percentage=17.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laitonjam Borajao |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,265 |percentage=10.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lamasbam Achouba |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=282 |percentage=2.29% |change=-48.28% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naoshekpam Jugeshwer |party=Independent politician |votes=274 |percentage=2.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chanambam Biren |party=Independent politician |votes=97 |percentage=0.79% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=222 |percentage=1.80% |change=0.66% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,327 |percentage=89.53% |change= -2.72% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,109 |change =27.11% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= -16.34% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Oinam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Yamnam Yaima Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=5,103 |percentage=50.57% |change=-5.58% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muthum Amutombi Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,988 |percentage=49.43% |change=5.58% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=115 |percentage=1.14% |change=-11.16% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,091 |percentage=92.25% |change= 6.70% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,100 |change =13.69% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= -5.58% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Oinam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Yamnam Yaima Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=4,585 |percentage=56.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muthum Amutombi Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,581 |percentage=43.85% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,004 |percentage=12.29% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,166 |percentage=85.55% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,763 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bishnupur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.69|93.81|display=title}}

[[Category:Bishnupur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]

Kavvampally Satyanarayana

2026-04-10T07:32:41Z

DelmarPrisco: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name =
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Kavvampalli_Satyanarayana.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| constituency =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
}}

'''Kavvampally Satyanarayana''' (born 1965) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana State|Telangana state]]. He is an MLA from [[Manakondur Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for SC community in [[Karimnagar district]]. He represents Indian National Congress Party and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Manakondur Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Dr. Kavvampally Satyanarayana wins Manakondur with 96773 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/manakondur-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470942-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Manakondur Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/manakondur-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687819.html |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Satyanarayana is from [[Manakondur]], Karimnagar district. He was born to late Kavvampally Ellaiah. He is a doctor. He completed his M.B.B.S. and later did his M.S. in 1998 at [[Kakatiya Medical College]], affiliated with [[NTR University of Health Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Kavvampally Satyanarayana(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- MANAKONDUR (SC)(KARIMNAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=187 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Satyanarayana won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Manakondur Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]]. He polled 96,773 votes, and defeated his nearest rival [[Rasamayi Balakishan|Erupula Balakishan]] of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] by a margin of 32,365 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manakondur Constituency Election Results 2023: Manakondur Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/manakondur |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Manakondur Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate Dr. Kavvampally Satyanarayana Wins From Manakondur |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/manakondur-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-trs-bjp-congress-aimim-telangana-assembly-election-results-news-1647245 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satyanarayana, Kavvampally}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Karimnagar district]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mokhada Wada Shahapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:24:51Z

DelmarPrisco: started new entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mokhada Wada Shahapur
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 68,202
| mla = Bhoir Ladku Nau
| party = {{Party index link|Independent politician}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district = Thane-Palghar District
| loksabha_cons = ST
| reservation = No
}}
Mokhada Wada Shahapur Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Bhoir Ladku Nau || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| Pawar Amrita Ragho || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mokhada Wada Shahapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhoir Ladku Nau |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,848 |percentage = 19.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baswant Sonu Dagdu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,512 |percentage = 16.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Amrita Ragho |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,958 |percentage = 15.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhere Krishna Ganu |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,563 |percentage = 15.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ambekar Yeshwant Gunaji |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 10,789 |percentage = 12.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Barora Soma Alo |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,553 |percentage = 11.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ughade Rama Krishna |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 7,937 |percentage = 9.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,336 |percentage = 2.81% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 83,160 |percentage = 60.97% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 83,160}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,202 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Akola Sangamner Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:17:26Z

DelmarPrisco: New article

{{one source|date=January 2026}}
{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Akola Sangamner
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 1,05,006
| mla = Bhangare Gopal Shravan & Deshmukh Datta Appaji
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Akola Sangamner Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Bhangare Gopal Shravan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Deshmukh Datta Appaji || {{Full party name with color|Kamgar Kisan Paksha}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Akola Sangamner <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhangare Gopal Shravan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,924 |percentage = 20.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Datta Appaji |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 17,322 |percentage = 20.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhangare Dharma Kama |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 16,763 |percentage = 19.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khatal Bhimajerao Gijaba |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,563 |percentage = 18.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Durve Bhaskar Govind |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 10,540 |percentage = 12.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nawale Narayan Rambhau |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 7,770 |percentage = 9.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,161 |percentage = 1.35% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 85,882 |percentage = 40.89% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 85,882}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,006 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Anant Patel

2026-04-06T11:24:50Z

DelmarPrisco: New new pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Anant Hasmukh Patel''' (born 1978)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Anantkumar Hasmukhbhai Patel(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- VALSAD (ST)(GUJARAT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=3785 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] as a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from [[Vansda Assembly constituency|Vansda]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[Navsari district]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/anantkumar-hasmukhbhai-patel | title=Anantkumar Hasmukhbhai Patel }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dabhi |first=Parimal |date=21 October 2022|title=Anant Patel: Educated school teacher-turned-MLA loved by tribals of south Gujarat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/congress-anant-patel-educated-school-teacher-mla-tribals-south-gujarat-8223664/ |work=[[The Indian Express]]|location= |access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-13 |title=2 MLAs on Congress Lok Sabha list of 7: Tribal face Anant, sole woman legislator Geniben |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/2-mlas-on-cong-ls-list-of-7-tribal-face-anant-sole-woman-legislator-geniben-9210786/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anannt Patel Interview: मिलिए अनंत पटेल से, जिनके बुलावे पर राहुल गांधी भारत जोड़ो यात्रा छोड़कर पहुंचे गुजरात |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/gujarat/news/congress-tribal-leader-and-mla-anant-patel-contesting-from-vansda-assembly-seat-of-navsari-/articleshow/95678915.cms |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=PM मोदी की फोटो फाड़ने पर जुर्माना:गुजरात के कांग्रेस विधायक को देने होंगे 99 रुपए, नहीं भरा तो 7 दिन की जेल होगी |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/national/news/congress-mla-from-vansda-anant-patel-convicted-of-criminal-trespass-navsari-court-fined-rs-99-131093964.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Anant Patel is from [[Unai]],Vansda Taluka, Navsari district, Gujarat. He is the son of Hasmukhbhai Ratanji Patel. He completed his MA in 2001 at [[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]] and later did B.Ed. in 2003 at [[RK Desai College]], [[Vapi]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Patel first became an MLA winning the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 110,756 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Mahla Ganpatbhai of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 18,393 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Election Result 2022: Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-election-results-2022-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He retained the seat in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. In 2022, he polled 124,477 and defeated his nearest rival, Piyush Patel of the Bharatiya Janata Party, by a margin of 35,033 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anantkumar Hasmukhbhai Patel in Gujarat Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/gujarat/anantkumar-hasmukhbhai-patel-vansda-(st)-candidate-s06a177c04/ |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, he contested from [[Valsad Lok Sabha constituency|Vasad Lok Sabha constituency]] but lost to Dhaval Laxmanbhai Patel of the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anantkumar Hasmukhbhai Patel, Indian National Congress Representative for Valsad (ST), Gujarat - Candidate Overview {{!}} 2024 Lok Sabha Elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/gujarat/valsad/candidateshow/anantkumar-hasmukhbhai-patel-8587 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Anant}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Navsari district]]
[[Category:Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]]

Bebaak (film)

2026-04-01T18:09:16Z

DelmarPrisco: New a stub

{{short description|2019 Indian short film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| director = [[Shazia Iqbal]]
| writer = [[Shazia Iqbal]]
| producer = [[Anurag Kashyap]]
| starring = Sana Pathan [[Sheeba Chaddha]] [[Sarah Hashmi]] [[Vipin Sharma]] [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]
| cinematography = Sachin Gadankush
| editing = Dipika Kalra, Jabeen Merchant
| music = Alokananda Dasgupta
| studio = Jar Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|5|23|India|ref1=}}
| runtime = 20 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi, Urdu
}}

'''''Bebaak''''' ''(Dying wind in her hair)'' is a [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu language]] short film written and directed by [[Shazia Iqbal]] in 2019 and produced by [[JAR Pictures|Jar Pictures]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Bebaak (2018) |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/bebaak/ |language=en |access-date=27 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bebaak Videos and Trailers {{!}} Bebaak Cast and Crews {{!}} Bebaak {{!}} Indian Film History |url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/short-film/bebaak |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=www.indianfilmhistory.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 February 2021 |title=Critics' Choice Awards 2021— Scam: 1992, Eeb Allay Ooo, short film Bebaak win top honours; see full list | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/critics-choice-awards-2021-scam-1992-eeb-allay-ooo-short-film-bebaak-win-top-honours-see-full-list-9304911.html |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> This film is based on a true tale about a young woman named Fatin who was publicly reprimanded for being a woman at a scholarship interview by a religious leader.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bebaak |url=https://www.filmindependent.org/people/bebaak/ |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=Film Independent |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bebaak (Dying Wind in Her Hair) |url=https://www.indianfilmfestival.org/films/bebaak-dying-wind-in-her-hair/ |access-date=27 October 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2019 |title=Bebaak - When A Film Is As Fearlessly Beautiful As Its Name |url=https://theredsparrow.in/film-reviews/bebaak-when-a-film-is-as-fearlessly-beautiful-as-its-name/ |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=The Red Sparrow |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Based on a real-life incident, ''Bebaak'' examines the patriarchal idea of male agency over female bodies, which is based on a systematic theological notion that demands women cover up in order to be "more humble, respectful, and acceptable" by society. It tells the tale of Fatin, a young woman from a low-income family who encounters [[chauvinism]] and is reprimanded by a religious leader during a scholarship interview.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bebaak – Drama Short Film {{!}} Filmfare Short Film Awards |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/short-films-2020/finalists/bebaak/3654 |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bebaak – Kolkata People's Film Festival |url=https://www.ourcinema.in/festival/film/bebaak/ |access-date=27 October 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Short Film 'Bebaak' Is The Story Of A Woman Voicing Defiance Against The Status Quo |url=https://homegrown.co.in/article/804660/short-film-bebaak-is-the-story-of-a-woman-voicing-defiance-against-the-status-quo |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=homegrown.co.in |date=8 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Sana Pathan
* [[Sheeba Chaddha]]
* [[Sarah Hashmi]]
* [[Vipin Sharma]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patil |first=Akshay |date=16 May 2019 |title=Vipin Sharma's Bebaak screened at New York Indian Film Festival! |url=https://www.bollywoodcouch.com/vipin-sharmas-bebaak-screened-at-new-york-indian-film-festival/ |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=Bollywood Couch |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2020 |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui's latest short film Bebaak is an angry portrayal of conservative religious restrictions on women |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/nawazuddin-siddiqui-s-latest-short-film-bebaak-is-an-angry-portrayal-of-conservative-religious-restrictions-on-women/story-9XHChuN9JMzG99OeGSZvOI.html |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boc |first=Reema |date=4 April 2020 |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui's Short Film Bebaak Raises Question In Its Own Way |url=https://boxofficeworldwide.com/movies-latest-news/nawazuddin-siddiquis-short-film-bebaak-raises-question-in-its-own-way/ |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=Box Office Worldwide |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2019 |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui's Short Film 'Bebaak' Is Getting A Premiere In L.A |url=https://www.inuth.com/entertainment/bollywood/bebaak-short-film-nawazuddin-siddiqui-iffla-2019-shazia-iqbal/ |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=InUth |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipients
! scope="col" |Result
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |São Paulo International Short Film Festival
|Audience Favourite
|''Bebaak''
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Debut Director
|Shazia Iqbal
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="1" |2019
! rowspan="1" scope="row" |New York Indo-American Arts Council Film Festival
|Best Short Fiction
|Shazia Iqbal
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="1" |2019
! rowspan="1" scope="row" |[[Los Angeles Indian Film Festival]]
|Best Short Film
|''Bebaak''
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="1" |2019
! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Chicago South Asian Film Festival
|Best Short Film
|''Bebaak''
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
|Best Actress in a Short Film
|Sarah Hashmi
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Short Film (Fiction)
|Shazia Iqbal
|{{won}}
|-
|2021
! scope="row" |Critics’ Choice Shorts and Series Awards, India
|Best Short Film
|''Bebaak''
|{{won}}
|}

== Reception ==

* ''Bebaak'' views freedom as a network of connected crackers rather than a single spark that, when lighted, can burn the ground. It doesn't exhibit this hurry or lack of determination. The conclusion of a movie with significant themes revolves upon a little girl and her gaze, yearning, and anticipation.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Bebaak' Review: A Small Film About Some Big Themes |url=https://thewire.in/film/bebaak-review-a-small-film-about-some-big-themes |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2020 |title='Bebaak' review: Shazia Iqbal's film takes aim at religious orthodoxy |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//how-to-lounge/movies-tv/bebaak-review-shazia-iqbal-s-film-takes-aim-at-religious-orthodoxy-111634489459966.html |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}</ref>
* The film's script is incisive and to the point, highlighting the ridiculousness of the religious pressure placed on women to wear a certain manner, especially in an environment as modern as India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kyawal |first=Prashen H. |date=28 March 2019 |title=Short Film Review : Bebaak (2018) by Shazia Iqbal |url=https://asianmoviepulse.com/2019/03/short-film-review-bebaak-2018-by-shazia-iqbal/ |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=Asian Movie Pulse |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
The scandal surrounding [[Anurag Kashyap]] stems from his alleged negligence in a sexual assault accusation against his former business partner [[Vikas Bahl]], and it has stained a short film he made on his own. The Kashyap and Jar Films-produced film Bebaak, starring Shazia Iqbal, has been removed from this month's [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image|Mumbai Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=#MeToo: Mumbai Film Festival drops short film co-produced by Anurag Kashyap |url=https://scroll.in/reel/899015/metoo-mumbai-film-festival-drops-short-film-co-produced-by-anurag-kashyap |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=Scroll.in |date=21 October 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=#MeToo crackdown: Mumbai Film Festival drops Anurag Kashyap's short film Bebaak |url=https://www.mynation.com/entertainment/me-too-mumbai-film-festival-mami-anurag-kashyap-shazia-iqbal-bebaak-pgxqiz |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dropped by MAMI, 'Bebaak' and 'Awake' screen to packed audience - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dropped-by-mami-bebaak-and-awake-screen-to-packed-audience/articleshow/66445486.cms |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=31 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Films 'Bebaak' and 'Awake' see huge gathering at public screening |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/films-bebak-and-awake-see-huge-gathering-at-public-screening-174636 |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=WION |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=After AIB And Rajat Kapoor's Films, MAMI Now Drops Anurag Kashyap's Bebaak {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/bollywood/news/after-aib-rajat-kapoor-s-films-mami-now-drops-anurag-kashyap-s-bebaak/5bd00b93b96e2a60b3593211 |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt8991706}}

[[Category:Indian drama short films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 short films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]

Gopalpur tussar silk

2026-03-28T18:23:30Z

DelmarPrisco: added

{{Short description|Wild silk from Odisha, India}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Gopalpur tussar silk
| image = Tussar Fabrics.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| alternative names = ଗୋପାଳପୁର ଟସର ବସ୍ତ୍ର
| description =
| type = [[Fabric]]
| area = [[Gopalapuram, Jajpur district|Gopalpur]], [[Jajpur district]], [[Odisha]]
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 2009
| material = [[Silk]]
| official website =
}}
The village of '''[[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur]]''' in [[Jajpur District]] in the Indian state of [[Odisha]] is known for producing [[tussar silk]]. The [[handicraft]] received the [[Geographical Indication]] tag by the Government of India in 2009. The fabric may be used for [[dhoti]], [[shawl]]s, [[scarves]], and [[sari]]s.<ref>{{cite web|last1=sethi|first1=Pankaja|title=weaving threads of tradition- Traditional textile from gopalpur, Odisha|url=http://www.craftrevival.org/CraftArtDetails.asp?CountryCode=India&CraftCode=003693|website=www.craftrevival.org|access-date=31 January 2016|archive-date=27 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527184738/http://www.craftrevival.org/CraftArtDetails.asp?CountryCode=India&CraftCode=003693|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Process==
===Thread===
Women and girls usually reel the tussar threads holding 'natai'{{which lang|date=October 2020}} in their right hand and unwinding the thread around the [[Pupa#Cocoon|cocoons]] with their other hand. Twisting the filament, the weaver winds the yarns on the wooden 'natai' at a continuous speed. Embellishments are done by hand, either with extra weft or extra warp with a 'bandha'{{which lang|date=October 2020}} pattern in hand. The embellishments increase the value of the fabric. Alternatively, reeling machines are available.

===Spinning===
Traditionally, thread is wound around the chadaki{{which lang|date=October 2020}} to fill the [[bobbin]]s (''nali'') for weft with the help of a [[spinning wheel]] (charakha). ''Gandhi charakha'' or wooden charakha have been replaced by a metal part.

==Weaving==
Fabric is woven using a 'cut [[Shuttle (weaving)|shuttle]] technique', in which shuttles interlock with one another to form ''foda kumbh''a in the weft direction. Shuttles on both sides interlock with the main shuttle for the main body of the fabric. By tie and die bandha technique, the foda kumbha pattern is copied for multiple productions.

==Design==
Threads are dyed in different shades, such as maroon, red, plum and rust. Fabrics are designed in tussar and gheecha{{which lang|date=October 2020}} and enhanced with a weft and cut shuttle technique.

==Industry==
The tussar silk is mainly marketed by PWCS and SHGs{{clarify|What do these letters mean?|date=October 2020}} traders through the Boyanika (OSHWCS), Sambalpuri Bastralaya, SERIFED, Pvt. traders. Sales also take place at exhibitions and in local markets. According to a 2013-14 survey, 745 looms operate in this cluster. Around 5,000 people are dependent on this industry for income.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gopalpur Handloom-1 Cuttack, Orissa|url=https://gocoop.com/cluster/Gopalpur%20Handloom-1#zoom=16&lat=20.79826&lon=86.16907&layers=0B0TTTFT|website=gocoop.com|access-date=31 January 2016|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021153012/https://gocoop.com/cluster/Gopalpur%20Handloom-1#zoom=16&lat=20.79826&lon=86.16907&layers=0B0TTTFT|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Odisha}}
{{Odia culture}}

[[Category:Geographical indications in Odisha]]
[[Category:Textile arts of India]]

Psycho Saiyaan (TV series)

2026-03-20T18:21:12Z

DelmarPrisco: Made New Data - done

{{Short description|2026 Indian television series}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Psycho Saiyaan (TV series).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Official Digital Release Poster
| genre = [[Romantic Thriller]]
| creator =
| writer = {{ubl |Amitabh Singh Ramkshatra|Suarabh Tewari|Akshay Jhunjhunwala|Ishan Bajpai}}
| director = Ajay Bhuyan
| starring = {{ubl | [[Ravi Kishan]]| [[Tejasswi Prakash]] | Anud Singh Dhaka|Srishti Shrivastava|Surbhi Chandna}}
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| composer = Shiavam Anuj Manna Mand
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{ubl|Sumeet Chaudhary|Kewal Sethi|Hitesh Bhatia|Saurabh Tewari}}
| cinematography = Shanu Singh Rajput
| editor = Jatish Narayan Ghadi Anurag Singh
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime =
| company = Parin Multimedia Freedom One LLP
| channel = [[Amazon MX Player]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2026|02|25}}
| last_aired = present
| opentheme =
}}

'''''Psycho Saiyaan''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic thriller]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Psycho Saiyaan OTT release delivers chilling, powerful love story
|url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/ott/mx-player/psycho-saiyaan-ott-release-mx-player/|date=20 February 2026 |website=Pune Mirror|language=en }}</ref> streaming television series directed by Ajay Bhuyan and produced by Saurabh Tewari under the banner of Parin Multimedia. The series premiered on 25 February 2026 on [[Amazon MX Player]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=
Psycho Saiyaan trailer out: Ravi Kishan, Tejasswi Prakash and Anud Singh Dhaka star in Amazon MX Player’s dark romance thriller
|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/psycho-saiyaan-trailer-ravi-kishan-tejasswi-prakash-anud-singh-dhaka-star-amazon-mx-players-dark-romance-thriller/|date=18 February 2026 |website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en }}</ref> It stars [[Tejasswi Prakash]], Anud Singh Dhaka and [[Ravi Kishan]] in lead roles, with supporting performances by Srishti Shrivastava, [[Surbhi Chandna]] and Vaarun Bhagat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Psycho Saiyaan OTT release date: Here's when and where you can stream Anud Singh Dhaka, Tejasswi Prakash and Ravi Kishan's romantic thriller series
|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/psycho-saiyaan-ott-release-date-when-where-stream-anud-singh-dhaka-tejasswi-prakash-ravi-kishan-romantic-thriller/efd502a7f2541|date=18 February 2026 |website=OTT Play|language=en }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Psycho Saiyaan Trailer: Ravi Kishan, Anud Singh Dhaka, Tejasswi Prakash Lead Dark Romance Thriller On Amazon MX Player
|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/web-series/psycho-saiyaan-trailer-out-ravi-kishan-tejasswi-prakash-lead-dark-romance-thriller-on-amazon-mx-player-ws-kl-9915043.html|date=18 February 2026 |website=News 18|language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Psycho Saiyaan: Tejasswi Prakash, Anud Singh Dhaka lead romance-thriller where passion crosses into obsession
|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/psycho-saiyaan-tejasswi-prakash-anud-singh-dhaka-lead-romance-thriller-where-passion-crosses-into-obsession/13887989a8249|date=14 February 2026 |website=OTT Play|language=en }}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Set in the ancient city of Ujjain, the story follows Kartik, who becomes deeply obsessed with the enigmatic Charu after she arrives in the city seeking mukti for her ailing grandmother. When she suddenly disappears without a trace, Kartik embarks on a determined search for her, gradually realizing that love and devotion may hide far more complicated truths than he imagined.

== Cast ==

* [[Ravi Kishan]] as Huntry Singh
* [[Tejasswi Prakash]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tejasswi Prakash calls it a 'learning experience' on working with Ravi Kishan in Psycho Saiyaan
|url=https://www.mid-day.com/amp/entertainment/web-series/article/exclusive-tejasswi-prakash-on-working-with-ravi-kishan-in-psycho-saiyaan-23619245|date=4 March 2026 |website=Mid-Day|language=en }}</ref> as Charu Lata
* Anud Singh Dhaka<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anud Singh Dhaka on what makes Psycho Saiyaan stand out: “It’s so unpredictable, and it becomes bloody good”
|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/anud-singh-dhaka-makes-psycho-saiyaan-stand-unpredictable-becomes-bloody-good/|date=24 February 2026 |website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en }}</ref> as Kartik Pandey
* [[Surbhi Chandna]] as Rucha Sanyal
* Srishti Shrivastava as Ritu Dixit
* Vaarun Bhagat as Bunty Chauhan
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]] as Ratna Singh
* Navninder Behl as Charus's Dadi
* Jagat Rawat as Govind Ram Pandey
* Vijay Shrivastav as Pappu Pandey
* Bhupendar Singh as Raja Singh
* Abhilash Chaudhary as Jeetu
* Devaang Bagga as Manga
* Ashish Bhatt as Indori
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Kartik's Lawyer

== Episodes ==
=== Season 1 ===
{{Series overview|color1=#2F55A6 |link1=1|episodes1=6|released1={{Start date|2025|02|25|df=yes}}}}{{Episode table|background=#2F55A6|overall=|season=|title=|director=|airdate=|episodes={{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Siberain Seagull
| DirectedBy = Ajay Bhuyan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|02|25|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = German Shephard
| DirectedBy = Ajay Bhuyan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|02|25|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Persian Cat
| DirectedBy = Ajay Bhuyan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|02|25|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Raging Bull
| DirectedBy = Ajay Bhuyan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|02|25|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Rowdy Rodent
| DirectedBy = Ajay Bhuyan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|02|25|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Wild Wolf
| DirectedBy = Ajay Bhuyan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|02|25|df=y}}
}}
}}
==Release==
The series primeired on 25 February 2026 on [[Amazon MX Player]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Tejasswi Prakash Leave Surbhi Chandna In Tears? Drama Unfolds At MX Player's Psycho Saiyaan Promo Event
|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/did-tejasswi-prakash-leave-surbhi-chandna-in-tears-drama-unfolds-at-mx-players-psycho-saiyaan-promo-event|date=27 February 2026 |website=Free Press Journal|language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Surbhi Chandna reacts to Psycho Saiyaan co-star Tejasswi Prakash refusing to give interviews with her
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/surbhi-chandna-reacts-to-psycho-saiyaan-co-star-tejasswi-prakash-refusing-to-give-interviews-with-her-amazon-mx-player-101772270846782.html|date=28 February 2026 |website=Hindustan Times|language=en }}</ref>
==Reception==
Archika Khurana of ''[[Times of India]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and said that "Psycho Saiyaan thrives on its central idea: “I love you and you love me — baaki sab characters hain.” It remains engaging, intense and intermittently gripping, even if not consistently unpredictable. While the series isn’t without flaws, its strong performances and unconventional premise make this tale of psychotic obsession a fairly compelling thriller worth a watch."<ref>{{cite web|first=Archika|last=Khurana|title=Psycho Saiyaan Season 1 Review : Tejasswi Prakash Shines While Ravi Kishan Adds Power to This Obsessive Thriller|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/psycho-saiyaan/season-1/seasonreview/128710023.cms|date=25 February 2026|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
[[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated it 1.5/5 stars and writes that "Every lead character is nuts in Psycho Saiyaan."<ref>{{cite web|first=Deepa|last=Gahlot|title=Psycho Saiyaan Review: Weird!|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/psycho-saiyaan-review-tejasswi-prakash-ravi-kishan-star/20260227.htm|date=27 February 2026|website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

Arpita Sarkar of ''[[OTT Play]]'' rated it 1/5 stars and writes that "There were high expectations from Tejasswi Prakash’s OTT debut, but she fails to impress, turning this romantic-thriller into a disappointing saga."<ref>{{cite web|first=Arpita|last=Sarkar|title=Psycho Saiyaan Review: From love to obsession, Tejasswi Prakash's OTT debut is a total snooze fest|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/psycho-saiyaan-review-tejasswi-prakash-ravi-kishan-amazon-mx-player/4588371d41937|date=25 February 2026|website=OTT Play}}</ref>
Koimoi's Trisha Gaur gave half stars out of 5 and "Ravi Kishan and Tejasswi Prakash's Psycho Saiyaan follows the footsteps of Taapsee Pannu's Hasseen Dillruba but loses the path."<ref>{{cite web|first=Trisha|last=Gaur|title=Psycho Saiyaan Review: Ravi Kishan & Tejasswi Prakash Push Hindi Pulp Fiction Genre To A Nonsensical & Bizarre Zone!|url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/web-reviews/psycho-saiyaan-review-ravi-kishan-tejasswi-prakash-push-hindi-pulp-fiction-genre-to-a-nonsensical-bizarre-zone/|date=25 February 2026|website=Koimoi.com}}</ref>

Shruti Sampat of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' stated that "Psycho Saiyaan is a missed opportunity. A taut psychological drama needs a taut script, but this film delivers neither tension nor coherence. For viewers hoping for an engaging thriller, what they will find instead is a disjointed and disappointing watch. A muddled narrative and underwhelming execution make Psycho Saiyaan a forgettable thriller despite its promising cast."<ref>{{cite web|first=Shruti|last=Sampat|title=Pyscho Saiyaan review: Ravi Kishan and Tejasswi Prakash fail to save the thriller from poor script's claws|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/psycho-saiyaan-review-tejasswi-prakash-starrer-falls-flat-despite-strong-performances-23618307|date=25 February 2026|website=Mid-Day}}</ref>
Amit Bhatia of ''[[ABP News]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that "Overall, Psycho Saiyaan is a compelling blend of suspense, thrill, romance, and obsession. Its engaging storyline, strong performances, and unpredictable twists make it a powerful and gripping web series."<ref>{{cite web|first=Amit|last=Bhatia|title=Psycho Saiyaan रिव्यू: Tejasswi Prakash का जबरदस्त अभिनय, Ravi Kishan ने लगाई आग|url=https://www.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/psycho-saiyaan-review-tejasswi-prakash-stuns-twisted-romance-ravi-kishan-sets-the-screen-on-fire-3094575|date=25 February 2026|website=ABP News|language=Hindi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=39971916}}
* [https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-psycho-saiyaan-series-online-823f4456b9bf65f7ce865323792b25cd ''Psycho Saiyaan''] on [[Amazon MX Player]]

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Mithila (region)

2026-03-13T23:01:28Z

DelmarPrisco: updated citations further and improved wording after review

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{About|the historical and cultural region in India and Nepal|the proposal to create a state of Mithila in India|Mithila (proposed Indian state)|other uses|Mithila (disambiguation){{!}}Mithila}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mithila
| native_name = मिथिला
| type = Cultural region
| subdivision_type = Continent
| subdivision_name = [[Asia]]
| subdivision_type1 = Countries
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]] and [[Nepal]]
| subdivision_type2 = States or Provinces
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]] (India) and [[Madhesh Province]], [[Koshi Province|Koshi]] and [[Bagmati Province]] (Nepal)
| blank_name_sec1 = Regional Language(s) and/or dialect(s)
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]] [[Bajjika language|Bajjika]] [[Angika language|Angika]] and several other dialects of Maithili

| image_map = Mithila Region of India and Nepal.png
| map_caption = Map of the Mithila region of [[India]] & [[Nepal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2016/02/20/the-giving-tree|title=Mithila region}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 =
| population_as_of =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym = [[Maithils]] Tirhutiya Mithilabasi
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|photo1a =Vivah Mandap, Janakpur.jpg
|photo2a =Fort of Darbhanga.jpg
| spacing =1
| position = center
| color_border = white
| color = white

| foot_montage = Top to bottom: [[Janaki Mandir|Vivah Mandap]] ([[Janakpur|Janakpurdham, Nepal]]), Royal Insigna of Raj Darbhanga & [[Darbhanga Fort]] }}
| founder = [[Videgha Mathava]]
| named_for = [[King Mithi]]
}}
'''Mithila''' ({{IAST3|Mithilā}}), also known as '''Tirhut''', '''Tirabhukti''' and '''Mithilanchal''', is a geographical and cultural region of the [[Indian subcontinent]] bounded by the [[Mahananda River]] in the east, the [[Ganges]] in the south, the [[Gandaki River]] in the west and by the foothills of the [[Himalayas]] in the north.<ref name="Jha1997">{{cite book |author=Jha, M. |year=1997 |chapter=Hindu Kingdoms at contextual level |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&pg=PA27 |pages=27–42 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd |location=New Delhi|isbn=9788175330344 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Mishra, V. |year=1979 |publisher=Mithila Prakasana |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FBuAAAAMAAJ&q=area+of+mithila |title=Cultural Heritage of Mithila |pages=13}}</ref> It comprises certain parts of [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]] states of India<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O49ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PR20|title=Sushasan Ke Aaine Mein Naya Bihar|first=Pankaj Kumar|last= Jha|date=2010 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|location=Bihar (India)|isbn=9789380186283}}</ref> and adjoining districts of the [[Koshi Province]], [[Bagmati Pradesh]] and [[Madhesh Province]] of [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ishii, H. |year=1993 |title=Seasons, Rituals and Society: the culture and society of Mithila, the Parbate Hindus and the Newars as seen through a comparison of their annual rites |journal=Senri Ethnological Studies 36 |pages=35–84 |url=https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=3055&item_no=1&attribute_id=18&file_no=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823205608/https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=3055&item_no=1&attribute_id=18&file_no=1 |archive-date=23 August 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=Kumar2000>{{cite journal |author=Kumar, D. |year=2000 |title=Mithila after the Janakas |journal=The Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=60 |pages=51–59}}</ref> The native language in Mithila is [[Maithili language|Maithili]], and its speakers are referred to as [[Maithil]]s.<ref name="Jha1997" />

Mithila is commonly used to refer to the [[Videha]] Kingdom, as well as to the modern-day territories that fall within the ancient boundaries of Videha.<ref name="Kumar2000" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Thakur |first=Ripunjay Kumar |date=1 March 2022|title=Historical Geography of Early Medieval Mithila: From Videha to Tirhut.|url=https://www.academia.edu/72670545|publisher=New Archaeological & Genological Society, Kanpur, India|issn=2348-8301|access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref> Until the 20th century, Mithila was still ruled in part by the [[Raj Darbhanga]]. In [[Buddhists|Buddhist]] [[annals]], it is also known as ''Miyulu''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Indian_Antiquary.html?id=F2xDAAAAYAAJ#Mithila%20University |title=Indian Antiquary |date=1985 |publisher=Swati Publications |pages=52 |language=en}}</ref> According to the document of ''Archeological Geography of Ganga Plains'', the [[Balirajgarh]] fort in the Madhubani district is regarded as the capital of ancient Mithila. In the present time, there is a ruins of ancient large fort dating back to 300 BCE - 200 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakrabarti |first=Dilip K. |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Archaeological_Geography_of_the_Ganga_Pl.html?id=aJAMAQAAMAAJ#Videha |title=Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain: The Upper Ganga (Oudh, Rohilkhand, and the Doab) |date=2007 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-81-215-1185-8 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Mithila Region|}}
{{See also|Videha}}

===In Jainism===
Mithilā is one of the most significant pilgrimage sites in [[Jainism]]. Apart from its association with ''[[Mahavira]]'', the 24th [[Tirthankara]], it is also known for its association with ''[[Mallinatha]]'', the 19th Tirthankara, and ''[[Naminatha]]'', the 21st Tirthankara. As per the [[Jain literature#The Śvētāmbara Siddhāntha|''Śvetāmbara'' canon]], the first four of the [[Panch Kalyanaka|five significant events]] of the life of ''Mallinātha'' and ''Naminātha'' happened at Mithilā. The fifth one, which is the attainment of ''[[nirvana]]'', happened at [[Shikharji|''Sammet Shikharji'']].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maharaj |first=Triputi |title=Jain Paramparano Itihaas |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001076/65}}</ref>

''[[Mahavira]]'' spent 6 ''varshās'' (monsoon seasons) at Mithilā.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Publication |first=Jain Bhawan |title=Jain Journal 1967 04 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/520006/33}}</ref> ''Akampita Swāmi'', one of his 11 [[Ganadhara|ganadharas]], was born in Mithilā.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=M Subba |title=Sachitra Shraman Bhagwan Mahavir |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/006789/132}}</ref> Additionally, as per ancient ''[[Śvetāmbara]]'' texts, a branch of ancient Jaina ascetics was known as ''"Maithiliya"'' after Mithilā, signifying its historical importance as a center of Jaina scholarship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Porwal |first=Renuka |title=Jaina Stupa At Mathura Art And Icons |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/007031/179}}</ref>

''[[Vividha Tirtha Kalpa]]'', a 14th century CE [[Śvetāmbara]] Jaina text by ''Ācārya'' ''Jinaprabhasūrī'', describes Mithilā as a major Jaina pilgrimage center. The scripture locates Mithilā in the [[Tirhut division|Tirhuta]] region near the confluence of the ''Bāna Gangā'' and ''[[Gandaki River|Gandaki]]'' rivers. It also mentions a village called ''"Jagai"'', where temples dedicated to ''[[Mallinatha|Mallinātha]]'' and ''[[Naminatha|Naminātha]]'' existed. The site is also connected to [[Sita|Sita's]] marriage, ''"Sakulla Kunda"''. Some researchers suggest that ''"Jagai"'' may be an abbreviation of [[Jagadishpur]], near present-day [[Sitamarhi]]. In their pilgrimage parties of 17th century CE and 18th century CE respectively, ''Panyās Saubhāgyavijaya'' and ''Panyās Vijayasāgara'' mention the location of the Jaina pilgrimage of Mithilā near present-day Sitamarhi in [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jinaprabhasuri |first=Acharya |title=Vividha Tirtha Kalpa |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/009519/64}}</ref>
The temples fell into disrepair, possibly due to a lack of Jaina population. The only remnant was the footprints of ''[[Mallinatha|Mallinātha]]'' and ''[[Naminatha|Naminātha]]''. These footprints were later preserved in [[Bhagalpur|''Bhāgalpur'']].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thakur |first=Vijay Kumar |date=2003 |title=The Jaina Antiquities of Mithila: An Analysis |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145472 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=64 |pages=295–299 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> Based on historical evidence and research, initiatives to restore Mithilā’s lost Jaina heritage were launched. A two-storey temple along the Sitamarhi-Dumra road was constructed. In 2015, the foundation was laid by ''Ācārya'' ''Mahendrasāgarasūrī'' of [[Kharatara Gaccha]]. In 2020, the ritualistic installation of idols was conducted by ''Ācārya'' ''Piyushsāgarasūrī'' of Kharatara Gaccha and ''Ācārya'' ''Vinayasāgarasūrī'' of [[Tapa Gaccha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=बिहार में यहां है जैन धर्म के 19वें और 21वें तीर्थंकर का जन्मस्थली, 14 साल तक रिसर्च के बाद इस शख्स ने लगाया था पता |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/sitamarhi-the-birthplace-of-the-19th-and-21st-tirthankar-of-jainism-this-person-found-out-after-14-years-of-research-7605823.html |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

===Vedic period===
Mithila first gained prominence after being settled by [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] peoples who established the [[Videha]] kingdom.<ref>[[Michael Witzel]] (1989), ''Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes'' ed. Caillat, Paris, pages 13, 17 116–124, 141–143</ref> During the Later [[Vedic period]] (c. 1100–500 BCE), Videha became one of the major political and cultural centers of Ancient India, along with [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] and [[Panchala]]. The kings of the Videha Kingdom were called ''Janakas''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Witzel, M. |author-link=Michael Witzel |year=1989 |chapter=Tracing the Vedic dialects |title=Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes |location=Paris |editor1-last=Caillat |editor1-first=C. |pages=141–143 |publisher=Fondation Hugot}}</ref> The Videha Kingdom was incorporated into the [[Vajjika League]], which had its capital in the city of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], and is also in Mithila.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hemchandra, R. |year=1972 |title=Political History of Ancient India |location=Calcutta |publisher=University of Calcutta}}</ref>

===Medieval period===
[[File:Shah Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq arrives in Tirhut. Depicted by eyewitness Muhammad Sadr Ala-i in his BasaUn al-uns, ca.1410. Istanbul, Topkapi Palace Museum Library, Ms. R.1032.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|[[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] leading his troops in the capture of the city of Tirhut. Depicted by eyewitness Muhammad Sadr Ala-i in his work ''Basātin al-uns'', published ca.1410. Istanbul, Topkapi Palace Museum Library, Ms. R.1032.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=ÇAĞMAN |first1=FİLİZ |last2=TANINDI |first2=ZEREN |title=Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul |journal=Muqarnas |date=2011 |volume=28 |pages=230, 258 Fig.56 |jstor=23350289 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23350289.pdf |issn=0732-2992}}</ref>]]
From the 11th century to the 20th century, Mithila was ruled by various indigenous dynasties. The first of these was the [[Karnats of Mithila]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Thakur |first=Ripunjay Kumar |date=1 July 2023|title=Kings, Intellectuals, and Legitimization: Searching for Politico-Cultural Process in Mithila (From Eighth to Fourteenth Century).|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372110182_Kings_Intellectuals_and_Legitimization_Searching_for_Politico-_Cultural_process_in_Mithila_From_8th_to_14th_Century_CE|publisher= Kalakalpa, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, New Delhi, India|issn=2456-8201|access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref> the [[Oiniwar Dynasty]] and the Khandwala Dynasty, also known as [[Raj Darbhanga]]. The Malla dynasty and Licchavi dynasty of Nepal are also Maithil in origin. The rulers of the Oiniwar Dynasty and the Raj Darbhanga were [[Maithil Brahmin]]s. The Oiniwar Dynasty originated from the village [[Oini]] in the Samastipur district of the Mithila region. It was during the reign of the Raj Darbhanga family that the capital of Mithila was shifted to [[Darbhanga]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&pg=PA56 | title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective|pages=55–56| isbn=9788175330344| last1=Jha| first1=Makhan| year=1997| publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt.}}</ref>

Tughlaq had attacked and taken control of Bihar, and from the end of the [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq Dynasty]] until the establishment of the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1526, there was anarchy and chaos in the region. [[Akbar]] (reigned from 1556 to 1605) realised that taxes from Mithila could only be collected if there was a king who could ensure peace there. The Maithil Brahmins were dominant in the Mithila region and Mithila had Maithil Brahmin kings in the past.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

Akbar summoned Rajpandit Chandrapati Thakur to [[Delhi]] and asked him to name one of his sons who could be made caretaker and tax collector for his lands in Mithila. Chandrapati Thakur named his middle son, [[Mahesha Thakura|Mahesh Thakur]], and Akbar declared [[Mahesha Thakura|Mahesh Thakur]] as the caretaker of Mithila on the day of [[Ram Navami]] in 1557 AD.

