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<div>{{Short description|U.S. vice presidential tenure from 2021 to 2025}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox administration<br />
| image = Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait.jpg<br />
| name = Vice Presidency of Kamala Harris<br />
| caption = Official portrait, 2021<br />
| term_start = January 20, 2021<br />
| term_end = January 20, 2025<br />
| vicepresident_link = Vice President of the United States<br />
| president = [[Joe Biden]]<br />
| cabinet = ''[[Cabinet of Joe Biden#Cabinet|See list]]''<br />
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]<br />
| election = {{hlist|[[2020 United States presidential election|2020]]}}<br />
| predecessor = [[Vice presidency of Mike Pence|Mike Pence]]<br />
| successor = [[Vice presidency of JD Vance|JD Vance]]<br />
| seat = [[Number One Observatory Circle]]<br />
| archive_url = https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/vice-president-harris/<br />
}}<br />
{{Kamala Harris series}}<br />
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[[Kamala Harris]] served as the 49th [[vice president of the United States]] during the [[presidency of Joe Biden]] from January 20, 2021, to January 20, 2025. Harris, a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] who [[US Senate career of Kamala Harris|previously served]] as the [[junior U.S. senator]] representing [[California]] from 2017 to 2021, was [[2020 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection|selected]] as former vice president Biden's running mate and took office following their victory in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]] over [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] incumbent president [[Donald Trump]] and vice president [[Mike Pence]]. In her role as President of the [[United States Senate]], she cast [[List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States#List of tie-breaking votes|more tie-breaking votes than any other vice president]]. Harris was the first woman vice president, [[African Americans|Black American]] vice president, and [[Asian American]] vice president.<br />
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The [[presidential transition of Joe Biden|Biden-Harris transition]] was marked by Pence's refusal to obey Trump's orders to [[Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election|overturn the 2020 United States presidential election]] during the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 6, 2021 United States Capitol attack]]. Alongside Harris' vice presidency, the Democratic Party also held their majorities in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the [[United States Senate|Senate]] during the [[117th United States Congress|117th U.S. Congress]] following the [[2020 United States elections|2020 elections]], attained an overall federal [[government trifecta#United States|government trifecta]]. Presiding over an evenly split [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] upon entering office, Harris cast a record 33 tie-breaking votes to confirm presidential appointments and pass the [[American Rescue Plan Act of 2021]] and the [[Inflation Reduction Act]] of 2022.<br />
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In July 2024, after [[withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election|Biden ultimately withdrew]] [[Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign|his candidacy for re-election]], Harris immediately launched [[Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign|her own presidential campaign]] with his endorsement. She later became the nominee and [[2024 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection|selected]] [[Governor of Minnesota|Minnesota governor]] [[Tim Walz]] as her running mate. They lost the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 election]] to the Republican ticket of former president Trump and his running mate, junior Ohio senator [[JD Vance]]. As vice president in her capacity as the [[Vice President of the United States#President of the Senate|president of the Senate]], Harris oversaw the [[2025 United States Electoral College vote count|certification of Trump and Vance]] as the winners of the election on January 6, 2025. Biden and Harris were succeeded in office by Trump and Vance on [[Second inauguration of Donald Trump|January 20, 2025]].<br />
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== 2020 presidential election ==<br />
=== Presidential campaign ===<br />
{{Main|Kamala Harris 2020 presidential campaign}}<br />
[[File:Kamala Harris announcing her candidacy for presidency.png|thumb|left|Harris announces her run for the [[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries|2020 Democratic nomination for president]] in [[Oakland, California]], January 2019]]<br />
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Harris had been considered a top contender and potential front-runner for the [[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries|2020 Democratic nomination for president]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Beckett |first=Lois |title=Kamala Harris: young, black, female – and the Democrats' best bet for 2020? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jul/22/kamala-harris-democratic-candidate-for-2020 |website=The Guardian |access-date=July 10, 2018 |date=July 22, 2017 |archive-date=September 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921011145/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jul/22/kamala-harris-democratic-candidate-for-2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2018, she said she was "not ruling it out".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/sen-kamala-harris-not-ruling-out-2020-white-house-run-n886166 |title=Sen. Kamala Harris not ruling out 2020 White House run |publisher=NBC News |date=June 24, 2018 |access-date=July 4, 2020 |last=Hunt |first=Kasie |archive-date=August 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831171024/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/sen-kamala-harris-not-ruling-out-2020-white-house-run-n886166 |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2018, it was announced that she would publish a memoir, a sign of a possible run.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/17/politics/kamala-harris-book-deal/index.html |title=Kamala Harris signs book deal amid 2020 speculation |first=Eric |last=Bradner |date=July 17, 2018 |access-date=October 12, 2018 |archive-date=October 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008150735/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/17/politics/kamala-harris-book-deal/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> On January 21, 2019, Harris officially announced her [[Kamala Harris 2020 presidential campaign|candidacy]] for president of the United States in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/21/politics/kamala-harris-president-2020/index.html |title=Kamala Harris to run for president in 2020 |last=Reston |first=Maeve |date=January 21, 2019 |publisher=CNN |access-date=January 21, 2019 |archive-date=January 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121145202/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/21/politics/kamala-harris-president-2020/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In the first 24{{nbsp}}hours after her announcement, she tied a record set by [[Bernie Sanders]] in 2016 for the most donations raised in the day after an announcement.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kamala Harris raises $1.5 million in first 24 hours |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/22/kamala-harris-15-million-first-day-1119125 |access-date=May 3, 2022 |website=Politico |date=January 22, 2019 |archive-date=February 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219221514/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/22/kamala-harris-15-million-first-day-1119125 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=David Wright |title=Kamala Harris touts $1.5 million haul in 24 hours after 2020 announcement |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/22/politics/kamala-harris-fundraising-announcement/index.html |access-date=May 3, 2022 |publisher=CNN |date=January 22, 2019 |archive-date=January 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123090522/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/22/politics/kamala-harris-fundraising-announcement/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> More than 20,000&nbsp;people attended her campaign launch event in her hometown of Oakland, California, on January 27, according to a police estimate.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kamala Harris kicks off 2020 campaign with hometown Oakland rally |work=[[The Guardian]] |last=Beckett |first=Lois |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jan/27/kamala-harris-2020-campaign-oakland-rally-democrats |date=January 27, 2019 |access-date=July 4, 2019 |archive-date=October 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005092739/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jan/27/kamala-harris-2020-campaign-oakland-rally-democrats |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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During the first Democratic [[2020 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums|presidential debate]] in June 2019, Harris scolded former vice president Joe Biden for "hurtful" remarks he made, speaking fondly of senators who opposed integration efforts in the 1970s and working with them to oppose mandatory school bussing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Flegenheimer |first1=Matt |last2=Burns |first2=Alexander |title=Kamala Harris Makes the Case That Joe Biden Should Pass That Torch to Her |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/27/us/politics/kamala-harris-busing-joe-biden.html |website=The New York Times |date=June 27, 2019 |access-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-date=October 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008112030/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/27/us/politics/kamala-harris-busing-joe-biden.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Harris's support rose by between six and nine points in polls after that debate.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/01/politics/2020-democratic-candidates-poll/index.html |title=CNN Poll: Harris and Warren rise and Biden slides after first Democratic debates |date=July 1, 2019 |publisher=CNN |last=Agiesta |first=Jennifer |access-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010211931/https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/01/politics/2020-democratic-candidates-poll/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In the second debate in August, Biden and Representative [[Tulsi Gabbard]] confronted Harris over her record as attorney general.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/tulsi-gabbard-kamala-harris-criminal-justice-record_n_5d424340e4b0aca3411841fb |title=Tulsi Gabbard Takes Kamala Harris To Task On Marijuana Prosecution Record |first=Alanna |last=Vagianos |date=July 31, 2019 |website=HuffPost |access-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-date=October 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008025402/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/tulsi-gabbard-kamala-harris-criminal-justice-record_n_5d424340e4b0aca3411841fb |url-status=live}}</ref> The ''[[San Jose Mercury News]]'' assessed that some of Gabbard's and Biden's accusations were on point, such as blocking the DNA testing of a death row inmate, while others did not withstand scrutiny. In the immediate aftermath of the debate, Harris fell in the polls.<ref>{{cite web |first=Casey |last=Tolan |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/08/01/democratic-debate-kamala-harris-tulsi-gabbard-joe-biden-fact-check/ |title=Democratic debate: Fact-checking the attacks on Kamala Harris' criminal justice record |date=August 1, 2019 |website=[[Mercury News]] |access-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-date=October 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005162846/https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/08/01/democratic-debate-kamala-harris-tulsi-gabbard-joe-biden-fact-check/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/polls-since-the-second-debate-show-kamala-harris-slipping/ |title=Polls Since The Second Debate Show Kamala Harris Slipping |last=Silver |first=Nate |date=August 7, 2019 |website=[[FiveThirtyEight]] |access-date=August 25, 2019 |archive-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010055757/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/polls-since-the-second-debate-show-kamala-harris-slipping/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Over the next few months her poll numbers fell to the low single digits.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Martin |first1=Jonathan |last2=Herndon |first2=Alstead W. |last3=Burns |first3=Alexander |date=November 19, 2019 |title=How Kamala Harris's Campaign Unraveled |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/29/us/politics/kamala-harris-2020.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |work=The New York Times |location=Washington, DC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627192502/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/29/us/politics/kamala-harris-2020.html |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |access-date=June 27, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/what-happened-to-the-kamala-harris-campaign/ |title=What Happened to the Kamala Harris Campaign? |last=Bacon Jr. |first=Perry |date=October 8, 2019 |work=FiveThirtyEight |access-date=December 3, 2019 |archive-date=October 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008221659/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/what-happened-to-the-kamala-harris-campaign/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Harris faced criticism from reformers for tough-on-crime policies she pursued while she was California's attorney general.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Luc |date=July 24, 2024 |title=As a prosecutor, Harris mixed criminal justice reform with tough-on-crime approach |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/prosecutor-harris-mixed-criminal-justice-reform-with-tough-on-crime-approach-2024-07-23/ |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=August 21, 2024 |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723182450/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/prosecutor-harris-mixed-criminal-justice-reform-with-tough-on-crime-approach-2024-07-23/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, she defended California's death penalty in court.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dolan |first1=Maura |title=California AG Kamala Harris to appeal ruling against death penalty |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-death-penalty-appeal-20140821-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times |date=August 21, 2014 |access-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-date=October 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014113322/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-death-penalty-appeal-20140821-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Before and during her presidential campaign, an online informal organization using the hashtag #[[KHive]] formed to support Harris's candidacy and defend her from racist and sexist attacks.<ref>{{cite news |last=Zakrzewski |first=Cat |date=August 13, 2020 |title=Kamala Harris is already facing online attacks in her bid for the vice presidency |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/08/13/technology-202-kamala-harris-is-already-facing-online-attacks-bid-vice-presidency/ |access-date=August 15, 2020 |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-date=October 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005223031/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/08/13/technology-202-kamala-harris-is-already-facing-online-attacks-bid-vice-presidency/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Zhou |first=Li |date=July 25, 2019 |title=The #KHive, Kamala Harris's most devoted online supporters, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/7/25/20697783/khive-twitter-kamala-harris-2020-candidate-doug-hive |access-date=August 15, 2020 |website=Vox |archive-date=October 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014030747/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/7/25/20697783/khive-twitter-kamala-harris-2020-candidate-doug-hive |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bixby |first=Scott |date=August 12, 2020 |title=Kamala Harris Built a 'Digital Army' – Now She Gets to Use It |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/kamala-harris-built-a-digital-army-now-she-gets-to-use-it |access-date=August 15, 2020 |website=The Daily Beast |archive-date=October 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009152431/https://www.thedailybeast.com/kamala-harris-built-a-digital-army-now-she-gets-to-use-it |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the ''[[The Daily Dot|Daily Dot]]'', [[Joy Reid]] first used the term in an August 2017 tweet saying "@Dr[[Jason Johnson (professor)|JasonJohnson]] @[[Zerlina Maxwell|ZerlinaMaxwell]] and I had a meeting and decided it's called the K-Hive."<ref>{{cite web |last=Thomas |first=Alex |date=August 12, 2020 |title=What Is the K-Hive, Kamala Harris' Online Twitter Support? |url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/k-hive-kamala-harris-twitter-2020/ |access-date=August 16, 2020 |website=The Daily Dot |archive-date=October 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005113927/https://www.dailydot.com/debug/k-hive-kamala-harris-twitter-2020/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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On December 3, 2019, Harris withdrew from the 2020 presidential election, citing a shortage of funds.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harris |first1=Kamala |title=I am suspending my campaign today |url=https://medium.com/@KamalaHarris/i-am-suspending-my-campaign-today-6dca8cefb252 |website=Medium |date=December 3, 2019 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |archive-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010184446/https://medium.com/@KamalaHarris/i-am-suspending-my-campaign-today-6dca8cefb252 |url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2020, she endorsed [[Joe Biden]] for president.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wootson |first1=Cleve R. Jr. |date=March 8, 2020 |title=Sen. Kamala D. Harris endorses Joe Biden for president |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/08/2182dfca-6137-11ea-b3fc-7841686c5c57_story.html |access-date=March 9, 2020 |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-date=October 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008143020/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/08/2182dfca-6137-11ea-b3fc-7841686c5c57_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Vice presidential campaign ===<br />
{{Main|Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign|2020 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection}}<br />
[[File:Kamala_hero-1560x936.jpg|thumb|Harris announces her [[2020 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection|candidacy for vice president]] in [[Wilmington, Delaware]], August 2020 ]]<br />
In May 2019, senior members of the [[Congressional Black Caucus]] endorsed the idea of a Biden–Harris ticket.<ref>{{cite news |title='A dream ticket': Black lawmakers pitch Biden-Harris to beat Trump |work=[[Politico]] |last=Caygle |first=Heather |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/05/12/joe-biden-kamala-harris-dream-ticket-1317561 |date=May 12, 2019 |access-date=May 3, 2020 |archive-date=October 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008213806/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/05/12/joe-biden-kamala-harris-dream-ticket-1317561 |url-status=live}}</ref> In late February 2020, Biden won a landslide victory in the [[2020 South Carolina Democratic primary]] with the endorsement of House whip [[Jim Clyburn]], with more victories on [[Super Tuesday]]. In early March, Clyburn suggested Biden choose a black woman as a running mate, saying, "African American women needed to be rewarded for their loyalty".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/clyburn-calls-democrats-shut-primary-down-if-biden-has-big-n1155131 |title=Clyburn calls for Democrats to 'shut this primary down' if Biden has big night |publisher=NBC News |date=March 10, 2020 |access-date=July 4, 2020 |last1=Timm |first1=Jane C. |last2=Gregorian |first2=Dareh |archive-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730170328/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/clyburn-calls-democrats-shut-primary-down-if-biden-has-big-n1155131 |url-status=live}}</ref> In March, Biden committed to choosing a woman for his running mate.<ref>{{cite news |title=Joe Biden commits to picking a woman as his running mate |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |url=https://www.axios.com/2020/03/16/joe-biden-woman-running-mate |date=March 16, 2020 |access-date=May 3, 2020 |archive-date=October 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008164423/https://www.axios.com/joe-biden-woman-running-mate-6add0a5b-2600-43b0-8e83-b38d74042881.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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On April 17, 2020, Harris responded to media speculation and said she "would be honored" to be Biden's running mate.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kamala Harris 'would be honored' to be Joe Biden's running mate |first1=Joe |last1=Garofoli |first2=Tal |last2=Kopan |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/Kamala-Harris-would-be-honored-to-be-Joe-15209050.php |date=April 17, 2020 |access-date=May 3, 2020 |archive-date=October 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008010206/https://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/Kamala-Harris-would-be-honored-to-be-Joe-15209050.php |url-status=live}}</ref> In late May, in relation to the [[murder of George Floyd]] and [[George Floyd protests|ensuing protests and demonstrations]], Biden faced renewed calls to select a black woman as his running mate, highlighting the law enforcement credentials of Harris and [[Val Demings]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Minneapolis unrest shakes up VP shortlist |first1=Marc |last1=Caputo |first2=Natasha |last2=Korecki |work=[[Politico]] |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/05/31/joe-biden-vice-president-george-floyd-291063 |date=May 31, 2020 |access-date=May 31, 2020 |archive-date=October 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005105118/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/05/31/joe-biden-vice-president-george-floyd-291063 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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On June 12, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that Harris was emerging as the front-runner to be Biden's running mate, as she was the only African American woman with the political experience typical of vice presidents.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kamala Harris, Front-runner (Again) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/briefing/kamala-harris-mark-milley-trump-rally-your-friday-briefing.html/ |last=Leonhardt |first=David |work=The New York Times |date=June 12, 2020 |access-date=June 12, 2020 |archive-date=October 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012054011/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/briefing/kamala-harris-mark-milley-trump-rally-your-friday-briefing.html/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On June 26, [[CNN]] reported that more than a dozen people close to the Biden search process considered Harris one of Biden's top four contenders, along with [[Elizabeth Warren]], [[Val Demings]], and [[Keisha Lance Bottoms]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zeleny |first1=Jeff |last2=Merica |first2=Dan |last3=Lee |first3=MJ |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/26/politics/joe-biden-running-mate/index.html |title=Nation's reckoning on race looms large over final month of Biden's running mate search |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=June 26, 2020 |access-date=June 27, 2020 |archive-date=October 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009131646/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/26/politics/joe-biden-running-mate/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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On August 11, 2020, Biden announced he had chosen Harris.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dickinson |first=Tim |title=Kamala Harris, Gen X's Moment, and the Fall of House Boomer |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=August 12, 2020 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/kamala-harris-joe-biden-boomers-genx-millenials-1042881/ |access-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725000721/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/kamala-harris-joe-biden-boomers-genx-millenials-1042881/ |url-status=live}}</ref> She was the first African American, the first [[Indian Americans|Indian American]], and the third woman after [[Geraldine Ferraro]] and [[Sarah Palin]] to be the vice-presidential nominee on a major-party ticket.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-53739323 |title=Biden VP pick: Kamala Harris chosen as running mate |website=BBC News |date=August 11, 2020 |access-date=August 11, 2020 |archive-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010223842/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-53739323 |url-status=live}}</ref> Harris is also the first resident of the Western United States to appear on the Democratic Party's national ticket.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ostermeier |first1=Eric |title=Will a Westerner Finally Land on a Democratic Presidential Ticket in 2020? |url=https://smartpolitics.lib.umn.edu/2019/01/23/will-a-westerner-finally-land-on-a-democratic-presidential-ticket-in-2020/ |website=Smart Politics |access-date=November 27, 2022 |date=January 23, 2019 |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725005035/https://smartpolitics.lib.umn.edu/2019/01/23/will-a-westerner-finally-land-on-a-democratic-presidential-ticket-in-2020/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Harris became the [[Vice President-elect of the United States|vice president–elect]] after Biden won the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Blood |first1=Michael R. |last2=Riccardi |first2=Nicholas |date=December 5, 2020 |title=Biden officially secures enough electors to become president |url=https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-elections-electoral-college-3e0b852c3cfadf853b08aecbfc3569fa |access-date=December 22, 2020 |work=[[Associated Press News]] |archive-date=December 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208201209/https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-elections-electoral-college-3e0b852c3cfadf853b08aecbfc3569fa |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Vice presidency (2021–2025) ==<br />
{{See also|Inauguration of Joe Biden|Presidency of Joe Biden}}<br />
[[File:Harris oath of office.jpg|thumb|Harris being sworn in as vice president by Supreme Court Justice [[Sonia Sotomayor]] on January 20, 2021]]<br />
Harris was sworn in as vice president on 11:40&nbsp;a.m. on January 20, 2021, by Justice [[Sonia Sotomayor]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/07/politics/kamala-harris-first-vice-president-female-black-south-asian/index.html |title=Harris bursts through another barrier, becoming the first female, first Black and first South Asian vice president-elect |first1=Brandon |last1=Tensley |last2=Wright |first2=Jasmine |publisher=CNN |date=November 7, 2020 |access-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-date=November 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107194833/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/07/politics/kamala-harris-first-vice-president-female-black-south-asian/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She is the United States' first woman vice president, first African-American vice president, and first Asian-American vice president.<ref name=VPHistory>{{Cite web |title=Kamala Harris: The Vice President |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/vice-president-harris/ |access-date=July 24, 2024 |work=The White House |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120170519/https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/vice-president-harris/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=harris-senate-presiden>{{Cite web |title=United States in the Senate: California Timeline |url=https://www.senate.gov/states/CA/timeline.htm |access-date=August 3, 2024 |publisher=The United States Senate |quote=2021, January 20: Kamala Harris of Los Angeles became the first woman and the first African American and Asian American to serve as vice president of the United States and president of the U.S. Senate. |archive-date=June 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613015034/https://www.senate.gov/states/CA/timeline.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Horowitz |first1=Juliana Menasce |last2=Budiman |first2=Abby |date=August 18, 2020 |title=Key findings about multiracial identity in the U.S. as Harris becomes vice presidential nominee |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/08/18/key-findings-about-multiracial-identity-in-the-u-s-as-harris-becomes-vice-presidential-nominee/ |access-date=November 8, 2020 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |archive-date=November 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107221446/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/08/18/key-findings-about-multiracial-identity-in-the-u-s-as-harris-becomes-vice-presidential-nominee/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=November 7, 2020 |title=Kamala Harris Makes History As First Female, Black, Asian American Vice President |first=Jemima |last=McEvoy |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2020/11/07/kamala-harris-makes-history-as-first-female-black-asian-american-vice-president/ |access-date=November 13, 2020 |work=Forbes |archive-date=November 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113063528/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2020/11/07/kamala-harris-makes-history-as-first-female-black-asian-american-vice-president/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Harris is the third person with acknowledged non-European ancestry to become president or vice president.{{efn|The other two are President [[Barack Obama]], and [[Charles Curtis]], a Native American and member of the [[Kaw Nation]], who was vice president under [[Herbert Hoover]] from 1929 to 1933.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 12, 2020 |title=Here Are The 'Firsts' Kamala Harris Represents With VP Candidacy |first=Andrew |last=Solender |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2020/08/12/here-are-the-firsts-kamala-harris-represents-with-vp-candidacy/ |quote=Harris would not be the first person of color to serve as vice president. That honor belongs to Charles Curtis, President Herbert Hoover's No. 2. |work=[[Forbes]] |access-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902023222/https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2020/08/12/here-are-the-firsts-kamala-harris-represents-with-vp-candidacy/ |url-status=live}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
Her first act as vice president was to swear in three new senators: [[Alex Padilla]] (her successor in the Senate) and Georgia senators [[Raphael Warnock]] and [[Jon Ossoff]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hayes |first=Christal |date=January 20, 2021 |title=Democrats officially take control of Senate after Harris swears in Ossoff, Warnock and Padilla |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/01/20/warnock-ossoff-sworn-in-giving-democrats-majority-senate/4217985001/ |access-date=January 21, 2021 |work=USA Today |location=Washington |archive-date=October 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023171322/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/01/20/warnock-ossoff-sworn-in-giving-democrats-majority-senate/4217985001/ |url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- Disambiguation link intentional to refer to both events --><br />
<br />
On November 19, 2021, Harris served as [[Acting president of the United States|acting president]] from 10:10 to 11:35&nbsp;am EST while Biden underwent a [[colonoscopy]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Miller |first=Zeke |date=November 19, 2021 |title=Biden to have routine colonoscopy, transfer power to Harris |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-health-jen-psaki-70d7e5903ea41636ee6bbe829fa082a2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119212925/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-health-jen-psaki-70d7e5903ea41636ee6bbe829fa082a2 |archive-date=November 19, 2021 |access-date=November 19, 2021 |work=Associated Press News |location=Bethesda, MD}}</ref> She was the first woman, and the third person overall, to assume the powers and duties of the presidency as [[acting president of the United States]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sullivan |first=Kate |title=For 85 minutes, Kamala Harris became the first woman with presidential power |date=November 19, 2021 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/19/politics/kamala-harris-presidential-power/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=November 19, 2021 |archive-date=May 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510101502/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/19/politics/kamala-harris-presidential-power/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Feinberg |first=Andrew |date=November 19, 2021 |title='First woman president': Kamala Harris makes history when she briefly assumes powers of presidency during Biden procedure |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/joe-biden-president-kamala-harris-b1960913.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119195940/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/joe-biden-president-kamala-harris-b1960913.html |archive-date=November 19, 2021 |access-date=November 19, 2021 |work=[[The Independent]] |location=Washington, DC}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=November 19, 2021 |title=Kamala Harris takes on presidential role – briefly – as Biden has colonoscopy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/19/kamala-harris-presidential-powers-biden-colonoscopy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119203654/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/19/kamala-harris-presidential-powers-biden-colonoscopy |archive-date=November 19, 2021 |access-date=November 19, 2021 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Senate presidency==<br />
As early as December 2021, Harris was identified as playing a pivotal role in the [[Presidency of Joe Biden|Biden administration]] owing to her tie-breaking vote in the evenly divided Senate as well as her being the presumed front-runner in 2024 if Biden did not seek reelection.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dorman |first=John L. |title=Kamala Harris' staff turnover driven by burnout and apprehension to being labeled a 'Harris person': Axios |date=December 4, 2021 |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/kamala-harris-staff-turnover-office-burnout-opportunities-pigeonholed-2024-democrats-2021-12 |access-date=July 23, 2024 |website=Business Insider |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725005233/https://www.businessinsider.com/kamala-harris-staff-turnover-office-burnout-opportunities-pigeonholed-2024-democrats-2021-12 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
When Harris took office, the [[117th United States Congress|117th Congress]]'s Senate was divided 50–50 between [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]];<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/20/democrats-to-take-senate-majority-when-warnock-ossoff-and-padilla-are-sworn-in.html |title=Democrats take Senate majority, sealing control of the White House and Congress |first=Jacob |last=Pramuk |date=January 20, 2021 |publisher=CNBC |access-date=December 3, 2021 |archive-date=October 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025210344/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/20/democrats-to-take-senate-majority-when-warnock-ossoff-and-padilla-are-sworn-in.html |url-status=live}}</ref> this meant that she was often called upon to exercise her power to cast [[List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States|tie-breaking votes]] as [[Vice President of the United States#President of the United States Senate|president of the Senate]]. <br />
<br />
===List of tie-breaking votes cast by Kamala Harris ===<br />
<!-- Should be listed in chronological order of earliest to most recent.--><br />
Kamala Harris cast a record 33 tie-breaking votes during her vice presidency.<ref>{{cite web<br />
| url = https://www.senate.gov/legislative/TieVotes.htm<br />
| title = Votes to Break Ties in the Senate<br />
| website = www.senate.gov<br />
| publisher = [[United States Senate]]<br />
| access-date = October 12, 2024<br />
}}</ref> Harris cast her first two tie-breaking votes on February 5. In February and March, Harris's tie-breaking votes were required to pass the [[American Rescue Plan Act of 2021]] stimulus package Biden proposed, since no Senate Republicans voted for it.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segers |first=Grace |title=Senate passes $1.9 trillion COVID relief resolution after all-night 'vote-a-rama' |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-relief-package-senate-passes-budget-plan/ |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=February 5, 2021 |access-date=February 7, 2021 |archive-date=February 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217042330/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-relief-package-senate-passes-budget-plan/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Maanvi |last2=Greve |first2=Joan E. |last3=Belam |first3=Martin |last4=McKernan |first4=Bethan |last5=Levine |first5=Sam |title=Kamala Harris breaks Senate tie to begin Covid relief package debate – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2021/mar/04/voting-rights-police-reform-george-floyd-for-the-people-joe-biden-covid-coronavirus-live |work=The Guardian |date=March 5, 2021 |access-date=March 5, 2021 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=March 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306133828/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2021/mar/04/voting-rights-police-reform-george-floyd-for-the-people-joe-biden-covid-coronavirus-live |url-status=live}}</ref> On July 20, Harris broke [[Mike Pence]]'s record for tie-breaking votes in the first year of a vice presidency<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cohn |first1=Alicia |title=Pence became ultimate tie-breaker in 2017 |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/366811-pence-became-ultimate-tie-breaker-in-2017 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=December 31, 2017 |access-date=October 25, 2021 |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027133916/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/366811-pence-became-ultimate-tie-breaker-in-2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> when she cast the seventh tie-breaking vote in her first six months.<ref name="senate.gov">{{cite web |title=Votes to Break Ties in the Senate |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/TieVotes.htm |website=senate.gov |access-date=October 25, 2021 |archive-date=November 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118145849/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/TieVotes.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> She cast 13 tie-breaking votes during her first year in office, the most tie-breaking votes in a single year in U.S. history, surpassing [[John Adams]], who cast 12 in 1790.<ref name="senate.gov" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/VPTies.pdf |title=Senate.gov: VPTies.pdf |access-date=February 5, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502114129/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/VPTies.pdf |archive-date=May 2, 2017}}</ref> On December 5, 2023, Harris broke the record for the most tie-breaking votes cast by a vice president, casting her 32nd vote, exceeding [[John C. Calhoun]], who cast 31 votes during his nearly eight years in office. She would break her own record for the most tie-breaking votes cast by a vice president when she voted to confirm [[Loren AliKhan]] to a judgeship.<ref>{{cite news<br />
| last1 = Wilson<br />
| first1 = Kristin<br />
| last2 = Rimmer<br />
| first2 = Morgan<br />
| date = December 5, 2023<br />
| title = Harris makes history with record-setting tie-breaking Senate vote<br />
| url = https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/05/politics/harris-record-setting-senate-vote/index.html<br />
| work = [[CNN]]<br />
| access-date = October 12, 2024<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news<br />
| last1 = Lebowitz<br />
| first1 = Megan<br />
| last2 = Thorp V<br />
| first2 = Frank<br />
| last3 = Santaliz<br />
| first3 = Kate<br />
| date = December 5, 2023<br />
| title = Vice President Harris breaks record for casting the most tiebreaking votes<br />
| url = https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/president-harris-breaks-record-casting-tie-breaking-votes-rcna123999<br />
| work = [[NBC News]]<br />
| access-date = October 12, 2024<br />
}}</ref> This was the 33rd and final tie-breaking vote Harris cast.<ref name="senate.gov" /><ref name="MostTies2">{{cite web |last1=Lebowitz |first1=Megan |last2=Thorp |first2=Frank |last3=Santaliz |first3=Kate |title=Vice President Harris breaks record for casting the most tie-breaking votes |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/president-harris-breaks-record-casting-tie-breaking-votes-rcna123999 |publisher=NBC News |date=December 5, 2023 |access-date=December 5, 2023 |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205185108/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/president-harris-breaks-record-casting-tie-breaking-votes-rcna123999 |url-status=live}}</ref><!--Possible source for expansion: https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2021/05/kamala-harris-vice-president-impossible/618890/--><br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
! Date<br />
! Action<br />
! Vote<br />
! Ultimate result<br />
|- id="Harris"<br />
| rowspan=2 | February 5, 2021<br />
| [https://www.congress.gov/amendment/117th-congress/senate-amendment/888 S.Amdt. 888] ([[Chuck Schumer|Schumer]] amendment, in the nature of a substitute) to [https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-concurrent-resolution/5 S.Con.Res. 5]<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>51–50<br />
| Amendment agreed to.<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-concurrent-resolution/5 S.Con.Res. 5] (as amended): a [[Reconciliation (United States Congress)|concurrent resolution setting forth the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2021 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2022 through 2030]]<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>51–50<br />
| Concurrent resolution adopted.<br />
|-<br />
| March 4, 2021<br />
| Motion to proceed to {{USBill|117|HR| 1319}}, the [[American Rescue Plan Act of 2021]]<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>51–50<br />
| Motion agreed to.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/vp-harris-casts-tie-breaking-vote-to-debate-1-9t-coronavirus-bill-gop-forces-full-reading-of-628-page-bill|access-date=March 4, 2021|title=Kamala Harris casts tie-breaking vote to launch debate over $1.9 trillion COVID-19 bill|website=[[Fox News]] |date=March 4, 2021 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| April 21, 2021<br />
| Motion to discharge [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/79/6 PN79-6] (Nomination of [[Colin Kahl|Colin Hackett Kahl]], of [[California]], to be [[Under Secretary of Defense for Policy]])<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>51–50<br />
| Motion agreed to.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | June 22, 2021<br />
| Motion to invoke cloture on [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/220 PN220] (Nomination of [[Kiran Ahuja|Kiran Arjandas Ahuja]], of [[Massachusetts]], to be Director of the [[United States Office of Personnel Management|Office of Personnel Management]] for a term of four years)<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>51–50<br />
| Motion agreed to.<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/220 PN220] (Nomination of [[Kiran Ahuja|Kiran Arjandas Ahuja]], of [[Massachusetts]], to be Director of the [[United States Office of Personnel Management|Office of Personnel Management]] for a term of four years)<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>51–50<br />
| Nomination confirmed.<br />
|-<br />
| July 20, 2021<br />
| Motion to invoke cloture on [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/126 PN126] (Nomination of [[Jennifer Abruzzo|Jennifer Ann Abruzzo]], of [[New York (state)|New York]], to be General Counsel of the [[National Labor Relations Board]] for a term of four years)<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>51–50<br />
| Motion agreed to.<br />
|-<br />
| July 21, 2021<br />
| [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/126 PN126] (Nomination of [[Jennifer Abruzzo|Jennifer Ann Abruzzo]], of [[New York (state)|New York]], to be General Counsel of the [[National Labor Relations Board]] for a term of four years)<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>51–50<br />
| Nomination confirmed.<br />
|-<br />
| September 30, 2021<br />
| Motion to invoke cloture on [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/116 PN116] (Nomination of [[Rohit Chopra]], of [[Washington, D.C.]], to be Director of the [[Consumer Financial Protection Bureau|Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection]] for a term of five years)<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>51–50<br />
| Motion agreed to.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | October 20, 2021<br />
| Motion to invoke cloture on [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/572 PN572] (Nomination of [[Catherine E. Lhamon|Catherine Elizabeth Lhamon]], of [[California]], to be Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, Department of Education)<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>51–50<br />
| Motion agreed to.<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/572 PN572] (Nomination of [[Catherine E. Lhamon|Catherine Elizabeth Lhamon]], of [[California]], to be Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, Department of Education)<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>51–50<br />
| Nomination confirmed.<br />
|-<br />
| November 3, 2021<br />
| Motion to discharge [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/807 PN807] (Nomination of [[Jennifer Sung]], of [[Oregon]], to be [[United States federal judge|United States Circuit Judge]] for the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|Ninth Circuit]])<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>50–49<br />
| Motion agreed to.<br />
|-<br />
| November 17, 2021<br />
| Motion to invoke cloture on [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/604 PN604] (Nomination of [[Brian E. Nelson|Brian Eddie Nelson]], of [[California]], to be [[Under Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence|Under Secretary for Terrorism and Financial Crimes]])<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>51–50<br />
| Motion agreed to.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | December 8, 2021<br />
| Motion to invoke cloture on [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/930 PN930] (Nomination of [[Rachael Rollins|Rachael S. Rollins]], of [[Massachusetts]], to be [[United States Attorney]] for the [[United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts|District of Massachusetts]])<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>51–50<br />
| Motion agreed to.<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/930 PN930] (Nomination of [[Rachael Rollins|Rachael S. Rollins]], of [[Massachusetts]], to be [[United States Attorney]] for the [[United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts|District of Massachusetts]])<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>51–50<br />
| Nomination confirmed.<br />
|-<br />
| March 30, 2022<br />
| Motion to discharge [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/1541 PN1541] (Nomination of [[Alvaro Bedoya|Alvaro M. Bedoya]], of [[Maryland]], to be [[Federal Trade Commission]]er for the term of seven years from September 26, 2019)<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>51–50<br />
| Motion agreed to.<br />
|-<br />
|April 5, 2022<br />
|Motion to discharge [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/1523 PN1523] (Nomination of Julia Ruth Gordon, of [[Maryland]], to be an [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]])<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>51–50<br />
|Motion agreed to.<br />
|-<br />
| May 10, 2022<br />
| [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/1679 PN1679] (Nomination of [[Lisa D. Cook|Lisa DeNell Cook]], of [[Michigan]], to be a Member of the [[Federal Reserve Board of Governors|Board of Governors]] of the [[Federal Reserve|Federal Reserve System]] for the unexpired term of fourteen years from February 1, 2010)<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>51–50<br />
| Nomination confirmed.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |May 11, 2022<br />
| Motion to invoke cloture on [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/1541 PN1541] (Nomination of [[Alvaro Bedoya|Alvaro M. Bedoya]], of [[Maryland]], to be [[Federal Trade Commission]]er for the term of seven years from September 26, 2019)<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>51–50<br />
| Motion agreed to.<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/1541 PN1541] (Nomination of [[Alvaro Bedoya|Alvaro M. Bedoya]], of [[Maryland]], to be [[Federal Trade Commission]]er for the term of seven years from September 26, 2019)<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>51–50<br />
| Nomination confirmed.<br />
|-<br />
| Motion to invoke cloture on [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/1523 PN1523] (Nomination of Julia Ruth Gordon, of [[Maryland]], to be Assistant Secretary of [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|Housing and Urban Development]])<br />
| Yea:<br>51–50<br />
| Motion agreed to.<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/1523 PN1523] (Nomination of Julia Ruth Gordon, of [[Maryland]], to be Assistant Secretary of [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|Housing and Urban Development]])<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>51–50<br />
| Nomination confirmed.<br />
|-<br />
|May 12, 2022<br />
|Motion to discharge [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/1542 PN1542] (Nomination of Mary T. Boyle, of [[Maryland]], to be a Commissioner of the [[U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission|Consumer Product Safety Commission]])<br />
|Yea:<br>51–50<br />
|Motion agreed to.<br />
|-<br />
|August 6, 2022<br />
|Motion to proceed to {{USBill|117|HR| 5376}}, the legislative vehicle for the [[Inflation Reduction Act of 2022]]<br />
|Yea:<br>51–50<br />
|Motion agreed to.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 |August 7, 2022<br />
|[https://www.congress.gov/amendment/117th-congress/senate-amendment/5488 S.Amdt. 5488] to {{USBill|117|HR| 5376}}, the [[Inflation Reduction Act of 2022]]<br />
|Yea:<br>51–50<br />
|Amendment agreed to.<br />
|-<br />
|{{USBill|117|HR| 5376}}, the [[Inflation Reduction Act of 2022]]<br />
|Yea:<br>51–50<br />
|H.R. 5376 passed, as amended.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | February 28, 2023<br />
| [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/118th-congress/76 PN76] (Nomination of [[Araceli Martínez-Olguín]], of [[California]], to be [[United States federal judge|United States District Judge]] for the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California|Northern District of California]])<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>49–48<br />
| Nomination confirmed.<br />
|-<br />
| Motion to invoke cloture on [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/118th-congress/77 PN77] (Nomination of [[Margaret R. Guzman]], of [[Massachusetts]], to be [[United States federal judge|United States District Judge]] for the [[United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts|District of Massachusetts]])<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>49–48<br />
| Motion agreed to.<br />
|-<br />
| March 1, 2023<br />
| [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/118th-congress/77 PN77] (Nomination of [[Margaret R. Guzman]], of [[Massachusetts]], to be [[United States federal judge|United States District Judge]] for the [[United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts|District of Massachusetts]])<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>49–48<br />
| Nomination confirmed.<br />
|-<br />
|June 21, 2023<br />
|Motion to invoke cloture on [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/118th-congress/82 PN82] (Nomination of [[Natasha C. Merle]], of [[New York (state)|New York]], to be [[United States federal judge|United States District Judge]] for the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York|Eastern District of New York]])<br />
| nowrap="nowrap" | Yea:<br>51–50<br />
| Motion agreed to.<br />
|-<br />
|July 12, 2023<br />
|Motion to invoke cloture on [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/118th-congress/64 PN64] (Nomination of [[Kalpana Kotagal]], of [[Ohio]], to be a Member of the [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] for a term expiring July 1, 2027)<br />
|Yea: 51–50<br />
|Motion agreed to. Kotagal was confirmed the next day (July 13).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |December 5, 2023<br />
|Motion to invoke cloture on [https://www.congress.gov/nomination/118th-congress/588 PN588] (Nomination of [[Loren AliKhan|Loren L. AliKhan]], of the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]], to be [[United States federal judge|United States District Judge]] for the [[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|District of Columbia]])<br />
|Yea: 51–50<br />
|Motion agreed to.<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.congress.gov/nomination/118th-congress/588 PN588] (Nomination of [[Loren AliKhan|Loren L. AliKhan]], of the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]], to be [[United States federal judge|United States District Judge]] for the [[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|District of Columbia]])<br />
|Yea: 51–50<br />
|Nomination confirmed.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Immigration ==<br />
{{Main|Immigration policy of the Biden administration}}<br />
[[File:V20210625LJ-0050 (51362307014).jpg|thumb|Harris disembarks [[Marine Two]] at [[Joint Base Andrews]] beginning a trip to [[El Paso, Texas]], June 2021]]<br />
On March 24, 2021, Biden assigned Harris to work with Mexico and [[Northern Triangle of Central America|Northern Triangle]] nations (El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras) to stem irregular migration to the [[Mexico–United States border]] and address the root causes of migration.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Egan |first1=Lauren |last2=Gutierrez |first2=Gabe |last3=Gregorian |first3=Dareh |title=Biden tasks Harris with 'stemming the migration' on southern border |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-taps-harris-lead-coordination-efforts-southern-border-n1261952 |date=March 24, 2021 |access-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725005245/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-taps-harris-lead-coordination-efforts-southern-border-n1261952 |url-status=live |publisher=NBC News |quote=A senior administration official said Harris' role would focus on 'two tracks': both curbing the current flow of migrants and implementing a long-term strategy that addresses the root causes of migration.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Harris to lead administration's efforts to stem migration at border |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=March 24, 2021 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kamala-harris-immigration-lead-mexico-border-biden-administration/ |first1=Tim |last1=Perry |first2=Ed |last2=O'Keefe |first3=Camilo |last3=Montoya-Galvez |access-date=July 28, 2024 |quote=She [the vice president] is really going to look at two tracks. She is going to work first on the goal of stemming the flow of irregular migrants to the US, but also at the same time, and as part of the broader context, her real goal is establishment of a strategic partnership with these countries that is based on respect and shared values. |archive-date=July 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728132526/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kamala-harris-immigration-lead-mexico-border-biden-administration/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Root Causes Strategy]] (RCS) was the product of this effort.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2021 |title=FACT SHEET: Strategy to Address the Root Causes of Migration in Central America |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/07/29/fact-sheet-strategy-to-address-the-root-causes-of-migration-in-central-america/ |publisher=[[White House]] |language=en-US |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007225911/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/07/29/fact-sheet-strategy-to-address-the-root-causes-of-migration-in-central-america/ |archive-date=October 7, 2024}}</ref> Multiple news organizations at the time described Harris as a "border czar",<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Shawna |title=Harris to visit Mexico and Guatemala to address 'root causes' of border crossings |url=https://www.axios.com/2021/04/14/harris-immigration-visit-mexico-guatemala |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |access-date=July 24, 2024 |date=April 14, 2021 |quote=Harris, appointed by Biden as border czar, said she would be looking at the 'root causes' that drive migration |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725010739/https://www.axios.com/2021/04/14/harris-immigration-visit-mexico-guatemala |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Transcripts |publisher=CNN |date=June 25, 2021 |url=https://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/2106/25/nday.06.html |first=Ed |last=Lavandera |quote=Well, the vice president is expected to land here in El Paso in about an hour and a half. It will be a four-hour visit. And this will be her first visit to the U.S./Mexico border region since she was appointed as the border czar by President Biden. |access-date=July 28, 2024 |archive-date=July 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731093625/https://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/2106/25/nday.06.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 24, 2021 |title=Biden tasks Harris with tackling migrant influx on US–Mexico border |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56516332 |access-date=July 25, 2024 |website=BBC News |quote=US President Joe Biden has put Vice-President Kamala Harris in charge of controlling migration at the southern border following a big influx of new arrivals. Mr Biden said he was giving her a 'tough job' but that she was 'the most qualified person to do it'. [...] Announcing Ms Harris's appointment as his immigration czar |archive-date=July 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727150933/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56516332 |url-status=live}}</ref> though Harris rejected the title and never actually held it.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Paz |first1=Christian |title=Kamala Harris and the border: The myth and the facts |url=https://www.vox.com/politics/361635/kamala-harris-border-czar-immigration-mexico-guatemala-rnc |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=July 18, 2024 |quote=If Vice President Kamala Harris becomes the Democratic presidential nominee, Republicans have a ready-made case against her: They can say she was President Joe Biden's 'border czar', in charge of immigration and the border, and she failed ... There's just one problem. The vice president was never in charge of the border. |access-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722142513/https://www.vox.com/politics/361635/kamala-harris-border-czar-immigration-mexico-guatemala-rnc |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Bergengruen |first1=Vera |date=July 23, 2024 |title=Kamala Harris Wasn't the 'Border Czar'. Here's What She Did |url=https://time.com/7001817/kamala-harris-immigration/ |magazine=Time |access-date=July 27, 2024 |archive-date=July 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727120848/https://time.com/7001817/kamala-harris-immigration/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Keith |first=Tamara |date=June 25, 2021 |title=Harris Visits The Southern Border After Trying To Keep The Focus Away From It |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/06/25/1009939218/harris-is-visiting-the-southern-border-after-trying-to-keep-the-focus-away-from- |access-date=July 28, 2024 |publisher=NPR |archive-date=July 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731093610/https://www.npr.org/2021/06/25/1009939218/harris-is-visiting-the-southern-border-after-trying-to-keep-the-focus-away-from- |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Alvarez |first=Priscilla |date=February 6, 2023 |title=Harris' mission to tackle migration root causes scores big money support but border crossings remain high |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/06/politics/kamala-harris-migration/index.html |access-date=July 28, 2024 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=July 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703163607/https://cnn.com/cnn/2023/02/06/politics/kamala-harris-migration |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wootson |first=Cleve R. Jr. |date=April 16, 2021 |title=Republicans try to crown Harris the 'border czar.' She rejects the title |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/harris-gop-border/2021/04/16/c3a2f63e-9e24-11eb-8005-bffc3a39f6d3_story.html |access-date=July 27, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725124219/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/harris-gop-border/2021/04/16/c3a2f63e-9e24-11eb-8005-bffc3a39f6d3_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=October 2024}} Republicans and other critics began using the term "border czar" to tie Harris to the [[Mexico–United States border crisis]], including in a July 2024 House resolution, despite her having no authority over the border itself.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kight |first1=Stef W. |date=July 24, 2024 |title=Harris border confusion haunts her new campaign |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/07/24/kamala-harris-border-czar-immigratin |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724080958/https://www.axios.com/2024/07/24/kamala-harris-border-czar-immigratin |archive-date=July 24, 2024 |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |quote=The announcement led to near-immediate confusion in the media and in the White House over how involved Harris would be, with Republicans and some news outlets, including Axios, giving Harris the unofficial monicker of 'border czar'. ... This article has been updated and clarified to note that Axios was among the news outlets that incorrectly labeled Harris a 'border czar' in 2021.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Uribe |first=Maria Ramirez |date=July 24, 2024 |title='Border czar'? GOP talking point distorts VP Harrris' role |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2024/jul/24/republican-national-committee-republican/border-czar-kamala-harris-assigned-to-tackle-immig/ |access-date=July 26, 2024 |website=politifact |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725234440/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2024/jul/24/republican-national-committee-republican/border-czar-kamala-harris-assigned-to-tackle-immig/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dale |first=Daniel |date=July 25, 2024 |title=Fact check: Trump made at least 10 false claims about Kamala Harris in a single rally speech |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/25/politics/fact-check-trump-false-claims-kamala-harris/index.html |access-date=July 27, 2024 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=July 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727000235/https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/25/politics/fact-check-trump-false-claims-kamala-harris/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Schnell |first=Mychael |date=July 25, 2024 |title=House GOP approves resolution condemning Kamala Harris as 'border czar' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4792373-harris-border-czar-house-gop-resolution/ |access-date=July 27, 2024 |newspaper=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ulloa |first1=Jazmine |last2=Nehamas |first2=Nicholas |date=July 18, 2024 |title=Why Republicans Keep Calling Kamala Harris the 'Border Czar' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/17/us/politics/kamala-harris-border-czar.html |access-date=July 28, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728134206/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/17/us/politics/kamala-harris-border-czar.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=October 2024}}[[File:Arribo a Guatemala de la vicepresidenta de los Estados Unidos de América, Kamala Harris, 20210606 (2).jpg|thumb|Harris arrives in [[Guatemala City]] during her first foreign trip as vice president, June 2021]]Harris conducted her first international trip as vice president in June 2021, visiting Guatemala and Mexico in an attempt to address the root causes of an [[Mexico–United States border crisis#Biden administration|increase in migration from Central America to the United States]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Egan |first=Lauren |title=Harris takes first steps onto world stage, into migration spotlight |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/harris-takes-her-first-steps-world-stage-migration-policy-spotlight-n1269789 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=June 7, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2021 |archive-date=June 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617215045/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/harris-takes-her-first-steps-world-stage-migration-policy-spotlight-n1269789 |url-status=live}}</ref> During her visit, in a joint press conference with Guatemalan president [[Alejandro Giammattei]], Harris issued an appeal to potential migrants: "I want to be clear to folks in the region who are thinking about making that dangerous trek to the United States-Mexico border: Do not come. Do not come."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Sabrina |title=Harris' blunt message in Guatemala: 'Do not come' to U.S. |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/06/07/harris-message-in-guatemala-do-not-come-492047 |newspaper=[[Politico]] |date=June 7, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2021 |archive-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911174620/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/06/07/harris-message-in-guatemala-do-not-come-492047 |url-status=live}}</ref> Her work in Central America led to creation of:<br />
* Task forces on corruption and [[human trafficking]]<br />
* The [[Partnership for Central America]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 9, 2024 |title=Partnership For Central America |url=https://www.centampartnership.org/ |access-date=October 29, 2024 |website=Partnership For Central America |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
* The women's empowerment program in Her Hands, part of the Partnership for Central America<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Her Hands |url=https://www.centampartnership.org/in-her-hands |access-date=October 29, 2024 |website=Partnership For Central America |language=en-US |archive-date=August 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804232221/https://www.centampartnership.org/in-her-hands |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* Investment funds for housing and businesses<ref name="Rothkopf">{{cite news |last=Rothkopf |first=David |date=December 17, 2021 |title=Kamala's Conundrum: She's Doing a Great Job But Her Story's Not Getting Out |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/kamala-harris-conundrum-shes-doing-a-great-job-but-her-storys-not-getting-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102182753/https://www.thedailybeast.com/kamala-harris-conundrum-shes-doing-a-great-job-but-her-storys-not-getting-out |archive-date=January 2, 2022 |access-date=January 2, 2022 |work=[[The Daily Beast]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Foreign policy ==<br />
{{Main|Foreign policy of the Biden administration}}<br />
[[File:Kamala Harris 2024 - 65.jpg|thumb|left|Vice President Harris at a press conference at the [[Commerzbank]] in [[Munich]] with Ukrainian president [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]], February 2024]]Harris met with French president [[Emmanuel Macron]] in November 2021 to strengthen [[France–United States relations|ties]] after the [[Attack-class submarine#Reaction|contentious cancellation]] of a [[Attack-class submarine|submarine program]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Rogers |first=Katie |date=November 10, 2021 |title=Harris Meets Macron, Signaling a 'New Era' After Sub Snub, Both Say |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/10/world/europe/france-kamala-harris-macron.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110225005/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/10/world/europe/france-kamala-harris-macron.html |archive-date=November 10, 2021 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=January 2, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Another meeting was held in November 2022 during Macron's visit to the U.S., resulting in an agreement to strengthen U.S.–France space cooperation across civil, commercial, and national security sectors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cowing |first=Keith |date=November 30, 2022 |title=Vice President Harris' Meeting At NASA With President Macron |url=https://spaceref.com/science-and-exploration/vice-president-harris-meeting-at-nasa-with-president-macron/ |access-date=July 23, 2024 |website=SpaceRef |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725004354/https://spaceref.com/science-and-exploration/vice-president-harris-meeting-at-nasa-with-president-macron/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2021, Harris said she was the last person in the room before Biden decided to [[2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan|remove all U.S. troops from Afghanistan]], adding that Biden had "an extraordinary amount of courage" and "make[s] decisions based on what he truly believes ... is the right thing to do".<ref>{{cite news |last=Bice |first=Allie |date=April 25, 2021 |title=Harris says she had key role in Biden's Afghanistan withdrawal decision |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/04/25/harris-afghanistan-biden-withdrawal-decision-484581 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823064520/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/04/25/harris-afghanistan-biden-withdrawal-decision-484581 |archive-date=August 23, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2021 |website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> National Security Advisor [[Jake Sullivan]] said that Biden "insists she be in every core decision-making meeting. She weighs in during those meetings, often providing unique perspectives."<ref name="Rothkopf" /> Harris assumed a "key diplomatic role" in the Biden administration, particularly after the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in February 2022, after which she was dispatched to Germany and Poland to rally support for arming Ukraine and imposing sanctions on Russia.<ref name="Tomlinson">{{cite news |last=Tomlinson |first=Hugh |date=March 17, 2022 |title=Fresh woe for Kamala Harris as another adviser quits |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/fresh-woe-for-kamala-harris-as-another-adviser-quits-zssczgzlt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318063019/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/fresh-woe-for-kamala-harris-as-another-adviser-quits-zssczgzlt |archive-date=March 18, 2022 |access-date=March 18, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Vice President Harris met with Prime Minister Netanyahu of Israel at the White House in 2024 (2).jpg|thumb|Harris meeting with Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] at the White House on July 25, 2024]]<br />
<br />
In April 2023, Harris visited [[Goddard Space Flight Center]] in Maryland with South Korean president [[Yoon Suk Yeol]] and agreed to work to strengthen the space alliance between the U.S. and South Korea. "We renew our commitment to strengthen our cooperation in the next frontier of our expanding alliance, and of course that is space," Harris said at a joint news conference with Yoon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 26, 2023 |title=Yoon, Harris agree to strengthen 'space alliance' in visit to NASA center |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2023/04/26/national/politics/Korea-Yoon-Suk-Yeol-space-cooperation/20230426081803875.html |work=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]] |access-date=July 24, 2024 |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723190739/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2023/04/26/national/politics/Korea-Yoon-Suk-Yeol-space-cooperation/20230426081803875.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2023, Harris pledged that the Biden administration would place no conditions on [[United States support for Israel in the Gaza war|U.S. aid to Israel]] in its war with [[Hamas]] in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]].<ref>{{cite news |title=US will not impose conditions on support for Israel to defend itself – VP Harris |first=William |last=James |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-will-not-impose-conditions-support-israel-defend-itself-vp-harris-2023-11-02/ |work=Reuters |date=November 2, 2023 |access-date=June 16, 2024 |archive-date=March 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312135636/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-will-not-impose-conditions-support-israel-defend-itself-vp-harris-2023-11-02/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2024, she criticized Israel's actions during the [[Gaza war]], saying, "Given the immense scale of suffering in Gaza, there must be an immediate ceasefire for at least the next six weeks...This will get the hostages out and get a significant amount of aid in."<ref>{{cite news |title=US VP Harris calls for 'immediate' Gaza truce in rare rebuke of Israel |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/4/us-vp-harris-calls-for-immediate-gaza-ceasefire-in-rare-rebuke-of-israel |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=March 4, 2024 |access-date=June 16, 2024 |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524163658/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/4/us-vp-harris-calls-for-immediate-gaza-ceasefire-in-rare-rebuke-of-israel |url-status=live}}</ref>{{anchor|"Coconut tree" meme}}<br />
<br />
== 2024 presidential election ==<br />
=== Vice-presidential campaign ===<br />
In April 2023, President Joe Biden initially announced [[Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign|his reelection campaign]], with Harris widely expected to remain as his running mate. After the [[2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic primaries]], the pair became the party's presumptive nominees in the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 presidential election]]. [[Age and health concerns about Joe Biden|Concerns about Biden's age and health]] persisted throughout Biden's first term, with renewed scrutiny after his performance in the [[2024 Joe Biden–Donald Trump presidential debate|first presidential debate]], on June 27.<br />
<br />
===Presidential campaign===<br />
{{Main|Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign}}<br />
[[File:Kamala Harris & Tim Walz - 53915639353.jpg|thumb|Harris and [[Tim Walz]] at a [[Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign|presidential campaign]] rally at [[Desert Diamond Arena]] in [[Glendale, Arizona]], August 2024]]<br />
[[File:ElectoralCollege2024.svg|thumb|right|The 2024 election with electoral votes by state.]]<br />
On July 21, 2024, Biden [[Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election|suspended]] his reelection campaign and immediately endorsed Harris to replace him in his place as the party's presidential nominee.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Samuels |first1=Brett |last2=Gangitano |first2=Alex |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Biden Endorses Harris as Democratic Nominee After Ending His Candidacy |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4784460-joe-biden-endorses-kamala-harris/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723214700/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4784460-joe-biden-endorses-kamala-harris/ |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=July 24, 2024}}</ref> She was also endorsed by [[Jimmy Carter]], [[Bill Clinton|Bill]] and [[Hillary Clinton]], [[Barack Obama|Barack]] and [[Michelle Obama]], the [[Congressional Black Caucus]], and [[List of Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign endorsements|many others]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gamio |first1=Lazaro |last2=Keefe |first2=John |last3=Kim |first3=June |last4=McFadden |first4=Alyce |last5=Park |first5=Andrew |last6=Yourish |first6=Karen |date=July 22, 2024 |title=Many Elected Democrats Quickly Endorsed Kamala Harris. See Who Did. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/07/22/us/politics/kamala-harris-democrats-endorsement-list.html |access-date=July 22, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722072026/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/07/22/us/politics/kamala-harris-democrats-endorsement-list.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The Democrats who have endorsed Kamala Harris to replace Biden as nominee |first1=Hayden |last1=Godfrey |first2=Adrián |last2=Blanco |first3=Kati |last3=Perry |first4=Hannah |last4=Dormido |first5=Eric |last5=Lau |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2024/kamala-harris-endorsements/ |date=July 21, 2024 |access-date=August 5, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Davis |first1=Ebony |date=July 26, 2024 |title=Barack and Michelle Obama endorse Kamala Harris for president |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/26/politics/barack-michelle-obama-kamala-harris-endorsement/index.html |access-date=August 5, 2024 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=August 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805160641/https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/26/politics/barack-michelle-obama-kamala-harris-endorsement/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bluestein |first1=Greg |date=August 3, 2024 |title=Jimmy Carters next goal is voting for Kamala Harris for president |url=https://www.ajc.com/politics/jimmy-carters-next-goal-is-voting-for-kamala-harris/UKCLDIUSSJC6JM4NP7HGOEDCNY/ |access-date=August 3, 2024 |work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]] |archive-date=August 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803125750/https://www.ajc.com/politics/jimmy-carters-next-goal-is-voting-for-kamala-harris/UKCLDIUSSJC6JM4NP7HGOEDCNY/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In the first 24 hours of her candidacy, her campaign raised $81&nbsp;million in small-dollar donations, the highest single-day total of any presidential candidate in history.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Samuels |first1=Brett |date=July 22, 2024 |title=Harris breaks 24-hour fundraising record after Biden drops out |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4786610-harris-breaks-fundraising-record/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722220814/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4786610-harris-breaks-fundraising-record/ |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |access-date=July 22, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref> Had she won, Harris would have been the first female and first Asian-American president of the United States, and the second African-American president after Obama.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Harris could become the first female president after years of breaking racial and gender barriers |first1=Chris |last1=Megerian |url=https://apnews.com/article/kamala-harris-president-democrat-biden-96df4c46fab767269056511037776b15 |access-date=August 6, 2024 |work=Associated Press News |archive-date=August 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807074158/https://apnews.com/article/kamala-harris-president-democrat-biden-96df4c46fab767269056511037776b15 |url-status=live}}</ref> Harris is the first nominee who did not participate in the [[United States presidential primary|primaries]] since Vice President [[Hubert Humphrey]] in [[Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign|1968]]. She also had the shortest general election presidential campaign in history, at 107 days.<br />
<br />
By August 5, Harris had officially secured the nomination via a virtual roll call of delegates.<ref name="KHnom">{{Cite news |last=Kim |first=Seung Min |title=Kamala Harris is now Democratic presidential nominee, will face off against Donald Trump this fall |url=https://apnews.com/article/harris-democratic-presidential-nomination-eb43b6b346cc644b2d195315cb2bfb20 |work=Associated Press News |date=August 5, 2024 |access-date=August 5, 2024 |archive-date=August 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808041440/https://apnews.com/article/harris-democratic-presidential-nomination-eb43b6b346cc644b2d195315cb2bfb20 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nehamas |first=Nicholas |date=August 6, 2024 |title=Harris Officially Secures Democratic Party's Nomination for President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/06/us/politics/kamala-harris-president-campaign-2024.html |access-date=August 6, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806062412/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/06/us/politics/kamala-harris-president-campaign-2024.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HarrisClinches2020">{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-23/harris-crosses-delegate-threshold-in-sign-nomination-is-hers |title=Harris Has Enough Delegates to Clinch Nomination for President |first1=Gregory |last1=Korte |first2=Jordan |last2=Fabian |date=July 22, 2024 |access-date=July 22, 2024 |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723020348/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-23/harris-crosses-delegate-threshold-in-sign-nomination-is-hers?srnd=homepage-uk |url-status=live}}</ref> The next day, she announced Minnesota governor [[Tim Walz]] as [[2024 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection|her vice-presidential running mate]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Parnes |first1=Amie |last2=Samuels |first2=Brett |last3=Conradis |first3=Brandon |date=August 6, 2024 |title=Harris picks Walz for vice president |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4789021-kamala-harris-vp-tim-walz-minnesota/ |access-date=August 6, 2024 |newspaper=The Hill |archive-date=August 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806130648/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4789021-kamala-harris-vp-tim-walz-minnesota/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On August 22, the fourth day of the [[Democratic National Convention]], Harris officially accepted the Democratic nomination for president.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yilek |first=Caitlin |title=12 highlights from the 2024 Democratic National Convention |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dnc-highlights-2024/ |access-date=October 31, 2024 |publisher=CBS News |date=August 23, 2024 |archive-date=September 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927214338/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dnc-highlights-2024/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