Lakshmeshwar Singh (reigned from 1860 to 1898) was the eldest son of Maharaja Maheshwar Singh of Darbhanga. He, along with his younger brother, Rameshwar Singh received a western education from Government appointed tutors as well as a traditional Indian education from a [[Sanskrit]] [[Pandit]]. He spent approximately £300,000 on relief work during the [[Bihar famine of 1873–74|famine of 1873–74]]. He constructed hundreds of miles of roads in various parts of the Raj, planting them with tens of thousands of trees for the comfort of travellers, as part of generating employment for people effected by famine. He constructed iron bridges over all the navigable rivers

He built, and entirely supported, a first-class Dispensary at Darbhanga, which cost £3400; a similar one at Kharakpur, which cost £3500; and largely contributed to many others.
[[File:Maharaja_Lakshmeshwar_Singh_statue_-_Kolkata.JPG|thumb|right|Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh|193x193px]]
He built an Anglo-vernacular school at a cost of £1490, which he maintained, as well as nearly 30 vernacular schools of different grades; and subsidised a much larger number of educational institutions. He was also one of the founders of [[Indian National Congress]] as well as one of the main financial contributors thereto. Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh is known for purchasing Lowhter Castle for the venue of the 1888 Allahabad Congress session when the British denied permission to use any public place. The British Governor[''[[Bharatpedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Unsupported attributions|who?]]''] commissioned [[Edward Onslow Ford]] to make a statue of Lakshmeshwar Singh. This is installed at [[Dalhousie Square]] in [[Kolkata]].

On the occasion of the Jubilee of the reign of Queen Victoria, Lakshmeshwar Singh was declared as a [[Order of the Indian Empire|Knight Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire]], and was promoted to Knight Grand Commander in 1897.
He was also a member of the [[Royal Commission on Opium]] of 1895, formed by British Government along with [[Haridas Viharidas Desai]] who was the Diwan of [[Junagadh]]. The Royal Opium Commission consisted of a 9-member team of which 7 were British and 2 were Indians and its chairman was [[Earl Brassey]].

==Geography==
Mithila is a distinct geographical region with natural boundaries like rivers and hills. It is largely a flat and fertile [[alluvial]] plain criss-crossed by numerous rivers which originate from the [[Himalayas]]. Due to the flat plains and fertile land Mithila has a rich variety of biotic resources; however, because of frequent floods people could not take full advantage of these resources.<ref>{{cite book |author=Thakur, B.|author2= Singh, D.P.|author3= Jha, T. |year=2007 |chapter=The Folk Culture of Mithila |editor=Thakur, B.|editor2= Pomeroy, G.|editor3= Cusack, C.|editor4= Thakur, S.K. |pages=422–446 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odCJoIaDqZ0C&pg=PA422 |title=City, Society, and Planning. Volume 2: Society|publisher= Concept Publishing Company|isbn= 9788180694608}}{{dead link|date=July 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Seven major rivers flow through Mithila: [[Gandaki River|Gandak]], [[Koshi River|Kosi]], [[Mahananda River|Mahananda]], [[Bagmati River|Bagmati]], [[Kamala River|Kamala]], [[Balan River|Balan]], and the [[Burhi Gandak River|Budhi Gandak]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bihar.ws/info/Geography-of-Bihar/Rivers-of-Bihar.html |title=Rivers of Bihar | Bihar Articles |publisher=Bihar.ws |access-date=4 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723055131/http://www.bihar.ws/info/Geography-of-Bihar/Rivers-of-Bihar.html |archive-date=23 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> They flow from the Himalayas in the north to the [[Ganges]] river in the south. These rivers regularly flood, depositing silt onto the farmlands and sometimes causing death or hardship.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

==Culture==
Men and women in Mithila are very religious and dress for the festivals as well. The costumes of Mithila stem from the rich traditional culture of Mithila. [[Kurta]] and [[Dhoti]] with a [[Mithila Painting]] bordered [[gamucha|Maroon coloured Gamchha]] which is the Symbol of Passion, Love, Bravery and Courage are common clothing items for men. Men wear Gold ring in their nose which symbolizes prosperity, happiness and wealth inspired by [[Lord Vishnu]]. Also wear Balla on their wrist and [[Paag|Mithila Paag]] on their Head. In ancient times there was no colour option in Mithila, so the Maithil women wore white or yellow Saree with red Border but now they have a lot of variety and colour options and wear ''Laal-Paara'' (the traditional red-boarded white or yellow [[sari|Saree]])<ref name="youtube.com">{{cite AV media |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqbPoGYxjS0 |title= Maithil women wore Red Boarded Yellow or White Saree during Jhijhiya Naach|access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> on some special occasions, and also wear ''Shakha-Pola''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jhajistore.com/blogs/news/mithilas-bengal-connection-a-conversation-with-shalini-ji|title=Mithila as well as Bengal wearing शाखा पोला" www.jhajistore.com |access-date= 12 August 2019}}</ref> with lahthi in their hand. In [[Mithila culture]], this represents new beginnings, passion and prosperity. Red also represents the Hindu goddess [[Durga]], a symbol of new beginnings and feminine power. During Chhaith, the women of Mithila wear pure cotton dhoti without stitching which reflects the pure, traditional Culture of Mithila. Usually crafted from pure cotton for daily use and from pure silk for more glamorous occasions, traditional attire for the women of Mithila includes Jamdani, Banarisi and Bhagalpuri and many more.

[[Jhijhiya]] and [[Dhunuchi|Dhuno-Naach]] are the Cultural Dance of Mithila. Jhijhiya is performed in Darbhanga, Muzaffarpur, Madhubani and their Neighbour Districts on the other hand [[Dhunuchi|Dhuno-Naach]] is performed in Begusarai, Khagaria, Katihar, Naugachia during Durga Puja and Kalipuja with Shankha-Dhaak Sound.
Many festivals are celebrated throughout the year in Mithila. [[Chhath|Chhaith]], [[Durga Puja]] and [[Kali puja]] is celebrated as perhaps the most important of all the celebrations of Mithila.

===Mithila Paag===
{{Main|Paag}}

The '''Paag''' is a headdress in the [[Mithila, India|Mithila region]] of [[India]] and [[Nepal]] worn by [[Maithil]] people. It is a symbol of honour and respect and a significant part of [[Mithila culture|Maithil culture]].

The Paag dates back to pre-historic times when it was made of plant leaves. It exists today in a modified form. The Paag is wore by the whole Maithil community. The colour of the Paag also carries a lot of significance. The red Paag is worn by the [[bridegroom]] and by those who are undergoing the [[Upanayana|sacred thread rituals]]. Paag of mustard colour is donned by those attending wedding ceremonies and the elders wear a white Paag.

This Paag now features place in the popular Macmillan Dictionary. For now, Macmillan Dictionary explains Paag as “a kind of headwear worn by people in the Mithila belt of India.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/dec/26/maithili-paag-finds-place-in-macmillan-dictionary-2081124.html|title=Maithili 'paag' finds place in Macmillan Dictionary|date=26 December 2019 }}</ref>[[File:Paag.jpg|thumb|right|Paag]]

On 10 February 2017, [[India Posts]] released a set of 16 [[Commemorative stamp|commemorative postage stamps]] on "Headgears of India". The Mithila Paag was featured on one of those postage stamps.

===Languages and dialects===
{{Main|Maithili language}}

People of Mithila primarily speak in Maithili and its various dialects including [[Thēthi]]<ref>{{Cite web |first=M |last=Asad |year=2013 |title=Reduplication in Modern Maithili |website=Language in India.com |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/april2015/asadmaithilireduplicationfinal.pdf }}</ref> and its perceived dialects [[Bajjika]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kashyap |first=Abhishek Kumar |date=2014-05-01 |title=The Bajjika language and speech community Abhishek Kumar Kashyap |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl-2014-0001/html |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |language=en |issue=227 |pages=209–224 |doi=10.1515/ijsl-2014-0001 |s2cid=147345446 |issn=1613-3668|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and [[Angika]] while also being well versed in other languages like [[English language|English]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Nepali language|Nepali]] for official or administrative purposes.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

This language is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] native to the [[Indian subcontinent]], mainly spoken in [[India]] and [[Nepal]] and is one of the 22 [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|recognised]] [[Languages of India|Indian languages]]. In Nepal, it is spoken in the eastern [[Terai]] and is the second most prevalent language of Nepal. [[Tirhuta]] is formerly the primary script for written Maithili. Less commonly, it was also written in the local variant of [[Kaithi]]. Today it is written in the [[Devanagari]] adopted script.

===Maithil Cuisine===
{{Main|Maithil cuisine}}

{{multiple image
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| image1 = Gujhia.JPG
| alt1 = Pilukia
| image2 = Cacik-1.jpg
| alt2 = Dahi
| image3 = Boyal Macher Jhol.jpg
| alt3 = Maachh
| image4 = Manghser Ghugni.jpg
| alt4 = Ghughnee
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| footer = Traditional Maithil cuisine
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Maithil cuisine is a part of [[Indian cuisine]] and [[Nepalese cuisine]]. It is a culinary style which originated in Mithila. Some traditional Maithil dishes are:

* [[Curd|Dahi]]-[[Flattened rice|Chura]]
* [[Mithila Makhana]]
* Vegetable of [[Taro|Arikanchan]]
* [[Ghugni|Ghooghni]]
* [[Pickling|Traditional Pickles]], made of fruits and vegetables which are generally mixed with ingredients like salt, spices, and vegetable oils and are set to mature in a moistureless medium.
* [[Tilkor Tarua|Tarua of Tilkor]]
* Bada
* Dahi Badee
* [[Yogurt]]
* [[Fish as food|Maachh]]
* [[Mutton]]
* Irhar
* Pudukiya (Purukiya) which is basically dumplings.
* [[Foxnut|Makhan]] Payas
* [[Anarsa|Anarasa]]
* [[Bagiya]]

===Madhubani Painting===
{{Main|Madhubani/Mithila Painting}}
Madhubani art or Mithila painting is practiced in the Mithila region of India and Nepal.
It was traditionally created by the women of different communities of the Mithila region. It is named after [[Madhubani district]] of India which is where it originated.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvuJyvtsCjwC&pg=PA96 |title=Madhubani Painting |year=2003 |isbn=9788170171560 |pages=96 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |access-date=20 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028144752/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UvuJyvtsCjwC&pg=PA96 |archive-date=28 October 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

This painting as a form of wall art was practiced widely throughout the region; the more recent development of painting on paper and canvas originated among the villages around Madhubani, and it is these latter developments that may correctly be referred to as Mithila Painting''.''<ref>Carolyn Brown Heinz, 2006, "Documenting the Image in Mithila Art," Visual Anthropology Review, Vol. 22, Issue 2, pp. 5-33</ref>

=== Yatra in Mithila ===

* [[Mithila Madhya Parikrama]] - It is a circular journey of the central part of the ancient Mithila.
* [[Sitamarhi Dham Parikrama]] - It is a Hindu religious circumambulation of the sacred religious destinations around the region of Sitamarhi Dham in Mithila. It is associated with the birth anniversary known as Janaki Navami of Goddess Sita in Mithila.

== Main festivals ==
* Indra Puja - Indra Puja is a festival celebrated in Mithila and only place where indra is worshipped , festival that honors Lord Indra and his wife Shachi. It is celebrated to ensure a good harvest season.
* [[Sama Chakeva|Saama-Chakeba]]: includes folk theater and song, celebrates the love between brothers and sisters and is based on a legend recounted in the [[Purana]]s.
* [[Jur Sital]] - Jur Sital or Maithil New Year is the celebration of the first day of the Maithil new year
* [[Chaurchan]]: Along with [[Ganesha|Lord Ganesha]], [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]], [[Parvati|Goddess Parvati]] and the moon god is worshipped. The story of Chorchan Puja is also heard on this day after that [[Tarpana|arghya]] is offered to the [[moon]] god ([[Chandra|Chandra Deva]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chauth Chand 2022: आज मनाई जाएगी चौठ चन्द्र पूजा, चांद की इस तरह होती है पूजा |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/religion/ganesh-chaturthi-2022-mithila-chaurchan-parv-puja-vidhi-shubh-muhurat-know-how-to-worship-moon-sry |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Prabhat Khabar |date=30 August 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>

*
* [[Madhushravani]] - It is a Hindu festival celebrated in Mithila by newly married [[Maithil Brahmin]] and [[Maithil Karna Kayastha|Maithil Kayastha]] women
*

* [[Vivaha Panchami]]: Hindu festival celebrating the wedding of Rama and Sita. It is observed on the fifth day of the Shukla paksha or waxing phase of moon in the Agrahayana month (November – December) as per Maithili calendar and in the month of Margashirsha in the Hindu calendar.
* [[Sita Navami]] - festival that celebrates the birth of [[Sita|Goddess Sita]] the daughter of mithila in [[Janakpur|Janakpur dham]]
* [[Ganga Dussehra]]: Ganga Dussehra, also known as '''Gangavataran''', is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] festival celebrated by Maithils in [[Simaria|Mokshdhaam Simaria Dhaam]] (The Welcome Gate of Mithila). [[Ganges in Hinduism#Legend|''avatarana'' (descent) of the Ganges]]. It is believed by Hindus that the [[holy river]] [[Ganges]] descended from heaven to earth on this day.<ref name=today>{{cite news|last1=Agnihotri|first1=Sanjana|title=All you need to know about Ganga Dussehra|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/ganga-dussehra-june-significance-history-14171-2016-06-14|access-date=4 July 2016|work=India Today|date=14 June 2016}}</ref>
* [[Kalpavas|Kalpwas]]: Celebrated every in the Kartik month at [[Simaria Ghat]] in [[Simaria]] Dhaam, [[Begusarai district|Begusarai]].
* [[Kojagra]] (Lachhmi Puja): harvest festival marking the end of monsoon season
* [[Durga Puja|Paata Puja]] (Durga Maay Aagmon)
* [[Durga Puja|Khutti Puja]] (Ritual of Durga Puja)
* [[Mahalaya|Mohalaya]]
* [[Durga Puja]]: a ten-day festival,{{sfn| Doniger|1999|p=306}}{{sfn| Lochtefeld|2002|p=208}} of which the last five are of the most significance.<ref>{{cite news |author=Parmita Borah |date=2 October 2011 |title=Durga Puja - a Celebration of Female Supremacy |url=http://www.efi-news.com/2011/10/durga-puja-celebration-of-female.html |publisher=EF News International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051716/http://www.efi-news.com/2011/10/durga-puja-celebration-of-female.html |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=usurped |access-date=26 October 2011}}</ref> is an important festival in the [[Shaktism]] tradition of Hinduism.{{sfn| McDermott|2001|pp=172-174}}{{sfn|Foulston|Abbott|2009|pp=162-169}}{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=7-8}}It marks the victory of goddess Durga in her battle against the shape-shifting [[asura]], [[Mahishasura]].{{sfn|Daniélou|1991|p=288}}{{sfn|McDaniel|2004|pp=215-219}}{{efn-ua|group=note|In the Shakta tradition of [[Hinduism]], many of the stories about obstacles and battles have been considered as metaphors for the divine and demonic within each human being, with liberation being the state of self-understanding whereby a virtuous nature & society emerging victorious over the vicious.{{sfn| McDaniel|2004|pp=20–21, 217–219}}}} Thus, the festival epitomizes the victory of good over evil, though it is also in part a harvest festival celebrating the goddess as the motherly power behind all of life and creation.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=111–112}}{{sfn|Donner|2016|p=25}}
* [[Kali Puja]]: dedicated to the Hindu goddess Kali, celebrated on the new moon day [[Diwali|Dipannita Amavasya]] of the Hindu month Kartik
* [[Vasant Panchami|Saraswati Puja]]: marks the preparation for the arrival of [[Spring (season)|spring]]. The festival is celebrated by people of [[Indian religions|Dharmic religions]] in the [[South Asia]]n countries in different ways depending on the region. Vasant Panchami also marks the start of preparation for [[Holika Dahan|Holika]] and [[Holi]], which take place forty days later.<ref name="Roy2005p192">Christian Roy (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 192–193. {{ISBN|978-1-57607-089-5}}.</ref>
* [[Rama Navami]]: celebrates the descent of Vishnu as the Rama avatar, through his birth to King [[Dasharatha]] and Queen [[Kausalya]] in [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], [[Kosala]].<ref name=dna8apr2014>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-hindus-around-the-world-celebrate-ram-navami-today-1976344 Hindus around the world celebrate Ram Navami today], DNA, 8 April 2014</ref>
* [[Basant (season)|Basanti Puja]] (Chaiti Durga Puja)
* [[Makar Sankranti|Til Sakraait]]
* [[Jur Sital|Aakhar Bochhor]]
* [[Naga Panchami|Naag Panchami]]
* [[Vat Purnima|Barsaait]]
* [[Vishwakarma Puja]]
* [[Holi]]

==People==
{{Main|Maithils}}Maithili language speakers are referred to as Maithils and they are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethno-linguistic]] group. There are an estimated 75 million Maithils in India alone. The vast majority of them are [[Hindu]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PT215 | title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia | author=James B. Minahan| isbn=9781598846607 | date=30 August 2012 | publisher=Abc-Clio }}</ref>

The people of Mithila can be split into various [[Indian caste system|caste]]/[[jāti|clan]] affiliations such as [[ Maithil Brahmins]], [[Maithil Karna Kayastha|Maithil Kayasthas]], [[Kandu|Kanu]], [[Kewat]]s, [[Rajput]]s, [[Koeri|Kushwaha]]s, [[Bania (caste)|Baniya]]s, Kamatas, [[Ahir]]s, [[Kurmi]]s, [[Paswan|Dushads]], Kujras, Manush and many more.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&pg=PA33 | title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective | author=Makhan Jha | pages=33–40| isbn=9788175330344 | year=1997 | publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. }}</ref>

==Demands for administrative units==
===Proposed Indian state===
{{Main|Mithila, India|Mithila State Movement}}

There is an [[Mithila State Movement|ongoing movement]] in the Maithili speaking region of India for a separate [[Indian state]] of Mithila.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&q=mithila+india+state&pg=PA148 | title=Small States Syndrome in India | access-date=16 February 2017 | pages=146 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217143622/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA148&dq=mithila+india+state&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiL0fDo2pXSAhVEKcAKHej6AicQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=mithila%20india%20state&f=false | archive-date=17 February 2017 | df=dmy-all | isbn=9788170226918 | last1=Kumāra | first1=Braja Bihārī | year=1998 | publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref>

===Proposed Nepalese province===
{{See also|Madhesh Province}}
There was a movement in the Maithili speaking areas of Nepal for a separate province.<ref>{{cite book |author=Burkert, C. |chapter=Defining Maithil Identity |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4FQMEiZcrIC&pg=PA245 |title=Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics and Culture of Contemporary Nepal |year=2012 |editor1=Gellner, D. |editor2=Pfaff-Czarnecka, J. |editor3=Whelpton, J. |publisher=Routledge |location=London, New York |isbn=9781136649561 |pages=241–273 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820000356/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=n4FQMEiZcrIC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA245 |archive-date=20 August 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Province No. 2]] was established under the 2015 Constitution, which transformed Nepal into a Federal Democratic Republic, with a total of seven provinces. Province No. 2 has a substantial Maithili speaking population and consists most of the Maithili speaking areas of Nepal. It was demanded by some Mithila activists that Province No. 2 be named 'Mithila Province'.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/printedition/news/2018-05-02/samiti-vows-to-protest-for-mithila-province.html |title = Samiti vows to protest for Mithila Province}}</ref>
On 23 December 2021, four different names for the Province No. 2 were presented by the various parties of the [[Provincial Assembly of Madhesh Province]]. The four names were ‘Madhesh Pradesh’, ‘Janaki Pradesh’, ‘Madhya Madhesh Pradesh’ and ‘Mithila Bhojpura’.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Five names proposed for Province 2 |url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/23/228334/ |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=Khabarhub |language=en}}</ref>

Among the four names, Madhesh Pradesh (Madhesh Province) was chosen and finalized on 17 January 2022. The name was finalized with 80 percent majority in the Provincial Assembly. [[Janakpur]] was named as the capital of the province.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pradhan |first=Shirish B. |date=2022-01-18 |title=Nepal's Province 2 renamed 'Madhes Pradesh' |url=https://theprint.in/world/nepals-province-2-renamed-madhes-pradesh/806579/ |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{dynamic list}}
[[File:Janaka, king of Mithila and father of Sita.jpg|thumb|[[Janaka]], king of Mithila and father of [[Sita]] maa]]
The following are notable residents (past and present) of Mithila region.

=== Ancient ===
[[File:Udyanacharya Sanskrit Vidyalaya.jpg|thumb|Statue of the 11th century philosopher [[Udayana]] ]]
[[File:Statue of Maha Kavi Kokil Vidyapati.jpg|thumb|Statue of Maithili language poet, [[Vidyapati]]]]
* [[Janaka]], King of Mithila and Father in Law of King [[Rama]]
* [[Sita]], Princess of [[Mithila Kingdom]] and wife of King [[Rama]]
* [[Shrutadeva]], a notable devotee of [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] during the regime of [[Bahulashva Janaka]]
* [[Sulabha]], female scholar during the period of [[Dharmadhwaja Janaka]].
* [[Yajnavalkya]], founder of [[Yajurveda|Shukla Yajurveda]] and [[Shatapatha Brahmana]]
* [[Gautama Maharishi|Akshapada Gautama]], founder of [[Nyaya]] school of [[Indian philosophy|Indian Philosophy]]
* [[Gārgī Vāchaknavī|Gargi Vachaknavi]], female scholar of [[Vedas]]
* [[Kapila]], founder of [[Samkhya|Samkhya Philosophy]]

=== Historical ===
* [[Udayana]]charya, 10th/11th-century philosopher and [[Indian logic|logician]] of the [[Nyaya]] school.
* [[Maṇḍana Miśra|Mandana Mishra]], scholar of [[Mīmāṃsā|Mimansa]]
* [[Ayachi Mishra]], scholar [[Nyaya|Nyaya Shastra]]
* [[Vidyapati]], 14th/15th century Maithili and Sanskrit poet-saint
* [[Shiva Simha Singh|Shivasimha]] - popular king of Oiniwar Dynasty in Mithila
* [[Lakhimadevi]] - queen of Shivasimha and woman ruler of Mithila, scholar and poetess
* [[Vishwasa Devi]] - woman ruler of Oiniwar Dynasty in Mithila and scholar of Sanskrit literature
*[[Bhanudatta Misra]], 15th/16th-century [[Sanskrit]] poet from Mithila
*[[Harisimhadeva]], King of Mithila during the [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnat dynasty]] from 1304 - 1324 CE
*[[Gangadeva]], King of Mithila during the [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnat dynasty]] from 1147-1187 CE
*[[Narsimhadeva]], King of Mithila during the [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnat dynasty]] from 1174-1227 CE
*[[Ramasimhadeva]], King of Mithila during the [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnat dynasty]] from 1227-1285 CE
*[[Jyotirishwar Thakur]], 14th-century [[poet]], [[playwright]] and [[musician]] who composed the earliest prose work in the [[Maithili language]], the [[Varna Ratnakara]]
*[[Caṇḍeśvara Ṭhakkura]], political theorist and general from the 14th century
*[[Gaṅgeśa]], 13th/14th century [[philosopher]], [[logic]]ian and [[mathematician]] and author of Tattavachintamani
*[[Pakshadhara Mishra]], 15th-century philosopher
*[[Vāchaspati Misra]], 9th/10th-century philosopher of the [[Advaita Vedanta]] tradition
*[[Lakshmeshwar Singh]], zamindar and principal landowner of [[Raj Darbhanga]], 1860–1898
*[[Rameshwar Singh]], zamindar and principal landowner of [[Raj Darbhanga]], 1898–1929

===Modern===
* Amit Kumar Das, founder of [[Moti Babu Institute of Technology]], President of the Sydney Bihar Foundation, software entrepreneur and multinational CEO
* [[Amitabh Singh]], Indian Space Scientist at [[ISRO]]
* [[Y. P. Viyogi|Y P Viyogi]], Indian Nuclear Physicist and associated with [[ALICE experiment|ALICE Experiment]] at [[CERN]]
* [[Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi]], Indian [[Indian independence movement|Freedom fighter]], political activist, social worker, poet and writer, born in [[Muzaffarpur]]<ref name="Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav">{{cite web|last1=Ministry of Culture|first1=Government of India|title=Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi|url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?138|website=amritmahotsav.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="twocircles">{{cite web|last1=Sajjad|first1=Mohammad|title=Maghfur Aijazi: A freedom-fighter and a builder of Indian democracy|url=http://twocircles.net/2013jan06/maghfur_aijazi_freedomfighter_and_builder_indian_democracy.html#.VPkHguHN45w|website=TwoCircles.net|date=6 January 2013|access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref>
* [[H. C. Verma|H C Verma]], Indian [[physicist]] and author of the popular book ''Concept of Physics''
* [[Ram Narayan Mishra]], The [[Plenipotentiary]] for Treaty of trade and transit between the Government of India and His Majesty's Government of Nepal in 1960, Nepalese political leader, democratic freedom fighter in Nepal, a founder member of [[Nepali Congress|Nepali Congress Party]].
* [[Bimalendra Nidhi]], Member of Nepalese parliament, Vice president of ruling party [[Nepali Congress]] and former [[Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nidhi appointed NC Vice-Prez, Khadka Gen Secy|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2018/05/04/nidhi-appointed-nc-vice-prez-khadka-general-secy|access-date=2022-01-15|website=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref>
*[[Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar']] was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Hindi]] poet, essayist, patriot and academic.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.anubhuti-hindi.org/gauravgram/dinker/index.htm |title=Ramdhari Singh Dinker - Hindi ke Chhayavadi Kavi |website=www.anubhuti-hindi.org |access-date=2020-04-26}}</ref>
* [[Bindheshwari Prasad Mandal]] was an Indian parliamentarian and social reformer who served as the chairman of the Second Backward Classes Commission (popularly known as the [[Mandal Commission]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC|title=Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar|date=2011-01-01|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780670084593|language=en}}</ref>
* [[C. K. Raut]], formerly US-based computer scientist, author and political leader of Nepal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ekantipur.com/nepal/article/?id=222 |title=" मुख्य समाचार " :: नेपाल :: |publisher=Ekantipur.com |date=24 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-date=4 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704035340/http://www.ekantipur.com/nepal/article/?id=222 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[C. K. Lal]], Nepalese journalist and writer from [[Mahottari District]] of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lal |first=C. K. |title=Art and identity |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/60528/ |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Phanishwar Nath 'Renu']], influential writer of modern [[Hindi]] literature in the post-[[Premchand]] era.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.seasonsindia.com/art_culture/lit_hindi_sea.htm |title=Seasons India :: Hindi Literature of India |website=www.seasonsindia.com |access-date=2020-04-26}}</ref>
* [[Gopal Jee Thakur]], Indian Politician and Member of Parliament from [[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga Lok Sabha Constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Gopal Jee Thakur{{!}} National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/shri-gopal-jee-thakur |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref>
* [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]], Indian politician, born in [[Supaul]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/bjp-s-shahnawaz-hussain-on-im-hit-list-113121000234_1.html|title=BJP's Shahnawaz Hussain on IM hit list|last=IANS|date=10 December 2013|access-date=26 October 2017|via=Business Standard|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026111054/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/bjp-s-shahnawaz-hussain-on-im-hit-list-113121000234_1.html|archive-date=26 October 2017|df=dmy-all|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/bjp-leader-shahnawaz-hussain-s-impersonator-arrested-76095|title=BJP leader Shahnawaz Hussain's impersonator arrested|website=NDTV.com|access-date=26 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219094253/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/bjp-leader-shahnawaz-hussain-s-impersonator-arrested-76095|archive-date=19 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article542836.ece|title=PM's 'lack' of leadership has made UPA 'sinking ship': BJP|website=NewIndianExpress.com|access-date=26 October 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220836/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article542836.ece|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Bhagwat Jha Azad]] was the Chief Minister of [[Bihar]] and a member of [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/598.htm |title=8th Lok Sabha – Members Bioprofile – AZAD, SHRI BHAGWAT JHA |access-date=2011-08-06 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006151543/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/598.htm |archive-date=6 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[Maithili Thakur]], Indian singer
* [[Ram Baran Yadav]], First president of Nepal
*[[Ramdev Mahato]], three time Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from [[Madhubani Assembly constituency]] of Mithila region.
* [[Sharda Sinha]], Indian folk singer
* [[Udit Narayan]], Bollywood playback singer
* [[Narendra Jha]], Bollywood actor
* [[Sriti Jha]], Indian television actress
* [[Kirti Azad]], former Indian cricketer and politician
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]], Bollywood actor
* [[Bhawana Kanth]], one of the first female fighter pilots of India
* [[Vikas Kumar Jha]]
* [[George Orwell]], novelist and essayist, journalist and critic
* [[Rambriksh Benipuri]], Indian freedom fighter, [[Socialist Leader]], [[editor]] and [[Hindi literature|Hindi]] writer
* [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]], Indian writer
* [[Ganganath Jha]], Indian scholar
* [[Ramjee Singh]], former Member of Indian parliament and vice-chancellor of Jain Vishva Bharati University
* [[Acharya Ramlochan Saran]], Hindi literature, grammarian and publisher
* [[Ramesh Chandra Jha]], Indian poet, novelist and freedom fighter
* [[Acharya Rameshwar Jha]], scholar
* [[Ravindra Prabhat]] a Hindi novelist, journalist, poet, and short story writer
* [[Gajendra Thakur]], Literary critic, historian, novelist, dramatist, poet, and a lexicographer
* [[Anerood Jugnauth]], former President of [[Mauritius]]
* [[Parmanand Jha]], first vice-president of [[Nepal]]
* [[Dhirendra Premarshi]], presenter of [https://www.ilovemithila.com/ Hello Mithila] on [[Radio Kantipur]]
* [[Godawari Dutta]], madhubani artist, social activist
* [[Tarkishore Prasad]], [[Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar]], born in [[Saharsa district]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/patna/i-want-self-reliant-bihar-sushil-modi-is-our-guardian-says-new-deputy-cm-tarkishore-prasad/story-JpUVa9XpDnKP1lO8GGI3pK.html|title=I want self-reliant Bihar; Sushil Modi is our guardian, says new deputy CM Tarkishore Prasad|date=19 November 2020}}</ref>
* [[Ramnath Goenka]], Indian journalist, born in [[Darbhanga]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Reed|first1=Stanley|author-link1=Stanley Reed (British politician)|title=The Indian And Pakistan Year Book And Who's Who 1950|date=1950|publisher=[[The Times Group|Bennett Coleman and Co. Ltd.]]|page=679|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.15206|access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref>
* [[Ashish Jha]], [[Internal medicine|general internist physician]] and academic serving the [[White House COVID-19 Response Team|White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator]]
* [[Vartika Jha]] (born 2000), Indian dancer, choreographer and actress
* [[Lalit Narayan Mishra]], Leader of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
* [[Jagannath Mishra]], Leader of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
* [[Pushpam Priya Choudhary]], Founder of [[Plurals Party|The Plurals Party]]
* [[Nitish Mishra]], Leader of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
* [[Sanjay Kumar Jha]], Leader of [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
* [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]], Indian Cricket Player

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Nepal}}
*[[Mithila (proposed Indian state)]]
*[[Mithila Painting]]
*[[Mithila Makhana]]
*[[Mithilā (ancient city)]]
*[[Jhijhiya]]
*[[Mithila Student Union]]
*[[Maithili duck]]
*[[King Mithi]]
*[[Gosaunik Ghar]]
*[[Industrial ruins in Mithila region]]
*[[Maithili Cinema]]
*[[Tourism in Mithila]]
*[[Rajarshi Janak Mandir]]
*[[Maharani Sthan]]
*[[Gautam Kund]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==

*{{cite book
|last=Tukol
|first=T. K.
|title=Compendium of Jainism
|publisher=University of Karnataka
|year=1980
|location=Dharwad}}

*{{cite book
|last=Shah
|first= Umakant Premanand
|title=Jaina-Rupa Mandana: Jaina Iconography:, Volume 1
|year=1987
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_y_P4duSXsC
|location=India
|publisher=Shakti Malik Abhinav Publications
|isbn=978-81-7017-208-6}}

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Mithila}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080118130804/http://www.csuchico.edu/anth/mithila/index.htm The Maithil Brahmans - an online ethnography]
{{India topics}}
{{Historical regions of North India|state=collapsed}}
{{Nepal topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mithila (region)| ]]
[[Category:Regions of Bihar]]
[[Category:Regions of Nepal]]
[[Category:Historical regions in India]]
[[Category:Cultural regions]]
[[Category:Madhesh Province|.01]]
[[Category:Populated places in Mithila, India| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in Mithila, Nepal| ]]

Hawalaat

2026-03-03T23:49:45Z

DelmarPrisco: quick update

{{More citations needed|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hawalaat
| image = Hawalaat.jpg
| caption =
| director = Surendra Mohan
| producer = Surendra Mohan
| writer = [[Ranbir Pushp]] Ram Kelkar
| starring = [[Shatrughan Sinha]] [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Rishi Kapoor]] [[Padmini Kolhapure]] [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]] [[Anita Raj]]
| music = [[Anu Malik]]
| released = {{Film date|1987|06|26|df=yes}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
}}

'''''Hawalaat''''' is a 1987 Indian Hindi-language [[action film]] directed and produced by Surendra Mohan.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/hawalaat/movieshow/61338859.cms |title=Hawalaat Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2025-07-31 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> It stars an ensemble cast of [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]], [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]], and [[Anita Raj]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=1987-06-26 |title=Hawalaat Cast List {{!}} Hawalaat Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hawalat/cast/ |access-date=2025-07-31 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Geeta works for a newspaper as a reporter and exposes the drug-running crimes of Dharamdas and others involved with him, as a result she is abducted, imprisoned and gang-raped repeatedly by both the criminals and a police inspector. Who will save her and others from the clutches of the criminals forms the climax.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WFCN |title=Hawalaat |url=http://www.wfcn.co/film/hawalaat-1987 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=WFCN |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Shatrughan Sinha]] as CID Inspector Sikandar Ali Khan / Gullu Badshah
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Mangal Dada
* [[Rishi Kapoor]] as Shyam
* [[Padmini Kolhapure]] as Geeta
* [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]] as Leela
* [[Anita Raj]] as CID Inspector Shamim Khan / Salma
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Inspector Virendra Sharma
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Dr. Prem Pal
* [[Dalip Tahil]] as Shaikh Ibrahim
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Dharamdas
* [[Om Prakash]] as Raghu
* [[Sudhir Dalvi]] as Kailash
* [[Seema Deo]] as Parvati
* [[Mukri]] as Director Kanhaiya Nath Mehta
* [[Om Shivpuri]] as Minister Ajit
* [[Rakesh Bedi]] as Constable Handa

==Music==
Lyrics: [[Gulshan Bawra]]

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Hay Re Tera Bholapan"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Wahi To Ho Ludhiyane Mein Aage Phir Jo Ho"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Tere Husn Ka Charcha Ab To Hone Laga Hai"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Mohammed Aziz]]
|-
| "Tere Pyar Pe Bharosa"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Shayad Tu Mujhse"
| [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0317637|Hawalaat}}

[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:1987 action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Surendra Mohan]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Vai Raja Vai

2026-03-03T03:05:16Z

DelmarPrisco: made new data w/ infobox

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by Aishwarya R. Dhanush}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vai Raja Vai
| image = Vai Raja Vai poster.jpg
| caption = Movie poster
| director = [[Aishwarya R. Dhanush]]
| producer = Kalpathi S. Aghoram Kalpathi S. Ganesh Kalpathi S. Suresh
| writer = Aishwarya R. Dhanush [[Madhan Karky]] (dialogue)
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Gautham Karthik]] [[Priya Anand]] [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] [[Sathish]] [[Daniel Balaji]] [[Gayathri Raguram]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = [[Velraj]]
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]] T. S. Jay
| studio = [[AGS Entertainment]]
| language = Tamil
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|05|01}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Vai Raja Vai''''' ({{translation}} Place It King, Place It) is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[black comedy]] [[crime thriller film]] written and directed by [[Aishwarya Dhanush]], and produced by [[AGS Entertainment]] featuring an ensemble cast starring [[Gautham Karthik]], [[Priya Anand]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Gayathri Raguram]] and [[Daniel Balaji]] with [[S. J. Suryah]], [[Taapsee Pannu|Taapsee]] and [[Dhanush]] playing guest appearances. The film was announced on 12 September 2013, along with the commencement of principal photography.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2013 |title=Gautham Karthik confirms 'Vai Raja Vai' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Gautham-Karthik-confirms-Vai-Raja-Vai/articleshow/19628279.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917023207/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-19/news-interviews/38672978_1_kadal-gautham-karthik-aishwarya-dhanush |archive-date=17 September 2013 |access-date=7 September 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] composed the film's soundtrack and score. The film's plot summary is a mix of Hollywood movies ''[[Next (2007 film)|Next]]'' and ''[[21 (2008 film)|21]]''.