On September 10, 2024, [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] hosted the presidential debate between Harris and Trump in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 11, 2024 |title=Presidential Debate TV Review: Kamala Harris Baits Raging Donald Trump Into His Worst Self In Face-Off |url=https://deadline.com/2024/09/presidential-debate-highlights-recap-trump-harris-1236084242/ |work=Deadline Hollywood |last1=Patten |first1=Dominic |last2=Johnson |first2=Ted |access-date=December 31, 2024 |archive-date=September 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911220225/https://deadline.com/2024/09/presidential-debate-highlights-recap-trump-harris-1236084242/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In the debate, Trump tried to portray Harris as a "radical liberal".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherman |first=Amy |date=2024-09-04 |title=Trump is wrong. Harris is not a communist. |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2024/sep/04/donald-trump/fact-check-trump-called-kamala-harris-a-communist/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914033658/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2024/sep/04/donald-trump/fact-check-trump-called-kamala-harris-a-communist/ |archive-date=September 14, 2024 |access-date=September 14, 2024 |website=PolitiFact |language=en-US}}</ref> Harris's sharpest criticisms of Trump came on [[abortion rights]], where she said she would restore women's rights to what they were under ''Roe''.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Fischler |first1=Ashley |last2=Murray |first2=Jacob |date=September 11, 2024 |title=Harris tears into Trump over abortion rights and race in tense presidential debate |url=https://oklahomavoice.com/2024/09/11/harris-tears-into-trump-over-abortion-rights-and-race-in-tense-presidential-debate/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911182815/https://oklahomavoice.com/2024/09/11/harris-tears-into-trump-over-abortion-rights-and-race-in-tense-presidential-debate/ |archive-date=September 11, 2024 |access-date=December 31, 2024 |website=Oklahoma Voice}}</ref> Harris was declared the winner of the debate by several political analysts, including columnists from [[CNN]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Collinson |first=Stephen |date=September 11, 2024 |title=Analysis: Harris bests Trump in debate but there's no guarantee it will shape the election |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/11/politics/harris-trump-debate-analysis/index.html |access-date=September 11, 2024 |publisher=CNN |language=en |archive-date=September 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911083643/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/11/politics/harris-trump-debate-analysis/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Politico]]'',<ref name ="Pol-Deb">{{Cite web |title=Harris won the debate — and it wasn't close |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/09/11/harris-biden-debate-winner-takeaways-00178442 |work=Politico |date=September 11, 2024|quote="this was clearly Harris' best debate performance of her career, without any clear missteps."}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldmacher |first=Shane |last2=Rogers |first2=Katie |date=September 11, 2024 |title=Harris Dominates as Trump Gets Defensive: 6 Takeaways From the Debate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/11/us/politics/trump-harris-debate-takeaways.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911224551/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/11/us/politics/trump-harris-debate-takeaways.html |archive-date=September 11, 2024 |access-date=September 11, 2024 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> and ''[[USA Today]]''.<ref name="USA-Deb">{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Zac |date=2024-09-10 |title=Who won the debate? Harris' forceful performance rattles a defensive Trump. |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/09/10/who-won-harris-trump-presidential-debate/75148815007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002103642/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/09/10/who-won-harris-trump-presidential-debate/75148815007/ |archive-date=October 2, 2024 |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=USA Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Some analysts noted that for Harris, this was the "best debate performance of her career," in which she forcefully highlighted her strengths and rattled former president Trump.<ref name ="Pol-Deb"/><ref name="USA-Deb"/> After the debate, Harris got a prominent celebrity endorsement from [[Taylor Swift]].<ref name="USA-Deb"/> However, the polls remained close and showed Harris had a hard time conveying that she could represent a "change".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=LeVine |first1=Marianne |last2=Reston |first2=Maeve |last3=Dawsey |first3=Josh |last4=Rodriguez |first4=Sabrina |date=September 12, 2024 |title=Trump says he won't debate Harris again before election |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/09/12/trump-harris-second-debate/ |access-date= February 2, 2025 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2024 |title=Trump: No more debates with Kamala Harris |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-says-he-will-not-participate-another-debate-with-kamala-harris-2024-09-12/ |access-date= February 2, 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
On October 30, Harris delivered a half-hour speech at [[the Ellipse]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], intended as a "closing argument" for her campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krieg |first=Gregory |date=October 30, 2024 |title=Harris tries to paint contrast with Trump, arguing 'it doesn't have to be this way' at Ellipse rally |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/10/29/politics/kamala-harris-ellipse-rally/index.html |access-date=November 2, 2024 |publisher=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |last2=Putterman |first2=Samantha |last3=Sherman |first3=Amy |date=2024-10-30 |title=Fact check: Kamala Harris's speech at the White House Ellipse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/30/fact-check-kamala-harriss-speech-at-the-white-house-ellipse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127234431/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/30/fact-check-kamala-harriss-speech-at-the-white-house-ellipse |archive-date=November 27, 2024 |access-date=November 6, 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Her statements about tax-funded [[gender-affirming surgery]] for [[transgender]] people in prison were attacked by Trump, who spent millions on a political advertisement that said, "[[Kamala is for they/them]], President Trump is for you." Trump's campaign spent more money on the advertisement than any other in the campaign.<ref name="f556">{{cite web |last=Davis |first=Susan |title=GOP ads on transgender rights are dominating airwaves in the election's closing days |website=NPR |date=October 19, 2024 |url=https://www.npr.org/transcripts/g-s1-28932 |access-date=November 8, 2024 |archive-date=November 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108144247/https://www.npr.org/transcripts/g-s1-28932 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="y655">{{cite web |last1=Barrón-López |first1=Laura |last2=Baldwin |first2=Lorna |last3=Lane |first3=Sam |last4=Barajas |first4=Joshua |last5=Sunkara |first5=Satvi |title=Why anti-transgender political ads are dominating the airwaves this election |website=PBS News |date=November 2, 2024 |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/why-anti-transgender-political-ads-are-dominating-the-airwaves-this-election |access-date=November 8, 2024 |archive-date=November 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108001521/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/why-anti-transgender-political-ads-are-dominating-the-airwaves-this-election |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Harris lost the [[2024 United States presidential election]] to Trump,<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump wins the White House in political comeback rooted in appeals to frustrated voters |url=https://apnews.com/article/election-day-trump-harris-white-house-83c8e246ab97f5b97be45cdc156af4e2 |work=AP News |date=November 5, 2024 |access-date=November 6, 2024 |archive-date=November 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107003326/https://apnews.com/article/election-day-trump-harris-white-house-83c8e246ab97f5b97be45cdc156af4e2 |url-status=live}}</ref> conceding the next day in a speech at her alma mater, Howard University.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Korecki |first=Natasha |date=November 7, 2024 |title=Harris concedes before an emotional crowd at her alma mater |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/harris-concedes-presidential-race-trump-emotional-crowd-rcna176106 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106225701/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/harris-concedes-presidential-race-trump-emotional-crowd-rcna176106 |archive-date=November 6, 2024 |access-date=November 14, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> She lost the electoral college 226 to 312, and the popular vote 48.3% to 49.8%. She became the first Democratic nominee since [[John Kerry]] in [[2004 United States presidential election|2004]] to lose the popular vote.{{efn|Democratic nominees [[Barack Obama]] in [[2008 United States presidential election|2008]] and [[2012 United States presidential election|2012]], [[Hillary Clinton]] in [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]], and [[Joe Biden]] in [[2020 United States presidential election|2020]] have won the popular vote in four consecutive elections.}} Losses in the "[[Blue wall (United States)|blue wall]]" states of [[Wisconsin]], [[Michigan]], and [[Pennsylvania]] were considered key to her defeat, in addition to losing the swing states [[Nevada]], [[Arizona]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], and [[North Carolina]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2024-11-06 |title=Read Vice President Kamala Harris' Full Concession Speech |url=https://time.com/7173617/kamala-harris-concession-speech-full-transcript/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |magazine=TIME |language=en |archive-date=December 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217205936/https://time.com/7173617/kamala-harris-concession-speech-full-transcript/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Harris's loss was part of a global backlash against incumbent parties in 2024,<ref name="graveyard">{{Cite news |last=Burn-Murdoch |first=John |date=2024-11-07 |title=Democrats join 2024's graveyard of incumbents |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e8ac09ea-c300-4249-af7d-109003afb893 |access-date=2024-12-05 |work=Financial Times |archive-date=November 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107180858/https://www.ft.com/content/e8ac09ea-c300-4249-af7d-109003afb893 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/2024-elections/383208/donald-trump-victory-kamala-harris-global-trend-incumbents |title=The global trend that pushed Donald Trump to victory |website=Vox |first1=Zack |last1=Beauchamp |date=November 6, 2024 |quote=Incumbents everywhere are doing poorly. America just proved it's not exceptional.}}</ref> in part due to the [[2021-2023 inflation surge]].<ref name="Global Politics">{{Cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/global-politics-conservative-right-shift-ea0e8d05 |title=The Progressive Moment in Global Politics is Over |date=December 27, 2024 |access-date=December 27, 2024 |first1=Bertrand |last1=Benoit |first2=David |last2=Luhnow |first3=Vipal |last3=Monga |website=The Wall Street Journal |quote=Weak economic growth and record immigration are driving gains by the right, especially populists. |archive-date=December 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228022731/https://www.wsj.com/world/global-politics-conservative-right-shift-ea0e8d05 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Burn-Murdoch |first=John |date=2024-12-29 |title=What the 'year of democracy' taught us, in 6 charts |url=https://www.ft.com/content/350ba985-bb07-4aa3-aa5e-38eda7c525dd |access-date=2024-12-30 |work=Financial Times |quote=The billions who voted in 2024 sent an angry message to incumbents, and warmed to populists on left and right |archive-date=January 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101061856/https://www.ft.com/content/350ba985-bb07-4aa3-aa5e-38eda7c525dd |url-status=live}}</ref> All 50 states and [[District of Columbia|DC]] trended rightward compared to the 2020 presidential election.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/how-the-states-vote-relative-to-the-nation-a-2024-update/ |title=How the States Vote Relative to the Nation: A 2024 Update |first1=Kyle |last1=Kondik |date=December 19, 2024 |access-date=January 6, 2025 |website=Sabato's Crystal Ball |archive-date=January 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108231924/https://centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/how-the-states-vote-relative-to-the-nation-a-2024-update/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On January 6, 2025, in her role as [[Presiding Officer of the United States Senate|president of the Senate]], Harris oversaw the [[2025 United States Electoral College vote count|certification]] of Trump and Vance as the winners of the election. Had Harris been elected, she would also have been the first sitting vice president to assume the presidency since [[George H. W. Bush]].<br />
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== Political positions ==<br />
{{Main|Political positions of Kamala Harris}}<br />
Harris's domestic platform supports national [[Abortion-rights movement in the United States|abortion protections]], [[LGBTQ rights in the United States|LGBTQ+ rights]], stricter [[Gun politics in the United States|gun control]], and limited legislation to address [[climate change]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2024 |title=Where does Kamala Harris stand on climate change? |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/08/30/kamala-harris-vs-climate-where-she-stands-on-the-green-new-deal-fossil-fuels-and-pollution |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=euronews |language=en |archive-date=September 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906235200/https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/08/30/kamala-harris-vs-climate-where-she-stands-on-the-green-new-deal-fossil-fuels-and-pollution |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{cite news |last1=Astor |first1=Maggie |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Where Kamala Harris Stands on the Issues: Abortion, Immigration and More |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/21/us/politics/kamala-harris-abortion-immigration-economy-israel.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721215822/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/21/us/politics/kamala-harris-abortion-immigration-economy-israel.html |archive-date=July 21, 2024 |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name=SenateStances>{{Cite magazine |last=Sanchez |first=Chelsey |date=January 20, 2021 |title=Here's Where Kamala Harris Stands on Gun Control |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/politics/a34275544/kamala-harris-gun-control/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322165235/https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/politics/a34275544/kamala-harris-gun-control/ |archive-date=March 22, 2024 |access-date=March 22, 2024 |magazine=[[Harper's Bazaar]]}}</ref> On immigration, she supports an earned [[pathway to citizenship]] and increases in border security, as well as addressing the root causes of illegal immigration by means of the RCS program.<ref name="b533">{{cite news |last1=Sacchetti |first1=Maria |last2=Rivera |first2=Anthony |last3=Cheeseman |first3=Abbie |last4=McDaniel |first4=Justine |title=Kamala Harris's immigration policies, explained |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=September 10, 2024 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2023/presidential-candidates-2024-policies-issues/kamala-harris-immigration/ |access-date=September 10, 2024 |archive-date=September 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912195309/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2023/presidential-candidates-2024-policies-issues/kamala-harris-immigration/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2022 |title=Report on the U.S. Strategy for Addressing the Root causes of Migration in Central America |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/04/19/report-on-the-u-s-strategy-for-addressing-the-root-causes-of-migration-in-central-america/ |access-date=October 17, 2024 |website=The White House |language=en-US |archive-date=September 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917100909/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/04/19/report-on-the-u-s-strategy-for-addressing-the-root-causes-of-migration-in-central-america/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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On foreign policy, Harris supports continued military aid to [[Russian Invasion of Ukraine|Ukraine]] and [[Gaza war|Israel]] in their respective wars, but insists that Israel should agree to [[January 2025 Gaza war ceasefire|a ceasefire and hostage deal]] and work toward a [[two-state solution]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Al-Sheikh |first1=Y. L. |last2=Fayyazi |first2=Nickan |date=July 26, 2024 |title=Kamala Harris Will Shift on Gaza Only if We Make Her |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/kamala-harris-gaza-policy-pressure/ |access-date=July 30, 2024 |website=[[The Nation]] |issn=0027-8378 |archive-date=July 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727215050/https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/kamala-harris-gaza-policy-pressure/ |url-status=live}}</ref> She opposes an [[arms embargo on Israel]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marans |first=Daniel |date=August 30, 2024 |title=Harris Says She Will Not Impose Stricter Conditions On Weapons For Israel |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/kamala-harris-gaza-war-biden-arms-policy_n_66d12f4ee4b0099ccb749660 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911222006/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/kamala-harris-gaza-war-biden-arms-policy_n_66d12f4ee4b0099ccb749660 |archive-date=September 11, 2024 |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> Harris has departed from Biden on economic issues, proposing what has been called a "populist" economic agenda.<ref name="politicoAug16">{{Cite news |last=Ward |first=Myah |last2=Cancryn |first2=Adam |last3=McGraw |first3=Meridith |date=August 16, 2024 |title=Harris breaks from 'Bidenomics' in North Carolina |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/08/16/kamala-harris-economic-policy-north-carolina-00174451 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822214005/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/08/16/kamala-harris-economic-policy-north-carolina-00174451 |archive-date=August 22, 2024 |access-date=August 30, 2024 |website=[[Politico]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="wapoaug16">{{Cite news |last=Stein |first=Jeff |last2=Abutaleb |first2=Yasmeen |last3=Diamond |first3=Dan |date=August 16, 2024 |title=Kamala Harris unveils populist policy agenda, with $6,000 credit for newborns |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/08/16/kamala-harris-2024-policy-child-tax-credit/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817013422/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/08/16/kamala-harris-2024-policy-child-tax-credit/ |archive-date=August 17, 2024 |access-date=August 30, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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===Abortion===<br />
Harris supports [[abortion rights]], and reproductive health care was central to her presidential campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Jasmine |date=2023-06-24 |title=Kamala Harris found her voice on abortion rights in the year after Dobbs. Now she's making it central to her 2024 message |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/24/politics/kamala-harris-abortion-rights/index.html |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=December 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213094038/https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/24/politics/kamala-harris-abortion-rights/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Issues – Kamala Harris for President |url=https://kamalaharris.com/issues/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128072109/https://kamalaharris.com/issues/ |archive-date=November 28, 2024 |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=Harris-Walz}}</ref> She has been called "the Biden administration's voice for reproductive rights"<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Mullin |first=Emily |title=Abortion Rights Groups Rush to Back Kamala Harris |date=23 July 2024 |url=https://www.wired.com/story/kamala-harris-2024-election-reproductive-rights-abortion/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028 |archive-date=December 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224143124/https://www.wired.com/story/kamala-harris-2024-election-reproductive-rights-abortion/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and "the White House's voice of unflinching support for reproductive health rights."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Armour |first=Stephanie |date=2024-07-21 |title=Harris, Once Biden's Voice on Abortion, Would Take an Outspoken Approach to Health |url=https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/kamala-harris-health-agenda-abortion-womens-health-2024-election/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=KFF Health News |language=en-US |archive-date=December 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230000925/https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/kamala-harris-health-agenda-abortion-womens-health-2024-election/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Several abortion rights and women's organizations supported her after Biden withdrew from the race, with [[Reproductive Freedom for All]] saying "there is nobody who has fought as hard [as Harris] for abortion rights and access" and [[EMILY's List]] calling her "our most powerful advocate and messenger" on reproductive rights.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2024 |last=Durkee |first=Alison |title=Kamala Harris Could Make Abortion A Bigger Issue In Election Over Biden—Here's Why |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2024/07/22/kamala-harris-could-make-abortion-a-bigger-issue-in-election-over-biden-heres-why/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en |archive-date=October 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005163807/https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2024/07/22/kamala-harris-could-make-abortion-a-bigger-issue-in-election-over-biden-heres-why/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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As of 2020, Harris had a 100% rating from the [[abortion rights]] advocacy group [[Planned Parenthood Action Fund]], and a 0% rating from the [[anti-abortion]] group [[National Right to Life Committee]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/evaluations/120012/kamala-harris |access-date=27 August 2024 |title=Kamala Harris's Ratings and Endorsements |date=July 15, 2018 |website=[[Vote Smart]] |archive-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123072551/https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/evaluations/120012/kamala-harris |url-status=live}}</ref> EMILY's List endorsed her in 2015, during her senatorial campaign.<ref name="Emily">{{cite news |first=Seema |last=Mehta |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/political/la-me-pc-emilys-list-backs-kamala-harris-senate-bid-20150318-story.html |title=Emily's List backs Kamala Harris' Senate bid |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 19, 2015 |access-date=27 August 2024 |archive-date=August 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810125612/https://www.latimes.com/local/political/la-me-pc-emilys-list-backs-kamala-harris-senate-bid-20150318-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== LGBT rights ===<br />
As California attorney general, Harris refused to defend [[2008 California Proposition 8|Prop 8]] in federal court, and after Prop 8 was struck down in [[Hollingsworth v. Perry]] in 2013, she ordered the Los Angeles County Clerk's office to "start the marriages immediately". She officiated at the wedding of the plaintiffs in the case, Kris Perry and Sandy Stier, at [[San Francisco City Hall]].<ref>{{Cite web |work=Queerty |first=Alex |last=Reimer |url=https://www.queerty.com/watch-2013-clip-of-kamala-harris-ordering-clerks-to-issue-marriage-licenses-to-gay-couples-immediately-resurfaces-20240723 |date=2024-07-23 |title=WATCH: 2013 clip of Kamala Harris ordering clerks to issue marriage licenses to gay couples 'immediately' resurfaces |access-date=4 October 2024 |archive-date=October 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241029001812/https://www.queerty.com/watch-2013-clip-of-kamala-harris-ordering-clerks-to-issue-marriage-licenses-to-gay-couples-immediately-resurfaces-20240723 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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As a member of the U.S. Senate, Harris co-sponsored the [[Equality Act (United States)|Equality Act]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |first=Chris |last=Johnson |url=https://www.washingtonblade.com/2017/10/25/kamala-harris-rises-as-lgbt-favorite-for-2020-theres-just-one-thing/ |title=Kamala Harris rises as LGBT favorite for 2020{{snd}}there's just one thing |newspaper=[[Washington Blade]] |date=October 25, 2017 |access-date=16 October 2024 |archive-date=December 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208040558/https://www.washingtonblade.com/2017/10/25/kamala-harris-rises-as-lgbt-favorite-for-2020-theres-just-one-thing/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In July 2018, Harris led her colleagues in introducing the Gay and Trans Panic Defense Prohibition Act of 2018, a nationwide bill that would curtail the effectiveness of the so-called [[Gay panic defense|gay and trans panic defenses]], an issue she pioneered as district attorney of San Francisco.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.harris.senate.gov/news/press-releases/harris-colleagues-introduce-legislation-to-ban-use-of-gay-and-trans-panic-defense |title=Harris, Colleagues Introduce Legislation to Ban Use of Gay and Trans Panic Defense |publisher=Senator Kamala Harris |access-date=May 8, 2020 |date=July 16, 2018 |archive-date=January 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125063404/https://www.harris.senate.gov/news/press-releases/harris-colleagues-introduce-legislation-to-ban-use-of-gay-and-trans-panic-defense }}</ref><br />
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In October 2019, Harris participated in a CNN/Human Rights Campaign town hall on LGBTQ rights and pledged her support for "all of the folks who are fighting for equality" in cases that would determine whether gay and transgender people are protected under laws banning federal workplace discrimination.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/465347-democratic-2020-hopefuls-push-lgbtq-agenda-at-town-hall/ |access-date=16 October 2024 |title=Democratic 2020 hopefuls tout LGBTQ plans at town hall |first=Julia |last=Manchester |date=October 10, 2019 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |archive-date=November 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121215925/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/465347-democratic-2020-hopefuls-push-lgbtq-agenda-at-town-hall/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Harris drew attention to the epidemic of [[hate crime]]s committed against Black [[trans women]] (at the time 20 killed that year), noting that LGBTQ people of color are doubly discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0BiwOZvvkc |access-date=16 October 2024 |title=Kamala Harris at CNN's LGBTQ Town Hall |date=October 10, 2019 |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=December 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212174249/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0BiwOZvvkc |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2020/08/12/kamala-harris-trans-rights-trangender-pose-angelica-ross-lgbt/ |access-date=4 October 2024 |first=Reiss |last=Smith |title=Pose star Angelica Ross believes Kamala Harris 'holds herself accountable' on her uneven trans rights record |website=[[PinkNews]] |date=August 12, 2020 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007172445/https://www.thepinknews.com/2020/08/12/kamala-harris-trans-rights-trangender-pose-angelica-ross-lgbt/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Harris has since been criticized for a 2015 federal court motion she filed to block gender-affirming medical care for a transgender inmate serving in a California state prison while she was California attorney general, after the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals]] had ruled that denying that treatment violated the [[Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution|8th Amendment]]'s prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Chris |title=Harris seeks to block gender reassignment for trans inmate |url=https://www.washingtonblade.com/2015/05/05/harris-renews-effort-to-block-gender-reassignment-for-trans-inmate/ |access-date=23 July 2024 |work=Washington Blade |date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722133824/https://www.washingtonblade.com/2015/05/05/harris-renews-effort-to-block-gender-reassignment-for-trans-inmate/ |archive-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sosin |first1=Kate |title=Kamala Harris is a complicated choice for some LGBTQ+ people |url=https://19thnews.org/2020/08/kamala-harris-complicated-lgbtq-choice/ |website=The 19th News |date=August 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723035303/https://19thnews.org/2020/08/kamala-harris-complicated-lgbtq-choice/ |access-date=23 July 2024 |archive-date=July 23, 2024}}</ref><br />
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=== Criminal justice ===<br />
In December 2018, Harris voted for the [[First Step Act]], legislation aimed at reducing [[recidivism]] rates among federal prisoners by expanding job training and other programs, in addition to forming an expansion of early release programs and modifications on sentencing laws such as [[mandatory minimum sentence]]s for nonviolent drug offenders, "to more equitably punish drug offenders".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/18/us/politics/senate-criminal-justice-bill.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |title=Senate Passes Bipartisan Criminal Justice Bill |first=Nicholas |last=Fandos |date=December 18, 2018 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=February 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212103531/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/18/us/politics/senate-criminal-justice-bill.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In March 2020, Harris was one of 15 senators to sign a letter to the [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] and private prison companies [[GEO Group]], [[CoreCivic]], and [[Management and Training Corporation]] requesting information on their strategy to address the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|COVID-19 pandemic]], asserting that it was "critical that [you] have a plan to help prevent the spread of the novel coronavirus to incarcerated individuals and correctional staff, along with their families and loved ones, and provide treatment to incarcerated individuals and staff who become infected."<ref>{{cite news |first=Zack |last=Budryk |url=https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/486907-democratic-senators-ask-prison-operators-for-answers-on-coronavirus-plans/ |access-date=4 October 2024 |title=Democratic senators ask prison operators for answers on coronavirus plans |date=March 10, 2020 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007173412/https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/486907-democratic-senators-ask-prison-operators-for-answers-on-coronavirus-plans/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In June 2020, after a campaign by a coalition of community groups, including [[Black Lives Matter]], Los Angeles Mayor [[Eric Garcetti]] announced [[Los Angeles Police Department]] budget cuts of $150&nbsp;million.<ref name=LAPD>{{cite news |title=Growing the LAPD was gospel at City Hall. George Floyd changed that |first1=James |last1=Rainey |first2=Dakota |last2=Smith |first3=Cindy |last3=Chang |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-06-05/eric-garcetti-lapd-budget-cuts-10000-officers-protests |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=June 5, 2020 |access-date=16 October 2024 |archive-date=June 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610182652/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-06-05/eric-garcetti-lapd-budget-cuts-10000-officers-protests |url-status=live}}</ref> Harris supported the decision:<ref name=Garcetti>{{cite news |title=Sen. Kamala Harris voices support of LA Mayor Garcetti's call for police reform, budget cuts |url=https://abc7.com/george-floyd-death-kamala-harris-protests-police-brutality/6239699/ |work=ABC7 News |date=June 10, 2020 |access-date=4 October 2024 |archive-date=December 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206173912/https://abc7.com/george-floyd-death-kamala-harris-protests-police-brutality/6239699/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Alexander |last=Bolton |title=Harris grapples with defund the police movement amid veep talk |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/502187-harris-grapples-with-defund-the-police-movement-amid-veep-talk/ |access-date=16 October 2024 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=June 11, 2020}}</ref><br />
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In 2020 Harris tweeted in support of donations to the [[Minnesota Freedom Fund]], a [[bail fund]] assisting those arrested in the [[George Floyd protests]], though she did not donate to the fund herself.<ref name="e039">{{cite web |last=Murphy |first=Esme |title=Despite Trump claim and 2020 tweet showing support, Harris never donated to Minnesota Freedom Fund |website=CBS Minnesota |date=2024-07-25 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/donald-trump-kamala-harris-minnesota-freedom-fund-donation/ |access-date=2024-07-26}}</ref><br />
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Harris's criminal justice record has been seen as mixed, with critics calling her "tough on crime" even though she called herself a "progressive prosecutor", citing her reluctance to release prisoners and anti-truancy policies. In her 2009 book, Harris criticized liberals for what she called "biases against law enforcement".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=German |date=2019-01-23 |title=Kamala Harris's controversial record on criminal justice, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/1/23/18184192/kamala-harris-president-campaign-criminal-justice-record |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=Vox |language=en |archive-date=August 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821003358/https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/1/23/18184192/kamala-harris-president-campaign-criminal-justice-record |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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== Public image ==<br />
{{Main|Public image of Kamala Harris}}Though the public had an unfavorable view of Harris as vice president, setting a record low,<ref name=":1" /> her public image improved after Biden withdrew his candidacy for [[reelection]]. Notably, her approval rating rose 13% among Democrats.<ref>{{cite web |last=Brenan |first=Megan |date=August 22, 2024 |title=Democrats Give Harris Nearly Unanimous Positive Ratings |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/649127/democrats-give-harris-nearly-unanimous-positive-ratings.aspx |access-date=August 23, 2024 |website=Gallup.com |language=en |archive-date=August 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822235159/https://news.gallup.com/poll/649127/democrats-give-harris-nearly-unanimous-positive-ratings.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:You think you just fell out of a coconut tree?.webm|thumb|right|Harris quips, "[[You think you just fell out of a coconut tree?]]" during a speech on May 10, 2023.]]<br />
<br />
Harris's term as vice president has seen high staff turnover—including the departures of her chief of staff, deputy chief of staff, press secretary, deputy press secretary, communications director, and chief speechwriter<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cadelago |first1=Christopher |last2=Lippman |first2=Daniel |last3=Daniels |first3=Eugene |date=December 4, 2021 |title='Not a healthy environment': Kamala Harris' office rife with dissent |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/06/30/kamala-harris-office-dissent-497290 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624123821/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/06/30/kamala-harris-office-dissent-497290 |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |access-date=June 27, 2022 |newspaper=[[Politico]]}}</ref>—which critics allege reflects dysfunction and demoralization.<ref name="Tomlinson" /> ''Axios'' reported that at least some of the turnover was due to exhaustion from a demanding transition into the new administration, as well as financial and personal considerations.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Alexi |last1=McCammond |first2=Sarah |last2=Mucha |url=https://www.axios.com/2021/12/03/harris-turnover |title=Burnout, money, fear drive turnover in Harris's office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221191337/https://www.axios.com/2021/12/03/harris-turnover |archive-date=February 21, 2024 |work=Axios |date=December 3, 2021 |access-date=August 18, 2024}}</ref> For most of her tenure, Harris had one of the lowest approval ratings of any vice president.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fossett |first=Katelyn |title=What's going on with Kamala's poll numbers? |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/women-rule/2021/11/12/whats-going-on-with-kamalas-poll-numbers-495086 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131143808/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/women-rule/2021/11/12/whats-going-on-with-kamalas-poll-numbers-495086 |date=November 12, 2021 |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |access-date=January 31, 2023 |newspaper=Politico}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ting |first=Eric |date=November 8, 2021 |title=Kamala Harris has a comically bad approval rating, poll finds |url=https://www.sfgate.com/national-politics/article/Kamala-Harris-approval-rating-poll-history-Biden-16602512.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131143807/https://www.sfgate.com/national-politics/article/Kamala-Harris-approval-rating-poll-history-Biden-16602512.php |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |access-date=January 31, 2023 |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Oshin |first=Olafimihan |date=June 26, 2023 |title=Poll: Kamala Harris sets record low for Vice President net favorability |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/4069023-poll-kamala-harris-sets-record-low-for-vice-president-net-favorability/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627015642/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/4069023-poll-kamala-harris-sets-record-low-for-vice-president-net-favorability/ |archive-date=June 27, 2023 |access-date=June 26, 2023 |newspaper=The Hill}}</ref> According to a ''[[RealClearPolitics|RealClear Politics]]'' polling average, a record low of 34.8% of Americans had a favorable view of her in August 2022, but this number rose rapidly after she became the presumptive Democratic presidential nominee in July 2024. Harris had a net favorable rating by September 9.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamala Harris Favorable/Unfavorable Ratings Polls |url=https://www.realclearpolling.com/polls/favorability/kamala-harris |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806232508/https://www.realclearpolling.com/polls/favorability/kamala-harris |archive-date=August 6, 2024 |access-date=August 6, 2024 |website=RealClearPolling}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2024, a video clip from 2023 [[went viral]] of Harris saying "[[You think you just fell out of a coconut tree?]] You exist in the context of all in which you live and what came before you" at a White House event.<ref>{{Cite news |last=DeLetter |first=Emily |date=July 21, 2024 |title='You think you just fell out of a coconut tree?' Kamala Harris meme resurfaces after Biden drops out |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/07/21/coconut-tree-meme-kamala-harris/74466581007/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |newspaper=USA Today |archive-date=July 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721231308/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/07/21/coconut-tree-meme-kamala-harris/74466581007/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Since the launch of her 2024 presidential campaign, that and other Harris remarks have been widely shared as memes, resulting in press coverage of her public image.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Touma |first1=Rafqa |last2=Cassidy |first2=Caitlin |date=July 22, 2024 |title=What is the Kamala Harris coconut tree meme and why is everyone sharing it? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/article/2024/jul/22/kamala-harris-coconut-tree-meme |access-date=July 22, 2024 |newspaper=The Guardian |archive-date=July 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731093605/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/article/2024/jul/22/kamala-harris-coconut-tree-meme |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Amanda |last1=Hess |date=July 23, 2024 |title=The Triumphant Comeback of the Kamala Harris Meme |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/23/arts/kamala-harris-tiktok-trump.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723165630/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/23/arts/kamala-harris-tiktok-trump.html |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |access-date=July 23, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Anchor|Cackling Kamala}}Harris's often boisterous laughter{{efn|In terms of its type, it is often described as a cackle or guffaw.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2024/07/30/kamala-harriss-powerful-laughter-face-weirdness/ |title=Kamala Harris's powerful laughter in the face of weirdness |date=July 30, 2024 |last=Givhan |first=Robin |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=August 2, 2024 |archive-date=July 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731004517/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2024/07/30/kamala-harriss-powerful-laughter-face-weirdness/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2024-07-24/kamala-harris-memes-coconut-brat-summer |title=Coconuts, 'brat summer' and that laugh: The memeing of Kamala Harris |date=July 24, 2024 |last1=Ebeledike |first1=Neenma |last2=Bonilla |first2=Emely |last3=Hayempour |first3=Kayla |last4=Branson-Potts |first4=Hailey |access-date=August 2, 2024 |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725000607/https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2024-07-24/kamala-harris-memes-coconut-brat-summer |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/28/arts/kamala-harris-laugh.html |title=Kamala Harris's Laugh Is a Campaign Issue. Our Comedy Critic Weighs in |date=July 28, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |last=Zinoman |first=Jason |access-date=August 2, 2024 |archive-date=August 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802205027/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/28/arts/kamala-harris-laugh.html |url-status=live}}</ref> An example of it can be seen in the "coconut tree" video exhibited on the right of this section.}} has been called one of her "most defining and most dissected personal traits".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/power/2024/07/31/kamala-harris-laugh/ |title=What's in Kamala Harris's laugh? |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=July 31, 2024 |last1=Judkis |first1=Maura |last2=Voght |first2=Kara |access-date=August 2, 2024 |archive-date=July 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731123220/https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/power/2024/07/31/kamala-harris-laugh/ |url-status=live}}</ref> She says she got her laugh from her mother.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/us-world/article/kamala-harris-drew-barrymore-interview-laugh-v0nn2v5tr |title=Kamala Harris defends 'cackle' derided by her rivals |last=Southern |first=Keiran |date=April 30, 2024 |newspaper=The Times |access-date=August 2, 2024 |archive-date=August 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802205027/https://www.thetimes.com/world/us-world/article/kamala-harris-drew-barrymore-interview-laugh-v0nn2v5tr |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Elections during the Harris vice presidency==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:1em"<br />
|+ Congressional party leaders<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 |<br />
! colspan=2 | Senate leaders<br />
! colspan=2 | House leaders<br />
|-<br />
! Congress<br />
! Year<br />
! [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Majority]]<br />
! [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Minority]]<br />
! [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker]]<br />
! [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives|Minority]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{party shading/Democratic}}| [[117th United States Congress|117th]]<br />
! {{party shading/Democratic}}| <small>2021–2022</small><br />
| {{party shading/Democratic}}| '''[[Chuck Schumer|Schumer]]'''{{efn|name=Schumer2021}}<br />
| {{party shading/Republican}}| [[Mitch McConnell|McConnell]]<br />
| {{party shading/Democratic}}| '''[[Nancy Pelosi|Pelosi]]'''<br />
| {{party shading/Republican}}| [[Kevin McCarthy|McCarthy]]<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2|[[118th United States Congress|118th]]<br />
! <small>2023</small><br />
| {{party shading/Democratic}}| '''[[Chuck Schumer|Schumer]]'''<br />
| {{party shading/Republican}}| [[Mitch McConnell|McConnell]]<br />
| {{party shading/Republican}}| '''[[Kevin McCarthy|McCarthy]]'''<br />
| {{party shading/Democratic}}| [[Hakeem Jeffries|Jeffries]]<br />
|-<br />
! <small>2023–2024</small><br />
| {{party shading/Democratic}}| '''[[Chuck Schumer|Schumer]]'''<br />
| {{party shading/Republican}}| [[Mitch McConnell|McConnell]]<br />
| {{party shading/Republican}}|<br />
'''[[Mike Johnson|Johnson]]'''{{efn|name=Johnson2023|Kevin McCarthy was [[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|removed]] as Speaker of the House on October 3, 2023. [[Patrick McHenry]] acted as [[Speaker pro tempore of the United States House of Representatives#Speaker pro tempore|Speaker pro tempore]] from October 3, 2023 to October 25, 2023. Mike Johnson was [[October 2023 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election|elected]] to replace McCarthy as Speaker of the House on October 25, 2023.}}<br />
| {{party shading/Democratic}}| [[Hakeem Jeffries|Jeffries]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{party shading/Republican}}| [[119th United States Congress|119th]]{{efn|name=preInaug}}<br />
! {{party shading/Republican}}| <small>2025</small><br />
| {{party shading/Republican}}| '''[[John Thune|Thune]]'''<br />
| {{party shading/Democratic}}| [[Chuck Schumer|Schumer]]<br />
| {{party shading/Republican}}| '''[[Mike Johnson|Johnson]]'''<br />
| {{party shading/Democratic}}| [[Hakeem Jeffries|Jeffries]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:1em"<br />
|+ [[Party divisions of United States Congresses|Democratic seats in Congress]]{{efn|name=Congress|Democratic seats at the start of each session of Congress. Independents caucusing with the Democratic Party (Senators [[Bernie Sanders]], [[Angus King]], [[Joe Manchin]], and [[Kyrsten Sinema]]) are counted as Democrats for the purposes of this table. Throughout Biden's presidency, there were a total of 100 Senate seats in 435 House seats, so a Democratic majority in the Senate required 50 seats (since Democratic vice president Kamala Harris could provide the tie-breaking vote), and a Democratic majority in the House required 218 seats (assuming no vacancies).}}<br />
|-<br />
! Congress<br />
! Senate<br />
! House<br />
|-<br />
! [[117th United States Congress|117th]]{{efn|name=preInaug|17 days of the 117th Congress (January 3, 2021 – January 19, 2021) took place under Vice President Pence, with the Republicans also briefly have held a majority in the Senate until January 20, 2021, and 17 days of the 119th Congress (January 3, 2025 – January 19, 2025) took place during Harris' vice presidency.}}<br />
| '''50'''{{efn|name=Schumer2021|After two runoff elections, of Democrats [[Jon Ossoff]] and [[Raphael Warnock]] in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], there were 50 Republicans and 50 Democrats (including 2 independents who caucus with the Democrats) in the Senate. Both Ossoff (Georgia's class 2 seat) and Warnock (Georgia's class 3 seat) were seated on January 20, 2021. With Democratic vice president [[Kamala Harris]] casting tie-breaking votes, the Democrats also have held a majority in the Senate from January 20, 2021.}}<br />
| '''222''' <br />
|-<br />
! [[118th United States Congress|118th]]<br />
| '''51'''<br />
| 213<br />
|-<br />
! [[119th United States Congress|119th]]{{efn|name=preInaug}}<br />
| 47<br />
| 215<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Post-vice presidency (2025–present) ==<br />
Harris left office on January 20, 2025, succeeded by the 50th [[Vice President of the United States|vice president of the United States]], [[JD Vance]]. She and her husband moved to [[Los Angeles]],<ref name="f886">{{cite web |last=Gómez |first=Fin |last2=Cavazos |first2=Nidia |last3=Mosk |first3=Matthew |date=2025-01-19 |title=Harris and Emhoff headed back to California after inauguration; source says they're looking at NYC apartments |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kamala-harris-doug-emhoff-california-new-york/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123181151/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kamala-harris-doug-emhoff-california-new-york/ |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=CBS News}}</ref> where they helped distribute food to victims of the [[Palisades Fire]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2025/01/20/donald-trump-inauguration-day-news-updates-analysis/post-fires-homecoming-for-harris-00199414 |title=Harris heading home to Los Angeles to help fire victims |first1=Christopher |last1=Cadelago |website=[[Politico]] |date=January 20, 2025 |access-date=January 26, 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
On February 18, 2025, Harris signed with [[Creative Artists Agency|Creative Artists Agency (CAA)]] to focus on speaking and publishing opportunities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayden |first=Erik |date=2025-02-18 |title=Kamala Harris Signs With CAA to Plan Next Chapter |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/kamala-harris-caa-1236140519/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
On February 22, 2025, Harris received the Chairman's prize at [[56th NAACP Image Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Landrum |first=Jonathan Jr. |date=February 23, 2025 |title=Kamala Harris receives prestigious Chairman's prize at NAACP Image Awards |url=https://apnews.com/article/naacp-image-awards-2025-kamala-harris-wayans-505a7fc692abd4eceb1f47791ecd3991 |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=Associated Press}}</ref><br />
<br />
In March 21, 2025, President Trump took away a courtesy normally extended to former vice presidents by revoking Harris's [[security clearance]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump revokes security clearance for Harris, Clinton, and critics|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c74kg3e2m08o|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=March 22, 2025| first1= Jaroslav| last1= Lukiv | first2= Kayla | last2=Epstein}}</ref><br />
<br />
She has been mentioned as a possible candidate for both the [[2026 California gubernatorial election]] as well as the [[2028 United States presidential election]].<ref name="NYTimesHarrisOptions">{{Cite web |last1=Epstein |first1=Reid J. |last2=Rogers |first2=Katie |last3=Green |first3=Erica L. |date=November 7, 2024 |title=What's Next for Kamala Harris? Here Are Six Options. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/07/us/politics/kamala-harris-2028-run-for-president.html |access-date=January 20, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=January 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116204013/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/07/us/politics/kamala-harris-2028-run-for-president.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PoliticoMovesSink">{{Cite web |last1=Wren |first1=Adam |last2=Cadelago |first2=Christopher |last3=Kashinsky |first3=Lisa |last4=Otterbein |first4=Holly |last5=Schneider |first5=Elena |date=November 11, 2024 |title=Who will lead Democrats in 2028? Meet the leaders positioning themselves to make moves. |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/11/11/2028-shadow-primary-underway-democratic-00188626 |access-date=November 11, 2024 |work=[[Politico]] |archive-date=November 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111203540/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/11/11/2028-shadow-primary-underway-democratic-00188626 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/kamala-harris-donald-trump-presidency-california-governor.html |title=Kamala Harris Hasn't Ruled Out Running for President in 2028 |first=Gabriel |last=Debenedetti |website=New York Magazine |date=January 23, 2025 |access-date=January 23, 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Presidency of Joe Biden]]<br />
*[[US Senate career of Kamala Harris]]<br />
*[[Electoral history of Kamala Harris]]<br />
*[[Political positions of Kamala Harris]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|refs=<br />
<!--<ref>{{cite news |url=https://cbc.ca/player/play/1816926275902 |title=Kamala Harris's friend reacts to her historic win |work=[[CBC News]] |date=November 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107212814/https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1816926275902 |archive-date=November 7, 2020 |access-date=November 7, 2020 |url-status=live |quote=Wanda Kagan has known vice president-elect Kamala Harris for nearly 40 years. Kagan says that in their most recent conversation, Harris credited her for inspiring her career path.}}<br />
<br />
Wanda Kagan's account of telling Kamala – her best friend – that she was being abused by her step-father, at 1:15 into the video.<br />
She goes on to describe how Kamala then told her mom, and that her mom then generously invited Kagan to move into their household,<br />
to finish her final year of high school. She described Kamala's sister, Maya, also being very gracious in welcoming her, and that<br />
Kamala's mom provided significant help for her to achieve independence from her family.<br />
The clip doesn't say, but my Google searches show, Kagan is now a senior hospital administrator at the hospital where Kamala's mom worked. </ref>--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{cite book |last=Johnson-Batiste |first=Stacey L. |title=Friends from the Beginning: The Berkeley Village That Raised Kamala and Me |publisher=Twelve Books |date=2021 |isbn=978-1-5387-0748-7}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Morain |first=Dan |title=Kamala's Way |date=2021 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-3985-0485-1}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{sister project links|d=Q10853588|c=Category:Kamala_Harris|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Author:Kamala_Devi_Harris|wikt=no|species=no}}<br />
{{Library resources box|about=yes|by=no}}<br />
<br />
=== Official ===<br />
* [https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/vice-president-harris/ Vice President Kamala Harris] official website (archived)<br />
* [https://kamalaharris.com/ Official website]<br />
* [https://www.congress.gov/member/kamala-harris/H001075 Senator Kamala D. Harris] (2017–2021)<br />
<br />
=== Other ===<br />
* [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=kamala+harris&btnG= Books and articles on or by Kamala Harris] at [[Google Scholar]]<br />
* {{C-SPAN|1018696}}<br />
* [https://www.ontheissues.org/Kamala_Harris.htm Kamala Harris] at [[On the Issues]]<br />
* [https://www.politifact.com/personalities/kamala-harris/ Kamala Harris] at [[PolitiFact]]<br />
<br />
{{Kamala Harris}}<br />
{{Joe Biden}}<br />
{{US Vice Presidents}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Harris, Kamala}}<br />
[[Category:2021 establishments in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:2025 disestablishments in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:2020s in American politics]]<br />
[[Category:2020s in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Presidency of Joe Biden]]<br />
[[Category:Vice presidencies of the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Kamala Harris|Vice presidency]]<br />
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br />
[[Category:Post–civil rights era in African-American history]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&diff=547506Nepali language2026-05-07T04:07:22Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: minor edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indo-Aryan Language}}<br />
{{About|the modern Indo-Aryan language|the language known as Nepal Bhasa|Newar language}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Nepali<br />
| nativename = <br />
| pronunciation = {{IPA|ne|/nɛˈpɑːli/||OpenSpeaks-Nepali bhasha.wav}}<br />
| states = *[[Nepal]] (official)<br />
*[[Sinja Valley]]<br />
| region = [[Himalayas]]{{efn|Historically spoken just by the Karnali Khas people, now spoken as the ''[[lingua franca]]'' in Nepal.}}{{sfn|Richard Burghart|1984|pp=118–119}}<br />
| ethnicity = {{hlist|[[Khas people|Khas]]|[[Nepalis|Nepalese]]}}<br />
| speakers = [[first language|L1]]: {{sigfig|18.970460|2}} million<!--12.3+0.8+2.9--><br />
| date = 2011–2021<br />
| ref = e27<!-- Updated Indian figures from the 2011 census, but that doesn't affect the results when rounded off at 2 sig figs. --><br />
| speakers2 = [[second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|13.504300|2}} million (2021 census)<ref name=e27/><br />Total: {{sigfig|31.979760|2}} million<ref name=e27/><br />
| speakers_label = Speakers<br />
| familycolor = Indo-European<br />
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]<br />
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]<br />
| fam4 = [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern Zone]]<br />
| fam5 = [[Eastern Pahari]]<br />
| ancestor = [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]<br />
| ancestor2 = [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]]<br />
| ancestor3 = [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Proto-Indo-Aryan]]<br />
| ancestor4 = [[Vedic Sanskrit]]<br />
| ancestor5 = [[Sanskrit#Classical Sanskrit|Classical Sanskrit]]<br />
| ancestor6 = [[Prakrit]]<br />
| ancestor7 = [[Apabhraṃśa]]<br />
| ancestor8 = [[Khasa Prakrit language|Khasa Prakrit]]<br />
| dia1 = <br />
| script = *[[Devanagari]]<br />
*[[Devanagari Braille]]<br />
| nation = *[[Languages of Nepal|Nepal]]<br />
*[[Official languages of India|India]]<br />
**[[Sikkim]] (working; official)<br />
** [[West Bengal]] (additional)<br />
***{{nowrap|[[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration|Gorkhaland <br/> Territorial Administration]]}} (official)<br />
| agency = [[Nepal Academy]]<br />
| iso1 = ne<br />
| iso2 = nep<br />
| iso3 = nep<br />
| lc1 = npi<br />
| ld1 = Nepali<br />
| linglist = nep<br />
| lingname = Nepali (macrolanguage)<br />
| linglist2 = npi<br />
| lingname2 = Nepali (individual language)<br />
| lc2 = <br />
| ld2 = <br />
| lingua = 59-AAF-d<br />
| image = file:Nepali language Devanagari.svg<br />
| image_class = skin-invert-image<br />
| imagescale = <br />
| imagecaption = {{small|The word "Nepali" in [[Devanagari]] script}}<br />
| map = Nepali language map.svg<br />
| mapcaption = Map showing distribution of Nepali speakers in South Asia. Dark red is areas with a Nepali-speaking majority or plurality, light red is where Nepali speakers are more than 20% of the population<br />
| minority = {{hlist|[[Languages of Bhutan|Bhutan]]|[[Languages of Myanmar|Myanmar]]}}<br />
| notice = Nepal<br />
| sign = [[Signed Nepali]]<br />
| glotto = nepa1254<br />
| glottorefname = Nepali [1]<br />
| glottorefname2 = Nepali [2]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nepali''' ([[Devanagari]]: नेपाली) is the official and most-widely spoken [[Languages of Nepal|language of Nepal]], where it also serves as a [[lingua franca]]. It is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]], belonging to the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] branch within the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] family, native to the [[Himalayas|Himalayan region]] of [[South Asia]]. <br />
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Nepali has [[Languages with official recognition in India|official status]] in the Indian state of [[Sikkim]] and in the [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]], a semi-autonomous region of [[West Bengal]], where it is the majority language. It is also spoken by about a quarter of [[Bhutan]]. Nepali language also has a significant number of speakers in the Indian states of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name="langoff">{{cite web |title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |access-date=28 May 2022 |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]}}</ref> In [[Myanmar]], it is spoken by the [[Burmese Gurkha]]s community. The [[Nepali diaspora]] in the [[Middle East]], [[Brunei]], [[Australia]] and around the world also use the language.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}} Overall, Nepali is spoken by approximately 19 million [[First language|native speakers]] and additional 14 million as a [[second language]].{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}<br />
<br />
Nepali is commonly classified within the Eastern Pahari group of the [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern zone]] of Indo-Aryan. The language originated in the [[Sinja Valley]] of [[Karnali Province]], which served as the capital of the [[Khasa Kingdom]] around the 10th and 14th centuries. It developed in close contact with several [[Indo-Aryan languages]], particularly other [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Pahari languages]]. Nepali was originally spoken by the [[Khas people]], an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethno-linguistic group]] native to the [[Himalayas|Himalayan region]] of [[South Asia]]. <br />
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The earliest known inscription in the Nepali language is believed to be an inscription in [[Dullu]], located in [[Dailekh District]], which was written around the reign of ''King Bhupal Damupal'', around the 981 CE. The [[institutionalisation]] of the Nepali language began during the rule of the [[Gorkha kingdom|Kingdom of Gorkha]] in the 16th century, which later became known as the [[Kingdom of Nepal]]. Over the centuries, various different dialects of Nepali language are believed to emerged across present-day [[Nepal]] and [[Uttarakhand]], shaped by influences from [[Sanskrit]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Hindi]], and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] helping Nepali language develop into a lingua franca.<br />
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Nepali is a highly-[[fusional language]] with moderately free [[word order]], though its dominant arrangement is [[subject–object–verb word order|subject–object–verb]] (SOV). It features three primarily levels of [[honorifics (linguistics)|honorifics]], along with two additional forms based more on dialect and socio-economic class: ''low, medium, high, very high, and royal.''<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Tumbahang |first=Mohan |title=A Case of Lenition-Fortition and Honorific Asymmetry in Limbu Native's Nepali Speech |url=https://www.academia.edu/85936656 |journal=Dristikon |date=2022 |volume=12 |pages=110–120 |doi=10.3126/DRISTIKON.V12I1.46130 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The ''low'' honorific is used where no respect is due, the ''medium'' honorific indicates neutrality or equal status, the ''high'' and ''very high'' honorific convey respect. The ''royal'' form was historically used exclusively by and for members of the royal family.<br />
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Like all other modern Indo-Aryan languages, [[Nepali grammar]] has undergone significant syncretisation and has lost much of the complex declensional system found in older forms of the language. Nepali developed a [[Nepali literature|significant literature]] during the 19th century. Around 1830, several Nepali poets wrote on themes from the [[Sanskrit]] epics ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', which was followed by [[Bhanubhakta Acharya]] translating the [[Bhanubhakta Ramayana|''Ramayana'' into Nepali]], which received a great popularity for the colloquial flavour of its language, religious sincerity, and realistic natural descriptions.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Nepali literature |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Nepali-literature |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023180323/https://www.britannica.com/art/Nepali-literature |archive-date=23 October 2022 |access-date=23 October 2022 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
{{see also|Name of Nepal}}<br />
[[File:"Languages & Nations of India" and "Political Divisions of India"in 1858, 10 of 'From New York to Delhi, by way of Rio de Janeiro, Australia, and China' (11053770654) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|A map showing [[languages of the Indian subcontinent]] {{c.}} 1858; It refers to the language as "Nepalee".]]<br />
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The term ''Nepali'' derived from [[Nepal]] was officially adopted by the [[Government of Nepal]] in 1933, when ''Gorkha Bhasa Prakashini Samiti'' (Gorkha Language Publishing Committee), a [[Institution|government institution]] established in 1913 ([[Vikram Samvat|B.S.]] 1970) for advancement of Gorkha Bhasa, renamed itself as ''Nepali Bhasa Prakashini Samiti'' (Nepali Language Publishing Committee) in 1933 (B.S. 1990), which is currently known as ''[[Sajha Publications|Sajha Prakashan]]''.<ref name="sajhaprakashan">{{cite web |title=साझा प्रकाशन एक झलक |url=https://sajha.org.np/chinari/28/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115002/https://sajha.org.np/chinari/28/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Sajha Prakashan}}</ref> Conversely, the term ''Gorkhali'' in the former [[national anthem]] entitled "[[Shriman Gambhir]]" was changed to ''Nepali'' in 1951.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 2003 |title=The kings song |newspaper=Himal Southasian |url=http://www.himalmag.com/component/content/article/4214-.html |url-status=dead |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025182216/http://www.himalmag.com/component/content/article/4214-.html |archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> However, the term ''Nepali'' was used before the official adoption notably by [[Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh]], now considered one of the [[national heroes of Nepal]], who advocated for embracing the term.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Vasistha |first1=Kedar |title='गोर्खा पत्रिकाहरू'को पदचाप |url=https://gorkhapatraonline.com/arts/2021-05-07-36969 |access-date=9 November 2021 |website=Gorakhapatra Online |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109071349/https://gorkhapatraonline.com/arts/2021-05-07-36969 |url-status=live}} जङ्गबहादुरलाई पनि घिसार्ने गरिएको पाइन्छ तर उनको पालामा गोर्खा भाषा वा नेपाली भाषा नभनी पाष्या बोली वा पर्वते भाषाको प्रचलन रहेको देखिन्छ । तर उक्त सनद जारी भएको एक वर्षपछिको जङ्गबहादुरको एक पत्रमा उनले गोर्खा वा गोर्खाली वा नेपाली भाषाका नमुना भनी नभनी पाष्या (पाखे) बोली भनेका छन् ।</ref><br />
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The initial name of Nepali language was "''Khas Kura''" ({{langx|ne|खस कुरा|label=none}}), meaning language or speech of the [[Khas people]], who are descended from the ancient [[Khasas]] of ''[[Mahabharata]]'', as the language developed during the rule of the [[Khasa Kingdom]] in the [[western Nepal]].<ref name="onlinekhabar1">{{cite news |date=3 October 2020 |title=5 features of Nepali, Nepal's lingua franca, that you are unaware of |publisher=Online Khabar |agency=Online Khabar |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/features-of-nepali-nepals-lingua-franca-that-you-are-unaware-of.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030103855/https://english.onlinekhabar.com/features-of-nepali-nepals-lingua-franca-that-you-are-unaware-of.html |archive-date=30 October 2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Jain|Cardona|2007|p=543}} Following the [[Unification of Nepal]] led by [[Shah dynasty]]'s [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]], Nepali language became known as ''Gorakhā Bhāṣā'' ({{langx|ne|गोरखा भाषा|label=none}}; ''language of the [[Gurkha|Gorkhas]]'') as it was spoken by [[Gurkha|Gorkhas]].<ref name="rajendramaharjan2">{{cite web |last1=Maharjan |first1=Rajendra |title=एकल राष्ट्र–राज्यको धङधङी |url=https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2021/06/15/162372365631162234.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115001/https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2021/06/15/162372365631162234.html |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=EKantipur |publisher=Kantipur Publication Limited}}आजभन्दा करिब नौ दशकअघि मात्रै देशको नाम 'नेपाल' का रूपमा स्विकारिएको हो भने, पहिले खस–पर्वते–गोर्खाली भनिने भाषालाई 'नेपाली' नामकरण गरिएको हो ।</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Baniya |first1=Karnabahadur |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/nutaj/article/download/23470/19875/72601 |title=सेनकालीन पाल्पाको संस्कृति : एक ऐतिहासिक विवेचना |publisher=Tribhuvan Multiple Campus |location=Palpa |pages=3–4 |access-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109072853/https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/nutaj/article/download/23470/19875/72601 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The people living in the [[Pahad]] or the hilly region, where it does not generally contain snow, called the language {{lang|ne-Latn|Parvate Kurā}} ({{lang|ne|पर्वते कुरा}}), meaning "the speech of the hills".<ref name="Lienhard, Siegfried 1992 Page 3">Lienhard, Siegfried (1992). ''Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.'' New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. {{ISBN|81-208-0963-7}}. Page 3.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shrestha |first1=Shiva Raj |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_143_03.pdf |title=Khaptad Region in Mythology |page=10 |access-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109071349/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_143_03.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
=== Origin and development ===<br />
{{see also|Sanskrit|Prakrit|Apabhraṃśa|Khasa Prakrit language|Dardic languages}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Indo-Aryan languages alignment.svg|thumb|left|A simplified overview of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] family.]]<br />
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Early forms of present-day Nepali developed from the [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Middle Indo-Aryan]] ''[[apabhraṃśa]]'' [[Vernacular]]s of present-day [[western Nepal]] in the 10th–14th centuries, during the times of the [[Khasa Kingdom]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bandhu |first=C.M |title=The Role of the Nepali Language in Establishing The National Unity and Identity of Nepal |url=https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/kailash/pdf/kailash_15_0304_01.pdf |access-date=1 February 2023 |website=[[Digital Himalaya]] |publisher=The Royal Nepal Academy}}</ref> The language [[Evolutionary linguistics|evolved]] from [[Sanskrit]], [[Prakrit]], and [[Apabhraṃśa]].<ref name=":2" /> Following the decline of the Khasa Kingdom, it was divided into [[Baise Rajya]] (22 principalities) in [[Ghaghara|Karnali]]-[[Bheri River|Bheri]] region and [[Chaubise rajya]] (24 principalities) in [[Gandaki River|Gandaki]] region.<ref name=":2" /> The currently popular variant of Nepali is believed to have originated around 500 years ago with the mass migration of a branch of [[Khas people]] from the [[Ghaghara|Karnali]]-[[Bheri River|Bheri]]-[[Seti River|Seti]] eastward to settle in lower valleys of the [[Ghaghara|Karnali]] and the [[Gandaki River|Gandaki]] basin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wagley |first=Namit |date=14 February 2015 |title=Nepal Ka Khas Jaati |url=https://www.spotlightnepal.com/2015/02/14/nepal-ka-khas-jaati/ |website=SpotlightNepal |access-date=21 February 2023}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><br />
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During the times of [[Senas of Makwanpur|Sena dynasty]], who ruled a vast area in [[Terai]] and central hills of Nepal, Nepali language became influenced by the Indian languages including [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Braj Bhasha]] and [[Maithili language|Maithili]].<ref name=":2" /> Nepali speakers and Senas had a close connect, subsequently, the language became the ''[[lingua franca]]'' in the area.<ref name=":2" /> As a result, the grammar became simplified, vocabulary was expanded, and its phonology was softened, after it was syncretised, Nepali lost much of the complex declensional system present in the older languages.<ref name=":2" /> In the [[Kathmandu Valley]] (then known as [[Nepal Mandala]]), Nepali language inscriptions can be seen during the reigns of [[Lakshmi Narasimha Malla]] and [[Pratap Malla]], which indicates the significant increment of Nepali speakers in Kathmandu Valley.{{sfn|Jain|Cardona|2007|p=544}}<br />
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=== Middle Nepali ===<br />
[[File:Mandhata Shahi- SAKE-1612.jpg|thumb|Copper Inscription by King of [[Doti]], ''Raika'' Mandhata Shahi, at [[Saka Era]] 1612 (1747 [[Bikram Samvat|BS]]) in old Nepali language using [[Devanagari]] like script]]<br />
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The [[institutionalisation]] of the Nepali language is believed to have started with the [[Shah dynasty|Shah kings]] of [[Gorkha Kingdom]], in the modern day [[Gorkha District]] of Nepal.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=शाह राजाहरूको छत्रछायामा नेपाली साहित्यको विकास |url=https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_30-39_01.pdf |website=Digital Himalaya |publisher=Ancient Nepal |language=ne}}</ref> Following the [[Unification of Nepal]], the language moved to the court of the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] in the 18th century, where it became the state language.<ref name=":3" /> One of the earliest works in the Middle Nepali was written during the reign of [[Ram Shah]], King of Gorkha, a book by unknown writer called ''Ram Shah ko Jivani'' (A Biography of Ram Shah).<ref name=":3" /> [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]]'s ''[[Divyopadesh]]'', written toward the end of his life, around 1774–75, contains old Nepali dialect of the era, is considered as the first work of essay of Nepali literature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divyopadesh can lead to national prosperity |url=https://theannapurnaexpress.com/news/divyopadesh-can-lead-to-national-prosperity-36880 |access-date=28 February 2023 |website=The Annapurna Express}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Bhanubhakta Ramayana manuscript (cropped).png|upright=1.13|thumb|left|Manuscript of [[Bhanubhakta Acharya]]'s ''[[Bhanubhakta Ramayana]]'' led to "cultural, emotional and linguistic unification" of [[Nepal]].]]<br />
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During this time Nepali developed a standardised prose in the ''Lal mohar'' (royal charter)—documents related to the Nepalese Kingdom dealing with diplomatic writings, tax, and administrative records.<ref name=":3" /> The language of the ''Lal mohar'' is nearly modern with some minor differences in grammar and with a pre-modern orthography.<ref name=":4">{{Cite thesis |title=भारतमा नेपाली भाषा र साहित्यको उत्थानमा पारसमणी प्रधानले गरेका योगदानको बिश्लेषणात्मक मुल्यांकन |chapter-url=http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/1723 |publisher=University of North Bengal |year=1999 | chapter=8|language=ne |first=Yash |last=Yanjan}}</ref> Few changes including changing ''Kari'' (करि) to ''Gari'' (गरि) and merging ''Hunu'' (हुनु) with ''cha'' (छ) to create ''huncha'' (हुन्छ) were done.<ref name=":4" /> The most prominent work written during this time was [[Bhanubhakta Acharya]]'s ''[[Bhanubhakta Ramayana]]'', a translation of the epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' from [[Sanskrit]] to Nepali for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepali poet Bhanubhakta Acharya's 209th birth anniversary, a peek into the 'Adikavi's' life |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/nepali-poet-bhanubhakta-acharyas-209th-birth-anniversary-a-peek-into-the-adikavis-life20220713120813/ |access-date=28 February 2023 |website=ANI News}}</ref> Acharya's work led to which some describe as "cultural, emotional and linguistic unification" of Nepal, comparatively to [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] who unified Nepal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Acharya |first=Madhu Raman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FubZAAAAMAAJ |title=Nepal Culture Shift!: Reinventing Culture in the Himalayan Kingdom |date=2002 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-26-2 |pages=18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Korhonen |first1=Teppo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RiISAQAAIAAJ |title=Making and Breaking of Borders: Ethnological Interpretations, Presentations, Representations |last2=Ruotsala |first2=Helena |last3=Uusitalo |first3=Eeva |date=2003 |publisher=Finnish Literature Society |isbn=978-951-746-467-3 |pages=172}}</ref><br />
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=== Modern Nepali ===<br />
{{See also|Nepali Language Movement}}<br />
<br />
The modern period of Nepali begins in the early 20th century.<ref name=":5" /> During this time the ruling [[Rana dynasty]] made various attempts to make Nepali the language of education, notably by [[Dev Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana|Dev Shumsher]] and [[Chandra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]], who established ''[[Gorkhapatra]]'' and the ''[[Sajha Publications|Gorkha Bhasa Prakashini Samiti]],'' respectively.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Uma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2BzhDwAAQBAJ |title=Simultaneous Identities: Language, Education, and Nationalism in Nepal: Language, Education, and Nationalism in Nepal |date=3 December 2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-48992-8 |pages=40–60}}</ref><ref name="sajhaprakashan" /> At this time, when Nepali had a limited literature compared to the [[Hindi]] and [[Bengali language]]s, a movement notably in [[Varanasi]], and [[Darjeeling]] was started to create uniformed Nepali identity, which was later adopted in Nepal following the [[1951 Nepalese revolution]] and during the [[Panchayat (Nepal)|Panchayat]] system.<ref name=":6" /> In 1957, [[Royal Nepal Academy]] was established with the objectives of developing and promoting Nepali literature, culture, art and science.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Whelpton |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KoNT6tjk9mQC |title=A History of Nepal |date=17 February 2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80470-7 |pages=160–170}}</ref> During Panchayat, Nepal adopted a "''One King, One Dress, One Language, One Nation''" ideology, which promoted Nepali language as basis for Nepali nationalism. This time is considered to be a [[Golden Age]] for the language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Nepal, Calls Grow for the Restoration of a Hindu State |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/12/growing-calls-for-restoring-hindu-state-in-nepal/ |access-date=1 March 2023 |website=The Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gautam |first=Bhim Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRomEAAAQBAJ |title=Language Contact in Nepal: A Study on Language Use and Attitudes |date=27 March 2021 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-68810-3 |pages=30–40}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Bhanubhakta Acharya Darjeeling 202401.jpg|thumb|A statue of Bhanubhakta Acharya at [[Chowrasta (Darjeeling)|Chowrasta]], [[Darjeeling]]]]<br />
In [[West Bengal]], Nepali language was recognised by [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal Government]] in 1961 as the official language for the [[Darjeeling district]], and [[Kalimpong]] and [[Kurseong]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Indramani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kRsb6uTKuQYC |title=Parasmani Pradhan |date=1997 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0366-2 |pages=12}}</ref> The [[Nepali Language Movement]] took place in India around the 1980s to include Nepali language in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Reddy |first1=Sunita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPyuEAAAQBAJ |title=Ethnomedicine and Tribal Healing Practices in India: Challenges and Possibilities of Recognition and Integration |last2=Guite |first2=Nemthianngai |last3=Subedi |first3=Bamdev |date=19 February 2023 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-19-4286-0 |pages=150–155}}</ref> In 1977, [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Nepali|Nepali was officially]] accepted by [[Sahitya Academy]], an organisation dedicated to the promotion of [[Indian literature]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Samanta |first=Amiya K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4GqdfG0EU8C |title=Gorkhaland Movement: A Study in Ethnic Separatism |date=2000 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-166-3 |pages=80–90}}</ref> After [[Sikkim]] was annexed by India, the Sikkim Official Languages Act, 1977, made Nepali as one of the official languages of state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sikkim Official Languages Act, 1977 |url=https://sikkim.gov.in/uploads/Gazette/1977_THE_SIKKIM_OFFICIAL_LANGUAGES_ACT_20221029.pdf |website=Government of Sikkim}}</ref> On 20 August 1992, the [[Lok Sabha]] passed a motion to add the Nepali language to the Eighth Schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Struggle for Recognition of Nepali Language: A Brief Outline |url=http://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/struggle-for-recognition-of-nepali-language-a-brief-outline |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=Sikkim Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Official status ==<br />
<br />
Nepali written in the [[Devanagari|Devanagari script]] is the official language of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yadav |first=Raj Narayan |date=2 December 2013 |title=Language Planning and Language Ideology: The Majority and Minority Dichotomy in Nepal |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/TUJ/article/view/26242 |journal=Tribhuvan University Journal |volume=28 |issue=1–2 |pages=197–202 |doi=10.3126/tuj.v28i1-2.26242 |issn=2091-0916|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=20 September 2015 |title=The Constitution of Nepal |url=https://lawcommission.gov.np/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Constitution-of-Nepal.pdf |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=Nepal Law Commission |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101160439/https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Constitution-of-Nepal.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 31 August 1992, Nepali was added to the list of [[languages with official status in India|scheduled languages of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepali becomes one of the official languages of India |url=https://nepalilanguage.org/success-stories/nepali-an-official-language-of-india |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=nepalilanguage.org |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190546/https://nepalilanguage.org/success-stories/nepali-an-official-language-of-india |url-status=live}}</ref> Nepali is the official language of the state of [[Sikkim]] and [[Gorkhaland]] of [[West Bengal]].<br />
<br />
Despite being spoken by about a quarter of the population,<ref name="thehimalayantimes.com2">{{cite news |last=Koirala |first=Keshav P. |date=6 February 2017 |title=Where in US, elsewhere Bhutanese refugees from Nepal resettled to |work=The Himalayan Times |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/where-in-earth-have-been-bhutanese-refugees-from-nepal-resettled/ |access-date=14 December 2022 |archive-date=14 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214133735/https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/where-in-earth-have-been-bhutanese-refugees-from-nepal-resettled/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Nepali has no official status in [[Bhutan]].<ref name="Far">{{cite book |author=Eur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e5Az1lGCJwQC |title=Far East and Australasia 2003 – Regional surveys of the world |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=1-85743-133-2 |edition=34 |pages=181–183}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Geographic distribution ==<br />
<br />
=== Nepal ===<br />
[[File:Nepali language map.svg|thumb|300px|Geographic distribution of the Nepali language as their mother tongue in the [[Indian subcontinent]].]]<br />
According to the [[2011 Nepal census|2011 national census]], 44.6% of the population of Nepal speaks Nepali as its [[first language]].<ref>{{cite web|year=2013|title=Major highlights|url=http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Major-Finding.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717170017/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Major-Finding.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2013|access-date=12 September 2013|publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics|page=4}}</ref> and 32.8% speak Nepali as a second language.<ref name="ethnologue1">{{cite web|title=Nepali (npi)|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/npi/|access-date=6 October 2016|work=Ethnologue|archive-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009110245/http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/npi/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ethnologue]] reports 12,300,000 speakers within Nepal (from the 2011 census).<ref name="ethnologue1" /> It is spoken by 20,250,952, about 77.20% of the population, as their [[first language]] and [[second language]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language map of Nepal: Interactive (EN) |url=https://translatorswithoutborders.org/language-map-of-nepal-interactive-en/ |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=Translators without Borders}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== India ===<br />
{{pie chart<br />
|label1=[[West Bengal]]|value1=36|color1=maroon<br />
|label2=[[Assam]]|value2=20|color2=deepskyblue<br />
|label3=[[Sikkim]]|value3=12|color3=lavender<br />
|label4=Rest of [[Northeast India]]|value4=8|color4=darkblue<br />
|label5=[[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]]|value5=12|color5=orange<br />
|label6=Other states|value6=12|color6=grey<br />
|caption=Total number of Nepali speakers in India by state (2011 census)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nepalindata.com/ne/Darjeeling--India%E2%80%99s-Nepali-language-hub/|title=Darjeeling, India's Nepali language hub<br />
|publisher=Nepal In Data|access-date=16 March 2023}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
According to the [[2011 census of India]], there were a total of 2,926,168 Nepali language speakers in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Language – India, States And Union Territories (Table C-16) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=27 August 2020 |website=census.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{static row numbers}}{{sticky header}}{{table alignment}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible static-row-numbers sticky-header col1left" style="text-align:right"<br />
|+Nepali speakers in India by state<ref name="India-census">{{cite web |title=Growth of Scheduled Languages-1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement7.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220040137/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement7.aspx |archive-date=20 February 2015 |access-date=22 February 2015 |website=Census of India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Distribution of the 22 Scheduled Languages – India/ States/ Union Territories-2011 Census |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Part-A.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314173034/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Part-A.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2022 |access-date=12 March 2022 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><br />