The film was released on 1 May 2015 to mixed reviews from critics and was declared successful at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2015 |title='Vai Raja Vai' Box Office Success: Aishwarya Thanks Rajinikanth, Dhanush |url=http://m.ibtimes.co.in/vai-raja-vai-box-office-success-aishwarya-thanks-rajinikanth-dhanush-631415 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310133824/http://m.ibtimes.co.in/vai-raja-vai-box-office-success-aishwarya-thanks-rajinikanth-dhanush-631415 |archive-date=10 March 2016 |access-date=18 January 2016 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Karthik is a middle-class boy gifted with [[extrasensory perception]] who works at an [[information technology|IT]] company. He has a girlfriend Priya. During school days, he scores good in the exams using his power, so his father asks him to suppress this power to avoid suspicion due to prior incidents.
Then Karthik meets Pandian aka Panda at his office and befriends him. Panda, a [[gambling|gambler]], learns of Karthik's power and asks him to play [[cricket]] gambling by using his power. Rangarajan aka Rande is in charge of cricket gambling under an unknown man known as Kumar. Karthik wins a crore in gambling and uses 10 lakhs for his elder sister Gayathri's marriage.
Panda, Karthik and Sathish goes on a vacation to [[Goa]] to spend the gambling money. There, Rande threatens Karthik to play [[roulette]] in the Casino Royale ship. Initially Karthik hesitates, but Rande threatens him by kidnapping Priya. Karthik accepts to play. By this incident, Priya realises Karthik's power. To train Karthik, Shreya comes to help. Karthik plays the game and tricks Rande to take his place in gambling. The casino officials arrest Rande. Karthik, with his money won in the gambling with Panda, Sathish and Priya, escapes and goes back home. Shreya helps Rande escape from guards by the saying of Kumar.
Rande traces Karthik and takes him to his place. There, Karthik uses his power to fight Rande's sidekicks and threatens Rande. At that time, a [[Rolls-Royce Phantom (2003)|Rolls-Royce Phantom]] arrives and is revealed that the unknown man Kumar is [[Pudhupettai|Kokki Kumar]], and he asks Karthik to play for him in politics.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Gautham Karthik]] as Karthik
**[[Saran Shakthi]] as Young Karthik
* [[Priya Anand]] as Priya
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Pandian (Panda)
* [[Sathish]] as Sathish
* [[Daniel Balaji]] as Rangarajan (Rande)
* [[Gayathri Raguram|Gayathri Raghuram]] as Gayathri
* [[Vasanth]] as Karthik's father
* [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Seetha, Karthik's mother
* [[Bose Venkat]] as Inspector Velraj
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Karthik's uncle
* [[Manobala]] as Mano
* [[Kavithalaya Krishnan]] as Broker
* [[Mayilswamy]]
* [[Swaminathan]]
* [[Besant Ravi]]
* Vijay Babu as Priya's father
* Rindhuravi as Priya's mother
* Usha Elizabeth as Sana, Sathish's mother
* [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]] as News Reporter

=== Guest appearances ===
* [[S. J. Suryah]] as himself in the song "Vandha Kadha"
* [[Taapsee Pannu|Taapsee]] as Shreya
* [[Dhanush]] as [[Pudhupettai|Kokki Kumar]]
}}

== Production ==

=== Casting ===
Initially, director Aishwarya's choice for the lead actor was [[Atharvaa]], but due to schedule conflicts he was unable to work on the project, therefore, [[Gautham Karthik]] was signed to play the male lead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2013 |title=Aishwarya Dhanush's next is Vai Raja Vai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Aishwarya-Dhanushs-next-is-Vai-Raja-Vai/articleshow/19647973.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425023137/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-20/news-interviews/38693000_1_aishwarya-dhanush-kadal-dhanush-and-shruti-haasan |archive-date=25 April 2013 |access-date=7 September 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was later announced that [[Priya Anand]] was going to be the female lead opposite Gautham in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2013 |title=Priya Anand is Gautham Karthik's new pair! – Priya Anand- Gautham Karthik New Pair- Vai Raja Vai- Aishwarya Dhanush- Yuvan Shankar Raja- Ags- Velraj- Kola Baskar. |url=http://www.cinemalead.com/news-id-priya-anand-gautham-karthik-new-pair-14-05-132171.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927064935/http://www.cinemalead.com/news-id-priya-anand-gautham-karthik-new-pair-14-05-132171.htm |archive-date=27 September 2013 |access-date=7 September 2013 |publisher=Cinemalead.com}}</ref> [[Velraj]] was confirmed as cinematographer for the film.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/cinema-cinema/article6267935.ece Cinema cinema!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008052832/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/cinema-cinema/article6267935.ece |date=8 October 2014 }}. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 31 July 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.</ref>

Director [[Vasanth]] was cast as Gautham's father to make his acting debut, while choreographer [[Gayathri Raguram]] was signed to play Gautham's sister, making her return as an actress after a ten-year hiatus.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V. |title=After a decade, Gayathri returns to the big screen |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/After-a-decade-Gayathri-returns-to-the-big-screen/articleshow/22588023.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914235707/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/After-a-decade-Gayathri-returns-to-the-big-screen/articleshow/22588023.cms |archive-date=14 September 2013 |access-date=14 September 2013 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Taapsee Pannu]] and [[Daniel Balaji]] were chosen to perform guest appearances in the film. Taapsee's role would be a surprise element in the film as for the first time she plays a character with a negative shade.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V. |title=Taapsee's cameo in Aishwaryaa's film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Taapsees-cameo-in-Aishwaryaas-film/articleshow/28840431.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117042333/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Taapsees-cameo-in-Aishwaryaas-film/articleshow/28840431.cms |archive-date=17 January 2014 |access-date=16 January 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> She later stated that she was not playing the villain in the film but "an aloof girl who is a regular at casinos".<ref>{{Cite news |title=I'm not the villain in Vai Raja Vai: Taapsee |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Im-not-the-villain-in-Vai-Raja-Vai-Taapsee/articleshow/35480211.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529063213/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Im-not-the-villain-in-Vai-Raja-Vai-Taapsee/articleshow/35480211.cms |archive-date=29 May 2014 |access-date=22 May 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In November 2014, [[Dhanush]] also shot for a cameo role, reprising the role he played in the film ''[[Pudhupettai]]'', Kokki Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhanush to do a cameo in 'Vai Raja Vai' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-to-do-a-cameo-in-vai-raja-vai-news-tamil-olekRdjfeecjf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107110105/http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-to-do-a-cameo-in-vai-raja-vai-news-tamil-olekRdjfeecjf.html |archive-date=7 November 2014 |website=Sify}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The film was mostly shot in [[Chennai]], with major portions being shot at Pacifica Tech Park, OMR. The climax scenes were filmed in a cruise liner as the ship sailed a seven-night itinerary across Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. In December 2013, the crew filmed a song in Osaka, Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aishwarya Dhanush shoots in Osaka! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aishwarya-dhanush-shoots-in-osaka-news-tamil-nmblvMhfdacsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924134915/http://www.sify.com/movies/aishwarya-dhanush-shoots-in-osaka-news-tamil-nmblvMhfdacsi.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |website=Sify}}</ref> Gayathri Raguram, besides acting in the film, choreographed the love duet.<ref>{{Cite web |title='It's all for Aishwaryaa Dhanush' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140311/entertainment-kollywood/article/%E2%80%98it%E2%80%99s-all-aishwaryaa-dhanush%E2%80%99 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315173140/http://deccanchronicle.com/140311/entertainment-kollywood/article/%E2%80%98it%E2%80%99s-all-aishwaryaa-dhanush%E2%80%99 |archive-date=15 March 2014 |access-date=11 December 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> A few scenes and songs were also canned in [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive interview: Aishwarya Dhanush talks about Vai Raja Vai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/exclusive-interview-aishwarya-dhanush-talks-about-vai-raja-vai-imagegallery-2-kollywood-oerqqRhgdecsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527141953/http://www.sify.com/movies/Exclusive-interview-Aishwarya-Dhanush-talks-about-Vai-Raja-Vai-imagegallery-2-Kollywood-oerqqRhgdecsi.html |archive-date=27 May 2015 |website=Sify}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vai Raja Vai
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack album art
| released = 10 December 2014
| recorded = 2013–2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:41
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Poojai]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Idam Porul Yaeval]]
| next_year = 2014
| misc = {{Singles
| single1 = Move Your Body
| single1date = 18 August 2014
}}
}}

Yuvan Shankar Raja was chosen to compose the film's soundtrack and score, making his first collaboration with Aishwarya R. Dhanush. The soundtrack album featuring five tracks was released on 10 December 2014 in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Vai Raja Vai' audio launched in style |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vai-raja-vai-audio-launched-in-style-news-tamil-omkoqdhjcdcch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210180844/http://www.sify.com/movies/vai-raja-vai-audio-launched-in-style-news-tamil-omkoqdhjcdcch.html |archive-date=10 December 2014 |website=Sify}}</ref> Four months earlier, a single from the album, "Move Your Body", a song in the [[Trap music (hip hop)|trap-and-bass genre]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=T. Krithika Reddy |date=16 August 2014 |title=The Yuvan Wave |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/yuvan-shankar-raja-talks-about-his-bollywood-debut-consecutive-charttoppers-and-a-muchtalked-about-single/article6324039.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129093105/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/yuvan-shankar-raja-talks-about-his-bollywood-debut-consecutive-charttoppers-and-a-muchtalked-about-single/article6324039.ece |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=11 December 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> which was written by Aishwarya's husband, actor [[Dhanush]] and sung by Maestro [[Ilaiyaraaja]], was released on [[YouTube]] on 18 August 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vai Raja Vai single out |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Vai-Raja-Vai-single-out/articleshow/40255268.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516130039/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Vai-Raja-Vai-single-out/articleshow/40255268.cms |archive-date=16 May 2015 |access-date=11 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Besides Dhanush, [[Madhan Karky]] wrote two songs, while [[Gana Bala]] and [[Hiphop Tamizha]] wrote and performed each a song.

{{track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:41
| title1 = Vandha Kadha
| extra1 = [[Gana Bala]]
| lyrics1 = Gana Bala
| length1 = 3:32
| title2 = Pachchai Vanna
| extra2 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| lyrics2 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| length2 = 4:15
| title3 = Pookkamazh
| extra3 = [[Tanvi Shah]], Yuvan Shankar Raja
| lyrics3 = Madhan Karky
| length3 = 3:58
| title4 = Naam Vaazhndhidum (Title Track)
| extra4 = [[Hiphop Tamizha]], Yuvan Shankar Raja
| lyrics4 = Hiphop Tamizha
| length4 = 4:39
| title5 = Move Your Body
| extra5 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| lyrics5 = [[Dhanush]]
| length5 = 3:17
}}

== Release ==
A first-look teaser of 70 seconds was released on 18 April 2014 which received a good response.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Vai Raja Vai' and 'Irumbu Kuthirai' teasers well received |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vai-raja-vai-and-irumbu-kuthirai-teasers-well-received-news-tamil-oetqbshdjefsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924211434/http://www.sify.com/movies/vai-raja-vai-and-irumbu-kuthirai-teasers-well-received-news-tamil-oetqbshdjefsi.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |website=Sify}}</ref> The trailer was released alongside the soundtrack on 10 December 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WATCH: Slick & pacy 'Vai Raja Vai' Trailer! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/watch-slick-pacy-vai-raja-vai-trailer-news-tamil-omljM8adjhdcb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211072639/http://www.sify.com/movies/watch-slick-pacy-vai-raja-vai-trailer-news-tamil-omljM8adjhdcb.html |archive-date=11 December 2014 |website=Sify}}</ref> The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[STAR Vijay]].

=== Critical reception ===
''[[The New Indian Express]]'' stated the film was "compact, breezy, stylish and a pleasant watch".<ref>Mannath, Malini. (3 May 2015) [http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Aishwarya-Dhanush-Returns-With-Second-Venture-Vai-Raja-Vai/2015/05/03/article2794476.ece "Aishwarya Dhanush Returns With Second Venture Vai Raja Vai"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504225154/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Aishwarya-Dhanush-Returns-With-Second-Venture-Vai-Raja-Vai/2015/05/03/article2794476.ece |date=4 May 2015 }}. ''The New Indian Express''. Retrieved on 2015-06-16.</ref> [[Sify]] called the film "a perfect recipe of a full-on entertainer without even a dash of obscenity or violence...the film is smartly packaged as an exciting and stylish entertainer".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150505021129/http://www.sify.com/movies/vai-raja-vai-review-tamil-pfbxu1idhdchh.html Review : Vai Raja Vai]. Sify.com. Retrieved on 16 June 2015.</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "The film isn't perfect, far from it, it has a few weak spots that could have been disastrous but the confidence with which Aishwaryaa manages to narrate this story helps us tide over its issues".<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Vai-Raja-Vai/movie-review/47128749.cms Vai Raja Vai Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20170121073307/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vai-raja-vai/movie-review/47128749.cms |date=21 January 2017 }}. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (2 May 2015). Retrieved on 2015-06-16.</ref>

''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "her second film too suffers from bipolar disorder".<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/vai-raja-vai-curse-of-the-second-half/article7162081.ece "Vai Raja Vai: Curse of the second half"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506121616/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/vai-raja-vai-curse-of-the-second-half/article7162081.ece |date=6 May 2021 }}. ''The Hindu'' (1 May 2015). Retrieved on 2015-06-16.</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service]] gave 2 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Vai Raja Vai'' is a good effort gone completely awry", noting that "the first half is incredible fun" but that the film "goes haywire post interval".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150505034222/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/vai-raja-vai-review--good-effort-gone-awry/article1-1343210.aspx Vai Raja Vai review: Good effort gone awry]. Hindustantimes.com (2 May 2015). Retrieved on 2015-06-16.</ref> [[Rediff]] gave the same rating and wrote, "Despite a good storyline, young enthusiastic cast and an impressive technical crew, the film barely manages to hold your attention", calling the film a "let down".<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-vai-raja-vai-is-a-let-down/20150501.htm Review: Vai Raja Vai is a let down – Rediff.com Movies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230184037/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-vai-raja-vai-is-a-let-down/20150501.htm |date=30 December 2016 }}. Rediff.com (1 May 2015). Retrieved on 2015-06-16.</ref>

== Box office ==
The film collected {{INRConvert|3.35|c}} in [[Tamil Nadu]] in first day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-02 |title='Vai Raja Vai' Box Office Collection: Aishwarya Dhanush's Movie Gets Good Opening on First Day |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vai-raja-vai-box-office-collection-aishwarya-dhanushs-movie-gets-good-opening-first-day-631108 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813022116/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vai-raja-vai-box-office-collection-aishwarya-dhanushs-movie-gets-good-opening-first-day-631108 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=International Business Times}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3681470}}
{{AGS Entertainment}}

[[Category:2015 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Osaka]]
[[Category:2015 black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:AGS Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aishwarya Rajinikanth]]

Neeyat (2023 film)

2026-03-02T04:43:25Z

DelmarPrisco: started a data!

{{Short description|2023 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Neeyat
| image = Neeyat film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anu Menon]]
| writer = {{Ubl|Anu Menon|Girvani Dhyani|Advaita Kala|Priya Venkataraman}}
| based_on =
| producer = {{Ubl|Vikram Malhotra}}
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Vidya Balan]]|[[Ram Kapoor]]|[[Rahul Bose]]|[[Dipannita Sharma]]|[[Shashank Arora]]|[[Shahana Goswami]]|[[Neeraj Kabi]]|[[Amrita Puri]]|Danesh Razvi|[[Prajakta Koli]]}}
| cinematography = Andreas Neo
| editing = Adam Moss
| music = [[Mickey McCleary]]
| studio = Abundantia Entertainment [[Amazon Studios]]
| distributor = [[Pen India Limited|Pen Marudhar Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|07|07}}
| runtime = 130 minutes<ref>{{Cite news |title=Neeyat |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/neeyat-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde0nta0 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=7 July 2023}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|5.50 crore}}<ref name="bo">{{Cite web |title=Neeyat Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/neeyat-2/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=28 July 2023}}</ref>
}}

'''''Neeyat''''' ({{translation|Motive}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[mystery film]] directed by [[Anu Menon]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2023 |title=Neeyat first look: Vidya Balan plays a detective in her first theatrical release in four years |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/neeyat-first-look-vidya-balan-plays-a-detective-first-theatrical-release-in-four-years-101687328450681.html |access-date=21 June 2023}}</ref> The film is produced by Vikram Malhotra under Abundantia Entertainment alongside [[Amazon Studios]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2023 |title=Top Tamil Movies, Web Series Streaming On OTT: Mathagam, Neeyat, Kolai And More |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/top-tamil-movies-web-series-streaming-on-ott-mathagam-neeyat-kolai-netflix-prime-video-aha-sony-liv-disneyplushotstar-10094999 |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Vidya Balan]] with an ensemble cast including [[Ram Kapoor]], [[Rahul Bose]], [[Dipannita Sharma]], [[Shashank Arora]], [[Shahana Goswami]], [[Neeraj Kabi]] and [[Amrita Puri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2023 |title='Neeyat' Teaser: Vidya Balan Turns Detective In New Suspense-Thriller |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/neeyat-teaser-vidya-balan-turns-detective-in-new-suspense-thriller |access-date=21 June 2023 |website=The Quint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2023 |title=Neeyat First Look: विद्या बालन की मर्डर मिस्ट्री का पोस्टर और टीजर रिलीज, चार साल बाद बड़े पर्दे पर लौटेंगीं एक्ट्रेस |website=[[ABP News]] |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/neeyat-first-look-out-vidya-balan-unveils-look-for-anu-menon-neeyat-2436513 |access-date=21 June 2023}}</ref> The film was released theatrically on 7 July 2023 to mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vidya Balan returns to theatres with the murder-mystery Neeyat; film to release in July 2023 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vidya-balan-returns-theatres-murder-mystery-neeyat-film-release-july-2023/ |date=8 May 2023 |access-date=21 June 2023 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Confusing section|date=September 2023}}
Ashish Kapoor (AK) ([[Ram Kapoor]]) is an Indian businessman who lost 20,000 crore Rupees in his dream company and fled from [[India]] to avoid being incarcerated. His company had over 10,000 employees whose salaries had not been paid for over 2 years. AK owns a castle in Scotland, where he is throwing a birthday party, and invited his close friends and family: AK's secretary, Kamini Deb Patel (Kay), ([[Amrita Puri]]) who has a massive crush on AK and is willing to do anything for him. Jimmy Mistry ([[Rahul Bose]]) is AK's brother-in-law who is spiteful of AK as Mistry's father selected AK as his successor to his company but also has a crush on him. AK's son, Ryan, ([[Shashank Arora]]) who was severely neglected in his childhood and is now a drug addict who despises his father. In a fit of rage and revenge, Ryan brings his mysterious girlfriend Gigi ([[Prajakta Koli]]) wearing a yellow dress belonging to his late mother, to shock AK and trigger him to confess his past crime. Noor, ([[Dipannita Sharma]]), an ex-actress who was AK's former love interest and is now married to Dr. Sanjay Suri ([[Neeraj Kabi]]). The couple are debt-ridden as Suri has lost his medical license and are now overwhelmed by AK's favours for them. AK's confidante and therapist Zara ([[Niki Aneja Walia]]), AK's current girlfriend Lisa ([[Shahana Goswami]]) and Lisa's cousin Sasha are other guests at the party.

During a surprise party thrown by him for his friends, a chandelier crash falls on AK - almost killing him. Then arrives CBI Officer, Meera Rao ([[Vidya Balan]]), and AK announces to his friends and family that he will be surrendering himself to the Government of India, leaving the group in shock.

A series of events then take place. In a heated discussion between Ryan and AK, AK storms out of the castle with Meera chasing after him. Meera is then knocked unconscious with a shovel by someone unknown. The group of people chase after AK who jumps off the cliff. Zara confirms seeing AK jumping from the cliff. Meera takes over the investigation. One thing leads to another and more murders follow. Meera searches everyone's rooms, interrogates them and gathers clues linking everyone of them to one or the other murder in some way or other. All these people have a motive to kill AK in some way or the other. A lot of confusion followed by some confessions reveal how every single person in the castle had a motive to kill. Meera finds out what really conspired behind the multiple murders. The final twist in the tale reveals the truth.

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
* [[Vidya Balan]] as Mira Rao
* [[Ram Kapoor]] as Ashish Kapoor (AK)
* [[Rahul Bose]] as Jamshed "Jimmy" Mistry, AK's brother in law
* [[Dipannita Sharma]] as Noor Suri, AK's former love interest
* [[Neeraj Kabi]] as Dr. Sanjay "Sanju" Suri, AK's friend and Noor's husband
* Madhav Deval as Ishaan Suri, Noor's and Sanju's son
* [[Shahana Goswami]] as Lisa, AK's girlfriend
* [[Amrita Puri]] as Kamini Deb Patel (Kay), AK's assistant
* [[Shashank Arora]] as Ryan Kapoor, AK's stepson
* [[Prajakta Koli]] as Gigi, Ryan's girlfriend aka Cub Kumar
* [[Niki Aneja Walia]] as Zara, AK's fortune teller aka Simrat Kaur
* Danesh Razvi as Tanveer, event manager AKA Tanmay Shah, undercover news reporter
* Ishika Mehra as Sasha, AK's niece
* Supreet Bedi as Devika Chellam, AK industries' employee and Mira's girlfriend
* [[Shefali Shah]] as Mira Rao}}

==Production==
The film was partly shot at [[Dunbeath Castle]] on the east coast of [[Caithness]], Scotland.<ref name="Dunbeath">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWr1Rlpl_6g |title=The location of Neeyat movie is Dunbeath Castle in Scotland. #dunbeathcastle |date=2 September 2023 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film's official teaser was released on 21 June 2023, and they officially announced the release date for the film on 7 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neeyat teaser: Vidya Balan turns detective in 'classic' murder mystery, trailer to release on this date |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-neeyat-teaser-vidya-balan-turns-detective-in-classic-murder-mystery-trailer-to-release-on-this-date-3048538 |access-date=21 June 2023 |website=DNA |language=en}}</ref>
=== Home media ===
The film was premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] from 1 September 2023.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 September 2023 |title='Neeyat' on OTT: Where to watch, cast and plot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/neeyat-on-ott-where-to-watch-cast-and-plot-2430675-2023-09-04 |work=India Today|date=4 September 2023 }}</ref>

==Reception==
''Neeyat'' received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Neeyat' on OTT: Where to watch, cast and plot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/neeyat-on-ott-where-to-watch-cast-and-plot-2430675-2023-09-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222075958/https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/neeyat-on-ott-where-to-watch-cast-and-plot-2430675-2023-09-04 |archive-date=22 February 2025 |access-date=22 February 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |quote=However, once the curtains fell and the credits rolled, the film found itself in a sea of mixed reviews, leaving both critics and audiences divided.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|33|5.3|9|consensus=|ref=yes|access-date=16 December 2023}}

Bhavna Agarwal from ''[[India Today]]'' rated it as 2.5 out of 5 stars and Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 3 stars out of 5.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NeeyatUA |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/neeyat/movieshow/100094473.cms |access-date=19 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Neeyat Movie Review - India Today |date=7 July 2023 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/neeyat-movie-review-vidya-balans-film-is-let-down-by-mediocre-performances-2403094-2023-07-07}}</ref> [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave it 2 stars out 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=7 July 2023 |title=Neeyat Movie Review: On the whole, NEEYAT is a boring murder mystery. |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/neeyat-2/critic-review/neeyat-2-movie-review/on-the-whole-neeyat-is-a-boring-murder-mystery/ |access-date=19 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|21908676}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | neeyat }}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/neeyat-2/user-reviews/ ''Neeyat''] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]

Kangjei (Khamba Thoibi)

2026-02-26T22:01:13Z

DelmarPrisco: Done.

{{About|an event from the [[Khamba Thoibi]] classical epic|other uses|Kangjei (disambiguation){{!}}Kangjei}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

[[File:KHUMAN KHAMBA WRESTLING WITH HIS OPPONENT.jpg|thumb|[[Khuman Khamba]] and [[Angom Nongban Kongyamba]] wrestling]]
[[File:POOR ORPHAN KHUMAN KHAMBA.jpg|thumb|[[Khuman Khamba]] with a [[hockey]] stick]]

'''Kangjei''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ}}) is an event from the [[Khamba Thoibi]] classical epic in [[Moirang Kangleirol]] genre of [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei folklore|folklore]]. The event focuses on traditional wrestling ([[Mukna Kangjei]]) and hockey ([[Khong Kangjei]]) contests and marks [[Khuman Khamba]]’s first public recognition in the [[Moirang kingdom]].<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Khamba Thoibi Ahanba Saruk|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467162|date=1963-02-25|first=Kabrambam|last=Gouramani|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|location=India|language=mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal; North Eastern States Libraries}}</ref><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Khamba Thoibi|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.464230|first=Loitongbam Kalachand|last=Singh|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1963|location=India|language=hi, mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal}}</ref><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Khuman Khamba|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466825|last=Pramodini|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1992|location=India|language=mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal; North Eastern States Libraries}}</ref><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Moirang Shaion|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465120|first=Sarangthem|last=Bormani|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=2003|location=India|language=mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal; North Eastern States Libraries}}</ref>

== Entry into the wrestling club ==

Khamba went among the men of the kingdom and joined the wrestling club. An elderly man noticed Khamba's great strength and asked him to wrestle. At that time, [[Angom Nongban Kongyamba]] was the national wrestling champion of the Moirang kingdom. He invited Khamba to wrestle with him.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

To everyone's surprise, Kongyamba was defeated by Khamba.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

== Question of identity ==

After the match, Minister Chaoba Nongthonba asked Khamba his name. Khamba at first refused to reveal his true identity. He had been warned by his elder sister, [[Khamnu]], not to disclose his background. He also avoided naming his father.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

Nongthonba became angry at Khamba's refusal. Khamba then explained that his father had died when he was an infant and that his sister had raised him. Nongthonba carefully observed Khamba and realized that his appearance closely resembled that of [[Puremba]], his close friend.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

== Revelation and acceptance ==

Nongthonba felt regret for speaking harshly and asked Khamba again about his identity. With [[Khamnu]]’s permission, Khamba revealed the truth. Nongthonba expressed sorrow over the loss of Khamba's father and spoke of how people often forget their own kin.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

Nongthonba developed deep affection for Khamba. He informed his wives about the young man and asked them to prepare fine clothes and good food for Khamba and Khamnu. He also remembered the earlier marriage engagement between his son, Feiroijamba, and Khamnu.
Nongthonba and his family went to Khamnu's house. At first, Khamnu hid herself in the women's chamber and wept. After hearing their lament, she came out and accepted the gifts they brought.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

== Introduction to the royal family ==

Nongthonba later took Khamba to the marketplace, where Crown Prince Chingkhu Akhuba, the king's brother, was present. Nongthonba introduced Khamba to him. Khamba was then presented to King Chingkhu Telheiba.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

The king treated Khamba kindly and offered him the duty of collecting flowers for God [[Thangjing]].<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

== Royal recognition ==

Khamba told Khamnu everything that had happened. The crown prince also showed kindness toward Khamba and spoke publicly about Khamba and his late father. He reminded the people of late [[Puremba]]’s high official position, noble birth, and service to the kingdom. Princess Thoibi asked her father to honor Khamba by building him a house.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

== See also ==
* [[Meitei traditional games]]
* [[Meitei martial arts]]
* [[Sagol Kangjei]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Meitei folklore]]
[[Category:Keke Moirang]]
[[Category:Hockey]]
[[Category:Wrestling]]

Mushtaq Hussain Khan

2026-02-21T22:20:33Z

DelmarPrisco: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Indian Hindustani classical vocalist (1878–1964)}}
{{for|the economist|Mushtaq Khan (economist)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix = Ustad
| name = Mushtaq Hussain Khan
| image = Mushtaq_Hussain_Khan.jpg
| alias = ''Sher-e-Mausiqi''
| birth_date = 1878
| birth_place = [[Sahaswan]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1964|8|13|1878}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| origin = [[Sahaswan]], [[Budaun]] District, [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical music]]
| occupation = [[Vocalist]]
| years_active = 1896 — 1964
| label = [[Saregama]]
}}

Ustad '''Mushtaq Hussain Khan''' (1878 – 13 August 1964) was an [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical]] vocalist. He belonged to the [[Rampur-Sahaswan gharana]].

== Early life ==
Mushtaq Hussain was born in a family of traditional musicians in [[Sahaswan]], a small town in [[Budaun]] District of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is where he grew up and spent his boyhood.<ref name=GoogleBooks2>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiE9AAAAIAAJ&dq=Inayat+Hussain+Khan+vocalist+classical+music&pg=PA139 |publisher=Cambridge University Press via GoogleBooks website|title=Khyal: Creativity Within North India's Classical Music Tradition - Profile of Mushtaq Hussain Khan (page 141)|author=Bonnie C. Wade|date=30 January 1984 |isbn=9780521256599}}</ref>

Music came to him quite early in life. He was only 10 when his father, Ustad Kallan Khan, began giving him regular lessons, or rather introduced him into this art.<ref name=GoogleBooks2/>

Mushtaq Hussain Khan was twelve when he became a disciple of Ustad Haider Khan and went with him to [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]].<ref name=GoogleBooks2/> He then began taking minimal music training from Haider Khan. After two years, Mushtaq Hussain came under the tutelage of Ustad [[Inayat Hussain Khan]], the founder of [[Rampur-Sahaswan gharana]].<ref name=ITC/> Collectively, he spent eighteen years of his life with his trainer, Inayat Hussain Khan.<ref name=GoogleBooks2/>

== Musical career ==
Mushtaq Hussain, at the age of thirty-five, was enlisted as one of the court musicians in [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]. Later, he became the chief court musician of [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]. In the 1920s, when the vogue of music conferences started in India, Mushtaq Hussain was invited to participate in them. In addition, he started performing on [[All India Radio]].<ref name=GoogleBooks2/>

== Disciples ==
During his long career, Mushtaq Hussain Khan trained many disciples including [[Bharat Ratna]] Pandit [[Bhimsen Joshi]], [[Padma Bhushan]] Smt. [[Shanno Khurana]], his son-in-law [[Padma Shri]] Ustad [[Ghulam Sadiq Khan]], [[Padma Shri]] Smt. [[Naina Devi (singer)|Naina Devi]], Smt. [[Sulochana Brahaspati]], [[Padma Shri]] Smt. [[Sumati Mutatkar]], Ustad Afzal Hussain Khan Nizami, as well as his own sons.<ref name=GoogleBooks2/>

== Awards and achievements ==
[[File:Ustad Mushtaq Hussain Khan with Three Distinguished Indian Musicians.jpg|thumb|alt=|Mushtaq Hussain Khan, [[Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar]], [[Allauddin Khan]] and [[Karaikudi Sambasiva Iyer]] with the First President of [[India]], [[Rajendra Prasad]] at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] on March 20, 1952.]]
* When the [[Government of India]] decided to honour outstanding exponents of the arts, he was the first vocalist to receive the [[Rashtrapati Award]] in 1952.<ref name=GoogleBooks2/>
* He was also the first recipient of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] award in 1952.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530204253/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm |archive-date=30 May 2015|title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Mushtaq Hussain Khan in 1952|website=Sangeet Natak Akademi website|access-date=4 January 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In 1956, he retired from Rampur and joined the [[Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra]], [[New Delhi]] the following year and became the first Indian classical vocalist to receive the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1957.<ref name=GoogleBooks2/>

==Discography==
* ''"Great Master, Great Music"'' (An [[All India Radio]] Recording)
* ''"Khayal Gunkari"'' (All India Radio)
* ''"Khayal & Tarana-Bihag"'' (All India Radio)
* ''"Rampur Sahaswan Gharana"''<ref name=ITC>{{cite web|url=http://www.itcsra.org/sra_story/sra_story_guru/sra_story_guru_links/sra_story_guru_gharana/gharana.asp?gharanaid=5 |archive-date=23 May 2012|access-date=3 January 2024|url-status=dead|title=Inayat Hussain Khan - Founder of Rampur-Sahaswan gharana (profile)|website=ITC Sangeet Research Academy website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523232017/http://www.itcsra.org/sra_story/sra_story_guru/sra_story_guru_links/sra_story_guru_gharana/gharana.asp?gharanaid=5}}</ref>
* ''"Classic Gold - Rare Gems"''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saregama.com/artist/ustad-mushtaq-husain-khan_38847/albums|title=Ustad Mushtaq Husain Khan albums|website=saregama.com|access-date=28 November 2023}}</ref>
* ''"Classic Gold"''

== Death ==
Mushtaq Hussain's last concert was at the residence of [[Naina Devi (singer)|Naina Devi]], where he had a cardiac arrest, and was brought to Irwin Hospital in [[Old Delhi]], where he was declared dead on arrival. He died on 13 August 1964.<ref>[https://www.parrikar.org/vpl/catalogue/hindustani/mushtaq-hussain-khan/ Mushtaq Hussain Khan (1880-1964) profile on Vijaya Parrikar Library website]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1954–59)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.swarganga.org/artist_details.php?id=810 Artist - Mushtaq Hussain Khan (Vocal), Gharana - Rampur-Sahaswan on SwarGanga.org website]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1954–59}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Mushtaq Hussain}}
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Indian music educators]]
[[Category:1878 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:20th-century Khyal singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Sendrayan

2026-02-20T23:39:15Z

DelmarPrisco: New

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Senrayan
| image = Senrayan.png
| imagesize =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Bodinayakkanur, Theni, Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2007-present
| othername = Sendu
| spouse = Kayalvizhi
| children = 2
| parents =
| website =
}}
'''Senrayan''' is an Indian actor who has predominantly worked in [[Tamil language]] films. After making his acting debut in [[Vetrimaaran]]'s ''[[Polladhavan (2007 film)|Polladhavan]]'' (2007), he appeared in other small roles before winning acclaim for his portrayal of a petty criminal in ''[[Moodar Koodam]]'' (2013). He has since appeared in antagonistic and comedic roles in films, including ''[[Puthiya Niyamam]]'' (2016) and ''[[Metro (2016 film)|Metro]]'' (2016).

==Career==
Senrayan made his acting debut in [[Vetrimaaran]]'s ''[[Polladhavan (2007 film)|Polladhavan]]'' (2007), and later also played a small role in the director's ''[[Aadukalam]]'' (2011) with both of the films starring [[Dhanush]]. He made a breakthrough with his performance in ''[[Moodar Koodam]]'' (2013) portraying a young criminal. The success of the film prompted him to play several similar antagonistic roles in films including ''[[Puthiya Niyamam]]'' (2016) and ''[[Metro (2016 film)|Metro]]'' (2016).<ref name="indiaglitz2">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/actor-sentrayan-wedding-reception-tamilfont-event-54052.html |title=Events - Actor Sentrayan Wedding Reception |website=IndiaGlitz.com |accessdate=2016-06-30 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817034432/http://www.indiaglitz.com/actor-sentrayan-wedding-reception-tamilfont-event-54052.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/metro-explores-the-world-of-chain-snatching-with-a-dark-disturbing-narrative/article17512908.ece|title = All for gold|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 17 March 2017|last1 = Dundoo|first1 = Sangeetha Devi}}</ref> In 2015, he played the lead role in the small budget film, ''Vishayam Veliye Theriya Koodadhu'', which went unnoticed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-from-villain-to-hero-aryan-vijay-21-07-147877.htm |title=From villain to hero - Tamilstar.com |website=www.tamilstar.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723193133/http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-from-villain-to-hero-aryan-vijay-21-07-147877.htm |archive-date=2014-07-23}}</ref>

In 2018, he was a contestant in the Tamil reality television show, ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 2|Bigg Boss]]'' hosted by [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref name="biggboss2">{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/bigg-boss-tamil-season-2-contestants-5221637/4/ |title=Meet the contestants of Bigg Boss 2 Tamil |accessdate=2018-09-04}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Senrayan married Kayalvizhi at Senraaya Perumal Kovil in Vathalagundu during August 2014. She later announced her pregnancy during her brief visit to the ''Bigg Boss'' house when Senrayan was a contestant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/sendrayan-to-tie-the-knot/|title = Sendrayan to Tie the Knot|date = 21 August 2014}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sentraiyans-love-marriage-on-August-31/articleshow/40592714.cms|title = Sentraiyan's love marriage on August 31|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

On 13 May 2021, Senrayan was tested positive for [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sendrayan-tests-positive-for-covid-19/articleshow/82579798.cms|title = Sendrayan tests positive for COVID-19|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|+ List of Sendrayan film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
| ''[[Polladhavan (2007 film)|Polladhavan]]'' || Bike thief ||
|-
| ''[[Achacho]]''|| Young man ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Silambattam (film)|Silambattam]]'' || Local rogue ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2011 || ''[[Aadukalam]]'' || Nicholas ||
|-
| ''[[Rowthiram]]'' || Gowri ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2013 || ''[[Sundaattam]]'' || Prabhakaran's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Thulli Vilayadu]]'' || Thangavelu ||
|-
| ''[[Moodar Koodam]]'' || Sendrayan || [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award for Best Comedian]]
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2014 || ''[[Rummy (2014 film)|Rummy]]'' || Sakthi's friend||
|-
| ''[[Pongadi Neengalum Unga Kadhalum]]'' || Sega ||
|-
| ''[[Mosakutty]]'' || Sendru ||
|-
| ''1 Pandhu 4 Run 1 Wicket'' || Singam ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2015 || ''Vishayam Veliye Theriya Koodadhu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ivanuku Thannila Gandam]]'' || Milk Pandi ||
|-
| ''Lodukku Pandi'' || Koodu Mohideen ||
|-
| ''[[Yatchan]]'' || Mark ||
|-
| ''[[Thiruttu Rail]]'' || Ram ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2016 || ''[[Puthiya Niyamam]]'' || Pachai || Malayalam film
|-
| ''[[Paisa (2016 film)|Paisa]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Metro (2016 film)|Metro]]'' || Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Adra Machan Visilu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kolanji]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nayaki]]'' || rowspan="2"|Murali Krishna ||rowspan="2"|Bilingual film in Telugu and Tamil
|-
| ''[[Nayaki|Nayagi]]''
|-
| rowspan="3"|2017 || ''[[Pa. Pandi]]'' || Drug seller ||
|-
| ''[[Thiri]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Spyder (film)|Spyder]]'' || Rogue || Bilingual film in Telugu and Tamil
|-
| rowspan="6"|2018 || ''[[Vidhi Madhi Ultaa]]'' || Ramesh ||
|-
| ''[[Nimir]]'' || Auto Driver ||
|-
| ''[[Kaathiruppor Pattiyal]]'' || Baskar ||
|-
| ''[[Panjumittai]]'' || Kuppu ||
|-
| ''[[Kalari (2018 film)|Kalari]]'' || Thief ||
|-
| ''[[Vada Chennai]]'' || Localite Resident || Cameo Role
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2019 || ''[[Kolanji]]'' || || Cameo appearance in the song "Tamizhanda"
|-
| ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'' || Pechimuthu ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Alti]]'' || Joni ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021 || ''[[Sulthan (2021 film)|Sulthan]]'' || Mansoor's goon ||
|-
| ''[[Kasada Thapara]]'' || Vedha || Streaming release
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Kombu Vatcha Singamda]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="8"|2023 || ''[[Irumban]]'' || Aspathiri ||
|-
| ''[[Kondraal Paavam]]'' || Kannapan ||
|-
| ''[[Kannai Nambathey]]'' || Simon ||
|-
| ''Ithu Kathaiyalla Nijam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Tamilarasan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pathu Thala]]'' || Poongunran ||
|-
| ''[[Tamil Kudimagan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mark Antony (2023 film)|Mark Antony]]'' || Antony's henchman ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2024 || ''[[Local Sarakku]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Singappenney (film)|Singappenney]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Finder Project 1]]'' || Raayan ||
|-
| ''Seeran'' || Selvam ||
|-
| rowspan="6"|2025 || ''[[Otha Votu Muthaiya]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Robber (film)|Robber]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Gajaana]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Thalaivan Thalaivii]]'' || Soman ||
|-
|''[[Kutram Thavir]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Revolver Rita]]'' || Kumar ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2026 || ''Kaakaa'' || ||
|-




|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sendrayan television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Show
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class=unsortable | Notes
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 2]]'' || Contestant ||Evicted Day 84<ref name="biggboss2"/>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[BB Jodigal]] Season 1'' || Contestant ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5950497}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sendrayan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Parvati

2026-02-16T05:24:55Z

DelmarPrisco: cleanup

{{short description|Major goddess in Hinduism}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{other uses}}
{{redirect2|Parvati Devi|Urvi|other uses|Parvati Devi (disambiguation)|and|Urvi (film)}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Goddess Parvati and her son Ganesha.jpg
| name = Parvati
| caption = Parvati and her son [[Ganesha]]
| script_name = Devanagari
| script = पार्वती
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Pārvatī
| affiliation = {{hlist|[[Devi]]|[[Shakti]]|[[Mahadevi]]|[[Tridevi]]|[[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]]|[[Durga]]|[[Kali]]|[[Navadurga]]|[[Mahavidyas]]|[[Matrikas]]}}
| siblings = [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] (elder sister)<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnfZ_MBErlQC&dq=Ganga+sister+Parvati&pg=PA230 |title=Siva: The Erotic Ascetic |date=28 May 1981 |isbn=978-0-19-972793-3 |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404225101/https://books.google.com/books?id=dnfZ_MBErlQC&dq=Ganga+sister+Parvati&pg=PA230 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mount Mainak|Mainaka]] (elder brother){{sfn|Wilkins|2001|p=295}}
| birth_place =
| abode = [[Kailasha]], [[Manidvipa]]
| consort = [[Shiva]]
| parents = [[Himavan]] (father) Maināvati (mother)<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6KumJp_wNgC |title=The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana |publisher=SUNY Press |author=C. Mackenzie Brown |year=1990 |isbn=9780791403648 |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126144118/https://books.google.com/books?id=p6KumJp_wNgC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Maina/>
| children = {{unbulleted list|
*[[Kartikeya]] (son){{sfn|Cush|Robinson|York|2008|p=78}}
*[[Ganesha]] (son){{sfn|Williams|1981|p=62}}
}}
| mount = [[Lion]] and [[Tiger]]
| mantra = {{IAST|Sarvamaṅgalamāṅgalye śive sarvārthasādhike Śaraṇye tryambake gauri nārāyaṇi namo'stu te}}
| festivals = {{hlist|[[Navaratri]]|[[Vijayadashami]]|[[Teej]]|[[Bathukamma]]|[[Gauri Habba]]|[[Gangaur]]|[[Sitalsasthi]]|[[Jaya Parvati vrat]]}}
| member_of = [[Tridevi]] and [[Prakṛti|Pancha Prakriti]]
| other_names = {{hlist|Uma|Gauri|Durga|Kali|Aparna|Girija|Haimavati|Ambika|Bhavani}}
| texts = {{hlist|[[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]]|[[Mahabhagavata Purana]]|[[Devi Mahatmya]]|[[Kalika Purana]]|[[Shakta Upanishads]]|[[Tantras (Hinduism)|Tantras]]}}
| region =
| day = [[Monday]] & [[Friday]]
| Indo-european_equivalent =
| deity_of = Mother Goddess<ref name=holt180>{{cite book |author=James D. Holt |title=Religious Education in the Secondary School: An Introduction to Teaching, Learning and the World Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1WcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-69874-6 |page=180}}</ref> Goddess of Power, Nourishment, Devotion, Motherhood, Fertility, and Harmony<ref name="David Kinsley 49–50">{{cite book |last=Kinsley |first=David |title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition |url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins |url-access=registration |date=19 July 1988 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-90883-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins/page/49 49]–50 |ref=none}}</ref> Supreme Goddess in [[Shaivism]]
}}
{{Saktism}}
'''Parvati''' ({{langx|sa|पार्वती}}, {{IAST3|Pārvatī}}), also known as '''Uma''' ({{langx|sa|उमा}}, {{IAST3|Umā}}) and '''Gauri''' ({{langx|sa|गौरी}}, {{IAST3|Gaurī}}), is one of the principal goddesses in [[Hinduism]], revered as the [[Devi|goddess]] of power, energy, nourishment, harmony, love, beauty, devotion, and motherhood. Along with [[Lakshmi]] and [[Saraswati|Sarasvati]], she forms the trinity, known as the [[Tridevi]].<ref>Frithjof Schuon (2003), ''Roots of the Human Condition'', {{ISBN|978-0941532372}}, p. 32</ref>

From her first appearance as a goddess during the [[Itihasa-Purana|epic period]] (400 BCE – 400 CE), Parvati is primarily depicted as the consort of the god [[Shiva]].<ref name=":1" /> According to various [[Purana]]s, Parvati is the reincarnation of [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]], Shiva's first wife, who relinquished her body to sever familial ties with her father, [[Daksha]], after he had insulted Shiva.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tagare |first=G.V. |title=The Bhagavata Purana (Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology) |volume=IV |year=2007 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788120809666 |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana}}</ref> Parvati is often equated with the other goddesses such as Sati, Uma, [[Kali]] and [[Durga]] and due to this close connection, they are often treated as one and the same, with their stories frequently overlapping. In [[Hindu mythology]], the birth of Parvati to the mountain lord [[Himavan]] and his wife Mena is primarily understood as a cosmic event meant to lure Shiva out of his ascetic withdrawal and into the realm of marriage and household life. As Shiva's wife, Parvati represents the life-affirming, creative force that complements Shiva's austere, world-denying nature, thus balancing the two poles of asceticism and householder life in Hindu philosophy. Parvati's role as wife and mother is central to her mythological persona, where she embodies the ideal of the devoted spouse who both supports and expands her husband's realm of influence.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Kinsley |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgTOZEyrVtIC&q=david+kinsley+10+mahavidya |title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition |date=1998 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0394-7}}</ref><ref name="edwardbalfour">Edward Balfour, {{Google books|iU0OAAAAQAAJ|Parvati|page=153}}, ''The Encyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia'', pp 153</ref> Parvati is also noted for her motherhood, being the mother of the prominent Hindu deities [[Ganesha]] and [[Kartikeya]].{{sfn|Wilkins|2001|p=295}}<ref name="H.V. Dehejia, Parvati pp 11">H.V. Dehejia, Parvati: Goddess of Love, Mapin, {{ISBN|978-8185822594}}, pp 11</ref><ref>Edward Washburn Hopkins, {{Google books|-H0eiuvcG5IC|Epic Mythology|page=224}}, pp. 224–226</ref>

Philosophically, Parvati is regarded as Shiva’s ''[[shakti]]'' (divine energy or power), the personification of the creative force that sustains the cosmos. In this role, she becomes not only a mother and nurturer but also the embodiment of cosmic energy and fertility. She is the source of power that energises Shiva, who without her is incomplete. Parvati's mythology, therefore, is not just about her role as a wife but also about her cosmic function as the force that activates and sustains life.<ref name=":1" /> In various [[Shaivism|Shaiva traditions]], Parvati is also regarded as a model devotee, and even viewed as the embodiment of Shiva's grace, playing a central role in the spiritual liberation of devotees.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Ananda Coomaraswamy, "Saiva Sculptures", ''Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin'', vol. 20, no. 118 (April 1922), p. 17</ref><ref>Stella Kramrisch (1975), "The Indian Great Goddess", ''History of Religions'', vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 261</ref> She is also one of the central deities in the goddess-oriented sect of [[Shaktism]], where she is regarded as a benevolent aspect of [[Mahadevi]], the supreme deity,<ref>H.V. Dehejia, Parvati: Goddess of Love, Mapin, {{ISBN|978-8185822594}}</ref><ref>James Hendershot, Penance, Trafford, {{ISBN|978-1490716749}}, pp 78</ref> and is closely associated with various manifestations of Mahadevi, including the ten [[Mahavidyas]] and the [[Navadurga]]s.<ref name=":1" /> Parvati is found extensively in ancient ''[[Purana|Puranic]]'' literature, and her statues and iconography are present in Hindu temples all over [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>Hariani Santiko, "The Goddess Durgā (warrior form of Parvati) in the East-Javanese Period", ''Asian Folklore Studies'', vol. 56, no. 2 (1997), pp. 209–226</ref><ref>Ananda Coomaraswamy, "Saiva Sculptures", ''Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin'', vol. 20, no. 118 (April 1922), pp. 15–24</ref> In Hindu temples dedicated to her and Shiva, she is symbolically represented as the ''[[yoni]]''.<ref name=":1" />

==Etymology and nomenclature ==
{{further|Hindu literature}}
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| footer = Parvati as a two-armed consort goddess of [[Shiva]] (left), and as four-armed [[Tripura Sundari|Lalita]] with her sons [[Ganesha]] and [[Kartikeya|Skanda]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]. 11th century sculpture from the [[British Museum]]. {{British-Museum-db|1872,0701.54|id=251395}}.
| image1 = The Hindu Goddess Parvati LACMA M.72.1.14 (1 of 2).jpg
| image2 = Lalita statue.jpg
| align = left
| total_width = 350
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| caption2 =
}}

''Parvata'' ({{lang|sa|[[wikt:पर्वत|पर्वत]]}}) is one of the [[Sanskrit]] words for "mountain"; "Parvati" derives her name from being incarnated as the daughter of king [[Himavan]] (also called Himavata, ''Parvata'') and mother ''Menavati''.<ref name=edwardbalfour/><ref name="H.V. Dehejia, Parvati pp 11"/> King Parvata is considered lord of the mountains and the personification of the [[Himalayas]]; Parvati implies "she of the mountain". Aparneshara Temple of Yama, [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]] in the Indian Union Territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] is considered as the birthplace of Parvati and site of ''Shiva-Parvati Vivaha.''<ref name=alain/>

Parvati is known by many names in Hindu literature.<ref name=johnmuir/> Other names which associate her with mountains are ''Shailaja'' (Daughter of the mountains), ''Shailaputri'' (Daughter of Mountains), ''Haimavati'' (Daughter of [[Himavan]]), ''Maheshvari (Maheshvara’s wife)'', ''Girirajaputri'' (Daughter of king of the mountains) and ''Girija (Daughter of the mountains).''{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=41}}

[[Shakta]]s consider the Parvati as an incarnation of [[Tripura Sundari|Lalita Tripurasundari]].<ref name=kar6>Keller and Ruether (2006), Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America, Indiana University Press, {{ISBN|978-0253346858}}, pp 663</ref> Two of Parvati's most famous epithets are Uma and Aparna.<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= 68|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> The name Uma is used for [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]] (Shiva's wife, who is the incarnation of Parvati) in earlier texts,{{which|date=December 2014}} but in the Ramayana, it is used as a synonym for Parvati. In the [[Harivamsa]], Parvati is referred to as Aparna ('One who took no sustenance') and then addressed as Uma, who was dissuaded by her mother from severe austerity by saying ''u mā'' ('oh, don't'). Uma also means that "the One born out of ''Om'' (''The Pranava Mantra)''{{sfn|Wilkins|2001|pp=240–1}} She is also referred to as ''Ambika'' ('dear mother'), ''Shakti'' ('power'), ''Mataji'' ('revered mother'), ''Maheshwari'' ('great goddess'), ''[[Durga]]'' (invincible), ''[[Bhairavi]]'' ('ferocious'), ''[[Bhavani]]'' ('fertility and birthing'), ''Shivaradni'' ('Queen of Shiva'), ''Urvi'' or ''Renu'', and many hundreds of others. Parvati is also the goddess of love and devotion, or [[Kamakshi]] (the goddess of fertility), abundance and food/nourishment, or [[Annapoorna devi|Annapurna]].{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=142–143}} She is also the ferocious [[Mahakali]] that wields a sword, wears a garland of severed heads, and protects her devotees and destroys all evil that plagues the world and its beings.

The apparent contradiction that Parvati is addressed as the golden one, Gauri, as well as the dark one, [[Kali]] or Shyama. As a calm and placid wife, Parvati is mentioned as Gauri, and as a goddess who destroys evil, she is Kali. Regional stories of Gauri suggest an alternate origin for Gauri's name and complexion. In parts of India, Gauri's skin color is golden or yellow in honor of her being the goddess of ripened corn/harvest and fertility.<ref>Edward Balfour, {{Google books|3U0OAAAAQAAJ|Parvati|page=381}}, The Encyclopedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, pp 381</ref><ref>Ernest Payne (1997), The Saktas: An Introductory and Comparative Study, Dover, {{ISBN|978-0486298665}}, pp 7–8, 13–14</ref>

{{Hinduism}}
*

==History ==
[[File:Huvishka with Ommo and Oesho.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Coinage of [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] ruler [[Huvishka]] with, on the reverse, the divine couple ''Ommo'' ("ΟΜΜΟ", Umā) holding a flower, and ''[[Oesho]]'' ("ΟΗϷΟ", [[Shiva]]) with four arms holding attributes. {{circa|150}}-180 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Harmatta |first2=János |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |year=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1408-0 |page=326 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C&pg=PA326}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ommo-Oesho coin of Huvishka British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_1888-1208-557 |website=The British Museum}}</ref>]]

The word ''Parvati'' does not explicitly appear in [[Vedic literature]]. Instead, Ambika, Rudrani and others are found in the ''Rigveda''. The verse 3.12 of the ''[[Kena Upanishad]]'' dated to mid-1st millennium BCE contains a goddess called Uma-Haimavati, a very common alternate name for Parvati.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=36}} Sayana's commentary in ''Anuvaka'', however, identifies Parvati in the ''Kena Upanishad'', suggesting her to be the same as Uma and Ambika in the Upanishad, referring to Parvati is thus an embodiment of divine knowledge and the mother of the world.<ref name=johnmuir>John Muir, {{Google books|wNPaeose9K4C|Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India|page=422}}, pp 422–436</ref> She appears as the ''shakti'', or essential power, of the Supreme [[Brahman]]. Her primary role is as a mediator who reveals the knowledge of Brahman to the Vedic [[Trideva]] of [[Agni]], [[Vayu]], and [[Varuna]], who were boasting about their recent defeat of a group of demons.<ref>''Kena Upanisad'', III.1–-IV.3, cited in Müller and in Sarma, pp. ''xxix-xxx''.</ref> But Kinsley notes: "it is little more than conjecture to identify her with the later goddess Satī-Pārvatī, although [..] later texts that extol Śiva and Pārvatī retell the episode in such a way to leave no doubt that it was Śiva's spouse.." [IAST original].{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=36}}

Sati-Parvati appears in the epic period (400 BCE–400 CE), as both the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' present Parvati as Shiva's wife. However, it is not until the plays of [[Kalidasa]] (5th–6th centuries) and the [[Puranas]] (4th through the 13th centuries) that the stories of Sati-Parvati and Shiva acquire more comprehensive details. Kinsley adds that Parvati may have emerged from legends of non-[[aryan]] goddesses that lived in mountains.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=36–41}} While the word Uma appears in earlier Upanisads, [[Edward Washburn Hopkins|Hopkins]] notes that the earliest known explicit use of the name ''Pārvatī'' occurs in late ''[[Hamsa Upanishad]]''.<ref>Edward Washburn Hopkins, {{Google books|-H0eiuvcG5IC|Epic Mythology|page=224}}, pp. 224–225</ref>

Weber suggests that just like Shiva is a combination of various [[Vedic period|Vedic]] gods [[Rudra]] and Agni, Parvati in Puranas text is a combination of wives of Rudra. In other words, the symbolism, legends, and characteristics of Parvati evolved fusing Uma, Haimavati, Ambika in one aspect and the more ferocious, destructive Kali, Gauri, [[Nirṛti (goddess)|Nirriti]] in another aspect.<ref name=johnmuir/><ref>Weber in {{harvnb|Wilkins|2001|p=239}}.</ref> Tate suggests Parvati is a mixture of the Vedic goddesses [[Aditi]] and Nirriti, and being a mountain goddess herself, was associated with other mountain goddesses like [[Durga]] and [[Kali]] in later traditions.{{sfn|Tate|2006|p=176}}

==Iconography and symbolism==
[[File:WLA_lacma_Hindu_Goddess_Parvati_Orissa.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|12th century Parvati sculpture from [[Odisha]].]]
{{multiple image
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| footer = Shivlinga icons are common for Parvati and Shiva. She is symbolically the yoni in the core of a 9th-century Hindu temple of Java, [[Indonesia]] (left), and in [[Pashupatinath Temple]] of [[Nepal]] (right).
| image1 = Candi Sambisari, Hindu Temple of Java Indonesia 2013 e.jpg
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Parvati, the gentle aspect of Devi Shakti, is usually represented as fair, beautiful, and benevolent.{{sfn|Wilkins|2001|p=247}}<ref>Harry Judge (1993), ''Devi'', Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia, Oxford University Press, pp 10</ref> She typically wears a red dress (often a [[sari]]), and may have a head-band. When depicted alongside Shiva she generally appears with two arms, but when alone she may be depicted having four. These hands may hold a trident, mirror, rosary, bell, dish, goad, sugarcane stalk, or flowers (such as a lotus).<ref name=suchan>Suresh Chandra (1998), Encyclopedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses, {{ISBN|978-8176250399}}, pp 245–246</ref> One of her arms in front may be in the Abhaya [[mudra]] (hand gesture for 'fear not'), one of her children, typically [[Ganesha]], is on her knee, while her younger son Skanda may be playing near her in her watch. In ancient temples, Parvati's sculpture is often depicted near a calf or cow. Bronze has been the chief metal for her sculpture, while stone is the next most common material.<ref name=suchan/>

Parvati and Shiva are often symbolized by a [[yoni]] and a [[linga]], respectively. In ancient literature, ''yoni'' means ''womb'' and ''place of gestation'', the yoni-linga metaphor represents ''origin, source or regenerative power''.<ref>James Lochtefeld (2005), "Yoni" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N–Z, pp. 784, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}</ref> The linga-yoni icon is widespread, found in Shaivite Hindu temples of South Asia and Southeast Asia. Often called ''Shivalinga'', it almost always has both linga and the yoni.<ref name="rmg286">Rita M. Gross (1978), Hindu Female Deities as a Resource for the Contemporary Rediscovery of the Goddess, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 46, No. 3 (Sep. 1978), pp. 269–291</ref> The icon represents the interdependence and union of feminine and masculine energies in recreation and regeneration of all life. In some depictions, Parvati and Shiva are shown in various forms of sexual union.<ref name="rmg286"/>

In some iconography, Parvati's hands may symbolically express many mudras (symbolic hand gestures). For example, Kataka — representing fascination and enchantment, Hirana — representing the antelope, the symbolism for nature and the elusive, Tarjani by the left hand—representing the gesture of menace, and Chandrakal — representing the moon, a symbol of intelligence.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} Kataka is expressed by hands closer to the devotee; Tarjani mudra with the left hand, but far from the devotee.

If Parvati is depicted with two hands, Kataka mudra—also called Katyavalambita or Katisamsthita hasta—is common, as well as Abhaya (fearlessness, fear not) and Varada (beneficence) are representational in Parvati's iconography. Parvati's right hand in Abhaya mudra symbolizes "do not fear anyone or anything", while her Varada mudra symbolizes "wish-fulfilling".{{sfn|Caroll|Caroll|2013|pp=34, 266}} In Indian dance, ''Parvatimudra'' is dedicated to her, symbolizing divine mother. It is a joint hand gesture, and is one of sixteen ''Deva Hastas'', denoting the most important deities described in ''Abhinaya Darpana''. The hands mimic motherly gesture, and when included in a dance, the dancer symbolically expresses Parvati.{{sfn|Caroll|Caroll|2013|p=184}} Alternatively, if both hands of the dancer are in ''Ardhachandra'' mudra, it symbolizes an alternate aspect of Parvati.{{sfn|Caroll|Caroll|2013|pp=48, 303}}

Parvati is sometimes shown with golden or yellow color skin, particularly as goddess Gauri, symbolizing her as the goddess of ripened harvests.<ref>''The Shaktas: an introductory comparative study'' Payne A.E. 1933 pp. 7, 83</ref>

In some manifestations, particularly as angry, ferocious aspects of Shakti such as [[Kali]], she has eight or ten arms, and is astride on a tiger or lion, wearing a garland of severed heads and skirt of disembodied hands. In benevolent manifestations such as Kamakshi or Meenakshi, a parrot sits near her right shoulder symbolizing cheerful love talk, seeds, and fertility. A parrot is found with Parvati's form as Kamakshi – the goddess of love, as well as ''Kama'' – the cupid god of desire who shoots arrows to trigger infatuation.<ref>Devdutt Pattanaik (2014), Pashu: Animal Tales from Hindu Mythology, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0143332473}}, pp 40–42</ref> A crescent moon is sometimes included near the head of Parvati particularly the Kamakshi icons, for her being half of Shiva. In South Indian legends, her association with the parrot began when she won a bet with her husband and asked for his loincloth as victory payment; Shiva keeps his word but first transforms her into a parrot. She flies off and takes refuge in the mountain ranges of south India, appearing as Meenakshi (also spelled Minakshi).<ref>Sally Kempton (2013), Awakening Shakti: The Transformative Power of the Goddesses of Yoga, {{ISBN|978-1604078916}}, pp 165–167</ref>

Parvati is expressed in many roles, moods, epithets, and aspects. In Hindu mythology, she is an active agent of the universe, the power of Shiva. She is expressed in nurturing and benevolent aspects, as well as destructive and ferocious aspects.<ref name=egold>Ellen Goldberg (2002), The Lord Who Is Half Woman: Ardhanarisvara in Indian and Feminist Perspective, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791453254}}, pp. 133–153</ref> She is the voice of encouragement, reason, freedom, and strength, as well as of resistance, power, action and retributive justice. This paradox symbolizes her willingness to realign to ''Pratima'' (reality) and adapts to the needs of circumstances in her role as the universal mother.<ref name=egold/> As [[Mahakali]], she identifies and destroys evil for protection, and as [[Annapurna (goddess)|Annapurna]], she creates food and abundance for nourishment.

==Manifestations==
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Several Hindu stories present alternate aspects of Parvati, such as the ferocious, violent aspect as Shakti and related forms. Shakti is pure energy, untamed, unchecked, and chaotic. Her wrath crystallizes into a dark, blood-thirsty, tangled-hair Goddess with an open mouth and a drooping tongue. This goddess is usually identified as the terrible ''[[Mahakali]]'' (time).{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=46}} In [[Linga Purana]], Parvati undergoes a metamorphosis into Kali, at the request of Shiva, to destroy an [[asura]] (demon) Daruk. Even after destroying the demon, Kali's wrath could not be controlled. To lower Kali's rage, Shiva appeared as a crying baby. The cries of the baby arouse the maternal instinct of Kali who reverts to her benign form as Parvati. Lord Shiva, in this baby form is Kshethra Balaka (who becomes Rudra Savarni Manu in future).{{sfn|Kennedy|1831|p=338}}

In [[Skanda Purana]], Parvati assumes the form of a warrior-goddess and defeats a demon called ''Durg'' who assumes the form of a buffalo. In this aspect, she is known by the name [[Durga]].{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=96}} Although Parvati is considered another aspect of Shakti, just like Kali, Durga, [[Kamakshi]], [[Meenakshi]], Gauri and many others in modern-day Hinduism, many of these "forms" or aspects originated from regional legends and traditions, and the distinctions from Parvati are pertinent.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=4}}

According to [[Shaktism]] and [[Shaivism]] traditions, and also in [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]], Parvati is the lineal progenitor of all other goddesses. She is worshiped as one with many forms and names. Her form or incarnation depends on her mood.

* [[Akilandeswari|Akhilandeshwari]], found in coastal regions of India, is the goddess associated with water.<ref>Subhash C Biswas, India the Land of Gods, {{ISBN|978-1482836554}}, pp 331–332</ref>
* [[Annapurna (goddess)|Annapurna]], a goddess of food and nourishment.
* [[Meenakshi]], regional form of Parvati in Madurai. She is considered as the queen of Madurai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meenakshi Devi, the Fish-Eyed Cosmic Mother {{!}} Shyamala Peetha Sarvajnapeetha |url=https://shyamalapeethasarvajnapeetham-kingdoms.kailasa.sk/uncategorized/meenakshi-the-fish-eyed-cosmic-mother/ |access-date=2025-04-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Legends==
[[File:Ellora-caves-1.jpg|thumb|Wall carvings in the 6th-century [[Ellora Caves]]: A scene depicting ''[[Kalyanasundara]]'' – the wedding of Shiva (four-armed figure, right) and Parvati (two-armed, left).]]
The [[Purana]]s tell the tale of [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]]'s marriage to Shiva against her father [[Daksha]]'s wishes. The conflict between Daksha and Shiva gets to a point where Daksha does not invite Shiva to his [[yagna]] (fire-sacrifice). Daksha insults Shiva when Sati comes on her own. She immolates herself at the ceremony. This shocks Shiva, who is so grief-stricken that he loses interest in worldly affairs, retires, and isolates himself in the mountains, in meditation and austerity. Sati is then reborn as Parvati, the daughter of Himavat and Mainavati,<ref name = Maina>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s3jXAAAAMAAJ | title=Śaivism Under the Imperial Cōl̲as as Revealed Through Their Monuments | author=Sita Narasimhan | year=2006 | page=100 | publisher=Sharada Publishing House | isbn=9788188934324}}</ref> and is named Parvati, or "she from the mountains", after her father Himavant who is also called king ''Parvat''.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=42}}<ref name=wjw300>{{harvnb|Wilkins|2001|pp=300–301}}.</ref><ref>In the [[Ramayana]], the river goddess [[Ganges in Hinduism|Ganga]] is the first daughter and the elder sister of Parvati ({{harvnb|Wilkins|2001|p=294}}).</ref>

According to different versions of her chronicles, the maiden Parvati resolves to marry Shiva. Her parents learn of her desire, discourage her, but she pursues what she wants. Indra sends the god [[Kamadeva|Kama]] – the Hindu god of desire, erotic love, attraction, and affection, to awake Shiva from meditation. ''Kama'' reaches Shiva and shoots an arrow of desire.<ref name=jl503>James Lochtefeld (2005), "Parvati" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N–Z, pp. 503–505, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}</ref> Shiva opens his third eye in his forehead and burns the cupid ''Kama'' to ashes. Parvati does not lose her hope or her resolve to win over Shiva. She begins to live in mountains like Shiva, engage in the same activities as Shiva, one of asceticism, [[yogi]]n and [[Tapas (Sanskrit)|tapas]]. This draws the attention of Shiva and awakens his interest. He meets her in disguised form, tries to discourage her, telling her Shiva's weaknesses and personality problems.<ref name=jl503/> Parvati refuses to listen and insists on her resolve. Shiva finally accepts her and they get married.<ref name=jl503/>{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=43}} Shiva dedicates the following hymn in Parvati's honor,

<blockquote>
I am the sea and you the wave, 
You are [[Prakṛti]], and I [[Purusha]]. – Translated by Stella Kramrisch<ref>Stella Kramrisch (1975), The Indian Great Goddess, History of Religions, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 235–265</ref>
</blockquote>

[[File:Family of Shiva.JPG|thumb|Parvati with Shiva and sons Ganesha (leftmost) and Kartikeya (rightmost). Parvati is depicted with green complexion, denoting dark complexion.]]
After the marriage, Parvati moves to [[Mount Kailash]], the residence of Shiva. To them are born [[Kartikeya]] (also known as Skanda and Murugan) – the leader of celestial armies, and [[Ganesha]] – the god of wisdom that prevents problems and removes obstacles.<ref name=edwardbalfour/><ref>Ganesa: Unravelling an Enigma By Yuvraj Krishan p.6</ref>

There are many alternate Hindu legends about the birth of Parvati and how she married Shiva. In the Harivamsa, for example, Parvati has two younger sisters called Ekaparna and Ekapatala.{{sfn|Wilkins|2001|pp=240-1}} According to Devi Bhagavata Purana and Shiva Purana mount Himalaya and his wife Mena appease goddess [[Adi Parashakti]]. Pleased, Adi Parashakti herself is born as their daughter Parvati. Each major story about Parvati's birth and marriage to Shiva has regional variations, suggesting creative local adaptations. The stories go through many ups and downs until Parvati and Shiva are finally married.<ref name=alain3>Alain Daniélou (1992), Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus, {{ISBN|978-0892813742}}, pp 82–87</ref>

Kalidasa's epic ''[[Kumarasambhavam]]'' ("Birth of Kumara") describes the story of the maiden Parvati who has made up her mind to marry Shiva and get him out of his recluse, intellectual, austere world of aloofness. Her devotions aimed at gaining the favor of Shiva, the subsequent annihilation of [[Kamadeva]], the consequent fall of the universe into barren lifelessness, regeneration of life, the subsequent marriage of Parvati and Shiva, the birth of Kartikeya, and the eventual resurrection of Kamadeva after Parvati intercedes for him to Shiva.