!State<br />
!Nepali speakers (2011 census)<br />
|- style="background:#e6e6e6" class="sorttop static-row-header"<br />
| '''{{flag+link|Languages of|India}}'''<br />
| 2,926,168<br />
|-<br />
|[[West Bengal]]<br />
|1,155,375<br />
|-<br />
|[[Assam]]<br />
|596,210<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sikkim]]<br />
|382,200<br />
|-<br />
|[[Uttarakhand]]<br />
|106,399<br />
|-<br />
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]<br />
|95,317<br />
|-<br />
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
|89,508 <br />
|-<br />
|[[Maharashtra]]<br />
|75,683<br />
|-<br />
|[[Manipur]]<br />
|63,756 <br />
|-<br />
|[[Meghalaya]]<br />
|54,716 <br />
|-<br />
|[[Nagaland]] <br />
|43,481 <br />
|-<br />
|[[Delhi]]<br />
|37,468<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gujarat]]<br />
|25,142<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
|22,138<br />
|-<br />
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br />
|22,061<br />
|-<br />
|[[Haryana]]<br />
|19,914<br />
|-<br />
|[[Karnataka]]<br />
|19,274<br />
|-<br />
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
|18,743<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jharkhand]]<br />
|16,956<br />
|-<br />
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
|11,551<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mizoram]]<br />
|8,994<br />
|-<br />
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
|8,724<br />
|-<br />
|[[Odisha]]<br />
|8,654<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rajasthan]]<br />
|7,636<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|7,575<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chandigarh]]<br />
|6,546<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bihar]]<br />
|5,727<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kerala]]<br />
|3,665<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chhattisgarh]]<br />
|3,431<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tripura]]<br />
|2,787<br />
|-<br />
|[[Goa]]<br />
|2,600<br />
|-<br />
|[[Daman and Diu]]<br />
|1,401<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]<br />
|1,152<br />
|-<br />
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]<br />
|949<br />
|-<br />
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]<br />
|431<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lakshadweep]]<br />
|4<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Bhutan ===<br />
In [[Bhutan]], native Nepali speakers, known as ''Lhotshampa'', are estimated at 35%<ref name="USDOS">{{cite web|date=2 February 2010|title=Background Note: Bhutan|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35839.htm|access-date=2 October 2010|publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]|archive-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112050953/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35839.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> of the population. This number includes displaced [[Bhutanese refugees]], with unofficial estimates of the ethnic Bhutanese refugee population as high as 30 to 40%, constituting a majority in the south (about 242,000 people).<ref name="USLCCS">{{cite book|last1=Worden|first1=Robert L.|url=https://archive.org/details/nepalbhutancount00sava/page/424|title=Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies|last2=Savada|first2=Andrea Matles|publisher=Federal Research Division, [[United States Library of Congress]]|year=1991|isbn=978-0-8444-0777-7|edition=3rd|pages=[https://archive.org/details/nepalbhutancount00sava/page/424 424]|chapter=Chapter 6: Bhutan - Ethnic Groups|access-date=2 October 2010|chapter-url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/bttoc.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Australia ===<br />
Nepali is the third-most spoken language in the Australian state of [[Tasmania]], where it is spoken by 1.3% of its population,<ref name="census2021">{{cite web |title=Snapshot of Tasmania | date=28 June 2022 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/snapshot-tas-2021 |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022223/https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/snapshot-tas-2021|url-status=live |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> and fifth-most spoken language in the [[Northern Territory]], Australia, spoken by 1.3% of its population.<ref name="census2021-2">{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/snapshot-nt-2021|title=Snapshot Northern Territory, Housing and Population Census 2021|date=28 June 2022|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=21 July 2022|archive-date=21 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721094557/https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/snapshot-nt-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nepali is the most spoken language other than English in [[Rockdale, New South Wales|Rockdale]] and [[Kogarah]]. In [[Granville, New South Wales|Granville]], [[Campsie, New South Wales|Campsie]] and [[Ashfield, New South Wales|Ashfield]] it is the second most commonly spoken language other than English. [[Allawah]] and [[Hurstville]] have third most Nepali speaking population in [[New South Wales]]. There are regular Nepali language News papers and Magazines in Australia.<br />
<br />
=== International ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+International geographic distribution<br />
!Country<br />
!Speaker population<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|{{MMR}}<br />
|300,000-500,000<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2020 |title=Emerging dynamics among Southeast Asia's Nepali diaspora |url=https://www.newmandala.org/emerging-dynamics-among-southeast-asias-nepali-diaspora/ |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=New Mandala}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{AUS}}<br />
|133,068<ref>{{Cite web |title=SBS Australian Census Explorer |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/census-explorer-2021/index.html?lang=en&languages=nepali&topic=cultural-diversity |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=SBS}}</ref><br />
|2021 census<br />
|-<br />
|{{HKG}}<br />
|25,472<ref name="scmp.com">{{cite web |title=Thamatic Report: Ethnic Minorities |url=https://www.bycensus2016.gov.hk/data/16bc-ethnic-minorities.pdf |access-date=29 September 2018 |website=bycensus2016.gov.hk/data/16bc-ethnic-minorities.pdf |publisher=Census and Statistics Department of Hong Kong|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127142756/https://www.bycensus2016.gov.hk/data/16bc-ethnic-minorities.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2018}}</ref><br />
|2016 census<br />
|-<br />
|{{CAN}}<br />
|13,375<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=8 February 2017 |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country] |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=1 |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=Government of Canada}}</ref><br />
|2016 census<br />
|-<br />
|{{FIN}}<br />
|7,234<ref>{{cite web |title=Language according to age and sex by region, 1990-2023 |url=https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rl.px/ |website=stat.fi |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref><br />
|2023 statistics<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
{{Main|Nepali phonology}}<br />
<br />
[[Vowel]]s and [[consonant]]s are outlined in the tables below.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+Nepali vowel phonemes<br />
!<br />
! [[Front vowel|Front]]<br />
! [[Central vowel|Central]]<br />
! [[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Close vowel|Close]]<br />
| {{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|ĩ}}<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|ũ}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]<br />
| {{IPA link|e}} {{IPA link|ẽ}}<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|o}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|ʌ}} {{IPA link|ʌ̃}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|ã}}<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Nepali distinguishes six oral vowels and five [[nasal vowels]]. /o/ does not have a phonemic nasal counterpart, although it is often in [[free variation]] with [õ].<br />
<br />
Nepali has ten [[diphthongs]]: /ui̯/, /iu̯/, /ei̯/, /eu̯/, /oi̯/, /ou̯/, /ʌi̯/, /ʌu̯/, /ai̯/, and /au̯/.<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+Nepali consonant phonemes<br />
! colspan="3" |<br />
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]<br />
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]<br />
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br />
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]<br />
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br />
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br />
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br />
| {{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|म}}<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|न/ञ}}<br />
| ({{IPA link|ɳ}} {{angbr|ण}})<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{angbr|ङ}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" | [[Plosive]]/<br />[[Affricate]]<br />
! rowspan="2" | <small>voiceless</small><br />
! <small>unaspirated</small><br />
| {{IPA link|p}} {{angbr|प}}<br />
| {{IPA link|t}} {{angbr|त}}<br />
| {{IPA link|t͡s}} {{angbr|च}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ʈ}} {{angbr|ट}}<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|k}} {{angbr|क}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>aspirated</small><br />
| {{IPA link|pʰ}} {{angbr|फ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|tʰ}} {{angbr|थ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|t͡sʰ}} {{angbr|छ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}} {{angbr|ठ}}<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|kʰ}} {{angbr|ख}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | <small>voiced</small><br />
! <small>unaspirated</small><br />
| {{IPA link|b}} {{angbr|ब}}<br />
| {{IPA link|d}} {{angbr|द}}<br />
| {{IPA link|d͡z}} {{angbr|ज}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ɖ}} {{angbr|ड}}<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|ɡ}} {{angbr|ग}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>aspirated</small><br />
| {{IPA link|bʱ}} {{angbr|भ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|dʱ}} {{angbr|ध}}<br />
| {{IPA link|d͡zʱ}} {{angbr|{{lang|ne|झ}}}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ɖʱ}} {{angbr|ढ}}<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|ɡʱ}} {{angbr|घ}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | [[Fricative]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|s}} {{angbr|श/ष/स}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|ɦ}} {{angbr|ह}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|r}} {{angbr|र}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | [[Approximant]]<br />
| ({{IPA link|w}} {{angbr|व}})<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|l}} {{angbr|ल}}<br />
|<br />
| ({{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|य}})<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[j] and [w] are nonsyllabic [[allophones]] of [i] and [u], respectively. Every consonant except [j], [w], and /ɦ/ has a [[geminate]] counterpart between vowels. /ɳ/ and /ʃ/ also exist in some loanwords such as /baɳ/ {{lang|ne|बाण}} "arrow" and /nareʃ/ {{lang|ne|नरेश}} "king", but these sounds are sometimes replaced with native Nepali phonemes. The [[Murmured voice|murmured]] stops may lose their breathy-voice between vowels and word-finally. Non-geminate [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] and murmured stops may also become fricatives, with /pʰ/ as [<nowiki/>[[Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]]], /bʱ/ as [<nowiki/>[[Voiced bilabial fricative|β]]], /kʰ/ as [<nowiki/>[[Voiceless velar fricative|x]]], and /ɡʱ/ as [<nowiki/>[[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]]. Examples of this are /sʌpʰa/ 'clean' becoming [sʌɸa] and /ʌɡʱaɖi/ 'before' becoming [ʌɣaɽi].<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Khatiwada |first=Rajesh |date=December 2009 |title=Nepali |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0025100309990181/type/journal_article |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=373–380 |doi=10.1017/S0025100309990181 |issn=0025-1003}}</ref><br />
<br />
Typically, sounds transcribed with the retroflex symbols ⟨[[Voiceless retroflex plosive|ʈ]], ʈʰ, [[Voiced retroflex plosive|ɖ]], ɖʱ, ɽ, ɳ, ɽ̃⟩ are not purely retroflex [<nowiki/>[[Voiceless retroflex plosive|ʈ]], ʈʰ, [[Voiced retroflex plosive|ɖ]], ɖʱ, [[Voiced retroflex flap|ɽ]], [[Voiced retroflex nasal|ɳ]], ɽ̃] but apical postalveolar [<nowiki/>[[Voiceless postalveolar plosive|t̠]], t̠ʰ, [[Voiced postalveolar plosive|d̠]], d̠ʱ, [[Voiced postalveolar flap|ɾ̠]], [[Voiced postalveolar nasal|n̠]], ɾ̠̃]. Some speakers may use purely retroflex sounds after /u/ and /a/, but other speakers use the apical articulation in all positions.<ref name=":7" /><br />
<br />
Final schwas [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|may or may not be preserved]] in speech. The following rules can be followed to figure out whether or not Nepali words retain the final schwa:<br />
<br />
# Schwa is retained if the final syllable is a conjunct consonant. {{Lang|ne|अन्त}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|anta}}, 'end'), {{Lang|ne|सम्बन्ध}} ({{Transliteration|ne|sambandha}}, 'relation'), {{Lang|ne|श्रेष्ठ}} ({{Transliteration|ne|śreṣṭha}}, 'greatest'/a last name).<br />Exceptions: conjuncts such as {{Lang|Ne|ञ्च}} {{Lang|Ne|ञ्ज}} in {{Lang|ne|मञ्च}} ({{Transliteration|ne|mañc}}, 'stage') {{Lang|ne|गञ्ज}} ({{Transliteration|ne|gañj}}, 'city') and occasionally the last name {{Lang|Ne|पन्त}} ({{Transliteration|ne|panta}}/{{Transliteration|ne|pant}}).<br />
# For any verb form the final schwa is always retained unless the schwa-cancelling halanta is present. {{Lang|ne|हुन्छ}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|huncha}}, 'it happens'), {{Lang|Ne|भएर}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|bhaera}}, 'in happening so; therefore'), {{Lang|Ne|गएछ}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|gaecha}}, 'he apparently went'), but {{Lang|Ne|छन्}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|chan}}, 'they are'), {{Lang|Ne|गईन्}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|gain}}, 'she went'). Meanings may change with the wrong orthography: {{Lang|Ne|गईन}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|gaina}}, 'she didn't go') vs {{Lang|Ne|गईन्}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|gain}}, 'she went').<br />
# Adverbs, onomatopoeia and postpositions usually maintain the schwa and if they don't, a halanta is required: {{Lang|Ne|अब}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|aba}} 'now'), {{Lang|Ne|तिर}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|tira}}, 'towards'), {{Lang|Ne|आज}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|āja}}, 'today') {{Lang|Ne|सिम्सिम}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|simsim}} 'drizzle') vs {{Lang|Ne|झन्}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|jhan}}, 'more').<br />
# Few exceptional nouns retain the schwa such as: {{Lang|Ne|दु:ख}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|dukha}}, 'suffering'), {{Lang|Ne|सुख}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|sukha}}, 'pleasure').<br />
<br />
Note: Schwas are often retained in music and poetry to add extra syllables when needed.<br />
<br />
== Grammar ==<br />
{{Main|Nepali grammar}}<br />
<br />
Nepali is a highly [[fusional language]] in verbal morphology, and is [[agglutination|agglutinative]] in the case morphology with relatively free [[word order]], although the dominant arrangement is [[Subject–object–verb|SOV]] (subject–object–verb). There are three major levels or gradations of [[Honorifics (linguistics)|honorifics]], as well as two more based on dialect and class: low, medium, high, very high, and royal. Low honorific is used where no respect is due, medium honorific is used to signify equal status or neutrality, and high honorific signifies respect. The very high grade is used by some speakers, and the highest level royal honorific, was used to refer to members of the royal family, and by the royals among themselves. Often it would also use unique or uncommon vocabulary.{{sfn|Jain|Cardona|2007|p=571}}<ref name=":8" /> <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Honorific Grade<br />
!Nepali<br />
!IAST Transliteration<br />
!English<br />
|-<br />
|Low<br />
|तँ खान्छस्<br />
|tã khānchas<br />
| rowspan="5" |You eat (food).<br />
|-<br />
|Medium<br />
|तिमी खान्छौ<br />
|timī khānchau<br />
|-<br />
|High<br />
|तपाईं खानु हुन्छ<br />
|tapāīṃ khānu huncha<br />
|-<br />
|Very high<br />
|हजुर खाइसिन्छ<br />
|hajura khānu hoisincha<br />
|-<br />
|Royal<br />
|मौसुफ खाइबक्सिन्छ<br />
|mausupha khānu hoibaksincha<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Nepali makes frequent use of [[infix]]es to show verbal negation, which in turn are used as [[Echo answer|echo responses]] to [[Yes–no question|yes-no questions]].<br />
<br />
== Writing system ==<br />
{{See also|Devanagari script}}<br />
Nepali is generally written in [[Devanagari]] script. In certain regions, the [[Tibetan script]] was also used in regions with predominantly Tibetic population, with common Tibetan expressions and pronunciation.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ten documents from Mustang in the Nepali language (1667-1975 A.D.) |date=2001 |publisher=VGH Wissenschaftsverlag |isbn=978-3-88280-061-6 |editor-last=Karmācārya |editor-first=Mādhavalāla |series=Results of the Nepal German Project on High Mountain Archaeology |location=Bonn |editor-last2=Nepal German Project on High Mountain Archaeology}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepali History |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Nepali/Nepali_hist.html |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=lisindia.ciil.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the section below Nepali is represented in Latin transliteration using the [[IAST]] scheme and [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]. The chief features are: [[subscript]] [[dot (diacritic)|dot]]s for [[retroflex consonant]]s; [[Macron (diacritic)|macron]]s for etymologically, contrastively [[long vowel]]s; ''h'' denoting [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] [[plosive]]s. [[Tilde]]s denote [[nasal vowel]]s.<br />
<br />
{| class="skin-invert wikitable" style="background:none"<br />
|+ Consonants<br />
|-<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=क|ipa=/kʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=ख|ipa=/kʰʌ/, /xʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=ग|ipa=/ɡʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=घ|ipa=/ɡʱʌ/, /ɣʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=ङ|ipa=/ŋʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=च|ipa=/t͡sʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=छ|ipa=/t͡sʰʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=ज|ipa=/d͡zʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch={{lang|ne|झ}}|ipa=/d͡zʱʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=ञ|ipa=/nʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=ट|ipa=/ʈʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=ठ|ipa=/ʈʰʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=ड|ipa=/ɖʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=ढ|ipa=/ɖʱʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=ण|ipa=/nʌ/, /ɳʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=त|ipa=/tʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=थ|ipa=/tʰʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=द|ipa=/dʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=ध|ipa=/dʱʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=न|ipa=/nʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=प|ipa=/pʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=फ|ipa=/pʰʌ/, /ɸʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=ब|ipa=/bʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=भ|ipa=/bʱʌ/, /βʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=म|ipa=/mʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=य|ipa=/jʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=र|ipa=/rʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=ल|ipa=/lʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=व|ipa=/wʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=श|ipa=/sʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=ष|ipa=/sʌ/, /kʰʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=स|ipa=/sʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=ह|ipa=/ɦʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="skin-invert wikitable" style="background:none"<br />
|+ Ligatures<br />
|-<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=क्ष|ipa=/t͡sʰjʌ/, /ksʌ/|tops=क + ष |s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=त्र|ipa=/trʌ/|tops=त + र |s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter| l=ne | ch=ज्ञ|ipa=/ɡjʌ/|tops=ज + ञ|s=Deva}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="skin-invert wikitable" style="background:none"<br />
|+ Diacritics combined with the letter ब<br />
! colspan="10" |Vowels<br />
! colspan="4" |Consonants<br />
|-<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=अ |iso=a|ipa=/ʌ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=आ |iso=ā |ipa=/a/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=इ |iso=i |ipa=/i/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=ई |iso=ī |ipa=/i/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=उ |iso=u |ipa=/u/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=ऊ |iso=ū |ipa=/u/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=ए |iso=e |ipa=/e/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=ऐ |iso=ai |ipa=/i̯/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=ओ |iso=o |ipa=/o/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=औ|iso=au |ipa=/u̯/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=ऋ|iso=ṛ |ipa=/r̩/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=अं|iso=ṃ |ipa=/◌̃/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=अः|iso=ḥ |ipa=/ɦ/|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=अँ|iso=ã | ipa=/ʌ̃/|s=Deva}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=◌ा|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=◌ि|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=◌ी|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=◌ु|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=◌ू|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=◌े|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=◌ै|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=◌ो|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=◌ौ|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=◌ृ|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=◌ं|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=ः|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|ch=◌ँ|s=Deva}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|tops=ब|ch=ब|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|tops=ब +◌ा|ch=बा|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|tops=ब + ◌ि|ch=बि|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|tops=ब + ◌ी|ch=बी|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|tops=ब + ◌ु|ch=बु|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|tops=ब + ◌ू|ch=बू|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|tops=ब + ◌े|ch=बे|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|tops=ब + ◌ै|ch=बै|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|tops=ब + ◌ो|ch=बो|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|tops=ब + ◌ौ|ch=बौ|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|tops=ब + ◌ृ|ch=बृ|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|tops=ब + ◌ं|ch=बं|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|tops=ब + ः|ch=बः|s=Deva}}<br />
|{{letter|l=ne|tops=ब + ◌ँ|ch=बँ|s=Deva}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Literature ==<br />
{{main|Nepali literature}}<br />
<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2024}}<br />
[[File:Bhanubhakta Acharya.jpg|thumb|[[Bhanubhakta Acharya]], considered the first poet ''(Ādikābi)'' in [[Literature of Nepal#Nepali literature|Nepali-language literature]]]]<br />
Nepali developed significant literature within a short period of a hundred years in the 19th century. This literary explosion was fuelled by [[Adhyatma Ramayana]]; Sundarananda Bara (1833); Birsikka, an anonymous collection of folk tales; and a version of the [[ancient India]]n epic ''[[Bhanubhakta Ramayana|Ramayana]]'' by [[Bhanubhakta Acharya]] (d. 1868). The contribution of trio-laureates [[Lekhnath Paudyal]], [[Laxmi Prasad Devkota]], and [[Balkrishna Sama]] took Nepali to the level of other world languages. The contribution of expatriate writers outside Nepal, especially in [[Darjeeling]] and [[Varanasi]] in India, is also notable. Nepali-language speakers are rapidly migrating around the globe in last a couple of decades and many books of Nepali language literature are published from different corners of the world. Diasporic literature has developed new ways of thinking and created a new branch in Nepali language literature.<br />
<br />
==Dialects==<br />
Dialects of Nepali include Acchami, Baitadeli, Bajhangi, Bajurali, Bheri, Dadeldhuri, Dailekhi, Darchulali, Darchuli, Gandakeli, Humli, Purbeli, and Soradi.<ref name="ethnologue1" /> These dialects can be distinct from Standard Nepali. Mutual intelligibility between Baitadeli, Bajhangi, Bajurali (Bajura), Humli and Acchami is low.<ref name="ethnologue1" /> The dialect of the Nepali language spoken in [[Karnali Province]] is not mutually intelligible with Standard Nepali. The language is known by its old name as ''[[Jumli language|Khas Bhasa]]'' in Karnali.<ref name="onlinekhabar1" /><br />
<br />
==Sample text==<br />
The following is a sample text in Nepali, of Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], with a transliteration (IAST) and transcription ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Nepali language |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/nep.pdf |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=ohchr.org |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517005406/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/nep.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
; Nepali in Devanagari Script<br />
: धारा १. सबै व्यक्तिहरू जन्मजात स्वतन्त्र हुन् ती सबैको समान अधिकार र महत्व छ। निजहरूमा विचार शक्ति र सद्विचार भएकोले निजहरूले आपसमा भातृत्वको भावनाबाट व्यवहार गर्नु पर्छ।<br />
<br />
; Transliteration ([[ISO 15919|ISO]])<br />
: Dhārā 1. Sabai vyaktiharū janmajāt svatantra hun tī sabaiko samān adhikār ra mahatva cha. Nijharūmā vicār śakti ra sadvicār bhaekole nijharūle āpasmā bhatṛtvako bhāvanabāṭa vyavahār garnu parcha.<br />
<br />
; Transcription ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]])<br />
<br />
: [dʱaɾa ek sʌbʌi̯ bektiɦʌɾu d͡zʌnmʌd͡zat sotʌntɾʌ ɦun ti sʌbʌi̯ko sʌman ʌd(ʱ)ikaɾ rʌ mʌːtːo t͡sʰʌ nid͡zɦʌɾuma bit͡saɾ sʌkti ɾʌ sʌdbit͡sar bʱʌekole nid͡zɦʌɾule apʌsma bʱatɾitːoko bʱawʌnabaʈʌ bebaːr ɡʌɾnu pʌɾt͡sʰʌ]<br />
<br />
; Gloss (word-to-word)<br />
<br />
: Article 1. All human-beings from-birth independent are their all equal right and importance is. In themselves, intellect and conscience {endowed therefore} they {one another} brotherhood's spirit {treatment with} do must.<br />
<br />
; Translation (grammatical)<br />
<br />
: Article 1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Nepal Sambat]]<br />
* [[Nepali language movement]]<br />
* [[Nepali Language Recognition Day]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
{{Refbegin|30em}}<br />
* {{cite journal |author=Richard Burghart |title=The Formation of the Concept of Nation-State in Nepal |jstor=2056748 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=1 |year=1984 |pages=101–125 |doi=10.2307/2056748 |s2cid=154584368}}<br />
* {{Cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ&q=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages| title=The Indo-Aryan Languages| isbn=9781135797119| last1=Jain| first1=Danesh| last2=Cardona| first2=George| date=26 July 2007| publisher=Routledge| access-date=26 November 2021| archive-date=15 January 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115123456/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Indo_Aryan_Languages/iUHfBQAAQBAJ?hl=en| url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last= Hodgson |first= Brian Houghton |year= 2013 |title= Essays on the Languages, Literature, and Religion of Nepál and Tibet |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DuUxTMez9n4C&q=hodgson+essays+on+the+languages |edition= Reprint |publisher= Cambridge University Press |page= |isbn= 9781108056083 |access-date= 27 March 2014 |archive-date= 15 January 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230115123456/https://books.google.com/books?id=DuUxTMez9n4C&q=hodgson+essays+on+the+languages |url-status= live}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{Refbegin|40em}}<br />
* {{lang|ne|पोखरेल}}, {{lang|ne|मा}}. {{lang|ne|प्र}}. (2000), {{lang|ne|ध्वनिविज्ञान र नेपाली भाषाको ध्वनि परिचय}}, {{lang|ne|नेपाल राजकीय प्रज्ञा प्रतिष्ठान}}, {{lang|ne|काठमाडौँ}}।<br />
* Schmidt, R. L. (1993) [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/schmidt/ ''A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126134212/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/schmidt/ |date=26 January 2021}}<br />
* [[Ralph Lilley Turner|Turner, R. L.]] (1931) [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/turner/ ''A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913064420/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/turner/ |date=13 September 2019}}<br />
* Clements, G.N. & Khatiwada, R. (2007). "Phonetic realization of contrastively aspirated affricates in Nepali." In ''Proceedings of ICPhS XVI'' (Saarbrücken, 6–10 August 2007), 629- 632. [http://www.icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1650/1650.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306173708/http://www.icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1650/1650.pdf |date=6 March 2009}}<br />
* Hutt, M. & Subedi, A. (2003) ''Teach Yourself Nepali.''<br />
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0025100309990181 |title=Nepali |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=373–380 |year=2009 |last1=Khatiwada |first1=Rajesh |doi-access=free}}<br />
* Manders, C. J. (2007) ''{{lang|ne|नेपाली व्याकरणमा आधार}} A Foundation in Nepali Grammar.''<br />
* Dashrath Kharel, "Nepali linguistics spoken in Darjeeling-Sikkim"<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{interWiki|code=ne}}<br />
{{Wikivoyage|Nepali phrasebook|Nepali|a phrasebook}}<br />
{{Wiktionary|Category:Nepali language}}<br />
* [[wikt:Category:Nepali lemmas|List of Nepali words]] at [[Wiktionary]], the free dictionary<br />
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/nepali.htm Omniglot – Nepali Language]<br />
* [https://barala.com.np/nepali-unicode.php Barala – Easy Nepali Typing]<br />
* {{lang|ne|नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश}} {{!}} Nepali Brihat Shabdakosh (Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary) {{!}} [https://nepalacademy.org.np/ "Nepal Academy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120063148/http://nepalacademy.org.np/ |date=20 November 2016 }}<br />
* {{lang|ne|नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश}} {{!}} Nepali Brihat Shabdakosh – Nepali Dictionary [https://www.mankoaawaz.com/2014/08/download-nepali-dictionary-pdf.html "Nepali Brihat Shabdakosh Latest Edition"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531022756/https://www.mankoaawaz.com/2014/08/download-nepali-dictionary-pdf.html |date=31 May 2023 }}<br />
<br />
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[[Category:Nepali language| ]]<br />
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[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=11th_Meghalaya_Assembly&diff=48161111th Meghalaya Assembly2026-05-06T07:24:40Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: created the article more to come!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Unicameral legislature of the Indian state of Meghalaya}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox legislative term<br />
|name=11th Meghalaya Assembly<br />
|before=[[10th Meghalaya Assembly]]<br />
|state=[[Meghalaya]]<br />
|body=[[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|country=[[India]]<br />
|government=[[Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|website=https://megassembly.gov.in/<br />
|meeting_place=Vidhana Bhavan, Shillong, Meghalaya, India<br />
|image=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Eleventh Meghalaya Assembly''' constituted after the [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]. Elections were held in [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|59]] constituencies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singharia |first=Kanishka |date=2023-01-18 |title=Meghalaya polls to be held on Feb 27, results on March 2 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meghalaya-polls-to-be-held-on-feb-27-results-on-march-2-101674034750467.html |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Voting on [[Sohiong Assembly constituency|Sohiong]] was postponed after the death of UDP's candidate H. D. R. Lyngdoh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-02-21 |title=Polling postponed in Sohiong, Meghalaya after UDP candidate's death |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/polling-postponed-in-sohiong-meghalaya-after-udp-candidate-s-death-123022100374_1.html |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
After results were declared on 2 March 2023, it resulted into a hung assembly. Ruling NPP got 26 seats however BJP supported [[Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)|MDA]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Meghalaya Election Results 2023 highlights: BJP submits letter of support to NPP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meghalaya-election-result-2023-live-60-assembly-constituencies-election-news-101677714304477.html |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anamni |last2=Suresh |first2=Anandu |date=2023-03-02 |title=Meghalaya Election Results 2023 Live Updates: Conrad Sangma falls short of majority, dials Amit Shah for BJP support to form govt |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/meghalaya-election-result-2023-live-updates-assembly-election-vote-counting-today-bjp-congress-cpi-latest-news-8473285/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notable positions ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!S.No<br />
!Position<br />
!Portrait<br />
!Name<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
!Constituency<br />
!Office Taken<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
| Speaker<br />
|<br />
|[[Thomas A. Sangma]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|[[North Tura Assembly constituency|North Tura]]<br />
|9 March 2023<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-03-09 |title=NPP's Thomas A. Sangma elected unopposed as speaker of the assembly |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/conrad-sangmas-party-mla-thomas-sangma-elected-unopposed-as-meghalaya-speaker-3845750/amp/1 |access-date=2023-03-09 |work=[[NDTV]] |issn=}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
|Deputy Speaker <br />
|<br />
| [[Limison D. Sangma]] <br />
|{{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|[[Raksamgre (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raksamgre]] (ST)<br />
|15 September 2025<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
|Leader of the House ([[List of chief ministers of Meghalaya|Chief Minister]])<br />
|<br />
|[[Conrad Sangma]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|[[South Tura Assembly constituency|South Tura]]<br />
|7 March 2023<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Dhar |first=Aniruddha |date=2023-03-07 |title=Conrad Sangma takes oath as Meghalaya CM; Prestone Tynsong, Sniawbhalang Dhar his deputy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/conrad-sangma-takes-oath-as-meghalaya-cm-in-presence-of-pm-modi-101678167714518.html |access-date=2024-08-29 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |issn=}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="2" |4<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[List of deputy chief ministers of Meghalaya|Deputy Chief Minister]]<br />
|rowspan="2" |<br />
|[[Prestone Tynsong]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|[[Pynursla Assembly constituency|Pynursla]]<br />
|7 March 2023<ref name=":1" /><br />
|-<br />
|[[Sniawbhalang Dhar]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|[[Nartiang Assembly constituency|Nartiang]]<br />
|7 March 2023<ref name=":1" /><br />
|-<br />
!5<br />
|Leader of the Opposition <br />
| <br />
|[[Mukul Sangma]] <br />
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}<br />
|[[Mylliem Assembly constituency|Mylliem]]<br />
|9 June 2023 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Party wise distribution ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="2" |Alliance<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
! colspan="2" |No. of MLA's<br />
!Leader of the Party<br />
in Assembly<br />
!Leader's Constituency<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|style="background:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}"|<br />
|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]<br />
|33<br />
| rowspan="5" |'''51'''<br />
|[[Conrad Sangma]]<br />
|[[South Tura Assembly constituency|South Tura]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}"|<br />
|[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]<br />
|12<br />
|[[Metbah Lyngdoh]]<br />
|[[Mairang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mairang]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|2<br />
|[[Sanbor Shullai]]<br />
|[[South Shillong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|South Shillong]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}" |<br />
|[[Hill State People's Democratic Party]]<br />
| colspan="2" |'''2'''<br />
|[[Methodius Dkhar]]<br />
|[[Mawshynrut (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mawshynrut]] (ST)<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}}"|<br />
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
|2<br />
|•[[Remington Gabil Momin]]<br /> •[[Kartush Marak|Kartush R. Marak]]<br />
|•[[Rambrai-Jyrngam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rambrai-Jyrngam]] (ST)<br />•[[Baghmara (Meghalaya Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baghmara]] (ST)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Others}}"|<br />
| rowspan="4" |'''''None'''''<br />
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Trinamool Congress}}" |<br />
|[[Trinamool Congress|All India Trinamool Congress]]<br />
| colspan="2" |'''5'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}" |<br />
|[[Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)|Voice of the People Party]]<br />
| colspan="2" |'''4'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" |Total no. of MLAs <br />
! colspan=2|60<br />
! colspan=2|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!District<br />
! No.<br />
! Constituency<br />
! Name<br />
! colspan="2" | Party<br />
! colspan="2" |<br />
!Remarks<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[West Jaintia Hills district|West Jaintia Hills]]<br />
|1<br />
|[[Nartiang Assembly constituency|Nartiang]] (ST)<br />
| [[Sniawbhalang Dhar]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|[[List of deputy chief ministers of Meghalaya|Deputy Chief Minister]] <br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Jowai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jowai]] (ST)<br />
| [[Wailadmiki Shylla]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Raliang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raliang]] (ST)<br />
| [[Comingone Ymbon]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|[[Second Conrad Sangma ministry|Cabinet Minister]]<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Mowkaiaw (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mowkaiaw]] (ST)<br />
| [[Nujorki Sungoh]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[East Jaintia Hills district|East Jaintia Hills]]<br />
|5<br />
|[[Sutnga Saipung (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sutnga Saipung]] (ST)<br />
| [[Santa Mary Shylla]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Khliehriat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khliehriat]] (ST)<br />
| [[Kyrmen Shylla]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|[[Second Conrad Sangma ministry|Cabinet Minister]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[West Jaintia Hills district|West Jaintia Hills]]<br />
|7<br />
|[[Amlarem (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amlarem]] (ST)<br />
| [[Lahkmen Rymbui]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |[[Ri-Bhoi district|Ri Bhoi]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|8<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Mawhati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mawhati]] (ST)<br />
| rowspan="2"|[[Charles Marngar]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|United Progressive Alliance}}<br />
|rowspan="2"|Switched from INC to NPP<br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|[[Nongpoh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nongpoh]] (ST)<br />
| [[Mayralborn Syiem]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|[[Jirang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jirang]] (ST)<br />
| [[Sosthenes Sohtun|Sosthenes Sohyun]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|11<br />
| rowspan="2"|[[Umsning (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Umsning]] (ST) <br />
| rowspan="2"| [[Celestine Lyngdoh]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|United Progressive Alliance}}<br />
|rowspan="2"| Switched from INC to NPP <br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|[[Umroi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Umroi]] (ST) <br />
| [[Damanbait Lamare]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="20" |[[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]]<br />
|13<br />
|[[Mawryngkneng (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mawrengkneng]] (ST) <br />
| [[Heaving Stone Kharpran]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}<br />
|bgcolor={{Party color|Other}}|<br />
|Others<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|[[Pynthorumkhrah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pynthorumkhrah]]<br />
| [[Alexander Laloo Hek]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|[[Second Conrad Sangma ministry|Cabinet Minister]]<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|[[Mawlai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mawlai]] (ST)<br />
| [[Brightstarwell Marbaniang]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}<br />
|bgcolor={{Party color|Other}}|<br />
|Others<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|[[East Shillong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|East Shillong]] (ST)<br />
| [[Ampareen Lyngdoh]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|[[Second Conrad Sangma ministry|Cabinet Minister]]<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|[[North Shillong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|North Shillong]] (ST)<br />
| [[Adelbert Nongrum]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}<br />
|bgcolor={{Party color|Other}}|<br />
|Others<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|[[West Shillong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|West Shillong]]<br />
| [[Paul Lyngdoh]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|[[Second Conrad Sangma ministry|Cabinet Minister]]<br />
|-<br />
|19<br />
|[[South Shillong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|South Shillong]]<br />
| [[Sanbor Shullai]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|[[Second Conrad Sangma ministry|Cabinet Minister]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|20<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Mylliem (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mylliem]] (ST)<br />
| rowspan=2|[[Ronnie V. Lyngdoh]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|United Progressive Alliance}}<br />
| rowspan=2|Switched from UPA to MDA<br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|-<br />
|21<br />
|[[Nongthymmai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nongthymmai]] (ST)<br />
| [[Charles Pyngrope]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}<br />
|bgcolor={{Party color|Other}}|<br />
|Others<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
|[[Nongkrem (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nongkrem]] (ST)<br />
| [[Ardent Miller Basaiawmoit]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}<br />
|bgcolor={{Party color|Other}}|<br />
|Others<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
|[[Sohiong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sohiong]] (ST)<br />
| [[Synshar Lyngdoh Thabah]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
|[[Mawphlang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mawphlang]] (ST)<br />
| [[Matthew Beyondstar Kurbah]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|25<br />
|[[Mawsynram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mawsynram]] (ST) <br />
| [[Ollan Singh Suin]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|26<br />
|[[Shella (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shella]] (ST)<br />
| [[Balajied Kupar Synrem]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|27<br />
|[[Pynursla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pynursla]] (ST) <br />
| [[Prestone Tynsong|Prestone Tysong]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|[[List of deputy chief ministers of Meghalaya|Deputy Chief Minister]] <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |28<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Sohra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sohra]] (ST)<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Gavin Miguel Mylleim]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |PDF merged with NPP<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-06 |title=PDF merges with NPP |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2023/05/06/pdf-merges-with-npp/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |29<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Mawkynrew (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mawkynrew]] (ST) <br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Banteidor Lyngdoh]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |PDF merged with NPP<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Eastern West Khasi Hills district|Eastern West Khasi Hills]]<br />
|30<br />
|[[Mairang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mairang]] (ST)<br />
| [[Metbah Lyngdoh]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|31<br />
|[[Mawthadraishan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mawthadraishan]] (ST)<br />
| [[Shakliar Warjri]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|[[Second Conrad Sangma ministry|Cabinet Minister]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[West Khasi Hills district|West Khasi Hills]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |32<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Nongstoin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nongstoin]] (ST)<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Gabriel Wahlang]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|United Progressive Alliance}}<br />
| rowspan="2"|Switched from INC to NPP <br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|-<br />
|33<br />
|[[Rambrai-Jyrngam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rambrai-Jyrngam]] (ST)<br />
| [[Remington Gabil Momin]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|34<br />
|[[Mawshynrut (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mawshynrut]] (ST)<br />
| [[Methodius Dkhar]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[South West Khasi Hills district|South West Khasi Hills]]<br />
|35<br />
|[[Ranikor (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranikor]] (ST)<br />
| [[Pius Marwein]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|36<br />
|[[Mawkyrwat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mawkyrwat]] (ST)<br />
| [[Renikton Lyngdoh|Renikton Lyngdoh Tongkhar]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[North Garo Hills district|North Garo Hills]]<br />
|37<br />
|[[Kharkutta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kharkutta]] (ST)<br />
| [[Rupert Momin]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|38<br />
|[[Mendipathar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mendipathar]] (ST)<br />
| [[Marthon Sangma|Marthon J. Sangma]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|39<br />
|[[Resubelpara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Resubelpara]] (ST)<br />
| [[Timothy Shira|Timothy J. Shira]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|40<br />
|[[Bajengdoba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bajengdoba]] (ST)<br />
| [[Pongseng Marak]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[East Garo Hills district|East Garo Hills]]<br />
|41<br />
|[[Songsak (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Songsak]] (ST)<br />
| [[Mukul Sangma]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}<br />
|bgcolor={{Party color|Other}}|<br />
|Others<br />
|Leader of Opposition [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]<br />
|-<br />
|42<br />
|[[Rongjeng (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rongjeng]] (ST)<br />
| [[Jim Sangma|Jim M. Sangma]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|43<br />
|[[Williamnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Williamnagar]] (ST)<br />
| [[Marcuise Marak|Marcuise N. Marak]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|[[Second Conrad Sangma ministry|Cabinet Minister]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" |[[West Garo Hills district|West Garo Hills]]<br />
|44<br />
|[[Raksamgre (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raksamgre]] (ST)<br />
| [[Limison D. Sangma]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|45<br />
|[[Tikrikilla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tikrikilla]] (ST)<br />
| [[Jimmy Sangma|Jimmy D. Sangma]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|46<br />
|[[Phulbari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Phulbari]]<br />
| [[Abu Taher Mondal]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|[[Second Conrad Sangma ministry|Cabinet Minister]]<br />
|-<br />
|47<br />
|[[Rajabala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajabala]]<br />
|[[Mizanur Rahman Kazi]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}<br />
|bgcolor={{Party color|Other}}|<br />
|Others<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|48<br />
|[[Selsella (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Selsella]] (ST)<br />
| [[Arbinstone Marak|Arbinstone B. Marak]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|49<br />
|[[Dadenggre (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dadenggre]] (ST)<br />
| [[Rupa M. Marak]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}<br />
|bgcolor={{Party color|Other}}|<br />
|Others<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|50<br />
|[[North Tura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|North Tura]] (ST)<br />
| [[Thomas A. Sangma]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|Speaker<br />
|-<br />
|51<br />
|[[South Tura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|South Tura]] (ST)<br />
| [[Conrad Sangma]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|[[List of chief ministers of Meghalaya|Chief Minister]]<br />
|-<br />
|52<br />
|[[Rangsakona (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rangsakona]] (ST)<br />
| [[Subir Marak]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[South West Garo Hills district|South West Garo Hills]]<br />
|53<br />
|[[Ampati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ampati]] (ST)<br />
| [[Miani D Shira]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}<br />
|bgcolor={{Party color|Other}}|<br />
|Others<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|54<br />
|[[Mahendraganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahendraganj]] (ST)<br />
| [[Sanjay Sangma|Sanjay A. Sangma]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|55<br />
|[[Salmanpara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Salmanpara]] (ST)<br />
| [[Ian Botham Sangma|Ian Botham K. Sangma]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[West Garo Hills district|West Garo Hills]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |56<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Gambegre (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gambegre]] (ST)<br />
| [[Saleng A. Sangma]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|United Progressive Alliance}}<br />
|Elected to 18th Loksabha<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laitphlang |first=David |date=4 June 2024 |title=Meghalaya: Sitting MPs ousted; ruling NPP loses from its bastion in Tura |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meghalaya-sitting-mps-ousted-ruling-npp-loses-from-its-bastion-in-tura-101717505954902.html |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Mehtab Sangma|Mehtab Chandee Agitok Sangma]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|Elected in bypoll<br />
|-<br />
|57<br />
|[[Dalu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dalu]] (ST)<br />
| [[Brening Sangma|Brening A. Sangma]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[South Garo Hills district|South Garo Hills]]<br />
|58<br />
|[[Rongara Siju (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rongara Siju]] (ST)<br />
| [[Rakkam A Sangma]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|[[Second Conrad Sangma ministry|Cabinet Minister]]<br />
|-<br />
|59<br />
|[[Chokpot (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chokpot]] (ST)<br />
| [[Sengchim Sangma|Sengchim N. Sangma]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|60<br />
|[[Baghmara (Meghalaya Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baghmara]] (ST)<br />
| [[Kartush Marak|Kartush R. Marak]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial assemblies|Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2023–2028| ]]<br />
[[Category:Terms of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taliparamba_Assembly_constituency&diff=539393Taliparamba Assembly constituency2026-05-06T06:30:12Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: Made some bio w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Taliparamba<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| state = Kerala<br />
| constituency_no = 8<br />
| map_image = Pariyaramknr.png<br />
| map_caption = [[Government Medical College, Kannur]] is located at [[Pariyaram]]<br />
| established = 1965<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = 2,13,096 (2021)<br />
| mla = [[T. K. Govindan]]<br />
| party = [[Independent Politician]]<br />
| alliance = '''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br />
| district = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]<br />
}} <br />
'''Taliparamba State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Kannur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = https://kannur.nic.in/constituencies<br />
|website = kannur.nic.in<br />
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Kannur district, Kerala<br />
}}</ref> As of the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is T.K. Govindan, an independent candidate contested for [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] party.<br />
<br />
==Local self-governed segments==<br />
Taliparamba Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html<br />
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kannur District<br />
|access-date = 7 March 2021<br />
|archive-date = 23 April 2021<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210423160037/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
!width="30px" |Sl no.<br />
!width="100px" |Name<br />
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])<br />
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Anthoor]]<br />
|Municipality<br />
|[[Taliparamba taluk|Taliparamba]]<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Taliparamba]]<br />
|Municipality<br />
|[[Taliparamba taluk|Taliparamba]]<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Chapparapadavu]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Taliparamba taluk|Taliparamba]]<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Kolachery]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Taliparamba taluk|Taliparamba]]<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Kurumathur]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Taliparamba taluk|Taliparamba]]<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Kuttiattoor]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Taliparamba taluk|Taliparamba]]<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Malapattam]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Taliparamba taluk|Taliparamba]]<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[Mayyil]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Taliparamba taluk|Taliparamba]]<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|[[Pariyaram]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Taliparamba taluk|Taliparamba]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Election<br />
!Niyama<br />
Sabha<br />
!Name<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
!Tenure<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|3rd<br />
| K. P. R. Poduval<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=y}}<br />
|1967 – 1970<br />
|-<br />
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]<br />
|4th<br />
|C. P. Govindan Nambiar<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|1970 – 1977<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|5th<br />
| [[M. V. Raghavan]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=11|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=y}}<br />
|1977 – 1980<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|6th<br />
| rowspan="2" | C. P. Moosankutty<br />
|1980 – 1982<br />
|-<br />
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br />
|7th<br />
|1982 – 1987<br />
|-<br />
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br />
|8th<br />
| [[K. K. N. Pariyaram]]<br />
|1987 – 1991<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
|9th<br />
| Pacheni Kunhiraman<br />
|1991 – 1996<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
|10th<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[M. V. Govindan]]<br />
|1996 – 2001<br />
|-<br />
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
|11th<br />
|2001 – 2006<br />
|-<br />
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
|12th<br />
| C. K. P. Padmanabhan<br />
|2006 – 2011<br />
|-<br />
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
|13th<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[James Mathew]]<br />
|2011 – 2016<br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
|14th<br />
|2016-2021<br />
|-<br />
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
|15th<br />
| M. V. Govindan<br />
|2021-2026<br />
|-<br />
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br />
|16th<br />
|[[T.K. Govindan]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}<br />
|2026 – present <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
<br />
===2026===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Taliparamba}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = United Democratic Front (Kerala)<br />
|candidate = T. K. Govindan<br />
|votes = 90,946<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) <br />
|candidate = P. K. Shyamala<br />
|votes = 78,378<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = BJP<br />
|candidate = N. Haridas<br />
|votes = 16,010<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = 12,551<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2021 ===<br />
There were 2,13,096 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 election.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.oneindia.com/taliparamba-assembly-elections-kl-8/ |title=Taliparamba Assembly Election Results 2021 |work=[[Oneindia]] |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/taliparamba-kerala-election-result-2021 |title=Taliparamba Election Result 2021 |work=[[Times Now]] |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Taliparamba}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[M. V. Govindan]]|votes=92,870|percentage=52.14|change={{decrease}}4.81|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=V. P. Abdul Rasheed|votes=70,181|percentage=39.40|change={{increase}}7.84|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=A. P. Gangadharan|votes=13,058|percentage=7.33|change={{decrease}}1.88|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=789|percentage=0.44|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. O. P. Shijith|votes=508|percentage=0.29|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Abdul Rasheed s/o Ismail|votes=365|percentage=0.20|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=C. Balakrishnan Yadav|votes=191|percentage=0.11|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Govindan Karayapath|votes=150|percentage=0.08|change=-}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=22,689|percentage=10.74|change={{decrease}}14.65}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,78,112|percentage=83.58|change={{increase}}2.61}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{decrease}}4.81|}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2016 ===<br />
There were 1,97,568 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Taliparamba}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=James Mathew|votes=91,106|percentage=56.95|change={{increase}}0.82|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=Rajesh Nambiar|votes=50,489|percentage=31.56|change={{decrease}} 5.27|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P. Balakrishnan|votes=14,742|percentage=9.21|change={{increase}}4.71|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Ibrahim Thiruvatoor|votes=1,323|percentage=0.83|change={{decrease}}0.51|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=867|percentage=0.54|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=P. K .Ayyappan|votes=675|percentage=0.42|change={{decrease}}0.22}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. Sadanandan|votes=288|percentage=0.18|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. Rajesh Kumar|votes=287|percentage=0.18|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=P. V. Anil|votes=203|percentage=0.13|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=40,617|percentage=25.39|change={{increase}} 6.09}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,59,980|percentage=80.97|change={{decrease}} 1.62}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{increase}}0.82}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2011 ===<br />
There were 1,74,788 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Taliparamba}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=James Mathew|votes=81,031|percentage=56.13|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=Job Michel|votes=53,170|percentage=36.83|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. Jayaprakash|votes=6,492|percentage=4.50|change=|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Muhammadali S. P.|votes=1,930|percentage=1.34|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Nidheesh Thillankeri|votes=927|percentage=0.64|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Thomas M. V.|votes=813|percentage=0.56|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=27,861|percentage=19.30|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,44,363|percentage=82.59|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1952===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thaliparamba]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. C. Narayanan Nambiar |party=Communist Party of India |votes=31,988 |percentage=64.82% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. V. Damodaran Nayanar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,658 |percentage=27.67% |change=27.67% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Abuchengalan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,002 |percentage=4.06% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. V. George |party=Independent politician |votes=1,704 |percentage=3.45% |change= }}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,330 |percentage=37.14% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,352 |percentage=67.24% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,401 |change = }} <br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Taliparamba]]<br />
* [[Kannur district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}<br />
<br />
{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kannur district]]<br />
[[Category:Taliparamba]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1965]]<br />
[[Category:1965 establishments in Kerala]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darshana_Rajendran&diff=495650Darshana Rajendran2026-05-03T11:56:08Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actress and singer (born 17 June)}}<br />
{{Indian name|Darshana|Rajendran}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Darshana Rajendran<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = 17 June<br />
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India<br />
| years_active = 2014–present<br />
| alma_mater = [[Lady Shri Ram College]]<br><br />
[[City, University of London]]<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|playback singer}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Darshana Rajendran ''' (born 17 June) is an Indian actress and playback singer who works predominantly in [[Malayalam]] films.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/darshana-rajendran-in-the-past-decade-it-has-become-easier-for-actors-to-get-opportunities/articleshow/73069267.cms |title=Darshana Rajendran: In the past decade, it has become easier for actors to get opportunities - Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=3 January 2020}}</ref> She made her acting debut in 2014 with the Malayalam film ''John Paul Vaathil Thurakkunnu''. Darshana had her career breakthrough with the 2022 Malayalam films—''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]'' and ''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]''. The latter earned her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/darshana-rajendran-vineeth-sreenivasan-directorial-hridayam-113453 |title=Darshana Rajendran in Vineeth Sreenivasan directorial 'Hridayam' |work=The News Minute |date=4 December 2019 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/dec/08/roshan-mathew-darshana-rajendran-join-aashiq-abu-project-15921.html |title=Roshan Mathew, Darshana Rajendran join Aashiq Abu project |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/darshana-rajendran-interview-virus-mayanadhi-gouri-storytelling/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914104527/https://www.filmcompanion.in/darshana-rajendran-interview-virus-mayanadhi-gouri-storytelling/ |archive-date=14 September 2019 |title=Music has been my most dependable way to connect with myself:Darshana|work=Film Companion |date=14 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/darshana-rajendran-on-her-characters-in-virus-and-mayanadhi-267460/ |title='മായാനദി' മുതൽ 'വൈറസ്' വരെ; ദർശന രാജേന്ദ്രൻ പറയുന്നു |date=12 June 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Darshana was born on 17 June<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-06-17 |title=Paradha makers release special poster of Darshana Rajendran |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jun/17/paradha-makers-release-special-poster-of-darshana-rajendran |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> to Rajendran and Neeraja in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Elizabeth |date=2017-05-10 |title=Performer to predictor |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/100517/performer-to-predictor.html |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> She studied [[Mathematics]] at the [[Lady Shri Ram College]] and [[Financial Economics]] at [[City, University of London]], and worked for the [[Institute for Financial Management and Research]] in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kishan |first=Gouri |date=2019-08-14 |title=With Theatre It Is Almost Always A Bunch Of People Who Come Together Purely For The Love Of It: Darshana Rajendran |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/with-theatre-it-is-almost-always-a-bunch-of-people-who-come-together-purely-for-the-love-of-it-it-is-never-the-money-or-anything-else-darshana-rajendran |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Darshana made her acting debut in 2014 with ''John Paul Vaathil Thurakkunnu''. She went onto appear in supporting parts in films such as ''[[Mayaanadhi]]'' (2017), ''[[Koode]]'' (2018) and ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mayaanadhi-review-romantic-funny-and-touches-your-heart-review-malayalam-rmxl4Gaciedii.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226112716/http://www.sify.com/movies/mayaanadhi-review-romantic-funny-and-touches-your-heart-review-malayalam-rmxl4Gaciedii.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 December 2017|title = Mayaanadhi review: Romantic, funny and touches your heart!|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Anjali Menon announces her next film titled 'Koode' starring Prithviraj, Paravathy and Nazriya|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anjali-menon-announces-her-next-film-titled-koode-starring-prithviraj-paravathy-and-nazriya/articleshow/64544533.cms|accessdate=11 July 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/virus-review-compassionate-gripping-medical-thriller-103183|website=www.thenewsminute.com|title='Virus' review: A compassionate, gripping medical thriller|first=Sowmya|last=Rajendran|date=7 June 2019|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> She had her first major role in the 2020 film ''[[C U Soon]]'', where she appeared opposite [[Fahadh Faasil]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar R |first=Manoj |date=25 August 2020 |title=C U Soon trailer: Mahesh Narayanan, Fahadh Faasil promise a cracking thriller |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/c-u-soon-trailer-fahadh-faasil-roshan-mathew-6568997/ |url-status=live |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003233256/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/c-u-soon-trailer-fahadh-faasil-roshan-mathew-6568997/ |archive-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] was appreciative of her "moving portrayal".<ref>{{Cite web |title=C U Soon Movie Review: Fahadh Faasil's Onam Release Is An Eye-Grabber |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/c-u-soon-movie-review-fahadh-faasils-onam-release-is-an-eye-grabber-4-stars-out-of-5-2288377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003233324/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/c-u-soon-movie-review-fahadh-faasils-onam-release-is-an-eye-grabber-4-stars-out-of-5-2288377 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |access-date=3 October 2020 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Darshana achieved her career breakthrough in 2022 with ''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]'' and ''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]''. In ''Hridayam'', she played an engineering student opposite [[Pranav Mohanlal]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/feb/06/vineeth-sreenivasans-hridayam-starts-rolling-2099559.html |title=Vineeth Sreenivasan's 'Hridayam' starts rolling |last=Express News Service |date=6 February 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref> Sajin Shrijith stated, "Darshana is aptly cast in her role."<ref>{{cite news |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |title=Hridayam Movie Review: Vineeth Sreenivasan delivers two feel-good films for the price of one |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2022/jan/21/hridayam-movie-reviewvineeth-sreenivasan-delivers-two-feel-good-films-for-the-price-of-one-29166.html|access-date=22 January 2022 |work=Cinema Express |date=21 January 2022|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122082704/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2022/jan/21/hridayam-movie-reviewvineeth-sreenivasan-delivers-two-feel-good-films-for-the-price-of-one-29166.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A major commercial success, it was one of the highest grossing film of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-15 |title=Hridayam tops 50 crores globally; Enters all-time top ten Mollywood grossers worldwide |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/hridayam-tops-50-crores-globally-enters-all-time-top-ten-mollywood-grossers-worldwide-1023896 |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> She then played a domestic violence abuse opposite [[Basil Joseph]] in ''Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-darshana-rajendran-and-basil-josephs-jaya-jaya-jaya-jaya-hey/articleshow/92386246.cms|title=It's a wrap for Darshana Rajendran and Basil Joseph's 'Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey' |date=22 June 2022 |access-date=28 October 2022 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref> The film emerged a commercial success and earned her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]].<ref name="asianetnews1">[https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/jaya-jaya-jaya-jaya-hey-box-office-report-rllkms വമ്പൻ ഹിറ്റായി 'ജയ ജയ ജയ ജയ ഹേ', ബോക്സ് ഓഫീസില് ഇതുവരെ നേടിയതിന്റെ കണക്കുകള്]. Asianetnews.com (19 November 2022). Retrieved on 1 December 2022.</ref> [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] noted, "Darshana chews up every scene in which the writing gives Jaya an inner presence. She is also undoubtedly congenitally attuned to action."<ref>{{ cite web|title=Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey movie review: Domestic abuse satire that seesaws from realism to myth, depth to superficiality |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jaya-jaya-jaya-jaya-hey-movie-review-domestic-abuse-satire-that-seesaws-from-realism-to-myth-depth-to-superficiality-11674081.html|work=Firstpost|author=Vetticad, Anna MM |date=22 November 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{{Pending films key}}<br />
<br />
===Films===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year <br />
! Title <br />
! Role <br />
! Language <br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes <br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
| ''John Paul Vaathil Thurakkunnu''<br />
| Dr. Anna Paul<br />
| [[Malayalam]]<br />
| Debut film <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| 2015 <br />
| ''[[Moone Moonu Varthai]]'' <br />
| rowspan="2"|Keerthi<br />
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br />
| rowspan="2"|Bilingual film; Debut in both languages. <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| ''Moodu Mukkallo Cheppalante'' <br />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| 2017 <br />
| ''Samarppanam'' <br />
| Krishna<br />
| Malayalam<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kavan (film)|Kavan]]'' <br />
| Kalpana <br />
| Tamil <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mayaanadhi]]''<br />
| Darshana<br />
| rowspan="2"|Malayalam<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2018<br />
| ''[[Koode]]''<br />
| Alina<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)|Irumbu Thirai]]'' <br />
| Selvi <br />
| Tamil <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2019 <br />
| ''[[Vijay Superum Pournamiyum]]'' <br />
| Pooja <br />
|rowspan="3"|Malayalam <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]''<br />
|Anjali Vasudevan<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2020 <br />
| ''[[C U Soon]]'' <br />
| Anumol Sebastian <br />
|Debut as lead actress in Malayalam; released on [[Amazon Prime Video]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Theeviram]]'' <br />
| Alia <br />
| Tamil<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2021 <br />
| ''[[Aanum Pennum]]'' <br />
|Rani <br />
|rowspan ="9"|Malayalam <br />
| Segment: "Rani"<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2021 |title=New poster of 'Aanum Pennum' features Darshana and Roshan Mathew |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/new-poster-aanum-pennum-features-darshana-and-roshan-mathew-144538 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Irul (2021)|Irul]]''<br />
|Archana Pillai<br />
| released on [[Netflix]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irul trailer Fahadh Faasil, Soubin Shahir, Darshana Rajendran's murder mystery to release on Netflix |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/irul-trailer-fahadh-faasil-soubin-shahir-darshana-rajendrans-murder-netflix-7233914/ |url-status=live |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318072625/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/irul-trailer-fahadh-faasil-soubin-shahir-darshana-rajendrans-murder-netflix-7233914/ |archive-date=18 March 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2022 <br />
| ''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]'' <br />
| Darshana <br />
| <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=After Mohanlal's 'Spadikam', Pranav's 'Hridayam' gets a re-release |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/02/11/mohanlal-spadikam-pranav-hridayam-gets-re-release.html |access-date=10 March 2023 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dear Friend (2022 film)|Dear Friend]]'' <br />
| Jannath <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]''<br />
| Jayabharathi "Jaya" <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2023 <br />
| ''[[Thuramukham (2023 film)|Thuramukham]]'' <br />
| Khadeeja <br />
| <br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Darshana Rajendran: 'Thuramukham' is bigger than all of the problems that the film has been facing, bigger than success or failure |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/darshana-rajendran-thuramukham-is-bigger-than-all-of-the-problems-that-the-film-has-been-facing-bigger-than-success-or-failure/articleshow/98536140.cms?from=mdr |access-date=10 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Purusha Pretham]]'' <br />
| Susanna <br />
| released on [[SonyLIV]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Purusha Pretham Movie Review: Gritty procedural with an even blend of the comic and morbid |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/mar/24/purusha-pretham-movie-review-gritty-procedural-with-an-even-blend-of-the-comic-and-morbid-41450.html |access-date=24 March 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=24 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Paradise (2023 film)|Paradise]]'' <br />
| Amritha <br />
| Indian-Sri Lankan Co-production<br />Also shot in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shackleton |first=Liz |date=2 November 2023 |title=Prasanna Vithanage On Sri Lanka's Economic Crisis; Power Dynamics In Society & Marriage In Award-Winning Feature 'Paradise' – Mumbai Film Festival |url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/mumbai-film-festival-sri-lanka-prasanna-vithanage-paradise-1235590508/ |access-date=13 March 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=31 August 2023 |title=Sri Lankan filmmaker Prasanna Vithanage's 'Paradise' is a multi-genre film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/Aug/31/sri-lankan-filmmaker-prasanna-vithanages-paradise-is-a-multi-genre-film-2610345.html |access-date=13 March 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2024 <br />
| ''[[Rifle Club (film)|Rifle Club]]''<br />
| Kaduvachalil Tresa "Kunjumol" Mary Skaria<br />
| <br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Darshana Rajendran is Kunjumol in Aashiq Abu's Rifle Club |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Nov/29/darshana-rajendran-is-kunjumol-in-aashiq-abus-rifle-club |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203055536/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Nov/29/darshana-rajendran-is-kunjumol-in-aashiq-abus-rifle-club |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2025 || ''[[Paradha]]'' || Amishta || Telugu || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Darshana Rajendran on Why 'Paradha' Is Path-Breaking, And Learning a New Language For Her Telugu Debut |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/darshana-rajendran-on-why-paradha-is-path-breaking-and-learning-a-new-language-for-her-telugu-debut |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2026 || ''[[Patriot (film)|Patriot]]'' || Jyothi Kurian|| Malayalam || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title=Nivin Pauly, Prithviraj and more share excitement for Patriot release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Apr/30/nivin-pauly-prithviraj-and-more-share-excitement-for-patriot-release |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year <br />
! Title <br />
! Role <br />
! Language <br />
! Network <br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes <br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 <br />
| ''Ctrl Alt Del''<br />
| Madhumitha <br />
| Tamil <br />
| [[YouTube]]<br />
| Web Debut <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2022 <br />
| ''[[Unpaused: Naya Safar]]''<br />
| Geetanjali<br />
| [[Hindi]] <br />
| [[Amazon Prime Video]]<br />
| Segment: "Gond Ke Laddu"<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |author=Shubhra Gupta |date=21 January 2022 |title=Unpaused Naya Safar review: Gitanjali Kulkarni, Nagraj Manjule's shorts stand out in this masked-up anthology |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/unpaused-naya-safar-review-anthology-gitanjali-kulkarni-nagraj-manjule-7734899/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2025|| ''[[The Chronicles of the 4.5 Gang]]'' || Ramani||Malayalam||[[SonyLIV]]|| ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-23 |title='4.5 Gang' OTT Release: When and where to watch THIS Malayalam crime comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/4-5-gang-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-this-malayalam-crime-comedy/articleshow/123473057.cms |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year <br />
! Film <br />
! Song <br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2017 <br />
| ''[[Mayaanadhi]]'' <br />
| "Bavra Mann" <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 <br />
| ''[[Sarcas Circa 2020]]'' <br />
| "Kattuneerin Chaalilayi" <br />
|<ref>{{cite news |title='അഭിനയം പോലെ ആലാപനവും മധുരം'; ദർശന രാജേന്ദ്രന്റെ പാട്ട് ഏറ്റെടുത്ത് ആരാധകർ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2020/04/20/first-song-lyrical-video-from-the-movie-sarcas-circa-2020.html |access-date=9 April 2021 |website=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml |date=22 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Bibin Babu |title='സർക്കാസ് സിർക 2020' ലെ 'കാട്ടുനീരിൻ ചാലിലായ്'; മധുരമൂറുന്ന പ്രണയഗാനം പങ്കുവെച്ച് കനി |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/malayalam-songs/kattuneerin-chalilay-video-song-from-sarcas-circa-2020-movie/articleshow/80905623.cms |access-date=9 April 2021 |website=[[Samayam Malayalam]] |language=ml |date=14 February 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| 2022<br />
| ''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]''<br />
| "Darshana"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey (film)|Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]''<br />
| "Ingottu Nokkanda"<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Awards and nominations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- <br />
! Year <br />
! Award <br />
! Category <br />
! Film <br />
! Result <br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| 2021<br />
| [[67th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]]<br />
| rowspan="2"| ''[[C U Soon]]''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022_-55551.html|title=Nominations for the 67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory |date=7 October 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022 |work=Filmare News |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010042442/https://filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022_-55551.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br />
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]]<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2021 |title=Manju Warrier, Suriya, others win at SIIMA Awards: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manju-warrier-suriya-others-win-siima-awards-full-list-winners-155560 |url-status=live |website=The News Minute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921174049/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manju-warrier-suriya-others-win-siima-awards-full-list-winners-155560 |archive-date=21 September 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4"| 2023<br />
| [[68th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]]<br />
| rowspan="3"| ''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]''<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South (Malayalam) 2023 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-malayalam-2023_-67192.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| [[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br />
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]]<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA 2023 winners: Ponniyin Selvan I, Nna Thaan Case Kodu, R Madhavan, Trisha, Tovino Thomas and Kalyani Priyadarshan win big |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/siima-awards-2023-day-2-r-madhavan-takes-home-award-for-best-debutant-director-kamal-haasan-best-actor-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-shines-8943416/lite/|access-date=2023-09-16|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928192620/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/siima-awards-2023-day-2-r-madhavan-takes-home-award-for-best-debutant-director-kamal-haasan-best-actor-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-shines-8943416/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress Critics – Malayalam]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards 2022|Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]<br />
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]<br />
| ''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]'' & ''[[Purusha Pretham]]''<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Film Critics Awards: Darshana Rajendran, Kunchacko Boban are best actors; B 32 Muthal 44 Vare and Headmaster named best film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kerala-film-critics-awards-darshana-rajendran-kunchacko-boban-best-actors-b-32-muthal-44-vare-headmaster-win-8624128/ |access-date=8 June 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=23 May 2023}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| 2024<br />
| [[69th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam|Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam]]<br />
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Purusha Pretham]]''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2024/malayalam/winners |title=Winners of the 69th Sobha Filmfare Awards South 2024 - Malayalam |website=Filmfare |date=3 August 2024 |access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br />