Parvati's legends are intrinsically related to Shiva. In the goddess-oriented [[Shakta]] texts, that she is said to transcend even Shiva, and is identified as the Supreme Being.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=41}} Just as Shiva is at once the presiding deity of destruction and regeneration, the couple jointly symbolize at once both the power of renunciation and asceticism and the blessings of marital felicity.

Parvati thus symbolizes many different virtues esteemed by Hindu tradition: fertility, marital felicity, devotion to the spouse, asceticism, and power. Parvati represents the householder ideal in the perennial tension in Hinduism in the household ideal and the ascetic ideal, the latter represented by Shiva.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=46}} Renunciation and asceticism is highly valued in Hinduism, as is the householder's life – both feature as [[Ashramas]] of ethical and proper life. Shiva is portrayed in Hindu legends as the ideal ascetic withdrawn in his personal pursuit in the mountains with no interest in social life, while Parvati is portrayed as the ideal householder keen on nurturing worldly life and society.<ref name=jl503/> Numerous chapters, stories, and legends revolve around their mutual devotion as well as disagreements, their debates on Hindu philosophy as well as the proper life.

Parvati tames Shiva with her presence. When Shiva does his violent, destructive [[Tandava]] dance, Parvati is described as calming him or complementing his violence by slow, creative steps of her own [[Lasya]] dance. In many myths, Parvati is not as much his complement as his rival, tricking, seducing, or luring him away from his ascetic practices.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=46–48}}

[[File:Uma Maheshvara, central India, probably late 1000s to 1100s AD, buff sandstone - Dallas Museum of Art - DSC05053.jpg|thumb|Shiva and Parvati as ''Uma-Maheshvara''; 11th-century sculpture.]]
Three images are central to the mythology, iconography, and philosophy of Parvati: the image of [[Shiva]]-[[Shakti]], the image of Shiva as [[Ardhanarishvara]] (the Lord who is half-woman), and the image of the linga and the yoni. These images that combine the masculine and feminine energies, Shiva and Parvati,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manish |first=Kumar |title=Lord Shiva and Parvati Images |url=https://socialstatusdp.com/lord-shiv-parvati-images/ |archive-url= |website=SocialStatusDP.com}}</ref> yield a vision of reconciliation, interdependence, and harmony between the way of the ascetic and that of a householder.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=49}}

The couple is often depicted in the [[Puranas]] as engaged in "dalliance" or seated on [[Mount Kailash]] debating concepts in Hindu theology. They are also depicted as quarreling.{{sfn|Kennedy|1831|p=334}} In stories of the birth of Kartikeya, the couple is described as love-making; generating the seed of Shiva. Parvati's union with Shiva symbolizes the union of a male and female in "ecstasy and sexual bliss".{{sfn|Tate|2006|p=383}} In art, Parvati is depicted seated on Shiva's knee or standing beside him (together the couple is referred to as ''[[Uma–Maheshvara|Uma-Maheshvara]]'' or ''Hara-Gauri'') or as ''[[Annapoorna devi|Annapurna]]'' (the goddess of grain) giving alms to Shiva.{{sfn|Coleman|2021|p=65}}

Shaiva's approaches tend to look upon Parvati as the Shiva's submissive and obedient wife. However, Shaktas focus on Parvati's equality or even superiority to her consort. The story of the birth of the ten [[Mahavidyas]] (Wisdom Goddesses) of Shakta [[Tantra|Tantrism]]. This event occurs while Shiva is living with Parvati in her father's house. Following an argument, he attempts to walk out on her. Her rage at Shiva's attempt to walk out manifests in the form of ten terrifying goddesses who block Shiva's every exit.

David Kinsley states:

{{blockquote|The fact that [Parvati] can physically restrain Shiva dramatically makes the point that she is superior in power. The theme of the superiority of the goddess over male deities is common in Shakta texts, [and] so the story is stressing a central Shakta theological principle. ... The fact that Shiva and Parvati are living in her father's house in itself makes this point, as it is traditional in many parts of India for the wife to leave her father's home upon marriage and become a part of her husband's lineage and live in his home among his relatives. That Shiva dwells in Parvati's house thus implies Her priority in their relationship. Her priority is also demonstrated in her ability, through the Mahavidyas, to thwart Shiva's will and assert her own.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=26}} }}

{{multiple image
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| footer = ''[[Ardhanarishvara]]'' – the Hindu concept of an ideal couple as complementing union, inspired by Siva-Parvati. Ardhanarishvara in [[Elephanta Caves]] (left), and as an androgynous painting with one half Shiva, the other Parvati.<ref name=mbw3/>
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===Ardhanarisvara===
Parvati is portrayed as the ideal wife, mother, and householder in Indian legends.<ref>Wojciech Maria Zalewski (2012), The Crucible of Religion: Culture, Civilization, and Affirmation of Life, {{ISBN|978-1610978286}}, pp 136</ref> In Indian art, this vision of the ideal couple is derived from Shiva and Parvati as being half of the other, represented as ''Ardhanarisvara''.<ref>Betty Seid (2004), The Lord Who Is Half Woman (Ardhanarishvara), Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies, Vol. 30, No. 1, Notable Acquisitions at The Art Institute of Chicago, pp. 48–49</ref> This concept is represented as an androgynous image that is half man and half woman, Siva and Parvati, respectively.<ref name=mbw3>MB Wangu (2003), Images of Indian Goddesses: Myths, Meanings, and Models, {{ISBN|978-8170174165}}, Chapter 4 and pp 86–89</ref><ref>A Pande (2004), Ardhanarishvara, the Androgyne: Probing the Gender Within, {{ISBN|9788129104649}}, pp 20–27</ref>

===Ideal wife, mother and more===
In Hindu Epic the Mahabharata, she as Umā suggests that the duties of wife and mother are as follows – being of a good disposition, endued with sweet speech, sweet conduct, and sweet features. Her husband is her friend, refuge, and god.<ref name=aptm>[https://archive.org/stream/mahabharataofkri08royp#page/670/mode/2up Anucasana Parva] The Mahabharata, pp 670–672</ref> She finds happiness in her husband's and her children's physical and emotional nourishment and development. Their happiness is her happiness. She is cheerful even when her husband or children are angry; she is with them in adversity or sickness.<ref name=aptm/> She takes an interest in worldly affairs beyond her husband and family. She is cheerful and humble before family, friends, and relatives; she helps them if she can. She welcomes guests, feeds them, and encourages a righteous social life. Parvati declares her family life and home are heaven in Book 13 of the Mahabharata.<ref name=aptm/>

Rita Gross states,<ref name=rmg286/> that the view of Parvati only as ideal wife and mother is incomplete symbolism of the power of the feminine in the mythology of India. Parvati, along with other goddesses, is involved with a broad range of culturally valued goals and activities.<ref name=rmg286/> Her connection with motherhood and female sexuality does not confine the feminine or exhaust their significance and activities in Hindu literature. She is balanced by Durga, who is strong and capable without compromising her femaleness. She manifests in every activity, from water to mountains, from arts to inspiring warriors, from agriculture to dance. Parvati's numerous aspects state Gross,<ref name="rmg286"/> reflects the Hindu belief that the feminine has a universal range of activities, and her gender is not a limiting condition.

Parvati is seen as the mother of two widely worshipped deities {{mdash}} [[Ganesha]] and [[Kartikeya]].

===Ganesha===
Hindu literature, including the [[Matsya Purana]], [[Shiva Purana]], and [[Skanda Purana]], dedicates many stories to Parvati and Shiva and their children.{{sfn|Kennedy|1831|p=353-4}} For example, one about Ganesha is:
: Once, while Parvati wanted to take a bath, there were no attendants around to guard her and stop anyone from accidentally entering the house. Hence she created an image of a boy out of turmeric paste which she prepared to cleanse her body and infused life into it, and thus Ganesha was born. Parvati ordered Ganesha not to allow anyone to enter the house, and Ganesha obediently followed his mother's orders. After a while Shiva returned and tried to enter the house, Ganesha stopped him. Shiva was infuriated, lost his temper, and severed the boy's head with his trident. When Parvati came out and saw her son's lifeless body, she was very angry. She demanded that Shiva restore Ganesha's life at once. Shiva did so by attaching an elephant's head to Ganesha's body, thus giving rise to the elephant-headed deity.<ref>Paul Courtright (1978), Ganesa: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|9780195057423}}</ref><ref>Robert Brown (1991), Ganesh: Studies of an Asian God, SUNY Press, {{ISBN|978-0791406564}}</ref>

==In culture==
===Festivals===
[[Teej]] is a significant festival for Hindu women, particularly in the northern and western states of India. Parvati is the primary deity of the festival, and it ritually celebrates married life and family ties.<ref name=cajones/> It also celebrates the monsoon. The festival is marked with swings hung from trees, girls playing on these swings typically in a green dress (seasonal color of crop planting season), while singing regional songs.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/devotion-mirth-mark-hariyali-teej/article5009216.ece Devotion, mirth mark ‘Hariyali Teej’] The Hindu (10 August 2013)</ref> Historically, unmarried maidens prayed to Parvati for a good mate, while married women prayed for the well-being of their husbands and visited their relatives. In Nepal, Teej is a three-day festival marked with visits to Shiva-Parvati temples and offerings to linga.<ref name=cajones>Constance Jones (2011), Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays (Editor – J. Gordon Melton), {{ISBN|978-1598842050}}, pp. 847–848</ref> Teej is celebrated as [[Teeyan]] in Punjab.<ref>Gurnam Singh Sidhu Brard (2007), East of Indus: My Memories of Old Punjab, {{ISBN|978-8170103608}}, pp 325</ref>

[[File:Gauri's procession commencing from the Zanani-Deodhi of the City Palace.jpg|upright|thumb|220px|Parvati being celebrated at Gauri Festival, [[Rajasthan]].]]
The [[Gowri Habba]], or Gauri Festival, is celebrated on the seventh, eighth, and ninth of [[Bhadrapada]] ([[Shukla paksha]]). Parvati is worshipped as the goddess of harvest and protector of women. Her festival, chiefly observed by women, is closely associated with the festival of her son Ganesha ([[Ganesh Chaturthi]]). The festival is popular in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]].<ref>The Hindu Religious Year By Muriel Marion Underhill p.50 Published 1991 Asian Educational Services {{ISBN|81-206-0523-3}}</ref>

In Rajasthan, the worship of Gauri happens during the [[Gangaur]] festival. The festival starts on the first day of Chaitra the day after Holi and continues for 18 days. Images of Issar and Gauri are made from Clay for the festival.

Another popular festival in reverence of Parvati is [[Navratri]], in which all her manifestations are worshiped over nine days. Popular in eastern India, particularly in Bengal, Odisha, Jharkhand and Assam, as well as several other parts of India such as Gujarat, with her nine forms, that is, [[Shailaputri]], [[Brahmacharini]], [[Chandraghanta]], [[Kushmanda]], [[Skandamata]], [[Katyayini]], [[Kaalratri]], [[Mahagauri]], and [[Siddhidatri]].<ref>S Gupta (2002), Festivals of India, {{ISBN|978-8124108697}}, pp 68–71</ref>

Another festival ''Gauri Tritiya'' is celebrated from Chaitra Shukla third to Vaishakha Shukla third. This festival is popular in Maharashtra and Karnataka, less observed in North India, and unknown in Bengal. The unwidowed women of the household erect a series of platforms in a pyramidal shape with the image of the goddess at the top and a collection of ornaments, images of other Hindu deities, pictures, shells, etc. below. Neighbors are invited and presented with turmeric, fruits, flowers, etc. as gifts. At night, prayers are held with singing and dancing. In south Indian states such as Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, the Kethara Gauri Vritham festival is celebrated on the new moon day of Diwali and married women fast for the day, prepare sweets and worship Parvati for the well-being of the family.<ref>The Hindu Religious Year By Muriel Marion Underhill p.100</ref>

[[Thiruvathira]] is a festival observed in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. It is believed that on this day, Parvati met Shiva after her long penance and Shiva took her as his wife.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/tubers-are-the-veggies-of-the-day-to-celebrate-thiruvathira-in-kerala/article30522721.ece|title=Tubers are the veggies of choice to celebrate Thiruvathira|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> On this day Hindu women perform the Thiruvathirakali accompanied by Thiruvathira paattu (folk songs about Parvati and her longing and penance for Lord Shiva's affection).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.manoramaonline.com/travel/essential-kerala/thiruvathira-and-its-unique-traditions.html|title=Thiruvathira – Kerala's own version of Karva Chauth|publisher=Manorama|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref>

===Arts===
[[File:Attributed to Khushala, Indian, active late 18th century - The Gods Sing and Dance for Shiva and Parvati - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Attributed to Khushala ''The Gods Sing and Dance for Shiva and Parvati'' (late 18th century)]]
From sculpture to dance, many Indian arts explore and express the stories of Parvati and Shiva as themes. For example, ''Daksha Yagam'' of [[Kathakali]], a form of dance-drama choreography, adapts the romantic episodes of Parvati and Shiva.<ref>Ragini Devi (2002), Dance Dialects of India, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120806740}}, pp. 201–202</ref>

The Gauri-Shankar bead is a part of religious [[adornment]] rooted in the belief of Parvati and Shiva as the ideal equal complementing halves of the other. Gauri-Shankar is a particular ''[[rudraksha]]'' (bead) formed naturally from the seed of a tree found in India. Two seeds of this tree sometimes naturally grow as fused and are considered symbolic of Parvati and Shiva. These seeds are strung into garlands and worn, or used in ''malas'' (rosaries) for meditation in Saivism.<ref>James Lochtefeld (2005), "Gauri-Shankar" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, pp. 244, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}</ref>

===Numismatics===
Ancient coins from [[Bactria]] (Central Asia) of [[Kushan Empire]] era, and those of king [[Harsha]] (North India) feature Uma. These were issued sometime between the 3rd- and 7th-century AD. In Bactria, Uma is spelled ''Ommo'', and she appears on coins holding a flower.<ref>[[John M. Rosenfield]] (1967), The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans, University of California Press, Reprinted in 1993 as {{ISBN|978-8121505796}}, pp. 94–95</ref><ref>AH Dani et al., History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. 2, Editors: Harmatta et al., UNESCO, {{ISBN|978-9231028465}}, pp 326–327</ref> On her coin is also shown Shiva, who is sometimes shown in the ithyphallic state holding a trident and standing near [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] (his ''vahana''). On coins issued by king Harsha, Parvati and Shiva are seated on a bull and the reverse of the coin has [[Brahmi]] script.<ref>Arthur L. Friedberg and Ira S. Friedberg (2009), Gold Coins of the World: From Ancient Times to the Present, {{ISBN|978-0871843081}}, pp 462</ref>

==Major temples==
{{see also|Shakta pithas}}
[[File:South Indian Temple Tamil1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright |Meenakshi Amman temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu is a major temple dedicated to Meenakshi, an aspect of Hindu goddess Parvati.]]
Parvati is often present with Shiva in Saivite Hindu temples all over South Asia and Southeast Asia.

Some locations (''Pithas'' or ''Shaktipeeths'') are considered special because of their historical importance and legends about their origins in the ancient texts of Hinduism.<ref>Devangana Desai, Khajuraho, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|9780195653915}}, pp 42–51, 80–82</ref><ref name=sleuthold>Steven Leuthold (2011), Cross-Cultural Issues in Art: Frames for Understanding, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415578004}}, pp 142–143</ref>

===List of temples===
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2023}}
Each major Parvati-Shiva temple is a pilgrimage site that has an ancient legend associated with it, which is typically a part of a larger story that links these Hindu temples across South Asia with each other. Some temples where Parvati can be found include:
* in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]: Udhampur District, Jammu [[Mantalai Temple]] and [[Gauri Kund]]
* In [[Karnataka]]: [[Chamundeswari Temple]] Mysore
* In [[Odisha]] : Parvati in the form of [[Annapurna]], as the consort of [[Lingaraj]] inside [[Lingaraj temple]] complex, [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Biraja Temple|Birja Temple, jajpur]]
* in [[Kerala]]: [[Annapurneshwari Temple, Cherukunnu]], [[Attukal Bhagavathy Temple]], [[Chakkulathukavu Temple]], [[Chengannur Mahadeva Temple]], [[Oorpazhachi Kavu]], [[Irumkulangara Durga Devi Temple]], [[Chakkulathukavu Temple]] [[Kadampuzha Devi Temple]], [[Mridanga Saileswari Temple]], [[Kumaranalloor|Kumaranallor bagavathi temple]] and most of [[Durga|108 durgalayas in kerela]]
* in [[Maharashtra]]: [[Tulja Bhavani Temple]]
* in [[Meghalaya]]: [[Nartiang Durga Temple]]
* in [[Tamil Nadu]]: [[Meenakshi Amman Temple]], [[Kamakshi Amman Temple]], [[Sri Siva Durga Temple]], [[Bannari Amman Temple]], [[Samayapuram Mariamman Temple]], [[Vekkali Amman Temple]], [[Mutharamman Temple, Kulasekharapatnam]], [[Tiruverkadu Devi Karumariamman Temple]], [[Nellaiappar Temple]], [[Kapaleeshwarar Temple]], [[Masani Amman|Masani Ammam temple]], [[Gomathi Amman]], [[Punnainallur Mariamman]]
* in [[Tripura]]: [[Tripura Sundari Temple]]
* in [[Uttar Pradesh]]: [[Vishalakshi Temple]], [[Annapurna Devi Temple]], [[Alopi Devi Mandir]]

==Outside India==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 460
| direction = horizontal
| footer = Parvati as Uma or Durga sculpture are found in Southeast Asia. An 8th century Parvati from [[Cambodia]] (left), a 10th-century Uma from [[Champa]] [[Vietnam]] (center), and a 14th-century Parvati from [[Majapahit]] Java (right).
| image1 = Uma Kambodscha Rietberg RHI 1.jpg
| image2 = Uma Parvati The Goddess of Light in Vietnam.jpg
| image3 = Javanese Queen as Parvati.jpg
}}

Sculpture and iconography of Parvati, in one of her many manifestations, have been found in temples and literature of Southeast Asia. For example, early Saivite inscriptions of the Khmer in [[Cambodia]], dated as early as the fifth century AD, mention Parvati (Uma) and Siva.<ref>Sanderson, Alexis (2004), "The Saiva Religion among the Khmers, Part I.", Bulletin de Ecole frangaise d'Etreme-Orient, 90–91, pp 349–462</ref> Many ancient and medieval era Cambodian temples, rock arts and river bed carvings such as the [[Kbal Spean]] are dedicated to Parvati and Shiva.<ref>Michael Tawa (2001), At Kbal Spean, Architectural Theory Review, Volume 6, Issue 1, pp 134–137</ref><ref>Helen Jessup (2008), The rock shelter of Peuong Kumnu and Visnu Images on Phnom Kulen, Vol. 2, National University of Singapore Press, {{ISBN|978-9971694050}}, pp. 184–192</ref>

Boisselier has identified Uma in a Champa era temple in [[Vietnam]].<ref>[[Jean Boisselier]] (2002), "The Art of Champa", in Emmanuel Guillon (Editor) – Hindu-Buddhist Art in Vietnam: Treasures from Champa, Trumbull, p. 39</ref>

Dozens of ancient temples dedicated to Parvati as Uma, with Siva, have been found in the islands of [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]]. Her manifestation as Durga has also been found in southeast Asia.<ref>Hariani Santiko (1997), The Goddess Durgā in the East-Javanese Period, Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 56, No. 2 (1997), pp. 209–226</ref> Many of the temples in [[Java]] dedicated to Siva-Parvati are from the second half of 1st millennium AD, and some from later centuries.<ref>R Ghose (1966), [http://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/28763/1/FullText.pdf Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226041451/http://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/28763/1/FullText.pdf |date=26 December 2014 }}, Thesis, Department of History, University of Hong Kong</ref> Durga icons and worship have been dated to be from the 10th- to 13th-century.<ref>Peter Levenda (2011), Tantric Temples: Eros and Magic in Java, {{ISBN|978-0892541690}}, pp 274</ref>

[[File:Batakaru6.JPG|thumb|left|upright=.85|Pillar temple with offerings to ''[[Dewi Sri]]''. She is variously interpreted as Parvati or as Lakshmi.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Joe Cribb|author2=Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles|title=Magic Coins of Java, Bali and the Malay Peninsula: Thirteenth to Twentieth Centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlNmAAAAMAAJ |year=1999|publisher=British Museum Press|isbn=978-0-7141-0881-0|page=77}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Yves Bonnefoy|title=Asian Mythologies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC&pg=PA178 |year=1993 |publisher =University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-06456-7|pages=178–179}}</ref>]]
Derived from Parvati's form as [[Mahakali]], her [[wiktionary:nipponize|nipponized]] form is [[Daikokuten#Goddess Daikokutennyo|Daikokutennyo (大黒天女)]].

In [[Nakhon Si Thammarat Province|Nakhorn Si Thammarat]] province of Thailand, excavations at Dev Sathan have yielded a Hindu Temple dedicated to Vishnu (Na Pra Narai), a lingam in the ''yoni'', a Shiva temple (San Pra Isuan). The sculpture of Parvati found at this excavation site reflects the South Indian style.<ref>R. Agarwal (2008), "Cultural Collusion: South Asia and the construction of the Modern Thai Identities", Mahidol University International College (Thailand)</ref><ref>Gutman, P. (2008), Siva in Burma, in ''Selected Papers from the 10th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists: the British Museum, London, 14th–17th September 2004: Interpreting Southeast Asia's past'', monument, image, and text (Vol. 10, p. 135), National University of Singapore Press</ref>

; Bali, Indonesia
Parvati, locally spelled as ''Parwati'', is a principal goddess in modern-day Hinduism of [[Bali]]. She is more often called ''Uma'', and sometimes referred to as ''Giriputri'' (daughter of the mountains).<ref name=rrost>[[Reinhold Rost]], {{Google books|l1AdAAAAMAAJ|Miscellaneous Papers Relating to Indo-China and the Indian Archipelago|page=105}}, Volume 2, pp 105</ref> She is the goddess of mountain [[Mount Agung|Gunung Agung]].<ref name=jaryan/> Like Hinduism of India, Uma has many manifestations in Bali, Indonesia. She is married to deity ''Siwa''. Uma or Parwati is considered as the mother goddess that nurtures, nourishes, grants fertility to crop and all life. As ''Dewi Danu'', she presides over waters, lake [[Pura Ulun Danu Batur|Batur]] and [[Mount Batur|Gunung Batur]], a major volcano in Bali. Her ferocious form in Bali is ''Dewi Durga''.<ref>Michele Stephen (2005), Desire Divine & Demonic: Balinese Mysticism in the Paintings, University of Hawaii Press, {{ISBN|978-0824828592}}, pp 119–120, 90</ref> As ''Rangda'', she is wrathful and presides over cemeteries.<ref name=jaryan>Jones and Ryan, Encyclopedia of Hinduism, {{ISBN|978-0816054589}}, pp 67–68</ref> As ''[[Ibu Pertiwi]]'', Parwati of Balinese Hinduism is the goddess of earth.<ref name=jaryan/> The legends about various manifestations of Parwati, and how she changes from one form to another, are in Balinese literature, such as the palm-leaf (''lontar'') manuscript ''Andabhuana''.<ref>[[J. Stephen Lansing]] (2012), ''Perfect Order: Recognizing Complexity in Bali,'' Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691156262}}, pp 138–139</ref>

==Related goddesses==
[[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] found in some sects of Buddhism, particularly Tibetan and Nepalese, is related to Parvati.<ref>David Leeming (2005), The Oxford Companion to World Mythology, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195156690}}, pp 374–375</ref><ref>Monier Williams, {{Google books|nJYuAAAAYAAJ|Buddhism: In Its Connection with Brāhmanism and Hindūism|page=216}}, pp 200–219</ref> Tara too appears in many manifestations. In tantric sects of Buddhism, as well as Hinduism, intricate symmetrical art forms of [[yantra]] or [[mandala]] are dedicated to different aspects of Tara and Parvati.<ref>David Frawley (1994), Tantric Yoga and the Wisdom Goddesses: Spiritual Secrets of Ayurveda, {{ISBN|978-1878423177}}, pp 57–85</ref><ref>Rebeca French, The Golden Yoke: The Legal Cosmology of Buddhist Tibet, {{ISBN|978-1559391719}}, pp 185–188</ref>

Parvati is closely related in symbolism and powers to [[Cybele]] of Greek and Roman mythology and as [[Vesta (mythology)|Vesta]] the guardian goddess of children.<ref name=edwardbalfour/><ref>George Stanley Faber, {{Google books|9KVZAAAAMAAJ|The Origin of Pagan Idolatry|page=488}}, pp 260–261, 404–419, 488</ref> In her manifestation as ''Durga'', Parvati parallels Mater Montana.<ref name=edwardbalfour/> She is the equivalent of the ''Magna Mater'' (Universal Mother).<ref name=alain>Alain Daniélou (1992), Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus, {{ISBN|978-0892813742}}, pp 77–80</ref> As ''Kali'' and punisher of all evil, she corresponds to Proserpine and Diana Taurica.<ref name=maria>Maria Callcott, {{Google books|GFUOAAAAQAAJ|Letters on India|page=345}}, pp 345–346</ref>

As ''Bhawani'' and goddess of fertility and birthing, she is the symbolic equivalent of Ephesian ''[[Diana (mythology)|Diana]]''.<ref name=maria/> In Crete, ''[[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]]'' is the mythological figure, goddess of the mountains, paralleling Parvati; while in some mythologies from islands of Greece, the terrifying goddess mirroring Parvati is ''Diktynna'' (also called [[Britomartis]]).<ref name=alain2>Alain Daniélou (1992), Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus, {{ISBN|978-0892813742}}, pp 79–80</ref> At Ephesus, Cybele is shown with lions, just like the iconography of Parvati is sometimes shown with a lion.<ref name=alain2/>

[[Carl Jung]], in ''Mysterium Coniunctionis'', states that aspects of Parvati belong to the same category of goddesses like [[Artemis]], [[Isis]] and [[Black Madonna|Mary]].<ref>Joel Ryce-Menuhin (1994), Jung and the Monotheisms, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415104142}}, pp 64</ref><ref>Ann Casement (2001), Carl Gustav Jung, SAGE Publications, {{ISBN|978-0761962373}}, pp 56</ref> [[Edmund Leach]] equates Parvati in her relationship with Shiva, with that of the Greek goddess [[Aphrodite]] – a symbol of sexual love.<ref>Edmund Ronald Leach, The Essential Edmund Leach: Culture and human nature, Yale University Press, {{ISBN|978-0300085082}}, pp 85</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last1=Caroll |first1=Cain |last2=Caroll |first2=Revital |year=2013 |title=Mudras of India |publisher=Singing Dragon |location=Philadelphia, PA |isbn=978-1848191099}}
* {{cite book |first=Charles N. |last=Coleman |year=2021 |orig-year=1832 |title=Mythology of the Hindus |publisher=Legare Street Press |isbn=978-1014497710}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cush |first1=Denise |last2=Robinson |first2=Catherine A. |last3=York |first3=Michael |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0700712670 |access-date=12 September 2017 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115354/https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |first=Vans |last=Kennedy |author-link=Vans Kennedy |title=Researches Into the Nature and Affinity of Ancient and Hindu Mythology |year=1831 |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |url=https://archive.org/details/researchesinton00kenngoog |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite book |last=Kinsley |first=David R. |title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition |publisher=University of California Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-520-90883-3}}
* {{cite book |first=Karen |last=Tate |year=2006 |title=Sacred Places of Goddess: 108 Destinations |publisher=Consortium of Collective Consciousness |isbn=978-1888729115}}
* {{cite book |first=William J. |last=Wilkins |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/hindumythologyve00inwilk#page/292/mode/2up |chapter=Uma – Parvati |title=Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Puranic |year=2001 |orig-year=1882 |publisher=Adamant Media Corporation |isbn=1-4021-9308-4 |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite book |last=Williams |first=Joanna Gottfried |title=Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=9004064982 |access-date=6 October 2016 |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116175658/https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Srivastava |first=A. L. |year=2004 |title=Umā-Maheśvara: An Iconographic Study of the Divine Couple |publisher=Sukarkshetra Shodh Sansthana}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|n=no|b=no|v=no|s=no}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Parvati Parvati] at Encyclopædia Britannica
* [[Jyoti (goddess)|Jyoti]] Parvati Daughter

{{Shaktism}}
{{Shaivism topics}}
{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Burmese nats}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Parvati| ]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Mother goddesses]]
[[Category:Shaktism]]
[[Category:War goddesses]]
[[Category:Consorts of Shiva]]
[[Category:Fertility goddesses]]
[[Category:Love and lust goddesses]]
[[Category:Beauty goddesses]]
[[Category:Buddhist goddesses]]
[[Category:Mountain goddesses]]
[[Category:Marriage goddesses]]
[[Category:Peace goddesses]]
[[Category:Lion goddesses]]

Robert Gill

2026-02-12T00:12:49Z

DelmarPrisco: Made A Article - done

{{short description|English painter}}
{{distinguish|Robert Gill (footballer)|Robert Gill (gridiron football)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Robert Gill
| image = Robert Gill.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Gill at Ajanta
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1804|09|26}}<ref name="RootsWeb">{{cite web |last=McLaughlin |first=Colman |date=13 February 2002 |title=Seeking information on Robert Gill |url=http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/INDIA/2002-02/1013608780 |publisher=[[Rootsweb]]|access-date=24 October 2012}} This is a mail by Major Gill's descendant, which contains some valuable information.{{dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[London Borough of Hackney|Hackney]], London, England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1879|04|10|1804|09|26}}<ref name="Tombstone">Inscription on tombstone, which also states his age was 75</ref>
| resting_place = European Cemetery, [[Bhusawal]]
| resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|21|3|2.39|N|75|47|43.47|E|region:IN_dim:600|display=inline}}
| death_place = en route from Ajanta to Bhusawal, India.
| spouse = Frances Flowerdew Rickerby<ref name="RootsWeb"/>
| partner = Paro, a native girl of Ajanta<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dnadiscussionproject.com/stories.php |title=Personal Stories – DNA Discussion Project |first1=James |last1=McLaughlin |year=2009 |publisher=[[West Chester University of Pennsylvania]] |access-date=24 October 2012 |archive-date=5 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505220521/http://dnadiscussionproject.com/stories.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| other_names =
| known_for = copying the paintings of [[Ajanta Caves]].
| occupation = Army officer, artist, photographer, sportsman
}}

Major '''Robert Gill''' (1804–1879)<ref name="Tombstone"/><ref name="Buckland">{{harvnb|Buckland|1906|p=166}}</ref> was an army officer, [[antiquarian]], painter and photographer in [[British India]]. He is best known for his paintings copying the [[fresco]]es of the [[Ajanta Caves]]. Gill was the first painter<ref group=upper-alpha>{{harvnb|Upadhyay|1994|p=1}} notes that Fide Jesus, a native, had drawn and lithographed these paintings before Robert Gill (c. 1836) those were published in 1847.</ref> – after their rediscovery in 1819 – to make extensive copies of the Buddhist cave paintings, which mostly date to the 5th century CE. His surviving copies and drawings remain significant in Ajanta studies as the originals have significantly deteriorated since his time.<ref name="Patel">{{cite journal |first1=Divia {{ndash}} Curator, Asian Department |last1=Patel |last2=Costaras |first2=Nicola {{ndash}} Head Paintings Conservator |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-52/conserving-the-copies-of-the-ajanta-cave-paintings-at-the-v-and-a/ |journal=Conservation Journal |title=Conserving the copies of the Ajanta cave paintings at the V&A |publisher=[[Victoria & Albert Museum]] |date=Spring 2006 |issue=52 |access-date=24 October 2012 |archive-date=18 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018201728/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-52/conserving-the-copies-of-the-ajanta-cave-paintings-at-the-v-and-a/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Biography==

===Family and military service===
Gill was born in [[London Borough of Hackney|Hackney]], London, the son of a stockbroker. He joined the [[Madras Army|44th Madras Native Infantry]] as a cadet in 1824 and became an [[ensign (military rank)|ensign]] on 6 May 1825. Promotion to Lieutenant followed in September 1826, and to Captain on 6 May 1840; finally he was promoted to Major. On 25 May 1841, he married Frances Flowerdew Rickerby at [[St Luke's Church, Chelsea]], in London.<ref>Parish registers of St Luke's, Chelsea.</ref><ref>Madras Military Fund records (1808–1862)</ref> He was discharged as an invalid on 1 October 1852.<ref name="RootsWeb"/><ref name="Gordon, 234–238">Gordon, 234–238</ref> His first child, a daughter called Frances Eliza Minchin Gill (1842-1930), was born in Madras. His first son, the soldier, explorer and intelligence officer [[William John Gill]] (1843-1882), was born in [[Bangalore]]. A second daughter, Rose Matilda Gill, was born in [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]] in 1845 but died when less than three weeks old. A second son, the lawyer Robert Thomas Gill (1847-1927) was born in [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jaulnah]], as was a third daughter, Lucy Annie Gill (1849-1903). Robert Gill may have had several children who died in infancy by his first Indian mistress, Paro. He had two daughters by his second Indian mistress: Mildred Mary Gill (1866-1923) and Annie Gill (c.1864-1934).<ref>Family history research by Tony Hadland, a descendant of Robert Gill.</ref>

[[File:Ajanta dancing girl now and then.jpg|230px|thumb|Dancing girl in Ajanta fresco, showing deterioration between the cave now (left) and Gill's copy.<ref>Detail from this [https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O115444/copy-of-painting-inside-the-oil-painting-gill-robert/ painting in the V&A]</ref>]]

===Career===
Gill was a member of [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|The Royal Asiatic Society]], and this association was eventually parlayed into copying the murals that had first been published in a lecture by [[James Fergusson (architect)|James Fergusson]] to the Bombay branch of the Society, and later inclusion and illustration in his book in [[Indian rock-cut architecture]].<ref>Fergusson's book was ''The Rock-cut Temples of India'', published in 1845. Gibson, pp 230–234</ref><ref name="Rohatgi"/> From 1844, Gill was taken away from military service to copy the Ajanta murals for the [[Asiatic Society of Bombay]], at an additional salary of 200 [[rupee]]s a year. He spent thirty years measuring, mapping, cataloguing, photographing, and painting in the caves, despite dangers from wild animals and the local [[Bhil people]].<ref name="Rohatgi"/>

Arriving at Ajanta in early 1845, he completed an initial survey and inspection, submitting a report the same year. He began to ship completed paintings back to London in 1847, where many were exhibited at the museum of the [[East India Company]]. A number of them were reproduced, somewhat crudely, in an article in 1849 in the ''[[Illustrated London News]]''.<ref>Gordon, 235</ref> He had copied about 30 of the principal [[fresco]]es on canvas at almost full-size by 1863, when the painting phase of his work largely ended; these works were sent to London.<ref name="Gordon, 234–238"/> Unfortunately, twenty-five of his pictures were burnt during the 1866 fire at [[The Crystal Palace]], where they were on loan and being exhibited.<ref name="Buckland"/><ref name="Rohatgi">{{cite book |first1=Pauline |last1=Rohatgi |first2=Pheroza |last2=Godrej |date=March 2009 |chapter-url=http://www.illwa.org/chapter_8.htm |chapter=Reflections of Change |title=Indian Life and Landscapes by Western Artists |publisher=Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (CSMVS) |location=Mumbai |access-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907050817/http://www.illwa.org/chapter_8.htm |archive-date=2011-09-07}}</ref> Another was destroyed by a fire in a storeroom in the South Kensington Museum (now the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]) in 1885. This was the same fire that destroyed most of the next generation of Ajanta copies, just completed by a team from the Bombay School of Art. None of Gill's lost copies had been photographed. The four surviving Gill copies are in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London; a number of his drawings are in the [[British Library]].<ref name="Gordon, 234–238"/>

Gill remained based at Ajanta for the rest of his life, also making tours to other ancient sites in India. He took up photography, including [[stereoscopy]], in about 1856, and much of his photographic work is published in two books, ''The Rock-Cut Temples of India'',<ref name="Bonhams">{{cite web |url=http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/16200/lot/383/ |first1=James |last1=Ferguson |work=India and Beyond in Books and Photography |date=9 April 2008|format=[[Albumen print]]s|title=The Rock Cut Temples of India |publisher=[[Bonhams]] Auctioneer |access-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> and ''One Hundred Stereoscopic Illustrations of Architecture and Natural History in Western India'', with notes by [[James Fergusson (architect)|James Fergusson]].<ref name="Buckland"/><ref name="Gordon, 234–238"/><ref name="Rohatgi"/><ref>Gordon, 236–238; {{cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho0001000s4u00455000.html |first1=Robert |last1=Gill |title=General view of Buddhist Caves II-XXVI, Ajanta|date=26 March 2009 |format=Photographic print |publisher=British Library |access-date=24 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=One hundred stereoscopic illustrations of architecture and natural history in western India |first1=Robert, photographer |last1=Gill |first2=James, description |last2=Fergusson |year=1864 |publisher=Cundall, Downes |location=London }}</ref>

Gill's surviving photographs, drawings, and paintings are constantly cited by scholars of Ajanta and [[Indian art]] generally, as they have preserved the memories of original painted surfaces that have undergone significant flaking. Accelerated deterioration began immediately upon the caves' rediscovery starting in 1819. According to the Victoria and Albert Museum, even in Gill's time the original cave paintings could be seen suffering damage from frequent, unsupervised visitation and also from "swarms of bees and bats."<ref name="Patel"/> Gill's works also record the condition of the stonework at the time; some sections have since been lost, such as the portico to Cave 1,<ref>Compare [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho0001000s4u00462000.html Gill's photo] with a [[:File:AjantaHoehle1VerandaPanorama.jpg|modern view]]</ref> and others considerably repaired and tidied. Many of his plans, drawings, and photographs are available online at the [[British Library]] and other places.<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/index.html Search page for British Library online collections]</ref>

===Death and burial===
Like many other British Indian officers of those days, Gill was an avid hunter and killed about 150 [[tigers]], mostly on foot.<ref name="Buckland"/> He died in 1879<ref name="Tombstone"/> while being transported from Ajanta to [[Bhusawal]] in a very ill condition,<ref name="Buckland"/><ref name="Rohatgi"/> and was buried at the European Cemetery at Bhusawal.<ref name="Gordon, 234–238"/>

==Modern interpretations==
In 2012, a [[Marathi language]] film, [[Ajintha (film)|Ajintha]], was made based on his work and love story with a native girl Paro.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ajinthathefilm.com|title=Ajintha-the film|year=2012|publisher=Chandrakant Production Pvt. Ltd|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028160315/http://ajinthathefilm.com/|archive-date=28 October 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = left
| image1 = 2006AY0603 jpg lajanta Gill.jpg
| width1 = 380
| alt1 = Gills' painting
| caption1 = Copy of scene in Cave 1 by Gill, now [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], 2.3 x 2.74 metres.
| image2 = Interior of Ajanta Cave 26 - 1865.jpg
| width2 = 300
| alt2 = Gills' photo
| caption2 = Photograph by Gill of the interior of Cave 26 at Ajanta from the Allardyce Collection
| footer =
}}

{{clear}}

==Bibliography==

===Footnotes===
{{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}}

===References===
{{Commons category}}
{{reflist|2}}

=== Sources ===
*{{cite book|last=Buckland |first=Charles Edwards |title=Dictionary of Indian Biography|year=1906|publisher=Haskell House Publishers|pages=166|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8AKI2nqPBQC&q=robert%20gill%20ajanta&pg=PA166 }}
*{{Cite thesis |last1=Gordon |first1=Sophie |year=2011 |title=Monumental visions: architectural photography in India, 1840–1901 |format=PhD thesis, [[PDF]] available |publisher=[[SOAS]], [[University of London]] |url=http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/12776/ |access-date=24 October 2012}}
*{{cite journal |first1=Divia {{ndash}} Curator, Asian Department |last1=Patel |last2=Costaras |first2=Nicola {{ndash}} Head Paintings Conservator |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-52/conserving-the-copies-of-the-ajanta-cave-paintings-at-the-v-and-a/ |journal=Conservation Journal |title=Conserving the copies of the Ajanta cave paintings at the V&A |publisher=[[Victoria & Albert Museum]] |date=Spring 2006 |issue=52 |access-date=24 October 2012 |archive-date=18 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018201728/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-52/conserving-the-copies-of-the-ajanta-cave-paintings-at-the-v-and-a/ |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite book|last=Upadhyay |first=Om Dutt |title=The art of Ajanta and Sopoćani : a comparative study: an enquiry in prāṇa aesthetics |location=Delhi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher |year=1994 | pages=2–3 |isbn=9788120809901 }}

== External links ==
* [https://archive.org/details/onehundredstereo00gill One hundred stereoscopic illustrations of architecture and natural history in western India (1864)]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gill, Robert}}
[[Category:1824 births]]
[[Category:1879 deaths]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:19th-century English painters]]
[[Category:English male painters]]
[[Category:Photographers from the London Borough of Hackney]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:People from Hackney Central]]
[[Category:19th-century English photographers]]
[[Category:19th-century English male artists]]

Prabhaben Shah

2026-02-09T06:11:33Z

DelmarPrisco: Made Data - done

{{Short description|Indian social worker (1930–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| pre-nominals =
| name = Prabhaben Shah
| image =
| caption =
| alt =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1930|2|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sayan, India|Sayan]], [[Gujarat]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|1|18|1930|2|20|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Daman, India]]
| other_names =
| known_for = Social work
| education =
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| relatives =
| children = 3
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2022)
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Prabhaben Shah''' (20 February 1930 – 18 January 2023) was an Indian social worker. In 2022, she was awarded [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Indian Government]] for her contribution in [[social work]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2022 |title=Padma Shri at 92, She dedicated Her life to Feeding & Clothing The Needy |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/275513/prabhaben-shah-padma-shri-knit-sweaters-soldiers-cloth-banks-flood-survivors-needy/ |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=The Better India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="desk">{{Cite web |date=10 February 2022 |title=Prabhaben Shah won Padma Shri at the age of 92 after dedicating her life |url=https://timesapplaud.com/prabhaben-shah/ |access-date=3 June 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==
Shah decided to be a social worker at the age of 12. She had established a Gujarat medium primary school Bal ''Mandir''. In 1963, she established the women named Mahila Mandal. She had also helped needy people during Kutch earthquake in 2001, and Kerala flood in 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mathur {{!}} |first=Barkha |date=29 March 2022 |title=Meet 93-Year-Old Padma Shri Awardee Prabhaben Shah Who Has Dedicated Her Life To Feeding The Needy And Empowering Women |url=https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/meet-93-year-old-padma-shri-awardee-prabhaben-shah-who-has-dedicated-her-life-to-feeding-the-needy-and-empowering-women-67517/ |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=NDTV-Dettol Banega Swasth Swachh India |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Shah was from [[Daman and Diu]]. She died from heart disease on 18 January 2023, at the age of 92.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/padma-shri-awardee-prabhaben-shah-passes-away-8390480/ Padma Shri awardee Prabhaben Shah passes away]</ref>

==Awards==
*[[Padma Shri]] in 2022<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Prabhaben}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]

3rd Filmfare Awards East

2026-02-02T08:16:40Z

DelmarPrisco:

{{short description|Award ceremony for Bengali language films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number = 3
| award = [[Filmfare Awards Bangla|Filmfare Awards East]]
| image =
| caption = 3rd Filmfare Awards East
| date = 17 February 2018
| site = Science City, [[Kolkata]]
| host = ''[[Parambrata Chatterjee]]'' ''[[Abir Chatterjee]]''
| website = {{URL|http://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-east-2018/|Filmfare Awards East 2018}}
| producer =
| director =
| best_film = ''[[Bishorjan]]''
| best_critic = ''[[Mayurakshi]]''
| most_wins = ''[[Bishorjan]]'' (6) ''[[Projapoti Biskut]]'' (6)
| most_nominations = ''[[Bishorjan]]'' (14)
| network = [[Colors TV|Colors Tv Bangla]]
| duration =
| ratings =
| last = [[2nd Filmfare Awards East|2nd]]
| next = [[4th Filmfare Awards Bangla|4th]]
}}

'''3rd Filmfare Awards East''' ceremony, presented by the [[Filmfare|Filmfare Magazine]], honored the best [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language Indian films of 2017. The ceremony was held on 17 February 2018 and was co-hosted by [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] and [[Abir Chatterjee]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.femina.in/celebs/indian/countdown-begins-for-jio-filmfare-awards-east-78631.html|title=Countdown begins for Jio Filmfare Awards East 2018|date=12 February 2018|publisher=Femina|first=Hemchhaya|last=De|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref> Films that were notably recognized were ''[[Bishorjan]]'', which won six awards including Best Film and Best Director; ''[[Projapoti Biskut]]'', which won six awards; and ''[[Mayurakshi]]'', which won four awards, including Best Film (Critics' Choice).<ref>{{Cite news |date=Feb 17, 2018 |title=All winners of the Jio Filmfare Awards (East) 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/all-winners-of-the-jio-filmfare-awards-east-2018_-26653.html |access-date=June 21, 2024 |work=Filmfare}}</ref>

== Winners and nominees ==
=== Main Awards ===
The nominees for the 3rd Filmfare Awards East were announced on 13 February 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-jio-filmfare-awards-east-2018_-26583-2.html|title=The nominations for the 3rd Jio Filmfare Awards East are out.|work=Filmfare}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|Best Film
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|Best Director
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''''[[Bishorjan]]'''''
** ''[[Amazon Obhijaan]]''
** ''[[Bibaho Diaries]]''
** ''[[Maacher Jhol]]''
** ''[[Mayurakshi]]''
** ''[[Colours of Innocence|Sahaj Paather Gappo]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Kaushik Ganguly]]''' - '''''[[Bishorjan]]'''''
** [[Atanu Ghosh]] - ''[[Mayurakshi]]''
** [[Kamaleswar Mukherjee]] - ''[[Cockpit (2017 film)|Cockpit]]''
** Manas Mukul Pal - ''[[Colours of Innocence|Sahaj Paather Gappo]]''
** [[Pratim D. Gupta]] - ''[[Maacher Jhol]]''
** [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] and [[Nandita Roy]] - ''[[Posto (film)|Posto]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|Best Actor
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|Best Actress
|-
|
* '''[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]''' - '''''[[Mayurakshi]]'''''
** [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] - ''[[Yeti Obhijaan]]''
** [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] - ''[[Boss 2: Back to Rule|Boss 2]]''
** [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] - ''[[Chaamp]]''
** [[Jisshu Sengupta]] - ''[[Posto (film)|Posto]]''
** [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] - ''[[Bibaho Diaries]]''
** [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] - ''[[Mayurakshi]]''
|
* '''[[Jaya Ahsan]]''' - '''''[[Bishorjan]]'''''
** [[Ishaa Saha]] - ''[[Projapoti Biskut]]''
** [[Rukmini Maitra]] - ''[[Cockpit (2017 film)|Cockpit]]''
** [[Swastika Mukherjee]] - ''Asamapto''
** [[Sohini Sarkar]] - ''[[Bibaho Diaries]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|Best Supporting Actor
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
|
* '''[[Kaushik Ganguly]]''' - '''''[[Bishorjan]]'''''
** [[Abir Chatterjee]] - ''[[Meghnad Badh Rahasya]]''
** [[Bratya Basu]] - ''Asamapto''
** [[Paran Bandopadhyay]] - ''[[Posto (film)|Posto]]''
** [[Riddhi Sen]] - ''[[Samantaral]]''
** [[Aryann Bhowmik]] - ''[[Yeti Obhijaan]]''
|
* '''[[Mamata Shankar]]''' - '''''[[Maacher Jhol]]'''''
** Arjaa Bannerjee - ''[[Dhananjay (film)|Dhananjay]]''
** [[Lily Chakravarty]] - ''[[Posto (film)|Posto]]''
** Sneha Biswas - ''[[Colours of Innocence|Sahaj Paather Gappo]]''
** Tonushree Chakraborty - ''[[Durga Sohay]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|Best Music Director
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|Best Lyricist
|-
|
* '''[[Anindya Chatterjee]], [[Anupam Roy]], [[Shantanu Moitra]] and Prasenjit Mukherjee''' - '''''[[Projapoti Biskut]]'''''
** [[Savvy Gupta]] - ''[[Bibaho Diaries]]''
** [[Kalika Prasad Bhattacharya|Late Kalika Prasad Bhattacharya]] - ''[[Bishorjan]]''
** [[Anupam Roy]] - ''[[Maacher Jhol]]''
** [[Anupam Roy]] and [[Anindya Chatterjee]] - ''[[Posto (film)|Posto]]''
** [[Indraadip Das Gupta]] - ''[[Samantaral]]''
** [[Indraadip Dasgupta|Indraadip Das Gupta]] - ''[[Yeti Obhijaan]]''
|
* '''Ritam Sen - "Tomake Bujhina Priyo"''' - '''''[[Projapoti Biskut]]'''''
** [[Anindya Chatterjee]] - "Jonaki" - ''[[Posto (film)|Posto]]''
** [[Anupam Roy]] - "Dawttok" - ''[[Maacher Jhol]]''
** [[Debojyoti Mishra]] - "Tomra Ekhono Ki" - ''[[Meghnad Badh Rahasya]]''
** Sharmin Sultana Sumi - "Ahare Jibon" - ''[[Doob (film)|Doob]]''
** [[Srijato]] - "Dyakha Howbe Bole" - ''[[Samantaral]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Award East for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer - Male]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Award East for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer - Female]]
|-
|
* '''[[Nachiketa Chakraborty]] - "Keno Erokom Kichhu Holo Na"''' - '''''[[Posto (film)|Posto]]'''''
** [[Anindya Chatterjee]] - "Jonaki" - ''[[Posto (film)|Posto]]''
** [[Anupam Roy]] and Saheb Chatterjee - "Je Tore Pagol Bole" - ''[[Maacher Jhol]]''
** [[Arijit Singh]] - "Maula Re" - ''[[Chaamp]]''
** [[Arijit Singh]] - "Tui Chunli Jakhan" - ''[[Samantaral]]''
** [[Anupam Roy]] - "Dawttok" - ''[[Maacher Jhol]]''
|
* '''Chandrani Banerjee - "Tomake Bujhina Priyo"''' - '''''[[Projapoti Biskut]]'''''
** [[Iman Chakraborty]] - "Bhalo Koira Bajao Go" - ''[[Durga Sohay]]''
** [[Lagnajita Chakraborty]] - "E Bhabe Golpo Hok" - ''[[Bibaho Diaries]]''
** [[Nikhita Gandhi]] - "Tomra Ekhono Ki" - ''[[Meghnad Badh Rahasya]]''
** Sharmin Sultana Sumi - "Ahare Jibon" - ''[[Doob (film)|Doob]]''
** [[Shreya Ghoshal]] - "Tui Chunli Jakhan" - ''[[Samantaral]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:cebter;"|[[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Male Debut|Best Debut Male]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:cebter;"|[[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Female Debut|Best Debut Female]]
|-
|
* '''Nur Islam''' - '''''[[Colours of Innocence|Sahaj Paather Gappo]]'''''
* '''Samiul Alam''' - '''''[[Colours of Innocence|Sahaj Paather Gappo]]'''''
** Aditya Sengupta – ''[[Projapoti Biskut]]''
** Arghya Basu Roy - ''[[Posto (film)|Posto]]''
|
* '''[[Rukmini Maitra]]''' - '''''[[Chaamp]], [[Cockpit (2017 film)|Cockpit]]'''''
** Anusha Vishwanathan - ''[[Durga Sohay]]''
** Arjaa Baneerjee - ''[[Dhananjay (film)|Dhananjay]]''
** Ida Dasgupta - ''[[Shob Bhooturey]]''
* Ishaa Saha – ''[[Projapoti Biskut]]''
|}

===Critics' awards===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2|Best Film (Best Director)
|-
|colspan=2|
* '''[[Mayurakshi]]''' - '''''[[Atanu Ghosh]]'''''
** ''[[Bishorjan]]'' - [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
** ''[[Meghnad Badh Rahasya]]'' - Anik Dutta
** ''[[Raktokorobi]]'' - Amitava Bhattacharya
** ''[[Samantaral]]'' - Partha Chakraborty
** ''[[Colours of Innocence|Sahaj Paather Gappo]]'' - Manas Mukul Pal
|-
!Best Actor
!Best Actress
|-
|
* '''[[Soumitra Chatterjee]]''' - '''''[[Mayurakshi]]'''''
** [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] - ''[[Dhananjay (film)|Dhananjay]]''
** Dhritiman Chatterjee - ''Chitrokar''
** [[Irrfan Khan]] - ''[[Doob (film)|Doob]]''
** [[Jisshu Sengupta]] - ''[[Byomkesh O Agnibaan]]''
** [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] - ''[[Samantaral]]''

|
* '''Ishaa Saha''' - '''''[[Projapoti Biskut]]'''''
** Arpita Chatterjee - ''Chitrokar''
** [[Jaya Ahsan]] - ''[[Bishorjan]]''
** [[Sohini Sarkar]] - ''[[Durga Sohay]]''
|}

====Technical Awards====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Best Story
!Best Screenplay
|-
|
* '''[[Kaushik Ganguly]]''' - '''''[[Bishorjan]]'''''
** [[Atanu Ghosh]] – ''[[Mayurakshi]]''
** [[Pratim D. Gupta]] - ''[[Maacher Jhol]]''
** Tarak Nath Saha - ''[[Samantaral]]''
|
* '''Manas Mukul Pal''' - '''''[[Colours of Innocence|Sahaj Paather Gappo]]'''''
** [[Anindya Chatterjee]] - ''[[Projapoti Biskut]]''
** [[Kaushik Ganguly]] – ''[[Bishorjan]]''
** [[Pratim D. Gupta]] - ''[[Maacher Jhol]]''
** [[Saurav Palodhi]] and [[Mainak Bhaumik]] - ''[[Bibaho Diaries]]''
|-
!Best Dialogue
!Best Editing
|-
|
* '''[[Pratim D. Gupta]]''' - '''''[[Maacher Jhol]]'''''
** Anik Dutta and Utsab Mukherjee - ''[[Meghnad Badh Rahasya]]''
** [[Kaushik Ganguly]] – ''[[Bishorjan]]''
** Manas Mukul Pal - ''[[Colours of Innocence|Sahaj Paather Gappo]]''
** [[Saurav Palodhi]] - ''[[Bibaho Diaries]]''
|
* '''Sujay Dutta Roy and Anirban Maity''' - '''''[[Colours of Innocence|Sahaj Paather Gappo]]'''''
** Arghya Kamal Mitra - ''[[Meghnad Badh Rahasya]]''
** Arghya Kamal Mitra - ''[[Byomkesh O Agnibaan]]''
** Pronoy Dasgupta - ''[[Bibaho Diaries]]''
|-
!Best Background Score
!Best Cinematography
|-
|
* '''[[Debojyoti Mishra]]''' - '''''[[Mayurakshi]]'''''
** Chandradip Goswami - ''[[Colours of Innocence|Sahaj Paather Gappo]]''
** [[Debojyoti Mishra]] - ''[[Meghnad Badh Rahasya]]''
** [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] – ''[[Bishorjan]]''
** [[Joy Sarkar]] - ''Bilu Rakkhosh''
** Pavel Areen - ''[[Doob (film)|Doob]]''
|
* '''Supriyo''' - '''''[[Projapoti Biskut]]'''''
** [[Supratim Bhol]] - ''[[Colours of Innocence|Sahaj Paather Gappo]]''
** Sheikh Rajibul Islam – ''[[Doob (film)|Doob]]''
** Shubhankar Bhar - ''[[Maacher Jhol]]''
** Soumik Haldar - ''[[Mayurakshi]]''
** Soumik Haldar - ''[[Yeti Obhijaan]]''
** Souvik Basu – ''[[Bishorjan]]''
|-
!Best Production Design
!Best Sound Design
|-
|
* '''Madhuja Bannerjee and Kaushik-Barik''' - '''''[[Projapoti Biskut]]'''''
** Amit Chatterjee - ''[[Bibaho Diaries]]''
** Gautam Basu – ''[[Bishorjan]]''
** Indranil Ghosh – ''[[Meghnad Badh Rahasya]]''
** Saswati Karmakar - ''[[Maacher Jhol]]''
** Soumik Haldar, Sabarni Das and Arindam Sil - ''[[Dhananjay (film)|Dhananjay]]''
|
* '''Anirban Sengupta''' - '''''[[Bishorjan]]'''''
** Anindit Roy and Adeep Singh Manki - ''[[Bibaho Diaries]]''
** Anindit Roy and Adeep Singh Manki - ''[[Maacher Jhol]]''
** Anirban Sengupta – ''[[Mayurakshi]]''
** Manas Mukul Pal, Amit Kumar Dutta and Dipankar Chaki - ''[[Colours of Innocence|Sahaj Paather Gappo]]''
|-
|}

====Special awards====
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2; style="text-align: left;" | [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]
|-
|
* '''''[[Mrinal Sen]]'''''
* '''''[[Sabitri Chatterjee]]'''''
|-
|}

====Multiple Nominations====

* ''[[Bishorjan]]'' - 14
* ''[[Maacher Jhol]]'' - 13
* ''[[Colours of Innocence|Sahaj Paather Gappo]]'' - 12
* ''[[Bibaho Diaries]]'' - 10
* ''[[Mayurakshi]]'' - 10
* ''[[Projapoti Biskut]]'' - 10
* ''[[Posto (film)|Posto]]'' - 9
* ''[[Samantaral]]'' - 8
* ''[[Meghnad Badh Rahasya]]'' - 8
* ''[[Doob (film)|Doob]]'' - 5
* ''[[Durga Sohay]]'' - 4
* ''[[Dhananjay (film)|Dhananjay]]'' - 4
* ''[[Chaamp]]'' - 3
* ''[[Cockpit (2017 film)|Cockpit]]'' - 3
* ''[[Byomkesh O Agnibaan]]'' - 2
* ''Asamapto'' - 2

====Multiple Awards====
* ''[[Bishorjan]]'' - 6
* ''[[Projapoti Biskut]]'' - 6
* ''[[Mayurakshi]]'' - 4
* ''[[Colours of Innocence|Sahaj Paather Gappo]]'' - 4
* ''[[Maacher Jhol]]'' - 2

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Filmfare Awards}}
{{The Times Group}}

[[Category:Filmfare Awards East]]
[[Category:2017 film awards]]
[[Category:2017 in India]]
[[Category:Events of The Times Group]]

Bernard Spencer

2026-01-29T19:29:35Z

DelmarPrisco: New new pg

{{Refimprove|date=December 2009}}
'''Charles Bernard Spencer''' (1909 – 1963) was an English poet, translator, and editor.

He was born in [[Madras]], [[India]] and educated at [[Marlborough College]] and [[Corpus Christi College, Oxford]]. At Marlborough he knew [[John Betjeman]] and [[Louis MacNeice]];<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=BSP |title=Spencer, Bernard (writer) |url=https://collections.reading.ac.uk/special-collections/collections/bernard-spencer-collection-writer/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=University of Reading, Special Collections |language=en-GB}}</ref> at [[Oxford]] [[Stephen Spender]], Arthur Calder-Marshall, Isaiah Berlinand<ref name=":0" /> he also came across [[W. H. Auden]]. He edited ''Oxford Poetry'' in 1930-1931. He was not, however, drawn far into what was soon known as the [[Auden Group]]; he is identified much more with the type of poetry later exemplified by [[Lawrence Durrell]], and is for some critics the stand-out in the [[Cairo poets]]. His potential was never quite fulfilled, partly because of poor health{{what?|date=October 2023}}.

After graduation, he made a living from teaching and writing, marrying the actress [[Norah Gibbs]] in 1936. At that time he was collaborating on [[Geoffrey Grigson]]'s ''New Verse''. In [[World War II]] he worked for the [[British Council]], in [[Greece]] and then [[Egypt]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Leviston |first=Frances |date=29 May 2011 |title=Complete Poetry, Translations and Selected Prose by Bernard Spencer – review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/may/29/complete-poetry-bernard-spencer-review |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> There he edited the ''Personal Landscape'' magazine.<ref name=":0" />

After the war he continued to work for the [[British Council]], being posted to [[Italy]]. Norah died in 1947, of [[tuberculosis]]. He himself was ill for a time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Bernard Spencer, Author |url=https://www.bloodaxebooks.com/ecs/category/bernard-spencer |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Bloodaxe Books}}</ref> Through other postings he wrote little.

He was married again in 1961, to [[Anne Marjoribanks]] by whom he had a son Piers in 1963.<ref name=":0" /> He died in [[Vienna]], apparently in an accident,<ref name=":0" /> while once more in bad health.

A conference on Spencer's life and work was held at the [[University of Reading]] in October 2009, with an exhibition of manuscripts and other personal effects.<ref>The Bernard Spencer Conference, [[University of Reading]], October 2009</ref> His ''Complete Poetry, Translations and Selected Prose'' edited by [[Peter Robinson (poet)|Peter Robinson]] was published by [[Bloodaxe Books]] in February 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bloodaxebooks.com/personpage.asp?author=Bernard+Spencer |title=Author Page > Bernard Spencer |publisher=Bloodaxe Books |date=1963-09-11 |accessdate=2014-02-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222174118/http://www.bloodaxebooks.com/personpage.asp?author=Bernard+Spencer |archivedate=2014-02-22 }}</ref>

==Works==
*''Aegean Islands and Other Poems'' (1946)
*''The Twist in the Plotting ''(1960)
*''With Luck Lasting'' (1963)
*''Collected Poems'' (1965) edited by [[Alan Ross]]
*''Collected Poems'' (1981) edited by [[Roger Bowen]]
*''Complete Poetry, Translations and Selected Prose'' (2011) edited by [[Peter Robinson (poet)|Peter Robinson]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spencer, Bernard}}
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Marlborough College]]
[[Category:20th-century English poets]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

Electric Loco Shed, Jhansi

2026-01-28T11:30:37Z

DelmarPrisco: added references

{{short description|Loco shed in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox railway depot
| name = Electric Loco Shed, Jhansi
| image = BHEL Loco.jpg
| image_upright = 1.5
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption = Jhansi based WAG-7 at [[BHEL]] yard, Jhansi
| location = [[Jhansi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.4439|N|78.5534|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone]]
| depotcode = JHS
| type = [[Engine shed]]
| opened = {{Start date and age|1987|||df=y}}
| closed = 
| original =
| pregrouping =
| postgrouping =
| roads =
| rollingstock = [[WAP-4]] [[WAG-5]] [[WAG-7]] [[WAG-9]]
| former_rolling_stock =
| routes = 
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_size =
| embed =
}}

'''Electric Loco Shed, Jhansi''' is a [[motive power depot]] performing locomotive maintenance and repair facility for [[electric locomotive]]s of the [[Indian Railways]], located at [[Jhansi]] of the [[North Central Railway zone]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.

==Operation==
Being one of the electric engine sheds in North Central Railway, various major and minor maintenance schedules of electric locomotives are carried out here. It has the sanctioned capacity of 150 engine units. Beyond the operating capacity, this shed houses a total of 215 engine units, including 38 [[WAP-4]], 117 [[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5]] and 65 [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]]. Like all locomotive sheds, JHS does regular maintenance, overhaul and repair including painting and washing of locomotives.<ref name="sheds">{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |title = Sheds and Workshops| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 26 November 2013}}</ref>

==Locomotives==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Serial No.!! Locomotive Class !! Horsepower !! Quantity
|-
| 1 || [[WAP-4]] || 5050 || 38
|-
| 2 || [[WAG-5]] || 3850 || 86
|-
| 3 || [[WAG-7]] || 5500 || 113
|-
| 4 || [[WAG-9]] || 6120 || 59
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total locomotives active as of January 2026'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=e-Locos|url=http://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding.html}}</ref>||296
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Locomotives Sheds of India}}

[[Category:Rail infrastructure in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Electric railway depots in India|Jhansi]]
[[Category:Transport in Jhansi]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Good Bad Films

2026-01-18T18:55:56Z

DelmarPrisco: done - done

{{Short description|Film production company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| logo =
| founder = [[Anurag Kashyap]]
| foundation = 2005
| former_names = Anurag Kashyap Films AKFPL
| successor = [[Phantom Films]]
| location_city = Mumbai, India
| industry = [[Motion picture]]
| products = [[Film production]]
| type = Private
}}

'''Good Bad Films'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-06-14 |title=All you need to know about Anurag Kashyap's new production house and the new project |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/all-you-need-to-know-about-anurag-kashyaps-new-production-and-new-project/articleshow/69787047.cms#:~:text=June%2014,%202019-,All%20you%20need%20to%20know%20about%20Anurag%20Kashyap's,house%20and%20the%20new%20project&text=Yesterday%20the%20ace%20filmmaker%20Anurag,debut%20in%20the%20year%202016. |access-date=2025-07-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-02 |title=Anurag Kashyap launches new production company |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashayp-forms-new-production-company-6437094/ |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-01 |title=Anurag Kashyap launches new production house Good Bad Films; reveals logo on social media |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anurag-kashyap-launches-new-production-house-good-bad-films-reveals-logo-on-social-media-8434741.html |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> (formerly '''Anurag Kashyap Films''' and '''AKFPL''') is a film production company based in Mumbai, it was founded by director [[Anurag Kashyap]] in 2009. It is known for making art house or new wave cinema in [[Bollywood]], like ''[[Dev D]]'' (2009), ''[[Udaan (2010 film)|Udaan]]'' (2010), ''[[Shaitan (film)|Shaitan]]'' (2012) and ''[[The Lunchbox (film)|The Lunchbox]]'' (2013).<ref name=mint>{{cite news |title=Guneet Monga: Sealing the deal|author=Nandini Ramnath |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/tP9mOVFYoF0RJOSX4vCveP/Guneet-Monga--Sealing-the-deal.html |publisher=Mint (newspaper) |date=26 October 2012 |accessdate=26 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cannes: India's New Wave Producer Guneet Monga|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-indias-new-wave-producer-524945 |date=2013-05-22 |publisher=The Hollywood Reporter |accessdate=26 May 2013}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Director !! Notes
|-

|-
| 2010 ||''[[Udaan (2010 film)|Udaan]]''||[[Vikramaditya Motwane]]||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2011 ||''[[That Girl in Yellow Boots]]''||[[Anurag Kashyap]]||
|-
| ''[[Shaitan (film)|Shaitan]]''||[[Bejoy Nambiar]]||
|-
| ''[[Trishna (2011 film)|Trishna]]''|| [[Michael Winterbottom]]||
|-
| ''[[Michael (2011 Indian film)|Michael]]''|| ''[[Ribhu Dasgupta]]''||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2012 ||''[[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 1]]''||[[Anurag Kashyap]]||
|-
| ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 2]]''||[[Anurag Kashyap]]||
|-
| ''[[Chittagong (film)|Chittagong]]''||[[Bedabrata Pain]]||
|-
| ''[[Aiyyaa]]''||[[Sachin Kundalkar]]||
|-
| ''[[Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana]]''||[[Sameer Sharma]]||
|-
| rowspan="6"|2013 ||''[[Shorts (2013 film)|Shorts]]''||''Shlok Sharma'' ''Siddharth Gupt'' ''Anirban Roy'' ''Rohit Pandey'' ''[[Neeraj Ghaywan]]''||
|-
| ''[[Tasher Desh (film)|Tasher Desh]]''||[[Qaushiq Mukherjee|Q]]||
|-
| ''[[The Lunchbox]]''||[[Ritesh Batra]]||
|-
| ''[[Shahid (film)|Shahid]]''||[[Hansal Mehta]]||
|-
| ''[[Peddlers (film)|Peddlers]]''||''Vasan Bala''||
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Anurag Kashyap}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Film production companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Anurag Kashyap]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2005]]

{{film-company-stub}}

Gautami Kapoor

2026-01-17T12:53:56Z

DelmarPrisco: quick add formatting for clarity also and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gautami Kapoor
| image = Gautami.Kapoor.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Kapoor in 2010
| birth_name = Gautami Gadgil
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actor|model}}
| years_active = 1999–present
| spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|Madhur Shroff|reason=div.}}|{{marriage|[[Ram Kapoor]]|2003}}}}
| website =
| children = 2
}}

'''Gautami Kapoor''' ({{nee|'''Gadgil'''}}; born 21 Jun 1974) is an Indian television film actress and model.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-gautami-kapoor-siddharth-shukla-and-other-tv-actors-look-forward-to-a-family-diwali-this-year-1912482 Gautami Kapoor, Siddharth Shukla and other TV actors look forward to a 'family Diwali' this year] - DNA India</ref> She is best known for playing the role of Jaya in ''[[Kehta Hai Dil]]''<ref>[http://starutsav.indya.com/serials/khd/index.html STAR TV - Kehta Hai Dil] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190401/http://starutsav.indya.com/serials/khd/index.html |date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> on [[Star Plus]]. She also gained popularity as the lead in the TV drama ''[[Ghar Ek Mandir (TV series)|Ghar Ek Mandir]]''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130910060157/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-07/news-and-gossip/41854343_1_gautami-ram-kapoor-ghar-ek-mandir Ram and Gautami together in a fiction show after 13 years - Times Of India]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131214131543/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/REL-facts-you-did-not-know-about-tv-star-couple-ram-kapoor-and-gautami-4448081-PHO.html Facts you did not know about TV star couple Ram Kapoor and Gautami - daily.bhaskar.com]</ref> and more recently in ''[[Parvarrish - Season 2]]''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130909051841/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-28/tv/41537743_1_melodrama-ulka-show Less melodrama in 'Khelti Hai Zindagi...: Gautami Kapoor]</ref><ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ulka-gupta-and-gautami-kapoor-to-make-a-comeback-1872097 Ulka Gupta and Gautami Kapoor to make a comeback] - DNA India</ref><ref>[http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/tellychakkar-interviews-gautami-kapoor-her-return-small-screen Tellychakkar interviews Gautami Kapoor on her return to small screen]</ref> on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]. Her career has included appearances in notable [[Marathi cinema|Marathi Movies]].

==Personal life==
[[File:Ram Kapoor and Gautami Kapoor at 11th Indian Television Academy Awards.jpg|thumb|250px|Kapoor with her husband, [[Ram Kapoor]]]]

Kapoor met actor [[Ram Kapoor]] in 2000 on the set of ''[[Ghar Ek Mandir (TV series)|Ghar Ek Mandir]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraverty |first=Unmana |title=Gautami and Ram Kapoor's love story, from on-screen siblings to real-life love |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/news/gautami-and-ram-kapoor-s-love-story-from-on-screen-siblings-to-real-life-love/ar-BB1nuHv1?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> After dating for two years, the couple got married on 14 February 2003. They have two children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/happy-birthday-ram-kapoor-10-interesting-unknown-facts-about-the-bade-achhe-lagte-hai-actor-4823295/|title=Happy Birthday Ram Kapoor: 10 interesting, unknown facts about the Bade Achhe Lagte Hain actor|date=1 September 2017|website=Indian Express}}</ref> She is an ethnic [[Chitpavan Brahmins|Chitpavan]].