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]]<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/south-cinema/siima-2024-dasara-jailer-2018-lead-the-nominations-check-out-the-details-inside |title=SIIMA 2024: 'Dasara', 'Jailer', 'Kantara', '2018' lead the nominations - Check out the details inside |website=Outlook India |date=17 July 2024 |access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb name|6697575}}<br />
<br />
{{Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajendran, Darshana}}<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:1988 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of City, University of London]]<br />
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desh_Pal_S._Verma&diff=496351Desh Pal S. Verma2026-04-28T19:55:49Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: made a entry!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Plant cell and molecular biologist}}<br />
<br />
{{More citations needed|date=November 2024}}<br />
[[File:Verma Bio.jpg|thumb|Desh Verma]]<br />
'''Desh Pal Singh Verma''' (1944 - 2025) was a plant cell and molecular biologist and professor emeritus in the Department of Molecular Genetics at The [[Ohio State University]]. He earned a master's degree in botany from [[Agra University]] in 1964 and a Ph.D. in botany from the [[University of Western Ontario]] in 1970. Following his doctoral studies, he conducted postdoctoral research at the [[Fox Chase Cancer Center]] in Philadelphia from 1971 to 1972. In 1974, he joined McGill University as an assistant professor.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Desh Pal Singh Verma {{postnominals|list=[[Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada|FRSC]] [[Fellow of The World Academy of Sciences|FTWAS]]}} was a plant molecular biologist known for his contributions to molecular genetics. He began his career at [[McGill University]] in [[Canada]], where he served as a faculty member from 1974 to 1987. In 1981, he was awarded the E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowship by the National Research Council of Canada, presented by the Governor General of Canada, [[Edward Schreyer]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada | date=28 June 2016 |url=https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/prizes-prix/steacie-steacie/index-index_eng.asp?Year=Archived}}</ref> ] In 1986, Verma was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada]] and became a member of the Canadian Academy of Sciences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RSC member directory |url=https://rsc-src.ca/en/find-rsc-member/results?combine=&first_name=&last_name=verma&current_employer=&academy_25=All&is_deceased=All}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In 1987, he served as a senior editor for the International Society of Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions (IS-MPMI), which later launched the journal [[Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions]], where he served as co-editor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Editorial Board & Staff for MPMI |url=https://www.apsnet.org/publications/mpmi/BackIssues/1988/Pages/default.aspx}}</ref> The following year, he joined The Ohio State University as professor and associate director of the Biotechnology Center in the Department of Molecular Genetics. In 2003, he was elected a [[Fellow of The World Academy of Sciences]] (TWAS) ), based in Trieste, Italy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Verma, Desh Pal Singh &#124; TWAS |url=https://twas.org/directory/verma-desh-pal-singh}}</ref> <br />
<br />
At The Ohio State University, Verma participated in multiple interdisciplinary graduate programs, including molecular biology, cellular biology, developmental biology, applied plant sciences, plant pathology, and biochemistry.<br />
<br />
Verma’s research has included the isolation of the first plant mRNA,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=D.P.S |last2=Nash |first2=Dudley T. |date=October 1974 |title=Isolation and in vitro translation of soybean leghaemoglobin mRNA |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/251074a0 |journal=Nature |volume=251 |issue=5470 |pages=74–77|doi=10.1038/251074a0 |pmid=4414006 |bibcode=1974Natur.251...74V |url-access=subscription }}</ref> cloning of the first soybean leghemoglobin gene,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=DPS |last2=Baulcombe |first2=David |date=November 1978 |title=Preparation of a complementary DNA for leghaemoglobin and direct demonstration that leghaemoglobin is encoded by the soybean genome |url=https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/5/11/4141/2380629?login=false |journal=Nucleic Acids |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=4141–4154|doi=10.1093/nar/5.11.4141 |pmid=569292 |pmc=342739 }}</ref> and the identification of several novel genes referred to as ''nodulins,''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=DPS |last2=Legocki |first2=Roman P. |date=June 1980 |title=Identification of "nodule-specific" host proteins (nodulins) involved in the development of Rhizobium-Legume symbiosis |url=https://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/0092-8674(80)90243-3?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0092867480902433%3Fshowall%3Dtrue |journal=Cell |volume=20 |issue=1}}</ref> including one encoding the enzyme [[Uricase]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=D.P.S |last2=Bergmann |first2=H. |date=February 1983 |title=Nodulin-35: A subunit of specific uricase (uricase II) induced and localized in the uninfected cells of soybean nodules |journal=EMBO Journal |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=2333–2339|doi=10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01743.x |pmid=16453488 |pmc=555454 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Throughout his career, Verma trained over 100 graduate students, postdoctoral researchers, and visiting scientists. <br />
<br />
== Select publications ==<br />
Verma authored over 200 peer-reviewed research publications and edited 11 academic books. Over the course of his career, he was an invited speaker at numerous international scientific conferences. He also served as a consultant to several companies and was an advisor to the Planning Commission of India (now [[NITI Aayog]]) on agricultural biotechnology from 2006 to 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NITI Aayog |url=https://www.niti.gov.in/}}</ref><br />
* {{Cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=DPS |last2=Nash |first2=Dudley T. |last3=Schulman |first3=Herbert M. |date=October 1974 |title=Isolation and in vitro translation of soybean leghaemoglobin mRNA |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/251074a0 |journal=Nature |volume=251 |issue=5470 |pages=74–77|doi=10.1038/251074a0 |pmid=4414006 |bibcode=1974Natur.251...74V |url-access=subscription }}<br />
* Baulcombe, D. and D.P.S. Verma (1978). Preparation of a complementary DNA for leghemoglobin and direct demonstration that leghemoglobin is encoded by the soybean genome. Nucl. Acids Res. 5: 4141-4153.<br />
* {{Cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=DPS |last2=Legocki |first2=Roman P. |date=June 1980 |title=Identification of "nodule-specific" host proteins (nodulins) involved in the development of Rhizobium-Legume symbiosis |url=https://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/0092-8674(80)90243-3?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0092867480902433%3Fshowall%3Dtrue |journal=Cell |volume=20 |issue=1}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=DPS |last2=Bergmann |first2=H |last3=Preddie |first3=E |date=February 1983 |title=Nodulin-35: A subunit of specific uricase (uricase II) induced and localized in the uninfected cells of soybean nodules |journal=EMBO Journal |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=2333–2339|doi=10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01743.x |pmid=16453488 |pmc=555454 }}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Chien-An Andy |last2=Delauney |first2=Ashton |last3=Verma |first3=DPS |date=October 1992 |title=A Bifunctional Enzyme (Delta^1Pyrroline5Carboxylate Synthetase) Catalyzes the First Two Steps in Proline Biosynthesis in Plants |journal=PNAS |volume=89 |issue=19 |pages=9354–9358|doi=10.1073/pnas.89.19.9354 |doi-access=free |pmid=1384052 |pmc=50125 |bibcode=1992PNAS...89.9354H }}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
{{Improve categories|date=November 2024}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Molecular biologists]]<br />
[[Category:Cell biologists]]<br />
[[Category:Ohio State University faculty]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:University of Western Ontario alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Fox Chase Cancer Center people]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of McGill University]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_Indian_flags&diff=502907Historical Indian flags2026-04-21T06:48:18Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: started details...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
Before the independence of [[India]], the [[Indian subcontinent]] did not have a single national flag but rather several political entities of varying sizes had their own flags. Historic polities usually did not have a national flag but rather flags for their dynasty, state and armies.<br />
<br />
== Flags of historical polities ==<br />
<br />
=== Medieval and early modern India ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width:100px;" |Flag!! style="width:100px;" |Duration!! style="width:250px;" |Use!! style="min-width:250px" |Description<br />
!References<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg|border|150px]] || 1320–1413 <br />
|Flag of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] according to the [[Catalan Atlas]], but there is no evidence this was actually used by the Delhi Sultanate.|| A gray flag with a black strip left of center.<br />
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kadoi |first=Yuka |date=2010 |title=On the Timurid flag |url=https://www.academia.edu/17410816/_On_the_Timurid_flag_in_Beitr%C3%A4ge_zur_islamischen_Kunst_und_Arch%C3%A4ologie_Band_2_Wiesbaden_Reichert_2010_pp_143_62 |journal=Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie |location=Wiesbaden |publisher=Reichert |volume=2 |pages=143–62 |doi=10.29091/9783954909537/009}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Blood Flag.svg|border|150x150px]]<br />
|1320–1323<br />
1339–1589<br />
|Flag of the [[Kashmir Sultanate]].<br />
|A red rectangular flag.<br />
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dutt |first=Jogesh Chunder |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38805 |title=Rajatarangini Of Jonaraja |date=1898}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Qutbshahi Flag.svg|border|150x150px]]<br />
|1518–1687<br />
|Flag of the [[Sultanate of Golconda|Qutb Shahi Dynasty]] of the [[Sultanate of Golconda]].<br />
|A teal rectangular flag.<br />
|<ref>{{Cite journal |date=October 2010 |title=Editorial Board |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1528817x.2010.643589 |journal=Journal of Islamic Law and Culture |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=ebi–ebi |doi=10.1080/1528817x.2010.643589 |issn=1528-817X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|border|150x150px]]<br />
|?<br />
| rowspan="3" |The various flags of the [[Mughal Empire]].<br />
|Sun and Tiger flag of the [[Mughal Empire]].<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border|150x150px]]<br />
|1526–1857<br />
|Alam of the [[Mughal Empire]].<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Shah Jahan Flag.png|border|150x150px]]<br />
|?<br />
|Flag of the [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]].<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Flag of Jaipur (c. 1699-1818).svg|border|150x150px]]<br />
|<abbr>c.</abbr>1699–1818<br />
|Flag of the [[Kingdom of Amber]].<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|150px]]|| 1674–1818 || The ''[[Saffron (color)|Bhagwa Dhwaj]]'', Flag of the [[Maratha Empire]]. || A [[Saffron (color)|saffron]] colored [[Swallowtail (flag)|swallowtail]] flag.<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-01 |title=File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg – Wikipedia |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=commons.wikimedia.org |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Modern India ===<br />
''For the flags of [[princely state]]s, see [[Flags of Indian princely states]].''<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Flag<br />
!Duration<br />
!Use<br />
!Description<br />
!References<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg|border|150x150px]]<br />
|1880–1947<br />
|[[Star of India (flag)|Civil Ensign of India]] used sometimes to represent [[British Raj|India]] internationally.<br />
|A [[Red Ensign]] with the Union Jack at the canton, defaced with the [[Star of India (flag)#Emblem|Star of India emblem]] displayed in the fly.<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Flag – Indian flag, 1945 circa |url=https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5a31122a21ea670f0cbbc11b |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013165244/https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5a31122a21ea670f0cbbc11b |archive-date=2023-10-13 |access-date=2025-08-31 |work=Victorian Collections |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[File:1931_Flag_of_India.svg|border|150x150px]]<br />
|1943–1945{{efn|Used from 1931–1947 by the Indian National Congress.}}<br />
|The ''[[Swaraj]]'' Flag, [[de facto]] flag of the [[Azad Hind]].<br />
|Three horizontal strips of saffron, white and green with a blue chakra in the centre.<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Flags of military of historical polities ==<br />
<br />
=== Modern India ===<br />
<br />
==== British Raj (1858-1947) ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! style="width:110px;" |Flag<br />
! style="width:100px;" |Date<br />
! style="width:250px;" |Use<br />
! style="width:250px;" |Description<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Flag_of_Imperial_India.svg|border|150x150px]]<br />
|1877–1947<br />
|1877–1892 Ensign of [[Her Majesty's Indian Marine]].<br />
1892–1928: Ensign of the [[Royal Indian Marine]].<br />
<br />
1928–1934: [[Naval jack]] of the Royal Indian Marine.<br />
<br />
1934–1947: Naval jack of the [[Royal Indian Navy]].<br />
|A Blue Ensign with the Union Jack at the canton, and the Star of India displayed in the fly.<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg|border|150x150px]]<br />
|1760–1947<br />
|Flag of the [[Indian Army Service Corps]].<br />
|A [[Blue Ensign]] with the Union Jack at the canton, and the Star of India crossed by two swords displayed in the fly.<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Naval_Jack_of_Royal_Indian_Marine.svg|border|150x150px]]<br />
|1884–1928<br />
|1884–1892 Naval jack of [[Her Majesty's Indian Marine]]<br />
1892–1928: Naval jack of the [[Royal Indian Marine]]<br />
|The Union Jack with blue border.<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg|border|150x150px]]<br />
|1928–1950<br />
|1928–1934: Ensign of the Royal Indian Marine<br />
1934–1950: Ensign of the Royal Indian Navy<br />
|The [[White Ensign]] of the [[Royal Navy]].<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Flag_of_Rear-Admiral_-_Royal_Navy.svg|border|150x150px]]<br />
|1928–1958<br />
|1928–1932: Flag of the Flag Officer Commanding and Director, Royal Indian Marine<br />
1934–1950: Flag of a Flag Officer, Royal Indian Navy<br />
1950–1958: Flag of a Flag Officer, Indian Navy<br />
|Ensign of a Rear-Admiral in the [[Royal Navy]].<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Flag_of_Vice-Admiral_-_Royal_Navy.svg|border|150x150px]]<br />
|1934–1958<br />
|1934–1948: Flag of the Flag Officer Commanding, Royal Indian Navy<br />
1948–1950: Flag of the Chief of the Naval Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Royal Indian Navy<br />
1950–1954: Flag of the Chief of the Naval Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Indian Navy <br />
1955–1958: Flag of the Chief of the Naval Staff, Indian Navy<br />
|Ensign of a Vice-Admiral in the [[Royal Navy]].<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Flag_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army.svg|border|150x150px]]<br />
|1942–1947<br />
|Ensign of the [[British Indian Army]].<br />
|Red field emblazoned with [[Star of India (flag)#Emblem|Star of India]] crossed by two swords and beneath the [[Tudor Crown]].<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Air_Force_Ensign_of_India_(1945–1947).svg|border|150x150px]]<br />
|1945-1947<br />
|Ensign of the [[Royal Indian Air Force]]<br />
|A field of [[air force blue]] with the United Kingdom's [[Flag of the United Kingdom|flag]] in the canton and the Royal Indian Air Force's [[Royal Air Force roundels|roundel]] in the fly.<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Flag_of_Admiral_-_Royal_Navy.svg|border|150x150px]]<br />
|1954–1955<br />
|1954–1955: Flag of the Chief of the Naval Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Indian Navy <br />
1955: Flag of the Chief of the Naval Staff, Indian Navy<br />
|The [[St George's Cross]].<br />
Ensign of an Admiral in the [[Royal Navy]].<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Azad Hind (1943-1945) ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Flag<br />
!Date<br />
!Use<br />
!Description<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Flag of the Indian Legion.svg|border|150x150px]]<br />
|1942-1945<br />
|Flag of the [[Indian Legion]], in [[Nazi Germany]]. Part of the [[Wehrmacht|German Wehrmacht]] and later the [[Waffen-SS|Waffen SS]].<br />
|3 horizontal strips, top being saffron, middle being white and lowest being green with a sprinting tiger in center and ''[[Azad Hind]]'' written on the flag.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Proposed flags of Indian polities ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width:110px;" |Flag!! style="width:100px;" |Date!! style="width:250px;" |Use!! style="width:250px;" |Description<br />
!References<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:1902 British Empire flag proposal (in India).svg|border|150x150px]]<br />
|1902<br />
|Design reported in the Daily Express to have been proposed as part of a series of [[British Empire flag|Empire flags]] that would replace the Union Jack in representing individual territories of the British Empire<br />
|The [[Saint George's Cross|Cross of Saint George]] and the crown in the canton would have been present on all Empire flags to represent the English. In the top right would have been the emblem of the territory flying the flag, and in this case, the Star of India. A large sun in the centre symbolizes "[[the empire on which the sun never sets]]."<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 1902 |title=A British Empire Flag |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1902/02/09/archives/a-british-empire-flag-a-design-is-preparing-for-a-new-ensign-to.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 August 2023 |work=The New York Times |pages=3 |via=The New York Times Archives |agency=The London Express}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Proposed flag of India (1904).svg|border|150px]] || Proposed in 1904, used in April 1910|| Flag proposed in an issue of an Anglo-Indian weekly. || Dark blue, green and light blue triband with a purple band at the hoist depicting the [[Orion constellation]]. A thin red border surrounds the whole flag.<br />
|<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |author=Dipesh Navsaria |date=July 27, 1996 |title=Indian Flag Proposals |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in!.html |access-date=March 14, 2020 |work=Flags of the World}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Gandhi's Original Flag of India Proposal.svg|border|150px]] || 1921 || [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi's]] Original Proposal. ||Two strips of Green and Red with a spinning wheel in center.<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:1921 India flag.svg|border|150px]] || 1921 || [[Gandhi]]'s flag, introduced at the [[Indian National Congress]] meeting in 1921. ||Three strips of White, Green and red with a spinning wheel in center.<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Flag of Portuguese India (1932 proposal).svg|border|150px]] || 1932 || Proposed flag of [[Portuguese India]]. ||Designed by Afonso de Ornelas.<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Mountbatten Proposed Flag of India.svg|border|150px]] || 1947 || [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten]]'s proposed flag for India. || The Swaraj flag with a small [[Union Flag]] in the canton.<br />
|<ref name="auto1" /><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Flag of Portuguese India (1965 proposal).svg|border|150px]] || 1965 || Proposed official flag for Portuguese India in 1965. The proposal came after the [[Annexation of Goa|annexation]] of the territories in 1961 and was part of a series of similar flags for the [[Portuguese Empire|other colonies]]. || Proposal by F. P. de Almeida Langhans. Never actually used.<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Flags used in the Indian Independence Movement ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width:110px;" |Flag !! style="width:100px;" |Date !! style="width:250px;" |Use !! style="width:250px;" |Description<br />
!References<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Flag of India 1906 (Calcutta Flag).svg|border|150px]] || 1906 || The [[Calcutta flag|''Calcutta Flag'']], used in the [[Swadeshi movement|Swadeshi Movement]]. || Three horizontal bands of equal with the top being orange, the centre yellow, and the bottom green. It had eight half-opened lotus flowers on the top stripe, and a picture of the sun and a crescent moon on the bottom stripe ({{IAST|''[[Vande Mātaram]]''}}) was inscribed in the centre in [[Devanagari]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Virmani|first=Arundhati | title=National Symbols under Colonial Domination: The Nationalization of the Indian Flag, March–August 1923| jstor=651278 | date=August 1999| journal=Past & Present |issue=164 | pages=175–176 | doi=10.1093/past/164.1.169}}</ref><br />
|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Flag of India 1907 (Nationalists Flag).svg|border|150px]] || rowspan="2" |1907 || rowspan="2" |Alternative versions of the ''[[Calcutta flag|Calcutta Flag]]''. ||Three horizontal bands, top being green, middle being yellow and lowest being red. It has lotus flower on the top stripe.<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:1907-India-flag.svg|border|150px]] ||Three horizontal bands, top being blue, middle being yellow and lowest being red. It has stars on the top stripe.<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Flag of India 1917.svg|150px]] || 1917 || Flag of the [[Indian Home Rule Movement|Home Rule Movement]] || Five red and four green horizontal stripes<br />On the upper left quadrant was the Union Jack, which signified the [[Dominion]] status that the movement sought to achieve. A crescent and a star, both in white, are set in top fly. Seven white stars are arranged as in the [[Saptarishi]] constellation (the constellation [[Ursa Major]]), which is sacred to [[Hindu]]s.<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:1931 Flag of India.svg|border|150px]] || 1931–1947 || The ''[[Swaraj]]'' Flag, officially adopted by the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1931. Also used by [[Azad Hind]]. ||Three horizontal strips of saffron, white and green with a blue chakra in the centre.<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
[[Category:India-related lists]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural history of India]]<br />
[[Category:Flags of India]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chittoor_Rural_mandal&diff=494383Chittoor Rural mandal2026-04-19T09:42:51Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: made a details!</p>
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<div>{{Other uses|Chittoor (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{one source|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Chittoor Rural mandal<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = te <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]<br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Chittoor]]<br />
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]<br />
| parts_style = para<br />
| parts = <br />
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]<br />
| leader_name = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = 2011 <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = AP03<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes =<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chittoor Rural mandal''' is a [[mandal]] in [[Chittoor district]] of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. Its headquarters are located at [[Chittoor]]. This is formed by dividing [[Chittoor mandal]] on 8 May 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bifurcation of Chittor mandal..|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.andhra_new.2023-05-08.1683550660497|publisher=AP Gazette|accessdate=12 March 2026}}</ref><br />
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<!--== Demographics ==--><br />
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== Towns and villages ==<br />
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{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|<br />
# 194 Bandapalle<br />
# 33-venkatapuram<br />
# 5-Venkatapuram<br />
# Alukurupalle<br />
# Anagallu<br />
# Ananthapuram<br />
# Arathala<br />
# Ayanavedu<br />
# B.N.R.Pet<br />
# Chinthalagunta<br />
# [[Diguvamasapalle]]<br />
# Gollapalle<br />
# Guvvakallu<br />
# Krishnapuram<br />
# Kurchivedu<br />
# Muthukur<br />
# Palooru<br />
# Paschanapalle<br />
# Peddisettipalle<br />
# Perumallakandiga<br />
# Settiappanthangal<br />
# Siddampalle<br />
# Thalambedu<br />
# Thenabanda<br />
# Thumminda<br />
# Varadarajulapalle<br />
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}}<br />
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== See also ==<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{Chittoor district}}<br />
[[Category:Mandals in Chittoor district]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawthorne_Lewis&diff=502422Hawthorne Lewis2026-04-18T10:21:37Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: started a stub...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Member of the Indian Civil Service}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific_prefix =<br />
| name = Sir Hawthorne Lewis<br />
| honorific_suffix = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| order3 = 2nd [[Governor of Odisha]]<br />
| term_start3 = 1 April 1941<br />
| term_end3 = 31 March 1946<br />
| predecessor3 = [[John Austen Hubback]]<br />
| successor3 = [[Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi]]<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| party = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| profession = <br />
| occupation = <br />
| spouse = <br />
}}<br />
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'''Sir (William) Hawthorne Lewis''', [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] (29 June 1888 – 19 October 1970) was a member of the [[Indian Civil Service]] who served as the Governor of [[Odisha]] from 1941 to 1946.<ref name="Lewis1954">{{cite book|author=Sir Hawthorne Lewis|title=Speeches Delivered by His Excellency Sir Hawthorne Lewis, ..., Governor of Orissa, 1941-1946|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDTU2NdUOTgC|accessdate=26 May 2018|date=1954|publisher=Government of Orissa|page=27}}</ref> Born to Thomas Crompton Lewis at [[Kasauli]], Shimla.<br />
<br />
Educated at [[Oundle School]] and [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge]], Lewis entered the Indian Civil Service by examination in 1911 and served Orissa in various capacities beginning as Assistant Magistrate and Collector.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |date=2010 |title=War and Peace in Modern India |url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230277519 |pages=438 |doi=10.1057/9780230277519 |isbn=978-1-349-58988-3 }}</ref><br />
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He married Alice Margaret Rose Hewitt in 1929 who a widow of Lieutenant Ronald Erskine Hewitt (who perished in the First World War) a resident of 7 Hastings Road, New Delhi, which today is the designated home for the Chief Justice of India.<ref>{{Citation |title=Barton, Richard, (25 May 1850–1 Sept. 1927), late Superintendent of Demands, Stationery Office (retired, 1913) |date=2007-12-01 |work=Who Was Who |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u193224 |access-date=2025-09-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u193224 |url-access=subscription }} Page 141</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abhba |date=1854-03-11 |title=Thom's Irish Almanac and official directory for 1854 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s1-ix.228.219d |journal=Notes and Queries |volume=s1-IX |issue=228 |pages=282 |doi=10.1093/nq/s1-ix.228.219d |issn=1471-6941|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Alice was the daughter of George Edgar Woodhouse, Nordon, Blanford, Dorset.<ref>{{Citation |title=Perchard, Colin William, (born 19 Oct. 1940), Minister (Cultural Affairs), India, British Council, 1993–2000 |date=2007-12-01 |work=Who's Who |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.30551 |access-date=2025-09-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.30551 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=October 1943 |title=The 1942 year book of pediatrics: I. A. Abt and A. F. Abt |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02753024 |journal=The Indian Journal of Pediatrics |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=180 |doi=10.1007/bf02753024 |issn=0019-5456|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He later married Geraldine Susan Maud de Montmorency.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1903-01-03 |title=A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage, the Privy Council, Knightage, and Companionage |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s9-xi.262.20a |journal=Notes and Queries |volume=s9-XI |issue=262 |pages=642 |doi=10.1093/nq/s9-xi.262.20a |issn=1471-6941|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
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In 1927 he was appointed as an officer (Joint Secretary) on special duty in the Reforms Office, which considered amendments to the Constitution and Government of India Act 1919. During his [[1931 New Year Honours|tenure]] the Reforms Office was very vocal towards temerity of laws pertaining to an existence of an 'emergency' during a Governmental or Governor General invoked ordnance. So as to deter decision makers and not use state sponsored violence as allowed in a statute which would in turn allow the Governor General of India to do as he pleased. During his tenure in the Reforms Office, he was also boss to [[V. P. Menon|V.P Menon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |publisher=Bureau of Public Information |date=1941 |title=Indian Information Series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ThQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA367 |journal=India Information Series |volume=8-9 |issue= |pages=571 |doi= |issn=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jain |first1=Charul |last2=Dave |first2=Parth |date=2022-12-31 |title=Singing the Unsung: Understanding the Making of Modern India in Narayani Basu's V. P. Menon: The Unsung Architect of Modern India |url=https://doi.org/10.37867/te1404132 |journal=Towards Excellence |pages=1458–1466 |doi=10.37867/te1404132 |issn=0974-035X|doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
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He laid the foundation stone for the [[Hirakud Dam]] in 1946.<ref name="D'Souza2002">{{cite book|author=Dilip D'Souza|title=The Narmada Dammed: An Inquiry Into the Politics of Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irPygOKl5xYC&pg=PA95|year=2002|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-302865-9|pages=95–}}</ref><ref name="Nanda2016">{{cite book|first1=M.N. |last1=Das |first2=C.P. |last2=Nanda|title=Harekrushna Mahtab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SR7iDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT71|accessdate=26 May 2018|date=22 August 2016|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=978-81-230-2325-0|pages=71–}}</ref><ref name="Hogg2013">{{cite book|author=Dorothy Hogg|title=India - A Plea For Understanding|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dfx9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT259|accessdate=26 May 2018|date=16 April 2013|publisher=Read Books Limited|isbn=978-1-4733-8511-5|pages=259–}}</ref> One of the other major contributions of Hawthorne as Governor of Orissa is that he gave assent to act of legislation which sanctioned for the foundation of the [[Utkal University]] on 27 November 1943 being inaugurated on 1 November 1944 under a proposal from the cabinet of the then Prime Minister of Orissa, [[Krushna Chandra Gajapati]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Köhl |first=Torvald |date=1900-04-01 |title=Astronomical Observations in 1899 |url=https://doi.org/10.1086/121364 |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |volume=12 |issue=73 |pages=119 |doi=10.1086/121364 |bibcode=1900PASP...12...56K |issn=0004-6280|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Lewis, Sir (William) Hawthorne, (29 June 1888–19 Oct. 1970) |date=2007-12-01 |work=Who Was Who |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u54624 |access-date=2025-09-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u54624 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziring |first=Lawrence |date=February 1979 |title=North West Frontier Province Legislature and Freedom Struggle, 1932–47. By Amit Kumar Gupta. New Delhi: Indian Council of Historical Research, 1976. xv, 239 pp. Appendix, Bibliography, Index. Rs. 30.00. |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021911800142159 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=398–399 |doi=10.1017/s0021911800142159 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
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At the mid-term of governorship of Odisha province, there were only five colleges in the province as per a report by the Statesman published in 1945.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 1961 |title=Book Reviews: The Statesman's Year-Book 1960-61. Edited by S. H. Steinberg. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1960. Pp. xxvi, 1677. $9.50.) |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/106591296101400245 |journal=Western Political Quarterly |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=158 |doi=10.1177/106591296101400245 |issn=0043-4078|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
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Lewis died in 1970 at Salisbury, Wiltshire, England.<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{succession box|title=[[Governor of Odisha]]|before=[[John Austen Hubback]]|after=[[Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi]]|years=1 April 1941 – 31 March 1946}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
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* {{NPG name|78745|Sir (William) Hawthorne Lewis}}<br />
{{Governor of Odisha}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Governors of Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:1888 births]]<br />
[[Category:1970 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at Oundle School]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuppam_railway_station&diff=511225Kuppam railway station2026-04-15T07:30:35Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: started details...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Railway station in Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{morerefs|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Kuppam<br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station<br />
| image = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Kuppam railway station (front).jpg | photo2a = Kuppam railway station.jpg | spacing = 1 | color_border = white | color = white | size = 300 | foot_montage = }}<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| address = RS Pet, [[Kuppam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] 517425<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|12.7475|N|78.3392|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| elevation = {{convert|682|m|ft}}<br />
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]<br />
| line = [[Chennai Central–Bangalore City line]]<br />
| platform = 2<br />
| tracks = 4<br />
| other = <br />
| structure = Standard on ground<br />
| parking = Yes<br />
| bicycle = No<br />
| accessible = <br />
| status = Functioning<br />
| code = {{Indian railway code<br />
| code = KPN<br />
| division = {{rwd|Bangalore}}<br />
}}<br />
| opened = 1958<br />
| electrified = Yes<br />
| former = <br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| services = {{Adjacent stations<br />
|system=Indian Railways<br />
|line1=Bangalore–Chennai |right1=Jolarpet Junction |left1=Bangarapet<br />
}}<br />
| mapframe = <br />
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh<br />
| map_dot_label = Kuppam<br />
| map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh<br />
| map_size = 300<br />
}}<br />
'''Kuppam railway station''' (station code:'''KPN''') is a double-line electrified railway station on the [[Chennai Central–Bangalore City line]], in south India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=38 Departures from Kuppam SWR/South Western Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/kuppam-kpn/989 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><br />
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Some of the major routes that cross this station are [[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]], [[Jolarpettai Junction railway station|Jolarpettai Jn]] in the border of [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] of India, [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem Jn]], and many more. Some of the popular trains crossing this station and traveling towards Bengaluru are [[Lal Bagh Express|Lalbagh SF Express (12607/12608)]], [[Brindavan Express|Brindavan Express (12639/12640)]], [[SMVT Bengaluru–Alipurduar Amrit Bharat Express|SMVT Bengaluru–Alipurduar Amrit Bharat Express 16597/16598]] and [[Chennai–Bangalore Double Decker Express|Chennai–Bangalore Double Decker Express (22625/22626)]], [[KSR Bengaluru–Coimbatore Uday Express|KSR Bengaluru–Coimbatore Uday Express (22665/22666)]] and many more.<br />
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== Extras ==<br />
Kuppam, a city in [[Andhra Pradesh]] is famous for its '''granite quarries and factories'''. A granite variety, Kuppam Green, is named after the town as this variety is abundantly found in this area and exported to foreign countries on demand.<br />
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== Amenities ==<br />
The Kuppam railway station has a computerized reservation counter, waiting room, vegetarian refreshment stall, tea stall and book stall.<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}{{Railway stations in Karnataka}}<br />
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[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1958]]<br />
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Bangalore railway division]]<br />
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{{AndhraPradesh-railstation-stub}}</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durbar_of_1870&diff=497854Durbar of 18702026-04-14T20:31:11Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: made details!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Government event in British India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox historical event<br />
| Date = {{Start date and age|1870|10|22|df=y}}<br />
| Location = [[Ajmer]]<br />
| Image_Name = Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo.jpg<br />
| Image_Caption = [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Lord Mayo]]<br />
| Image_Alt = Lord Mayo<br />
| Participants = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo]]<br />
* [[Shambhu Singh]]<br />
* [[Ram Singh II]]<br />
* [[Takht Singh]]<br />
* [[Ram Singh Bundi|Ram Singh]]<br />
* [[Ibrahim Ali Khan]]<br />
* [[Prithwi Singh]]<br />
* [[Prithviraj Singh]]<br />
* [[Nahar Singh of Shahpura|Nahar Singh]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
The '''Viceregal Durbar''' ([[Literal translation|lit.]] '[[Durbar (court)#British India|Court]] of [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy]]') was an assembly organized by [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Richard Bourke]], the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor-General of India]], at [[Ajmer]], on 22 October 1870. The purpose of this assemblage was to present to the rulers and nobles of [[Rajputana]] the proposal of founding an institution for the education of their sons.<br />
<br />
== Prelude ==<br />
When a [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] was to be organised at [[Ajmer]] by [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Lord Mayo]], the [[British government of India|Government of India]] invited the rulers of the [[princely state]]s of [[Rajputana]] to attend.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sarda |url=http://archive.org/details/ajmer-har-bilas-sarda |title=Ajmer: Historical and Descriptive |date=1941|pages=108, 221–223|first=Har Bilas|publisher=Fine Art Printing Press|location=Ajmer|author-link=Har Bilas Sarda}}</ref> The invitation addressed to the [[Maharana]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur]] provoked opposition within his state.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Paliwal |first=D. L. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mewar_and_the_British_1857_1921_A_D/EYIXsjbEX-0C |title=Mewar and the British, 1857-1921 A.D.: A History of the Relations of the Mewar State with the British Government of India from 1857 to 1921 A.D. |date=1971 |publisher=Bafna Prakashan |language=en|pages=108–112}}</ref> His nobles, feudatories, and vassals considered attendance at a public durbar to be inconsistent with the dignity and traditions of the [[House of Mewar]].<ref name=":3" /> They further argued that the meeting between [[Jawan Singh]] and [[Lord William Bentinck]] in 1832 had been private in nature, and that assurances had been given that the Maharana would not subsequently be required to meet the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy]] outside his own territory.<ref name=":3" /> Despite these objections, the Maharana agreed to attend.<ref name=":3" /> Prior to his arrival in [[Ajmer]], he wrote to Colonel J. C. Brooke, Agent to the [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] in [[Rajputana]], stating that it would give him great pleasure to meet [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Lord Mayo]] there, and requesting that the same honours and ceremonial observances as were accorded to his predecessor in 1832 be maintained.<ref name=":3" /> He also asked that he should not be required to present nazrana in person to the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy]], and that any formal interview with him should not take place in the public durbar.<ref name=":3" /> In reply to the Maharana, Brooke stated that the political situation in [[British Raj|India]] had changed since 1832.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/rajasthan-through-the-age-vol.-5 |title=Rajasthan Through The Age (Vol. 5) |pages=157–160}}</ref> He also told him that authority now rested with the Viceroy, who acts on behalf of the [[The Crown|Crown]] rather than the [[East India Company]], and that the Viceroy was therefore entitled to honours equivalent to those accorded to the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|sovereign]].<ref name=":5" /> Brooke nevertheless assured the Maharana that his rank and dignity would receive due consideration, and that the ceremonial arrangements would reflect his status.<ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
The following rulers came to attend it:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!State<br />
!Name<br />
!References<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur]]<br />
|[[Shambhu Singh]]<br />
| rowspan="9" |<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Dhoundiyal |first=b n |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.117118 |title=Rajasthan Distict Gazetteer Of Ajmer |date=1966 |pages=90}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]]<br />
|[[Ram Singh II]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur]]<br />
|[[Takht Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bundi State|Bundi]]<br />
|[[Ram Singh Bundi|Ram Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Karauli state|Karauli]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kota state|Kotah]]<br />
|Shatru Sal II<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tonk State|Tonk]]<br />
|[[Ibrahim Ali Khan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]<br />
|[[Prithwi Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]]<br />
|[[Prithviraj Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shahpura state|Shahpura]]<br />
|[[Nahar Singh of Shahpura|Nahar Singh]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commons |first=Great Britain Parliament House of |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Accounts_and_Papers_of_the_House_of_Comm/tytcAAAAQAAJ |title=Accounts and Papers of the House of Commons |date=1872 |publisher=Ordered to be printed |pages=72 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
[[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Lord Mayo]] himself arrived in [[Ajmer]] on the afternoon of 20 October 1870, via [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]], [[Jaipur]], and [[Sambhar Lake Town|Sambhar]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Upon his arrival, he was received at the entrance of the city by the rulers, who had especially gathered for the durbar, and was escorted in state through [[Ajmer]] to the residency.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Selections_from_the_Records_of_the_Gover/q-9AAQAAMAAJ |title=Selections from the Records of the Government of India, Foreign Department |date=1871 |publisher=Foreign Department |pages=1–2 |language=en}}</ref> On 21 October 1870, the next day, he received private visits from the assembled rulers.<ref name=":2" /> The [[tent]] in which the durbar was to be held was brought from [[Agra]].<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Proceedings ==<br />
On 22 October 1870, the durbar was held by Lord Mayo.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Southwell Bourke |first=Richard |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5881 |title=Speeches in England and India |date=1873 |publisher=Bahram, Hill and Co, Calcutta |pages=73–77}}</ref> It was attended by the rulers of [[Rajputana]], along with civil and military officers, nobles, and local dignitaries.<ref name=":4" /> The Maharana of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur]] was accompanied by nine principal nobles, the Maharaja of [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur]] by nine, the [[Rajadhiraja|Rajadhiraj]] of [[Shahpura state|Shahpura]] by two, and other rulers of [[Rajputana]] by six each.<ref name=":4" /> The rulers arrived in the following manner: first, the ruler of [[Shahpura state|Shahpura]] at 7:30&nbsp;a.m., followed by the ruler of [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]] at 7:40&nbsp;a.m., and subsequently, at ten-minute intervals, the rulers of [[Tonk State|Tonk]], [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]], [[Kota state|Kotah]], [[Bundi State|Bundi]], and [[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur]].<ref name=":4" /> The Maharana of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur]] was received at the tent entrance and escorted to his seat by the Agent to the Governor-General, the Foreign Secretary, the Private Secretary to [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Lord Mayo]], and an [[aide-de-camp]].<ref name=":4" /> Other rulers were received by the Under-Secretary in the Foreign Department and two [[Aide-de-camp|aides-de-camp]] of Lord Mayo, while the ruler of [[Shahpura state|Shahpura]] was received by an assistant to the Governor-General's agent and an aide-de-camp.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
Seating on the right of [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Lord Mayo]] was arranged in the following order: the Maharana of Udaipur, the Foreign Secretary, the Under-Secretary in the Foreign Department, the Maharao Raja of [[Bundi State|Bundi]], the Maharao Raja of [[Kota state|Kotah]], the Maharaja of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]], the Nawab of [[Tonk State|Tonk]], the Maharaj Rana of [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]], and the Rajadhiraj of [[Shahpura state|Shahpura]].<ref name=":4" /> Nobles accompanying each ruler were seated behind them, followed by the chieftains of [[Istimrari|Istimrari estates]], the vakils of absent rulers, the Mir Munshi of the Rajputana Agency, and other local dignitaries.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
After all attendees were seated, [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Lord Mayo]] entered the tent, accompanied by the Secretary and Under-Secretary in the Foreign Department, his private and military secretaries, and personal staff.<ref name=":4" /> A salute was fired, the troops presented arms, and the band played "[[God Save the Queen]]".<ref name=":4" /> Attendees stood until [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Lord Mayo]] took his seat on the throne.<ref name=":4" /> The rulers were then individually introduced to [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Lord Mayo]] by the Foreign Secretary, followed by nobles and local dignitaries introduced by the Under-Secretary.<ref name=":4" /> All attendees, except the Maharana of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur]], presented a nazrana upon introduction.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
== Speech ==<br />
Following the introductions, [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Lord Mayo]] delivered his speech, in which he laid emphasis on the duties and responsibilities of the rulers of [[Rajputana]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> He asked them to protect and respect the rights of their subjects, and proposed the founding of a school or college for the education of the rulers and nobles of [[Rajputana]], and of their sons.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> In his speech, he said:<br />
{{Blockquote|text=And now, let me mention a project which I have much at heart, I desire much to invite your assistance to enable me to establish at Ajmer a school or college which should be devoted exclusively to the education of the sons of the Chief, Princes, and leading Thakurs of Rajputana. It should be an institution suited to the position and rank of the boys for whose instruction it is intended, and such a system of teaching should be founded as would be best calculated to fit them for the important duties which in after life they would be called upon to discharge. It would not possible on this occasion to describe minutely the different features of such an institution, but I hope to communicate with you shortly on the subject and I trust you will favor and support an attempt to give to the youth of Rajputana instruction suitable to their high birth and position. Be assured that we ask you to do all this for no other object but your own benefit. If we wished you to remain weak, we should say, ‘Be poor, and ignorant and disorderly.’ It is because we wish you to be strong that we desire to see you rich, instructed, and well-governed.|author=[[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo]]|source=at the durbar<ref name=":4" />}}<br />
<br />
== Incident ==<br />
During the proceedings preceding the durbar, [[Takht Singh]] was duly received with the privileges appropriate to his rank.<ref name=":5" /> At the durbar, Singh saw that his seat was placed below those of the rulers of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur]] and [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Vyāsa |first=Rāma Prasāda |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/British_Policy_Towards_Princely_States_o/IQxuAAAAMAAJ |title=British Policy Towards Princely States of India |date=1991 |publisher=Rajasthan-Vidya Prakashan |language=en}}</ref> Considering this arrangement inapporiate, he immediately left the durbar and the vicinity of [[Ajmer]] in anger.<ref name=":8" /> This displeased [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Lord Mayo]], who reduced Singh's entitled gun salute by two and withdrew the privilege of the beating of drums in his honour while he remained under the jurisdiction of [[Ajmer]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Wart |first=Reginald Bramley Van |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Life_of_Lieut_general_H_H_Sir_Pratap/qmkdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Life of Lieut.-general H.H. Sir Pratap Singh |date=1926 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=39 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Upadhyaya |first=Nirmala M. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Administration_of_Jodhpur_State_1800/9a4BAAAAMAAJ |title=The Administration of Jodhpur State, 1800-1947 A.D. |date=1973 |publisher=International Publishers |pages=46 |language=en}}</ref> After the durbar, Singh is said to have visited the [[Shambhu Singh]] in order to dispel any misunderstanding arising from his conduct.<ref name=":3" /> During the meeting, he explained to [[Shambhu Singh|Shambhu]] that his objection was not to sitting beside him, but felt it would be beneath their rank if officers occupied the seat between them.<ref name=":3" /> Singh left his two sons, [[Jaswant Singh II]] and [[Pratap Singh of Idar|Pratap Singh]], in [[Ajmer]], where they remained until the following day.<ref name=":6" /> They were summoned by [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Lord Mayo]], who expressed appreciation for the manner in which [[Godwar]] had been administered by [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur]].<ref name=":7" /> Singh subsequently represented his case to the [[Secretary of State for India]], who accepted his claim and restored his salute and privileges.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Aftermath ==<br />
At the conclusion of the durbar, the [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Lord Mayo]], presented [[attar]] and [[paan]] to the [[Shambhu Singh]].<ref name=":4" /> The Foreign Secretary presented the same to the other rulers present, while the Under Secretary distributed it to the nobles and gentlemen who attended the durbar.<ref name=":4" /> Lord Mayo then departed, and the rulers, in order of rank, were conducted to their elephants.<ref name=":4" /> [[Shambhu Singh|Shambhu]] was conducted first, followed by the other rulers, by the Foreign and Under Secretaries and the Political Officers present.<ref name=":4" /> This durbar eventually led to the formation of [[Mayo College]] at [[Ajmer]].<ref name=":3" /> Mayo College began its operation in 1875 with 23 students and, over the years, came to be regarded as one of the premier educational institutions of its kind in [[British India]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Penshurst |first=Charles Hardinge Baron Hardinge of |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Speeches/ySY3AQAAMAAJ |title=Speeches |date=1913 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Print., India |pages=341 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Lord Mayo]] left [[Ajmer]] on 25 October 1870.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Delhi Durbar]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Government of British India]]<br />
[[Category:History of Ajmer]]<br />
[[Category:State ritual and ceremonies]]<br />
[[Category:1870 in British India]]<br />
[[Category:1870 in India]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Joseph%27s_School,_Darjeeling&diff=537378St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling2026-04-11T19:24:26Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{Refimprove|date=December 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox school<br />
| name = St. Joseph's School, North Point, Darjeeling<br />
| logo = St Joseph's School Crest.tif<br />
| image = St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling - Front View.JPG<br />
| image_size = 270px<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Coat of arms<br />
| motto = {{langx|la|Sursum Corda}}<br />
| motto_translation = Lift Up Your Hearts<br />
| district = [[Darjeeling]]<br />
| state = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|27.0618|N|88.2524|E|source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title|format=dms}}<br />
| other_name = North Point<br />
| former_name = [[St Joseph's College, Darjeeling]]<br />
| type = [[Private school|Private]] primary and secondary school<br />
| religious_affiliation = [[Catholic church|Catholicism]]<br />
| denomination = [[Society of Jesus]]<br />
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1888|}}<br />
| founder = Fr. [[Henri Depelchin]], S.J.<br />
| school_board = [[CISCE]]<br />
| rector = Fr. Stanley Karakkada, S.J.<br />
| free_label = Prefect<br />
| free_text = Fr. John Banerjee<br />
| gender = [[Single-sex education|Boys]]<br />
| enrollment = 1,220<br />
| houses = {{ubl|{{colorbox|green}}&nbsp;&nbsp;O'Neil:&nbsp;&nbsp;{{langx|la|Velocitur Ad Finem}}|{{colorbox|red}}&nbsp;&nbsp;Depelchin:&nbsp;&nbsp;{{langx|la|Dando Se Illuminat}}|{{nowrap|{{colorbox|yellow}}&nbsp;&nbsp;Laenen:&nbsp;&nbsp;{{langx|la|Vocans Ad Sublimora}}}}|{{colorbox|blue}}&nbsp;&nbsp;Fallon:&nbsp;&nbsp;{{langx|la|Vigilando Vincitur}}}}<br />
| colours = {{color box|DarkBlue}}{{color box|LightBlue}} Navy and sky blue<br />
| sports = {{hlist|Basketball|Swimming|Football|Table Tennis|Cricket|Volleyball|Badminton|Track and Field|Lawn Tennis|Chess|Billiards|Kickboxing}}<br />
| nickname = {{ubl|North Pointers|Josephites}}<br />
| publication = {{ubl|''Among Ourselves'' (Monthly)}}<br />
| yearbook = The North Point Annual<br />
| website = {{URL|sjcnorthpoint.com}}<br />
| picture = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling''', popularly called '''North Point''' or '''N.P.''' (as it serves as a landmark for the North Point locality in [[Darjeeling]]), is a private [[Catholic school]] primary and secondary school for boys located in [[Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Originally called St. Joseph's College, the school was founded in the year 1888 and is owned and managed by the [[Jesuits]] <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling was founded by Fr. [[Henri Depelchin]] with 25 students on 13 February 1888, at Sunnybank, Darjeeling. The following captured a chronological sequence of events that led to the foundation of the school:<br />
<br />
'''1888''' <br />
<br />
* '''13 February 1888''' '''-''' saw the official opening of St Joseph’s College at Sunnybank (above the present Bishop’s House, Darjeeling)<br />
<br />
* '''14 February 1888''' - Classes Begin with 25 students (18 boarders and 7 Day- scholars) <br />
* '''10 July 1888''' - The North Point property was bought from the Government of India. Building work was entrusted to Brother Eugene Rotsaert who with the help of 2000 men leveled the ground by the end of December 1888. <br />
* '''15 August 1888''' - Affiliation of Boys’ Sodality to the Prima Primaria in Rome <br />
* '''16 November 1888''' - First Rector’s Day<br />
* '''13 December 1888''' - The End of the First Academic Year December 1888 - Ladbrooke Farm (the present UD Flat) was acquired from the Maharaja of Burdwan on a long lease<br />
<br />
=== 1889 ===<br />
<br />
* '''22 February -''' Beginning of the second academic year at Sunnybank Cadet Corps came into being in the College<br />
* '''2''' '''May 1889 -''' The Foundations for the College building marked out <br />
* '''3 May 1889''' - First cricket match. The opponents were an Army team. St Joseph’s College won. <br />
* '''10 May 1889 -''' Building work started. Stones were quarried from Ladbrooke Farm. <br />
* '''27 April 1890 -''' Blessing of the foundation stone by His Grace, Archbishop Goethals<br />
<br />
=== 1891 ===<br />
<br />
* '''8 December -''' Blessing of the New College building by Fr Depelchin<br />
<br />
=== 1892 ===<br />
<br />
* Fr Neut was appointed Rector Establishment of a section for University Students known as the ‘Special Department’. This section prepared young men for the different government Examinations such as the Superior Branch Accounts, Police, Finance, Opium, Forest etc. as well for the London Matriculation Examination, and for Entrance into the Thomson C.E. College, Roorkee, and Cooper’s Hill. <br />
<br />
* '''18 February 1892''' - Classes began in the New Building at North Point. February - Visit of Lord Lansdowne, Viceroy of India<br />
<br />
North Point celebrated its 125th year anniversary on 10 November 2013 which was graced by the presence of the then President of India, Shri [[Pranab Mukherjee]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pranabmukherjee.nic.in/pr101113_01.html|title = Shri Pranab Mukherjee: Former President of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==School system==<br />
The school is divided into four divisions:<br />
* Primary Division{{spaced endash}}Classes 1 to 5<br />
* Lower Division{{spaced endash}}Classes 6, 7 and 8<br />
* Upper Division{{spaced endash}}Classes 9 and 10<br />
* Senior Division{{spaced endash}}Classes 11 and 12<br />
<br />
The Primary division has eight captains, the lower division has eight head boys, the upper division has eight prefects, the senior division has eight beadles. These are the student representatives and leaders of the school from both the boarding and day scholar sections of the school, appointed on leadership, academic, and sportsmanship abilities. Also all the classes in the school have two monitors, one from the boarding section and other one from day scholar section.<br />
<br />
The school provides facilities for various games such as [[cricket]], [[Association football|football]], [[basketball]], [[volleyball]], [[table tennis]], [[chess]]; and also engages in co-curricular activities such as [[quiz]], debate, music and drama. The school also encompasses a variety of clubs ranging from the Western Vocals Singing Club to the Elections Literacy Club. Over the years of its long history, the school has developed a competitive rivalry in Inter-School Tournaments with the other Anglo-Indian schools of Darjeeling and [[Kalimpong]], particularly [[St. Paul's School, Darjeeling]], and [[St. Augustine's School, Kalimpong]].<br />
<br />
== House system ==<br />
The school has four houses:<br />
<br />
#Depelchin House (Red)<br />
#Fallon House (Blue)<br />
#Laenen House (Yellow)<br />
#O'Neil House (Green) <ref>{{Cite web|title=St. Joseph's School, North Point|url=https://sjcnorthpoint.com/house-system.php|access-date=2021-06-14|website=sjcnorthpoint.com}}</ref><br />
[[File:Northpointaerialview.jpg|Northpointaerialview]]<br />
<br />
==Publications==<br />
The school has a number of publications, which include the ''Among Ourselves'' (monthly), and the ''North Point Annual'' (yearly), all compiled and edited by the students' Editorial Board.<br />
<br />
==School rankings==<br />
In 2020, St. Joseph's School, North Point ranked second<ref>{{Cite web|title=EW India School Rankings 2019-20|url=https://www.educationworld.in/school-ranking/|access-date=2020-06-11|website=EducationWorld|language=en-US}}</ref> among boarding schools in Darjeeling and West Bengal and, in 2021, eleventh in India according to the Education-World India School Rankings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EW India School Rankings 2019-20|url=https://www.educationworld.in/school-ranking/|access-date=2020-06-11|website=EducationWorld|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=EW India School Rankings 2020-21|url=https://www.educationworld.in/ew-india-school-rankings-2020-21/|access-date=2021-01-05|website=EducationWorld|language=en-US}}</ref> The school has consistently been regarded as among the most prestigious boarding schools in [[India]]. In continuation with the excellence in academics, St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling is ranked 8th amongst the Vintage Boarding Schools category as published in the reputed [https://www.educationworld.in/ew-india-vintage-school-rankings-2024-25/?school=Boys%20Boarding EducationWorld India school rankings for 2024-25]. <br />
<br />
==Notable alumni==<br />
* [[Admiral Ronald Lynsdale Pereira]]{{spaced endash}}ninth Chief of Naval Staff <br />
* [[Erick Avari]]{{spaced endash}}Hollywood actor<br />
* [[James Anthony (psychoanalyst)|E J Anthony]]{{spaced endash}}Founding member of Group Analytic Society and child Psychiatrist <br />
* [[Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev]]{{spaced endash}}former King of Nepal <br />
* [[Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev]]{{spaced endash}}former King of Nepal <br />
* [[Paras Bir Bikram Shah Dev]]{{spaced endash}}former Crown Prince of Nepal <br />
* [[Lawrence Durrell]]{{spaced endash}}poet and novelist <br />
* [[Michael Ferreira]]{{spaced endash}}world billiard champion <br />
* [[William Harper (Rhodesian politician)|William John Harper]]—Rhodesian politician <br />
* [[Jamyang Norbu]]{{spaced endash}}Tibetan activist and author <br />
* [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Lawrence Picachy|Lawrence T. Picachy]]{{spaced endash}}[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta|Archbishop of Calcutta]]<br />
* [[Kasit Piromya]]{{spaced endash}}former Foreign Minister of Thailand<br />
* [[Frank Ryan (cricketer)|Frank Ryan]]{{spaced endash}}first-class cricketer<br />
* [[Tsoltim Ngima Shakabpa]]{{spaced endash}}international banker, activist, writer and poet<br />
* [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]]{{spaced endash}}former King of Bhutan <br />
* [[Yeshey Zimba]]{{spaced endash}}former Prime Minister of Bhutan<br />
* [[Brian Hayes (lawyer)|Brian Hayes]] - Australian KC and co-producer of the movie "Hotel Mumbai"<br />
* [[Jeremy Bujakowski]] - Polish–Indian alpine skier<br />
* [[Pratapaditya Pal]] - Art-historian<br />
* [[Gyanedra]], last King of Nepal<br />
<ref>{{Cite web|title=St. Joseph's School, North Point|url=https://sjcnorthpoint.com/renowned-alumni.php|access-date=2021-06-14|website=sjcnorthpoint.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{stack|{{portal|Schools|Catholicism|India}}}}<br />
* [[List of Jesuit educational institutions#Schools|List of Jesuit schools]]<br />
* [[List of schools in West Bengal]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
<br />
# [https://sjcnorthpoint.com/ School Website]<br />
{{Jesuit Schools of India|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Joseph's School, Darjeeling}}<br />
[[Category:Jesuit primary schools in India]]<br />
[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]<br />
[[Category:Catholic boarding schools in India]]<br />
[[Category:Christian schools in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Boarding schools in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Schools in Darjeeling district]]<br />
[[Category:Jesuit secondary schools in India]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1888]]<br />
[[Category:1888 establishments in British India]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shreya_Anchan&diff=535327Shreya Anchan2026-04-09T04:52:12Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Shreya Anchan Sidhu<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| years_active = 2014{{ndash}}present<br />
| known_for = <br />
| spouse = {{married|[[Sidhu Sid]]|2021}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-tv-actors-shreya-anchan-and-sidhu-sid-get-married/articleshow/87848074.cms|title=Tamil TV actors Shreya Anchan and Sidhu Sid get married|newspaper=The Times of India |date=November 23, 2021}}</ref><br />
| notable_works = ''[[Thirumanam (TV series)|Thirumanam]]''<br />
}}<br />
'''Shreya Anchan Sidhu''' is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films and Tamil television shows. She is best known for her work in the soap opera ''[[Thirumanam (TV series)|Thirumanam]]'' (2017{{Ndash}}2018).<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
She made her debut with the Kannada film ''Chaturbhuja'' (2014). The film was released to mixed reviews with a critic calling her performance as one of the highlights.<ref name="TOI"/> She then appeared in the Tulu film ''Jai Tulunadu'' before starring in the Kannada serial ''Aramane'' .<ref name="DC"/> She garnered notice for her roles in ''[[Ondu Motteya Kathe]]'' (2017) and ''[[Katheyondu Shuruvagide]]'' (2018).<ref name="DC"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/katheyondu-shuruvagide/movie-review/65254373.cms|title=Katheyondu Shuruvagide Movie Review|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/katheyondu-shuruvagide-upgrade-685424.html|title=Katheyondu Shuruvagide review: Romantic film upgraded|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> She played a lead role in the Tamil television series ''[[Thirumanam (TV series)|Thirumanam]]'' and a supporting role in the Kannada film ''[[Soojidaara]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/soojidaara-review-hariprriya-shines-film-let-down-slow-pace-101580|title='Soojidaara' review: Hariprriya shines in a film let down by slow pace|first=Aravind|last=Shwetha|date=May 10, 2019|website=The News Minute}}</ref> She was brought in as Reshma Venkatesh's replacement in ''[[Anbudan Kushi]]'' and played one of the leads in [[Zee Tamil]]'s ''[[Rajini (TV series)|Rajini]]'' and ''Valliyin Velan''.<ref name="DC"/><ref name="AK"/><ref name="V"/><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Originally from [[Mangalore]], Shreya Anchan's mother tongue is Tulu and she knew Kannada. She later learnt Tamil following a career in television.<ref name="DC"/> She married her ''Thirumanam'' co-star [[Sidhu Sid]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/from-sidhu-sid-and-shreya-anchan-to-senthil-and-sreeja-reel-couples-turned-real-life-partners-on-tamil-tv/photostory/108104821.cms|title=From Sidhu Sid and Shreya Anchan to Senthil and Sreeja: Reel couples turned real-life partners on Tamil TV|newspaper=The Times of India |date=February 29, 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" | Language<br />
! scope="col" | Notes<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || ''Chaturbhuja'' || Shreya || [[Kannada]] || || <ref name="TOI">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/chathurbhuja/movie-review/32528378.cms|title=Chathurbhuja Movie Review|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || ''Jai Tulunadu'' || || [[Tulu language|Tulu]] || || <ref name="V"/><br />
|-<br />
| 2017 || ''[[Ondu Motteya Kathe]]'' || Moha || rowspan="4"|Kannada || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=529230|title='Shreya Anchan' will now be seen in Tamil serial 'Thirumanam'|website=[[Daijiworld Media]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || ''[[Katheyondu Shuruvagide]]'' || Swarna || Nominated{{emdash}}[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada]] || <ref name="DC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/130918/kudla-girl-is-on-a-role.html|title=Kudla girl is on a role!|first=Shashiprasad|last=SM|date=September 13, 2018|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2019 || ''[[Soojidaara]]'' || Prajna Hegde || || <ref name="V"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''Randhawa'' || || || <br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || ''[[Ainthu Unarvugal]]'' || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" | Network<br />
! scope="col" | Language<br />
! scope="col" | Notes<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2016{{Ndash}}2018 || ''Aramane'' || || [[Udaya TV]] || [[Kannada]] || || rowspan="3" |<ref name="DC" /><br />
|-<br />
| 2017{{Ndash}}2018 || ''[[Nandini (TV series)|Nandini]]'' || Gayathri/Sandhya || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br />Udaya TV || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]{{Br}}Kannada || Shot in two languages <br />
|-<br />
| 2018{{Ndash}}2020 || ''[[Thirumanam (TV series)|Thirumanam]]'' || Janani Santhosh || [[Colors Tamil]] || rowspan="5" |Tamil <br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || ''[[Anbudan Kushi]]'' || Kushi || [[Star Vijay]] || Replaced Reshma Venkatesh <br />
|<ref name="AK">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/shreya-anchan-makes-her-tv-comeback-with-anbudan-kushi-sidhu-sid-sends-out-his-best-wishes/articleshow/81929584.cms|title=Shreya Anchan makes her TV comeback with Anbudan Kushi; Sidhu Sid sends out his best wishes|newspaper=The Times of India |date=April 6, 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2021{{Ndash}}2023 || ''[[Rajini (TV series)|Rajini]]'' || Rajini || [[Zee Tamil]] || || <ref name="R">{{Cite news|title=Popular TV show 'Rajini' to go off-air soon; Actress Shreya Anchan turns emotional|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-tv-show-rajini-to-go-off-air-soon-actress-shreya-anchan-turns-emotional/articleshow/99758240.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=25 April 2023 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2024{{Ndash}}2025 || ''[[Valliyin Velan]]'' || Valli || [[Zee Tamil]] || || <ref name="V">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/shreya-anchan-sidhu-set-to-play-the-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-valliyin-velan/articleshow/112371401.cms|title=Shreya Anchan - Sidhu set to play the titular role in upcoming show 'Valliyin Velan'|newspaper=The Times of India |date=August 8, 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2026 || ''[[Cooku with Comali season 7]]'' || Contestant || [[Star Vijay]] || Reality - Cooking show||<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-season-7-sidhu-sid-and-shreya-anchan-join-as-contestants/articleshow/130108942.cms|title=Cooku With Comali Season 7: Sidhu Sid and Shreya Anchan join as contestants|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb name|9624267}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tulu actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]<br />
[[Category:Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Cooku with Comali contestants]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemant_Meena&diff=502545Hemant Meena2026-04-07T14:40:30Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: started a details...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Hemant Meena<br />
| image = Hemant Meena.jpg<br />
| office = Cabinet Minister, [[Government of Rajasthan]]<br />
| term_start = 30 December 2023<br />
| term_end =<br />
| predecessor = [[Ramlal Jat]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| 1blankname = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]<br />
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments<br />
| 2namedata = {{Collapsible list|<br />
* Revenue<br />
* Colonization}}<br />
| governor = [[Kalraj Mishra]]<br/>[[Haribhau Bagade]]<br />
| office1 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start1 = 3 December 2023<br />
| term_end1 = <br />
| predecessor1 = [[Ramlal Meena]]<br />
| successor1 = <br />
| constituency1 = [[Pratapgarh, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Pratapgarh]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| spouse = Sarika Meena<br />
| children = 3<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1980|03|11}}<br />
| birth_place = Gopalpura, [[Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan]], India<br />
| occupation = Agriculturist<br />
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Rajasthan]]<br />
| parents = [[Nand Lal Meena (born 1946)|Nand Lal Meena]] (father) <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Hemant Meena''' (born 11 March 1980) is an Indian politician currently serving as a [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry|Cabinet Minister]] of Revenue and Colonization Department in the Government of Rajasthan. He is a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Pratapgarh, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Pratapgarh]] constituency and represents the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], he was elected as an MLA from the Pratapgarh Assembly constituency. He defeated the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) candidate Ramlal Meena with a margin of 25,109 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/pratapgarh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470787-2023-12-03|title=Pratapgarh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Hemant Meena wins Pratapgarh with 87644 votes|website=India Today|date=3 December 2023|access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/Pratapgarh-172|title=Pratapgarh Assembly Rajasthan Election 2023 Results Live: Rajasthan constituency Results, Winner list and vote share|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/pratapgarh-constituency/|title=Pratapgarh Election 2023: Get Latest News Updates of the Pratapgarh Constituency Seat in Rajasthan Assembly Election 2023.|website=The Indian Express|access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 30 December 2023, Meena was sworn in as a [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry#Cabinet Ministers|Cabinet Minister]] in the presence of [[Governor of Rajasthan|Governor]] [[Kalraj Mishra]], Deputy Chief Minister [[Diya Kumari]], and [[Prem Chand Bairwa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/jaipur-news/rajasthan-cabinet-news-live-updates-ministries-full-list-bhajan-lal-diya-kumari-prem-chand-bairwa-news-dec-30-101703920696442.html|title=Rajasthan cabinet news highlights: 22 ministers take oath, 17 of them first-timers|website=Hindustan Times|date=30 December 2023|access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/chat-mla-pat-minister-know-who-is-hemant-meena-who-got-the-revenue-department-his-father-has-also-been-a-minister-4805872|title=चट विधायक-पट मंत्री, जानें कौन हैं हेमंत मीणा जिन्हें मिला राजस्व विभाग, पिता भी रह चुके हैं मंत्री|website=NDTV Rajasthan|language=hi|access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/pratapgarh/first-time-mla-hemant-meena-became-cabinet-minister-in-new-rajasthan-government/rj20231230181852339339939|title=पहली बार विधायक बने हेमंत मीणा बने कैबिनेट मंत्री, बीजेपी प्रदेशाध्यक्ष सीपी जोशी के हैं करीबी|website=ETV Bharat News|date=30 December 2023|access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/first-time-mla-who-became-minister-know-who-is-hemant-meena-to-whom-bjp-gave-big-responsibility-4770106 |title=पहली बार विधायक बने Hemant Meena को BJP ने दी बड़ी जिम्मेदारी, जानिए कौन हैं ये |website=NDTV Rajasthan |publisher=NDTV |language=hi |date=30 December 2023 |access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/pratapgarh/news/hemant-meena-became-mla-for-the-first-time-and-became-a-minister-132367616.html |title=हेमंत मीणा पहली बार विधायक बने और बन गए मंत्री |website=दैनिक भास्कर |language=hi |access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/pratapgargh/rajasthan-cabinet-hemant-meena-got-revenue-department-father-nandlal-meena-was-minister-for-20-years/2045749 |title=राजस्थान कैबिनेट: हेमंत मीणा को मिला राजस्व विभाग, पिता नंदलाल मीणा 20 साल रहे मंत्री |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi |date=30 December 2023 |access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Electoral record==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%; text-align: center;"<br />
|+Election results<br />
!Year<br />
!Office<br />
!Constituency<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
!Votes (Hemant Meena)<br />
!%<br />
!Opponent<br />
!colspan=2|Opponent Party<br />
!Votes<br />
!%<br />
!Result<br />
!Ref<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Pratapgarh, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Pratapgarh]]<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|rowspan=2|[[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|21px]]<br />
|87,644<br />
|40.03<br />
|Ramlal Meena<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|21px]]<br />
|62,535<br />
|28.56<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|<ref name="toi">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/pratapgarh |title=Pratapgarh Constituency Election Results 2023: Pratapgarh Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |website=The Times of India |access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/pratapgarh-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830558-2023-12-03 |title=Pratapgarh Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Live |website=Aaj Tak |publisher=India Today Group |date=3 December 2023 |access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />
|83,945<br />
|43.12<br />
|Ramlal Meena<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|21px]]<br />
|100,625<br />
|51.69<br />
|{{Lost}}<br />
|<ref name=toi /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://twitter.com/HemantMeenaBJP Hemant Meena on Twitter]<br />
<br />
{{Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028}}<br />
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Meena, Hemant}}<br />
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:1980 births]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matahari_Choudhury&diff=516760Matahari Choudhury2026-04-04T20:56:31Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: added the stub from scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Matahari Choudhury<br />
| native_name = <!--The person's name in their own language, if different.--><br />
| native_name_lang = <!--ISO 639-1 code, e.g., "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} in |native_name= instead.--><br />
| image_upright = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[South Tripura]], [[Tripura]], India<br />
| spouse = Hematara Choudhury<br />
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
| order = <br />
| office = Member of [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| status = <br />
| term_start = 1977<br />
| term_end = 1983<br />
| alongside = <!--For two or more people serving in the same position from the same district. (e.g. United States Senators.)--><br />
| monarch = <br />
| president = <br />
| governor_general = <br />
| taoiseach = <br />
| chancellor = <br />
| governor = <br />
| deputy = <br />
| lieutenant = <br />
| vicechair = <br />
| succeeding = <!--For President-elect or equivalent--><br />
| constituency = [[Manu Assembly constituency|Manu]]<br />
| majority = <br />
| predecessor = Hari Chanran Choudhrury<br />
| successor = Angju Mog<br />
| prior_term = <br />
| order2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| office2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| term_start2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| term_end2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| alongside2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| monarch2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| president2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| governor_general2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| prime_minister2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| chancellor2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| taoiseach2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| governor2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| vice_president2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| vice_prime_minister2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| deputy2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| lieutenant2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| vicechair2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| succeeding2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| predecessor2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| successor2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| parliamentary_group2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| constituency2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| majority2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
}}<br />
'''Matahari Choudhury''' was an Indian politician from Tripura. He was a member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] from 1977 to 1983 represents the Manu constituency.<ref>{{cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Tripura 1977 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1977/tripura/1/25 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 1977 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/1977-election-results.html#google_vignette |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=25 Years of Strengthening Indian Democracy |url=https://adrindia.org/content/tripura-poll-6-crorepatis-3-have-criminal-cases}}</ref> He was the father of [[Jitendra Chaudhury]], [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tripura Legislative Assembly|the 14th Leader of Opposition in the Tripura Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Tanmoy |title=Jitendra Choudhury from 40-Sabroom Assembly constituency: Early life, controversy & political career |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/elections/tripura-assembly-elections-2023/story/jitendra-choudhury-from-40-sabroom-assembly-constituency-early-life-controversy-political-career-507140-2023-02-03 |work=India Today NE |date=3 February 2023 |language=hi |archive-date=2023-03-31 |access-date=2025-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331092757/https://www.indiatodayne.in/elections/tripura-assembly-elections-2023/story/jitendra-choudhury-from-40-sabroom-assembly-constituency-early-life-controversy-political-career-507140-2023-02-03 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Member Detail |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/4826?from=members |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumdar |first1=Moumi |title=Jitendra Choudhury: Age, Biography, Education, Wife, Caste, Net Worth & More |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/jitendra-choudhury-35798.html#biography |work=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhury, Matahari}}<br />
[[Category:Tripuri people]]<br />
[[Category:People from South Tripura district]]<br />
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tripura]]<br />
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1977–1983]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br />
[[Category:Year of death missing]]<br />
<br />
{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}<br />
{{Tripura-politician-stub}}</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gangaram_(character)&diff=499837Gangaram (character)2026-04-02T16:22:30Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Fictional character}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox character<br />
| name = Gangaram<br />
| series = [[Dhadakebaaz]]<br />
| image = Gangaram character (Dhadakebaaz).jpg<br />
| caption = Laxmikant Berde as Gangaram<br />
| first_major = [[Dhadakebaaz]]<br />
| first_date = (1990)<br />
| creator = [[Mahesh Kothare]]<br />
| portrayer = [[Laxmikant Berde]]<br />
| alias = Genie Gangaram<br />
| species = <br />
| gender = Male<br />
| significant_other = [[Kavtya Mahakal]]<br />
| lbl21 = <br />