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Bindhast]]''
| Mayuri "Mayu"
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (film)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
| Mrs. Jaiswal
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=B.S. |date=4 May 2001 |title=Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya – Sleek and spine-chilling |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010504/freview.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010709081520/http://www.screenindia.com/20010504/freview.html |archive-date=9 July 2001 |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=Screen |publisher=Express Group}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Kuch Naa Kaho]]''
| Poonam "Pony"
| Special appearance
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]''
| Rubina "Ruby" Ansari
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Fanaa |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/1153_1707090%2C001100030005.htm |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060612222356/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/1153_1707090,001100030005.htm |archive-date=12 June 2006}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Student of the Year]]''
| Gayatri Nanda
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2014
| ''[[Shaadi Ke Side Effects]]''
| Aanchal Malik Malhotra
|
|
|-
| ''[[Lekar Hum Deewana Dil]]''
| Marriage Counselor
|
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Satyameva Jayate 2]]''
| Suhasini Devi Azad
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 February 2021|title=Satyameva Jayate 2 Movie Review: John Abraham's SMJ2 is a tribute to 80s masala fare|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/satyameva-jayate-2/movie-review/87896133.cms|access-date=12 November 2021|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[De De Pyaar De 2]]''
|Anju "Rajji" Khurana
|
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1997–1999
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Saturday Suspense]]''
| Renu
| Episode: "The Switch"
|
|-
| Neelam
| Episode: "Agar"
|
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Family No.1 (TV series)|Family No.1]]''
| Priya
|
|
|-
| 1999
| [[CID (Indian TV series)|''CID'']]
| Anupama Shrivastav
| Episode: "The Cross Connection"
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/gautami-kapoor-i-am-an-actor-who-is-all-for-seasonal-shows/|title=Gautami Kapoor: I am an actor who is all for seasonal shows|date=2015-11-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref>
|-
| 2000
| ''Alag Alag''
|
|
|
|-
| 2000–2002
| ''[[Ghar Ek Mandir (TV series)|Ghar Ek Mandir]]''
| Aanchal
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2002
| ''[[Dhadkan (TV series)|Dhadkan]]''
| Chanchal
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what's-hot/story/hiten-and-gauri-tejwani-and-sanaya-irani-mohit-sehgal-aamir-ali-sanjeeda-sheikh-real-life-couples-we-want-to-see-on-tv-again-275690-2015-12-04 |title=Real life couples we want to see on TV again |website=India Today |access-date=7 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kehta Hai Dil]]''
| Dr. Jaya Singh
|
|
|-
| 2003–2004
| ''[[Lipstick (TV series)|Lipstick]]''
| Tulsi Gayatri
|
|
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
| Juhi Thakral / Fake Tulsi Virani
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/telly-s-fave-tulsi-dies-in-kyunkii/story-ETG0tX67F5zPbhbS5X7UKL.html|title=Telly's fave Tulsi dies in Kyunkii..!|date=6 June 2007|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=5 January 2020}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Khelti Hai Zindagi Aankh Micholi]]''
| Shruti Joshipura Mehta
|
|<ref name =manav>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130914082430/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-07/news-and-gossip/41854373_1_esselvision-manav-gohil-gautami-kapoor Manav Gohil opposite Gautami in Khelti Hai Zindagi Aankh Micholi] ''The Times of India''</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2015
| ''[[Tere Sheher Mein]]''
| Sneha Chaubey Mathur
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150524/commentary-sunday-chronicle/article/sister-act-tv-show-tere-sheher-mein-0|title=Sister act: TV show Tere Sheher Mein|last=Varma|first=Lipika|date=24 May 2015|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Parvarrish – Season 2|Parvarrish 2]]''
| Simran Gupta
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/gautami-kapoors-real-kids-fond-of-her-reel-child/|title=Gautami Kapoor's real kids 'fond' of her reel child|date=2016-03-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi//photostory/49273271.cms|title='Parvarrish 2' – Know the cast of the show|date=2015-10-08|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref>
|-
|2020–2025
| ''[[Special OPS]]''
| rowspan="2"| Saroj Singh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-26|title=Special Ops trailer: 2001 Parliament attack leads to a 19-year manhunt in Neeraj Pandey's Hotstar original. |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/special-ops-trailer-2001-parliament-attack-leads-to-a-19-year-manhunt-in-neeraj-pandey-s-hotstar-original-watch-video/story-5f8z8zYLLqt44b56RTC9HN.html|access-date=2021-01-21|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Special Ops 1.5: The Himmat Story]]''
|
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Special Ops 1.5 trailer: Kay Kay Menon's Himmat Singh is on another globetrotting mission | website=The Indian Express | date=2021-10-19 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/special-ops-1-5-trailer-watch-kay-kay-menon-himmat-singh-7579938/ | access-date=2021-10-19}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
|''[[Gyaarah Gyaarah]]''
| Sanjana Tiwari
|
|
|-
|2025
|''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]''
|Anu Talwar
|
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2007
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role]]
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2007 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|access-date=2014-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722173647/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|archive-date=2012-07-22|url-status=dead|work=Indian Telly Awards}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|2511167}}
*{{Instagram|gautamikapoor}}
{{Commons}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Gautami}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Adya Sharma

2026-01-07T11:15:33Z

DelmarPrisco: New bio

{{short description|Indian mobile theater producer}}
{{Infobox artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Adya Sharma
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date ={{Birth date |1929|11|05}} <ref name=jagaran>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/pioneer-of-mobile-theatre-in-assam-adya-sharma-passed-away-1424762523-1|website=Jagaran Josh|title=Pioneer of mobile theatre in Assam Adya Sharma passed away|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=24 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604214005/http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/pioneer-of-mobile-theatre-in-assam-adya-sharma-passed-away-1424762523-1 |archive-date=2015-06-04 }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Makhibaha]], [[Nalbari district]], [[Assam]]
| baptised =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|02|22|1929|11|05}} <ref name=jagaran/>
| death_place = [[Nalbari]], Assam
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| known_for = ''Titanic'' in [[Kohinoor Theatre]]
| notable_works =
| style =
| home_town =
| movement =
| spouse =
| partner =
| parents =
| father =
| mother =
| relatives =
| family =
| awards =
| elected =
| patrons =
| memorials =
| website =
| module =
}}

'''Adya Sharma''' was a producer of [[Mobile theatre in Assam|mobile theatre]] from [[Nalbari district]] of [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/adya-sharma-a-cultural-icon-and-an-eminent-pioneer-of-mobile-theatre-in-assam-passes-away-241652-2015-02-23|website=India Today|title=Adya Sharma, a cultural icon and an eminent pioneer of mobile theatre in Assam passes away|language=en|access-date=23 February 2015}}</ref>

Sharma was born in Makhibaha, Nalbari district. He was known as ''Guruji'' and ''Kaka'' (brother). His first production was at the Purbajyoti Theatre in 1966.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/13064|website=Assam Times|title=Respectful adieu to 'Guruji'|language=en|access-date=23 February 2015}}</ref> One of his achievements was staging ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' in [[Kohinoor Theatre]], one of the leading mobile theatre groups in Assam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/cultural-icon-passes-away/cid/1528681|website=India Today|title=Cultural icon passes away|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=23 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909122012/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/cultural-icon-passes-away/cid/1528681 |archive-date=2021-09-09 }}</ref>

He died in [[Nalbari]], Assam.<ref name=jagaran/>

==References==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Adya}}
[[Category:Assamese-language dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nalbari district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Assam]]

National Highway 373 (India)

2026-01-05T19:42:59Z

DelmarPrisco: added intro and added references after review

{{short description|National Highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 373
| length_km = 150
| direction_a = North
| direction_b = South
| terminus_a = AIT Circle, [[Chikmagalur]]
| terminus_b = [[Bilikere, Mysore|Bilikere]]
| junction =
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 73
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 73 
| next_route = 275 
| states = [[Karnataka]]
| destinations =
}}

'''National Highway 373''', commonly referred to as '''NH 373''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2018/184287.pdf|title=New national highways declaration notification and route substitutions|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=20 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It is a [[Spur route|secondary]] route of [[National Highway 73 (India)|National Highway 73]]. The NH-373 runs in the state of [[Karnataka]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=20 March 2019}}</ref> Starting point is AIT Circle, Chikmagalur and ending point is Bilikere and connected Cities are Chikmagalur, Hassan, Holenarasipura.

== Route ==
NH-373 passes through [[Chikmagalur]], [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]], [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]], [[Holenarasipura]], [[Krishnarajanagara]] and [[Bilikere, Mysore|Bilikere]] in the state of Karnataka.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
#{{jct|NH|173|country=IND}} Terminal in AIT Circle, Chikmagalur
#{{jct|SH|57|country=IND|state=Karnataka}} near Hiremagaluru, Chikmagalur
#{{jct|NH|73|country=IND}} near Belur
#{{jct|SH|71|country=IND|state=Karnataka}} near Hassan
#{{jct|SH|21|country=IND|state=Karnataka}} at Hassan
#{{jct|NH|75|country=IND}} near Hassan
# {{jct|SH|121|country=IND|state=Karnataka}} near Halekote
#{{jct|SH|102|country=IND|state=Karnataka}} near Holenarasipura
#{{jct|SH|8|country=IND|state=Karnataka}} at Holenarasipura
#{{jct|SH|108|country=IND|state=Karnataka}} near Holenarasipura
#{{jct|SH|85|country=IND|state=Karnataka}} at Bherya
#{{jct|SH|120|country=IND|state=Karnataka}} near Hampapura
#{{jct|SH|108|country=IND|state=Karnataka}} near Yedathore, Krishnarajanagara
#{{jct|SH|117|country=IND|state=Karnataka}} near Arakere
#{{jct|NH|275|country=IND}} Terminal near Bilikere

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]
* [[National Highway 52 (India)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/8178473 NH 373 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH73 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Karnataka]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Government Law College, Kozhikode

2026-01-01T09:46:20Z

DelmarPrisco:

{{Short description|Law college in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{no footnotes|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Government Law College Kozhikode
| motto = Legal Education For Social Justice
| image = GLCK Logo.png
| established = {{Start date and age|1970|df=yes}}
| type = Government College
| principal =
| city = [[Kozhikode]]
| undergrad = 880
| postgrad = 30
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| students = 1000
| affiliations = [[Bar Council of India]] & [[University of Calicut]]
| dean =
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = India
| postcode = [[Marikkunnu]] P.O, [[ Kozhikode]], 673012
| coordinates = {{coord|11.2928|75.8192|type:edu|display=inline,title}} 
| pushpin_map =
| nickname =
| faculty =
| language = English
| logo =
| website = {{url|glckozhikode.ac.in}}
}}

The '''Government Law College, Kozhikode''' or '''Kozhikode Law College''' situated on the outskirts of [[Kozhikode]], India, is owned by the Government of [[Kerala]] and affiliated to the [[University of Calicut]]. The college caters to the needs of the Malabar region of Kerala. Students are selected through a state level entrance test. The college offers LL.B and LL.M courses.

==History==
[[File:Govt law college calicut.jpg |thumb|Govt law college calicut]]
The city has a court complex that is more than two centuries old. In 1970, the [[Government of Kerala]] started the third law college in the state in the city of [[Kozhikode]] in 1970. It was the first law college for the northern part of Kerala State. The college was started in the Government Training college buildings in the heart of the city.

The first principal was Prof M. Krishnan Nair and the first lecturer was Prof. Ramakrishnan. The first course started was LL.B and the first batch came out in 1973. In 1976, an LL.M Course was started with Law of Taxation as special subject.

==Campus==
In 1982, the college shifted to its own campus. The new campus has an academic block, research block and separate hostels for boys and girls. In the near future the college will have annexure for the academic block and library.

The college campus has the following blocks.
* Academic Block houses the LL.B & LL.M classrooms.
* Administrative block houses the moot court hall, principal's office, audiovisual room, computer lab, staff rooms, college office and auditorium.
* The Library Block – The college has a library with fifteen thousand law books, and more than 30 types of legal and non legal periodicals. There are separate sections for UGC extension library and a book bank for the backward community and SC&ST students. The library is completely automated.
* The Research Center is equipped with networked computers housed in a separate building, financed by the MP fund. The center researches activities related to cyber laws and laws relating to computer application and electronic media. The Centre will hold advance and applied level research in the specified areas. The Publication of a Cyber Law Journal also is in the agenda of the center.
* The Hostels – There are two separate hostels for the boys and girls, each accommodating 100 students.
* Play ground
* Badminton Court
* Canteen

==Academics==
===Academic programmes===
In 1984, the five year LL.B course was started. At present, the college is holding LL.B five year and three year courses and the LL.M course. All the courses are held by the Government of Kerala and are affiliated to the University of Calicut.

The College offers 5 year integrated BBA, LLB (Honours), 3 year LLB and LLM courses. The course of study and syllabi is in accordance with that laid down by the University of Calicut. The 3-year LLB course is divided into 6 semesters and the 5-year course is divided into 10 semesters which is an integrated dual degree course of B.B.A.LL.B.

The college provides instructions to candidates preparing for the LL. M. Degree Examination of the University of Calicut in Taxation Law and Criminal Law. The course of study and syllabi are in accordance with those laid down by the university.

== Notable alumni ==
{{alumni|date=February 2018}}
===Judiciary===
* [[C. T. Ravikumar]], Judge - [[Supreme Court of India]]
* [[Surendran Pattel]], Judge for the 240th [[Texas District Court]] in [[Fort Bend County]], United States.
* [[Kauser Edappagath]], Honorable judge - [[Kerala High Court]]
* [[T. R. Ravi]], Honorable judge - [[Kerala High Court]]
* [[Ashok Menon]], Honorable Judge - [[Kerala High Court]]
* [[Mohammed Nias C. P]], Judge - [[Kerala High Court]]
* Justice R Basant, Former Judge - [[Kerala High Court]].
* A Hariprasad, Former Judge - [[Kerala High Court]]

===Government===
* [[Mullappally Ramachandran]], Former [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of State for Home Affairs]], Former President, [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]].
* [[A.K. Balan]], Former Minister for Law, Cultural Affairs, Parliamentary Affairs [[Government of Kerala]]
* [[P. A. Mohammed Riyas]], Minister of PWD & Tourism, [[Government of Kerala]]
* [[P. S. Sreedharan Pillai]], Governor of State of Mizoram
===Legislature===
* [[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]], Member of Parliament
* [[P. T. Thomas]], Member of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[P. T. A. Rahim]], Member of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[N. Samsudheen]], Member of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[K. M. Sachin Dev]], Member of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[K. Shanthakumari]], Member of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[T Siddique]], Member of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Sajeev Joseph]], Member of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[P. Sathidevi]], Former Member of Parliament
* [[P. Sankaran]], Former Member of Parliament & former Member of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* T K Noushad, Former Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly

===Politicians===
* [[A. Vijayaraghavan]], Former General Secretary in Charge, [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] Kerala State Committee, Former Member of Parliament
* [[S. K. Sajeesh]], Politician, Former Treasurer, Kerala State Committee of the [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]] (DYFI)
* [[Najma Thabsheera]] Politician, National Secretary of [[Muslim Youth League]] (MYL)

===Others===
* [[A. Sajeevan]], Journalist

== See also ==

* [[Government Law College, Thrissur]]
* [[Government Law College, Ernakulam]]
* [[Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Government Law College, Kozhikode}}

{{Educational_Institutes_in_Kozhikode}}
{{Autonomous law schools in India}}

[[Category:Law schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated with the University of Calicut]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1970]]

Vajrakarur

2025-12-06T06:58:14Z

DelmarPrisco: further refined content for consistency and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vajrakarur
| other_name =
| nickname = Diamond hub
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.0167|N|77.3833|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Anantapur
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Vajrakarur
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 447
| population_total = 7,925
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank = 4
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 515832
| registration_plate = AP 02
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Vajrakarur''' is a village in [[Anantapur district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the mandal headquarters of Vajrakarur [[mandal]] in [[Anantapur revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/
|title=List of Sub-Districts
|publisher=Census of India
|access-date=2007-05-29
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Anantapur District Mandals|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India|access-date=6 June 2017|pages=381}}</ref>

This village was under the rule of [[Pemmasani Nayaks]]. A fort was constructed by [[Pemmasani Timmanayudu|Pemmasani Timma Naidu]] who had developed this village significantly and attracted many visitors during [[Vijayanagar]] times.<ref>"Bharathi Sukhla samputam"</ref><ref>"Tadipatri Kaifiyat"</ref>

== Geography ==
It is located at{{Coord|15.0167|N|77.3833|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Vajrakarur.html Vajrakarur in Fallingrain.com]</ref> It has an average elevation of 447 metres (1469 ft). This is a major panchayati with a population of 7482.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.populationofindia.co.in/andhra-pradesh/anantapur/vajrakarur/.vajrakarur|title = Populationofindia.co.in}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to [[Indian census]], 2001, the demographic details of Vajrakarur mandal is as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.populationofindia.co.in/andhra-pradesh/anantapur/vajrakarur/.vajrakarur|title = Populationofindia.co.in}}</ref>
* Total Population: 7482
* Male Population: 3815 and Female Population: 3667

== Panchayats ==
The following is the list of [[Panchayati raj in India|village panchayats]] in Vajrakarur mandal.
1. Vajrakarur
2. [[Ganjikunta]]
3. Thatrakal
4. NNP Thanda
5. VPP Thanda
6. [[Venkatam palli]]
7. J Rampuram
8. Kamalapadu
9. Gulyapalyam
10. Konakondla
11. Chayapuram
12. Hothur
13. Pyapily
14. PC kotha kota
15. Kadamalakunta
16. Ragulapadu
17. Pottipadu 18. Pandikunta
18.Bodisanipalli Thanda

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Anantapur district]]

{{Anantapur-geo-stub}}

Zahidur Rahim

2025-12-01T18:36:42Z

DelmarPrisco: formatting fix

{{infobox musical artist
| name = Zahidur Rahim
| native_name = জাহেদুর রহিম
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_date = {{circa|1935}}
| birth_place = [[Bogra]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1978|06|18|1935|df=y}}
| genre = [[Rabindra Sangeet]]
| instruments = Vocals
}}

'''Zahidur Rahim''' ({{circa|1935}} – 18 June 1978)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-93018|title=Commemorating Tagore artiste Zahidur Rahim on Desh TV|date=2009-06-18|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-09|language=en}}</ref> was a Bangladeshi [[Rabindra Sangeet]] exponent.<ref name="bpedia">{{cite Banglapedia |author=[[Sirajul Islam|Islam, Sirajul]]|article=Rahim, Zahidur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-95146|title=A musical tribute to Zahidur Rahim|date=2009-07-02|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-09|language=en}}</ref> He was awarded [[Ekushey Padak]] in 2000 by the [[Government of Bangladesh]].<ref name=ekushey>{{cite news|url= http://www.moca.gov.bd/site/page/c706da0c-29ee-4f0f-95d9-fa6705e19001/|script-title=bn:একুশে পদকপ্রাপ্ত সুধীবৃন্দ|access-date=23 August 2017|publisher=Government of Bangladesh|language=bn|trans-title=Ekushey Padak winners list}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Zahidur Rahim Babu was born in {{circa|1935}} in the [[Bogra District]] of the [[Bengal Presidency]]. He belonged to a [[Bengali Muslim]] family and his father, Abdur Rahim, was from the village of Lochnapara in [[Shahjadpur Upazila|Shahzadpur]], [[Sirajganj District]]. Rahim moved to Dhaka in his early life. He graduated with a commerce degree from the [[University of Dhaka]] in 1957. He learnt music from musician Atiqul Islam and later at [[Bulbul Lalitakala Academy]].<ref name=bpedia/>

==Career==
Rahim first worked in Philips and in the Education Department. He got admitted to Bulbul Lalitakala Academy and passed the music course with credit in 1961. He then joined the academy as a faculty member. His first record of Tagore songs was published in 1972.<ref name=bpedia/>

Rahim was one of the founders of [[Chhayanaut]] and was serving as the General Secretary at the time of his death. He taught in Chhayanaut, Agnibhina, Murchhana, Altaf Mahmud Sangit Niketan, Nazrul Parishad and others. He worked at [[Bangladesh Radio]] as a music producer until 1977.<ref name=bpedia/>

When the Pakistan Government prohibited the singing of Tagore songs in the 1960s, he continued to sing Tagore songs at various meetings and cultural functions, ignoring the threats of the government. He widely popularised the Tagore song, Amar Sonar Bangla, which later became the national anthem. Through his performances of Tagore songs, Zahidur Rahim made valuable contributions to the reawakening of Bengali nationalism in the 1960s.<ref name="bpedia" />

Abdul Wadud, [[Papia Sarwar]], [[Chanchal Khan]], Roquaiya Hasina Neely and Iftekar Hossain Sohel were among Rahim's students.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-44981|title=Abdul Wadud: A gifted, yet underexposed artiste|date=2008-07-10|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/interview/geetosudha-celebrates-21-years-1517431|title=Geetosudha celebrates 21 years|date=2018-01-10|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-131454|title=The many shades of Rabindra Sangeet|date=2010-03-25|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-39386|title=Sohel's heightened music sense|date=2008-06-03|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-09|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahim, Zahidur}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Pabna District]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:Rabindra Sangeet exponents]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]
[[Category:People from Shahzadpur Upazila]]

C. R. Vijayakumari

2025-11-29T14:15:20Z

DelmarPrisco: added - done

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = C. R. Vijayakumari
| image =
| birth_date =1938
| birth_place = [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]], [[Coimbatore District]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 1953-2003
| spouse = [[S. S. Rajendran]], (1961-1973) (Deceased on 2014) <ref>{{cite web|title=S.S. Rajendran: Dialogue delivery was his forte|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/veteran-tamil-actor-ss-rajendran-passes-away-in-chennai/article6530024.ece|website=thehindu.com|accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref>
| children = Ravikumar (b.1963)<ref name="ref1">{{cite web|title=Potpourri of titbits about cinema - Vijayakumari|url=http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/June11_1_15/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_Vijayakumari_page1.html|website=kalyanamalaimagazine.com|accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref>
}}

'''C. R. Vijayakumari''' is an Indian actress in the Tamil film industry from 1953 to 2003.

==Film career==
Vijayakumari debuted under the name Mohana. Subsequently, the name Vijayakumari was chosen. Vijayakumari is known for her ability to convincingly transform herself into the characters she portrays. {{Citation needed|date=October 2019}} She is noted for her Tamil diction and dialog delivery. Her acting credits in films include ''Kumudam'', ''Saradha'', ''Kumgumam'',''Naanum Oru Penn'' ''Santhi'', ''Aanandhi'', ''Avan Pithan'', ''Alli'', ''Thedi vantha thirumagal'', ''[[Pachai Vilakku (1964 film)|Pachai Vilakku]]'', ''[[Paar Magale Paar]]'', ''Kaakkum Karangal'', ''Policekãran Magal'', ''[[Kodimalar]]'', and ''[[Aalayamani]]''. One of her best performances is as Kannagi in the movie Poompuhar. The film, written by M. Karunanidhi, features the longest dialogue spoken by a female actor till today.<ref name="ref1"/><ref name="ref2"/>

==Personal life==
She had a 12-year relationship with actor [[S. S. Rajendran]] from 1961 to 1973.<ref name="ref2">{{cite web|title=Vijayakumari Biography|url=http://profiles.lakshmansruthi.com/index.php?uid=273|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117071245/http://profiles.lakshmansruthi.com/index.php?uid=273|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 January 2014|website=profiles.lakshmansruthi.com|accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref> The couple have a son Ravikumar, born in 1963.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Naalvar]]'' || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Kula Deivam (1956 film)|Kula Deivam]]''|| || Tamil ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Petra Maganai Vitra Annai (1958 film)|Petra Maganai Vitra Annai]]'' || Jeeva || Tamil ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Padhi Bhakti]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Vanjikottai Valiban]]'' || Gowri || Tamil ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Raj Tilak (1958 film)|Raj Tilak]]'' ||Savitri || Hindi ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Azhagarmalai Kalvan]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Kalyana Parisu]]'' || Geetha || Tamil ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Manaiviye Manithanin Manickam]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Naatukoru Nallaval]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Thangarathinam]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Thangam Manasu Thangam]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Kumudham]]'' ||Shantha || Tamil ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Panam Panthiyile]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Aalayamani]]'' || Prema || Tamil ||
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Deivathin Deivam]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Ethaiyum Thangum Ithaiyam]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Muthu Mandapam]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Paadha Kannikkai]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Policekaran Magal]]'' ||Janaki
| Tamil ||
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Sarada (1962 film)|Saratha]]'' ||Saratha
| Tamil ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Kunkhumam]]'' || Gomathi|| Tamil ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Aasai Alaigal (1963 film)|Aasai Alaigal]]'' || Amudha || Tamil ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Kaithiyin Kathali]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Kaanchi Thalaivan]]'' || Narasimha's sister || Tamil ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Mani Osai (1963 film)|Mani Osai]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Naanum Oru Penn]]'' || Kalyani || Tamil ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Neengadha Ninaivu]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Paar Magaley Paar]]'' || Chandra || Tamil ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Alli (film)|Alli]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Pachai Vilakku (1964 film)|Pachai Vilakku]]'' ||Sumathi
| Tamil ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Vazhi Piranthadu]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Poompuhar (film)|Poompuhar]]'' || Kannagi || Tamil ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Ullasa Payanam]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Anandhi (1965 film)|Anandhi]]'' || Anandhi || Tamil ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Kaakum Karangal]]'' || Mahalakshmi || Tamil ||
|-
| 1965 || ''Panam Tharum Parisu'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Poomalai]]'' || Poomalai || Tamil ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Santhi (1965 film)|Santhi]]'' || Santhi || Tamil ||
|-
| 1965 || ''Paditha Manaivi'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Vazhikatti]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Avan Pithana?]]'' || Gomathi || Tamil ||
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Kodimalar]]'' || Lakshmi || Tamil ||
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Mani Magudam]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Thaaye Unakkaga]]'' || Lakshmi || Tamil ||
|-
| 1966 || ''Thedi Vandha Thirumagal'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Penn Endral Penn]]'' ||Banu
| Tamil ||
|-
| 1967 || ''Sundara Moorthi Nayanar'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Vivasayee]]'' || Kaveri || Tamil ||
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Kanavan]]'' || Ponni|| Tamil ||
|-
| 1967 || ''Bhavani'' ||Bhavani || Tamil ||
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Kallum Kaniyagum]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Thaer Thiruvizha]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Kallum Kaniyagum]]'' || || Tamil || Guest appearance
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Jeevanaamsam (film)|Jeevanaamsam]]'' || Lalitha|| Tamil ||
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Teacheramma (1968 film)|Teacheramma]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1968 || ''Sathiyam Thavaradhey'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1968 || ''Selviyin Selvan'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Thaer Thiruvizha]]'' || Sivagami || Tamil ||
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Avare En Deivam]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1969 || ''Manaivi'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1969 || ''Porchilai'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Kanne Pappa]]'' || Marharatham || Tamil ||
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Magane Nee Vazhga]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Kalam Vellum]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Savaale Samali]]'' ||Kaveri || Tamil ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Agathiyar (1972 film)|Agathiyar]]'' || Mandothari || Tamil ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Pillaiyo Pillai (film)|Pillaiyo Pillai]]'' || Kanchana || Tamil ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Bathilukku Bathil]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Ellai Kodu'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Deiva Sankalpam'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Rajaraja Cholan]]'' || The Queen || Tamil ||
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Thirumalai Deivam (1973 film)|Thirumalai Deivam]]'' || Amutha || Tamil ||
|-
| 1974 ||''[[Anbai Thedi]]'' || Janaki || Tamil ||
|-
|1975 ||''[[Amudha]]'' || Amudha ||Tamil ||
|-
| 1976 ||''[[Chitra Pournami (film)|Chitra Pournami]]''||Durga/Vijaya || Tamil ||
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Sri Krishna Leela (1977 film)|Sri Krishna Leela]]'' || Devaki || Tamil ||
|-
| 1978 || ''Per Solla Oru Pillai'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1978 || ''Kaviraja Kalamegam'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Metti (film)|Metti]]'' || Kalyani Amma || Tamil ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Thanga Magan (1983 film)|Thanga Magan]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (1984 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'' || Viswanath's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Vasantha Raagam]]'' || Vasantha's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Maaveeran (1986 film)|Maaveeran]]'' || Gowri || Tamil ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Periya Idathu Pillai]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Aranmanai Kili]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Athma (film)|Athma]]'' || Guhai Amma || Tamil ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Periya Marudhu (film)|Periya Marudhu]]'' || Kannamma || Tamil ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Poove Unakkaga (film)|Poove Unakkaga]]'' || Sadhasivam's wife || Tamil ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Aavathum Pennale Azhivathum Pennale]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Dharma Chakkaram]]'' || Vijayalakshmi's adoptive mother || Tamil ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Thenali]]'' || Mental patient || Tamil ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Kalisundam Raa]]'' || Aliveelu Mangatayaru || Telugu ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Kadhal Sadugudu]]'' || || Tamil ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|title=Vijayakumari Filmography|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/vijayakumari-old-tamil-actress/filmography.html|website=filmibeat.com|accessdate=5 January 2015}}
*{{IMDb name|id=1193271}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayakumari, C. R.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Jose Vaz

2025-11-28T20:35:33Z

DelmarPrisco: Adding.

{{short description| Indian politician and freedom fighter (1938–2002)}}
{{about|an Indian politician|the 17th-century Goan saint|Joseph Vaz}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jose Vaz
| image =
| caption = Official portrait in 1980
| birth_name = Jose Mario Emerciane Vaz
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1938|3|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Cuncolim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2002|7|31|1938|3|19|df=y}}
| party = [[Congress (I)]] (1980–1984)
| spouse = Pulcheria Vaz
| death_place = Goa, India
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* [[St. Stanislaus High School]] ([[S.S.C]])
* [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier’s College, Bombay]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])
* Dhempe College, [[Panaji]] (D.Ed)
}}
| majority = 7,328 (67.54%)
| office = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1980
| term_end = 1984
| successor = [[Manu Fernandes]]
| predecessor = [[Ferdino Rebello]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|freedom fighter}}
| profession = [[Headmaster]]
| constituency = [[Cuncolim Assembly constituency|Cuncolim]]
| committees = {{plainlist|
* Library
* Headmasters Association}}
}}

''' Mario Vaz''' (19 March 1938 – 31 July 2002) was an Indian politician and [[Indian freedom fighter|freedom fighter]] who was a former member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Cuncolim Assembly constituency]] from 1980 to 1984. Vaz also contributed in the [[Goa Liberation Movement]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=198#elections-results |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2002 |title=Members recall late MLA's simplicity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/members-recall-late-mlas-simplicity/articleshow/17692266.cms |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Assembly Election Results in 1980 |url=https://www.elections.in/goa/assembly-constituencies/1980-election-results.html |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Goa, Daman And Diu 1980 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1980/goa,-daman-and-diu/31/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1980/goa,-daman-and-diu/31/37 |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Jose Mario Emerciane Vaz was born on 19 March 1938 in [[Cuncolim]], [[Goa]], which was part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]] (now located in India). He completed his [[Secondary School Certificate]] from [[St. Stanislaus High School]]. He later did his graduation in [[Bachelor of Arts]] from [[St. Xavier's College]], Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]). Vaz was also an alumnus of Dhempe College, Panaji. Vaz was married to Pulcheria Vaz and resided at Nanguillo, [[Cuncolim]] until his death in 2002.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
===Politics===
He contested against his own cousin brother stalwart of maharastrawadi gomantak party (MGP) afronio Vaz(afrank).Prior to winning the seat in the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], Vaz was a [[Sarpanch]] of Cuncolim Village panchayat from 1968 to 1972. He contested in the [[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] on the Congress ticket and emerged victorious.<ref name=":0" />

===Teaching===
Vaz was also a headmaster of Our Lady of Health High School, [[Cuncolim]] from 1964 to 1979 and [[St. Xavier's High School, Velim, Goa|St. Xavier's High School]].<ref name=":0" />

==Role in Goa's freedom struggle==
Vaz was a member of the ''[[Azad Gomantak Dal]]''. He was also a joint secretary of the "Goan Students Association Bombay". In 1956, under his leadership, Vaz held an assembly at [[Bombay]] for the immediate withdrawal of the Portuguese colonial rulers in [[Goa]]. Following this event, the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese government]] blacklisted Vaz and was banned entry in Goa till [[Goa Liberation Day]].<ref name=":0" />

==Positions held==
* Member of Library Committee 1980–81
* Member of the committee to solve the dispute between Ramponcars and Mechanized Boat Operators
* Member of the Select Committee on Bill No. 27 of The Goa, Daman and Diu Education Bill 1980
* Ex-President of Cuncolim Union, Goa
* Executive Committee member of the Headmasters Association.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaz, Jose}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1980–1984]]

Mer Beel

2025-11-10T05:30:40Z

DelmarPrisco: started new stub

{{short description|Lake in Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date= March 2021}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Mer Beel
| native_name =
| other_name =

| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| image_bathymetry =
| alt_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =

| location = [[Nagaon district]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| group =
| coordinates = {{coord|26|24|15.3|N|92|11|24.4|E|region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}}
| type =
| etymology =
| part_of =
| inflow =
| rivers =
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| oceans =
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| basin_countries =
| agency =
| designation =
| date-built = 
| engineer =
| date-flooded = 
| length = 
| width = 
| area =
| depth =
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| volume = 
| residence_time =
| salinity =
| shore = 
| elevation = 
| temperature_high = 
| temperature_low = 
| frozen =
| islands =
| islands_category =
| sections =
| trenches =
| benches =
| cities =

| pushpin_map =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =

| website =
| reference =
}}

'''Mer Beel''' is a [[lake]] located in [[Nagaon district]] of [[Assam]].<ref >{{Cite web|url= http://cifri.res.in/Bulletins/Bulletin%20No.104.pdf|website=[[Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute]]|title= Ecology and fisheries of beels in Assam|language=en|access-date=19 March 2021}}</ref> The total area of Mer beel is 25 [[Hectare]] ([[Hectare|ha]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://afdc.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/afdcl_fishery_uneecopscloud_com_oid_5/menu/information_and_services/list%20of%20beels%20under%20afdc.pdf|website= Assam Fisheries Development Corporation Limited|title=District wise list of beel fisheries of Assam Fisheries Development Corporation Limited|language=en|access-date=19 March 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
[[List of lakes of Assam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lakes of Assam]]
[[Category:Nagaon district]]
{{Lake-stub}}

Dinasudar

2025-10-05T06:23:52Z

DelmarPrisco: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Dinasudar
| image =
| caption =
| type = Daily [[newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| founded = {{sda|1964|2|7}}
| ceased_publication =
| price = Rs. 2.50
| owner = B.S.Mani
| political_position = Neutral
| publisher = B.S.Mani
| editor = B.S.Mani
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| circulation =
| headquarters = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka
| website = http://www.dinasudar.co.in/
}}

'''''Dinasudar''''' is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] [[Newspaper|daily newspaper]] that was started in February 1964 by Dr. B. S. Mani. It primarily targeted the Tamil audience in [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka. In the late 2000s it expanded to publishing from [[Krishnagiri]], [[Tamil Nadu]], as well.

Dr. Mani also brought out first Kannada-Evening called [[Sanjevani]].