| data21 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gangaram''' ({{IPA|en-IN|ˈɡɑːn.ɡə.rʌm|lang}}; {{IPA|mr|ɡaŋɡaːɾam}}), is a fictional character from the 1990 Indian Marathi film ''[[Dhadakebaaz]]'', created by [[Mahesh Kothare]] and portrayed by [[Laxmikant Berde]]. He is a cursed magician trapped in a bottle for centuries, and released by his descendant Laxmikant "Lakshya" Hajare. Gangaram aids Lakshya and his friends in their battle against the evil [[Kavtya Mahakal]] with the power of magical sand.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-26 |title='धडाकेबाज'मधील बाटलीतला गंगाराम आठवतोय का? दिग्दर्शक महेश कोठारे यांनी सांगितली यामागची मेहनत |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/director-and-actor-mahesh-kothare-shared-story-of-gangaram-from-dhadakebaj-marathi-movie/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=ittsmajja.com |language=mr-IN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222235953/https://marathi.itsmajja.com/director-and-actor-mahesh-kothare-shared-story-of-gangaram-from-dhadakebaj-marathi-movie/|archive-date=2025-02-22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=लक्ष्मीकांत बेर्डे मराठी चित्रपट लिस्ट (Top 10) |url=https://www.marathikalakar.com/laxmikant-berde-marathi-movies-list/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Marathi Kalakar |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318073643/https://www.marathikalakar.com/laxmikant-berde-marathi-movies-list/|archive-date=2025-03-18|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Development==<br />
<br />
===Initial concept and casting===<br />
<br />
The development of the Gangaram character began with Mahesh Kothare's vision for a [[fantasy]]-themed film following the success of ''[[Thartharat]]'' (1989).{{Sfn|Kothare|2023|p=52}} Kothare originally wanted actor [[Dada Kondke]] to play the role of the Gangaram.<ref>{{Cite web |title=धडाकेबाज मधील 'बाटलीतला गंगाराम' साकारणार होते दादा कोंडके पण |url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=[[Facebook]] |publisher=[[Lokmat|Lokmat Filmy]] |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260401084537/https://www.facebook.com/watch/|archive-date=2026-04-01|url-status=live}}</ref> However Dada Kondke refused to take on the guest appearance. Despite several attempts to convince Kondke, including meeting him at his office and dubbing studios, the actor remained firm in his decision, citing his previous rejections of other major roles, such as those offered by renowned director [[Manmohan Desai]].{{Sfn|Kothare|2023|p=52}}<br />
<br />
Kothare revised his approach and decided to adapt the role of Gangaram into a [[Dual role|double role]] for the character of Lakshya, played by [[Laxmikant Berde]].{{Sfn|Kothare|2023|p=52}} When the shooting of ''Dhadakebaaz'' had begun, at the same time, Berde was approached for ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya]]'' by [[Sooraj Barjatya]]. After discussing with Kothare, Berde decided to allocate his dates for ''Maine Pyar Kiya'' once the shooting of ''Dhadakebaaz'' was complete.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadhav |first=Devendra |date=2020-07-11 |title=धडाकेबाज साठी "मैंने प्यार किया" पणाला लावणारा लक्ष्या होता. |url=https://bolbhidu.com/dhadakebaj-lakshya/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Bol Bhidu |language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008202308/https://bolbhidu.com/dhadakebaj-lakshya/|archive-date=2025-10-08|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Magical theme===<br />
<br />
[[File:Gangaram character (Dhadakebaaz).jpg|thumb|A promotional poster features [[Laxmikant Berde]] as Gangaram, shown trapped inside a bottle. After thousands of years, the bottle is found by Laxmikant Hajare, Gangaram's pure-hearted descendant.]]<br />
<br />
Kothare's interpretation of magic in the film was rooted in the idea that true magic resides within a person's own mind and self-power. The concept of external magical forces or illusions was secondary to the belief that personal strength and purity of heart held the real power to unlock extraordinary changes.{{Sfn|Kothare|2023|p=52}}<br />
<br />
In the context of the Gangaram character, this theme was explored through his curse. Gangaram, after being cursed by his guru, finds himself locked inside a bottle. The curse stipulates that he can only be freed when a pure-hearted descendant of his captor touches the bottle, releasing him.{{Sfn|Kothare|2023|p=52}}<br />
<br />
===VFX and special effects development===<br />
<br />
The visual effects required to bring Gangaram in a bottle to life were one of the most ambitious technical aspects of ''Dhadakebaaz''. In order to achieve this, Kothare traveled to the [[United States]] to gain expertise in VFX. This opportunity arose through a connection with director [[Ravi Chopra]], who facilitated Kothare's communication with Paul, the VFX director at [[Twentieth Century Fox]].{{Sfn|Kothare|2023|p=44}}<br />
<br />
Kothare spent a year in the U.S., training in the VFX technologies, with a focus on [[Chroma key|blue screen]] technology, which was commonly used in [[American cinema]] at the time.{{Sfn|Kothare|2023|p=51}} However, he faced a challenge when the specific intermediate negatives required for the VFX shots were in short supply. Kothare first approached [[Kodak]] to inquire about intermediate stocks.{{Sfn|Kothare|2023|p=51}}<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbSVyyUr22E&feature=youtu.be |title=गोष्ट पडद्यामागची भाग ९१: महेश कोठारेंच्या 'धडाकेबाज' सिनेमाशी शशी कपूर यांचं खास नातं {{!}}Dhadakebaaz |date=2024-08-09 |last= |publisher=Loksatta |access-date=2024-12-15 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Realizing that importing these materials would require large orders, Kothare contacted Peter Pereira, cinematographer of ''[[Ajooba]]'' (1990), who helped source the necessary film stock.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
These imported negatives were critical for the creation of the Gangaram in a bottle effect. While Peter Pereira used some of the stock for his film, Kothare utilized the remainder for his own VFX work. Kothare to effectively bring the magical element of Gangaram's bottle to the screen.{{Sfn|Kothare|2023|p=51}}<br />
<br />
==Fictional biography==<br />
Gangaram is a mysterious and ancient character, who was once a skilled magician and the ancestor of Laxmikant Hazare (Lakshya), one of the main protagonists of the film. Thousands of years ago, Gangaram was learning magic from a guru when a tragic accident occurred. Enraged by this, the guru cursed Gangaram by trapping him in a small bottle using magical sand. He was told that he would be freed from the curse only when his descendant used the sand for his own benefit.<br />
<br />
Gangaram, trapped in the bottle for centuries, awaited his release. His freedom was eventually granted to his descendant Lakshya, who inadvertently brought him back to life. Once freed, Gangaram reveals his true identity to Lakshya and becomes an essential ally in his fight against the evil crime lord [[Kavtya Mahakal]].<br />
<br />
Throughout the film, Gangaram displays immense magical abilities, including using his powers to help Lakshya, Ganga, and their friends escape danger, heal wounds, and paint a temple in minutes. He plays a key role in helping Lakshya fight against evil forces.<br />
<br />
Despite his magical prowess, Gangaram emphasizes the importance of mental power over magical abilities. Ultimately, after helping defeat the skull Mahakal and his companion Divya, Gangaram is finally freed from his curse. Before departing for his heavenly abode, Gangaram gives Lakshya and his friends one last piece of advice, urging them to remain united and always be powerful in the face of evil.<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
The role of Gangaram has become a household name in the minds of the audience.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-06 |title=डबलरोल धमाका |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/doubleroll-explosion/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Lokmat |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223000111/https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/doubleroll-explosion/|archive-date=2025-02-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Gangaram and [[Kavtya Mahakal]] becomes most popular characters at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-05 |title='धडाकेबाज'मध्ये तब्बल आठ जणांनी साकारली होती कवट्या महाकाळची भूमिका |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/mahesh-kothare-film-dhadakebaaz-fame-kauthya-mahakal-role-ssj-93-2008414/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Loksatta |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250706155850/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/mahesh-kothare-film-dhadakebaaz-fame-kauthya-mahakal-role-ssj-93-2008414/|archive-date=2025-07-06|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhirvandekar |first=Harshada |title=Laxmikant Berde Death Anniversary: लक्ष्मीकांत बेर्डे यांचे 'हे' धमाकेदार मराठी चित्रपट तुम्ही पाहिलेत का? |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/laxmikant-berde-death-anniversary-must-watch-these-5-iconic-movie-of-lakshya-141702697528870.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218135922/https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/laxmikant-berde-death-anniversary-must-watch-these-5-iconic-movie-of-lakshya-141702697528870.html|archive-date=2023-12-18|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
===Cited works===<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Kothare |first=Mahesh |title=Damn It Ani Barach Kahi|year=2023 |publisher=Mehta Publishing House|isbn=978-8195970964 |language=mr}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Characters created by Mahesh Kothare]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film characters]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi film characters]]<br />
[[Category:Comedy film characters]]<br />
[[Category:Action film characters]]<br />
[[Category:Film characters introduced in 1990]]<br />
[[Category:Male characters in film]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional characters from the 20th century]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional characters with superhuman strength]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional characters who use magic]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional genies]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajan%E2%80%93Nagendra&diff=475472Rajan–Nagendra2026-03-28T07:48:24Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: brief improve citations as per guidelines and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian music composing duo}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{infobox person<br />
| name = Rajan–Nagendra<br />
| image = Rajan-Nagendra duo.jpeg<br />
| caption = Rajan–Nagendra brothers<br />
| occupation = Music composers<br />
| birth_name = Rajan<br>Nagendrappa<br />
| birth_date = 1933 (Rajan) <br> 1935 (Nagendra)<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|10|11|1933|1|1}} (Rajan) <br> {{Death date and age|2000|11|4|1935|1|1}} (Nagendra)<br />
| years_active = 1952–1999<br />
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Princely State of Mysore|Mysore State]], [[British India]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Rajan–Nagendra''' was an Indian musical duo who were prominent composers of film music in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Telugu cinema]] from the late 1950s to the early 1990s. Rajan, along with his brother Nagendra, created a niche for themselves for nearly four decades. The duo scored music for about 375 films, over 200 of them in [[Kannada]] and the remainder in other languages like [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Hindi]] and [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]. They composed innumerable hits, hundreds of melodious tunes in their career spanning four decades. They also hold the record for the longest active musical pair in the industry.<br />
<br />
==Childhood==<br />
Rajan (1933–2020) and Nagendrappa (1935–2000)<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-man-behind-evergreen-songs/article18965516.ece The Man Behind Evergreen Songs]. [[The Hindu]].</ref> were born in Shivarampet of [[Mysore]] in a middle-class musical family. Their father Rajappa was a [[harmonium]] and flute player who played background music for silent movies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tollywoodtimes.com/en/profiles/info/RajanNagendra/xpkr3d0gs9 |title=Rajan-Nagendra Childhood |publisher=tollywoodtimes.com |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826122311/http://tollywoodtimes.com/en/profiles/info/RajanNagendra/xpkr3d0gs9 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Within a short time, each of them attained proficiency in playing a different instrument – Rajan in violin and Nagendra in [[Jal tarang]]. Rajan used to listen to musical performances of eminent musicians at Choudayya Ramamandira in Mysore and hence got the opportunity to listen to music performances by Hindusthani, Karnatak, and western music in the Mysore palace. Later on, Rajan came to Bangalore for his further educational studies.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}<br />
<br />
==Early career==<br />
{{Citations needed|date=January 2024}}<br />
In Bangalore, Rajan studied in S.L.N. School in the K.R. Market area and later in Central High School. Rajan learnt the violin and appeared at the state level violin competition, where he secured the first place.<br />
<br />
Both Rajan and Nagendra participated in public performances through Jaya Maruthi Orchestra. Meanwhile, Rajan got an offer to go to [[Madras]]. He took his brother along with him and they got an opportunity to learn the music trade under the aegis of H. R. Padmanabha Shastri, who was known for producing talkie movies at that time.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} This gave them significant exposure to the movie industry.<br />
<br />
In 1951, Nagendra returned to [[Mysore]] and completed his matriculation. Then he joined [[P. Kalinga Rao]], who was then a famous radio artiste. Within no time, Nagendra got an opportunity to sing for the movie 'Srinivasa Kalyana' along with Hindustani singer Ameer Bai.<br />
<br />
Finally, Rajan–Nagendra became independent music directors when they scored music for the film Sowbhagya Lakshmi in 1952. This movie opened the doors of success, and they never looked back for more than four decades. After 'Sowbhagya Lakshmi' came Vittalacharya's 'Chanchalakumari', 'Rajalakshmi' and 'Mutthaide Bhagya' in a series to pave the way for these would-be melody kings.<br />
<br />
==Composers==<br />
Rajan used to compose the melodies and set the notations for the orchestra. Nagendra used to dictate the lyrics and tune of the song to the singers.<br />
<br />
They had a successful stint in Kannada film industry from early 50s till late 90s, but they started shining from 1973 with Gandhada Gudi songs becoming popular throughout Karnataka and dimmed in early 90s, when new generation music took over thus covering a span of two decades of lilting melodies that has been hugely popular to date in Karnataka and other states of South India.<br />
<br />
In the 70s came super hits in a row like [[Nyayave Devaru]], [[Gandhada Gudi]], [[Devara Gudi]], [[Bhagyavantharu|Bhagyavantaru]], [[Eradu Kanasu (1974 film)|Eradu Kanasu]], [[Naa Ninna Mareyalare]], [[Naa Ninna Bidalaare]], [[Hombisilu]], [[Bayalu Daari]], [[Pavana Ganga]], [[Giri Kanye]] and others.<br />
<br />
In the 80s, they made the music for some [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films, including Maa Intayana Katha, Puli Bebbuli and Vayyari Bhamalu Vagalamari Bharathulu. They composed the music for about 70 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films.<br />
<br />
Further, they kept scoring consistently good music through the 90s and in the course, produced for movies like Mathe Haditu Kogile, Marali Goodige and Suprabhaata. <br />
They also composed music for a TV serial 'Abhimaana' on Udaya TV.<br />
<br />
Rajan–Nagendra made songs in the Rajkumar-Lakshmi ''[[Naa Ninna Mareyalare|Naa Ninna Mareyalaare]]'' and ''[[Eradu Kanasu (1974 film)|Eradu Kanasu]]'', which starred [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]] and [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]].<br />
<br />
''[[Hombisilu]]'', starring [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], was another big hit.<br />
<br />
Rajan–Nagendra also did a series of films starring [[Anant Nag]], and [[Lakshmi]], notable among them being ''Naa Ninna Bidalaare'', ''[[Benkiya Bale]]'' and ''[[Chandanada Gombe]]''.<br />
<br />
''Naa Ninna Mareyalaare'', ''[[Gandhada Gudi]]'', ''Eradu Kanasu''—these huge musical hits of the Kannada screen featured the music of Rajan–Nagendra. Their team was exceptionally good at composing cheerful love duets, although they did come up with a couple of sombre numbers like Baadi hoda balliyinda (P. B. Srinivas, Eradu Kanasu).<br />
<br />
The lyricists who wrote unforgettable lyrics for them are late Hunasur Krishna Murthy, Uday Shankar, Vijiya Narasimha, Geetha Priya, Dodda Range Gowda, Vyasa Rao and many more. The prominent Telugu lyricists are Narayana Reddy, Dasarathi and late Vetoori Sundarama Murthy and many others. The most prominent Tamil lyricists are late Kanna Dasan and many more.<br />
<br />
The main male vocalists who enriched the melody of their songs are late Ghantasala, Kala Govindarajan, P. B. Srinivas, Dr. Rajkumar, late Kishore Kumar, Balasubrahmanyam, Jesudas, P. Jayachandran, Rajesh Krishna and many more. The popular female vocalists are Bala Saraswati, Soolamangalam sisters, [[P. Leela]], S. Janaki, Vani Jairam, Rani, L. R. Easwari, P. Susheela, Jikki, Chitra and many more.<br />
<br />
Hundreds of Rajan–Nagendra songs were sung by legendary singers P. B. Srinivas, [[S. Janaki]], Dr. Rajkumar, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|SPB]]. Almost all of them remain etched as the unforgettable melodies of Kannada Cinema. The love songs of SPB-SJ-Rajan–Nagendra combination is considered to be heavenly. Such everlasting haunting melodies Rajan–Nagendra pair created. The duo is also reported to have introduced another illustrious playback singer [[K. S. Chitra]] to the Kannada cinema back in the early 1980s.<br />
<br />
Nagendra sang a couple of songs in his five-decade-long career. The most popular was Yaaru yaaru née yaaru for the comedian [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]. He also sang Nammoora santheli in the Jai Jagadish-Lakshmi starrer Gaalimaatu and ''Neeliya baninda tareya oorinda'' from Tony. Somehow his voice was typecast for comic scenes.<br />
<br />
The pair directed music for about 400 films, more than 200 in [[Kannada]] alone and rest in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]], and [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]].<br />
<br />
Most of the hit songs from [[Kannada]] movies were remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<br />
<br />
'''''Tribute Concert and Felicitation to Rajan in 2018 in Hyderabad:'''''<br />
<br />
6 decades of Rajan- Nagendra's Cine music glory and full-fledged concert was organized by Vamsee International along with singer Sarada Akunuri USA in Hyderabad on March 1, 2018. Golden era director Rajan was felicitated with Ghantasala gold medal and music concert. Sri Rajan graced the event along with his son Ananth Rajan. At the age of 85, it was amazing to see Sri Rajan to sit and listen so intently for almost 4 hours. <br />
<br />
==Composition==<br />
Some unforgettable Rajan–Nagendra numbers:<br />
<br />
=== Kannada ===<br />
* Akashave beelali mele from ''[[Nyayave Devaru]]''<br />
* Aakaasha deepavu neenu from ''Pavana Ganga''<br />
* Aakaashadinda dharegilida from ''Chandanada Gombe''<br />
* Aaseya bhaava olavina jeeva from ''Mangalya Bhagya''<br />
* Aalaya Mrugalaya from ''Mrugalaya''<br />
* Aralutide moha from ''Nanobba Kalla''<br />
* Baanallu neene bhuviyallu neene from ''Bayalu Dari''<br />
* Bandeya baalina belakaagi from ''Avala Hejje''<br />
* Bisiladarenu Maleyadarenu from ''Benkiya bale''<br />
* Beladinglondu hennagi bandanthe kande from ''Premanubandha''<br />
* Beluvalda madilalli bevara hani biddaga from ''Beluvaladha Madilalli''<br />
* Cheluveya andada mogake from ''Devara Gudi''<br />
* Dundu mallige mathaadeya from ''Nanna Devaru''<br />
* Ee bhaavageete ninagaagi haadide from ''Onde Guri''<br />
* Ellelli Nodali Ninnane Kanuve from ''Na ninna mareyalare''<br />
* Endendu ninnanu maretu from ''Eradu Kanasu''<br />
* E Hrudaya Haadige from ''Suprabhata''<br />
* Gopilola hey gopala from ''Nari munidare maari''<br />
* Halliyadarenu shiva dilliyadarenu shiva from ''Mayor Muttanna''<br />
* Hosa balige née joteyade from ''Naa ninna bidalare''<br />
* Indu enage govinda from ''Eradu Kanasu''<br />
* Jeeva veene from ''Hombisilu''<br />
* Kanasalu neene manasalu neene from ''Bayalu Dari''<br />
* Kangalu vandane helide from ''Mugiyada Kathe''<br />
* Kumkumaviruvude hanegaagi from ''Naaniruvude Ninaagaagi''<br />
* Mamaravello Kogileyello from ''Devara Gudi''<br />
* Manasu manasu ondadare from ''Preethi madu Tamasha nodu''<br />
* Maneyanu Belagide Indu from ''Chandanada Gombe''<br />
* Mathu chenna mauna chenna from ''Rama Lakshmana''<br />
* Modalane dinave olide from ''Pavana Ganga''<br />
* Muthina hanigalu from ''Bayasade Banda Bhagya''<br />
* Na haadalu neevu aadabeku from ''Kalla Kulla''<br />
* Naa ninna mareyalaare from ''Naa ninna mareyalaare''<br />
* Naliva gulabi hoove from ''Auto Raja''<br />
* Nanna haadu nannadu from ''Suprabhata''<br />
* Nanu neenu ondada mele from ''Na ninna bidalare''<br />
* Navaduva Nudiye Kannada Nudi from ''Gandhadha Gudi''<br />
* Neera bittu nelada mele from ''Hombisilu''<br />
* Neralanu Kanada lateyante from Avala Hejje<br />
* Ninna Nanna Manavu from ''[[Bhagyavantharu]]''<br />
* Ninna Snehake from ''[[Bhagyavantharu]]''<br />
* Notadage nageya meeti from ''Parasangada Genda Timma''<br />
* Omme ninnannu kann tumba from ''Gaali matu''<br />
* Prema preethi nannusiru from ''Singapoorinalli Raja Kulla''<br />
* Tam nam tam nam nannee manasu midiyutide from ''Eradu Kanasu''<br />
* Tarikere yeri mele mooru kari kuri mari from ''Devara Duddu''<br />
* Tera eri ambaradage from ''Parasangada Genda Timma''<br />
* Thareyu baanige thaavare neerige from ''Biligiriya Banadali''<br />
* Thai thai thai thai bangari from ''Giri Kanye''<br />
* Yuga yugagale saagali from ''Hrudaya Geethe''<br />
<br />
=== Telugu ===<br />
*Emo emo idhi (Aggi pidigu)<br />
*Ennenno Janmalabandham (Puja)<br />
*Ningi nela (Puja)<br />
*Pujaluseya (Puja)<br />
*Mallelu poose Vennela kaase (Intinti Ramayanam)<br />
*Veena venuvaina sarigama (Intinti Ramayanam)<br />
*Intinti Ramayanam (Intinti Ramayanam)<br />
*Chinukula raali (Nalugu Sthambhalaata)<br />
*Manasa veena madhugeetam (Panthulamma)<br />
*Sirimalleneeva (Panthulamma)<br />
*Letha chaligalulu (Moodu mullu)<br />
*Neekosam yavvanamantha (Moodu mullu)<br />
*Neekallalo Snehamu (Prema Khaidi)<br />
*Aakaasam Nee Haddu Ra (Sommokadidhi Sokokadidhi)<br />
*Nagamalli Vo Teega Malli Vo (Nagamalli)<br />
*Kastandhuko (Rendu Rellu Aaru)<br />
*Viraha Veena (Rendu Rellu Aaru)<br />
*Parimalinchu Punnamilo (Puli Bebbuli)<br />
<br />
==Awards and recognition==<br />
Rajan–Nagendra are in the same class as Hindi cinema's popular composing duo Shankar-Jaikishen, Laxmikanth Pyarelal and Kalyanji-Anandji. They excelled composing technically flawless and violin-rich orchestral interludes and enjoyed an equally long innings in the industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tollywoodsingers.com/rajannagendra.htm|title = Rajan Nagendra}}</ref><br />
<br />
Their first award film in Kannada was <br />
* ''[[Eradu Kanasu (1974 film)|Eradu Kanasu]]'' in 1973–74 – State Award for Best Music Director<br />
* ''[[Parasangada Gendethimma]]'' in 1978–79 – State Award for Best Music Director <br />
* He won [[Nandi Award for Best Music Director]] - "[[Panthulamma]]" (1979)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref><br />
<br />
== Deaths ==<br />
Nagendra, the younger one of the duo, died of a [[stroke]] in [[Bowring & Lady Curzon Hospitals]], Bangalore, on 4 November 2000. He was being treated for [[hernia]] but later developed complications from high blood pressure and diabetes.<ref>{{cite web|date=4 November 2000|title=A composer signs off proudly|url=http://www.themusicmagazine.com/nagendraobit.html|access-date=21 April 2017|publisher=themusicmagazine.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Music director Nagendra dead|url=http://www.timesofindia.com/051100/05mban4.htm|access-date=30 March 2018|work=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010429210947/http://www.timesofindia.com/051100/05mban4.htm|archive-date=29 April 2001}}</ref><br />
<br />
Rajan died on 11 October 2020 due to a [[cardiac arrest]] at his home in [[Bengaluru]]. He was also suffering from other age-related ailments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/oct/12/music-composer-rajan-of-famed-duo-passes-away-2209059.html|title=Music composer Rajan of famed duo Rajan-Nagendra, passes away|work=New Indian Express|date=12 Oct 2020|access-date=12 Oct 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Later activity==<br />
Rajan continued his work along with his son R. Ananth Kumar. He published a book titled "Haado Suswara Sangeetha" regarding an innovative notation system for music enthusiasts.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} They were also conducting music classes by name "Sapthaswaranjali" for vocal enthusiasts on voice culturing and film singing.<br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
===Kannada===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Film title !! Remarks<br />
|-<br />
|- <br />
| 1952 || ''Sowbhagya Lakshmi'' || <br />
|-<br />
| 1953 || ''Chanchala Kumari'' || Debut film as music director<ref>[url=http://www.themusicmagazine.com/nagendraobit.html]</ref><br />
|- <br />
| 1954 || ''Kanyaa Daana'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1954 || ''Rajalakshmi'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1956 || ''Muthaide Bhagya'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1958 || ''Maangalya Yoaga'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1958 || ''Mane Thumbida Hennu'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1959 || ''Manege Banda Mahalakshmi'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1961 || ''Naagaarjuna'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1962 || ''Ratnamanjari'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1964 || ''Mangala Muhurta'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1964 || ''[[Annapoorna (film)|Annapoorna]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1964 || ''Navajeevana'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1964 || ''Veera Sankalpa'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1965 || ''Paathala Mohini'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1966 || ''Eendu Ninnavane'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1966 || ''[[Mantralaya Mahatme]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1966 || ''Sri Kannika Parameshwari Katha'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1967 || ''Sathi Sukanya'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1967 || ''Anuraadha'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1967 || ''[[Bangaarada Hoovu]]'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1967 || ''Devara Gedda Maanava'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1968 || ''Adda Daari'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1968 || ''Pravaasi Mandira'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1969 || ''[[Mayor Muthanna]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1970 || ''Aaparaajithe'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1970 || ''Boregowda Bangalorige Bandha'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1970 || ''Kanneeru'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1970 || ''Muru Muttugalu'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1971 || ''Anugraha'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1971 || ''[[Nyayave Devaru]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1971 || ''Onde Kula Onde Daiva'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1972 || ''[[Bhale Huchcha]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1972 || ''[[Kulla Agent 000]]'' || [[Kishore Kumar]] sang for this movie<br />
|- <br />
| 1972 || ''Naari Munidare Maari'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1972 || ''Vishakanye'' || <br />
|-<br />
| 1973 || ''Beesida Bale'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1973 || ''Cowboy Kulla'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1973 || ''Dharmapatni'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1973 || ''[[Gandhada Gudi]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1973 || ''Swayamvara'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1974 || ''[[Eradu Kanasu (1974 film)|Eradu Kanasu]]'' || [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director]]<br />
|- <br />
| 1974 || ''Mahaa Thyaga'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1974 || ''Prema Paasha'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1974 || ''[[Professor Huchuraya]]'' || <br />
|-<br />
| 1974 || ''[[Sri Srinivasa Kalyana]]'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1975 || ''Beluvalada Madilaali'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1975 || ''[[Devara Gudi]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1975 || ''[[Kalla Kulla]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1975 || ''Mantra Shakthi'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1976 || ''[[Bayalu Daari]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1976 || ''Maangalya Bhagya'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1976 || ''Mugiyada Kathe'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1976 || ''[[Naa Ninna Mareyalare]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1976 || ''Vijaya Vaani'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1977 || ''Bayasade Banda Bhagya'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1977 || ''[[Bhagyavantharu]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1977 || ''Devara Duddu'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1977 || ''[[Pavana Ganga]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1977 || ''Taayiginta Devarilla'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1978 || ''[[Hombisilu]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1978 || ''[[Kiladi Jodi]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1978 || ''[[Kittu Puttu]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1978 || ''Madhura Sangama'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1978 || ''[[Parasangada Gendethimma]]'' || [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director]]<br />
|- <br />
| 1978 || ''Phoenix'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1978 || ''Singapuralli Raja Kulla'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1979 || ''[[Chandanada Gombe]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1979 || ''Maralu Sarapani'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1979 || ''[[Naa Ninna Bidalaare]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1979 || ''Naaniruvude Ninaagaagi'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1979 || ''[[Nanobba Kalla]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1979 || ''Preethi Maadu Tamashe Nodu'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1979 || ''[[Putani Agent 123]]'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1980 || ''[[Auto Raja (1980 film)|Auto Raja]]'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1980 || ''Biligiriya Banadalli'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1980 || ''Kulla Kulli'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1980 || ''Manku Thimma'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1980 || ''Point Parimala'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1980 || ''Rama Lakshmana'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1980 || ''Rama-Parashurama'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1981 || ''[[Avala Hejje]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1981 || ''Chadurida Chitragulu'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1981 || ''[[Gaali Maathu]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1981 || ''Jeevakke Jeeva'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1981 || ''Koodi Baalidare Swarga Sukha'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1981 || ''Muniyana Maadari'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1981 || ''Prema Pallavi'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1981 || ''Premaanubandha'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1981 || ''Yava Hoovu Yara Mudigo'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1982 || ''[[Chalisuva Modagalu]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1982 || ''Archana'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1982 || ''Bettale Seve'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1982 || ''[[Nanna Devaru]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1982 || ''Paraajitha'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1982 || ''[[Tony (1982 film)|Tony]]'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1983 || ''[[Benkiya Bale]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1983 || ''Gayathri Maduve'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1983 || ''[[Ibbani Karagithu]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1983 || ''Jaggu'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1983 || ''Onde Guri'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1983 || ''Prema Parva'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1984 || ''Prema Saakshi'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1984 || ''Kalinga Sarpa'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1984 || ''Marali Goodige'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1984 || ''Maryade Mahalu'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1984 || ''Mooru Janma'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1984 || ''[[Olavu Moodidaga]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1984 || ''Onde Raktha'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1984 || ''Preethi Vatsalya'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1984 || ''[[Premigala Saval]]'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1984 || ''[[Yarivanu]]'' || <br />
|-<br />
| 1985 || ''[[Bettada Hoovu]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1985 || ''[[Bidugadeya Bedi]]''||<br />
|- <br />
| 1985 || ''Giribaale'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1985 || ''Jeevana Chakra'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1985 || ''Kaadina Raja'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1985 || ''[[Sedina Hakki]]'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1985 || ''Shabdagalu'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1986 || ''[[Guri (1986 film)|Guri]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1986 || ''Mattondu Charithre'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1986 || ''[[Mrugaalaya]]'' || <br />
|-<br />
| 1986 || ''Prema Gange'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1986 || ''Seelu Nakshatra'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1986 || ''Usha'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1986 || ''Vishwa Roopa'' || <br />
|-<br />
| 1987 || ''Aapadbaandava'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1987 || ''Inspector Kranti Kumar'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1987 || ''[[Karunamayi (film)|Karunamayi]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1988 || ''Arjun'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1988 || ''Dharmathma '' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1988 || ''Jananayaka'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1988 || ''[[Nammoora Raja]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1988 || ''Sambhavaami Yuge Yuge'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1988 || ''[[Suprabhatha]]'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1989 || ''[[Doctor Krishna]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1989 || ''[[Gagana (film)|Gagana]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1989 || ''[[Hrudaya Geethe]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1990 || ''Baare Nanna Muddina Raani'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1990 || ''[[Chapala Chennigaraya]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1990 || ''[[Ganeshana Maduve]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1990 || ''Kempu Surya'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1990 || ''[[Mathe Haditu Kogile]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1990 || ''[[Shivashankar]]'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1991 || ''Gandanige Takka Hendathi'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1991 || ''[[Gauri Ganesha]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1991 || ''Jagadeka Veera'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1991 || ''[[Mangalya (film)|Mangalya]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1991 || ''Modada Mareyali'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1991 || ''Nagu Naguta Nali'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1992 || ''[[Aathma Bandhana]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1992 || ''[[Hatamari Hennu Kiladi Gandu]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1992 || ''[[Kaliyuga Seethe]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1992 || ''[[Mysore Jaana]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1992 || ''[[Halli Krishna Delhi Radha]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1992 || ''Nanna Shatru'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1992 || ''[[Ondu Cinema Kathe]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1992 || ''[[Prema Sangama]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1992 || ''[[Shivanaga]]'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1993 || ''Bahaddoor Hennu'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1993 || ''Huvondu Beku Ballige'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1993 || ''[[Jaga Mechida Huduga]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1993 || ''Jeevana Sangharsha'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1993 || ''Naanendu Nimmavane'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1993 || ''Suryodaya'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1993 || ''Urvashi Kalyana'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1994 || ''Bhutaayi Makkalu'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1994 || ''[[Gandhada Gudi Part 2]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1994 || ''Poorna Satya'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1994 || ''Yaarigu Haelbedi'' || <br />
|-<br />
| 1995 || ''[[Bangaarada Kalasa]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1995 || ''[[Ganeshana Galate]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1995 || ''[[Giddu Dada]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1995 || ''[[Karulina Kudi]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1995 || ''State Rowdy'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1995 || [[Yama Kinkara]]||<br />
|-<br />
| 1996 || ''[[Bangarada Mane]]'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1996 || ''Baalina Jyothi'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1996 || ''Suryaputra'' || <br />
|- <br />
| 1997 || ''Choo Bhaana'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1997 || ''[[Janani Janmabhoomi (1997 film)|Janani Janmabhoomi]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1998 || ''Arjun Abhimanyu'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1998 || ''Bayalu Deepa'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1998 || ''Hrudayanjali'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1998 || ''Jagat Kilaadi'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| 1999 || ''Prema Prema Prema'' ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Telugu===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Film title !! Remarks<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| 1959 || ''Pelli Meedha Pelli'' || <br />
|-<br />
| 1960 || ''Kanaka Durga Pooja Mahima'' || <br />
|-<br />
| 1960 || ''Anna Chellelu'' || <br />
|-<br />
| 1962 || ''Khaidhi Kannayya'' || <br />
|-<br />
| 1962 || ''Madhana Kaamaraju Katha'' || <br />
|-<br />
| 1964 || ''[[Aggi Pidugu]]'' || <br />
|-<br />
| 1964 || ''Navagraha Pooja Mahima'' || <br />
|-<br />
| 1971 || ''Varalakshmi Vratam'' || <br />
|-<br />
| 1975 || ''[[Pooja (1975 film)]]'' || <br />
|-<br />
| 1977 || ''[[Panthulamma]]'' || <br />
|-<br />
| 1978 || ''[[Sommokadidi Sokokadidi]]'' || <br />
|-<br />
| 1979 || ''Intinti Ramayanam'' || <br />
|-<br />
| 1980 || ''Allari Baava'' || <br />
|-<br />
| 1980 || ''Nagamalli'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1980 || ''[[Thathayya Premaleelalu]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1981 || ''Maa Pelli Katha'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1981 || ''Pranaya Geetham'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1982 || ''[[Manchu Pallaki]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1982 || ''Vayyari Bhaamalu Vagalamaari Bharthalu'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1982 || ''[[Nalugu Stambhalata (film)|Naalugu Stambhalata]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1982 || ''Maa Intaina Katha'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1983 || ''Kotikkodau'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1983 || ''[[Moodu Mullu]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1983 || ''[[Puli Bebbuli]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1983 || ''Lanke Bindelu'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1984 || ''Raju Raani Jockey'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1985 || ''Anuraga Bandham'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1986 || ''[[Rendu Rella Aaru]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1986 || ''Aadapaduchu'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1988 || ''Choopulu Kalisina Subhavela'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1987 || ''Raaga Leela'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1991 || ''[[Prema Khaidi]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1991 || ''[[Appula Appa Rao]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Tamil===<br />
*''[[Ellorum Vazhavendum]]'' (1962)<br />
*''[[Veettukku Veedu Vasappadi]]'' (1979)<br />
<br />
===Malayalam===<br />
*''[[Kaattu Rani (1985 film)|Kaattu Rani]]'' (1985)<br />
*''Lady Teacher'' (1982)<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Cinema of Karnataka]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://gaana.com/artist/rajan-nagendra-56153 Rajan Nagendra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807003126/http://gaana.com/artist/rajan-nagendra-56153 |date=7 August 2013 }} at [[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]<br />
*[http://www.raaga.com/channels/kannada/music/Rajan_Nagendra.html Rajan Nagendra] at [[Raaga.com]]<br />
* {{Discogs artist|Rajan-Nagendra}}<br />
<br />
{{Nandi Award for Best Music Director}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajan-Nagendra}}<br />
[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian musical duos]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Sibling musical duos]]<br />
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omar_Abdullah&diff=475542Omar Abdullah2026-03-26T12:25:49Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: improve section and updated info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|8th Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir since 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Omar Abdullah<br />
| image = Omar_Abdullah,_Chief_Minister_of_Jammu_%26_Kashmir.jpg<br />
| caption = Abdullah {{circa|2025}}<br />
| image_size = <br />
| office11 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]<br />
| term_end11 = 2009<br />
| successor11 = Farooq Abdullah<br />
| predecessor11 = Farooq Abdullah<br />
| term_start11 = 2002<br />
| office10 = [[Vice President]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]<br />
| term_start10 = 5 January 2009<br />
| president10 = Farooq Abdullah<br />
| predecessor10 = ''Office established''<br />
| office = 8th [[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''<br />
| suboffice = [[Second Omar Abdullah ministry|Omar II]]<br />
| term_start = 16 October 2024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/omar-abdullah-to-take-oath-at-new-jammu-and-kashmir-chief-minister-on-october-16-2806841.html|title=Omar Abdullah To Take Oath As Jammu And Kashmir Chief Minister On October 16|website=Zee News}}</ref><br />
| deputy = [[Surinder Kumar Choudhary]]<br />
| lieutenant_governor = [[Manoj Sinha]]<br />
| predecessor = [[President's rule]]{{efn|[[Mehbooba Mufti]] as Chief Minister of the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The Assembly was dissolved in 2018 followed by the abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A, which made the state into a UT and elections were conducted in 2024.}}<br />
| termstart1 = 5 January 2009<br />
| termend1 = 8 January 2015<br />
| governor1 = [[Narinder Nath Vohra]]<br />
| deputy1 = [[Tara Chand (Jammu-Kashmir politician)|Tara Chand]]<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Governor's rule]]{{efn|[[Gulam Nabi Azad]] as Chief Minister of the State of Jammu and Kashmir.}}<br />
| successor1 = [[Governor's rule]]{{efn|[[Mufti Mohammad Sayed]] as Chief Minister of the State of Jammu and Kashmir.}}<br />
| office7 = [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Minister of State]]<br />
| termstart7 = 13 October 1999<br />
| termend7 = 23 December 2002<br />
| primeminister7 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />
| subterm7 = 1999 – 2001<br />
| suboffice7 = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Commerce and Industry]]<br />
| subterm8 = 2001 – 2002<br />
| suboffice8 = [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]]<br />
| office4 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of]] [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start4 = 16 October 2024<br />
| term_end4 = <br />
| constituency4 = [[Ganderbal Assembly constituency|Ganderbal]]<br />
| predecessor4 = [[Ishfaq Ahmad Sheikh]]<br />
| successor4 = <br />
| term_start5 = 20 December 2014<br />
| term_end5 = 20 June 2018<br />
| constituency5 = [[Beerwah Assembly constituency|Beerwah]]<br />
| predecessor5 = [[Shafi Ahmad Wani]]<br />
| successor5 = [[Shafi Ahmad Wani]]<br />
| term_start6 = 24 December 2008<br />
| term_end6 = 20 December 2014<br />
| constituency6 = [[Ganderbal Assembly constituency|Ganderbal]]<br />
| predecessor6 = [[Qazi Mohammad Afzal]]<br />
| successor6 = [[Ishfaq Ahmad Sheikh]]<br />
| office9 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
| constituency9 = [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| term_start9 = 10 March 1998<br />
| term_end9 = 18 May 2009<br />
| predecessor9 = [[Ghulam Mohammad Mir Magami]]<br />
| successor9 = Farooq Abdullah<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|03|10|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Rochford]], [[Essex]], England<br />
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]<br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Burn Hall School]]|[[Sydenham College]] ([[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com]])}}<br />
| occupation = [[Politician]]<br />
| father = [[Farooq Abdullah]]<br />
| residence = {{ubl|40, Gupkar Road, [[Srinagar]]}}<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Payal Nath|1994|2011|reason=separated}}<br />
| children = 2<br />
| footnotes = {{notelist}}<br />
| relations = Sheikh Mustafa Kamal (uncle)<br />
}}<br />
'''Omar Abdullah'''{{efn|{{langx|ur| عمر عبداللہ}}; {{audio|Omar Abdullah Pronunciation.ogg|pronunciation}}}} (born 10 March 1970) is an Indian politician serving as the [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|chief minister]] of union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] since 2024 and also as the leader of the house in J&K Legislative Assembly. He had previously served as the 8th chief minister of the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] between 2009 and 2014, and is the current vice president of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]], a position he has held since 2009 and also previously served as its president. Abdullah also served as a [[member of parliament, Lok Sabha|member of parliament]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] from 1998 to 2009, representing the [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar parliamentary constituency]], and was a union minister of State for [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]].<br />
<br />
The son of former Jammu and Kashmir State chief minister [[Farooq Abdullah]], he joined politics in 1998 after being elected as the youngest member of the Lok Sabha, a feat he repeated in subsequent three elections. He was the union [[Indian Foreign Minister#Minister of State, External Affairs|Minister of State for External Affairs]] in [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] government, from 23 July 2001 to 23 December 2002. He resigned from [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] government in October 2002 to concentrate on party work.<ref name="Omar Abdullah resigns from Union Cabinet">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/election/2002/oct/14jk10.htm|title=Omar Abdullah resigns from Union Cabinet|date=14 October 2002|work=[[rediff.com]]|access-date=2009-07-09}}</ref> During this time, he took a larger role in state politics. However, his party faced defeat in the [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002 state elections]]. However, him and his party were later elected in the [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008 state elections]].<ref name=cnn>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211120846/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/omar-abdullah-not-just-another-political-scion/81999-30.html Omar Abdullah not just another political scion] ''[[CNN-IBN]]'', 5 Jan 2009.</ref><br />
<br />
He became the youngest, and 11th [[chief minister]] of the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] after forming a government in coalition with the [[Indian National Congress]], on 5 January 2009.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/elections-jk/election_story.aspx?id=NEWEN20090078866 Omar Abdullah takes oath as youngest J&K chief minister] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130153100/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/elections-jk/Election_Story.aspx?id=NEWEN20090078866 |date=30 January 2011 }} ''[[NDTV]], Monday, 5 January 2009 2:01 PM.''</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111216173135/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-05/india/28025216_1_omar-abdullah-nc-legislature-stadium-in-jammu-university Omar Abdullah to be sworn in as J&K CM today] ''[[Times of India]]'', 5 January 2009.</ref> He would serve in that position until 2015, after being defeated in the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014 state elections]]. He was the last leader of opposition in the erstwhile state [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]], serving as an MLA from Beerwah constituency, before the assembly was dissolved in 2018 and the state of Jammu & Kashmir ceased to exist as on 6 August 2019 and became a union territory following the revocation of [[Article 370]], which Abdullah fiercely opposed.<br />
<br />
Following being arrested and detained in 2020, Abdullah returned to politics first in the [[2024 Indian general election]], where he was defeated for a seat. Despite initially refusing to run for a seat, Abdullah was elected as an MLA following the [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 union territory elections]], being elected the first chief minister of the [[union territory of Jammu and Kashmir]]. He took office in October 2024.<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Omar Abdullah was born on 10 March 1970 in [[Rochford, Essex]], United Kingdom. He is a grandson of [[Sheikh Abdullah]], and the only son of [[Farooq Abdullah]], a physician and former Chief Minister of J&K. All three men have held the position of [[List of Prime and Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>[http://www.the-south-asian.com/Nov2001/Omar%20Abdullah.htm Omar Abdullah] www.the-south-asian.com, November, 2001</ref> His mother, Mollie, an [[Englishwoman]] and a nurse by profession, has said that she was not in favor of him joining politics.<ref><br />
[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/newsmaker-omar-abdullah/00/09/344935/ NEWSMAKER: Omar Abdullah] ''[[Business Standard]]'', New Delhi, 2 January 2009.</ref> He studied at the [[Burn Hall School]] located at [[Sonwar Bagh]], [[Srinagar]] and then at [[Lawrence School, Sanawar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/05/stories/2009100556520300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011101439/http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/05/stories/2009100556520300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 October 2009 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=CEC, Omar Abdullah attend Sanawar school celebrations | date=5 October 2009}}</ref> He is a B.Com. graduate of [[Sydenham College]] of Commerce and Economics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.192/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=2&lastls=14 |title=Members : Lok Sabha |access-date=2016-04-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512194445/http://164.100.47.192/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=2&lastls=14 |archive-date=12 May 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He was employed with [[ITC Limited]] and [[The Oberoi Group]] till the age of 29 before entering politics.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nelson|first=Dean|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10406556/The-only-way-is-Kashmir-for-Essex-boy-ruling-worlds-most-volatile-state.html|title=The only way is Kashmir for Essex boy ruling world's most volatile state|date=26 October 2013|work=The Telegraph|location=Srinagar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhandare|first=Namita|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/A585SBv7veJ6UjOxWvoWSO/Omar-Abdullah-a-new-son-over-the-valley.html|title=Omar Abdullah: a new son over the valley|date=9 January 2009|work=Live Mint}}</ref> He did commence an MBA with the [[University of Strathclyde]], however due to his election to the Lok Sabha, he dropped out from the course.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 January 2009 |title=Living on his own terms|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/living-on-his-own-terms/story-GMaIdb4FM3M1oGaBG8Vd3I.html|access-date=29 July 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
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He is married to Payal Nath.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-after-17-years-omar-abdullah-wife-part-for-good-1587414 |title=After 17 years, Omar Abdullah, wife part for good |date=15 February 2011 |work=[[DNA India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/omar-confirms-split-from-wife/cid/345908 |title=Omar confirms split from wife |date=15 September 2011 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]] |first1=Muzaffar |last1=Raina}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/omar-abdullah-wife-payal-nath-to-divorce-141217-2011-09-16 |title=Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister Omar Abdullah announces separation from wife Payal Nath}}</ref> She is the daughter of a retired army officer, Ram Nath.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/india/in-pics-the-omar-and-payal-abdullah-years-806091-2.html |title=In pics: The Omar and Payal Abdullah years |work=[[News18]] |date=27 February 2015}}</ref> In September 2011, Omar confirmed that he and his wife have separated<ref name="1india1">{{cite news|author=Nairita |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/09/15/jk-cm-omar-abdullah-confirms-divorce-but-not-marriage.html |title=JK CM Omar Abdullah confirms Divorce but not Marriage |publisher=News Oneindia |date=2011-09-15 |access-date=2014-04-26}}</ref><ref name="toi1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Omar-Abdullah-divorcing-wife-after-17-years/articleshow/9989687.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214132117/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-15/india/30160010_1_omar-abdullah-zahir-and-zamir-j-k-cm |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-12-14 |title=Omar Abdullah divorcing wife after 17 years |date=2011-09-15 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2014-04-26}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/omar-abdullah-confirms-separation-with-wife/847125/ |title=Omar Abdullah divorcing wife after 17 years |publisher=Indian Express |date=2011-09-15 |access-date=2014-04-26}}</ref> but their divorce is still pending in courts.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/omar-abdullah-divorce-hearing-supreme-court-payal-abdullah-mediation-2590842-2024-08-30 | title=Supreme Court asks Omar Abdullah, estranged wife to appear for mediation | date=30 August 2024 }}</ref> His younger sister, Sara married [[Sachin Pilot]], son of [[Rajesh Pilot]], in 2004 but the couple divorced in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sachin Pilot and Sara Abdullah 'divorced', reveals poll affidavit |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2023/10/31/sachin-pilot-and-sara-abdullah-separated-what-his-poll-affidavit-reveals.html |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><br />
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He had a role in director [[Apoorva Lakhia]]’s film, ''[[Mission Istanbul]]'' (2008) playing himself.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Apoorva-gets-lookalikes/articleshow/3116963.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214171229/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-11/news-interviews/27761510_1_omar-abdullah-mission-istanbul-bin |url-status=live |archive-date=14 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Apoorva gets lookalikes! |date=11 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/lakhia/20080724.htm |title=Director Apoorva Lakhia on Mission Istanbul |work=Rediff.com |date=2008-07-24 |access-date=2014-04-26}}</ref><br />
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==Political career==<br />
In 1998, at the age of 28, Omar Abdullah was elected to the [[12th Lok Sabha]], becoming the youngest member. In 1998–99, he was a member of both the Committees on Transport and Tourism and the Ministry of Tourism's Consultative Committee. In 1999, he was elected to [[13th Lok Sabha]] (2nd term as a Member of Parliament).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/2?from=members |title=Abdullah, Shri Omar |work=sansad.in |access-date=25 February 2025}}</ref> On 13 October 1999, he took oath as [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Union Minister of State, Commerce and Industry]]. On 22 July 2001, he became the youngest Union Minister, when he was made Union [[Indian Foreign Minister#Minister of State, External Affairs|Minister of State for External Affairs]]. He resigned from the post on 23 December 2002, to concentrate on party work.<ref name="Omar Abdullah resigns from Union Cabinet" /><br />
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On 23 June 2002, he became the President of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] party, replacing his father, Farooq Abdullah.<ref name="con">[https://books.google.com/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&dq=omar+abdullah&pg=PA1 Omar Abdullah–Profile] ''Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia'', by Peter Lyon. Published by ABC-CLIO, 2008. {{ISBN|1-57607-712-8}}. ''Page 1.''</ref> He lost his Ganderbal seat in the Kashmir assembly elections held in September–October 2002.<ref name="Omar loses Ganderbal, NC prepares to sit in Opposition">{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=15670|title=Omar loses Ganderbal, NC prepares to sit in Opposition|date=10 October 2002|publisher=ExpressIndia.com|access-date=2009-08-13|archive-date=14 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014105854/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=15670|url-status=dead}}</ref> Abdullah was re-elected as the National Conference party's president in 2006.<br />
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In March 2006, much to the disapproval of the centre<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/16inter.htm|title= Omar Abdullah's visit to Pakistan|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref> Omar Abdullah had a one-on-one meeting with Pakistan's president, [[Pervez Musharraf]], in [[Islamabad]]. This was the first meeting of its kind between a mainstream politician from Jammu & Kashmir and the Pakistani government, thereby re-enforcing Omar's growing commitment to the solution of the Jammu & Kashmir cause.<br />
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On 22 July 2008, Omar gave a speech during the [[2008 Lok Sabha vote of confidence]],<ref name="IEX">[http://www.indianexpress.com/story/339280.html Give us a voice, says NC’s Omar Abdullah, floors House with own] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804224014/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/339280.html |date=4 August 2008 }} ''[[Indian Express]]'', 23 July 2008.</ref> which was praised and won him fans on the internet.<ref>[http://www.ciol.com/News/News-Reports/Omar-Abdullah-wins-many-fans-on-YouTube/24708108286/0/ Omar Abdullah wins many fans on YouTube] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726053541/http://www.ciol.com/News/News-Reports/Omar-Abdullah-wins-many-fans-on-YouTube/24708108286/0/ |date=26 July 2008 }} News, 24 July 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.livemint.com/2009/01/05162959/Omar-Abdullah-to-go-Kalam-way.html Omar Abdullah to go Kalam way on internet] ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]]'', 5 January 2009.</ref> <br />
"I am a Muslim and I am an Indian, and I see no distinction between the two. I don't know why should I fear the nuclear deal. It is a deal between two countries which, I hope, will become two equals in the future. The enemies of Indian Muslims are not America or deals like these. The enemies are the same as the enemies of all those who are poor—poverty, hunger, lack of development and the absence of a voice".<ref>''22 July 2008, [[Lok Sabha]]'' [http://www.indianexpress.com/story/339280.html Give us a voice, says NC’s Omar Abdullah, floors House with own] ''Indian Express'', 23 July 2008.<br />
</ref> <br> <br> On 6 February 2020 the government of India booked him under the Public Safety Act (PSA) which was revoked on 24 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title = MLA Beerwah, Omar Abdullah during his visit to Beerwah on Wednesday.|date=29 July 2015 |url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/mla-beerwah-omar-abdullah-during-his-visit-to-beerwah-on-wednesday/|access-date = 2015-09-09}}</ref><br />
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Mr. Abdullah has been appointed a member of the Coordination Committee of the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] at its Mumbai convention on 1 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-19 |title=Opposition alliance named 'INDIA', 11-member coordination committee to decide on all important issues |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/opposition-alliance-named-india-to-hold-third-meeting-in-mumbai/articleshow/101860451.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mritunjay |title=Sharad Pawar, Tejashwi, Raghav Chadha Named In I.N.D.I.A's 13-Member Coordination Panel |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/india-coordination-committee-announcement-members-arvind-kejriwal-mamata-banerjee-nitish-kumar-1626766 |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=ABP Live |date=September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The coordination committee will decide the national agenda, common campaign issues and common program of the country's main opposition alliance ([[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A.]]).<br />
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In the [[2024 lok sabha election|2024 Lok Sabha Election]] Omar Abdullah was defeated by [[Engineer Rashid|Engineer Sheikh Abdul Rashid]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2024 Election Results for Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/2024-election-results-for-jammu-and-kashmir |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jammu and Kashmir Election Results 2024 Highlights: National Conference, BJP win two seats each |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/jammu-and-kashmir-election-results-2024-live/article68214279.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=4 June 2024}}</ref> In run up to the 2024 Lok Sabha polls, Omar Abdullah showed unwillingness to go for a seat sharing agreement with other political parties under the INDIA alliance in Jammu and Kashmir, and insisted on NC contesting all seats in Kashmir region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=NC will go solo in Lok Sabha elections, says Farooq; Omar later clarifies remark |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nc-will-go-solo-in-lok-sabha-elections-farooq-omar-later-clarifies-remark-101708023615034.html |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Omar Abdullah clarifies: National Conference in talks with Cong for three Lok Sabha seats, is part of INDIA bloc |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/omar-abdullah-clarifies-national-conference-in-talks-with-congress-for-three-lok-sabha-seats-is-part-of-india-bloc/cid/2000751 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He won both of his assembly seats from [[Budgam Assembly constituency]] and [[Ganderbal Assembly constituency]] and later withdrew his Budgam seat and retained Ganderbal seat.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 21, 2024 |title=Omar Abdullah Retains Ganderbal Assembly Seat, Resigns from Budgam Segment |url=https://m.greaterkashmir.com/article/omar-abdullah-retains-ganderbal-assembly-seat-resigns-from-budgam-segment/341929/amp |work=Greater Kashmir}}</ref><br />
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==Chief Ministership==<br />
===First term as chief minister (2009–2015)===<br />
{{For|more|First Omar Abdullah ministry}}<br />
After the [[2008 Kashmir Elections]], the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] won the largest number of seats, and formed a coalition government with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party, and Omar was sworn in as the 11th [[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]] on 5 January 2009 at the General Zoravar Singh Auditorium in the [[University of Jammu]], [[Jammu]], raising hope amongst the people of Jammu and Kashmir who had been reeling under [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|insurgency and violence]] caused by cross border terrorism since 1989.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200901061533.htm Kashmir pins hopes on young, energetic Omar Abdullah] ''[[The Hindu]]'', Tuesday, 6 January 2009: 1515 Hrs.</ref><br />
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In 2009, Omar Abdullah was accused of covering up the [[Shopian rape and murder case, May 2009|rape and murder]] of two young women in [[Shopian]].<ref name="Another woman 'killed' in Kashmir">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8141641.stm|title=Another woman 'killed' in Kashmir|author=Altaf Hussain|date=7 July 2009|publisher=BBC News|access-date=2009-07-09}}</ref> Many regarded this as Abdullah's first failure, as even moderates felt Abdullah had bowed to pressure from New Delhi.<ref name="Shopian rape and murder">{{cite news|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/node/21472/|title=Kashmir in turmoil over suspected rape and murder|author=S Murari|date=22 June 2009|publisher=Asian Tribune|access-date=2009-07-02}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><br />
<gallery><br />
File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil viewing the LOC in a in a forward area of Rajouri, J&K on October 09, 2009.jpg|Abdullah with the [[President of India|PoI]] [[Pratibha Patil]], [[List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir|J&K Governor]] [[N.N. Vohra]] and [[Chief of Army Staff (India)|Indian Army Chief]] Gen. [[General Deepak Kapoor|Deepak Kapoor]] at the [[Line of Control|LOC]] near [[Rajouri]] on 9 October 2009.<br />
File:Manmohan Singh being welcomed by the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, Shri Omar Abdullah, at Jammu Airport, in Jammu and Kashmir on March 04, 2011. The Governor of Jammu and Kashmir, Shri N. N. Vohra is also seen.jpg|Abdullah welcomes [[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Manmohan Singh]] on his arrival at [[Jammu Airport|Jammu airport]] in 2011.<br />
File:The Vice President, Shri Mohd. Hamid Ansari with the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, Shri Omar Abdullah, during his visit to Dachigam National Park, in Srinagar on September 16, 2012.jpg|Abdullah drives [[Vice President of India|VP]] [[Hamid Ansari]] in a golf cart at [[Srinagar]], 2012.<br />
</gallery><br />
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===Second term as chief minister (2024–present)===<br />
{{For|more|Second Omar Abdullah ministry}}<br />
At the [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]], Abdullah's Jammu and Kashmir National Conference and its allies alliance secured 49 seats allowing him to be nominated to be the new Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Omar Abdullah to be CM of Jammu and Kashmir as NC alliance crosses halfway mark |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/politics/omar-abdullah-to-be-cm-of-jammu-and-kashmir-as-nc-alliance-crosses-halfway-mark/ |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Omar Abdullah to become new Jammu and Kashmir CM |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/omar-abdullah-to-become-new-jammu-and-kashmir-cm-7308141/ |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> Omar Abdullah met with the [[Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Manoj Sinha]], on 11 October was sworn in as Chief Minister on 16 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/nc-congress-alliance-stakes-claim-to-form-govt-omar-abdullah-likely-to-take-oath-on-oct-16/|title=NC-Congress alliance stakes claim to form govt; Omar Abdullah likely to take oath on Oct 16|website=The Tribune}}</ref><br />
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==Detention==<br />
On the intervening night of 4 and 5 August 2019, Omar Abdullah was placed under preventive detention by the Indian Government under Section 107 of the CRPC. This came as a backdrop to the government's decision of scrapping [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India]], which gave the state of Jammu & Kashmir semi-autonomous powers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nc-demands-immediate-release-of-farooq-and-omar-abdullah-1625552-2019-12-05|title=NC demands immediate release of Farooq and Omar Abdullah|last=Bhat|first=Sunil|date=5 December 2019|website=India Today|access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref><br />
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After the expiry of the six-month detention without any charges, Abdullah was again charged and detained under the [[Public Safety Act]] (PSA) which was later revoked on 24 March 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/omar-abdullah-mehbooba-mufti-charged-under-public-safety-act-sources-2176180|title=Omar Abdullah, Mehbooba Mufti Charged Under Public Safety Act|first=Nazir|last=Masoodi|date=February 7, 2020|access-date=February 10, 2020|publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><br />
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"The capacity of the subject to influence people for any cause can be gauged from the fact that he was able to convince his electorate to come out and vote in huge numbers even during peak of militancy and poll boycotts," the government dossier continues.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/omar-abdullah-accused-of-radicalism-instigating-masses-by-government-2177460|title=Omar Abdullah's Twitter Clout Behind Tough New Charge: Government Dossier|first=Nazir|last=Masoodi|date=February 9, 2020|access-date=February 10, 2020|publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/charge-omar-abdullah-got-voters-to-defy-boycotts/cid/1743804|title=Charge: Omar got voters to defy boycotts|first=Muzaffar|last=Raina|date=February 10, 2020|access-date=February 10, 2020|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/omar-abdullah-mehbooba-mufti-public-safety-act-psa-jammu-and-kashmir-6259588/|title=PSA file indicts Omar Abdullah for getting people to vote, refers to Mehbooba Mufti as 'Daddy's girl'|first=Bashaarat|last=Masood|date=February 10, 2020|access-date=February 10, 2020|publisher=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/omar-abdullah-used-politics-to-cover-his-radical-ideology-public-safety-act-dossier/article30778476.ece|title=Omar Abdullah used politics to cover his radical ideology: Public Safety Act dossier|first=Peerzada|last=Ashiq|date=February 10, 2020|access-date=February 10, 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
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Abdullah's sister, Sara Abdullah Pilot has filed a writ petition in the Supreme Court challenging Abdullah's detention calling it "wholly antithetical to a democratic polity and undermines the Indian Constitution" and asking that the SC secure Abdullah's release.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/omar-abdullahs-sister-moves-sc-challenging-his-detention-under-psa/article30780833.ece|title=Omar Abdullah's sister moves SC challenging his detention under PSA|first=Suhasini|last=Haidar|date=February 10, 2020|access-date=February 10, 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
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The petition also includes a habeas corpus for Abdullah to be produced before the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/rights/omar-abdullah-psa-detention-supreme-court|title=Omar Abdullah's Sister Files Petition in Supreme Court Against His Detention Under PSA|date=February 10, 2020|access-date=February 10, 2020|publisher=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref><br />
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On 10 February 2020, senior advocate [[Kapil Sibal]], appearing for petitioner Sara Abdullah Pilot, mentioned the matter for urgent listing before a bench headed by Justice N V Ramana.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/detention-of-omar-abdullah-under-public-safety-act-challenged-in-supreme-court-by-sister-sarah-pilot|title=&#91;Breaking&#93; Detention of Omar Abdullah under Public Safety Act challenged in Supreme Court by sister, Sara Pilot|first=Meera|last=Emmanuel|date=February 10, 2020|access-date=February 10, 2020|website=BarandBench.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/omar-abdullah-s-sister-moves-sc-challenging-his-detention-under-psa-11581321248206.html|title=Omar Abdullah's sister moves SC challenging his detention under PSA|date=February 10, 2020|access-date=February 10, 2020|publisher=[[Livemint]]}}</ref><br />
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On 14 February 2020, the Supreme Court issued notice to the Jammu & Kashmir administration and set the next date of hearing as 2 March 2020.<ref name="SC Valentine Gift">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-issues-notice-to-j-k-on-plea-by-omar-abdullahs-sister-for-his-release-from-detention-u-2180117|title=J-K leader Shah Faesal booked under Public Safety Act|date=February 14, 2020|access-date=February 15, 2020|publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supreme-court-issues-notice-to-jammu-and-kashmir-to-respond-to-sara-abdullah-s-plea-challenging-brother-omar-s-detention/story-lYFN0eU4hdtGgEWh4NrscM.html|title=Supreme Court issues notice to Jammu and Kashmir to respond to Sara Abdullah's plea challenging brother Omar's detention|first=Murali|last=Krishnan|date=February 14, 2020|access-date=February 15, 2020|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><br />
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On 24 March 2020, Omar Abdullah was released from detention.<ref name="Ashiq">{{Cite news|last=Ashiq|first=Peerzada|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/omar-abdullah-calls-for-immediate-release-of-others-in-preventive-detention/article31149421.ece|title=Omar Abdullah calls for immediate release of others in preventive detention|date=2020-03-24|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-24|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Following his release, he demanded other people held under detention be released as well.<ref name="Ashiq"/><br />
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==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Category:Omar Abdullah | b=no | n=no | q=Omar Abdullah | s=no|v=no|voy=no|species=no|d=no|display=Omar Abdullah}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080612062705/http://164.100.24.209/newls/homepage.aspx?mpsno=2 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]<br />
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{{s-par|in-lwr}}<br />
{{s-bef|before= [[Ghulam Mohammad Mir Magami]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament<br />for [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar]]|years=1998–2009}}<br />
{{s-aft|after={{nowrap|[[Farooq Abdullah]]}}}}<br />
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{{s-bef|before=[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title= [[List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]|years=2009–2014}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Mehbooba Mufti]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title= [[List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]|years=2024–}}<br />
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{{s-inc}}<br />
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{{Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir}}<br />
{{15th LS members from Jammu and Kashmir}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdullah, Omar}}<br />
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[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib&diff=450993Takht Sri Damdama Sahib2026-03-24T04:28:50Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: Page updated with relevant improvements</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Sikh religious site in Talwandi Sabo, Punjab, India}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Damdami Taksal}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox building<br />
| alternate_names = <br />
| status = [[Panj Takht|Takht]] of the [[Sikh]]s<ref name=AB>{{cite book|last1=Nabha|first1=Kahan Singh|title=Gur Shabad Ratanakar Mahankosh|date=13 April 1930|publisher=Languages Department of Punjab, Patiala|page=ਅਕਾਲਬੁੰਗਾ|edition=1|url=https://searchgurbani.com/mahan_kosh|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819033327/https://searchgurbani.com/mahan_kosh|archive-date=19 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| image = Takht Sri Damdama Sahib, Talwandi Sabo.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| address = [[Talwandi Sabo]], [[Bathinda district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]<br />
| location_country = {{flag|India}}<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|29.9869|75.0786|display=title,inline}}<br />
| completion_date = <br />
| destruction_date = <br />
| architect = <br />
| structural_system = <br />
| client = <br />
| logo = Nishan_Sahib.svg<br />
| logo_size = 200px<br />
| logo_caption = [[Nishan Sahib|Flag of Takht]]<br />
| location_city = [[Talwandi Sabo]]<br />
| engineer = <br />
| architectural_style = [[Sikh architecture]]<br />
| construction_start_date = <br />
| developer = <br />
}}<br />
{{Sikhism sidebar}}<br />
<br />
The '''Takht Sri Darbar Sahib Damdama Sahib''', is one of the five [[Takht (Sikhism)|takhts]] or '''Seat of Temporal Authority''' of [[Sikhism]], located in [[Talwandi Sabo]], near the [[city]] of [[Bathinda]] in [[Bathinda district]] of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]].{{Efn|Takht Damdama Sahib's position as the fifth takht in Sikhism is disputed by the Budha Dal faction of Akali-Nihang Sikhs, who claim their group is the fifth takht.|group=note}}<ref name="http://www.hindustantimes.com/ 2015">{{cite web | title=Railways halts survey to finalise the Talwandi Sabo rail route | website=hindustantimes.com | date=25 August 2015 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/railways-halts-survey-to-finalise-the-talwandi-sabo-rail-route/story-KoJo34oRxxAXtXoAmZTcFL.html | access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref> At this place [[Guru Gobind Singh]], the tenth [[Sikh]] Guru, prepared the full version of the Sikh scriptures called [[Sri Guru Granth Sahib]] in 1705. The other four Takhts are the [[Akal Takht Sahib]], [[Takht Kesgarh Sahib|Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib]], [[Takht Sri Patna Sahib]] and [[Takht Sri Hazur Sahib]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The Takht is in the [[Talwandi Sabo]], 28&nbsp;km southeast of Bathinda. Literally, ''Damdama'' means ''resting place''. [[Guru Gobind Singh]] stayed here after the Sikhs fought several defensive battles.<br />
[[File:A fresco from a ‘Samadhi’ depicting ‘Santhiya’ being taught.jpg|thumb|Detail of a mural depicting a ''[[santhiya]]'' scene, from the Bhai Dalla samadh at Talwandi Sabo, ca.1710–40. The mural depicts 48 Sikhs being trained in scriptural elocution.]]<br />
A combination of Mughals and hill [[chieftain|chiefs]] besieged [[Anandpur Sahib]] on the orders of emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. Finally the stock of food in the town ran out. The Mughals promised safe passage to Punjab for the Sikhs if they would hand over the fortress of Anandpur. At first Guru Gobind tested their promise of safe passage by staging a test which the attackers failed miserably. Later, with promises written in the margins of the Muslims' Holy Qur'an and some of the sacred writings of the Hindu elements of the army that had all but starved his small contingent of family and Sikhs and a personal promise of safety by Aurangzeb sent by an agent of the Emperor who was fighting in the distant Deccan, the Guru was persuaded to agree to their offer, leaving Anandpur with his family and a small band of retainers. During the flight from Anandpur when the Sikhs were promised safe passage to Punjab, [[Sahibzada Fateh Singh]] was, with his elder brother [[Sahibzada Zorawar Singh]], put under the care of his grandmother, [[Mata Gujari]] ji. Unfortunately in the confusion of the rain-swollen [[Sarsa river|Sarsa]] (normally little more than a creek) and an attack by Mughal pursuers, the Guru's two youngest sons and their grandmother were separated from the main body of Sikhs. Managing to get across, they were befriended by one of the Guru's former cooks. Later betrayed and handed off by the authorities of the small village where they had been given sanctuary, they were handed over to agents of [[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]], carted off to [[Sirhind]], and placed under arrest in the Khan's Thanda Burj (cold tower). The Thanda Burj was built to capture the cool night breezes of air drawn over water channels in the hot summers, during the dead of winter the unheated burj offered no comfort for the Guru's mother and sons.<br />
<br />
On 26 December 1705, Fateh and his elder brother Zorawar were martyred at Sirhind. Fateh Singh is probably the youngest recorded martyr in history: He knowingly laid down his life at the age of six years.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} Brothers Sahibzada Fateh Singh and Sahibzada Zorawar Singh are among the most hallowed martyrs in Sikhism.<br />
<br />
Today, the place is known as [[Fatehgarh Sahib district|Fatehgarh Sahib]]. An unequal but grim battle commenced with the sunrise on 7 December 1705 in the words of Guru Gobind Singh's [[Zafarnama (letter)|Zafarnamah]], a mere forty defying a hundred thousand (lakh). The besieged, after they had exhausted the meagre stock of ammunition and arrows, made [[sally (military)|sallies]] in batches of five each to engage the encircling host with sword and spear. [[Sahibzada Ajit Singh]] led one of the sallies and laid down his life fighting in the thick of the battle. He was 18 years old at the time of his supreme sacrifice for his faith. Gurdwara Qatalgarh now marks the spot where he fell, followed by [[Sahibzada Jujhar Singh]], 14, who led the next sally. The valour displayed by the young sons of Guru Gobind Singh has been poignantly narrated by a modern Muslim poet Allahyar Khan Jogi who used to recite his Urdu poem, "ShahidaniWafa." from Sikh pulpits during the second and third decades of the twentieth century.<br />
<br />
By nightfall Guru Gobind Singh was left with only five Sikhs in the fortress. These five urged him to escape so that he could rally his followers again and continue the struggle against oppression. The Guru agreed. He gave his own attire to Sangat Singh, who resembled him somewhat in features and physical stature. Under cover of darkness, he made his way through the encircling host slackened by the fatigue of the day's battle. Daya Singh, Dharam Singh and Man Singh also escaped leaving behind only two Sikhs: Sangat Singh and Sant Singh. The next morning as the attack was resumed, the imperial troops entered the garhi without much resistance and were surprised to find only two occupants who, determined to die rather than give in, gave battle till the last. Having reached safety Gobind wrote a letter in Persian prose, called the Zafarnamah (Epistle of Victory), to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb calling him to task as he had guaranteed safe passage to the Punjab for the Sikhs who had abandoned the city of Anandpur and its forts only to be attacked. Guru Gobind Singh fought a successful battle at [[Muktsar district|Muktsar]] and then moved towards Talwandi Sabo.<br />
<br />
== Guru Ki Kashi==<br />
<br />
Before leaving to visit Sikh Sangats in the Deccan, Guruji blessed Talwandi Sabo, as Guru Ki Kashi. Now known better as Damdama Sahib after the Gurdwara became one of the five temporal Takhats of the Sikh religion. Another great Shaheed (Martyr) of Sikhi, Baba Deep Singh ji was installed as the first Jathedar (head) of this temporal seat. He penned additional copies of the Adi Sri Granth Sahib ji and sent them to the other four temporal seats.[[File:Historical photograph of Damdama Sahib (Sabo Ki Talwandi).jpg|thumb|Historical photograph of Damdama Sahib (Sabo Ki Talwandi) in the 1920s.]]This title was given because of the intense literary activities that Guru Gobind Singh engaged in during his stay here (the compilation of Sikh scriptures). It is said that one day Guru Gobind flung a handful of reed pens over the heads of the congregation ('Sangat'), saying: "Here we will create a pool of literature. No one of my Sikhs should remain illiterate." The Damdama Wali Bir as the Guru Granth Sahib is sometimes called was completed here, being dictated by the Guru to one of his disciples [[Bhai Mani Singh]]. It was at this time when the hymns of [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] Sahib, the ninth Guru and father of Guru Gobind Singh were added to the Bir.<br />
<br />
== Recognition as Takht ==<br />
This [[Takht (Sikhism)|Takht]] was officially recognized as the fifth Takht of Sikhism on 18 November 1966. On a demand from the [[Sikh]]s, a sub-committee was appointed by the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]], [[Amritsar]] by General Meeting Resolution No: 789 on 30 July 1960. A report of the sub-committee containing 183 pages was received to declare Damdama Sahib or Guru Ki Kashi as the fifth Takht of the Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikh Encyclopedia|url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/other-historical-places/punjab/damdama-sahib/|access-date=2021-12-28|website=Sikh Encyclopedia|date=19 December 2000 }}</ref><br />
<br />
A general body meeting of the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee at Amritsar approved the recommendations through resolution number 32 on 18 November 1966. It was declared as the fifth Sikh Takht by the government of India in April 1999 during tricentennial celebrations of the formation of the [[Khalsa]].<br />
<br />
== Jathedars of Takht Damdama Sahib ==<br />
{{Incomplete list|date=September 2023}}<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
!Name<br />
!Assigned by<br />
!Term<br />
!Reference(s)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Baba Deep Singh]]<br />
|[[Guru Gobind Singh]]<br />
|7 August 1708 - 13 November 1757 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Sudh Singh<br />
|?<br />
|?<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Karam Singh<br />
|?<br />
|?<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Natha Singh<br />
|?<br />
|?<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Ran Singh<br />
|?<br />
|?<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Bhagwan Singh<br />
|?<br />
|?<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Baghel Singh]]<br />
|?<br />
|?<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Diwan Singh<br />
|?<br />
|?<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Ram Singh<br />
|?<br />
|?<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Harchand Singh Longowal]]<br />
|[[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]]<br />
|1962 - 1964 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Sant Lakha Singh<br />
|[[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]]<br />
| - 1987<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Giani Jaswant Singh<br />
|[[Sarbat Khalsa (1986)|Sarbat Khalsa]]<br />
|26 January 1986 - <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Giani Jagir Singh Poohla<br />
|[[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]]<br />
|1988 -<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Avtar Singh Brahma]]<br />
|?<br />
|1988<br />
|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HmNAAAAMAAJ |title=Journal of Government and Political Studies |date=1989 |publisher=Department of Political Science, Punjabi University |pages=23 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Sanjh Hakam Singh<br />
|?<br />
|?<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Mehar Singh<br />
|?<br />
|?<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Giani Kewal Singh<br />
|[[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]]<br />
|1993 - 12 January 2002<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Balwant Singh Nandgarh|Giani Balwant Singh Nandgarh]]<br />
|[[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]]<br />
|6 January 2003 - 17 January 2015<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2003 |title=Nandgarh installed Jathedar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030107/punjab.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928033209/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030107/punjab.htm |archive-date=2020-09-28 |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Giani Gurmukh Singh<br />
|[[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]]<br />
|27 January 2015 - 21 April 2017<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Rambani |first1=Vishal |last2=Nagpal |first2=Atul |date=2017-04-21 |title=Giani Gurmukh Singh removed as Takht Damdama Sahib jathedar; he hits back |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/giani-gurmukh-singh-removed-as-takht-damdama-sahib-jathedar-over-violation-of-sikh-maryada/story-SzQLjzt4iCfEwOxHjyXssM.html |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Baba Baljit Singh Daduwal<br />
|[[Sarbat Khalsa]]<br />
|10 November 2015 - 26 August 2020<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Giani Harpreet Singh<br />
|[[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]]<br />
|21 April 2017 - 9 February 2025<br />
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Takhat Sahiban Jathedar |url=https://www.dsgmc.in/About/TakhatSahibanJathedar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902100135/https://www.dsgmc.in/About/TakhatSahibanJathedar |archive-date=2022-09-02 |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee www.dsgmc.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Giani Jagtar Singh<br><small>[[Acting (law)|Acting]]</small><br />
|[[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]]<br />
|9 February 2025 - 7 March 2025<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2025 |title=Giani Harpreet Singh removed as Takht Damdama Sahib Jathedar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/giani-harpreet-singh-removed-as-takht-damdama-sahib-jathedar/ |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=The Tribune}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Baba Tek Singh Dhanaula<br />
|[[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]]<br />
|7 March 2025 - Incumbent<br />
|<ref name="Dhanaula">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Surjit |title=Young Sikh preacher Giani Kuldeep Singh Gargaj is acting jathedar of Akal Takht |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/young-sikh-preacher-giani-kuldeep-singh-gargaj-is-acting-jathedar-of-akal-takht-101741376172987.html |access-date=9 March 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=8 March 2025}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery><br />
Gurdwara Likhansar Sahib Patshahi 10th.jpg|[[Gurdwara Likhansar Sahib]]<br />
Mata Sunder Kaur ji Langar Hall, Talwandi Sabo.jpg|Langar Hall<br />
Gurdwara Likhansar Sahib Patshahi 10th brief history.jpg|Gurdwara Likhansar Sahib brief history<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Sikhism}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sikh places]]<br />
[[Category:Sikh architecture]]<br />
[[Category:Gurdwaras in Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Bathinda district]]<br />
[[Category:Religious tourism in India]]<br />
[[Category:Sikh takhts]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_precedence_in_India&diff=450789Order of precedence in India2026-03-21T19:44:47Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: Improved article clarity and structure</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Relative preeminence of officials for ceremonial purposes}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Precedence}}<br />
The '''order of precedence of the [[India|Republic of India]]''' is a list in which the functionaries, dignitaries and officials are listed for ceremonial purposes and has no legal standing and does not reflect the Indian presidential line of succession or the co-equal status of the [[separation of powers]] under the [[Constitution of India]]. The order is established by the [[President of India]], through the President's Secretariat and is maintained by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]. <br />
<br />
The order in the Table of Precedence is meant for State and Ceremonial occasions and has no application in the day-to-day business of Government.<br />
<br />
== Order of Precedence ==<br />
If there are multiple persons of similar rank, then they will be listed in alphabetical order. The order of precedence between themselves is determined by the date of entry into that position/rank.<ref name="rajyasabha">{{cite web|date=26 August 1979|title=President's Secretariat|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/guidline_govt_mp/chap11.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208184431/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/guidline_govt_mp/chap11.pdf|archive-date=8 December 2021|access-date=5 August 2010|work=Office of the President of India|publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Table of Precedence (Updated) |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/table_of_precedence.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+Indian Order of Precedence<br />
|-<br />
!Rank<br />
!Position<br />
!Current office holder(s)<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[President of India|President]]<br />
|[[Droupadi Murmu]]<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Vice President of India|Vice President]]<br />
|[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]<br />
|[[Narendra Modi]]<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Governor (India)|Governors]] {{small|(within their respective [[States and union territories of India|states]])}}<br />
|''[[List of current Indian governors|List of governors]]''<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|Living former [[List of presidents of India|presidents]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Pratibha Patil]]<br />
* [[Ram Nath Kovind]]<br />
|-<br />
|5A<br />
|[[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]]<br />
|''vacant''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|6<br />
|[[Chief Justice of India]]<br />
|[[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
|[[Om Birla]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="8"|7<br />
|[[Union Council of Ministers|Union cabinet ministers]]<br />
|''[[Third Modi ministry#Cabinet Ministers|List of union cabinet ministers]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chief minister (India)|Chief ministers]] {{small|(within their respective states)}}<br />
|''[[List of current Indian chief ministers|List of chief ministers]]''<br />
|-<br />
|Living former [[List of prime ministers of India|prime ministers]]<br />
|[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India|Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-06-11|title=Government gives cabinet rank, extension to Nripendra Misra and PK Mishra|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/government-gives-cabinet-rank-extension-to-nripendra-misra-and-pk-mishra/articleshow/69745842.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-06-21}}</ref><br />
|<br />
*[[Pramod Kumar Mishra]]<br />
*[[Shaktikanta Das]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roche |first1=Elizabeth |title=Ajit Doval to stay as NSA, gets cabinet rank with 5-year term |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ajit-doval-reappointed-national-security-advisor-in-modi-2-0-given-cabinet-rank-1559553527501.html |access-date=23 February 2023 |work=mint |date=3 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|[[Ajit Doval]]<br />
|-<br />
|Vice Chairperson of the [[NITI Aayog]]<br />
|[[Suman Bery]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha]]<br />
|[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha]]<br />
|[[Rahul Gandhi]]<br />
|-<br />
|7A<ref name="HA">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/hindi/top |title=Ministry of Home |access-date=2 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428030937/http://mha.nic.in/hindi/top |archive-date=28 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|Living recipients of the [[Bharat Ratna]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Amartya Sen]]<br />
* [[C. N. R. Rao]]<br />
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]<br />
* [[L. K. Advani]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|8<br />
|[[Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary|Ambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary]] and [[High commissioner (Commonwealth)|high commissioners]] of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth countries]] [[Diplomatic accreditation|accredited]] to India<br />
|''[[List of Ambassadors and High Commissioners to India|List of ambassadors and high commissioners]]''<br />
|-<br />
|Governors {{small|(outside their respective states)}}<br />
|''[[List of current Indian governors|List of governors]]''<br />
|-<br />
|Chief ministers {{small|(outside their respective states)}}<br />
|''[[List of current Indian chief ministers|List of chief ministers]]''<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|Judges of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]<br />
|''[[List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India|List of judges of the Supreme Court]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|9A<ref name="HA" /><br />
|Chairperson of the [[Union Public Service Commission]]<br />
|[[Ajay Kumar (civil servant)|Ajay Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chief Election Commissioner of India|Chief Election Commissioner]]<br />
|[[Gyanesh Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|Comptroller and Auditor General]]<br />
|[[K Sanjay Murthy]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="5"|10<br />
|[[Deputy Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha]]<br />
|[[Harivansh Narayan Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
|''vacant''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Minister of State#India|Union ministers of state (independent charge)]]<br />
|''[[Third Modi ministry#Ministers of State (Independent Charge)|List of ministers of state (independent charge)]]''<br />
|-<br />
|Deputy chief ministers {{small|(within their respective states)}}<br />
|''[[List of current Indian deputy chief ministers|List of deputy chief ministers]]''<br />
|-<br />
|Members of the [[NITI Aayog]]<br />
|''[[NITI Aayog#Members|List of NITI Aayog members]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"|11<br />
|Lieutenant governors {{small|(within their respective [[Union territory|union territories]])}}<br />
|''[[List of current Indian lieutenant governors and administrators|List of lieutenant governors]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]]<br />
|[[T. V. Somanathan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Attorney General of India|Attorney General]]<br />
|[[R. Venkataramani]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India|Principal Scientific Adviser]]<br />
|[[Ajay K. Sood]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="5"|12<br />
|colspan="2"|Chiefs of staff holding the rank of [[General (India)|General]] or equivalent rank ([[four-star rank]] officers in the [[Indian Armed Forces|armed forces]])<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]]<br />
|{{small|[[General (India)|General]]}} [[Anil Chauhan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]<br />
|{{small|[[General (India)|General]]}} [[Upendra Dwivedi]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]]<br />
|{{small|[[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]}} [[Amar Preet Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]<br />
|{{small|[[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]}} [[Dinesh Kumar Tripathi]]<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|[[Envoy (title)|Envoys extraordinary and ministers plenipotentiary]] accredited to India<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|14<br />
|Chief justices of [[high courts of India|high courts]] {{small|(within their respective jurisdictions)}}<br />
|''[[List of current Indian chief justices|List of chief justices]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Speaker (India)|State legislative speakers and chairpersons]] {{small|(within their respective states)}}<br />
|''[[List of current Indian legislative speakers and chairpersons|List of state legislative speakers and chairpersons]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"|15<br />
|Union ministers of state<br />
|''[[Third Modi ministry#ministers of State|List of union ministers of state]]''<br />
|-<br />
|Union territory chief ministers {{small|(within their respective union territories)}}<br />
|''[[List of current Indian chief ministers|List of chief ministers]]''<br />
|-<br />
|Deputy chief ministers {{small|(outside their respective states)}}<br />
|''[[List of current Indian deputy chief ministers|List of deputy chief ministers]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[State governments of India|State cabinet ministers]] {{small|(within their respective states)}}<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|Officiating chiefs of staff holding the rank of [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] or equivalent rank ([[three-star rank]]) officers in the armed forces<br />
|''vacant''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="11"|17<br />
|Chief justices of high courts {{small|(outside their respective jurisdictions)}}<br />
|''[[List of current Indian chief justices|List of chief justices of high courts]]''<br />
|-<br />
|Judges of high courts {{small|(within their respective jurisdictions)}}<br />
|''[[List of sitting judges of the high courts of India|List of judges of high courts]]''<br />
|-<br />
|Chairperson of the [[Central Administrative Tribunal]]<br />
|[[Ranjit Vasantrao More]]<br />
|-<br />
|Chairperson of the [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]]<br />
|[[V. Ramasubramanian]]<br />
|-<br />
|Chairperson of the [[National Commission for Women]]<br />
|[[Vijaya Kishore Rahatkar]]<br />
|-<br />
|Chairperson of the [[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights]]<br />
|Priyank Kanoongo<br />
|-<br />
|Chairperson of the [[National Commission for Minorities]]<br />
|[[Iqbal Singh Lalpura]]<br />
|-<br />
|Chairperson of the [[National Commission for Scheduled Castes]]<ref name="HA" /><br />
|Kishor Makwana<br />
|-<br />
|Chairperson of the [[National Commission for Scheduled Tribes]]<ref name="HA" /><br />
|Antar Singh Arya<br />
|-<br />
|Chairperson of the [[National Commission for Backward Classes]]<ref name="HA" /><br />
|[[Hansraj Gangaram Ahir]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chief Vigilance Commissioner]]<br />
|Praveen Kumar Srivastava<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="7"|18<br />
|State cabinet ministers {{small|(outside their respective states)}}<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|State legislative speakers and chairpersons {{small|(outside their respective states)}}<br />
|''[[List of current Indian legislative speakers and chairpersons|List of state legislative speakers and chairpersons]]''<br />
|-<br />
|Chairperson of the [[Competition Commission of India|Competition Commission]]<br />
|Ravneet Kaur<br />
|-<br />
|Union territory legislative speakers {{small|(within their respective union territories)}}<br />
|''[[List of current Indian legislative speakers and chairpersons|List of legislative speakers]]''<br />
|-<br />
|State legislative deputy speakers and deputy chairpersons {{small|(within their respective states)}}<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|State ministers of state {{small|(within their respective states)}}<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|Union territory ministers {{small|(within their respective union territories)}}<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|19<br />
|Union territory legislative speakers {{small|(outside their respective union territories)}}<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Administrator of the government|Administrators]] {{small|(within their respective union territories)}}<br />
|''[[List of current Indian lieutenant governors and administrators|List of administrators]]''<br />
|-<br />
|State deputy ministers {{small|(within their respective states)}}<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|20<br />
|State legislative deputy speakers and deputy chairpersons {{small|(outside their respective states)}}<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|State ministers of state {{small|(outside their respective state)}}<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|Judges of high courts {{small|(outside their respective jurisdictions)}}<br />
|''[[List of sitting judges of the high courts of India|List of judges of high courts]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|21<br />
|colspan="2"|[[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of Parliament]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Members of Rajya Sabha]]<br />
|''[[List of current members of the Rajya Sabha|List of Rajya Sabha members]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Members of Lok Sabha]]<br />
|''[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha|List of Lok Sabha members]]''<br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
|State deputy ministers {{small|(outside their respective states)}}<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="29" |23<br />
|[[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretaries to the union government]]{{efn|In official functions held at New Delhi, Army commanders/Vice Chief of the Army Staff or equivalent in other services will always rank after secretaries to the union government.}}<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2"|Senior [[three-star rank]] officers in the armed forces who are in the C-in-C (Commanding-in-Chief) grade or vice chiefs of staff, holding the rank of Lieutenant General or equivalent rank<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]<br />
|{{small|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]}} [[N. S. Raja Subramani]]<br />
|-<br />
|Army commanders (General officers commanding-in-chief)<br />
|''[[List of serving generals of the Indian Army#Army Commanders (Commander-in-Chief grade)|List of army commanders]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]]<br />
|{{small|[[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]}} [[Narmdeshwar Tiwari]]<br />
|-<br />
|Air commanders (Air officers commanding-in-chief)<br />
|''[[List of serving marshals of the Indian Air Force#Air Commanders (Commander-in-Chief grade)|List of air commanders]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]]<br />
|{{small|[[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]]}} [[Sanjay Vatsayan]]<br />
|-<br />
|Naval commanders (Flag officers commanding-in-chief)<br />
|''[[List of serving admirals of the Indian Navy#Naval Commanders (Commander-in-Chief grade)|List of naval commanders]]''<br />
|-<br />
|Secretary to the President<br />
|Rajesh Verma<br />
|-<br />
|[[Secretary General of the Rajya Sabha]]<br />
|[[Pramod Chandra Mody]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Secretary General of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
|[[Utpal Kumar Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chief secretary (India)|Chief secretaries]] to state/union territory governments {{small|(within their respective states)}}<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|District and sessions judges and judicial officers of equivalent rank.<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|State chairpersons, State Commission for Human Rights<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|State chairpersons, State Commission for Women<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|State chairpersons, State Commission for Child Rights<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|State chairpersons, State Commission for Minorities<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|State chairpersons, State Commission for [[Scheduled Castes]]<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|State chairpersons, State Commission for [[Scheduled Tribes]]<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|State chairpersons, State Commission for [[Other Backward Class|Backward Class]]<br />
|'' various''<br />
|-<br />
|Members of the National Human Rights Commission<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|Members of the National Commission for Women<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|Members of the National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|Members of the National Commission for Minorities<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|Members of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|Members of the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|Members of the National Commission for Backward Classes<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Solicitor General of India|Solicitor General]]<br />
|[[Tushar Mehta]]<br />
|-<br />
|Vice Chairperson of the Central Administrative Tribunal<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|24<br />
|Lieutenant generals of the [[Indian Army]]<br />
|''[[List of serving generals of the Indian Army|List of lieutenant generals]]''<br />
|-<br />
|Vice admirals of the [[Indian Navy]]<br />
|''[[List of serving admirals of the Indian Navy|List of vice admirals]]''<br />
|-<br />
|Air marshals of the [[Indian Air Force]]<br />
|''[[List of serving marshals of the Indian Air Force|List of air marshals]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="22"|25<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chargé d'affaires|Chargé d' affaires]] and acting high commissioners a pied and ad. interim.<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|Lieutenant governors {{small|(outside their respective union territories)}}<br />
|''[[List of current Indian lieutenant governors and administrators|List of lieutenant governors]]''<br />
|-<br />
|Union territory chief ministers {{small|(outside their respective union territories)}}<br />
|''[[List of current Indian chief ministers|List of chief ministers]]''<br />
|-<br />
|Chief secretaries {{small|(outside their respective states/union territories)}}<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Additional secretary to the Government of India|Additional secretaries to the union government]]<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|Additional district and sessions judges and judicial officers of equivalent rank.<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Director of the Intelligence Bureau]]<br />
|[[Tapan Deka]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Director general of police|Directors general of police]] of various State police forces.<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|Directors general of [[Central Armed Police Forces]] ([[Assam Rifles|AR]], [[Border Security Force|BSF]], [[Central Industrial Security Force|CISF]], [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]], [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police|ITBP]], [[National Security Guard|NSG]], and [[Sashastra Seema Bal|SSB]])<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|Directors general and Directors of various forces and organisations under the union government (i.e. [[Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (India)|AAIB]], [[Bureau of Police Research and Development|BPRD]], [[National Crime Records Bureau|NCRB]], [[National Disaster Response Force|NDRF]] etc.)<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|Directors of various Security and investigative agencies (i.e. [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]], [[Enforcement Directorate|ED]], [[Narcotics Control Bureau|NCB]], [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] etc.)<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|[[two-star rank]] principal staff officers of the [[Armed Forces of India|armed forces]] of the rank of [[Major general (India)|Major General]] or equivalent rank (i.e. [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] and [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]])<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Additional Solicitor General of India|Additional solicitors general]]<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Advocate general (India)|Advocates general]]<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|Deputy comptrollers and auditors general<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|Union territory legislative deputy speakers {{small|(outside their respective union territories)}}<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|Union territory ministers {{small|(outside their respective union territories)}}<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|Members of the Central Administrative Tribunal<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|Members of the Competition Commission<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|Members of the Union Public Service Commission<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|State members, [[Public service commissions in India|State Public Service Commission]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://gad.kerala.gov.in/order-precedence |title = Order of Precedence {{!}} GAD}}</ref><br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|26<br />
|[[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint secretaries to the union government]] and officers of equivalent rank.<br />
|''various''<br />
|-<br />
|Officers of the rank of Major General or equivalent rank.<br />
|''various''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of office-holders in India]]<br />
* [[Salaries of government officials in India]]<br />
<br />
== External links == <br />
* [https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/table_of_precedence.pdf Order of Precedence of India] MHA, India<br />
<br />
[[Category:Government of India]]<br />
[[Category:Orders of precedence|India]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atul_Anand&diff=488291Atul Anand2026-03-14T18:01:46Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: created the post more to come!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Navy Admiral}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox military person<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]]<br />
| name = Atul Anand<br />
| honorific_suffix = [[PVSM]], [[AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image = File:VAdm Atul Anand.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| allegiance = {{IND}}<br />
| branch = {{navy|India}}<br />
| serviceyears = 1 January 1988 – present<br />
| rank = [[File:British Royal Navy (sleeves) OF-8.svg|20px]] [[File:13-Indian Navy-VADM.svg|20px]] [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]]<br />
| servicenumber = <br />
| unit = <br />
| commands = Karnataka Naval Area<br/>Maharashtra Naval Area<br/>{{ship|INS|Mumbai|D62}}<br/>{{ship|INS|Khukri|P49}}<br/>{{ship|INS|Chatak|K96}}<br/>[[Astravahini-class torpedo recovery vessel|Torpedo recovery vessel A72]]<br />
| service_number = 03247-B <ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/allRel.aspx?reg=3&lang=1</ref><br />
| battles = <br />
| battles_label = <br />
| awards = [[File:Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br/>[[File:Ati_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br/>[[File:Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Indian Naval Academy]]<br />
| spouse = <!-- Add spouse if reliably sourced --><br />
| relations = <br />
| laterwork = <br />
| signature = <br />
| website = <br />
| memorials = <br />
| module = <br />
}}<br />
[[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] '''Atul Anand''', [[PVSM]], [[AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] is a serving Flag officer in the [[Indian Navy]]. He currently serves as the [[Additional Secretary to the Government of India]] at the [[Department of Military Affairs]] in [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]. He earlier served as the [[Director General Naval Operations]], as [[Flag Officer Commanding Karnataka Naval Area]], as [[Flag Officer Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area]] and as the Deputy Commandant and Chief Instructor of the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]].<br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Anand was born in an armed forces family. His father attended the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] (NDA) as part of the 13th course. Anand also attended the NDA, as part of the 71st course.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pune: Rear Admiral Atul Anand assumes charge as Deputy Commandant and Chief Instructor of NDA |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/pune-rear-admiral-atul-anand-assumes-charge-as-deputy-commandant-and-chief-instructor-of-nda/ |website=Punekar News |access-date=17 March 2023 |date=8 June 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Naval career==<br />
Anand was commissioned into the [[Indian Navy]] on 1 January 1988. He is a specialist in Navigation and Direction. He spent his early years as the navigating officer of {{ship|INS|Sharda|P55}}, {{ship|INS|Ranvijay|D55}} and {{ship|INS|Jyoti|A58}}. He also was the Direction Officer of the [[British Aerospace Sea Harrier|Sea Harrier Squadron]] [[INAS 300]].<ref name="TOI">{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Atul Anand takes over as flag officer commanding in Maharashtra Naval area |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/rear-admiral-atul-anand-takes-over-as-flag-officer-commanding-in-maharashtra-naval-area/articleshow/81157060.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=17 March 2023 |date=22 February 2021}}</ref> He attended the [[Defence Services Command and Staff College (Bangladesh)|Defence Services Command and Staff College]] in Dhaka, Bangladesh. He served as the Joint Director Staff Requirements at Naval headquarters.<ref name="FOMA">{{cite web |title=REAR ADMIRAL ATUL ANAND, VSM TAKES OVER AS FLAG OFFICER COMMANDING MAHARASHTRA NAVAL AREA (FOMA) |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1699939 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=17 March 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
Anand commanded the [[Astravahini-class torpedo recovery vessel]] A72, the [[Chamak-class missile boat]] {{ship|INS|Chatak|K96}} and the [[lead ship]] of [[Khukri-class corvette|her class]] of [[corvette]]s, {{ship|INS|Khukri|P49}}. He served as the [[executive officer]] and the principal warfare officer of the lead ship of [[Delhi-class destroyer|her class]] of [[guided missile destroyer]]s {{ship|INS|Delhi|D61}}.<ref name="FOK">{{cite web |title=Rear Adm Atul Anand takes over as Flag Officer Commanding Karnataka Naval Area (FOK) |url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/rear-adm-atul-anand-takes-over-flag-officer-commanding-karnataka-naval-area-fok |website=indiannavy.nic.in |access-date=17 March 2023}}</ref> <br />
He then commanded ''Delhi's'' [[sister ship]] {{ship|INS|Mumbai|D62}}. In the rank of [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]], he served as [[Directing Staff]] at the [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington|Wellington Cantonment]]. At NHQ, he served as the Director Naval Operations and as the Director Naval Intelligence (Ops). He also attended the Advance Security Cooperation Course at the [[Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies]] in Hawaii, USA.<ref name="DepCom NDA">{{cite web |title=REAR ADMIRAL ATUL ANAND, VSM ASSUMES CHARGE AS THE DEPUTY COMMANDANT AND CHIEF INSTRUCTOR, NDA, KHADAKWASLA PUNE |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1630270 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=17 March 2023}}</ref><br />
[[File:Commemoration of Vijay Diwas 2021 at Naval Dockyard, Mumbai 02.jpg|right|thumb|Anand, as FOMA, laying a wreath at the Gaurav Stambh in [[Naval Dockyard (Mumbai)]] on the occasion of [[Vijay Diwas (India)|Vijay Diwas]].]]<br />
As a [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]], in 2013, Anand attended the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]] as part of the 53rd course. He then served as the Principal Director Naval Operations and as the Principal Director Strategy, Concepts and Transformation, both at NHQ. In January 2015, he was awarded the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] for distinguished service.<ref name="VSM">{{cite web |title=PIB |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive2/erelease.aspx |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=17 March 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Flag rank===<br />
Anand was promoted to flag rank and was appointed [[Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Assistant Chief of Naval Staff]] (Foreign Cooperation and Intelligence) at Naval headquarters. In June 2020, he moved to Pune and took over as the Deputy Commandant and Chief Instructor of his alma-mater, [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]].<ref name="HT">{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Atul Anand assumes charge at NDA, Khadakwasla |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/rear-admiral-atul-anand-assumes-charge-at-nda-khadakwasla/story-W4kr7H4JrFCZoNu0MP5YcO.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=17 March 2023 |language=en |date=9 June 2020}}</ref> After an eight-month stint, he was appointed [[Flag Officer Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area]] (FOMA) in February 2021.<ref name="TG-FOMA">{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Ashish |title=Navy appoints new FOMA & FOCWF |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/navy-appoints-new-foma-focwf/ |website=The Daily Guardian |access-date=17 March 2023 |date=25 February 2021}}</ref> He took over from Rear Admiral [[Vennam Srinivas]] on 22 February 2021. For his tenure as FOMA, he was awarded the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] on 26 January 2022.<ref name="AVSM">{{cite web |title=PRESS RELEASE - DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARDS TO INDIAN NAVY PERSONNEL ON REPUBLIC DAY |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1792586 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=17 March 2023}}</ref> After a short tenure as FOMA, he moved to Karwar as the Flag Officer Commanding Karnataka Naval Area, taking over on 20 December 2021.<ref name="FOK" /> On 1 April 2023, Anand was promoted to the rank of [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] and appointed [[Director General Naval Operations]] (DGNO) at naval headquarters, succeeding Vice Admiral [[Rajesh Pendharkar]].<ref name="DGNO">{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral Atul Anand takes over as director general naval operations |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/vice-admiral-atul-anand-assumes-charge-as-director-general-naval-operations-in-new-delhi-brings-extensive-experience-to-the-role-indiannavy-navaloperations-viceadmiralatulanand-11680348517452.html |website=mint |access-date=1 April 2023 |language=en |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> After a short stint as DGNO, he was appointed [[Additional secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary]] of the [[Department of Military Affairs]], headed by the [[Chief of the Defence Staff (India)|Chief of the Defence Staff]] [[General (India)|General]] [[Anil Chauhan]].<ref name="Addl Secy DMA">{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral Atul Anand takes over as Additional Secretary, DMA |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1937014 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] on 26 January 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=77th REPUBLIC DAY PRESIDENT APPROVES DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AND GALLANTRY AWARDS TO INDIAN NAVY PERSONNEL |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2218584&reg=3&lang=1 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards and decorations==<br />
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ati_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Samanya_Seva_medal.svg|width=106}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Operation_Vijay_star.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Operation_Vijay_medal.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Operation_Parakram_medal.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=4|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=75yearmedal.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=4|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Operation Vijay Star]]<br />
|[[Operation Vijay Medal]]<br />
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]<br />
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]<br />
|colspan=2|[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]<br />
|[[30 Years Long Service Medal]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|[[20 Years Long Service Medal]]<br />
|[[9 Years Long Service Medal]]<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-mil}}<br />
{{s-bef|before = [[Vennam Srinivas]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Flag Officer Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area]]|years=2021 – 2021}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=Sandeep Mehta}}<br />
{{s-bef|before = [[Mahesh Singh]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Flag Officer Commanding Karnataka Naval Area]]|years=2021 – 2023}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[K. M. Ramakrishnan]]}}<br />
{{s-bef|before = [[Rajesh Pendharkar]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Director General Naval Operations]]|years=2023 – 2023}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[A. N. Pramod]]}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Atul}}<br />
[[Category:Indian Navy vice admirals]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
[[Category:Flag Officers Commanding Karnataka Naval Area]]<br />
[[Category:Flag Officers Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area]]<br />
[[Category:Directors General Naval Operations]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._Varalakshmi&diff=461330M. Varalakshmi2026-03-14T04:29:57Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: general enhanced structure based on references additionally and fixed typos for clarity</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1974)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| termstart1 = 2016<br />
| termend1 = 2021<br />
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Chengalpattu (state assembly constituency)|Chengalpattu constituency]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Chengalpattu (state assembly constituency)|Chengalpattu constituency]]<br />
| termstart = 2021<br />
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1974|4|16}}<br />
| spouse = Madhusudhanan P<br />
| children = 1 Son & 1 Daughter<br />
| alma_mater = College of Nursing, Chengalpattu Medical College<br />
}}<br />
'''M. Varalakshmi''' (born 16 April 1974<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Fifteenth Assembly 2016|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/15thassembly/members/whoswho-2016.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]|page=102}}</ref>) is an Indian politician and member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. She was elected as the representative of the [[Chengalpattu (state assembly constituency)|Chengalpattu constituency]] in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2016|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3473-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2016/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Varalakshmi is a resident of Appur village in the [[Kanchipuram district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] and a diploma graduate of the Kanchipuram Government College of Nursing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Varalakshmi.m|url=https://myneta.info/tamilnadu2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1718|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=myneta.info|publisher=[[Association for Democratic Reforms]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
Varalakshmi was the representative as the head of the Appur Panchayat between 2006 and 2016.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
In the 2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, she was nominated to contest as the candidate of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam from the Chengalpattu state assembly constituency in the Kanchipuram district. Her primary opponent in the election was R. Kamalakkannan who was the candidate of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. The election resulted in Varalakshmi emerging as the winning candidate with a margin of over 27,000 votes and polling at 45.11% of the votes cast against 34.58% of the votes cast in favor of Kamalakkannan.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
==Electoral performance ==<br />
{{transcluded section|source=Chengalpattu Assembly constituency}}<br />
{{trim|{{#section-h:Chengalpattu Assembly constituency|2021}}}}<br />
{{trim|{{#section-h:Chengalpattu Assembly constituency|2016}}}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Varalakshmi, M.}}<br />
[[Category:1974 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]<br />
[[Category:People from Chengalpattu district]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Pakistani_YouTubers&diff=451698List of Pakistani YouTubers2026-03-10T14:26:40Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: Article updated with improved flow</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=December 2022}}<br />
[[YouTuber]]s are people mostly known for their work on the video sharing website [[YouTube]]. The following is a '''list of Pakistani YouTubers''' for whom Wikipedia has articles either under their own name or their YouTube channel name. This list excludes people who, despite having a YouTube presence, are primarily known for their work elsewhere.<br />
<br />
{{dynamic list}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:99%;"<br />
! scope="col" |User(s)<br />
! scope="col" |Channel(s)<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Category<br />
|-<br />
|[[Adil Raja]]<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/@SoldierSpeaksReloaded Soldier Speaks]<br />
|Political commentary and journalism<br />
|-<br />
| [[Abrar Hassan]]<br />
| [https://www.youtube.com/@WildlensbyAbrar/ Wild Lens by Abrar]<br />
| Travel and adventure vlogging<br />
|-<br />
| [[Imran Riaz Khan]]<br />
| [https://www.youtube.com/@imranriazkhan1 Imran Riaz Khan]<br />
| Journalist, vlogging, and TV anchor<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sajid Ali]]<br />
| [https://www.youtube.com/@ZalmiPlays Zalmi]<br />
| Adventure, Surviving <br />
|-<br />
| [[Amin Hafeez]]<br />
| [https://www.youtube.com/@AminHafeez Hafeez]<br />
| Journalist and political analyst<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nadir Ali (comedian)|Nadir Ali]]<br />
| [https://www.youtube.com/@P4PakaoOfficial P 4 Pakao]<br />
| Comedy and Vlog videos<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mubashir Saddique]]<br />
| [https://www.youtube.com/@VillageFoodSecrets Village Food Secrets]<br />
| Food vlogging<ref>{{cite news |title=Culinary vlogger from Shahpur celebrates one million subscribers on YouTube |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1182300 |work=Dawn |date=6 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Muhammad Ali Mirza]]<br />
| [https://www.youtube.com/@EngineerMuhammadAliMirzaClips Engineer Muhammad Ali Mirza - Official Channel]<br />
| Islam-related topics<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Asghar |first1=Tarhub |date=7 May 2020 |title=انجینیئر محمد علی مرزا کون ہیں اور انھیں کیوں گرفتار کیا گیا تھا؟ |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/pakistan-52562568 |website=[[BBC Urdu]] |lang=ur}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Orya Maqbool Jan]]<br />
| [https://www.youtube.com/@OryaMaqboolJan Orya Maqbool Jan]<br />
| Pakistani journalist, columnist and anchor person<br />
|-<br />
|Farhan Rana Rajpoot<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/@farhanranarajpoott Farhan Rana Rajpoot]<br />
|Pakistani film director and Youtuber <ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Farhan Rana Rajpoot? The famous Pakistani Youtuber – MeToo Pakistan |url=https://metoo.pk/2021/09/who-is-farhan-rana-rajpoot-the-famous-pakistani-youtuber/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20211130064558/https://metoo.pk/2021/09/who-is-farhan-rana-rajpoot-the-famous-pakistani-youtuber/ |archive-date=2021-11-30 |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=metoo.pk |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistani YouTubers}}<br />
[[Category:Internet-related lists]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of Pakistani people|YouTubers]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Street_Singer_(film)&diff=467044Street Singer (film)2026-03-07T07:06:10Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: quick update</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the 1938 Hindi film|similar uses|Street singer (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Street Singer<br />
| image = <br />
<br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[Phani Majumdar]]<br />
| producer = [[New Theatres]]<br />
| writer = <br />
| narrator = <br />
| starring = [[K. L. Saigal]]<br>[[Kanan Devi]]<br>Jagdish Sethi<br>Bikram Kapoor<br />
| music = [[R. C. Boral]]<br />
| cinematography = Dilip Gupta<br>Sudish Ghatak<br />
| editing = <br />
| distributor =<br />
| studio = [[New Theatres]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|1938|11|24|df=yes|ref1=<ref name=Retrore>{{cite web|title=The Street Singer - 1938|date=2017|url=http://retrore.blogspot.in/2017/05/the-street-singer-1938.html|accessdate=18 December 2017}}</ref>}}<br />
| runtime = 135 min<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Street Singer''''' is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1938|1938]] Indian film directed by [[Phani Majumdar]]. It was produced by [[New Theatres]] of [[Calcutta]] and was Phani Majumdar's first [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] as a director.<ref name=William>{{cite book|last1=Van der Heide|first1=William|title=Malaysian Cinema, Asian Film: Border Crossings and National Cultures|date=2002|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=9789053565803|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3HTdu1HuWQC&q=Street+singer+1938+story&pg=PA258}}</ref> The film was made in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''[[Sathi (1938 film)|Sathi]]'' in the same year.<ref name=Pran>{{cite book|last1=Nevile|first1=Pran|title=K. L. Saigal The Definitive Biography|date=2011|publisher=Penguin Books|location=India|isbn=9780141406343|pages=144}}</ref> It stars [[K. L. Saigal]], [[Kanan Devi]], Jagdish Sethi and Bikram Kapoor.<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|last1=CITWF|title=Street Singer|url=http://www.citwf.com/film335130.htm|website=citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=18 July 2014}}</ref> The music was composed by [[R. C. Boral]] with lyrics written by [[Arzoo Lakhnavi|Arzu (Arzoo) Lucknavi]].<ref name=hindigeetmala>{{cite web|title=Street Singer 1938|url=http://hindigeetmala.net/movie/street_singer.htm|website=hindigeetmala.net|publisher=hindigeetmala|accessdate=18 July 2014}}</ref> Two [[Street children in India|street urchins]] dream of singing and making it big in the glamorous world of theatre in Calcutta. They grow up with the girl being employed while the boy is not. The story follows them through first their enchantment and then the disillusionment with the theatre. Finally both choose to return to their roots in the village.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Bhulwa helps Manju escape from a burning [[orphanage]] and from the care of the tyrannical manager of the orphanage. The two street urchins go from village to village, singing and making money. Bhulwa’s big dream is to someday sing in a theatre in [[Calcutta]]. Several years later both are singing on the streets in Calcutta and Manju is employed by a theatre to sing. Bhulwa encourages her through her nervousness and she becomes a popular singer. However her attitude towards servants and other people changes and Bhulwa is disappointed and tells her off. Bhulwa is still struggling but manages to get a chance to sing on the [[Radio in India|radio]].<br />
<br />
Manju learns of his singing assignment when she listens to him sing on the radio. Feeling slighted she decides to sing Bhulwa’s song in a new style, the way the actor-manager Kailash wants. She leaves a message with the servant asking him to send Bhulwa to the theatre. Bhulwa gets drenched in the rain and is feverish but he goes to listen to Manju. On hearing the new tune given to his favourite song he gets aggressive on the stage and then leaves from there. Manju by now is repentant and decides to search for him. She asks the manager-actor Kailash to drive her and searches the roads by which both had travelled to come to the city. She spies Bhulwa in a boat which is being tossed around due to the wind and storm. The boat crashes against the banks. Manju rushes to Bhulwa and cradles his head on her lap. Kailash leaves them, while both look towards the road leading to the village.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[K. L. Saigal]]<br />
*[[Kanan Devi]]<br />
*[[Jagdish Sethi|Jagdish]]<br />
*[[Chaman Puri]] as Munshi also writer in theatre<br />
*Bikram Kapoor<br />
*Shabir<br />
*A. H. Shore<br />
*Shyam Laha<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
Street Singer. was [[Phani Majumdar]]'s first and most famous Hindi film.<ref name=William /> Saigal and Kanan Devi were a sensation nationwide following this film.<ref name=Patel>{{cite book|last1=Patel|first1=Bhaichand|title=Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema -KL Saigal|date=2012|publisher=Penguin Books|location=India|isbn=9780670085729|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQL4dkVAnPIC&q=Street+singer+1938+story&pg=PA13|accessdate=18 July 2014}}</ref> The film helped establish Kanan Devi’s popularity and her ‘melody queen’ status.<ref name=Nevile>{{cite book|last1=Nevile|first1=Pran|title=K L Saigal: Immortal Singer and Superstar|date=2004|publisher=Nevile Books|location=India|isbn=9788190116619|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QfZkAAAAMAAJ&q=Street+Singer+1938}}</ref> It is also ranked as one of Saigal’s greatest hits, where his rendition of [[Wajid Ali Shah]]’s [[Bhairavi (Hindustani)|Bhairavi]] [[thumri]] "[[Babul Mora Naihar Chhooto Jaye]]" is considered a classic.<ref name=Ganesh>{{cite book|last1=Anantharaman|first1=Ganesh|title=Bollywood Melodies: A History of the Hindi Film Song|date=2008|publisher=Penguin Books|location=India|isbn=9780143063407|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmrSLuBwbKkC&q=Street+Singer+1938&pg=PA143|accessdate=18 July 2014}}</ref> Majumdar considered Saigal an exceptional artist. He felt he could pan the camera on his face irrespective of who was giving the dialogues. When Saigal sang "Babul Mora', he requested Majumdar not to use recording and playback (his own song) on him, but to let him sing live on the sets. He sang the song pacing the streets with the [[Harmonium#On the Indian subcontinent|harmonium]].<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The songs became popular making [[K. L. Saigal]] and [[Kanan Devi]] a craze in India.<ref name=Patel /> Saigal's song "[[Babul Mora Naihar Chhooto Hi Jaaye]]" is associated with him as "an immortal singer".<ref name=Pran /> The music was by [[R. C. Boral]] and lyrics by [[Arzoo Lakhnavi|Arzu Lucknavi]]. The bhairavi thumri "Babul Mora" is by [[Wajid Ali Shah]].<br />
<br />
===Track listing===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| "[[Babul Mora Naihar Chhooto Hi Jaaye]]"<br />
| [[K. L. Saigal]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| "Suqun Dil Ko Mayassar"<br />
| K. L. Saigal, [[Kanan Devi]]<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| "Lachhami Murat Daras Dikhaaye "<br />
| K. L. Saigal, Kanan Devi<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| "Jeevan Been Madhur Na Baaje"<br />
| K. L. Saigal<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| "Sanwariya Prem Ki Bansi Suna "<br />
| K. L. Saigal, Kanan Devi<br />
|-<br />
|}6 <br />
| "Khalo Madam Khana" <br />
| Khemchand Prakash<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|id =0030806 |title =Street Singer }}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1938 films]]<br />
[[Category:1938 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Phani Majumdar]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br />
[[Category:1938 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about theatre]]<br />
[[Category:Films about music and musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Films about orphans]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about singers]]<br />
[[Category:Films about street performance]]<br />
[[Category:Films about homelessness]]<br />
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]<br />
[[Category:New Theatres films]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Malayalam_films_of_2021&diff=476185List of Malayalam films of 20212026-03-07T04:45:08Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: quick fix structure per standard format further and updated info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|None}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Malayalam films}}<br />
<br />
This is a list of [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films that are scheduled to release in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/malayalam|title=Malayalam Movie Releases in Theatres|website=Bookmyshow.com}}</ref><br />
==2021 Highest grossing film in worldwide==<br />
*;1 [[Kurup]] - 81 crore<br />
*;2 [[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea]] - 47 crore<br />
*;3 [[Ajagajantharam]] - 11 crore<br />
<br />
==January – March==<br />
{| class="wikidiv"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan= 2 style="text-align:center; background:#ecfeff;"| *<br />
| Film released directly on OTT platform(s).<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- style="background:#blue; text-align:center;"<br />
! colspan="2" |Opening<br />
!| Title<br />
! style="width:20%;" |'''Director'''<br />
! Cast !! Production house !! Ref<br />
!OTT<br />
|-January!<br />
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#C19A6B; textcolor:#000;" |'''J<br />A<br />N<br />U<br />A<br />R<br />Y'''<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;"|'''1'''<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Guardian (2021 film)|Guardian]]''<br />
| Satheesh Paul<br />
| [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Miya (actress)|Mia George]], Nayana Elza<br />
| Black Maria Productions, Prime Reels<br />
|Direct OTT release. <br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/25522/malayalam/guardian/|title=Guardian (2021) {{pipe}} Guardian Malayalam Movie {{pipe}} Movie Reviews, Showtimes|website=NOWRUNNING|date=28 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/four-new-malayalam-movies-to-release-through-a-new-ott-platform-news-malayalam-vbbfvCcadifbi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101052309/https://www.sify.com/movies/four-new-malayalam-movies-to-release-through-a-new-ott-platform-news-malayalam-vbbfvCcadifbi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 January 2021|title=Four new Malayalam movies to release through a new OTT platform|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
|Prime Reels, <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;"| '''8'''<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Confessions of a Cuckoo]]''<br />
| Jay Jithin<br />
| [[Durga Krishna]], [[V. K. Prakash]]<br />
| Twenty Three Feet Entertainments, Prime Reels<br />
|Direct OTT release.<br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/confessions-of-cuckoos.html|title=Confessions Of Cuckoos (2021) {{pipe}} Confessions Of Cuckoos Movie {{pipe}} Confessions Of Cuckoos Malayalam Movie Cast & Crew, Release Date, Review, Photos, Videos|website=FilmiBeat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mallurelease.com/2019/03/confessions-of-cuckoos.html|title=Confessions of Cuckoos &#124; കൺഫെഷൻസ് ഓഫ് കുക്കൂസ്}}</ref><br />
| Neestream, Prime Reels<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;"| '''12'''<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Aathma''<br />
| Vijayakumar K G<br />
| Mahima, Krishna Kumar, Sidharaj<br />
| Baywood Entertainment<br />
| Direct OTT release.<br />
| First Shows<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;"|'''15'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[The Great Indian Kitchen]]''<br />
|Jeo Baby<br />
| [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Nimisha Sajayan]]<br />
| Mankind Cinemas, Symmetry Cinemas, <br />
|Direct OTT release.<br />
|Neestream<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;"| '''22'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Padmini (film)|Padmini]]''<br />
|Susmesh Chandroth<br />
|[[Anumol]], [[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]] [[Sanju Sivram]]<br />
|TK Padmini Memorial Trust<br />
|Direct OTT release <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caveindia.com/contentList/movies/detail-card/B8NyLTvKSdgm|title=CAVE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/110816/embodying-padmini-a-real-life-character.html|title=Embodying Padmini: A real life character|date=11 August 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><br />
|CAVE India<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vellam: The Essential Drink|Vellam]]''<br />
| [[Prajesh Sen]]<br />
| [[Jayasurya]], [[Samyuktha Menon]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]<br />
| Friendly Productions<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/vellam.html|title=Vellam (2021) {{pipe}} Vellam Movie {{pipe}} Vellam Malayalam Movie Cast & Crew, Release Date, Review, Photos, Videos|website=FilmiBeat}}</ref><br />
|[[JioCinema]], [[Sun NXT]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;"| '''29'''<br />
|''[[Vaanku (film)|Vaanku]]''<br />
|Kavya Prakash<br />
|[[Anaswara Rajan]], Nandhana Varma, Gopika Ramesh, Meenakshi Unnikrishnan<br />
| Shimoga Creations, 7J Films and Trends Ad film makers<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-01-12|title='Vaanku' to release on Jan 29|language=en-IN|work=Sify.com|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vaanku-to-release-on-jan-29-news-malayalam-vbmeGojjhaabi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112044333/https://www.sify.com/movies/vaanku-to-release-on-jan-29-news-malayalam-vbmeGojjhaabi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 January 2021|access-date=2021-01-12}}</ref><br />
|Neestream<br />
|-<br />
|''Eval Gopika''<br />
|Ambalappuzha Radhakrishnan<br />
|Unni Rajesh, Nimisha Nair, [[Devan (actor)|Devan]], [[Shobha Mohan]]<br />
|Davadas Film<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/eval-gopika/ET00128737|title=Eval Gopika (2021) - Movie {{pipe}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in kochi - BookMyShow|website=in.bookmyshow.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/eval-gopika/movieshow/80494202.cms|title=Eval Gopika Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{pipe}} eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><br />
|<br />
|- February!<br />
| rowspan="13" style="text-align:center; background:#8DB600; textcolor:#000;" |'''F<br />E<br />B<br />R<br />U<br />A<br />R<br />Y'''<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#A8E4A0;"| '''2'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" | ''Akatho Puratho''<br />
| [[Sudevan]]<br />
| Zachariah, Surabhi, Arun Lal<br />
| Pace Trust<br />
|Direct OTT Release<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/tv/CKycg_vJQ19/|title=Akatho Puratho Streaming on Cave-Films&Shows|website=instagram.com/CAVE}}</ref><br />
|CAVE India<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#A8E4A0;"| '''5'''<br />
| ''[[Changayi]]''<br />
| Sudesh Kumar<br />
| Amal Sha, [[Bhagath Manuel]]<br />
| Avya Films<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/changayi/ET00305957|title=Changayi (2021) - Movie {{pipe}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in kochi - BookMyShow|website=in.bookmyshow.com}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#A8E4A0;"| '''12'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Cricket''<br />
|Sreejith Rajan<br />
|Laison John, Master Rahan, Sruthy, Manjula, Baby Dinapath<br />
|Thekkudan Pictures<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cricket – High Hopes Entertainments|url=https://highhopesentertainments.com/title/cricket-booking/|access-date=2021-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cricket [2021] {{!}} കരികകററ [2021]|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?8831|access-date=2021-08-22|website=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://moviekoop.com/Movie/Details/Cricket/11989|title=Cricket Movie {{pipe}} Cast, Release Date, Trailer, Posters, Reviews, News, Photos and Videos|website=Moviekoop}}</ref><br />
|High Hopes<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Operation Java]]''<br />
| Tharun Moorthy<br />
| [[Balu Varghese]], Lukman, [[Vinayakan]], [[Binu Pappu]], [[Irshad]], [[Mamitha Baiju]], [[Sudhi Koppa]], [[P. Balachandran]], [[Alexander Prasanth]], [[Dhanya Ananya]] <br />
| V Cinemas<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/operation-java/ET00132573|title=Operation Java (2021) - Movie {{pipe}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in kochi - BookMyShow|website=in.bookmyshow.com}}</ref><br />
|ZEE5<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Saajan Bakery Since 1962]]''<br />
| Arun Chandu<br />
| [[Aju Varghese]], [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]], [[Lena (actress)|Lena]], Ranjita Menon<br />
| Funtastic Films<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/buytickets/saajan-bakery-since-1962-kochi/movie-koch-ET00306140-MT|title=Saajan Bakery Since 1962 2D Movie, Showtimes in Kochi & Online Ticket Booking|first=Book My|last=Show|website=BookMyShow}}</ref><br />
|Amazon Prime<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yuvam]]''<br />
| Pinku Peter Babu<br />
| [[Amith Chakalakkal]], Abhishek Ravindran, Dayyana Hameed, [[Nirmal Palazhi]], [[Nedumudi Venu]]<br />
| Once Upon A Time Productions<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/three-new-malayalam-releases-today-feb-12-news-malayalam-vcmer9bjjfdhi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212162420/https://www.sify.com/movies/three-new-malayalam-releases-today-feb-12-news-malayalam-vcmer9bjjfdhi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 February 2021|title=Three new Malayalam releases today (Feb 12)|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
|Neestream, Manorma Max<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#A8E4A0;" | '''16'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" | ''Deadline''<br />
| Krishnajith S Vijayan<br />
| [[Kalasala Babu]], [[Sasi Kalinga]], [[Sunil Sukhada]]<br />
| Fireframes, White Dots Movies<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-02-16|title=Krishnajith S Vijayan: Deadline movie streaming on Moviflex from Today|url=https://www.facebook.com/1728024400801956/posts/2871120786492306/?app=fbl|website=Facebook.com|access-date=2021-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Moviflex|title=Deadline|url=https://www.moviflex.in/|access-date=2021-08-13|website=Moviflex}}</ref><br />
|Moviflex, Theater Play (on 1 June 2021)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#A8E4A0;"| '''19'''<br />
| ''[[Black Coffee (2021 film)|Black Coffee]]''<br />
| [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]]<br />
| [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Sunny Wayne]], [[Oviya]], [[Shwetha Menon]], [[Lena (actress)|Lena]], [[Rachana Narayanankutty]]<br />
| Viswadeepthi Films<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/black-coffee-to-release-on-feb-19-news-malayalam-vckmUtaahdjbf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210130905/https://www.sify.com/movies/black-coffee-to-release-on-feb-19-news-malayalam-vckmUtaahdjbf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2021|title='Black Coffee' to release on Feb 19|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
|Manorama max<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" | ''[[Drishyam 2]]''<br />
| [[Jeethu Joseph]]<br />
| [[Mohanlal]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Ansiba Hassan]], [[Esther Anil]]<br />
| [[Aashirvad Cinemas]], [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Prime]]. <br />
|Direct OTT release.<br />
<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2021-01-02|title='Drishyam 2' to be released on Amazon Prime|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/drishyam-2-to-be-released-on-amazon-prime/article33478967.ece|access-date=2021-01-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
|Amazon Prime<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Aedan (film)|Aedan]]''<br />
| [[Sanju Surendran]]<br />
| Abhilash Nair, George Kurian, Prasant, Nandini Sree, Sunny, Jojo George, Dileep Kumar<br />
| Aaj Films<br />
|Direct OTT Release<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/tv/CLecRKQp0_6/|title=Aeden: Garden of Desire|website=Instagram.com/CAVE|access-date=2021-08-19}}</ref><br />
|Cave OTT<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sahyadriyile Chuvanna Pookkal''<br />
| Ajeesh Poovathoor<br />
| [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]], [[Jayan Cherthala]], [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]]<br />
| Goodwill Entertainments<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/sahyadriyile-chuvanna-pookkal/movieshow/81090160.cms|title='Sahyadriyile Chuvanna Pookkal' (U) 2021 film|website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#A8E4A0;" | '''26'''<br />
| ''Ellom''<br />
| Prasad Velachery<br />
| [[Jayan Cherthala]], [[Ambika Mohan]]<br />
| Pullappallil Pictures<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/ellom/ET00307249|title='Ellom'|website=BookMyShow}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Thirike (2021 film)|Thirike]]''<br />
|George Kora, Sam Xavier<br />
|George Kora, GopiKrishna Verma, [[Shanthi Krishna]], namitha Krishnamurthy<br />
|Nationwide Pictures, Neestream <br />
|Direct OTT release.<br />
<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-co-writer-of-njandukalude-nattil-oridavela-george-kora-dbuts-as-director-with-the-digital-streaming-release-thirike/article33913903.ece|title=George Kora's 'Thirike' to release on Neestream later this week|first=Shilpa Nair|last=Anand|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 February 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><br />
|Neestream<br />
|-March!<br />
| rowspan="20" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;" |'''M<br />A<br />R<br />C<br />H'''<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ede3ef;" |'''5'''<br />
| ''Sabu Ente Aniyan''<br />
| Simmy Kailath<br />
| Simmy Kailath, Sylvia Kailath, Saarath Kochuparambil, Kiran Kothakuzhakal, Bluinse Thomas<br />
| Kailath Motion Pictures, Casetti Creatives<br />
|<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2021 |title=ഓസ്ട്രിയയിലെ രണ്ടാം തലമുറയില് നിന്നുള്ള ആദ്യ മലയാള സിനിമ മാര്ച്ച് 5ന് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/global-malayali/europe/2021/03/03/movie-by-austria-keralite-youth-to-be-released-on-march-5th.html |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 March 2021|title=സാബ എനറെ അനിയൻ Sabu Ente Aniyan|url=https://m3db.com/film/sabu-ente-aniyan|access-date=2021-09-07|website=m3db.com|language=ml}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ede3ef;" |'''10'''<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Ice Orathi''<br />
| Akhil Kavungal<br />
| [[Hareesh Peradi]], Nirmal Palazhi, Neerja, Asha aravind<br />
| Punathil Productions, Prime Reels<br />
|Direct OTT release.<br />
<ref>{{Cite web|last=P|first=Sailendrakumar|date=15 March 2021|title=ഐസ ഒരതി അഥവാ 'ഐ സോ രതി'; അങങനെ പേരടിയം നായകനായി — ശൈലനറെ റിവയ|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/reviews/ice-orathi-malayalam-movie-review-hareesh-peradi-starrer-is-below-average-movie-070098.html|website=malayalam.filmibeat.com}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ede3ef;" |'''11'''<br />
| ''[[The Priest (2020 film)|The Priest]]''<br />
| Jofin T. Chacko<br />
| [[Mammootty]], [[Manju Warrier]], [[Nikhila Vimal]], [[Saniya Iyappan]], Baby Monica<br />
| Anto Joseph Film Company RD Illuminations<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mammootty-the-priest-release-confirmed-for-march-11-7219677/|last=|first=|date=8 March 2021|title=Mammootty's The Priest release confirmed for March 11|work=The Indian Express|access-date=10 March 2021}}</ref><br />
|Amazon Prime<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Tsunami (2021 film)|Tsunami]]''<br />
| [[Jean Paul Lal]]<br />
| [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Balu Varghese]], Aradhya Ann, [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Aju Varghese]]<br />
| Panda Dad Production<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/tsunami/movie-review/81448265.cms|last=|first=|date=8 March 2021|title=Tsunami Movie Review : A joke that gets serious|work=The Times of India|access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref><br />
|Neestream<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ede3ef;" |'''12'''<br />
| ''Meezan''<br />
| Jabbar Chemmad<br />
| Niyaaz Meccazreal, [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]], [[Anjana Menon]], Chembil Asokan<br />
| Sam Varche Movie Production<br />
|{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
|Neestream<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Varthamanam]]''<br />
| [[Sidhartha Siva]]<br />
| [[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathy]], [[Roshan Mathew]], [[Dain Davis]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]<br />
| Benzy Productions<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/parvathy-and-roshan-mathew-s-varthamanam-to-release-on-march-12-1777172-2021-03-09|last=|first=|date=8 March 2021|title=Parvathy and Roshan Mathew's Varthamanam to release on March 12|work=India Today|access-date=9 March 2021}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ede3ef;" |'''17'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" | ''Vrithakrithyilulla Chathuram''<br />
| Krishand RK<br />
| [[Kochu Preman]], Rahul Rajagopal, Jeevan Mammen, Saritha Kukkoo<br />
| Neelavelicham Studios, Krishand Films<br />
|Direct OTT release.<br />
|MX Player, Koode (on 5 June 2021)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ede3ef;" |'''18'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" | ''[[Backpackers (film)|Backpackers]]''<br />
| [[Jayaraj]]<br />
| [[Kalidas Jayaram]], Karthika Nair, [[Ranji Panicker]]<br />
| Prakriti Pictures, Roots Entertainment<br />
|Direct OTT release.<br />
<ref>{{Cite news|title=Backpackers Review: Backpackers: A romance without life|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/malayalam/backpackers/ottmoviereview/80702744.cms}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ede3ef;" |'''19'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" | ''Deira Diaries''<br />
| Mushthaque Rahman Kairyaden<br />
| Abu Valayamkulam, Shalu Rahim<br />
| MJS Media, Neestream <br />
| Direct OTT release.<br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2021/03/19/deira-diaries-malayalam-film-movie-review-neestream-release.html|title=Deira Diaries movie review: In solace of a good Samaritan|website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/mar/16/deira-diaries-to-premiere-on-neestream-2276991.html|title=Deira Diaries to premiere on Neestream|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 March 2021 }}</ref><br />
|Neestream<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mohan Kumar Fans]]''<br />
| [[Jis Joy]]<br />
| [[Kunchacko Boban]], Anarkali Nazar, [[Sreenivasan]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Vinay Forrt]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Ramesh Pisharody]], [[KPAC Lalitha]]<br />
| Magic Frames<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mohan-kumar-fansreleases-today-mar-19-news-malayalam-vdtfvXbfedfcg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319191755/https://www.sify.com/movies/mohan-kumar-fansreleases-today-mar-19-news-malayalam-vdtfvXbfedfcg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 March 2021|last=|first=|date=8 March 2021|title='Mohan Kumar Fans' releases today (Mar 19)|work=Sify.com|access-date=19 March 2021}}</ref><br />
|Amazon Prime<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ole Kanda Naal]]''<br />
|Mustafa Gutz<br />
|Jothish jo, Krishnapriya, Ambro symon, Santhosh Keezhattur, Neena Kurupp, Sivaji<br />
|Gentrend Movies<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Insha (film)|Insha]]''<br />
|Dr. Siju Vijayan<br />
|Prarthana Sandeep, Mebin Issac, Suresh Nellikode, Rajeshwari Sashikumar<br />
|Ayushmithra Cinemas<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dr-siju-vijayans-insha-that-revolves-aroun-the-life-of-a-wheelchair-user-to-hit-the-screens-on-march-19/article34073275.ece|last=|first=|date=15 March 2021|title=How a girl on a wheelchair sees the ocean|access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref><br />
|Neestream<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ede3ef;" |'''25'''<br />
|''[[Kala (2021 film)|Kala]]''<br />
|Rohith V. S.<br />
|[[Tovino Thomas]], [[Divya Pillai]]<br />
|Juvis Productions, Adventure Company, Tovino Thomas Productions<br />
|<br />
|Amazon Prime (limited territories), Saina Play (World Wide)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ede3ef;" |'''26'''<br />
| ''[[Aanum Pennum]]''<br />
| [[Aashiq Abu]] <br /> Jay K <br /> [[Venu isc|Venu ISC]]<br />
| [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathy]], [[Darshana Rajendran]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Joju George]], [[Roshan Mathew]], [[Samyuktha Menon]]<br />
| [[Aashiq Abu|OPM Cinemas]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/22/aanum-pennumslated-for-march-26-22975.html|last=|first=|date=21 March 2021|title=Award-winning movie 'Biriyani' to hit theaters on March 26|access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref><br />
|Neestream, Saina Play<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Biriyaani]]''<br />
| Sajin Baabu<br />
| Kani Kusruthi, [[Anil Nedumangad]], Surjith Gopinath, Shylaja Jala<br />
| U. A. N. Film House<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.madhyamam.com/entertainment/award-winning-movie-biriyani-to-hit-theaters-on-march-26-778807|last=|first=|date=8 March 2021|title=Aanum Pennum slated for March 26|work=Cinema Express|access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[One (2021 film)|One]]''<br />
| Santhosh Vishwanath<br />
| [[Mammootty]], [[Nimisha Sajayan]], [[Balachandra Menon]], [[Murali Gopy]], [[Salim Kumar]], Gayathri Arun, [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Joju George]]<br />
| Ichais Productions<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/one-malayalam-movie-release-date-mammootty-473170/|last=|first=|date=8 March 2021|title=Mammootty 'One' movie to release on March 26|work=The Indian Express|access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref><br />
|NetFlix<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Chiri''<br />
| Joseph P Krishna<br />
| Joe John Chacko, [[Vishak Nair]], [[Aneesh Gopal]]<br />
| Dream Box Production House<br />
|Direct OTT release.<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ede3ef;" |'''28'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" | ''[[Innu Muthal]]''<br />
| Rejjish Midhila<br />
| [[Siju Wilson]], [[Indrans]], Smrithi Sugathan<br />
| The Great Indian Cinemas<br />
|Direct OTT release.<br />
|ZEE5<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" | ''Chachaji''<br />
| M Hajamoinu<br />
| Abdul Rahim, [[Surabhi Lakshmi]], [[Balaji Sharma]]<br />
| Family Cinemas, First Shows<br />
|Direct OTT release.<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |title=അബ്ദുൾ റഹിമും സുരഭി ലക്ഷ്മിയും പ്രധാന വേഷങ്ങളിൽ; 'ചാച്ചാജി' മാർച്ച് 26ന് |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/abdul-rahim-and-surabhi-lakshmi-starrer-chachaji-movie-will-release-on-march-26/articleshow/81551336.cms |website=malayalam.samayam.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=6195|title=Chachaji (2019)|website=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== April – June==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- style="background:#blue; text-align:center;"<br />
! colspan="2" |Opening<br />
!| Title<br />
! style="width:20%;" |'''Director'''<br />
! Cast !! Production house !! Ref<br />
!OTT<br />
|-April!<br />
| rowspan="19" style="text-align:center;background:#b4cae3; textcolor:#000;"|'''A<br/>P<br/>R<br/>I<br/>L'''<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"|'''1'''<br />
|''[[Aarkkariyam]]'' <br />
|[[Sanu John Varghese]]<br />
|[[Biju Menon]], [[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathy]], [[Sharaf U Dheen|Sharafuddeen]], [[Saiju Kurup]]<br />
|Moonshot Entertainments <br /> [[Aashiq Abu|OPM Cinemas]] Dream Mill <br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |accessdate=2 April 2021|title='Aarkkariyam' movie review: Biju Menon impresses, but film doesn't fulfill its potential |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aarkkariyam-movie-review-biju-menon-impresses-but-film-doesnt-fulfill-its-potential/article34215665.ece |newspaper= The Hindu|date=April 2021 |last1=Praveen |first1=S. r. }}</ref><br />
|Amazon Prime, Neestream<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Anugraheethan Antony]]'' <br />
|Prince Joy<br />
|[[Sunny Wayne]], Gouri G. Kishan, [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Indrans]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]]<br />
|Retconn Cinemas<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |accessdate=2 April 2021 |title='Anugraheethan Antony is a universal story'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/dec/13/anugraheethan-antony-is-a-universal-story-1910675.html |website= The New Indian Express|date=13 December 2018 }}</ref><br />
|Amazon Prime Video<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sarcas Circa 2020]]'' <br />
|Vinu Kolichal<br />
|Firoz Khan, [[Abhija Sivakala]]<br />
|Kad Cafe<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |accessdate=2 September 2021 |title='സർകകാസ സിർക 2020 Sarcas circa 2020'|url=https://m3db.com/film/sarcas-circa-2020|website=www.m3db.com}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"|'''2'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Irul (film)|Irul]]''<br />
|Naseef Yuzuf Izuddin<br />
|[[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Soubin Shahir]], [[Darshana Rajendran]]<br />
|[[Anto Joseph|Anto Joseph Film Company]]<br />
|Direct OTT release.<br />
|Netflix<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"|'''4'''<br />
|''Kaattinarike''<br />
|Roy Karakkaattu<br />
|[[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], Fr Jose Puthenpurakkal, Sini Abraham<br />
|Cap Creations<br />
|Direct OTT release.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kaattinarike [2021] {{!}} കാററിനരികെ [2021]|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?9361|access-date=2021-07-01|website=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><br />
|Prime Reels.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"|'''7'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Joji (film)|Joji]]''<br />
|[[Dileesh Pothan]]<br />
|[[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Baburaj]], [[Basil Joseph]], [[Shammi Thilakan]]<br />
|[[Bhavana Studios]], Amazon Prime <br />
|Direct OTT release.<br />
|Amazon Prime<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"|'''8'''<br />
| ''[[Nayattu (2021 film)|Nayattu]]''<br />
|[[Martin Prakkat]]<br />
|[[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Joju George]], [[Nimisha Sajayan]]<br />
|Gold Coin Motion Pictures<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Nayattu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/previews/nayattu/articleshow/81446796.cms |website= Times Of India}}</ref><br />
|Netflix<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Chathur Mukham|Chathurmukham]]''<br />
|Ranjeeth Kamala Shankar<br />
|[[Manju Warrier]], [[Sunny Wayne]], [[Alencier Ley Lopez]], [[Niranjana Anoop]]<br />
|First Print Studios<br />
|<br />
|ZEE5<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Appuvinte Sathyanveshanam''<br />
|[[Sohan Lal]]<br />
|Master Ridhun, AV Anoop, [[Sudheer Karamana]], [[Meera Vasudev]], [[Sarayu Mohan|Sarayu]], [[Maniyanpilla Raju]], [[Neena Kurup]]<br />
|AVA Productions, E4 Entertainment<br />
|Direct OTT release.<br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Appuvinte-Sathyanweshanam-Master-Ridhun/dp/B091SG3RLC|title=Watch Appuvinte Sathyanweshanam {{pipe}} Prime Video|website=www.amazon.com}}</ref><br />
|Amazon Prime, Neestream<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"|'''9'''<br />
|''[[Nizhal (2021 film)|Nizhal]]''<br />
|Appu N. Bhattathiri<br />
|[[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Divya Prabha]], [[Rony David]]<br />
|Melanje Film House<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"|'''11'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Krishnankutty Pani Thudangi (2021)|Krishnankutty Pani Thudangi]]''<br />
|Sooraj Tom<br />
|[[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]], [[Saniya Iyappan]], [[Vijilesh Karayad]], [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]] <br />
| Iffaar Media Raaffi Mathirra Peppercorn Studios<br />
|Direct OTT release.<br />
|ZEE5<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"|'''13'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Adbhutham''<br />
|[[Jayaraj]]<br />
|[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Mamta Mohandas]], [[KPAC Lalitha]] <br />
| Roots entertainment<br />
|Censored in 2005. <br />
Direct OTT release.<br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2021/04/14/adbhutam-movie-review-jayaraj-suresh-gopi-film.html|title=Adbhutam movie review: The wonderment of life and relationships|website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2021 |title=സുരേഷ് ഗോപിയുടെ ആദ്യ ഒ.ടി.ടി റിലീസ്; ജയരാജിന്റെ അത്ഭുതം റിലീസിനെത്തി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/adbutham-movie-jayaraj-suresh-gopi-2006-released-on-roots-video-mamta-mohandas-1.5593089 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"|'''14'''<br />
|''[[Kho-Kho (2021 film)|Kho-Kho]]''<br />
|[[Rahul Riji Nair]]<br />
|[[Rajisha Vijayan]], [[Mamitha Baiju]], Venkitesh VP <br />
| First Print Studios<br />
|<br />
|Amazon Prime, Saina Play<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"|'''18'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Wolf (2021 Indian film)|Wolf]]''<br />
|Shaji Azeez<br />
|[[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Samyuktha Menon]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]] <br />
| Damor Cinema<br />
|Direct OTT release.<br />
<ref>{{cite web |date=18 April 2021 |title=Wolf |website=[[Cinema Express]] |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/malayalam/2021/apr/18/wolf-movie-review-engaging-psychological-drama-derailed-by-a-shaky-third-act-24025.html}}</ref><br />
|ZEE5<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"|'''23'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Orilathanalil]]''<br />
|Ashok R Nath<br />
|Sreedharan, [[Kainakary Thankaraj]], Shailaja Ambu<br />
| Sahasrara Films, First Shows<br />
|Direct OTT release.<br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2021/04/22/orilathanalil-movie-release.html|title=ഒരിലതതണലിൽ ഏപരിൽ 23ന|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2021 |title=ഒരിലത്തണലിൽ ഏപ്രിൽ 23 - ന് ഒടിടി റിലീസ് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/orilathanalil-malayalam-movie-ott-release-sreedharan-1.5598605 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Ghost in Bethlehem''<br />
|T S Arun Giladi<br />
|T S Arun Giladi, Sibi Thomas, Niranjan, Manikandan, Vineeth, Rudra<br />
| Arunodayam Creations, Limelight<br />