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.dinasudar.co.in}}

[[Category:Tamil-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Mysore State]]

{{india-newspaper-stub}}

Boha geoglyphs

2025-09-22T16:49:19Z

DelmarPrisco: added

{{Short description|Geoglyphs found in the Thar Desert, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox ancient site
|name=Boha geoglyphs
|coordinates={{coord|27.14446136|70.53398286}}
|location=[[Jaisalmer District]], [[Rajasthan]], India
|region=[[Great Indian Desert]]
|discovered=2014
|image=25-may indian-geoglyphs-9a0ec912-cf37-11eb-b4ee-da41f2a22c0c.jpg
|alt=Largest Geoglyph
|caption= The Boha geoglyphs}}
The '''Boha geoglyphs''' or '''Great Indian Desert geoglyph''' are a group of large [[Geoglyph|geoglyphs]] made in the soil in the [[Thar Desert]] of [[Rajasthan]], India. Several sites were found located around the city of [[Jaisalmer]], marked by geometrical lines resembling geoglyphs. The lines that make up these figures are stripes etched into the ground, ranging up to 10 centimeters deep (4 in) and spreading 20 to 50 cm wide (8-20 in).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Dockrill|first=Peter|title=Enigmatic Designs Found in India May Be The Largest Images Ever Made by Human Hands|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/enigmatic-designs-found-in-india-may-be-the-largest-images-ever-made-by-human-hands|access-date=2021-05-28|website=ScienceAlert|date=26 May 2021 |language=en-gb}}</ref> The sizes of the glyphs are so large that it is believed that its creators must not have been able to view them in its entirety.<ref name=":0" /> The largest of these glyphs are in the vicinity of the village of Boha near Jaiselmer. The Boha geoglyph is made of a succession of concentric and linear outlines and spans over 100,000 square metres, making it far larger than the [[Nazca Lines]] geoglyph in southern [[Peru]], or any other known geoglyph. The geoglyphs were discovered by French researchers Carlo Oetheimer and Yohann Oetheimer, initially using [[Google Earth]].

In 2021, the Oetheimers published their findings of field research at Boha, giving an estimate of at least 150 years for the age of the geoglyph.<ref name="ARA">{{Cite journal |date=2021-09-01 |title=New enigmatic geoglyphs in the Indian Thar Desert: The largest graphic realizations of mankind? |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352226721000362|journal=Archaeological Research in Asia |language=en |volume=27 |article-number=100290 |doi=10.1016/j.ara.2021.100290 |issn=2352-2267|last1=Oetheimer |first1=Carlo |last2=Oetheimer |first2=Yohann |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

According to the 2011 Population Census, Boha [[tehsil]] is a medium-sized village in the Jaisalmer district of [[Rajasthan]].

==Discovery==
The geoglyphs were discovered by a pair of independent French researchers, Carlo and Yohann Oetheimer. They were spotted using [[Google Earth]], during a virtual survey of the [[Great indian desert|Great Indian Desert]].<ref name=":0" /> Inspections made with an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] revealed some of the identified sites were furrows dug for tree plantations, but also helped reveal a cluster of line formations seemingly absent of trees.<ref name=":1" /> Two particular figures - a giant spiral and a serpent-shaped drawing - near the village of Boha stood out. What the project represents, and who created it, is not yet fully clear, but the researchers suggest the formations are not ancient but relatively recent geoglyphs which are perhaps at least 150 years old. They may also be contemporary with Hindu memorial stones found in the area.<ref name=":0" />

== The geoglyphs ==
The [[geoglyphs]] are spread across eight sites in the Jaisalmer District of Rajasthan, India with the most prominent ones being near the village of Boha. It is the first such feature to be discovered in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-01|title=New enigmatic geoglyphs in the Indian Thar Desert: The largest graphic realizations of mankind?|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352226721000362|journal=Archaeological Research in Asia|language=en|volume=27|article-number=100290|doi=10.1016/j.ara.2021.100290|issn=2352-2267|last1=Oetheimer |first1=Carlo |last2=Oetheimer |first2=Yohann |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The largest geoglyph identified (Boha 1), the giant asymmetrical spiral, is made from a single looping line running for 12 kilometers, over an area 724 meters long by 201 meters wide. To the southwest of the huge vortex shape rests a serpentine geoglyph (Boha 2), composed of an 11-kilometer long line, which encompasses a serpent-like figure, a smaller spiral, and a long [[Boustrophedon|boustrophedon-style]] sequence of lines running back and forth. Other small geoglyphs can also be found in the Boha region (including a feature of meandering lines, called Boha 3), which in total includes around 48 kilometers of still visible lines today, which the researchers estimate may once have extended for about 80 kilometers. Due to their spatial contiguity the researchers believe they can be perceived as a sequential project.

On the eighth site in Boha, the father-son duo found four distinctive symbols. They were 20 inch wide lines having varying length and complexity.
=== Figure of Boha geoglyph ===
The two researchers found a series of these linear figures in Boha, a small village located around 40 km from [[Jaisalmer]].

"Two remarkable [[geometrical figure]]s: a giant [[spiral]] adjacent to an atypical [[Serpent (symbolism)|serpent-shaped]] drawing, are connected with a cluster of sinuous lines. This triad extends over 20.8 ha and totals more than half of the 48 km of lines observed. Three memorial stones positioned at key points, give evidence that [[planimetric]] knowledge has been used to create this elaborate design," the paper states.

The researchers say that these geoglyphs are the largest ones discovered worldwide, and the first of their kind in the [[Indian subcontinent]].

The largest figure was named [[Boha 1]], and is a giant asymmetrical spiral made from a single line that loops and runs for around 12 kilometres. "The Boha 1 unit interpreted as a series of 12 [[Eccentricity (mathematics)|eccentric]] ellipses, was revealed to be a huge spiral," the paper reads.

[[Boha 2]] is a [[serpentine shape|serpentine]] figure, around 11 km long. "By analogy these curves replicate a [[boustrophedon]]. This term refers to primitive writings whose lines can be read from left to right and then from right to left, in the same way a plow travels in a field. The inflection points in the lines generate a gap of 4.7–14 m between them," reads the paper.

[[Boha 3]] and [[Boha 4]] include a series of [[Meander (art)|meandering lines]], and "two [[iconographic]] units, adjacent to the previous ones, draw about 80 serpentine lines between 40 and 200 m long. Boha 3 forms a cluster of lines oriented towards the NE, immediately at the apex of the giant spiral.

[[Boha 4]], on the other hand, is located about 50 meters away, SW of the [[boustrophedon]]. We experienced more difficulty achieving a precise mapping because many of these lines are heavily [[eroded]]. They have generally random [[Sinuosity|sinuosities]] and adopt rhythmic undulations that look like braids in two areas".

While these figures stretched for about 48 kilometres, the researchers suggested that the distance might have once been around 80 km. The authors say, "The giant spiral and serpentine figure are definitely the major points of interest, closely connected to Boha 3, suggesting that all the other geoglyphs were created as a framework for this set. Due to their spatial contiguity, [these] can be perceived as a sequential project. We still have to identify the semantic relationships binding them. However, we can interpret the construction stages of this [[triptych]], guided by their layout and the principle of simplicity."

The duo further explain, "Our observations suggest that a [[plow]]-type tool could have been used, possibly pulled by a [[camel]] on loose deposits, as commonly practiced by the Thar Desert farmers. This process, which does not exclude manual finishing, would explain the many inflection points in the lines. A small rock outcrop has been carved, indicating a concern to preserve the continuity of the line. These observations suggest that the creation of the Boha geoglyphs did not represent a considerable labor investment."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-10|title=World's Largest Handmade Drawings Discovered In Thar Surpass Peru's Nazca Enigma|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/256526/enigmatic-geoglyphs-thar-desert-rajasthan-india-nazca-lines-world-largest-history-mystery-div200/|access-date=2021-06-17|website=The Better India|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Disagreement ==
Dr. Amal Kar, who has been studying the Thar Desert for nearly five decades, posits that the lines are natural structures.
Abstract of an [https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/new-geometrical-lines-discovered-in-thar-desert/article34716927.ece interview by The Hindu] :
{{quote|"The rocky terrain between Jaisalmer and Ramgarh in the north is home to a typical weathering feature, especially over the iron-rich sandstone and shale beds. Here, extreme aridity and high temperature lead to slow geochemical translocation of minerals for centuries, such that the heavier minerals like iron and manganese move away from the lighter minerals, which lead to the gradual formation of alternate bands of harder and softer mineral concentrations. With time the areas with softer materials get slowly eroded, while the harder ones stand out, producing the typical concentric or box-like geometric features."}}
Many similar natural structures can be found in the Thar Desert, with some just 10 km south from Boha being visible from satellite view.

==External links==
* [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Boha,+Rajasthan+345033/@27.2472476,70.8288947,12z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x39478bfb1a83a8bb:0x7a8d545574d5b900!2sBoha,+Rajasthan+345033!3b1!8m2!3d27.2487183!4d70.8952337!3m4!1s0x39478bfb1a83a8bb:0x7a8d545574d5b900!8m2!3d27.2487183!4d70.8952337 Boha location]
* [https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/new-geometrical-lines-discovered-in-thar-desert/article34716927.ece The Hindu article : New geometrical lines discovered in Thar Desert]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Geoglyphs]]
[[Category:Jaisalmer]]

Siswal

2025-09-20T08:28:17Z

DelmarPrisco: revised

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Siswal
| other_name = dhani siswal
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village

| image_skyline =Siswal.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =sherds found at Siswal site <ref>Garge, T., (2010). Sothi–Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal. Ancient Asia. 2(0), pp.15–40. {{doi|10.5334/aa.10203|doi-access=free}}</ref>

| image_flag =

| flag_size = 300px

| flag_alt =

| flag_border =

| flag_link =

| image_map =

| mapsize = 300px
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 = 300px
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| pushpin_map_caption = Kheri Jalab in Haryana, India

| coordinates = {{coord|29.211210|N|75.496373|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hisar (district)|Hisar]]

| established_title = 
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| government_type = [[Local government]]
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| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#HR.E2.80.94Haryana|HR]]-20

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| footnotes =
}}

'''Siswal''' is a village in [[Hisar district]], [[Haryana]], India. It located 28 km from [[Hisar (city)|Hisar city]]. It is a site of [[Chalcolithic]] age. It is a [[typesite]] for ''Siswal culture'', dating from around 3800 BC, also known as [[Sothi (archaeology)|Sothi]]–Siswal culture.

==Location==

The related site of [[Sothi (archaeology)|Sothi]] is located in [[Rajasthan]], about 70 km to the west of Siswal. The large archaeological site of [[Rakhigarhi]] is about 70 km to the east. All three ancient settlements are situated in the plain of the ancient [[Chautang]] river, that was flowing east to west in this area. Chautang, in its turn, was a tributary of the ancient [[Ghaggar]] river, that was also flowing east to west, and parallel to Ghaggar just to the north. [[Kalibangan]] is situated close to the confluence of these two rivers.<ref name="MaemokuShitaoka2013">[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yorinao_Shitaoka/publication/278015103/figure/fig4/AS:418404927328260@1476766916914/Figure-6-Distribution-of-desert-sand-dunes-in-the-northern-Thar-Desert-and-the-location.png Map of the area, in:] {{cite journal|last1=Maemoku|first1=Hideaki|last2=Shitaoka|first2=Yorinao|last3=Nagatomo|first3=Tsuneto|last4=Yagi|first4=Hiroshi|title=Geomorphological Constraints on the Ghaggar River Regime During the Mature Harappan Period|year=2013|pages=97–106|issn=2328-8779|doi=10.1029/2012GM001218|journal=Geophysical Monograph Series|isbn=9781118704325 }}</ref>

==Sothi–Siswal culture==

=== Period and pottery ===
{{see also | Pottery in the Indian subcontinent#History | l1= Pottery of Archaeological culture | Pottery#Archaeology | l2= Archaeological analysis of pottery | Pottery#Fabric | l3= Fabric analysis of pottery | Archaeological culture }}

'''Sothi–Siswal culture''': Based on the [[pottery]] found here, it is classified as a separate archaeological culture / subculture.<ref name=dis1>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/the-harappan-civilisation-its-sub-cultures.html The Harappan Civilisation: Its Sub-cultures], Daily Pioneer, 10 May 2018.</ref> This culture is a pre-Harappan culture which was contemporaneous with the [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|Early-Harappan]] culture, with which it had trade and/or social links and overlap of cultural traits. This site has pottery which exhibits [[Kalibangan#Six|Six fabrics of Kalibanagan]]. Its [[type site]]s are Siswal and [[Sothi (archaeology)|Sothi]].

Siswal is a site of early [[Harappan culture]], otherwise known as "Pre-Harappan" civilization. The Pre-Harappans were known to live in mud houses with thatched roofs. The culture focused mainly on agriculture as an occupation, domesticating animals such as cows, bulls, pigs and goats. They used wheel made red pottery which was often painted on.

There are broad similarities between Sothi–Siswal and [[Kot Diji]] ceramics. Kot Diji culture area is located just to the northwest of the Sothi–Siswal area.<ref>Asko Parpola, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ld3XCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization.] Oxford University Press, 2015 {{ISBN|0190226919}} p18</ref>

===Dating ===
{{anchor | Dating | Dates }}
{{see also | Phase (archaeology) | l1= Phases in archaeology | Chronological dating | l2= Archaeological chronology dating | Pottery#Fabric | l3= Fabric analysis | Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation | l4= Periodisation of IVC | Pottery in the Indian subcontinent | l5= Archaeological pottery culture in India }}

According to Tejas Garge, Sothi culture precedes Siswal culture considerably. Sothi culture may be as early as 4600 BCE, while the earliest Siswal A layer is dated 3800-3200 BCE, and is equivalent to the Middle and Upper layers of Sothi.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Garge | first1 = Tejas | year = 2010 | title = Sothi–Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal | journal = Ancient Asia | volume = 2 | issue = | pages = 15–40 | doi = 10.5334/aa.10203 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Pottery with 'Six fabrics of Kalibanagan'===

The Indus Valley Civilization ceramic period of Sothi–Siswal culture was relevant within the civilization. Sites around Siswal were excavated by archaeologist Suraj Bhan in different phases revealing an remarkable cultural sequence. [[Sothi (archaeology)|Sothi]], also in Haryana, has similar cultural remains.

During a three year period from 1967, Bhan was able to excavate ninety seven sites in the area in order to reach conclusions on the Harappan culture. Upon conducting the small scale excavations, Suraj Bhan was able date a time period ranging from [[Kalibangan]] to Late Harappan culture within the region. From here, he brought light to ceramic industry associated with the region known as Siswal, given the same name of the area that these ceramics are found in.

Early Indus Valley Civilization ceramic now as of recent have been classified in order to make a datum line for [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent|ceramic studies]] in this area. Known as the 'six fabrics of Kalibanagan', this term is now known by most scholars who are working within this area of archaeological research.

==Excavation of mound ==

===Artifacts found ===
The mound located within the village of Siswal is 300m to the north of the village on the left bank of the [[Chautang]] Canal as reported by Bhan. The maximum habitation deposit found here was 1.25 m above the natural soil.

The cultural deposit is divided into Siswal A and Siswal B in which A was characterized by the presence of classical Kalibangan I – A to E fabrics. Bhan has also noted a clear trend of evolution in typology from the lowest to the upper levels. A few examples of the sherds found at the site are described in the words of Bhan himself below:

*Miniature pot of red ware with short out-curved rim and thick horizontal black band on neck and lower part of body portion,
*Upper portion of the red ware jar with simple out-turned rim and black slip on the rim and neck portion,
*Fragment of a red ware sherd with horizontal black band on the rim portions and incisions in form of horizontal and criss-cross lines,
*Fragment of central portion of a red ware dish with incisions in form of concentric circle,
*knob (?), shaped like mushroom, 9 cm in height solid, on top portion a circular concentric circle incised with fish motif within.

Upon the excavations at Siswal, Suraj Bhan put forward an idea of the existence of a parallel culture to the Harappans within the region.

===Ceramic industry at Siswal===

The ceramic industry of Siswal is divisible into three groups, Siswal A yielded the Kalibangan I Ware, with all the typical fabrics (A to F).

Fabric A is painted with white pigment in addition to the black.

In Siswal B, the late Siswal phase, both the Late Siswal and the Harappan Wares are found. This second phase is characterized by the austerity in shape and design, along with a disappearance of painted white pigment. Better potting technique can also be seen within this second group. It is marked by evolved Kalibangan I shapes bearing only black paintings.

Although all the six fabrics survive in the ware, it lacks in variety in shapes and designs and is generally sturdier and better plotted than the Kalibangan I ware of the earlier phase. In accordance to this, Bhan separated non-Harappan sites on presence of a worn out medium thick red ware treated with red slip and painted with black bands, though he admits similar typology and firing with these and Siswal wear.

Lastly the third and final group is characterized by the appearance of medium fabric made through a fast wheel and treated with a red slip in the case of vessels.

Along with these artifacts found at the Siswal site, others found include terracota bangles with black paint strokes, terracota beads, terracota sling-balls, and terracota triangular cakes.

Due to the abundance of Harrapan archaeological history within the Siswal area, the site continues to be a hot spot within the country of India for tourism as well as archaeological inquiry.

Similar pottery is also found at [[Lohari Ragho]], hence treated as a site belonging to Sothi–Siswal culture.

==See also==

* [[Indus Valley Civilization]] related
** [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]
*** [[Bhirrana]], 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BCE
*** [[Kalibanga]], an IVC town and fort with several phases starting from Early harappan phase
*** [[Rakhigarhi]], one of the largest IVC city with 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BCE
*** [[Kunal, Haryana|Kunal]], cultural ancestor of [[Rehman Dheri]]
** [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization]]
*** [[Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilization]]
*** [[Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilization]]
** [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilization]]
** [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent]]
*** [[Bara culture]], subtype of Late-Harappan Phase
*** [[Cemetery H culture]] (2000-1400 BC), early Indo-Aryan pottery at IVC sites later evolved into [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] of [[Vedic period]]
*** [[Black and red ware]], belonging to [[Neolithic]] and early Harappan phases
** [[Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilization museum]]
* [[History of Haryana]]
** [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]]
** [[List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana]]
** [[Kotla Nihang Khan]]

==References==
* Gupta, Jugal Kishore. ''History of Sirsa Town''. New Delhi: Atlantic & Distributors, 1991. N. pag. Print.
{{Reflist}}

{{Indus Valley Civilization}}
{{Haryana}}

[[Category:Archaeological cultures in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Hisar district]]
[[Category:Villages in Hisar district]]
[[Category:Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Pre-Indus Valley civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Haryana]]

Krishna Mohini

2025-09-07T22:09:54Z

DelmarPrisco: Page.

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Drama]] [[Social issue]]
| creator = Pawandeep Kaur
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = Vinod Rautela

| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 99
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Sushanta Das
| cinematography = Indranil Singha
| editor = 
| camera = Multi-camera 
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Boyhood Productions
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|04|29|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|08|05|df=y}}
}}

'''''Krishna Mohini''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language television drama series that premiered from 29 April 2024 to 5 August 2024 on [[Colors TV]] and streams on [[JioCinema]]. Produced by Sushanta Das under Boyhood Productions, it stars [[Debattama Saha]], Ketaki Kulkarni, [[Fahmaan Khan]] and Mohit K Sachdeva.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-23 |title=Debattama Saha practices riding a scooty for new show 'Krishna Mohini'; calls it a 'challenge' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/debattama-saha-practices-riding-a-scooty-for-new-show-krishna-mohini-calls-it-a-challenge/articleshow/109536757.cms |access-date=2024-04-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-09 |title=Exclusive! Ketaki Kulkarni to play lead in Fahmaan Khan starrer upcoming show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-ketaki-kulkarni-to-play-lead-in-fahmaan-khan-starrer-upcoming-show/articleshow/107549481.cms |access-date=2024-04-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-26 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Fahmaan on missing in first promo of Krishna Mohini; 'They keep best for last' |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/exclusive-fahmaan-khan-on-not-being-seen-in-first-promo-of-krishna-mohini-they-keep-the-best-for-last-1299676 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{expand section|date=July 2025}}
{{More plot|date=July 2025}}As the sole breadwinner of her family, gifted 21-year-old singer Krishna sets out on a journey to support her younger sibling, struggling with gender identity in the face of life's challenges and societal norms. Later, it is revealed that Mohini, formerly Mohan, has transitioned both socially and physically into a [[Transgender|transgender]] woman.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Debattama Saha]] as Krishna Joshi Mehta: Bansi and Kaushalya's daughter; Mohini's sister; Shailesh's cousin; Aryaman's wife; Bharat and Rajshree's daughter-in-law; Anshuman and Meghna's sister-in-law; Mohana's mother (2024)
* Ketaki Kulkarni as
** Mohan Joshi: Bansi and Kaushalya's son; Krishna brother; Shailesh's cousin (2024) (before transition)
** Mohini Joshi Thakkar: Bansi and Kaushalya's daughter; Krishna's sister; Shailesh's cousin; Siddharth's wife; Kundan and Srijila's daughter-in-law; Ananya and Piya's sister-in-law (2024) (after transition)
* [[Fahmaan Khan]] as Aryaman "Arya" Mehta: Bharat and Rajshree's son; Anshuman and Meghna's brother; Krishna's husband; Bansi and Kaushalya's son-in-law; Mohini's brother-in-law; Mohana's father (2024)
* Mohit K Sachdeva as Siddharth "Sid" Thakkar: Kundan and Srijila's son; Ananya and Piya's brother; Dayawanti's grandson; Mohini's husband; Bansi and Kaushalya's son-in-law; Krishna's brother-in-law (2024)

===Recurring===
====Joshi family====
* Faiz Mohammed Khan as Bansi Joshi: Kaushalya's husband; Krishna and Mohini's father; Aryaman and Siddharth's father-in-law; Mohana's grandfather (2024)
* Atin Taneja as Shailesh Joshi: Bansi and Kaushalya's nephew; Krishna and Mohini's cousin; Mohana's uncle; Kumud's husband (2024)
*[[Preeti Singh]] as Kumud Joshi: Shailesh's wife (2024)
*Yogeshraj Bedi as Krishna foster's brother: Ratna's husband (2024)
*Kajal Rathore as Ratna Joshi: Krishna's bestfriend and sister–in–law (2024)

====Mehta family====
* [[Jaya Ojha]] as Rajshree Mehta: Bharat's wife; Aryaman, Anshuman and Meghna's mother; Krishna and Esha's mother-in-law; Mohana's grandmother (2024)
* Abhishek Soni as Anshuman Mehta: Bharat and Rajshree's son; Aryaman and Meghna's brother; Esha's husband (2024)
* Sejal Jaiswal as Esha Mehta: Anshuman's wife; Bansi and Rajshree's daughter-in-law; Aryaman and Meghna's sister-in-law (2024)
* Priyanjali Uniyal as Meghna Mehta: Bharat and Rajshree's daughter; Aryaman and Anshuman's sister (2024)

====Thakkar family====
* Farida Patel Venkat / [[Farida Dadi]] as Dayawanti Thakkar: Kundan's mother; Srijila's mother-in-law; Siddharth, Ananya and Piya's grandmother (2024)
* [[Naveen Saini]] as Kundan Thakkar: Dayawanti's son; Srijila's husband; Siddharth, Ananya and Piya's father; Mohini's father-in-law (2024)
* [[Ashita Dhawan]] as Srijila Thakkar: Kundan's wife, Siddharth, Ananya and Piya's mother; Mohini's mother-in-law (2024)
* Anoushka Chauhan as Ananya Thakkar: Kundan and Srijila's daughter; Siddharth and Piya's sister; Dayawanti's granddaughter (2024)
* Apeksha Malviya as Piya Thakkar: Kundan and Srijila's daughter; Siddharth and Ananya's sister; Dayawanti's granddaughter (2024)

====Other Recurring Cast====
*Himanshu Awasthi as Ketan: Aryaman's assistant (2024)
*Navya Singh as Anuradha: A Professor; Mohini's teacher (2024)

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/krishna-mohini/3942625 ''Krishna Mohini''] on [[JioCinema]]

{{Colors Programmes}}
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

Directorate General of Foreign Trade

2025-07-31T18:46:03Z

DelmarPrisco: quick added formatting and corrected details based on references

{{Short description|Indian government agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox government agency
| name = Directorate General of Foreign Trade
| logo =
| logo_size = 220px
| logo_caption = Logo of Directorate General of Foreign Trade
}}

The '''Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT)''' is the agency of the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]] of the [[Government of India]] responsible for administering laws regarding [[foreign trade]].

==IEC==
DGFT provides a complete searchable<ref>[http://dgft.delhi.nic.in/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027231726/http://dgft.delhi.nic.in/|date=October 27, 2009}}</ref> database of all exporters and importers of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cybex.in/Notifications/DGFT.aspx |title=DGFT Notifications | DGFT Circulars | DGFT Public Notice | DGFT India |publisher=Cybex.in |date= |accessdate=2012-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dgft-notifications.com/ |title=DGFT India | Notification, Circular, Public Notices | Latest & Updated Notifications |publisher=Dgft-notifications.com |accessdate=2012-08-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718153642/http://www.dgft-notifications.com/ |archivedate=2012-07-18 }}</ref>

==DGFT==

The Central Government appoints any person to be the Directorate General of Foreign Trade. Normally a member of the Indian Administrative Service having rendered 30 or more years is appointed to the post of the Director-General of Foreign Trade. The Director-General heads an attached office under the administrative control of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry of the Government of India. The Director-General is an Ex-Officio Additional Secretary to the Government of India. The Director-General advises the central Government in the formulation of Foreign Trade Policy and is responsible for carrying out that Policy. At present, the Director-General formulates Foreign Trade Policy and Hand Book of Procedures of Foreign Trade Policy and ITC (HS) Classifications of Import and Export Items. The Director-General heads an organization known as the Directorate General of Foreign Trade. The organization has its offices known as Regional Authority (RA) and Zonal Office. These offices administer the Foreign Trade Policy and Procedures. While the Regional Offices at Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai and Mumbai are Zonal Offices which are headed by Additional Director General of Foreign Trade, the remaining Regional Offices are headed by Joint Director General, Deputy Director General and Assistant Director-General. Some of the RAs are also headed by Additional Director General. Office of the Director-General is located at Gate No 2 of Udyog Bhavan, New Delhi.

Shri Santosh Kumar Sarangi is currently serving as Director General, Directorate General of Foreign Trade.
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}

* {{Official website|http://dgft.gov.in}}

{{Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)}}

[[Category:Executive branch of the government of India]]
[[Category: Foreign trade of India]]
[[Category: Export and import control]]
[[Category: Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Josh Talks

2025-07-08T03:21:31Z

DelmarPrisco: Stub.

{{Short description|Indian media company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Josh Talks
| logo = Josh Talk Logo.png
| logo_size = 250px
| type = Private
| industry = Media
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2015|01|}}
| founder = {{ubl|[[Supriya Paul]]|Shobhit Banga}}
| hq_location_city = [[Gurgaon]]
| key_people =
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRconvert|19|c}} (FY24)<ref>{{cite news |title=10 year old Josh Talks posts Rs 19 Cr revenue in FY24, cuts losses by 25%|url=https://entrackr.com/2024/09/10-year-old-josh-talks-posts-rs-19-cr-revenue-in-fy24-cuts-losses-by-25/ |access-date=28 September 2024 |work=Entrackr |language=en}}</ref>
| net_income = {{positive decrease}} {{INRconvert|-9.88|c}} (FY24)
| website = {{URL|https://joshtalks.com}}
}}

'''Josh Talks''' is an Indian media platform headquartered in [[Gurugram]], [[Haryana]] which hosts content in 10 languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/features/meet-indias-young-popular-entrepreneurs/hows-the-josh/slideshow/71075389.cms|title=Meet India's young & popular entrepreneurs|author=|date=11 September 2019|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com|accessdate=12 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/mar/29/the-ballot-cruiser-26-year-old-supriya-paul-on-josh-talks-and-more-2121956.html|title=The ballot cruiser: 26-year old Supriya Paul on Josh Talks and more|author=|date=29 March 2020|website=newindianexpress.com|accessdate=30 March 2018}}</ref> Josh Talks was awarded with the National Media Award <ref name=":0" /> by Honorable [[President of India]], [[Ram Nath Kovind]] and also featured in [[Forbes]] magazine 'Asia 30 Under 30' list for 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/companies/anushka-sharma-pv-sindhu-make-it-to-forbes-30-under-30-asia-list-2094025.html|title=Anushka Sharma, PV Sindhu make it to Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia list|author=|date=27 March 2018|website=india.com|accessdate=28 March 2018}}</ref>

== History ==
The company was founded in 2015 by Shobhit Banga and [[Supriya Paul]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://dsim.in/blog/2015/10/08/an-interview-with-co-founder-of-joshtalks-com-shobhit-banga-and-supriya-paul/|title=DSIM- Digital Marketing Blog|work=Digital Marketing Blog - DSIM|access-date=2017-11-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/josh-talks-how-22-year-old-duo-harness-power-of-stories-to-move-and-motivate-people-in-chandigarh/|title=Josh Talks: How 22-year-old duo harness power of stories to move and motivate people in Chandigarh|date=2016-04-10|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-11-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.joshtalks.com/about-us/|title=About Josh Talks & How We are Changing The World|website=Josh Talks|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-04}}</ref> It is [[Seed money|seed-funded]] by investors such as Ritesh Malik (Founder of Innov8), Sumit Ranka (Founder of Thinkpot) amongst other names in the Indian investor circuit.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/why-josh-talks-has-the-energy-to-be-bigger-better-than-ted-talks/articleshow/55936596.cms|title=Why Josh Talks has the energy to be bigger & better than TED Talks|last=Borpuzari|first=Pranbihanga|date=2016-12-13|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-09-23}}</ref>

Josh Talks began its journey with conferences in 2014 in [[Delhi]] and [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]. The speakers were [[social activists]], business leaders, [[Entrepreneurship|entrepreneurs]], [[scientist]]s, academics, administrators, [[Athlete|sportspeople]], [[author]]s, [[musician]]s, [[actor]]s and other [[artist]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/morefromlifestyle/the-premise-of-josh-talks-ordinary-people-extraordinary-journeys/story-grlc3BCJiDtUqLVDsI78NM.html|title=The premise of Josh Talks: Ordinary people, extraordinary journeys|date=2015-07-24|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2017-09-23|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://dubeat.com/2015/11/josh-talks-2015-stories-that-inspired-delhi/|title=Josh Talks 2015: Stories that inspired Delhi - DU Beat|date=2015-11-02|work=DU Beat|access-date=2017-09-23|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/josh-talks-hosts-6th-event-in-delhi-speakers-inspire-the-audience|title=Josh Talks Hosts 6th Event in Delhi, Speakers Inspire the Audience|work=The Quint|access-date=2017-09-23|language=en}}</ref>

The marquee Josh Talks LEAP 2016 took place October, featuring 24 speakers and 5,000 attendees.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mediainfoline.com/brand/delhi-gears-up-for-josh-talks-leap-2016|title=Delhi Gears Up For ‘JOSH TALKS LEAP 2016' - Media Infoline|date=2016-10-06|work=Media Infoline|access-date=2017-09-23|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/I-will-own-the-most-valuable-event-IP-in-5-years-Shobhit-Banga-Josh-Talks/13-10-2016-106870/|title=I will own the most valuable event IP in 5 years- Shobhit Banga, Josh Talks|work=Everything Experiential|access-date=2017-09-23|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/josh-talks-looks-to-inspire-indian-youth-through-stories-check-out-how/419531/|title=Josh Talks looks to inspire Indian youth through stories; check out how|date=2016-10-16|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2017-09-23|language=en-US}}</ref> In August 2017, the company has been on the road with monthly conferences in various tier 2 cities across India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cppr.in/event/josh-talks-kochi-2017/|title=Josh Talks Kochi 2017|work=Centre for Public Policy Research (CPPR)|access-date=2017-09-23|language=en-US}}</ref>

Josh Talks on 27 February raised $1.5 million in pre-Series A funding round led by [[New York City|New York]]-based [[Media Development Investment Fund]] (MDIF).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/startups/josh-talks-raises-1-5m-funding-led-by-new-york-based-fund-mdif/74335561|title=Josh Talks raises $1.5M funding led by New York-based fund MDIF - ETtech|last=www.ETtech.com|website=ETtech.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-02}}</ref>

==Awards==
[[File:National Media Awards 2018 Josh Talks.jpg|thumb|right|President [[Ramnath Kovind]] honouring National Media award to Josh Talks co-founder Supriya Paul]]
On 25 January 2019, Josh Talks was awarded with the National Media Award <ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=NATIONAL AWARDS |url=http://164.100.117.97/WriteReadData/userfiles/eci%20nvd%20brochure.pdf |publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA |accessdate=19 February 2019 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306185831/http://164.100.117.97/WriteReadData/userfiles/eci%20nvd%20brochure.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> by Honourable President of India, [[Ramnath Kovind]] for #MakeYourMark campaign to create awareness and engagement amongst the first time voters.<ref>{{cite web |title=President of India awarded Josh Talks with the National Media Award |url=http://www.fashionlingua.com/trends.php?detail=2159 |website=www.fashionlingua.com |accessdate=19 February 2019 |archive-date=19 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219130241/http://www.fashionlingua.com/trends.php?detail=2159 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The company was named in a list of "Top 50 Startups of India" for 2017 by [[The Economic Times|Economic Times]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.thehackerstreet.com/100-indian-startups-2017/|title=Top 100 disruptive Indian startups to look out for in 2017|last=THS|first=Team|date=2017-04-02|work=The Hacker Street|access-date=2017-11-09|language=en-US|archive-date=16 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716111916/https://in.thehackerstreet.com/100-indian-startups-2017/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Partners ==
Some of the major partners of Josh Talks are [[UN Women]], [[United Nations Development Programme]], [[International Labour Organization|ILO]], [[Dalit Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry|DICCI]], [[Indian Army]], and among many others. One of Josh Talks' major partners is [[Facebook]] with whom they conduct conferences, workshops & bootcamps to encourage entrepreneurship in India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bwdisrupt.businessworld.in/article/In-Association-with-Facebook-Josh-Talks-Aims-to-Inspire-Young-Minds-Through-the-Power-of-Stories/06-04-2017-115830/|title=In Association with Facebook Josh Talks Aims to Inspire Young Minds Through the Power of Stories|last=Sangwan|first=Sujata|work=BW Disrupt|access-date=2017-11-09|language=en}}</ref>

The company's content can be found on [[YouTube]], [[Facebook]], [[iTunes]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/josh-talks/id1245037758?mt=2|title=Josh Talks by Josh Talks on Apple Podcasts|website=Apple Podcasts|language=en|access-date=2017-11-09}}</ref> [[Saavn]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/show/Josh-Talks/1/nth8f,XTIuI_|title=Josh Talks {{!}} Listen on Saavn #SaavnOriginals|website=Saavn|access-date=2017-11-09}}</ref> amongst other online platforms.

Josh has covered over 1,000+ speakers with over 8.93 Million subscribers on YouTube<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGYlNGlloLLZiAL3zBgbMgQ|title=Josh Talks|website=YouTube|language=en|access-date=2017-11-09}}</ref> and 999,000+ fans on Facebook.,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/JoshTalksLive/|title=Security Check Required|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=2017-11-09}}</ref> and receives 20 Million views monthly.<ref>{{Cite web|title=An Interview with Co- Founder of Joshtalks.com, Shobhit Banga and Supriya Paul|url=https://sites.google.com/view/joshtalk/|access-date=2022-02-18|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Speakers ==
Some of Josh Talks' speakers have been [[Boman Irani]], [[Anurag Kashyap]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=The Economic Times |author-link=The Economic Times |title=Why Josh Talks has the energy to be bigger & better than TED Talks |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/why-josh-talks-has-the-energy-to-be-bigger-better-than-ted-talks/articleshow/55936596.cms |accessdate=16 July 2018 |date=13 December 2016}}</ref> [[Sonam Wangchuk (engineer)|Sonam Wangchuk]], [[Laxmi Narayan Tripathi]], [[Zeishan Quadri]], and Ankur Warikoo.<ref>{{cite web |last1=The Times of India |author-link=The Times of India |title=Josh Talks is here to inspire people - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Josh-Talks-is-here-to-inspire-people/articleshow/50776290.cms |accessdate=16 July 2018}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.joshtalks.com/ Official website]

[[Category:Business conferences in India]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2015]]

Ghanshyam Tiwari

2025-07-06T18:52:18Z

DelmarPrisco: improve lead and improved wording after review

'''Ghanshyam Tiwari''' may refer to:

* [[Ghanshyam Tiwari (politician, born 1947)]], MLA of the Sanganer constituency, Rajasthan
* [[Ghanshyam Tiwari (politician, born 1979)]], spokesperson of the Samajwadi Party

{{hndis|Tiwari, Ghanshyam}}