|Direct OTT release.<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |last=ഡെസക |date=28 April 2021 |title=ഓ ടി ടി പ്ലാറ്റ്ഫോമിലൂടെ ഗോസ്റ്റ് ഇൻ ബത്ലഹേം എത്തുന്നു |url=https://samadarsi.com/2021/04/28/ga28420212/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malayalamexpress.in/archives/1727254/?mid_related_new|title=ഒ.ടി.ടിയിൽ ഗോസററ ഇൻ ബതലഹേം റിലീസ ചെയത|website=www.malayalamexpress.in|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512145134/https://www.malayalamexpress.in/archives/1727254/?mid_related_new|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Myth''<br />
|M Sunil Kumar<br />
|Elavoor Anil, Baby Devi Shankari, Dileep Pallom<br />
| White Moon Movies, Limelight, HighHopes<br />
|Direct OTT release.<br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.adithyanews.co.in/2021/04/20/mith/|title=എം. എസ. സനിൽകമാറിനറെ ചിതരം 'മിതത 'ഏപരിൽ 23 ന ഒ ടി ടി പലാററ ഫോമിലടെ റിലീസ|date=20 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cinemanewsagency.com/Site/detail/Mith-Movie-OTTRelease|title='മിതത' ഏപരില&zwj; 23 ന ഒ ടി ടി റിലീസ|website=cinemanewsagency.com}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"|'''24'''<br />
| ''Nalekkay''<br />
| V K Ajith Kumar<br />
| [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]], [[Sreelatha Namboothiri]]<br />
|Sooraj Sruthi Cinemas<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m3db.com/film/naleykkay|title=നാളെകകായ - Nalekkay (2021) - M3db|website=www.m3db.com}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"|'''29'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Thimiram''<br />
|Shivaram Mony<br />
|KK Sudhakaran, [[Rachana Narayanankutty]], Vishak Nair<br />
| Infinity Frames, Neestream<br />
|Direct OTT release.<br />
|Neestream<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=വൈകല്യം നിറഞ്ഞ മനസിന്റെ നോട്ടങ്ങള് {{!}} തി.മി.രം. റിവ്യൂ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/review/malayalam-movie-thimiram-review-starring-kk-sudhakaran-vishak-nair-1.5644679 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010003917/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/review/malayalam-movie-thimiram-review-starring-kk-sudhakaran-vishak-nair-1.5644679 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2021/04/30/thimiram-malayalam-movie-review.html|title=മനസസിനറെ തി.മി.രം; റിവയ|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref><br />
|-May!<br />
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#f64a8a;" | '''M<br />A<br />Y'''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;" |'''14'''<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Jackie Sherieef''<br />
| Rafeeque Seelat<br />
| Kamil, Simna Shaji<br />
|Peepli Movies, Roots<br />
|Direct OTT release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cinemanewsagency.com/Site/detail/Rafeeque-Seelat-JackyShareef|title='ജാകകി ഷെരീഫ'|website=cinemanewsagency.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Vk |first1=Sajeev |url=https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/2021/05/13/jackie-sheriff-on-roots-entertainment-from-tomorrow.html|title='ജാകകി ഷെരീഫ' നാളെ മതൽ റടടസ എൻറർടൈൻമെനറിൽ{{pipe}}malayalam movie{{pipe}}Jackie Sheriff{{pipe}}root entertainment|website=East Coast Daily Malayalam|date=13 May 2021 }}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''The Road''<br />
| Rasheed Moideen<br />
| Akhil Prabhakar, Rinaz Yahya, Merin Maria<br />
|Cat 'n Rat Entertainment, High Hopes, Limelight<br />
|Direct OTT release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2021 |title=ദ റോഡ്; ട്രാവല് ത്രില്ലര് റിലീസിന് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/the-road-movie-to-release-in-ott-platform-1.5652345 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;" |'''19'''<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Kachi''<br />
| Binshad Nazar<br />
| Binu Pappu, Manohari Joy, Sreshta<br />
|PPJ Productions, NeeStream<br />
|Direct OTT release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://focusonlinenews.com/kachi-new-malayalam-movie/|title=വീണടം അതിശയിപപികകാന&zwj; ബിന പപപ; 'കചചി' റിലീസ മെയ 20ന; ടീസര&zwj; നാളെ {{pipe}} Focus Online News|date=17 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mallurelease.com/2021/05/kachi-2021.html|title=Kachi &#124; കച്ചി (2021)}}</ref><br />
|Neestream<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;" |'''21'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" | ''Edath Valath Thirinju''<br />
| Prasad Nooranad<br />
| Arjun K, Bhagyalakshmi, Harsha Karthika<br />
|High Hopes, Limelight, First Shows<br />
|Direct OTT release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marunadanmalayalee.com/news/special-report/edath-valath-thirinju-235157|title=കോവിഡ പരതിസനധിയാൽ നാടടരങങകളിൽ തിരശശീല ഉയർനനിടട മാസങങൾ; സററേജ കലാകാരെ സഹ...|website=www.marunadanmalayalee.com |date=20 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gandhibhavannews.com/?p=1107|title='ഇടത വലത തിരിഞഞ ' 21ന പരേകഷകര&zwj;കകമനനിലെതതം. – ഗാനധി ഭവന&zwj; നയസ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nanaonline.in/news-feeds/prasad-nooranad-new-movie-edathu-thirinju-valathu/|title=കേരളതതിലെ സററേജ കലാകാരനമാർകക സാനതവനമായി ഒര സിനിമ... പരസാദ നറനാടിന&zwj;റെ|access-date=21 May 2021|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010003919/https://nanaonline.in/news-feeds/prasad-nooranad-new-movie-edathu-thirinju-valathu/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Vishudha Rathrikal]]''<br />
| [[S. Sunil]]<br />
| [[Anil Nedumangad]], [[Sreejaya Nair]], [[Alencier Ley Lopez]]<br />
|Pothoottan's Cinema, Saina Play<br />
|Direct OTT release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/may/22/malayalam-film-vishudha-rathrikal-released-on-ott-platform-saina-play-2305788.html|title=Malayalam film 'Vishudha Rathrikal' released on OTT platform 'Saina Play'|website=The New Indian Express|date=22 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2021 |title=വേട്ടയാടുന്ന അഞ്ച് കഥകൾ; 'വിശുദ്ധ രാത്രികൾ' നാളെ... |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2021/05/20/vishudha-rathrikal-film.html |website=Manoramanews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2021 |title=അലൻസിയർ, സന്തോഷ് കീഴാറ്റൂർ, ശ്രീജയ നായർ; 'വിശുദ്ധ രാത്രികൾ' ടീസർ പുറത്തിറങ്ങി |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-teaser-for-the-movie-vishudha-rathrikal-is-out-mm-382957.html |website=News18 Malayalam}}</ref><br />
|Saina Play<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;" |'''26'''<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Jalasamadhi''<br />
| Venu Nair<br />
| M S Bhaskar, Likha Rajan<br />
|Venu Nair Productions<br />
| Direct OTT release<br />
| Limelight<ref>{{Cite web |title=രാജ്യാന്തര പുരസ്കാരങ്ങളുടെ നിറവില് റെക്കോര്ഡിട്ടു 'ജലസമാധി'.. |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2020/07/16/venu-nair-movie-jalasamadhi-international-awards.html |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/what-to-watch-on-may-26-baggio-the-divine-ponytail-high-on-the-hog-jala-samadhi-and-more-7329877/|title=Baggio The Divine Ponytail, Ghost Lab and Jalasamadhi: What to watch on May 26|date=26 May 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;" |'''28'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" | ''[[The Last Two Days]]''<br />
| Santhosh Lakshman<br />
| [[Deepak Parambol]], [[Murali Gopi]], [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]], [[Aditi Ravi]]<br />
|Dharma Films<br />
| Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/may/26/compact-sized-thriller-2307472.html|title=Compact-sized thriller|website=The New Indian Express|date=26 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2021/05/28/the-last-two-days-movie-review-deepak-parambol-malayalam-film-neestream.html|title='The last two days' movie review: Capturing the 'unofficial' shades of investigation|website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മാധയമം |date=28 May 2021 |title=രണ്ട് ദിവസം കൊണ്ട് കണ്ടെത്തുന്ന ഉത്തരങ്ങൾ |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/the-last-two-days-story-of-an-unofficial-investigation-803550 |website=www.madhyamam.com}}</ref><br />
|Neestream<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Sakshi''<br />
| Surya Sundar<br />
| Vinod Guinness, Vidya Sreedhar, Aswani S Kumar, Ananthu S R, Aneesh P J<br />
|First Shows <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstshows.com/movie/sakshi|title=First Shows|website=www.firstshows.com}}</ref><br />
| Direct OTT release<br />
| First Shows <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/mar/28/sakshi-a-testimony-to-young-talent-2122410.html|title=Sakshi, a testimony to young talent|website=The New Indian Express|date=28 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/thiruvananthapuram/news/thiruvananthapuram-1.4534310|title=കഥ, സംവിധാനം- സരയസനദർ, കളതതർ ഗവ.വി.എചച.എസ.എസ.|website=Mathrubhumi|access-date=2 June 2021|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010003919/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/thiruvananthapuram/news/thiruvananthapuram-1.4534310|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Oath''<br />
| P K Biju<br />
| P K Biju, Shajika Shaji, Preetha Pinarai, Davinchi Suresh<br />
|First Shows <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstshows.com/movie/oath|title=First Shows|website=www.firstshows.com}}</ref><br />
| Direct OTT release<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=ഒ ടി ടി പലാററഫോമില&zwj; ' മികചച പരകടനവമായി 'ഓതത'|url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/cinema/oath-movie/947392|website=Deshabhimani}}</ref> First Shows <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/iffk/kerala-international-film-festival-bjiu-krishna-director-of-othu-speaks-iffk/|title=IFFK 2018: 'നാടടകാരടെ സിനിമ'യമായി ഒര നാടകകകാരന&zwj;|date=11 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/cinema/iffk/768562|title=പരളയാനനതര കേരളതതിൽ സിനിമാ നിയമങങൾ പൊളിചചെഴതപപെടം: പി.കെ.ബിജവിനറെ 'ഓതത' ചലചിതരോൽസവതതിന|website=Deshabhimani}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Kammal''<br />
| Aneesh<br />
| Aneesh, Minu Varghese<br />
|Roots <br />
| Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?9340|title=Kammal [2021] {{pipe}} കമമൽ [2021]|website=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><br />
| Roots<br />
|-June!<br />
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:#00ffff;" | '''J<br />U<br />N<br />E'''<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''4'''<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Ameera (film)|Ameera]]''<br />
| Riyas Muhammad<br />
| [[Baby Meenakshi|Meenakshi]], Kottayam Ramesh, [[Boban Samuel]]<br />
|GWK Entertainments, First Shows, Limelight<br />
|Direct OTT release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt13710918/|title=Ameera (2021) - IMDb|website=www.imdb.com|date=4 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/ameera-malayalam-movie-going-to-ott-release-starring-meenakshi-1.5522885|title=പൗരതവ വിഷയവമായി മീനാകഷി; റിലീസിങങിനൊരങങി 'അമീറാ'|website=Mathrubhumi|date=17 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/malayalam-movie-ameera-shows-indian-realities-806751|title=കേനദര കഥാപാതരങങൾ കടടികൾ; പകഷേ 'അമീറ' വിരൽ ചണടനനത ഇനതയൻ യാഥാർഥയങങളിലേകക... {{pipe}} Madhyamam|first=മാധയമം|last=ലേഖകൻ|date=5 June 2021|website=www.madhyamam.com}}</ref><br />
|First Shows, Limelight<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''10'''<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Mathilukal : Love in the time of Corona''<br />
| Anwar Abdulla<br />
| Anwar Abdulla<br />
|24/1 Independent Film Activities, Roots<br />
|Direct OTT release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/love-in-the-time-of-corona-malayalam-short-film-released-in-roots-ott-platform-1.5741339|title=പരണയം, ഈ കോറോണ കാലതത|website=Mathrubhumi|date=11 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/mathilukal-love-in-the-time-of-corona-film-808788|title=ചിതരീകരണതതിന രണട പേര മാതരം 'മതിലകള ലൗ ഇന ദ ടൈം ഓഫ കൊറോണ' നാളെ പരേകഷകരിലേകക|first=മാധയമം|last=ലേഖകൻ|date=10 June 2021|website=www.madhyamam.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/trailer/mathilukal-love-in-the-time-of-corona-official-trailer-qu6viw|title=കയാമറയകക മനനില&zwj; ഒരാള&zwj;, പിനനിലം! 'മതിലകള&zwj;, ലവ ഇന&zwj; ദി ടൈം ഓഫ കൊറോണ' ടരെയ&zwj;ലര&#x200D|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref><br />
|Roots<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''12'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" | ''Richter Scale 7.6''<br />
| Jeeva K J<br />
| Murukan Martin, Ashokan Peringode<br />
|First Nation Combines, Roots, First Shows<br />
|Direct OTT release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.azhimukham.com/cinema-richter-scale-7-6-director-jeeva-talks-on-movies-and-dalit-identity/|title=ദളിത ഐഡനറിററിയില&zwj; അഭിമാനമേയളള, പകഷേ ദളിത സംവിധായിക എനന വിളികകനനവരടെ ഇടങങിയ കാഴചപപാട എനറെ പരശനമലല; റികടര&zwj; സകെയില&zwj; 7.6 സംവിധായിക ജീവ/അഭിമഖം|first=ആരതി എം|last=ആര|date=26 May 2019|website=www.azhimukham.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/2018/05/27/41320-film-richter-scale-first-show|title=കീഴാള ജീവിതവം പരിസഥിതിയം പരമേയമാകകി റികടര&zwj; സകെയില&zwj; 7.6|date=27 May 2018|website=www.mediaoneonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=രാജ |first=അനപരിയ |date=12 June 2021 |title=ദളിത് കഥാപാത്രങ്ങളെ മാർക്കറ്റിങ്ങിന് മാത്രമായാണ് മലയാള സിനിമയിൽ പ്ലേസ് ചെയ്യുന്നതെന്ന് സംവിധായിക ജീവ കെ ജെ |url=https://www.thecue.in/on-chat/2021/06/12/jeeva-k-j |website=The Cue}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ഷൂട്ടിന് തലേന്ന് സംവിധായിക ഗർഭിണി, സിനിമ റിലീസ് ചെയ്യുമ്പോള് മകൾക്ക് 3 വയസ്സ്! പുരസ്കാരപ്പെരുമയിൽ ജീവയുടെ ചിത്രം. |url=https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/movies/jeeva-kj-director-special-story.html |website=vanitha.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pravasiexpress.com/richter-scale-7-6-malayalam-movie-releasing-on-june-12-via-ott-platforms/|title="റികററർ സകൈൽ 7.6" ജൺ 12 ന OTT പലാററഫോമകൾ വഴി പരേകഷകർകക മനനിൽ {{pipe}} PravasiExpress|first=Gini|last=Gangadharan|date=9 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/features/richter-scale-7-6-movie-review-041117.html|title=സിനിമ ചിലര&zwj;കക സവപനങങളെ വില&zwj;കകനന കലാരപം! മററ ചിലര&zwj;കക കല കൊണടളള സമരതതിനറെ ആയധം!|date=26 February 2018|website=malayalam.filmibeat.com}}</ref><br />
|NeestreamRoots, First Shows<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''17'''<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Cheraathukal]]''<br />
| Shajan Kallayi, Shanoob Karuvath, Fawaz Mohammad, Anu Kurishingal, Sreejith Chandran, Jayesh Mohan<br />
| [[Adil Ibrahim]], [[Mareena Michael Kurisingal|Mareena Michael]], [[Parvathi T.]]<br />
|Mampra Foundation<br />
|Direct OTT release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2021/06/14/cherathukal-release-date.html|title=ചെരാതകൾ ജൺ 17-ന ഒടിടി റിലീസ|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/492741-latest-news-anthology-movie-cherathukal-will-release-in-17th-july.html|title=ആനതോളജി ചിതരം "ചെരാതകൾ" ജൺ 17ന; പരേകഷക ശരദധനേടി ടരെയിലർ|website=www.mangalam.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=571759&u=cherathukal|title=ചെരാതകൾ നാളെ ഒ ടി ടിയിൽ|first=Keralakaumudi|last=Daily|website=Keralakaumudi Daily}}</ref><br />
| Neestream & Simultaneous release through 10 OTT platforms.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''18'''<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Kanakam Moolam''<br />
| Saneesh Kunjukunju, Ahilash Ramachandran<br />
| Harris Mannancherry, [[Neena Kurup]]<br />
|Thirumadathil Films<br />
|Direct OTT release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2021 |title=Kanakam Moolam movie {{!}} മലയാള ചിത്രം 'കനകം മൂലം' ഡിജിറ്റൽ റിലീസ് ചെയ്തു |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-kanakam-moolam-movie-gets-a-digital-release-mm-397721.html |website=News18 Malayalam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=നീനാ കുറുപ്പിന്റെ 'കനകം മൂലം' ഒടിടി റിലീസ്; റൂട്ട്സ് വീഡിയോയില് കാണാം |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/kanakam-moolam-on-roots-video-qv057j |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref><br />
|Roots<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Pranayamrutham''<br />
| P. K. Radhakrishnan<br />
| [[Major Ravi]], Adi Anichen, Suma Devi, Aarya, [[Mamukkoya]], [[Sasi Kalinga]], [[Neena Kurup]]<br />
|Devaparvam Movies<br />
|Direct OTT release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2021 |title=Pranayamrutham movie {{!}} മലയാള ചിത്രം 'പ്രണയാമൃതം' ജൂൺ 18ന് ഒ.ടി.ടി. റിലീസിനെത്തും |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/malayalam-movie-pranayamrutham-gets-an-ott-release-date-mm-396243.html |website=News18 Malayalam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2021 |title=പി.കെ. രാധാകൃഷ്ണന്റെ പ്രണയാമൃതം വെള്ളിയാഴ്ച പുറത്തിറങ്ങും; റിലീസിങ് ഫസ്റ്റ് ഷോസ് ഒടിടി പ്ലാറ്റ്ഫോം വഴി |url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/mollywood/pranayamrutham-ott-release |website=Janmabhumi}}</ref><br />
|First Shows, Limelight<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Puzhayamma]]''<br />
|[[Vijeesh Mani]]<br />
| [[Baby Meenakshi]], [[Thampi Antony]], [[Linda Arsenio]]<br />
|Sree GokulamFilms<br />
|Direct OTT release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2021/06/14/jio-studios-to-stream-more-malayalam-movies.html|title=കമമാരസംഭവവം കായംകളം കൊചചണണിയം ജിയോ സററഡിയോസിൽ എതതനന|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/photogallery/film/six-new-malayalam-movies-will-be-streaming-on-geo-cinema-from-june-18-2-ar-gh-395225.html|title=Jio Cinema {{pipe}} ജിയോ സിനിമയിൽ ജൺ 18 മതൽ ആറ പതിയ മലയാള സിനിമകൾ സടരീമിങങിനെതതം|date=14 June 2021|website=News18 Malayalam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/get-set-for-malayalam-mojo-on-ott-1.5751727|title=Get set for 'Malayalam Mojo' on OTT|website=Mathrubhumi|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010003914/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/get-set-for-malayalam-mojo-on-ott-1.5751727|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|JioCinema<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''19'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" | ''Grahanam''<br />
| Anand Paga<br />
| Gibu George, Anand Paga, Devika Sivan, [[Sudheer Karamana]], [[Vijay Menon]]<br />
|Sreenandiya Productions<br />
|Direct OTT release.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/grahanam-psycho-thriller-singapore-malayalis-ott/article34847935.ece|title=Malayalam movie 'Grahanam' is a dream-come-true project for a group of film lovers in Singapore|first=Athira|last=M|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 June 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://getindianews.com/grahanam-malayalam-movie-released-on-ott-platform-nee-stream/|title=Grahanam Malayalam Movie Released On OTT Platform Nee Stream, Review, Cast, Story!|first=Kajal|last=Gupta|website=getindianews.com|date=3 February 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/495023-latest-news-grahanam-movie-released.html|title=സസപെനസ തരിലലര&zwj; 'ഗരഹണം' നീസടരിമിലടെ പരേകഷകരിലേകക എതതി|website=www.mangalam.com}}</ref><br />
|Neestream<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''24'''<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Kaadoram''<br />
| Sajil Mampad<br />
| Ajay Saga, Ardra Krishna<br />
| Vision Entertainment<br />
|Direct OTT release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://journalistonlive.com/kadaoram-malyalamfilm/|title=കാടോരം നാളെ ഒടിടി റിലീസ 24 ന|date=23 June 2021|access-date=25 June 2021|archive-date=17 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417120837/https://journalistonlive.com/kadaoram-malyalamfilm/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://anweshanam.com/entertainment/kadoram-ott-release-on-june-24/cid3392549.htm|title='കാടോരം' ജണ&zwj; 24 ന ഒ.ടി.ടി റിലീസിന|date=21 June 2021|website=anweshanam.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മാധയമം |date=30 May 2021 |title=പെൺരാഷ് ട്രീയം ചർച്ചയാകുന്ന 'കാടോരം' ഒ.ടി.ടി റിലീസിന് * Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/malayalam-movie-kaadoram-ready-to-ott-release-804382 |website=www.madhyamam.com}}</ref><br />
|Cave<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''25'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" | ''Enpathukalile Ebhyanmar''<br />
| Shaji Yusuf<br />
| Nizam Yusuf, Ann Maria, [[Saju Kodiyan]], [[Kulappulli Leela]], [[Seema G. Nair]]<br />
|Shjahan Film International<br />
|Direct OTT release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ckmnews.com//single-page.php?nid=9378&catid=1|title=എണ&zwj;പതകളിലെ എഭയന&zwj;മാര&zwj; പര&zwj;തതിയായി ചിതരം ജണ&zwj; 25ന ഒടിടി ചാനലില&zwj; റിലീസ ചെയയം പരധാന കഥാപാതരതതെ അവതരിപപിചച ചങങരംകളം ആലംകോട സവദേശിയം|website=ckmnews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ഒരു സിനിമ പിറക്കുമ്പോള്… ആദ്യ ചിത്രം രൂപപ്പെട്ട അനുഭവങ്ങള് പങ്കുവെയ്ക്കുന്നു -ഷാജീ യൂസഫ് |url=https://nanaonline.in/news-feeds/enpathukalile-epyanmaar-movie-director-shaji-yusuf-interview/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010003916/https://nanaonline.in/news-feeds/enpathukalile-epyanmaar-movie-director-shaji-yusuf-interview/ |archive-date=10 October 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2020/05/12/director-shaji-yusaf-about-his-movie-dreams-and-lockdown-issues.html|title=വീടിന&zwj;റെ ആധാരം വരെ പണയപപെടതതി സിനിമ ഒരകകി; ലോകഡൗൺ ഏൽപിചച ആഘാതം|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianfilmy.com/2021/06/25/%e0%b4%8e%e0%b5%ba%e0%b4%aa%e0%b4%a4%e0%b5%81%e0%b4%95%e0%b4%b3%e0%b4%bf%e0%b4%b2%e0%b5%86-%e0%b4%8f%e0%b4%ad%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%af%e0%b4%a8%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%ae%e0%b4%be%e0%b5%bc/|title=എൺപതകളിലെ ഏഭയനമാർ – INDIAN FILMY|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010005419/https://indianfilmy.com/2021/06/25/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|Roots<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''30'''<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Cold Case (film)|Cold Case]]''<br />
| Tanu Balak<br />
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Aditi Balan]], [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]], [[Athmiya Rajan]], [[Suchitra Pillai]]<br />
| [[Anto Joseph|Anto Joseph Film Company]], Plan J Studios<br />
|Direct OTT release.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/malayalam/cold-case/ottmoviereview/83956601.cms|title=Cold Case Review: Cold Case: A thriller with a two-pronged approach|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Entertainment |title=Cold Case Movie Release: 'കോൾഡ് കേസ്' റിലീസ് ഇന്ന് |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/cold-case-malayalam-movie-amazon-prime-release-review-prithviraj-522483/ |website=malayalam.indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2021 |title=Cold Case : Prithviraj ചിത്രം കോൾഡ് കേസ് ആമസോൺ പ്രൈം വീഡിയോയിൽ എത്തി |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/prithviraj-starring-movie-cold-case-released-in-amazon-prime-video-62553 |website=Zee News Malayalam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=പേടിപ്പിച്ച്, ത്രില്ലടിപ്പിച്ച് വ്യത്യസ്തമായ 'കോൾഡ് കേസ്', മൂവി റിവ്യൂ |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=583006&u=cold-case-review |website=Keralakaumudi Daily}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=യകതിയം വിശവാസവം ഒനനികകനന കേസ: റിവയ|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2021/06/30/cold-case-malayalam-movie-review.html|access-date=2021-07-01|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref><br />
|Amazon Prime<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==July - September==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- style="background:#blue; text-align:center;"<br />
! colspan="2" |Opening<br />
!| Title<br />
! style="width:20%;" |'''Director'''<br />
! Cast !! Production house !! Ref<br />
!OTT<br />
|-July!<br />
| rowspan="16" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;" |'''J<br />U<br />L<br />Y<br />'''<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"|'''5''' <br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Sara's]]''<br />
| [[Jude Anthany Joseph]]<br />
| [[Anna Ben]], [[Sunny Wayne]]<br />
| Anantha Vision<br />
|Direct OTT release. <br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/anna-ben-s-malayalam-comedy-sara-s-on-marriage-and-pregnancy-to-release-july-5-on-amazon-prime-trailer-unveiled-101625133465027.html|title=Anna Ben's Malayalam comedy Sara's on marriage and pregnancy to release July 5 on Amazon Prime, trailer unveiled|date=1 July 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sunny-wayne-and-anna-ben-s-next-film-sara-s-stream-ott-151272|title=Sunny Wayne and Anna Ben's next film 'Sara's' to stream on OTT|date=25 June 2021|website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/new-on-amazon-prime-this-week-the-tomorrow-war-saras-and-more/article35078335.ece|title=New on Amazon Prime this week: 'The Tomorrow War,' 'Sara's' and more|author=The Hindu Net Desk|newspaper=The Hindu|date=1 July 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><br />
|Amazon Prime<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"|'''6'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Velukkakka Oppu Ka]]a''<br />
|Ashok R Klatha<br />
|[[Indrans]], Uma, [[Saju Navodaya]], [[Naseer Sankranthi]]<br />
|PJV Creations<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഇന്ദ്രൻസ് നായകനാകുന്ന 'വേലുക്കാക്ക' ജൂലായ് 6 ന് |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/actor-indrans-starrer-ashok-r-kalita-directorial-velukakka-movie-is-set-for-ott-release/articleshow/84110126.cms |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=malayalam.samayam.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-04 |title=ഇന്ദ്രന്സ് വേലുകാക്കയായി വരുന്നു, റിലീസ് ഒ.ടി.ടിയില് |url=https://www.malayalamnewsdaily.com/node/480991/entertainment/indrans-velikkakka |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=Malayalam News}}</ref><br />
|Neestream, First Shows, Saina Play<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"|'''9'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Randuper''<br />
|Prem Sankar<br />
|Basil Paulose, [[Santhy Balachandran]], [[Suraj Venjaramood]]<br />
|Prayatna Films<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/prem-sankars-malayalam-film-randuper-finds-ott-release/article35230290.ece|title=Malayalam film 'Randuper' to be released across OTT platforms|first=Anasuya|last=Menon|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 July 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ഐഎഫ്എഫ്കെയില് ശ്രദ്ധ നേടിയ 'രണ്ടുപേര്'; നാല് ഒടിടി പ്ലാറ്റ്ഫോമുകളിലൂടെ ഇന്നുമുതല് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/randuper-movie-from-today-through-ott-platforms-qvzga7 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/07/09/randuper-malayalam-film-ott-release.html|title='Randuper' movie gets an OTT release|website=OnManorama}}</ref><br />
|Neestream, Sainaplay.<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Ayisha Weds Shameer''<br />
|Sikkandhar Dulkarnain<br />
|Manzur Muhammed, Nowmya Mallayya<br />
|Wama Entertainments<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2021 |title=ആയിശ വെഡ്സ് ഷമീർ ജൂലായ് 9-ന് ഒടിടി റിലീസ് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/ayisha-weds-shameer-movie-ott-release-1.5773607 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2021 |title='ആയിശ വെഡ്സ് ഷമീർ' ജൂലായ് 9ന് ഒ.ടി.ടി റിലീസിന് |url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/new%20release/ayesha-weds-shameer-ott-release-on-july-9th |website=Janmabhumi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മാധയമം |date=23 June 2021 |title='ആയിശ വെഡ്സ് ഷമീർ' ജൂലായ് 9ന് ഒ.ടി.ടി റിലീസിന് |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/movie-ayisha-weds-shameer-released-on-july-9-814019 |website=www.madhyamam.com}}</ref><br />
|Multiple OTT platforms.<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"|'''10'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Thudi''<br />
|Jomon George<br />
|Sugathan Master<br />
|Mecheri Movies<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web |title=തുടി നാളെ പ്രദർശനത്തിനെത്തും |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/print-edition/kerala/08jul2021-1.5814247 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010003914/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/print-edition/kerala/08jul2021-1.5814247 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |access-date=12 July 2021 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2021 |title=വയനാട്ടിലെ പണിയ വിഭാഗങ്ങളുടെടെ ജീവിതം പറയുന്ന തുടി ഒ.ടി.ടി യിൽ |url=https://keralaonlinenews.com/2021/07/09/tudi-tellsbuilt-sectionswayanad-released-ott.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=തുടി |url=https://m3db.com/film/thudi |website=M3DB.COM}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thudi [2021] തുടി [2021] |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?9381 |access-date=2021-07-14 |website=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><br />
|Roots<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"|'''12'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Swanam ''<br />
|Deepesh T<br />
|Master Abhinand, Ramya Raghavan, [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]]<br />
|Tullzi Films<br />
|Direct OTT release <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-12 |title=സംസ്ഥാന ചലച്ചിത്ര പുരസ്കാരം നേടിയ 'സ്വനം' ഡിജിറ്റൽ റിലീസ് ചെയ്യുന്നു |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-swanam-movie-to-be-released-digitally-mm-406599.html |access-date=2021-07-13 |website=News18 Malayalam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=സംസ്ഥാന ചലച്ചിത്ര പുരസ്കാരം നേടിയ 'സ്വനം' ഒടിടി റിലീസിന് |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/deepesh-t-directorial-swanam-official-trailer/articleshow/84317224.cms |access-date=2021-07-13 |website=malayalam.samayam.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Swanam [2021] 'സ്വനം' [2021] |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?8729 |access-date=2021-07-14 |website=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><br />
|Neestream<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"|'''15'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Malik (film)|Mālik]]''<br />
|[[Mahesh Narayanan]]<br />
|[[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Nimisha Sajayan]]<br />
|AJ Film company<br />
|Direct OTT release <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 മണിക്കൂര്, 41 മിനിറ്റ് ദൈര്ഘ്യം; കാത്തിരിപ്പിനൊടുവില് 'മാലിക്' എത്തി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/malik-have-161-mins-length-started-streaming-on-amazon-prime-video-qw8wys |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-15|title=Toofaan, Malik, Ikkat, Sarpatta Parambarai, Narappa: Line-up of releases leading up to Prime Day 2021|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/toofaan-malik-ikkat-sarpatta-parambarai-narappa-line-up-of-releases-leading-up-to-prime-day-2021-9804831.html|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Firstpost}}</ref><br />
|Amazon Prime<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"|'''16'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Domestic Dialogues''<br />
|Vaishnav, Gokul<br />
|Akash, Amith Chandra, Kavya Prakash, Susha<br />
|Pimoca Tales<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web|title=Domestic Dialogues 2021 on Roots Video: Release Date, Trailer, Starring and more|url=https://www.fantasymsinfo.com/2021/07/domestic-dialogues-2021-on-roots-video.html|access-date=2021-07-16|language=en-us|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716092606/https://www.fantasymsinfo.com/2021/07/domestic-dialogues-2021-on-roots-video.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Domestic Dialogs [2021] {{!}} ഡോമെസററിക ഡയലോഗസ [2021]|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?9392|access-date=2021-07-19|website=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-24 |title=ക്രൗഡ് ഫണ്ടിങ്ങിലൂടെ ഒരു മലയാളം സിനിമ; 'ഡൊമസ്റ്റിക് ഡയലോഗ്സ്', ഡിജിറ്റൽ പ്ലാറ്റ്ഫോമിൽ റിലീസ് ചെയ്തു |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-crowdfunded-movie-domestic-dialogues-is-up-on-roots-digital-platform-mm-411679.html |access-date=2021-07-26 |website=News18 Malayalam}}</ref><br />
|Roots<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"|'''17'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Chuzhal''<br />
|Biju Maani<br />
|[[Jaffar Idukki]], Nilja, Sanju Prabhakar Abin Mary<br />
|Nakshatra Pictures<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web |title=അഞ്ച് സുഹൃത്തുക്കളുടെ യാത്രയിലെ അവിചാരിത സംഭവങ്ങൾ; മിസ്റ്ററി ത്രില്ലർ 'ചുഴൽ' ജൂലൈ 17ന് |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/abin-mary-gazal-sanju-rj-nilja-and-sreenath-starrer-chuzhal-movie-set-to-release-on-ott/articleshow/84407638.cms |access-date=2021-07-16 |website=malayalam.samayam.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=July 2021|first=Balakumar K. 15|title=Toofaan headlines this week's new releases on Indian OTT platforms|url=https://www.techradar.com/in/news/5-new-movies-on-ott-platforms-in-india-july-16-weekend|access-date=2021-07-16|website=TechRadar India|date=15 July 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-15 |title=നിഗൂഢത നിറച്ച് സസ്പെൻസ് ത്രില്ലർ ചിത്രം 'ചുഴൽ' ഒ ടി ടി റിലീസിന് ഒരുങ്ങുന്നു |url=https://www.kairalinewsonline.com/2021/07/15/424087.html |access-date=2021-07-16 |website=Kairali News {{!}} Kairali News Live l Latest Malayalam News |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|Neestream<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''The Creator''<br />
|Sabu Anthukaayi<br />
|[[Appani Sarath]], [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]], [[Megha Mathew]]<br />
|RHM Film<br />
|Direct OTT release <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Heisen |date=2021-07-17 |title=" ദി ക്രിയേറ്റർ " സൈന പ്ലെ ഒടിടി യിൽ |url=https://veekshanam.com/the-creator-saina-play-ott/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719072318/https://veekshanam.com/the-creator-saina-play-ott/ |archive-date=19 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-19 |website=Veekshanam |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=" ദി ക്രിയേറ്റർ " സൈന പ്ലേ ഒടിടി യിൽ |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/cinema/appani-sarath/957552 |access-date=2021-07-19 |website=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=അപ്പാനി ശരത്ത് നായകനായ 'ദി ക്രിയേറ്റർ' ഒടിടി റിലീസിന് |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/appani-sarath-starrer-the-creator-set-for-ott-release/articleshow/84524851.cms |access-date=2021-07-19 |website=malayalam.samayam.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-17 |title=അപ്പാനി ശരത് നായകനാവുന്ന 'ദി ക്രിയേറ്റർ' ഒ.ടി.ടി. റിലീസ് ചെയ്തു |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-appani-sarath-starring-the-creator-released-on-digital-platform-mm-409135.html |access-date=2021-07-19 |website=News18 Malayalam}}</ref><br />
|Sainaplay<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"|'''21'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Santhoshathinte Onnam Rahasyam]]''<br />
|[[Don Palathara]]<br />
|[[Jitin Puthenchery]], [[Rima Kallingal]]<br />
|Bee Cave Movies<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web |last=CUE |first=THE |date=18 July 2021 |title=ഡോൺ പാലത്തറയുടെ സന്തോഷത്തിന്റെ ഒന്നാം രഹസ്യം ഒടിടി റിലീസിന് ഒരുങ്ങുന്നു |url=https://www.thecue.in/film-events/2021/07/18/santhoshathinte-onnam-rahasyam |access-date=2021-07-21 |website=The Cue |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='സന്തോഷത്തിന്റെ ഒന്നാം രഹസ്യം' ഒടിടി റിലീസിന് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/santhoshathinte-onnam-rahasyam-for-ott-release-qwfkaf |access-date=2021-07-21 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-21 |title=കാറിനുള്ളിൽ ഒറ്റഷോട്ടിൽ പൂർത്തിയാക്കിയ 'സന്തോഷത്തിന്റെ ഒന്നാം രഹസ്യം' ഡിജിറ്റൽ റിലീസ് ചെയ്തു |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-santhoshathinte-onnam-rahasyam-movie-released-on-digital-platform-mm-410443.html |access-date=2021-07-21 |website=News18 Malayalam}}</ref><br />
|Neestream & Multiple OTT platforms<br />
|-Neestream, SainaPlay, Roots<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Ali Imran''<br />
|Sarshick Roshan<br />
|Anugraha Balakrishnan, Aneesh, Shaji p George, Prajina aralam, Siva prakash<br />
|S R Entertainment, Maliyekkal Media<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-21|title=Ali Imran Malayalam movie|url=http://thrissurkerala.com/movies2/Ali-Imran-New-Malayalam-Movie-Trailer-Songs.html|access-date=2021-08-11|website=Thrissur Kerala.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
|Theatre Play<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"|'''24'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''1956, Madhyathiruvithamkoor''<br />
|[[Don Palathara]]<br />
|Assif Yogi, Jain Andrews, Krishnan Balakrishnan<br />
|Artbeat Studios<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-19 |title=ഡോൺ പാലത്തറയുടെ '1956 മധ്യതിരുവിതാംകൂർ' ഡിജിറ്റൽ റിലീസ് ചെയ്യുന്നു |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-don-palathara-movie-1956-madhya-thiruvithamcoor-to-be-streamed-digitally-mm-409845.html |access-date=2021-07-29 |website=News18 Malayalam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title=In Don Palathara's cinema, 'questions rather than statements'|url=https://scroll.in/reel/999593/don-palathara-interview-my-films-are-more-questions-than-statements|access-date=2021-07-29|website=Scroll.in|date=10 July 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=1956, Central Travancore|url=https://mubi.com/films/1956-central-travancore|language=en-US|access-date=2021-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A ★★★★ review of 1956, Central Travancore (2019)|url=https://letterboxd.com/sunilkv/film/1956-central-travancore/|access-date=2021-07-29|website=letterboxd.com|language=en|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729022655/https://letterboxd.com/sunilkv/film/1956-central-travancore/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Twitter post|url=https://twitter.com/mubiindia/status/1417377483125530626|access-date=2021-07-29|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref><br />
|[[Mubi (streaming service)|MUBI India]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"|'''25'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Bannerghatta (film)|Bannerghatta]]''<br />
|Vishnu Narayanan<br />
|Karthik Ramakrishnan, Asha Menon, Anoop, Sunil, Vinod <br />
|Copyright Pictures<br />
|Direct OTT Release<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-12|title=Bannerghatta OTT Release Date, Theatre Release Date & Digital Rights|url=https://www.sajmedia.in/bannerghatta-ott-release-date/|access-date=2021-07-24|website=Saj Media Entertainment|language=en}}</ref><br />
|Amazon Prime <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"|'''30'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Otta''<br />
|Benny C Daniel<br />
|Prasad Thrikkuttissery, Nimisha Unnikrishnan<br />
|Benseena Films<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2021 |title=ഭയാനകമായ കുടുംബകഥയെന്ന ടാഗ് ലൈനുമായി ഒറ്റ; ചിത്രം ഓടിടി റിലീസിന് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/otta-movie-ott-release-benny-c-daniel-1.5719110 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=ഒറ്റ ഓടിടിയിൽ |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=563555&u=movie-otta-on-ott |access-date=2021-08-17 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2021 |title=ഭയാനകമായ കടംബ കഥയുമായി 'ഒറ്റ'; ചിത്രം ഒടിടി റിലീസിന് |url=https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/movie/2021/06/04/otta-movie-ott-release-benny-c-daniel/ |access-date=2021-08-17 |website=East Coast Movies & Entertainments News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/login/|title=Log In or Sign Up to View|website=www.facebook.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Benny C Daniel|url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/684719162431094/posts/848730459363296/|access-date=2021-08-17|website=www.facebook.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
|Zinea<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Thampuran Paranja Katha''<br />
|Deavn Nagalassery<br />
|Kala Vasudevan, Vygananda, Ramadevi<br />
|Rohini Productions<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thampuran Paranja Katha – High Hopes Entertainments|url=https://highhopesentertainments.com/title/thampuran-paranja-katha-booking/|access-date=2021-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=തമ്പുരാൻ പറഞ്ഞ കഥ |url=https://m3db.com/film/thamburan-paranja-kadha |website=M3DB.COM}}</ref><br />
|High Hopes<br />
|-August!<br />
| rowspan="16" style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;" |'''A<br />U<br />G<br />U<br />S<br />T'''<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''1'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Eighteen Hours]]''<br />
|[[Rajesh Nair]]<br />
|[[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]], [[Sudheer Karamana]], Indu Thampy, Karthika P Kumar, Parthavi Vinod<br />
|Salil Sankaran<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-21|title=No regrets about 'Eighteen Hours' not releasing in theatres, says Rajesh Nair|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rajesh-nair-new-film-eighteen-hours/article35442095.ece.|access-date=2021-07-24|website=The Hindu|language=en|last1=M|first1=Athira}}</ref><br />
|Manorama Max <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''10'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Neeravam''<br />
|Ajay Sivaram<br />
|[[Parvathy Baul]], [[Padmaraj Ratheesh]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Hareesh Peradi]]<br />
|Malhaar Movies<br />
|Direct OTT release <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2021 |title=പാർവ്വതി ബാവുൾ ആദ്യമായി അഭിനയിക്കുന്ന മലയാള ചിത്രം; 'നീരവം' ജൂലായ് 22-ന് ഒടിടി റിലീസ് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/neeravom-movie-starring-parvathy-bavul-ott-release-1.5846365 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Neeravam [2021] {{!}} നീരവം [2021]|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?8571|access-date=2021-08-13|website=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><br />
|Multiple OTT platforms<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''11'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Kuruthi]]''<br />
|Manu Warrier<br />
|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Roshan Mathew]], [[Naslen K. Gafoor]], [[Mamukoya]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[Srindaa]]<br />
|Prithviraj Productions<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-28 |title='മരക്കാറി'നു മുന്പേ 'കുരുതി' എത്തും; പൃഥ്വിരാജിന്റെ ഓണം റിലീസ് ആമസോണ് പ്രൈമില് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/prithviraj-starring-kuruthi-announced-direct-ott-release-date-on-amazon-prime-qwy0bk |access-date=2021-07-28 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref><br />
|Amazon Prime<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''17'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Kenjira]]''<br />
|Manoj Kana<br />
|Vinusha Ravi, Koliyamma, [[Joy Mathew]]<br />
|Neru Films<br />
|Direct OTT release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മാധയമം |date=2021-08-13 |title='കെഞ്ചിര'യിൽ ആദിവാസികളുടെ കണ്ണീരും കിനാവുമല്ല; അവരുടെ സാമൂഹിക രാഷ് ട്രീയം -മനോജ് കാന |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/celebrities/kenjira-movie-tobe-released-on-aug17-836380 |access-date=2021-08-18 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title='കെഞ്ചിര' |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=615460 |access-date=2021-08-18 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='കെഞ്ചിര' റിലീസിനൊരുങ്ങുന്നു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2021/08/03/kenjira-movie-ready-for-ott-release.html |access-date=2021-08-18 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref><br />
|Neestream<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''19'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Home (2021 film)|Home]]''<br />
|[[Rojin Thomas]]<br />
|[[Indrans]], [[Sreenath Bhasi]], Deepa Thomas, [[Naslen K. Gafoor]], [[Anoop Menon]], [[Aju Varghese]]<br />
|[[Friday Film House]]<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-10|title=Malayalam film ''Home'' to release on Amazon Prime Video on August 19|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/malayalam-film-home-to-release-on-amazon-prime-video-on-august-19/2138489|access-date=2021-08-10|website=OutlookIndia|language=en}}</ref><br />
|Amazon Prime<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Sayahnangalil Chila Manushyar''<br />
|Praveen Sukumaran<br />
|Surjith Gopinath, Jijoy P.R<br />
|Agnostic Films<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web|title=CAVE|url=https://www.caveindia.com/contentList/movies/detail-card/RYqmYDNso9Tu|access-date=2021-08-19|website=www.caveindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Roushni|title=Could experiment with a small budget film: Praveen Sukumaran on Sayahnangalil Chila Manushyar|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/nov/14/16822|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126100230/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/nov/14/16822|url-status=live|archive-date=26 November 2020|access-date=2021-08-19|website=Cinestaan}}</ref><br />
|CAVE India<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''20'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Kaalchilambu]]''<br />
|M. T. Annoor<br />
|[[Vineeth]], [[Samvrutha Sunil]], [[Mala Aravindan]], [[Indrans]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]<br />
|Yem Yem Films<br />
|Direct OTT release <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CSUJkIBJSn-/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CSUJkIBJSn- |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-access=registration|title=Kaalchilambu, Streaming Exclusively on 20th August onwards|access-date=2021-08-14|website=Instagram/action_prime}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
|Action Prime<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Oru Pappadavada Premam''<br />
|Zayir Pathan <br />
|Zayir Patha, Niha Hussain, [[Kochu Preman]]<br />
|Uniwell Entertainments<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഒരു പപ്പടവട പ്രേമത്തിൻ്റെ ട്രെയ്ലർ എത്തി; ചിത്രം 20ന് ഒടിടി റിലീസിന് |url=http://www.metrovaartha.com/news/75389/oru-pappadavada-premam-trailer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104185341/http://www.metrovaartha.com/news/75389/oru-pappadavada-premam-trailer |archive-date=4 January 2022 |access-date=2021-08-20 |website=metrovaartha.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=honey |title=പിണറായി വിജയന്റെ ആരാധകനായി കൊച്ചുപ്രേമൻ, 'ഒരു പപ്പടവട പ്രേമ'ത്തിന്റെ ട്രെയിലര് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/kochu-preman-oru-pappatavata-premam-trailer-out-qy1866 |access-date=2021-08-20 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ഒരു പപ്പടവട പ്രേമത്തിൻ്റെ ട്രെയ്ലർ എത്തി; ചിത്രം 20ന് ഒടിടി റിലീസിന് |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/cinema/pappadavada-premam/963950 |access-date=2021-08-20 |website=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}</ref><br />
|Multiple OTT platforms<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''21'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Laughing Buddha''<br />
|Niju Soman<br />
|[[Ramesh Pisharody]], [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]], [[Manju Pathrose]]<br />
|Chavara Films<br />
|TV premiere and OTT release<ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മാധയമം |date=2021-08-20 |title=രമേഷ് പിഷാരടിയും ഐശ്വര്യ ലക്ഷ്മിയും ഒന്നിക്കുന്ന 'ലാഫിങ് ബുദ്ധ' ഒടിടി റിലീസിന് ; ട്രെയിലർ പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/laughing-buddha-movie-ramesh-pisharody-838937 |access-date=2021-08-22 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-20 |title=രമേഷ് പിഷാരടിയും ഐശ്വര്യ ലക്ഷ്മിയും ഒന്നിക്കുന്ന "ലാഫിംങ് ബുദ്ധ"; ജയ്ഹോ ഒടിടിയിൽ തിരുവോണ റിലീസ് |url=https://keralaonlinenews.com/2021/08/20/laughing-buddharamesh-pisharody-aishwarya-lakshmiodt.html |access-date=2021-08-22 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2021 |title='ലാഫിങ് ബുദ്ധ' ജയ്ഹോ ഒടിടിയിൽ; രമേഷ് പിഷാരടി, ഐശ്വര്യ ലക്ഷ്മി ഒന്നിക്കുന്നു |url=https://www.malabarnews.com/ramesh-pisharodys-laughing-buddha-movie/ |access-date=2021-08-22 |website=www.malabarnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|Amrita TV, Neestream, Jaiho OTT<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''25''' <br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Ya Mone''<br />
| Anwar Ali<br />
| Jawahar Ali Komban, Pramod Choorapra, Ihsan Ameen, Bilahari, Shilpa<br />
| Beryl Films<br />
|Direct OTT release. <br />
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-25 |title=യാ മോനെ തീയേററർ പ്ലേയിൽ റിലീസായി |url=https://www.facebook.com/100562835581098/posts/139470318357016/?app=fbl |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=facebook.com/Theatre Play |language=ml}}</ref><br />
|Theatre Play<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''26'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Alice in Panchalinadu''<br />
|Sudhin Vamattam<br />
|Kamya Ahlawat, Ajay Mathew, Shilpa Ajay, [[Anil Murali]], [[Ponnamma Babu]], [[KTS Padannayil]]<br />
|AICE Corporation, Barefoot<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch Alice in Panchalinadu {{!}} Prime Video|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B09DNRVVGH|access-date=2021-08-30|website=www.amazon.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Alice in Panchalinadu (2021) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt15310274/releaseinfo|access-date=2021-08-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sudhin Vamattam makes his debut with Alice in Panchalinadu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sudhin-vamattam-makes-his-debut-with-alice-in-panchalinadu/articleshow/77830658.cms|access-date=2021-08-30|website=The Times of India|date=30 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|Amazon Prime (USA, UK) Neestream worldwide<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" | ''[[Kanthan – The Lover of Colour|Kanthan]]''<br />
| Shareef Easa<br />
| [[Daya Bai]], Prajith, Chinnan<br />
| Rolling Pix Entertainment<br />
|Direct OTT release. <br />
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-26 |title='കാന്തനെ' ഏറ്റെടുത്ത് പ്രേക്ഷകർ : OTT റിലീസിൽ മികച്ച പ്രേക്ഷക പ്രതികരണം, പ്രദർശനം ആക്ഷൻ പ്രൈം OTT -വഴി |url=https://www.malayoram.com/2021/08/ott-ott-kanthan-malayalam-film.html?m=1 |access-date=2021-08-30 |website=malayoram.com |language=ml}}</ref><br />
|Action OTT<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''27''' <br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Pidikittapulli''<br />
| Jishnu Sreekandan<br />
| [[Sunny Wayne]], [[Ahaana Krishna]], [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Baiju Santhosh]]<br />
| Sree Gokulam Movies<br />
|Direct OTT release. <br />
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-26 |title=മലയാളത്തിലെ അടുത്ത ഒടിടി റിലീസ് നാളെ; സണ്ണി വെയ്നിന്റെ 'പിടികിട്ടാപ്പുള്ളി' ജിയോ സിനിമയില് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/pidikittapulli-ott-release-tomorrow-on-jio-cinema-qyg91k |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Asianetnews.com |language=ml}}</ref><br />
|[[JioCinema]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''28''' <br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Tamara''<br />
|Prakash Vadikkal<br />
|[[Aparna Nair]], Prakash Chengal <br />
|Manniyath Films<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sajan |first=Aymanam |date=2021-08-08 |title='താമര' ആഗസ്റ്റ് 28-ന Action OTT യിൽ |url=https://alappuzhamedia.com/?p=1305 |access-date=2021-08-30 |website=FIRST CLAP MOVIES |language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Doe|first=Jone|title=Tamara|url=https://www.actionott.com/watch/tamara.html|access-date=2021-08-30|website=www.actionott.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Thamara [2015] {{!}} താമര [2015]|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?8068|access-date=2021-08-30|website=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><br />
|Action Prime<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''29''' <br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Pappantem Simontem Piller''<br />
| Shijo Varghese<br />
| [[Narayanankutty]], [[Pradeep Kottayam]], Binu Adimali<br />
| Swis Tele Media<br />
|Direct OTT release. <br />
<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-26|title=Shijo Varghese directorial Pappantem Simontem Piller to release on August 29|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/aug/26/shijo-varghese-directorial-pappantem-simontem-piller-to-release-on-august-29-2349745.html|access-date=2021-08-29|website=The New Indian Express.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-19 |title=പാപ്പൻ്റേം സൈമൻ്റേം പിള്ളേർ |url=http://newsvision.in/2021/01/19/kanjoor-58/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122124900/http://newsvision.in/2021/01/19/kanjoor-58/ |archive-date=22 November 2022 |access-date=2021-08-30 |website=NEWS VISION |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|Multiple OTT Platforms<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''30''' <br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Swapnangalkkapuram''<br />
| Prem R Nambiar<br />
| [[Divyadarshan]], [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]]<br />
| P&G Cinemas<br />
|Direct OTT release. <br />
<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-12|title='SWAPNAGALKKAPPURAM <br />
|url=https://actionott.com/watch/swapnagalkkappuram.html|access-date=2021-08-30|website=actionott.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-29 |title='സ്വപ്നങ്ങൾക്കപ്പുറം' 30 മുതല് ആക്ഷന് ഒടിടിയില്- 'Swapnangalkkappuram' is on Action OTT |url=https://silma.in/swapnangalkkappuram-is-on-action-ott/ |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=Silma.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Web Desk|date=2021-08-30|title=സവപനങങള&zwj;കകപപറം|url=https://www.aagolavartha.com/swapnangalkkappuram-cinema/|access-date=2021-09-01|website=Aagolavartha.Com|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|Action Prime <br />
|-September!<br />
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#808080; textcolor:#000;" |'''S<br />E<br />P<br />T<br />E<br />M<br />B<br />E<br />R'''<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;"|'''9''' <br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Koora''<br />
| Vaishag Jojan<br />
| Keerthi Anand, Varthik, Dhyan Dev<br />
| Jojan Cinemas<br />
|Direct OTT release. <br />
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-24 |title=Koora {{!}} കൂറയെ തിന്നുന്ന ജെന്സി; സസ്പെന്സ് ത്രില്ലർ കൂറ OTT പ്രദര്ശനത്തിന് |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-koora-malayalam-movie-release-date-1-announced-km-430913.html |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=malayalam.news18.com |language=ml}}</ref><br />
| Neestream, Sainaplay,<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;"|'''17'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Kaanekkaane]]''<br />
|Manu Ashokan<br />
|[[Tovino Thomas]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]], [[Shruti Ramachandran]]<br />
|Dream Katcher<br />
|Direct OTT release.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-10 |title='മിന്നല് മുരളി' മാത്രമല്ല, ടൊവീനോയുടെ 'കാണെക്കാണെ'യും ഡയറക്റ്റ് ഒടിടി റിലീസ്: ടീസര് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/tovino-thomas-starring-kaane-kaane-to-get-direct-ott-release-through-sony-liv-qz80d9 |access-date=2021-09-11 |website=asianetnews.com |language=ml}}</ref><br />
|[[Sony LIV]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;"|'''18'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Piplantri''<br />
|Shoji Sebastian<br />
|Miyasree, Rishi, Kavya Madhav, Rakesh, Jose Kallodi, Shelly Joy<br />
|Zickamore Film International, Pop Media<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-12 |title=പെണ് ഭ്രൂണഹത്യയുടെ കഥയുമായി 'പിപ്പലാന്ത്രി'; ട്രെയ്ലര് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/trailer/piplantri-malayalam-movie-official-trailer-qzb9cz |access-date=2021-09-13 |website=asianetnews.com |language=ml}}</ref><br />
|Neestream<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" |'''22'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Kaadakalam''<br />
|Sakhil Raveendran<br />
|Davinchi Satheesh, Satheesh<br />
|Periyar Valley Creations<br />
|Direct OTT release <ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch Kaadakalam {{!}} Prime Video|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Kaadakalam-Davinchi-Satheesh/dp/B09GT2PR13|access-date=2021-09-24|website=www.amazon.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=കാടകലം ആമസോൺ പരൈമിൽ |url=https://www.deepika.com/Cinema/CinemaNews.aspx?Kadakalam-Malayalam-Movie&ID=6873|access-date=2021-09-24|website=m.deepika.com}}</ref><br />
|Amazon Prime (USA, UK) Neestream worldwide<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" |'''23'''<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Sunny (2021 film)|Sunny]]''<br />
|[[Ranjith Sankar]]<br />
|[[Jayasurya]], [[Shritha Sivadas]]<br />
|Dreams N Beyond<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-15|title=Jayasurya's 'Sunny' to be released on Amazon Prime Video on September 23|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/sep/15/jayasuryas-sunny-to-be-released-on-amazon-prime-video-on-september-23-2359106.html|access-date=2021-09-15|website=newindianexpress.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
|[[Amazon Prime]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==October - December==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- style="background:#blue; text-align:center;"<br />
! colspan="2" |Opening<br />
!| Title<br />
! style="width:20%;" |'''Director'''<br />
! Cast !! Production house !! Ref<br />
!OTT <br />
|-October!<br />
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#f40b0b; textcolor:#000;" |'''O<br/>C<br/>T<br/>O<br/>B<br/>E<br/>R'''<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f9827c;"|'''1''' <br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''The Inmates''<br />
| Baiju Thomas<br />
| Baiju Thomas, Alexander Jacob<br />
| Pen Cinema Company<br />
|Direct OTT release. <br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-inmates-a-malayalam-film-by-former-residents-of-st-thomas-hostel-mar-ivanios-college/article36914111.ece|title='The Inmates', featuring 32 former residents of St. Thomas Hostel, Mar Ivanios College, is about camaraderie and crime|access-date=2021-12-17|website=The Hindu|date=9 October 2021|language=en}}</ref><br />
|First Shows, bcineet<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f9827c;"|'''7''' <br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Bhramam]]''<br />
| [[Ravi Chandran]]<br />
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Unni Mukundan]], [[Mamta Mohandas]], [[Raashi Khanna]]<br />
| AP International<br />
|Direct OTT release (only in India). <br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sajmedia.in/bhramam-ott-release-date/|title=Bhramam OTT Release Date, Theatre Release Date & Digital Rights|access-date=2021-09-08|website=sajmedia.in|date=22 July 2021|language=en|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907210302/https://www.sajmedia.in/bhramam-ott-release-date/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=പൃഥ്വിരാജ്- ഉണ്ണിമുകുന്ദൻ ചിത്രം ആമസോണിൽ; 'ഭ്രമ'ത്തിന്റെ റിലീസ് തിയതി പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/actor-prithviraj-reveal-his-movie-bhramam-release-date-qzo8c2 |access-date=2021-09-19 |website=asianetnews.com |language=ml}}</ref><br />
|[[Amazon Prime]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f9827c;"|'''8''' <br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Queen of Thonnakkal''<br />
|Shyam Muralidharan<br />
|[[Madhupal]], Maria Vincent, Sreejith, Vinod Thomas<br />
|Manorama <br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2021 |title=മനോരമ മാക്സിൽ റിലീസായി 'ക്വീന് ഓഫ് തോന്നക്കൽ', ചിരിവിരുന്ന്. |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2021/10/08/queen-of-thonnakal-film-release-in-manoramamax.html |access-date=2021-10-11 |website=Manoramanews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch Movies, TV Shows & Live News Online - ManoramaMAX|url=https://www.manoramamax.com/movies/detail/136607/queen-of-thonnakkal|access-date=2021-10-11|website=www.manoramamax.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
|Manorama MAX<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f9827c;"|'''28''' <br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Erida (film)|Erida]]''<br />
|[[V. K. Prakash]]<br />
|[[Samyuktha Menon]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]], [[Hareesh Peradi]]<br />
|Aroma Cinemas, Good Company, Trends Adfilm Makers<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഒരു മലയാള ചിത്രം കൂടി ഒടിടിയില്; സംയുക്തയുടെ 'എരിഡ' ആമസോണ് പ്രൈമില് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/samyuktha-menon-starring-erida-to-be-direct-ott-release-through-amazon-prime-video-r1mnwa |access-date=2021-10-28 |website=Asianetnews |language=ml}}</ref><br />
|[[Amazon Prime]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Vellakkarante Kamuki''<br />
|Anis P S <br />
|Randev Sharma, Adwaitha Manoj, [[Anu Joseph]], [[Aneesh Ravi]], [[Jaffar Idukki]]<br />
|Aacharya Cinemas<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web |last1= |first1= |date=30 October 2021 |title=രൺദേവും അഭിരാമിയും ഒന്നിക്കുന്ന 'വെള്ളക്കാരന്റെ കാമുകി' ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് പോസ്റ്റർ |url=https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/movie/2021/10/30/vellakkarante-kamuki/ |access-date=2021-10-31 |website=eastcoastdaily.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='വെള്ളക്കാരന്റെ കാമുകി' ഒക്ടോബർ 28–ന് നീ-സ്ട്രീമിൽ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2021/10/20/vellakkarante-kamuki-movie-ott-release.html |access-date=2021-10-31 |website=manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}</ref><br />
|Neestream, Jaiho OTT<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#f9827c;" |'''29''' <br />
| ''Star''<br />
| Domin D'Silva<br />
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Joju George]], [[Sheelu Abraham]], [[Jaffar Idukki]]<br />
| Abaam Movies<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 October 2021 |title=Releasing on 29th October|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CUpa0cev6w6/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CUpa0cev6w6 |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-access=registration|website=[[Instagram]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
|[[Amazon Prime]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Cabin''<br />
| Pulari Basheer<br />
| Prince Ootty, [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]], [[Jaffar Idukki]], [[Joy Mathew]], Ronna Joe, Shiyas Kareem<br />
| Lysa Productions<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 October 2021 |title=Cabin releasing on 29th October|url=https://www.facebook.com/109701634117300/posts/406537124433748/?app=fbl|website=[[Facebook]]}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''99 Crime Diary''<br />
|Sinto Sunny<br />
|[[Sreejith Ravi]], [[Gayathri Suresh]]<br />
|Jibu Jacob Entertainments<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-26 |title=99 Crime Diary : 'അത് ഒത്ത് കളിക്കുന്നവരോട് ചോദിക്കണം, ഇത് പൊലീസാണ്' ഗായത്രി സുരേഷ് പൊലീസ് വേഷത്തിലെത്തുന്ന 99 ക്രൈം ഡയറിയുടെ ട്രയലർ പുറത്തിറങ്ങി |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/actress-gayathri-suresh-starring-malayalam-movie-99-crime-diary-trailer-out-now-movie-will-premier-in-ott-platform-saina-play-72673 |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-10-19 |title=ഗായത്രി സുരേഷും ശ്രീജിത്ത് രവിയും ഒന്നിക്കുന്ന 99 ക്രൈം ഡയറി ടീസർ |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/99-crime-diary-malayalam-movie-official-teaser-587009 |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}</ref><br />
|Saina Play<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam]]''<br />
| [[Senna Hegde]]<br />
| Anagha Narayanan, Aishwarya Suresh, Ajisha Prabhakaran, Anuroop P, Rajesh Madhavan, Unni Raja<br />
| Pushkar Films<br />
| Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 October 2021 |title=Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam (2021) – Movie {{!}} Review, Cast & Release Date|url=https://www.lntrend.com/movies/malayalam/thinkalazhcha-nishchayam/|website=lntrend.com}}</ref><br />
|[[SonyLIV]]<br />
|-November!<br />
| rowspan="16" style="text-align:center; background:orange; textcolor:#000;" |'''N<br />O<br />V<br />E<br />M<br />B<br />E<br />R'''<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffc04c;"|'''5''' <br />
| ''Mission-C''<br />
| Vinod Guruvayoor<br />
| [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]], [[Appani Sarath]], [[Major Ravi]], Meenakshi Dinesh<br />
| Meppadan Films<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2021 |title='മിഷൻ സി' നവംബർ 5ലേക്ക് മാറ്റി; തിയേറ്ററുകൾ സജ്ജമാകാനുള്ള കാത്തിരിപ്പ് |url=https://www.malabarnews.com/mission-c-postponed-to-november-5-waiting-for-the-theaters-to-be-ready/ |website=Malabarnews.com}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffc04c;"|'''12''' <br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Kanakam Kaamini Kalaham]]''<br />
| Ratheesh Balakrishnan Poduval<br />
| [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Grace Antony]], [[Vinay Forrt]], [[Vincy Aloshious]]<br />
| [[Nivin Pauly|Pauly Jr. Pictures]]<br />
| Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 October 2021 |title=Kanakam Kaamini Kalaham trailer is a fun-filled ride, release date out|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/10/22/kanakam-kaamini-kalaham-trailer-release-date-out.html|website=onmanorama.com}}</ref><br />
| [[Disney+ Hotstar]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kurup (film)|Kurup]]''<br />
| Srinath Rajendran<br />
| [[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Sunny Wayne]], Bharath, [[Sobhita Dhulipala]]<br />
| [[Dulquer Salmaan|Wayfarer Films]]<br />
|{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}<br />
|[[Netflix]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background:#ffc04c;"|'''19''' <br />
|''[[Aaha (2021 film)|Aaha]]''<br />
| Bibin Paul Samuel<br />
| [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Amith Chakalakkal]], [[Santhy Balachandran]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]]<br />
| Zsazsa Productions<br />
|<br />
|Zee5<br />
|-<br />
|''Ammachi Koottile Pranayakalam''<br />
| Rasheed Palluruthy<br />
| [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]], [[Sheela]], [[Saju Navodaya]], Sameena, Sathar Sulaiman<br />
| Cochin Mehandi Films, High Hopes Film Factory<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ammachi Koottile Pranayakalam|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/amp/movies/ammachi-koottile-pranayakalam/ET00317542|access-date=2021-11-17|website=Book My Show.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
| High Hopes OTT<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Churuli]]''<br />
| [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]<br />
| [[Joju George]], [[Chemban Vinod Jose]], [[Vinay Forrt]], [[Jaffar Idukki]]<br />
| Movie Monastery, Chembosky Motion Pictures<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web|title=Churuli: Lijo Jose Pellissery's Malayalam Sci-Fi Mystery Movie to Premiere on SonyLIV From November 19! |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/south/churuli-lijo-jose-pellisserys-malayalam-sci-fi-mystery-movie-to-premiere-on-sonyliv-from-november-19-watch-video-3043742.html|access-date=2021-11-11|website=latestly. com|date=11 November 2021|language=en}}</ref><br />
|[[Sony LIV]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ellam Sheriyakum]]''<br />
| [[Jibu Jacob]]<br />
| [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Rajisha Vijayan]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Kalabhavan Shajon]]<br />
| Thomas Thiruvalla Films, Dr. Paul's Entertainment<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2021 |title='എല്ലാം ശരിയാകും'; ആസിഫ് അലി രജിഷ വിജയൻ ചിത്രം ടീസർ പുറത്തിറങ്ങി |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-teaser-drops-for-asif-ali-rajisha-vijayan-movie-ellam-sheriyakum-mm-453549.html |access-date=2021-10-27 |website=malayalam.news18.com |language=ml}}</ref><br />
|Zee5<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Jan.E.Man]]''<br />
| Chidambaram<br />
| [[Basil Joseph]], [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Ganapathi S Poduval|Ganapathi]], [[Balu Varghese]]<br />
| Cheers Entertainment<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jan.E.Man (2021)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt13430782/?ref_=ttmi_tt|access-date=2021-12-09|website=IMDb.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
|[[Sun NXT]]<br />
|-<br />
|''Lalbagh''<br />
| Prasanth Murali<br />
| [[Mamta Mohandas]], [[Rahul Madhav]], [[Sijoy Varghese]], [[Neha Saxena (film actress)|Neha Saxena]]<br />
| Vega Entertainment<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lalbagh Malayalam Movie|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/24733/malayalam/lalbagh/|website=Nowrunning.com|date=2 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|[[Zee5]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''No Man's Land''<br />
| Jishnu Harindra Varma<br />
| [[Sudhi Koppa]], [[Lukman Avaran]], [[Sreeja Das]]<br />
| Buddha Corner Films<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web|title=No Man's Land|url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/no-man-s-land-782818.html|website=digit.in|language=en|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119033444/https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/no-man-s-land-782818.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|[[Amazon Prime]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffc04c;"|'''21''' <br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Kalakaran''<br />
| AJ Kalabhavan<br />
| [[Saju Navodaya]], [[K. T. S. Padannayil]], [[Kalabhavan Rahman]], Vismaya KP<br />
| Gadsmene Productions<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 November 2021|title=Kalakaran (2021)|url=http://mainstreamtv.in/movies/kalakaran-2021|website=Mainstreamtv.com|access-date=12 December 2021|archive-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212062943/https://www.mainstreamtv.in/movies/kalakaran-2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|Multiple OTT Platforms<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffc04c;"|'''25''' <br />
|''[[Kaaval (2021 film)|Kaaval]]''<br />
| Nithin Renji Panicker<br />
| [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Renji Panicker]], [[Rachel David]], [[Muthumani]], [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]]<br />
| Goodwill Entertainments<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 October 2021 |title=Suresh Gopi's 'Kaaval' gets a release date!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suresh-gopis-kaaval-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/86831053.cms |website=Times Of India}}</ref><br />
|[[Netflix]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''My Lucky Number is Black''<br />
| Atmabodh<br />
| Adhitya Jino, Meera, Suresh Saraswathy, Janardhanan Karivellur<br />
| Lalithambika Productions<br />
|Direct OTT release<br />
|Neestream<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffc04c;"|'''26''' <br />
| ''Bodhodayam''<br />
| Janardhanan Karivellur<br />
| Adhitya Jino, Meera, Suresh Saraswathy, Janardhanan Karivellur<br />
| Showtime Creations<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 November 2021 |title=Bodhodayam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/bodhodayam/movieshow/87913807.cms |website=Times Of India}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffc04c;"|'''27''' <br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" | ''Ottachodyam''<br />
| Anish Urumbil<br />
| [[Renji Panicker]], Binoj Vilya, Achu, Neha, Muralidharan<br />
| A&B Creations<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 November 2021 |title= Anish Urumbil - ചോദയം- Now on OTT|url=https://www.facebook.com/100003357278274/posts/4493364760785389/?app=fbl|website=Facebook.com}}</ref><br />
|CAVE India OTT<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffc04c;"|'''29''' <br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Second Option''<br />
| Sujish Sreedhar<br />
| Swetha Raghunath, Suresh Narayanan, Reviddanesh, Shankaran Namboothiri<br />
| Great Ambition Films<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 November 2021|title=Second Option|url=https://koode.in/watch/second-option-/6283176615001|website=Koode.in|access-date=15 December 2021|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122124831/https://koode.in/watch/second-option-/6283176615001|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|Koode<br />
|-December!<br />
| rowspan="31" style="text-align:center; background:#CD7F32; textcolor:#000;" |'''D<br />E<br />C<br />E<br />M<br />B<br />E<br />R'''<br />
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#E9967A;"|'''2'''<br />
|''[[Marakkar Arabikadalinte Simham]]''<br />
| [[Priyadarshan]]<br />
| [[Mohanlal]], [[Pranav Mohanlal]], [[Arjun Sarja]], [[Sunil Shetty]], [[Ashok Selvan]], [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]], [[Keerthy Suresh]], [[Manju Warrier]]<br />
| [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Amazon Prime]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" | ''Devalokha''<br />
| Shanoob Karuvath<br />
| Mathew Mampra, [[Rajeev Pillai]], Mariam Joseph<br />
|Rivertale Media<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2021 |title=Devalokha |url=https://neestream.com/details/576 |website=Neestream.com |access-date=8 December 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209195427/https://neestream.com/details/576 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|Neestream<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#E9967A;"|'''3''' <br />
|''[[Bheemante Vazhi]]''<br />
| [[Ashraf Hamza]]<br />
| [[Kunchako Boban]], [[Chemban Vinod Jose]], Chinnu Chandni<br />
| [[Aashiq Abu|OPM Cinemas]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 November 2021 |title=Bheemante Vazhi: Worldwide Theaterical release on December 3rd|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CV20d5RsuOP/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CV20d5RsuOP |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-access=registration|website=[[Instagram]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
|[[Amazon Prime]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#E9967A;" |'''10''' <br />
| ''[[Kshanam (2021 film)|Kshanam]]''<br />
| [[Suresh Unnithan]]<br />
| [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Ajmal Ameer]] Raji Thampi, [[Baiju Santhosh]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]]<br />
|Deshaan Movie Factory, Roshan Pictures<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Muddy (film)|Muddy]]''<br />
| Dr. Pragabhal <br />
| Yuvan, Ridhaan Krishna, Anusha Sooraj, Amith Sivadas Nair, [[Renji Panicker]], [[Sunil Sukhada]], Shobha Mohan, [[Manoj Guinness]], [[Hareesh Peradi]]<br />
|PK7 Creations<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-15|title=India's first 4X4 mud race film 'Muddy' to have worldwide release on Dec 10|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/india-s-first-4x4-mud-race-film-muddy-to-have-worldwide-release-on-dec-10-movie-1.6089371|access-date=2021-10-16|website=english. mathrubhumi.com|language=en|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016075905/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/india-s-first-4x4-mud-race-film-muddy-to-have-worldwide-release-on-dec-10-movie-1.6089371|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|[[Amazon Prime]]<br />
|-<br />
|''Oru Canadian Diary''<br />
| Seema Sreekumar<br />
| Paul Paulose, Pooja Maria Sebastian, Simran<br />
|Sreem Productions <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sreem Productions|url=https://www.sreemproductions.com/|access-date=2021-11-22|website=Sreem Productions|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|date=2020-10-14|title=Singer Seema Sreekumar turns director with 'Oru Canadian Diary'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/singer-seema-sreekumar-turns-director-with-oru-canadian-diary/article32853209.ece|access-date=2021-11-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sumesh and Ramesh''<br />
| Sanoop Thykoodam<br />
| [[Sreenath Bhasi]], [[Balu Varghese]], [[Praveena]], [[Salim Kumar]]<br />
|Whitesands Media House Production, KL7 Entertainments<br />
|<br />
|[[Sun NXT]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Udumbu''<br />
| Kannan Thamarakkulam<br />
| [[Senthil Krishna]], [[Hareesh Peradi]], [[Alencier Ley Lopez]], Sajal Sudarshan, Angelina Livingston, Yami Sona<br />
|KT Movie House, 24 Motion Films<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-30|title=Udumbu Malayalam Movie by Kannan Thamarakulam - Senthil; The trailer is out|url=https://www.mallurelease.com/2020/12/udumbu-malayalam-movie.html?m=1|access-date=2021-11-30|website=mallurelease.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#E9967A;" |'''17''' <br />
| ''Michael's Coffee House''<br />
| Anil Philip<br />
| Dheeraj Denny, [[Renji Panicker]], Margret Antony, Jins Bhaskar, [[Pradeep Kottayam]]<br />
|Angamaly Films<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Kannalan''<br />
| Kumar Nanda <br />
| [[Sreejith Ravi]], Rajesh Sharma, Ashwati Chinnu, Malathi Teacher<br />
|360 Degree Pictures<br />
|Direct OTT release.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}<br />
|Multiple OTT platforms<br />
|-<br />
|''Kakkaponnu''<br />
|Dinesh Gopalsamy<br />
|[[Anu Joseph]], [[Meenakshi Anoop]], Rajesh Hebbar<br />
|Candle Light Media<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kakkapponnu/ET00319882?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1|title=Kakkapponnu (2021) - Movie &#124; Reviews, Cast & Release Date|website=BookMyShow}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vellaramkunnile Vellimeenukal''<br />
| Kumar Nanda <br />
| [[Bhagath Manuel]], [[Shanthi Krishna]], Anand Surya, [[Kochu Preman]], [[Sasi Kalinga]], Murali, Prajusha, Baby Gaurinanda, Master Gautam Nanda, [[Sunil Sukhada]]<br />
|AGS Movie Makers<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-17|title=Vellaramkunnile Vellimeenukal|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/vadakara/movies/vellaramkunnile-vellimeenukal/ET00319819|access-date=2021-12-17|website=Book MyShow.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-09|title=malayalam film vellaram kunnile vellimeenukal: love on the one hand, selfishness awaiting the death of his own mother on the other .. Vellaram kunnile vellimeenukal gets a release date|url=https://jsnewstimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/malayalam-film-vellaram-kunnile-vellimeenukal-love-on-the-one-hand-selfishness-awaiting-the-death-of-his-own-mother-on-the-other-vellaram-kunnile-vellimeenukal-gets-a-release-date|access-date=2021-12-17|website=jswnews.com|language=en|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217033422/https://jsnewstimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/malayalam-film-vellaram-kunnile-vellimeenukal-love-on-the-one-hand-selfishness-awaiting-the-death-of-his-own-mother-on-the-other-vellaram-kunnile-vellimeenukal-gets-a-release-date|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#E9967A;"|'''23''' <br />
| ''[[Ajagajantharam]]''<br />
| Tinu Pappachan<br />
| [[Antony Varghese]], [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Chemban Vinod Jose]]<br />
| Silver Bay Studios<br />
| <br />
|[[Sony LIV]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Chirath''<br />
| Rema Sajeevan<br />
| Anna Angel, Sandhya, Saju Koothattukulam, Unnithanoor, Unnikrishnan, Vasantha Kumari<br />
| Art Point Creations<br />
| Direct OTT release.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 December 2021|title=Chirath - RELEASING DEC 23 - PRE BOOK NOW|url=https://www.mainstreamtv.in/trailers/chirath-releasing-dec-23-pre-book-now|website=Mainstream TV|access-date=23 December 2021|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223041202/https://www.mainstreamtv.in/trailers/chirath-releasing-dec-23-pre-book-now|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2021 |title=ചിരാത് |url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/mollywood/chirath |website=Janmabhumi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=വരയിൽ പിറന്ന സിനിമ; 'ചിരാത്'|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2021/12/31/chirathu-movie-shoot-over.html|access-date=2022-01-10|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref><br />
| Mainstream TV, Limelight<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Pala Pootha Raavil''<br />
| Mohan Manamkutti<br />
| Sreekumar, Shameer, Mahidas, Sneha Chithirai, Greeshma<br />
| Abhaya Chicku Creations<br />
| Direct OTT release<br />
| Theatre Play<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background:#E9967A;"|'''24''' <br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Madhuram]]''<br />
| Ahammed Kabeer<br />
| [[Joju George]], [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Nikhila Vimal]], [[Shruti Ramachandran]], [[Indrans]], [[Jaffar Idukki]]<br />
| Appu Pathu Pappu Production House<br />
|Direct OTT release.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2021 |title=This Christmas we are sharing our 'Madhuram' with you. Madhuram releasing on December 24 on Sony LIV|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CXfgbIhhu4K/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CXfgbIhhu4K |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-access=registration|website=[[Instagram]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
|[[Sony LIV]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Meow (2021 film)|Meow]]''<br />
| [[Lal Jose]]<br />
| [[Soubin Shahir]], [[Mamta Mohandas]], [[Salim Kumar]]<br />
|Thomas Thiruvalla Films, LJ Films<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-17|title=Lal Jose's directorial 'Meow' censored with U certificate, gets release date|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lal-joses-directorial-meow-censored-with-u-certificate-gets-release-date/articleshow/87752145.cms|access-date=2021-11-17|website=Times Of India.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
|[[Amazon Prime]], [[Simply South]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Mickey''<br />
| Jino Joseph<br />
| [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]], [[Jaffar Idukki]], [[Surabhi Lakshmi]], Master Vishnu<br />
|SDB Communications<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-24|title=Mickey 2021 |url=https://www.firstshows.com/movie/mickey|access-date=2021-12-24|website=First Shows.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
|Multiple OTT platforms<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" | ''[[Minnal Murali]]''<br />
| [[Basil Joseph]]<br />
| [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Guru Somasundaram]], [[Harisree Ashokan]], Femina George, [[Shelly Kishore]], [[Arya Salim]]<br />
|[[Weekend Blockbusters]]<br />
|Direct OTT release.<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-06 |title=ടൊവീനോ ചിത്രം മിന്നൽ മുരളി നെറ്റ്ഫ്ലിക്സ് റിലീസ് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2021/09/06/minnal-murali-tovino-thomas-superhero-film-to-arrive-on-netflix-this-september-team-confirms.html |access-date=2021-09-06 |website=manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title='മിന്നൽ മുരളി' ക്രിസ്മസിന് എത്തും; റിലീസ് തീയതി പുറത്ത് വിട്ടു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/ott/basil-joseph-tovino-thomas-movie-minnal-murali-december-24-release-on-netflix-1.6027841 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923133223/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/ott/basil-joseph-tovino-thomas-movie-minnal-murali-december-24-release-on-netflix-1.6027841 |archive-date=23 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-23 |website=mathurbhumi.com |language=ml}}</ref><br />
|[[Netflix]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" | ''[[Kolaambi]]''<br />
| [[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]<br />
| [[Nithya Menen]], [[Renji Panicker]], [[Dileesh Pothan]], [[Manju Pillai]], [[Siddharth Menon (singer)|Siddharth Menon]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], [[Baiju Santhosh]]<br />
|Nirmalyam Cinema<br />
|Direct OTT release<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-13 |title=ഈ നിശ്ശബ്ദതയ്ക്ക്വിട, Kolaambi coming to you on 24th December only on mtalkie entertaiments |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CXbLVGAPbS1/ |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CXbLVGAPbS1 |archive-date=26 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-16 |website=[[Instagram]] |language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
|MTalkie Cinema<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kunjeldho]]''<br />
| [[Mathukkutty]]<br />
| [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], Jasnya Jayadeesh, Gopika Udayan, [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]<br />
|Little Big Films<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-16|title=Asif Ali's Kunjeldho to release on December 24|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2021/nov/16/asif-alis-kunjeldho-to-release-on-december-24-27881.html|access-date=2021-12-10|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
|[[ZEE5]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Vari:The Sentence''<br />
| Sreejith Poyilkaavu<br />
| [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]], [[Sajitha Madathil]], Rachna Ravindra Shelar, [[Sunil Sukhada]], [[Sreejith Ravi]], Prakash Chengal, Unni Raj<br />
| Hassans Family, Thanneer Films<br />
|Direct OTT release<br />
|Neestream<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#E9967A;" |'''30''' <br />
|''[[Vidhi (2021 film)|Vidhi: The Verdict]]''<br />
|[[Kannan Thamarakkulam]] <br />
|[[Dharmajan Bolgatty]], [[Anoop Menon]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Sheelu Abraham]], [[Sarayu Mohan]], [[Senthil Krishna]], [[Noorin Shereef]]<br />
|Abaam Movies, Swarnalaya Cinemas<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-21|title=Maradu 357 now Vidhi: The Verdict movie will hit theaters on December|url=https://www.mallurelease.com/2021/08/Vidhi-verdict-akka-maradu-357.html?m=1|website=mallu release.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
|[[Sun NXT]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#E9967A;" |'''31''' <br />
| ''[[Djibouti (film)|Djibouti]]''<br />
| S. J. Sinu<br />
| [[Amith Chakalakkal]], [[Dileesh Pothan]], [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]], Shagun Jaswal, [[Jacob Gregory]], [[Biju Sopanam]], [[Sunil Sukhada]]<br />
|Nile & Blue Hill Motion Pictures<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-26 |title=Djibouti {{!}} തിയേറ്ററുകൾ തുറക്കുമ്പോൾ സ്ക്രീനിലെത്താൻ ജിബൂട്ടിയും; റിലീസ് തിയതി പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-release-date-for-the-movie-djibouti-announced-mm-463735.html |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=malayalam.news18.com |language=ml}}</ref><br />
|[[Amazon Prime]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#ecfeff;" | ''[[Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan]]''<br />
| [[Nadirshah]]<br />
| [[Dileep]], [[Naslen K. Gafoor]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], Vaishnavi Venugopal, [[Anusree]], [[Kalabhavan Shajon]], [[Kottayam Nazeer]], [[Jaffar Idukki]], [[Ganapathi S Poduval]]<br />
| Naad Group, United Global Media Entertainment<br />
|Direct OTT release <br />
| [[Disney+ Hotstar]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Oru Thathvika Avalokanam]]''<br />
| Akhil Marar<br />
| [[Joju George]], [[Niranj Maniyanpilla Raju]], [[Shammi Thilakan]], [[Major Ravi]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]<br />
|Yohan Productions<br />
|<br />
|[[Amazon Prime]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/latest-new-movies/malayalam-movies Malayalam Upcoming Releases]<br />
<br />
{{Malayalam films|horiz}}<br />
{{2022 films}}<br />
{{Indian film list}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Malayalam Films Of 2021}}<br />
[[Category:Lists of Malayalam films by year|2021]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of 2021 films by language]]<br />
[[Category:2021 Malayalam-language films| 2021]]<br />
[[Category:2021 in Indian cinema]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_India&diff=486619Animal welfare and rights in India2026-03-05T11:37:25Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: created basic stub v1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{update|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=February 2020}}<br />
}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox country animal welfare<br />
| country = India<br />
| image = Gaushala in Sector 45, Chandigarh.jpg<br />
| caption = A [[gaushala]] in Sector 45, [[Chandigarh]]<br />
| legislation = [[Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act]] (1960)<br />
| meat_production = 3.12 billion<br />
| meat_production_per_capita = 2.2<br />
| meat_production_year = 2022<ref>{{cite web| author1=Hannah Ritchie| author1-link=Hannah Ritchie |author2=Pablo Rosado| author3=Max Roser| author3-link=Max Roser |date=2023| title=Animal Welfare| url=https://ourworldindata.org/animal-welfare| publisher=[[Our World In Data]]}}</ref><br />
| vegetarian = 22%<br />
| vegan = 19%<br />
| diet_year = 2018<ref>{{cite web| date=August 2018| title=An exploration into diets around the world| url=<br />
https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2018-09/an_exploration_into_diets_around_the_world.pdf| publisher=[[Ipsos Mori]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
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'''Animal welfare and rights in [[India]]''' regards the treatment of and laws concerning non-human animals in [[India]]. It is different from animal protection in India.<br />
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India is home to several religious traditions<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Madan |first=T. N. |date=1989 |title=Religion in India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20025267 |journal=Daedalus |volume=118 |issue=4 |pages=114–146 |issn=0011-5266}}</ref> advocating non-violence and compassion towards animals, and has passed a number of [[animal welfare]] reforms since 1960. India is also one of the world's leading producers of animal products.<br />
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== History ==<br />
=== Ancient India ===<br />
The [[Vedas]], the first scriptures of [[Hinduism]] (originating in the second millennium BCE), teach ''[[ahimsa]]'' or nonviolence towards all living beings. In Hinduism, killing an animal is regarded as a violation of ''ahimsa'' and causes bad ''[[karma]]'', leading many Hindus to practice [[vegetarianism]]. Hindu teachings do not require vegetarianism, however, and allow [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|animal sacrifice in rare religious ceremonies]].<ref name="szucs">{{cite journal |author=E. Szűcs |author2=R. Geers |author3=E. N. Sossidou |author4=D. M. Broom |title=Animal Welfare in Different Human Cultures, Traditions and Religious Faiths |journal= Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences|date=November 2012 |volume=25 |issue=11 |pmc=4093044 |pmid=25049508 |doi=10.5713/ajas.2012.r.02 |pages=1499–506}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-30 |title=Why animal sacrifice |url=https://assamtimes.org/node/560 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=Assam Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
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[[Jainism]] was founded in India in the 7th-5th century BCE,<ref name="strohl">{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Jainism |author=G. Ralph Strohl |title=Jainism |date=February 21, 2016 |access-date=April 24, 2016}}</ref> and ''ahimsa'' is its central teaching. Due to their belief in the sanctity of all life, Jains practice strict vegetarianism and many go to great lengths even to avoid harming insects.<br />
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[[Buddhism]] is the third major religion to emerge in India, and its teachings also include ''ahimsa''. Buddhism teaches vegetarianism (though not as strictly as Jainism), and many Buddhists practice [[life release]] in which animals destined for slaughter are purchased and released to the wild.<ref name="szucs" /><ref name="lin">{{cite web |url=http://www.abuddhistlibrary.com/Buddhism/A%20-%20Tibetan%20Buddhism/Authors/Yutang%20Lin/Releasing%20Lives%20to%20Freedom/The%20Buddhist%20Practice%20of%20Releasing%20Lives%20to%20Freedom.htm |author=Yutang Lin |title=The Buddhist Practice of Releasing Lives to Freedom |access-date=April 24, 2016}}</ref> Despite the influence of Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism, meat-eating was still common in ancient India.<ref name="vegindia">{{cite web |url=https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Cuisine/vegetar.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805150646/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Cuisine/vegetar.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 August 2012 |title=Vegetarianism in India |access-date=April 24, 2016}}</ref><br />
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In 262 BCE, the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] king [[Ashoka]] converted to Buddhism. For the remainder of his reign, he issued edicts informed by the Buddhist teachings of compassion for all beings. These edicts included the provision of medical treatment for animals and bans on [[animal sacrifice]], the [[castration]] of roosters, and hunting of many species.<ref name="dhammika">{{cite web |url=http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/edicts-asoka6.pdf |author=Ven. S. Dhammika |title=The Edicts of King Asok |date=1994 |access-date=April 24, 2016}}</ref><br />
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=== British India ===<br />
[[File:Colesworthey_piller.jpg|thumb|upright|Colesworthey piller]]<br />
Animal experimentation began in India in the 1860s when Britain began introducing new drugs to the colony. Moved by the suffering of Indian strays and draught animals, [[Colesworthey Grant]] founded the first Indian [[Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals]] (SPCA) in 1861 in [[Calcutta]]. The Indian SPCA's successfully lobbied for anti-cruelty legislation in the 1860s, which was extended to all of India in 1890–91. An obelisk was established in memory of the Colesworthey just in front of the [[Writers' Building]].<br />
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While the anti-vivisection movement grew in Britain, it failed to take hold in India. British officials and (British-led) SPCAs both opposed the introduction of the British [[Cruelty to Animals Act 1876]] – which established regulations on animal experimentation – to the Indian colony.<br />
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The [[cow protection movement]] arose in the late 1800s in northern India. While the SPCAs were led by colonists and associated with Christianity, cow protection was a movement of native Hindus. Cow protectionists opposed the slaughter of cattle and provided sanctuaries for cows. However, cow protection was largely an expression of Hindu nationalism rather than part of a larger native Indian animal welfare movement. Cow protectionists did not, in general, oppose (and often supported) animal experimentation, and the antivivisectionist groups established in India in the late 1890s died out due to lack of interest. The Indian branches of the [[Humanitarian League]], an English organization which opposed vivisection and the mistreatment and killing of animals, focused on vegetarianism and cow protection while ignoring vivisection.<ref name="chakrabarti">{{cite journal |pmc=2997667 |author=Pratik Chakrabarti |title=Beasts of Burden: Animals and Laboratory Research in Colonial India |journal=History of Science |volume=48 |issue=2 |date=June 1, 2010 |pmid=20582325 |pages=125–152 |doi=10.1177/007327531004800201|bibcode=2010HisSc..48..125C }}</ref><br />
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[[Mahatma Gandhi]] was a vegetarian and advocate of vegetarianism. In 1931 Gandhi gave a talk to the [[Vegetarian Society|London Vegetarian Society]] entitled ''The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism'' in which he argued for abstinence from meat and dairy on ethical (rather than health-related) grounds.<ref name="davis">{{cite web |url=http://www.vegsource.com/john-davis/gandhi---and-the-launching-of-veganism.html |author=John Davis |title=Gandhi – and the Launching of Veganism |date=March 16, 2011 |access-date=April 26, 2016}}</ref><br />
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=== Post-independence India ===<br />
India's first national animal welfare law, the [[Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act]] (1960), criminalizes cruelty to animals, though exceptions are made for the treatment of animals used for food and scientific experiments. The 1960 law also created the [[Animal Welfare Board of India]] to ensure the anti-cruelty provisions were enforced and promote the cause of animal welfare.<ref name="prevcruelty">{{cite web |url=http://bamu.ac.in/dept/zoology/1.%20Prevention%20of%20cruelty%20to%20animals%20act.%201960.pdf |title=The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, as amended by Central Act 26 of 1982 |author=Parliament of India |date=1982 |access-date=April 24, 2016}}</ref><br />
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Subsequent laws have placed regulations and restrictions on the use of draught animals, the use of performing animals, animal transport, animal slaughter, and animal experimentation.<ref name="pfa">{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleforanimalsindia.org/animal-protection-laws-in-india.php |title=Central Laws |access-date=April 24, 2016}}</ref><br />
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The Breeding of and Experiments on Animals (Control and Supervision) Rules, 1998 sets general requirements for breeding and using animals for research. A 2006 amendment specifies that experimenters must first try to use animals "lowest on the phylogenetic scale", use the minimum number of animals for 95% statistical confidence, and justify not using non-animal alternatives. A 2013 amendment bans the use of live animal experiments in medical education.<ref name="alttox">{{cite web |url=http://alttox.org/mapp/regulatory-policy/india-programs-policies/india-legislation-animal-welfare-oversight/ |title=India Legislation & Animal Welfare Oversight |date=January 25, 2016 |access-date=April 26, 2016}}</ref> In 2014 India became the first country in Asia to ban all testing of cosmetics on animals and the import of cosmetics tested on animals.<ref name="cronin">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedodo.com/india-bans-cosmetic-testing-764115558.html |author=Melissa Cronin |title=This is the First Country in the World to Ban all Cosmetics Tested on Animals |date=October 14, 2014 |access-date=April 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060722/https://www.thedodo.com/india-bans-cosmetic-testing-764115558.html |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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In 2013 India made it illegal to use captive dolphins for public entertainment.<ref name="findia">{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/india-more-progressive-than-us-on-animal-welfare-policies-976907.html |title=India more progressive than US on animal welfare policies |date=July 22, 2013 |access-date=April 24, 2016}}</ref><br />
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India has a grade of C out of possible grades A, B, C, D, E, F, G on [[World Animal Protection|World Animal Protection's]] Animal Protection Index.<ref name="wap">{{cite web |url=http://api.worldanimalprotection.org/sites/default/files/api_india_report_0.pdf |title=Republic of India |access-date=April 24, 2016}}</ref><br />
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There are a number of [[List of animal welfare organizations#India|animal welfare organizations]] operating in India.<br />
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== Animals used for food ==<br />
=== Legislation ===<br />
The 1960 [[Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act]] is the legal basis of animal protection in India. Provision 11 states that it is illegal for 'any person... [to treat] any animal so as to subject it to unnecessary pain or suffering or causes, or being the owner permits, any animal to be so treated', and that such mistreatment is punishable with fines or prison sentences.<ref name="1960 Act">{{Cite web|title=THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS ACT, 1960. As amended by Central Act 26 of 1982.|access-date=14 February 2017|url=http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/No.59.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401222504/http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/No.59.pdf}}</ref> However, Kyodo News has reported that the maximum punishments are either a fine of 70 US cents, 3 months imprisonment or both, which is not enough to discourage animal cruelty.<ref name="scmp.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/1976563/cruelty-against-stray-animals-rise-india-amid-lack-effective|title=Cruelty against stray animals on the rise in India amid lack of effective laws|date=2016-06-17|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2020-03-22}}</ref> The law also states that the punishments do not apply 'to the preparation for destruction of any animal as food for mankind unless such destruction or preparation was accompanied by the infliction of unnecessary pain or suffering'.<ref name="1960 Act"/> Moreover, provision 28 states 'Nothing contained in this Act shall render it an offence to kill any animal in a manner required by the religion of any community.'<ref name="1960 Act"/> theoretically leaving open the option of [[stunning|unstunned]] [[ritual slaughter]]. On the other hand, stunning is required for animal slaughterhouses according to provision 6 of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Slaughter House) Rules, 2001, and provision 3 states that slaughter is only permitted in recognised or licensed slaughterhouses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/ind40037.pdf|title=Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Slaughter House) Rules, 2001|publisher=Government of India|date=26 March 2001|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref> The Food Safety and Standards (Licensing and Registration of Food Businesses) Regulation, 2011 provides more precise stipulations surrounding the welfare of animals during the slaughter process, including that 'Animals are slaughtered by being first stunned and then exsanguinated (bled out). (...) Stunning before slaughter should be mandatory.'<ref name="FSSAI2011">{{Cite web |url=https://archive.fssai.gov.in/dam/jcr:b37feea8-d1d6-4a12-800a-e9290ea72e1d/Licensing_Regulations.pdf |title=Food Safety and Standards (Licensing and Registration of Food Businesses) Regulation, 2011 |author=Food Safety and Standards Authority of India |work=[[The Gazette of India]] |publisher=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] |date=1 August 2011 |access-date=28 February 2020|author-link=Food Safety and Standards Authority of India }} (pdf)</ref> It further stipulates which three methods are legal ([[Inert gas asphyxiation#Animal slaughter|{{CO2}} asphyxiation]], mechanical concussion (gunshot or [[captive bolt pistol]]), and [[electronarcosis]]), the conditions in which these should be performed (such as separate spaces out of sight of other animals, with the proper equipment and the requirement that 'all operators involved are well trained and have a positive attitude towards the welfare of animals'), and explains why these are conducive to animal welfare.<ref name="FSSAI2011"/> The regulation does not mention any exceptions or exemptions for religious or ritual slaughter.<ref name="FSSAI2011"/><br />
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In India, it is legal to confine calves in [[Veal|veal crates]], pigs in [[gestation crate]]s, hens in [[battery cage]]s, and to remove farm animals' body parts without anesthesia.<ref name="wap"/><br />
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=== Practice ===<br />
According to ''[[The Times of India]]'' in 2012, most abbatoirs in India employed [[electronarcosis]] at 70 [[volt]]s to render animals unconscious before slaughter.<ref name="Sinha">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Science-of-meat/articleshow/11672654.cms |title=Science of meat |author=Kounteya Sinha, Amit Bhattacharya and Anuradha Varma |work=The Times of India |date=27 March 2012 |access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref> For unstunned [[ritual slaughter]], scientific, religious and popular opinion remains divided on the question whether the [[dhabihah]] method (generally preferred by Muslims) or the [[jhatka]] method (generally Animal sacrifice preferred by Hindus and Sikhs) leads to less pain and stress and a quicker death for the animal in question.<ref name="Sinha"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pragyata.com/mag/halal-versus-jhatka-a-scientific-review-666 |title=Halal versus Jhatka: A scientific review |author=Souvik Dey |work=Pragyata |date=12 January 2019 |access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref> Indian Muslim scholars also disagree whether meat from animals that are stunned prior to ritual slaughter is to be considered [[halal]], with some saying it is, and others saying it is not.<ref name="Sinha"/><br />
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A major problem in India is that there is an insufficient number of legal slaughterhouses to meet consumer demand, and the federal and state governments sometimes appear unable to provide or stimulate the establishment of abbatoirs that are in compliance with the law, and unable to shut down the illegal abbatoirs. For example, as of February 2020, the state of [[Uttarakhand]] (10 million inhabitants) had no legal slaughterhouses at all.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarakhand-pil-seeks-ban-on-entry-of-animals-for-slaughter/articleshow/74300063.cms |title=Uttarakhand: PIL seeks ban on entry of animals for slaughter |author=Prashant Jha |work=The Times of India |date=27 February 2020 |access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref> Animal Equality studied 5 chicken farms and 3 markets all in [[Maharashtra]], [[Delhi]], and [[Haryana]] on 2017 and reported that stunning to render the birds unconscious was not practised in any of the locations. The chickens would be thrown into drain bins after having their throat slit, where they would reportedly take several minutes to die.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/chicken-on-your-plate-led-short-but-a-life-full-of-brutalities/story-Q8xjqNBcTzbItf08X2SMzI.html|title=Chicken on your plate led short, but a life full of brutalities|date=2017-09-14|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-03-22}}</ref><br />
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Although dog meat is outlawed in India, the trade is still carried out in some [[Northeast India|Northeastern states]], particularly [[Mizoram]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/20/stories/2004122003042000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930235315/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/20/stories/2004122003042000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2007|title=Dog meat, a delicacy in Mizoram|date=20 December 2004|access-date=13 December 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> [[Nagaland]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.demotix.com/news/302632/tribal-naga-dog-meat-delicacy|title=Tribal Naga Dog meat delicacy|access-date=29 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106181038/http://www.demotix.com/news/302632/tribal-naga-dog-meat-delicacy|archive-date=6 January 2012}}</ref> and [[Manipur]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-19/travel/29716885_1_loktak-lake-keibul-lamjao-national-park-moreh|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103194708/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-19/travel/29716885_1_loktak-lake-keibul-lamjao-national-park-moreh|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Manipur – a slice of Switzerland in India|date=19 July 2012|access-date=25 August 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> as the meat is considered by some to have high nutritional and medicinal value.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kohima/Nagaland-in-process-of-banning-dog-meat/articleshow/53148055.cms|title=Nagaland in process of banning dog meat|date=July 11, 2016|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-22}}</ref> Indian animal activists and others have launched a campaign to end the trade in [[Nagaland]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/heart-plate-debates-about-dog-meat-dimapur|title=From the heart to the plate. Debates about dog meat in Dimapur|website=www.iias.asia|language=en|access-date=2020-03-22}}</ref> which sees more than 30,000 stray and stolen dogs reportedly beaten to death with clubs each year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hsi.org/news-media/nagaland-india-dog-meat-trade/|title=India's brutal dog meat trade exposed as Humane Society International launches campaign to end "Nagaland Nightmare"|date=2016-07-13|website=Humane Society International|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-22}}</ref><br />
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=== Cattle ===<br />
{{See also|Cattle slaughter in India|Cow protection movement|Cow vigilante violence in India}}<br />
[[File:Status of cow slaughter in India.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Indian state laws on cattle slaughter]]<br />
The focus of animal welfare and rights debates in India has been on the treatment of [[cattle]], since cows, unlike other animals, are considered to have a certain [[Cattle in religion and mythology|sacred status]] according to the majority of millions of Hindus (79.8%), Sikhs (1.7%), Buddhists (0.7%) and Jains (0.4%) living in India.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lisa Kemmerer|title=Animals and World Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fidwAgAAQBAJ|year= 2011|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-979076-0|pages=58–65, 100–101, 110}}<br />—{{cite book|author= Clive Phillips|title=The Welfare of Animals: The Silent Majority |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=eq28F0MMrhIC |year= 2008|publisher= Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9219-0|pages=98–103}}<br />—{{cite book|author1= Robert J. Muckle|author2=Laura Tubelle de González|title= Through the Lens of Anthropology: An Introduction to Human Evolution and Culture |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3FUACwAAQBAJ |year= 2015|publisher= University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-0863-4|pages=299–300}}<br />—{{cite journal | last1=Eliasi | first1=Jennifer R. | last2=Dwyer | first2=Johanna T. | title=Kosher and Halal | journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=102 | issue=7 | year=2002 | doi=10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90203-8 | pages=911–913| pmid=12146548 }}<br />—{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ |year= 2013|publisher= Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=171–172}}</ref> However, cattle are generally not considered to be 'sacred' by others, such as followers of Abrahamic religions including Muslims (14.2%) and Christians (2.3%), as well as non-religious people (0.3%). Moreover, there is widespread disagreement among followers of Indian religions themselves on the level of protection and care that should be afforded to cows. In the post-independence era, a legal situation has evolved in which a number of states, mostly bordering on or relatively close to [[Pakistan]], have completely banned all slaughter of cows, bullocks and bulls, while most in north, central and south India have only prohibited slaughtering bullocks and bulls, and finally some states far away from Pakistan (Kerala, West Bengal and the Northeast Indian states) have not enacted such restrictions on the slaughter of these animals at all.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/graphic-mapping-cow-slaughter-in-indian-states/story-k4WOaEl9GCDNjsAjbQFVtO.html |title=Graphic: Mapping cow slaughter in Indian states |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 October 2015 |access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref> As far back as the 19th century, the legal prohibition of cattle slaughter has been part of Hindu nationalist agendas, and cow protection has been used as a means to distinguish Muslim and Hindu behaviour and identities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/711064/maharashtras-beef-ban-shows-how-politicians-manipulate-hindu-sentiments-around-cow-slaughter |title=Maharashtra's beef ban shows how politicians manipulate Hindu sentiments around cow slaughter |author=Shoaib Daniyal |work=Scroll.in |date=3 March 2015 |access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref><br />
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=== Sale and consumption ===<br />
{{see also|Vegetarianism and religion|Diet in Hinduism|Buddhist vegetarianism}}<br />
Despite restrictions on killing and eating cows throughout most of the country, India became the world's largest exporter of beef in 2012.<ref name="devi" /> According to a 2012 FAO report, India also had the world's largest population of dairy cows (43.6 million) and was the second-largest producer of milk (50.3 million tons per year).<ref name="dairy">{{cite web |url=https://www.ciwf.org.uk/media/5235182/Statistics-Dairy-cows.pdf |title=Statistics: Dairy cows |access-date=April 25, 2016}}</ref> In 2011, India was the third largest producer of eggs (behind China and the United States) and the sixth largest producer of chicken meat.<ref name="eggpoultry" /> India is the second largest fish producer in the world after China, and the industry has substantial room for growth.<ref name="fish">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/-marine-and-fish-industry-to-reach-rs-68k-crore-by-2015-assocham/articleshow/10841151.cms |title=Marine and fish industry to reach Rs 68K crore by 2015: Assocham |date=November 23, 2011 |access-date=April 25, 2016|newspaper=The Economic Times }}</ref><br />
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A 2007 report by the [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)]] of the [[United Nations]] found that Indians had the lowest rate of meat consumption of any country. Roughly one-third of Indians are vegetarian (the largest percentage of vegetarians in the world),<ref name="devi">{{cite journal |pmc=4662155 |title=An Outline of Meat Consumption in the Indian Population - a Pilot Review |author=Subramaniam Mohana Devi |author2=Vellingiri Balachandar |author3=Sang In Lee |author4=In Ho Kim |pmid=26761289 |doi=10.5851/kosfa.2014.34.4.507 |volume=34 |year=2014 |journal=Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour |issue=4 |pages=507–15}}</ref> but few are [[Veganism|vegan]].<ref name="flock">{{cite web |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/recliner/being-vegan-in-india/4482/1 |author=Elizabeth Flock |title=Being Vegan in India |date=September 26, 2009 |access-date=April 25, 2016 |archive-date=4 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504065449/http://forbesindia.com/article/recliner/being-vegan-in-india/4482/1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Despite having the highest rate of vegetarianism in the world, Indian consumption of dairy, eggs, and meat - especially [[chicken]] - was increasing rapidly as of 2013.<ref name="devi" /><ref name="growing">{{cite web |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/eats/india-changing-appetites-include-meat-article-1.1255861 |title=India's growing appetite for meat challenges traditional values |website=[[New York Daily News]] |date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=April 25, 2016}}</ref><ref name="eggpoultry">{{cite web |url=http://www.thepoultrysite.com/reports/?id=3135 |title=USDA International Egg and Poultry: Poultry in India |date=December 1, 2013 |access-date=April 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822072937/http://www.thepoultrysite.com/reports/?id=3135 |archive-date=22 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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== Animals used for clothing ==<br />
=== Fur ===<br />
In 2012, Indian consumers purchased approximately Rs8.6 billion (approximately 129 million U.S. dollars) worth of fur products; this figure is projected to grow to Rs13 billion (approximately 195 million U.S. dollars) by 2018. Most of these products are supplied by domestic producers.<ref name="fur">{{cite web |url=http://www.euromonitor.com/fur-and-fur-articles-in-india-isic-182/report |title=Fur and Fur Articles in India |date=October 2013 |access-date=April 25, 2016}}</ref> Due to growing concern for animal welfare, in 2017 India banned the importation of certain animal furs and skins, including chinchilla, mink, fox, and reptiles.<ref name="fur ban">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-bans-import-of-fox-fur-crocodile-skin/articleshow/56365052.cms |title=Govt bans import of fox fur, crocodile skin |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=January 6, 2017 |access-date=March 2, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Leather ===<br />
Although cattle slaughter is illegal in all but two Indian states, poor enforcement of cattle protection laws has allowed a thriving leather industry.<ref name="ambika">{{cite web |url=http://newint.org/columns/currents/2010/07/01/india-leather-cows/ |author=Ambika Hiranandani |author2=Roland M. McCall |author3=Salman Shaheen |title=How India's holy cash cow |date=July 1, 2010 |access-date=April 26, 2016}}</ref> A 2014 report on the Indian leather industry states that India is the ninth largest exporter of leather and leather products, and the second largest producer of footwear and leather garments, with significant room for growth. The Indian government supports the industry by allowing 100% [[foreign direct investment]] and duty-free imports, funding manufacturing units, and implementing industrial development programs.<ref name="onicra">{{cite web |url=http://www.onicra.com/images/pdf/Publications/Leather-industry-report-Transparent.pdf |title=Emerging Trends: Indian Leather Industry |date=April 2014 |author=ONICRA Credit Rating Agency of India |access-date=April 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109045547/http://www.onicra.com/images/pdf/Publications/Leather-industry-report-Transparent.pdf |archive-date=January 9, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Animals used in scientific research and cosmetics tests ==<br />
India's 1960 anti-cruelty law created the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) to regulate animal experimentation. A 2003 report by [[Animal Defenders International]] and the [[National Anti-Vivisection Society|U.K. National Anti-Vivisection Society]] based on evidence gathered by the CPCSEA during inspections of 467 Indian laboratories finds "a deplorable standard of animal care in the majority of facilities inspected". The report lists many instances of abuse, neglect, and failure to use available non-animal methods.<ref name="navs">{{cite web |url=http://www.navs.org.uk/downloads/animalexperimentsinindia.pdf |author=Animal Defenders International |author2=National Anti-Vivisection Society |title=Animal Experimentation in India |date=2003 |access-date=April 26, 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Animals used in religion and entertainment ==<br />
The Islamic festival of Eid Al Adha marks a global slaughter of animals every year. In recent times PETA has made appeals to muslims to do away with animal slaughter, however Islamist clerics in India have insisted that there is no alternative to animal slaughter and that it must take place.<ref>{{Cite web |title='No substitute for Qurbani': Darul Uloom Deoband insists on animal sacrifice on Bakrid |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jul/28/no-substitute-for-qurbani-darul-uloom-deoband-insists-on-animal-sacrifice-on-bakrid-2175966.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-01 |title=PETA Wants to Stop the Sacrifice of Goats Ahead of Bakra Eid 2020 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/peta-wants-to-stop-the-sacrifice-of-goats-ahead-of-bakra-eid-2020-2695893.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In 2014, the Supreme Court of India banned the traditional bullfighting sport [[Jallikattu]], which was mainly practiced in the state of Tamil Nadu. This led to widespread controversy, and the [[2017 pro-jallikattu protests]]. Under this pressure, the government of Tamil Nadu adopted a law that reintroduced the sport on state level, likely leading to a renewed ban by the Supreme Court.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/jallikattu-row-matter-could-still-go-to-supreme-court-and-we-could-get-adverse-decision-says-salman-khurshid/516973/|title=Jallikattu Row: Matter could still go to Supreme Court and we could get adverse decision, says Salman&nbsp;Khurshid|date=21 January 2017|newspaper=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> The sport remains a controversial issue.<br />
<br />
== Strays ==<br />
===Dogs===<br />
{{see also|Stray dog attacks in India}}<br />
With 30 million [[Indian pariah dog|stray dogs in India]] estimated in 2015, conflicts have arisen in regions such as [[Bengaluru]] and [[Kerala]] on dealing with dog bites and the threat of rabies. Incidents of stray dogs chasing, attacking and biting school children, aged persons, pedestrians, morning walkers, or two-wheeler riders have led to panic and violent action from a handful of locals.<ref name="scmp.com"/> <br />
<br />
Naresh Kadyan, Master Trainer of the [[Animal Welfare Board of India]] said in 2017 that cases of dogs being bludgeoned with iron bars or burnt alive had taken place almost every month.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/657087/indians-can-be-both-unbearably-cruel-and-incredibly-kind-towards-stray-dogs/|title=Indians can be both unbearably cruel and incredibly kind towards stray dogs|last=Pullanoor|first=Harish|website=Quartz India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is noted that many of the attacks by dogs was caused by cruelty towards them both by adults and children. But once a bite happens it is rarely investigated why it happened and mostly the animal is held responsible and sometimes brutally killed by people or local authorities. <br />
<br />
In Karnataka and Kerala both in 2019 and 2025 brutal mass killings of hundreds of dogs was witnessed. Many dogs were hanged from trees or bludgeoned to death by local people. The dead bodies were mass dumped in the open.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Woman, son booked for killing dog by hanging it from tree in Pune district|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/woman-son-booked-for-killing-dog-by-hanging-it-from-tree-in-pune-district/article68797082.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2024-10-25|access-date=2026-01-30|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN|last=PTI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Dead stray dog found tied to billboard on plot near Adalaj|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/dead-stray-dog-found-tied-to-billboard-on-plot-near-adalaj/amp_articleshow/126339575.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=2026-01-30|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the state of Telangana in the year 2025 and 2026 over 2000 in total stray dogs were brutally murdered illegally.<ref>{{Cite news|title=550 stray dogs killed in Telangana in one week to fulfill ‘poll promise’; man involved in killing 250 dogs traced to AP|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/around-500-stray-dogs-killed-in-telangana-villages-in-one-week-to-fulfill-panchayat-poll-promise/article70508405.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2026-01-14|access-date=2026-01-30|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN|first=Lavpreet|last=Kaur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=1,000 stray dogs killed in Telangana in 30 days: Mass killings of canines continue as 200 more poisoned to death. What's behind the brutal cull? - The Economic Times|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/new-updates/1000-stray-dogs-killed-in-telangana-in-30-days-mass-killings-of-canines-continue-as-200-more-poisoned-to-death-ahead-of-gram-panchayat-elections-whats-behind-the-brutal-cull/amp_articleshow/127607325.cms|website=m.economictimes.com|access-date=2026-01-30}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the same state around 200 monkeys were poisoned by local authorities illegally in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|title=15 monkeys killed, 80 seriously injured after suspected poisoning in Telangana|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/telangana/story/monkey-poisoning-antampalli-village-15-dead-80-injured-kamareddy-district-2856045-2026-01-22|website=India Today|date=2026-01-22|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en|first=Abdul|last=Basheer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=100 monkeys tranquillised and dumped along NH-44 in Telangana; 4 dead, 2 critical|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/100-monkeys-tranquillised-dumped-along-nh-44-4-dead/amp_articleshow/127186623.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=2026-01-30|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2026 a dog was chased on bikes by a person and burnt alive with petrol. The same person has allegedly manhandled and assaulted local animal welfare NGO workers with iron rods.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hyderabad horror: Dog branded ‘rabid’, tortured for days and burnt alive; case registered|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/dog-tortured-set-ablaze-at-dundigal/amp_articleshow/127568437.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=2026-01-30|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2025 a litter of newborn puppies were burnt alive with petrol by locals (possibly including a minor) because they were irritated by their whimpering during the cold winter surge. There were protests against this inhumane act but culprits were not identified.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Minor among puppy killers, suspect cops|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/minor-among-puppy-killers-suspect-cops/amp_articleshow/126218423.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=2026-01-30|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
Due to the [[Indian vulture crisis|collapse of vulture populations in India]], which formerly consumed large quantities of dead animal carcasses, the urban [[street dog#India|street dog]] population has increased and become a problem, especially in urban areas.<br />
<br />
There is a conflict of interest as there are many institutions and localities throughout the country where the stray dogs have been vaccinated and sterilised by local people and NGOs and often municipalities in accordance to Animal Birth Control act 2001. In these areas there are local people who care for, medicate and bond with these ‘community animals’.<ref>{{Cite news|title=297 Dehradun societies recognised for stray dog care|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/297-dehradun-societies-recognised-for-stray-dog-care/amp_articleshow/125964201.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=2026-01-30|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is of note that Netherlands and Bhutan have achieved respectively almost nil stray dogs population and hundred percent sterilised and vaccinated dog population by following this same programme which has largely failed in India due to mismanagement and misuse of funds granted for the programme.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ABC of Animal Birth Control: Why Delhi’s stray dog sterilisation programme isn’t working as it should|url=https://theprint.in/india/delhi-stray-dogs-abc-rules-centres-sterilisation-rabies-control/2722702/?amp|website=theprint.in|access-date=2026-01-30|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250820053157/https://theprint.in/india/delhi-stray-dogs-abc-rules-centres-sterilisation-rabies-control/2722702/?amp|archive-date=2025-08-20|language=en-US|first=Mrinalini|last=Dhyani}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SC stray dog order: How Bhutan achieved 100% sterilisation, Netherlands formed a pet police force|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/pet-police-force-and-sterilisation-how-bhutan-netherlands-resolve-the-stray-dog-issue-10183757/|website=The Indian Express|date=2025-08-12|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Animal cruelty is unconstitutional in India yet there is very low implementation of the existing laws paving way for cruelty to animals as there is no fear of repercussion among people including minors and children. Heinous killings of stray animals are reported every month. Many cases have been reported where a group of minors or children have caught dogs to torture and have beaten them to death for fun.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dog Cruelty Case: Man Arrested, Minors Detained in Ranchi for Brutal Killing|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/dog-cruelty-case-man-arrested-minors-detained-in-ranchi-for-brutal-killing/amp_articleshow/126846786.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=2026-01-30|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Cattle===<br />
{{Main|Stray cattle in India}}<br />
<br />
India has over 5 million stray cattle according to the livestock census data released in January 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=D K|first=Sadana|date=5 April 2021|title='India needs to look beyond gaushalas to address its stray cattle problem'|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/-india-needs-to-look-beyond-gaushalas-to-address-its-stray-cattle-problem--76189|access-date=2021-12-25|website=DownToEarth|language=en}}</ref> While stray cattle are a nuisance to traffic in urban areas,<ref name=":0"/> the problem of [[Solid waste pollution in India|solid waste pollution]], especially [[plastic pollution]] and garbage dumped at public places, poses risk to stray cattle which feed on garbage.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 March 2021|title=71 Kg Of Waste Found In Stomach Of Stray Faridabad Cow|url=https://www.ndtv.com/cities/haryana-71kg-of-waste-found-in-stomach-of-stray-faridabad-cow-2383586|access-date=2021-12-25|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
The deadly attacks by the stray cow on humans and crops in both the urban and rural areas is an issue for the residents.<ref>{{cite news |title=Uttar Pradesh: Why deadly cow attacks are an issue in Indian state election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60108274 |access-date=23 February 2022 |work=BBC News |date=25 January 2022}}</ref> In 2017, after coming to power, Yogi [[First Yogi Adityanath ministry|Adityanath government]] had promised to build cattle shelters to better manage the stray cattle.<ref name="IT 11 Jan">{{cite news |last1=Sultanpur/Gorakhpur/Siddharthnagar |first1=Ashutosh Mishra |title=Stray animals destroy crops in UP districts as goshalas remain non-starters |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/stray-animals-crops-up-districts-goshalas-non-starters-1898440-2022-01-11 |access-date=20 February 2022 |work=India Today |date=11 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Since BJP came to power in 2017, [[Cattle slaughter in India|Cow slaughter]] has been made illegal in 18 states in India including UP, this was done in accordance with the right wing Hindu agenda.<ref name="Deadly cow">{{cite news |title=Uttar Pradesh: Why deadly cow attacks are an issue in Indian state election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60108274 |access-date=20 February 2022 |work=BBC News |date=25 January 2022}}</ref> Since then the trading of male cattle has reduced due to the fear of arrest, persecution, lynching by [[Cow vigilante violence in India|cow vigilantes]]. The farmers unable to sell them, abandon them to wander on the roads and feed on standing crops.<ref>{{cite news |title=Stray cows become election issue in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/video/election/uttar-pradesh/stray-cows-become-election-issue-in-uttar-pradesh-1083050.html |access-date=20 February 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=19 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NDTV UP Issues">{{cite news |title=Rural UP's Biggest Election Issue - The Mighty Bull |url=https://www.ndtv.com/blog/rural-ups-biggest-election-issue-the-mighty-bull-2777077 |access-date=20 February 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=19 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Stray cattle poll issue again but no one knows if it will affect the UP outcome |url=https://www.news9live.com/india/stray-cattle-poll-issue-again-but-no-one-knows-if-it-will-affect-the-up-outcome-152471 |access-date=20 February 2022 |work=NEWS9LIVE |date=9 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Timeline of animal welfare and rights]]<br />
* [[List of animal rights advocates]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|35em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Commons category-inline}}<br />
<br />
{{Animal welfare by country}}<br />
{{Animal rights|state=expanded}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal welfare and rights in India| ]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhanalakshmi,_I_Love_You&diff=496602Dhanalakshmi, I Love You2026-03-03T21:58:05Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: made a post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Dhanalakshmi, I Love You<br />
| image = Dhanalakshmi I Love You.jpg<br />
| caption = DVD Cover<br />
| director = [[Siva Nageswara Rao]]<br />
| producer = B Satyanarayana<br />
| writer = Ravi Kolikipudi (dialogues)<br />
| screenplay = Siva Nageswara Rao<br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <br />
| starring = [[Allari Naresh]]<br />[[Aditya Om]]<br />[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]<br />[[Ankitha]]<br />
| runtime = <br />
| music = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]<br />
| cinematography = Rajendra Prasad<br />
| editing = <br />
| studio = Satyam Entertainments<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002|10|18}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Dhanalakshmi, I Love You''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[Siva Nageswara Rao]] and starring [[Allari Naresh]], [[Aditya Om]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], and [[Ankitha]]. The film is a remake of the 2000 Hindi film [[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|''Hera Pheri'']] by [[Priyadarshan]] which itself was based on [[Siddique–Lal]]'s 1989 Malayalam film ''[[Ramji Rao Speaking]]''.<ref name="The Hindu" /><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
*[[Allari Naresh]] as Raju<br />
*[[Aditya Om]] as Shyam<br />
*[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Babu Rao<br />
*[[Ankitha]] as Dhanalakshmi<br />
* Sony Raj<br />
*[[M. Balayya]] as Devi Prasad<br />
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Kabeera<br />
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Babu Nayak<br />
*[[Suman Setty]]<br />
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as the bank manager<br />
*[[Ahuti Prasad]] as Prakash<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The soundtrack was composed by [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhanalaxmi I Love You |url=https://gaana.com/album/dhanalaxmi-i-love-you |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222165948/http://gaana.com/album/dhanalaxmi-i-love-you |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = <br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Oho Kanna<br />
| note1 = <br />
| lyrics1 = <br />
| music1 = <br />
| extra1 = Gowri Srinivas, Smitha<br />
| length1 = 4:38<br />
| title2 = Kokkokkomali<br />
| note2 = <br />
| lyrics2 = <br />
| music2 = <br />
| extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]], Kousalya<br />
| length2 = 4:06<br />
| title3 = Ossamari<br />
| note3 = <br />
| lyrics3 = <br />
| music3 = <br />
| extra3 = Ravi Verma, Matin<br />
| length3 = 4:44<br />
| title4 = Okariki Okarai<br />
| note4 = <br />
| lyrics4 = <br />
| music4 = <br />
| extra4 = Smt Mani Sastry, Nihal, Srirangam Venu<br />
| length4 = 5:15<br />
| title5 = Rupai<br />
| note5 = <br />
| lyrics5 = <br />
| music5 = <br />
| extra5 = Zilla Venkatanarayana<br />
| length5 = 3:13<br />
| title6 = Yemayyindo<br />
| note6 = <br />
| lyrics6 = <br />
| music6 = <br />
| extra6 = Ravi Verma, Sudha<br />
| length6 = 4:38<br />
| title7 = Prema<br />
| note7 = <br />
| lyrics7 = <br />
| music7 = <br />
| extra7 = Ranjith<br />
| length7 = 4:45<br />
| title8 = Don't Worry<br />
| note8 = <br />
| lyrics8 = <br />
| music8 = <br />
| extra8 = Chakri<br />
| length8 = 4:10<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release and reception ==<br />
The film released on 18 October 2002.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 2002 |title=Refreshing flicks |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/refreshing-flicks/article28609141.ece |url-status=live |access-date=10 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211064040/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/refreshing-flicks/article28609141.ece |archive-date=11 December 2021}}</ref> Gudipoodi Srihari of ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that "Histrionically speaking, it is the senior Naresh who steals the limelight, with a peculiar make-up given to his role of Babu Rao".<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news |date=22 October 2002 |title=Money matters |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/money-matters/article28384423.ece |url-status=live |access-date=10 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211064029/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/money-matters/article28384423.ece |archive-date=11 December 2021}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' gave the film a rating of 2.75/5 and said that "The movie looks very artificial except a few scenes where the love of Naresh towards his mother is projected".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |title=Movie review – Dhanalakshmi I Love You |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-dhanalakshmi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119215209/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-dhanalakshmi.html |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=18 October 2002}}</ref> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' said that "''Dhanalaxmi...'' stands out more for what it transgresses rather than what it embraces".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalanidhi |first=Manju Latha |title=Dhanalakshmi... I Love You! Review |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/dhanalakshmi...-i-love-you/telugu/dhanalakshmi...-i-love-you-movie-reviews-816-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201023418/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/dhanalakshmi...-i-love-you/telugu/dhanalakshmi...-i-love-you-movie-reviews-816-2.html |archive-date=1 December 2021 |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=Full Hyderabad}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title|3411666}}<br />
{{Hera Pheri}}{{Ramji Rao Speaking}}<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]<br />
[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Chakri]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Fiction about unemployment]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]<br />
[[Category:Films about banking]]<br />
[[Category:Films about businesspeople]]<br />
[[Category:Films about fraud]]<br />
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about landlords]]<br />
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about telephony]]<br />
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on television plays]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on multiple works]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in the 2000s]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian buddy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian screwball comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian slapstick comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]<br />
[[Category:Mafia comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Termination of employment in popular culture]]<br />
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhaneshwar_Nath_Mahadev_Mandir&diff=496637Dhaneshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir2026-02-23T18:24:51Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: made a data!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Ancient Lord Shiva temple in Mithila}}<br />
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Dhaneshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir|native_name=धनेश्वर नाथ महादेव मंदिर|native_name_lang=mai|deity=Lord Shiva|location=Belarahi village, Jhanjharpur subdivision, Mithila region|district=Madhubani district|state=Bihar|country=India|established=1844 AD|alt=|coordinates={{Coord|26.2564|N|86.2909|E|region:IN|display=title,inline}}|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|inscriptions=Mithilakshara ([[Tirhuta script]])}}<br />
'''Dhaneshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: धनेश्वर नाथ महादेव मंदिर) is a temple of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] at ''[[Belarahi]]'' village in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]]. It is located in the [[Jhanjharpur|Jhanjharpur subdivision]] of the [[Madhubani district]] in [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-07 |title=बेलारही गांव में पर्यटकीय संभावना तलाशने पहुंची पर्यटन विभाग की टीम |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/madhubani/tourism-department-team-reached-belarahi-village |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref> It is a mythical temple in the village. It is also known as ''Gaurishankar Mahadev Sthan''. Its present architecture was built in the year 1844.<ref>{{Cite news |title=पौराणिक मंदिर का होगा सौंदर्यीकरण |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-rapid-development-of-tourism-infrastructure-in-jhajharpur-minister-s-hometown-201738343133878.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref> It is locally also called as ''Baba Dhaneshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir''.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Shiva temples in Madhubani district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strawberry_Fields_High_School&diff=537661Strawberry Fields High School2026-02-22T20:23:03Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: Made a details first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox school<br />
| name = Strawberry Fields High School<br />
| motto =<br />
| address = Sector 26,<br />
| city = [[Chandigarh]]<br />
| state = [[Union Territory]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|30.7287879|N|76.8123824|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline}}<br />
| type = [[Private school]]<br />
| established = 2004<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://strawberryfieldshighschool.com/foundation-and-history/|title = Foundation & History}}</ref><br />
| principal = Nisha Kaul<br />
| colours = <br />
| mascot = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| affiliations = ICSE, ISC, IB<br />
| website = {{URL|http://strawberryfieldshighschool.com/}}<br />
| enrollment = <br />
| campus = Urban <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Strawberry Fields High School''' is a private school in [[Chandigarh|Chandigarh, India]], affiliated to the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] and [[Indian School Certificate (ISC)]]. It is also affiliated by the [[International Baccalaureate|International Baccalaureate (IB)]] for the Primary Years Programme and to award [[IB Diploma Programme|IB Diplomas]]. The School also offers the Cambridge Lower Secondary programme for Grades 6–8.<br />
<br />
The Durga Das Foundation, which governs the school, also inaugurated its third branch, Strawberry Fields High School, New Chandigarh, on 7 April 2025.<br />
<br />
.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-15 |title=Jammed roads, no parking space leave parents fuming at Sector 26 in Chandigarh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/jammed-roads-no-parking-space-leave-parents-fuming-at-sector-26-in-chandigarh-8445462/ |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-16 |title=Inter-school basketball Trophy: Strawberry Fields High defeats Gurukul World |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/interschool-basketball-trophy-strawberry-fields-high-defeats-gurukul-world-101697398246550.html |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Education in India]]<br />
*[[Literacy in India]]<br />
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Punjab, India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://strawberryfieldshighschool.com/ Strawberry Fields High School – Official Website]<br />
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Strawberry+Fields+High+School/@30.7287879,76.8123824,155m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x390fed243fffffff:0x1929fcacb34019be!8m2!3d30.7287833!4d76.8129291|title= Strawberry Fields High School}}<br />
{{Portal bar|School|Education}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Private schools in Chandigarh]]<br />
<br />
{{Chandigarh-school-stub}}</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawat_(surname)&diff=530058Rawat (surname)2026-02-22T13:01:09Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Family name}}<br />
{{other uses|Rawat (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Infobox Surname|name=Rawat|region=[[Uttarakhand]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]]|language=[[Hindi]], [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]], [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]|see also=[[Parmar (clan)|Parmar (Panwar)]], [[Negi (surname)|Negi]], [[Rautela]], [[Bisht (surname)|Bisht]], [[Bhandari]], [[Rana (name)|Rana]]}}<br />
<br />
The surname ''Rawat'' is a prominent family name in [[South Asia]], particularly in [[India]]. It is commonly associated with [[Rajput|Rajputs]] of [[Rajasthan]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lavania |first1=B. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vm_KCE4XXPMC&pg=PA816 |title=Rajasthan |last2=Samanta |first2=D. K. |date=1998 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-769-2 |language=en}}</ref> [[Uttarakhand]] ([[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] and [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arora |first=Ajay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SD1uAAAAMAAJ&q=History+of+Uttarakhand |title=Administrative History of Uttarakhand (Kumaon and Garhwal), During the Rule of the East India Company, 1815-1857 |date=1996 |publisher=Eastern Book Linkers |isbn=978-81-86339-33-6 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The name is also used among various communities in the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] regions and carries connotations of nobility and leadership.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} In Uttarakhand, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh the surname is used among [[Thakur (title)|Thakurs]].<br />
<br />
== Meaning ==<br />
The surname ''Rawat'' is derived from the Sanskrit word "Rajvata," meaning "ruler" or "kingdom." <br />
<br />
The word 'Rawat' is a compound where 'Ra' stands for Rajput, 'Va' for Veer (brave), and 'Ta' for Talwar (sword). It symbolizes a Rajput warrior who is brave and skilled with the sword — known as a Rawat Rajput.<br />
<br />
Historically, it was used as a title for people who performed exceptionally well in wars or possessed exceptional bravery Over time, it became a hereditary surname passed down through generations.<br />
<br />
== Notable people ==<br />
* [[Abhishek Rawat]], Indian actor<br />
* [[Amisha Rawat]], Indian paralympian<br />
* [[Anuj Rawat]], Indian cricketer<br />
* [[Asha Rawat]], Indian cricketer<br />
* [[Bipin Rawat]] (1958–2021), Indian Army officer and first Chief of Defence Staff of India<br />
* [[Chandan Singh Rawat]], Indian footballer at the 1952 Summer Olympics<br />
* [[Chitrashi Rawat]], Indian actress<br />
* [[Deepak Rawat]], Indian civil servant<br />
* [[Gopal Singh Rawat]], Indian civil servant<br />
* [[Hans Maharaj]], Indian religious leader<br />
* [[Harish Chandra Singh Rawat]], Indian mountaineer<br />
<br />
* [[Harish Rawat]], Indian National Congress politician and former chief minister of Uttarakhand<br />
* [[Jaswant Singh Rawat]] (1941-1962), Indian Army soldier<br />
* [[Jagat Rawat]], Indian actor<br />
* [[Karan B. Rawat]], Indian cinematographer<br />
* [[Lakshman Singh Rawat]], Lieutenant General in the Indian Army<br />
*[[Madhulika Rawat]] (1963–2021), Indian social worker, wife of Bipin Rawat<br />
*[[Manish Singh Rawat]], Indian racewalker<br />
* [[Menuka Rawat]], Nepalese athlete at the 1988 Summer Olympics<br />
* [[Nain Singh]] or Nain Singh Rawat, Indian explorer<br />
*[[Navaraj Rawat]], Nepali politician and former minister<br />
* [[Navi Rawat]], Indian-American actress<br />
* [[Nitendra Singh Rawat]], Indian athlete at the 2016 Rio Olympics<br />
* [[Om Prakash Rawat]], former Chief Election Commissioner of India<br />
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)]], Indian actor<br />
* [[Pradeep Rawat (politician)]], Indian politician, MP from Pune, Maharashtra<br />
* [[Pradeep Kumar Rawat]], Indian diplomat<br />
* [[Prashant Singh Rawat]], Indian basketball player<br />
* [[Prem Rawat]], Indian religious leader<br />
* [[Rajinder Singh Rawat]], Indian field hockey player at the 1988 Summer Olympics<br />
*Satpal Rawat or [[Satpal Maharaj]], Indian politician<br />
*[[Shonal Rawat]], Indian model<br />
*[[Suman Rawat]], Indian athlete<br />
*[[Suraj Rawat]], Indian footballer<br />
*[[Tejpal Singh Rawat]], Indian politician and former Director General of the Assam Rifles<br />
* [[Tirath Singh Rawat]], former chief minister of Uttarakhand, India<br />
* [[Trivendra Singh Rawat]], former chief minister of Uttarakhand, India<br />
*[[Veena Rawat]], Indian electrical engineer<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{Rajput Groups|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Chhetri communities}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Garhwali Rajputs]]<br />
[[Category:Khas surnames]]<br />
[[Category:Kumaoni Rajputs]]<br />
[[Category:Nepalese Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Rajput clans of Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Rajputs]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]<br />
[[Category:Surnames of Nepalese origin]]<br />
<br />
{{India-ethno-stub}}</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yash_Sinha&diff=546073Yash Sinha2026-02-12T06:20:56Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: Made a stub w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian television actor}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{BLP sources|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{Notability|Biographies|date=April 2020}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Yash Sinha<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = <br />
| othername = <br />
| birth_date = 20 August<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/birthday-wishes-yash-sinha-and-sushmita-mukherjee|title=Birthday wishes to Yash Sinha and Sushmita Mukherjee|date=2012-08-20|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2020}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Amrapali Gupta]]|2012}}<br />
| children = Kabir Sinha (son)<br />
| years_active = 2002–2021<br />
| occupation = [[Actor]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Yash Sinha''' (born 20 August) is an Indian television actor.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= July 2022}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Film<br />
! Role<br />
|-<br />
| 2017<br />
| ''[[Badrinath Ki Dulhania]]''<br />
| Aloknath Bansal<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Television ==<br />
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= July 2022}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Serial<br />
! Role<br />
! Channel<br />
|- <br />
| 2002<br />
| ''[[Bhabhi (TV series)|Bhabhi]]''<br />
| Rakesh Chopra<br />
| [[Star Plus]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2003–2004<br />
| ''[[Awaz - Dil Se Dil Tak]]''<br />
| Vinay Tiwari<br />
| [[Zee TV]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2004<br />
| ''[[Zameen Se Aassman Tak]]''<br />
|<br />
| [[Sahara One]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2004<br />
| ''[[Tumhari Disha]]''<br />
|<br />
| [[Zee TV]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2004<br />
| ''[[Pancham (TV series)|Pancham]]''<br />
| <br />
| [[Zee TV]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2005<br />
| Chi and Me<br />
| Raja<br />
| [[Zee TV]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2005–2007<br />
| ''[[Kituu Sabb Jaantii Hai]]''<br />
| Prabhakar<br />
| [[Sahara One]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2007<br />
| ''[[Kaajjal]]''<br />
| Ranveer<br />
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2007–2008<br />
| ''[[Har Ghar Kuch Kehta Hai]]''<br />
| Prem Thakral<br />
| [[Zee TV]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2007–2009<br />
| ''[[Teen Bahuraaniyaan]]''<br />
| Rohit Gheewala<br />
| [[Zee TV]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2008–2009<br />
| ''[[Doli Saja Ke]]''<br />
| Ishaan Singhania<br />
| [[Sahara One]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2009–2010<br />
| ''Bhagyavidhaata''<br />
| Vimalesh Sinha<br />
| [[Colors TV]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2011–2012<br />
| ''[[Afsar Bitiya]]''<br />
| Bablu Singh<br />
| [[Zee TV]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
| ''[[Code Red (Indian TV series)|Code Red]]''<br />
| Kabir<br />
| [[Colors TV]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2021<br />
| ''[[Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti]]''<br />
| Dr. Harsh<br />
| [[Zee TV]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Sinha married his co-star [[Amrapali Gupta]] on 28 November 2012.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/filmi-parties/bollywood/Yash-Sinha-and-Amrapalis-tied-the-knot/articleshow/17398424.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203062456/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-28/bollywood/35410279_1_amrapali-gupta-yash-sinha-tv-actors | url-status=live | archive-date=3 December 2013 | title=Yash Sinha and Amrapali's tied the knot |author= Wadhwa, Akash |date=28 November 2012 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=28 November 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Nach Baliye 6}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Yash}}<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Bihar]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._V._Chandgadkar&diff=467593M. V. Chandgadkar2026-02-08T11:59:59Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian cricket administrator}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Madhukar Vinayak Chandgadkar,<br />
| birth_date = 5 August 1920<br />
| birth_place = Belgaum<br />
| death_date = 8 June 1984<br />
| death_place = Bombay<br />
| occupation = cricket administrator<br />
}}<br />
'''Madhukar Vinayak Chandgadkar''', usually known as '''Prof. M. V. Chandgadkar''' (born in [[Belgaum]] 5 August 1920 - died in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], 8 June 1984), was an Indian cricket administrator and secretary of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI).<br />
<br />
Chandgadkar studied in the [[Rajaram College]], [[Kolhapur]] and [[Nowrosjee Wadia College|Wadia College]], [[Pune]]. He played as a right arm fast bowler for Wadia where he did his M. A. He was a Professor of English at the [[Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics|R. A. Podar College]], Bombay from 1944 till 1980.<br />
<br />
Chandgadkar was the secretary of BCCI from 1970-71 to 1974-75, joint secretary between 1968–69 and 1969–70 and executive secretary from 1980-81 to 1983-84. He was the joint secretary of [[Bombay Cricket Association]] between 1962–63 and 1978–79, and the vice president in the next year.<ref>Cricinfo, [http://feedsuk.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/NATIONAL/IND/FC_TEAMS/BOM/HISTORY/BOM_OFFICEBEARERS.html Past office bearers of MCA]</ref> He played an important part in the construction of the [[Wankhede Stadium]] and the library in the Garware Pavilion at the ground is named after him. [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] awarded him a life membership in 1978.<ref>Lord's.org, [http://www.lords.org/history/mcc-heritage/honorary-life-members/ Honorary Life Members] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607145536/http://www.lords.org/history/mcc-heritage/honorary-life-members/ |date=2013-06-07 }}</ref> Chandgadkar was also the president of the India cricket umpires association. He died from a heart attack.<ref>Obituary in [[Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket 1984]], p.667</ref><br />
<br />
He was single minded in attracting and developing great sporting talent into Podar College. In cricket alone, some of the big names were Dilip Vengsarkar, Ravi Shastri and Sanjay Manjrekar. In the sport of water polo, he attracted Vivek Abhyankar, who went to represent India and win a medial.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandgadkar, M. V.}}<br />
[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]<br />
[[Category:1920 births]]<br />
[[Category:1984 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Belgaum]]<br />
[[Category:Cricketers from Karnataka]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthrenus_maharashtranus&diff=486928Anthrenus maharashtranus2026-02-07T00:43:06Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: created a pg first draft!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of beetle}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| genus = Anthrenus<br />
| species = maharashtranus<br />
| authority = Háva, 2002<br />
| parent = Anthrenus (Anthrenus)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Anthrenus (Anthrenus) maharashtranus''''' is a species of [[Dermestidae|carpet beetle]] found in [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref name=wd-species/><ref name=dermestidae-herrmann/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|refs=<br />
<ref name=wd-species>{{Cite web |last=Háva |first=Jiří |date=2023 |title=World Dermestidae. Subfamily Megatominae |url=http://dermestidae.wz.cz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Subfamily-Megatominae.pdf |access-date=12 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602070250/http://dermestidae.wz.cz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Subfamily-Megatominae.pdf |archivedate=2 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<ref name=dermestidae-herrmann>{{Cite web |last=Herrmann |first=Andreas |date=2024 |title=Dermestidae (Abbildungen) |url=http://www.dermestidae.com/Abbildungen.html |access-date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602070649/http://www.dermestidae.com/Abbildungen.html |archivedate=2 June 2024}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2168314}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maharashtranus, Anthrenus}}<br />
[[Category:Fauna of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Beetles of India]]<br />
[[Category:Beetles of Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Beetles described in 2002]]<br />
[[Category:Anthrenus|maharashtranus]]<br />
<br />
{{Anthrenus-stub}}</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhubaneswar%E2%80%93Cuttack_Police_Commissionerate&diff=469953Bhubaneswar–Cuttack Police Commissionerate2026-02-05T15:49:42Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: basic expanded section for accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Police Commissionerate of Orissa}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox law enforcement agency<br />
| agencyname = Bhubaneswar–Cuttack Police Commissionerate<br />
| nativename = ଭୁବନେଶ୍ଵର-କଟକ ପୋଲିସ କମିସନରେଟ୍ <br />
| commonname = <br />
| abbreviation = <br />
| logo = Bbsr police commissionerate.gif<br />
| logocaption = Logo of Bhubaneswar–Cuttack Police Commissionerate<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| motto = '''We Care-We Dare'''<br />
| mottotranslated = ଆମେ ଯତ୍ନବାନ-ଆମେ ସାହସୀ<br />
| mission = <br />
| formedyear = 2008<br />
| formedmonthday = 1 January<br />
| preceding1 = <br />
| dissolved = <br />
| superseding = <br />
| employees = ➡Commissioner of Police '''(CP)''' <br />➡Additional Commissioner of Police '''(Addl. CP)''' <br />➡Deputy Commissioner of Police '''(DCP)'''<br />➡Assistant Commissioner of Police '''(ACP)'''<br />➡Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police '''(Addl. DCP)''' <br />➡Inspector '''(Inspr)''' <br />➡Sub-Inspector '''(SI)''' <br />➡ Assistant Sub-Inspector '''(ASI)'''<br />
| volunteers = <br />
| budget = <br />
| legalpersonality = <br />
| country = India<br />
| countryabbr = <br />
| divtype = Currently Mr. Satyajit Mohanty working as the commissioner of twincity police.<br />
| divname = [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Cuttack]]<br />
| map = <br />
| mapcaption = <br />
| sizearea = <br />
| sizepopulation = 14 Lakh<br />
| legaljuris = <br />
| governingbody = Government of Odisha<br />
| governingbodyscnd = <br />
| police = yes<br />
| local = yes<br />
| headquarters = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]<br />
| chief1name = '''Shri S. Dev Datta Singh''', [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<br />
| chief1position = [[Commissioner of Police]]<br />
| chief2name = '''Shri Narasingha Bhol''', [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<br />
| chief2position = Additional Commissioner of Police<br />
| parentagency = <br />
| stationtype = <br />
| stations = 43<br />
| website = http://www.bhubaneswarcuttackpolice.gov.in/<br />
| reference = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bhubaneswar–Cuttack Police Commissionerate''' ({{Langx|or|ଭୁବନେଶ୍ଵର-କଟକ ପୋଲିସ କମିଶନରେଟ}}), established in 2008, is a city [[police force]] with primary responsibilities in law enforcement and investigation within the metropolitan area of [[Bhubaneswar]]-[[Cuttack]] (respectively the capital and the former capital of the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Odisha]]).<ref name=evolution>{{cite web|title=Evolution|url=http://bhubaneswarcuttackpolice.gov.in/evolution_commissionerate.php|publisher=Bhubaneswar–Cuttack Police Commissionerate|access-date=6 February 2012|archive-date=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304102117/http://bhubaneswarcuttackpolice.gov.in/evolution_commissionerate.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was formed under the Odisha Urban Police Act, 2003 by a gazette notification which came into effect on 1 January 2008.<ref name=evolution /> It has 60 police stations under its jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite web|title=Police Stations|url=http://bhubaneswarcuttackpolice.gov.in/knowyourpolicestation.php|publisher=Bhubaneswar-Cuttack Police Commissionerate|access-date=6 February 2012|archive-date=30 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130193336/http://bhubaneswarcuttackpolice.gov.in/knowyourpolicestation.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shri S. Dev Datta Singh, IPS is currently the Commissioner of the Bhubaneswar–Cuttack Police Commissionerate.<br />
<br />
==Structure and jurisdiction==<br />
The Police Commissionerate is situated at [[Bhubaneswar]], and is divided into two urban police districts- Bhubaneswar and Cuttack. The Commissionerate is responsible for law enforcement over the urban agglomeration of Bhubaneswar and Cuttack with the help of 43 police stations under it. The Commissionerate is headed by the Commissioner of Police, who is an [[Indian Police Service]] officer in the rank of Inspector-General of Police (IGP).<ref name=orgstructure>{{cite web|title=Organisational Structure|url=http://bhubaneswarcuttackpolice.gov.in/organizational_structure.php|publisher=Bhubaneswar–Cuttack Police Commissionerate|access-date=6 February 2012|archive-date=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304102129/http://bhubaneswarcuttackpolice.gov.in/organizational_structure.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Commissioner is assisted by two ACP's. There are six Deputy Commissioners of Police (D.C.P), Law Officer, Public Relation Officer, Accounts Officer and 31 Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police, 68 Inspector/ Subedars and a large number of other officers & ministerial staffs to assist the commissioner.<ref name=rtistructure>{{cite web|title=Particulars of Organization, Functions and Duties|url=http://rtiorissa.gov.in/print_dept_home.php?dept_id=13&office_id=3051&sec_id=2&page=&pid=2|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121218211210/http://rtiorissa.gov.in/print_dept_home.php?dept_id=13&office_id=3051&sec_id=2&page=&pid=2|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 December 2012|publisher=RTI Orissa|access-date=6 February 2012}}</ref> The police stations are headed by an Inspector.<br />
<br />
===Police stations===<br />
[[File:State Police Head Quarters, Bhubaneswar.jpg|thumb|Bhubaneswar–Cuttack Commissionerate Police HQ in Bhubaneswar]]<br />
====Bhubaneswar division====<br />
* Capital<br />
* Kharvelnagar<br />
* Saheed Nagar<br />
* Nayapalli<br />
* Khandagiri<br />
* Mancheswar<br />
* Chandrasekharpur<br />
* ShreeLingaraj<br />
* Badagada<br />
* Airfield<br />
* Laxmisagar<br />
* Jatni<br />
* Mahila Police Station, Rajpath<br />
* Spl. Energy, Power House Square<br />
* Chandaka<br />
* Balianta<br />
* Balipatna<br />
* Infocity<br />
* Nandankanan<br />
* Tamando<br />
* Dhauli<br />
* Traffic Police Station, A.G Square<br />
* Bharatpur<br />
<br />
====Cuttack division====<br />
* Cantonment<br />
* Bidanasi<br />
* Markatnagar<br />
* Lalbag<br />
* Purighat<br />
* Madhupatna<br />
* Chauliaganj<br />
* Malgodown<br />
* Mangalabag<br />
* Daraghabazar<br />
* Mahila<br />
* Choudwar<br />
* Jagatpur<br />
* Spl. Energy<br />
* Sadar<br />
* Baranga<br />
* Badambadi<br />
* Kandarpur<br />
* CDA Phase-II<br />
* Traffic<br />
* Traffic NH Phulnakhara<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Law enforcement in India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhubaneswar-Cuttack Police Commissionerate}}<br />
[[Category:Metropolitan law enforcement agencies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Government of Bhubaneswar]]<br />
[[Category:Cuttack]]<br />
[[Category:Odisha Police]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Orissa]]<br />
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2008]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_Chandigarh_Municipal_Corporation_election&diff=4535512011 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election2026-02-03T09:02:29Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Local body election in India}}<br />
{{One source|date=December 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox legislative election<br />
|election_date= December 2011<br />
|election_name=2011 Chandigarh Municipal corporation election<br />
|country=India <br />
<!--|last_election4=1|after_party=TBD|percentage5=7.09%|percentage4=6.32%|percentage3=29.87%|percentage2=29.25%|percentage1=27.13%|last_election5=0|ongoing=No|last_election3=4|last_election2=20|last_election1=0|seats5=0|seats4=1|party5=Independents|seats3=8|seats2=12|after_election= |before_election=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|title=Majority|seats_for_election=All 35 seats of the [[Municipal Corporation Chandigarh|Chandigar Municipal Corporation]]|majority_seats=18|turnout=60.7%--><br />
| ongoing = No <br />
| previous_election = [[2006 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election|2006]]<br />
| next_election = [[2016 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election|2016]]<br />
| party1 = Indian National Congress<br />
| last_election1 = 12<br />
| seats1=11<br />
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| last_election2 = 6<br />
| seats2=10<br />
| party3=Shiromani Akali Dal<br />
| seats3=2<br />
|last_election3=2<br />
| party4 = Bahujan Samaj Party <br />
| seats4=1<br />
|last_election4=1<br />
| party5 = Independent<br />
| seats5=1<br />
|last_election5=0 <br />
| after_election = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| before_election = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| title = Majority<br />
| seats_for_election = All 25 seats of the [[Municipal Corporation Chandigarh|Chandigarh Municipal Corporation]]<br />
| majority_seats = 13<br />
| turnout = <br />
}}<br />
The elections for the [[Municipal Corporation Chandigarh|Chandigarh Municipal Corporation]] were held in December 2011. The candidates were in fray for the election to 25 seats (wards) of [[Chandigarh]] [[union territory]].<br />
<br />
Congress had won 11 seats out of total 25 and lost its majority. Congress was the largest party followed by BJP with 10 seats, SAD with 2 seats, BSP with 1 and 1 independent.<ref name="Tribuneindia 19 December 2011">{{cite news |title=Fresh faces form majority in new MC Cong wins 11 seats, BJP 10 & SAD 2; 10 candidates are women; biggest margin 2,779 votes |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111220/cth1.htm |access-date=27 December 2021 |work=tribuneindia.com |agency=Tribune News Service |date=19 December 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
[[2006 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election]] was the previous election in which Congress had won 12 seats out of total 21. Congress was the largest party followed by the BJP with 6 seats, SAD with 2 seats, BSP with 1 and 0 independent.<ref name="Tribuneindia 19 December 2011" /><br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
Congress had won 11 seats out of total 25. Congress was the largest party followed by BJP with 10 seats, SAD with 2 seats, BSP with 1 and 1 independent.<ref name="Tribuneindia 19 December 2011"/> <br />
{|class="sortable wikitable"<br />
|+| [[Municipal Corporation Chandigarh|Chandigarh Municipal Corporation]]<ref name="Tribuneindia 19 December 2011" /><br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Party!! Seats won !! '''Seats +/−'''<br />
!Vote % <br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[Indian National Congress]] || 11 || {{decrease}}1<br />
|<!-- VOTE Percent --><br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || 10 || {{increase}}4<br />
|<!-- VOTE Percent --><br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Shiromani Akali Dal}}<br />
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] || 2 || {{unchanged}} <br />
|<!-- VOTE Percent --><br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || 1 || {{unchanged}} <br />
|<!-- VOTE Percent --><br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Independent}}<br />
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]] || 1 || {{increase}}1<br />
|<!-- VOTE Percent 7.09% --><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members ==<br />
<!--<br />
{{Infobox legislature<br />
| name = Municipal Corporation Chandigarh<br />
| transcription_name = <br />
| legislature = <br />
| logo_pic = <br />
| logo_res = <br />
| logo_caption = <br />
| house_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]<br />
| houses = <br />
| chambers =<br />
| body = <br />
| jurisdiction = Union Territory of Chandigarh<br />
| foundation = {{Start date|1994|05|24}}<br />
| disbanded = --><!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --><!--<br />
| preceded_by = <br />
| succeeded_by = <br />
| new_session = <br />
| leader1_type = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]<br />
| leader1 = Anindita Mitra, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<br />
| election1 = 2021<br />
| leader2_type = [[Mayor]]<br />
| leader2 = Ravi Kant Sharma <br />
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| election2 = 8 January 2021<br />
| leader3_type = Deputy Mayor<br />
| leader3 = Farmila<br />
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| election3 = 8 January 2021<br />
| leader4_type = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]<br />
| leader5_type = <br />
| leader5 = <br />
| members = 35 (26 elected + 9 nominated)<br />
| structure1 = Chandigarh Municipal Corporation as of March 2020.svg<br />
| structure1_res = 300px<br />
| structure1_alt = <br />
| house1 =<br />
<br />
| political_groups1 = <br />
'''Ruling (29)'''<br />
*{{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (20)<br />
*{{Color box|#FFFFFF}} Nominated (9)<br />
<br />
'''Opposition (6)'''<br />
*{{Color box|#00BFFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (4)<br />
*{{Color box|#0F204A}} [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]] (1)<br />
*{{Color box|#757575}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (1)<br />
<br />
| term_length = 5 years<br />
| authority = <br />
| salary = <br />
| voting_system1 = <br />
| voting_system2 = <br />
| first_election1 = <br />
| last_election1 = December 2011<br />
| next_election1 = [[2021 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation elections|24 December 2021]]<br />
| redistricting = <br />
| motto = <br />
| session_room = <br />
| session_res = <br />
| session_alt = <br />
| meeting_place = New Deluxe Building, Sector 17, Chandigarh<br />
| website = {{URL|www.mcchandigarh.gov.in}}<br />
| constitution =<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Ravi Kant Sharma''' served as Mayor of Chandigarh.<br />
===Elected Councillors===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Ward No.<br />
!Councillor <br />
! colspan="2" |Party <br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
| Mahesh Inder Singh<br />
| bgcolor=#FF9933|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| Raj Bala Malik<br />
| bgcolor=#FF9933|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| Ravi Kant Sharma<br />
| bgcolor=#FF9933|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| Sunita Dhawan<br />
| bgcolor=#FF9933|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| Sheela Devi<br />
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
| Farmila<br />
| bgcolor=#FF9933|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
| Rajesh Kumar<br />
| bgcolor=#FF9933|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
| Arun Sood<br />
| bgcolor=#FF9933|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
| Gurbax Rawat<br />
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
| Hardeep Singh<br />
| bgcolor={{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|<br />
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
| Satish Kumar<br />
| bgcolor=#FF9933|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
| Chanderwati Shukla<br />
| bgcolor=#FF9933|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
| Heera Negi<br />
| bgcolor=#FF9933|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
| Kanwarjeet Singh <br />
| bgcolor=#FF9933|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
| Ravinder Kaur<br />
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
| Rajesh Kumar Gupta<br />
| bgcolor=#FF9933|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
| Asha Kumari Jaswal<br />
| bgcolor=#FF9933|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
| Devinder Singh Babla <br />
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|19<br />
| Dalip Sharma<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |<br />
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
| Shakti Parkash Devshali<br />
| bgcolor=#FF9933|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|21<br />
| Gurpreet Singh<br />
| bgcolor=#FF9933|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
| Davesh Moudgil<br />
| bgcolor=#FF9933|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
| Bharat Kumar<br />
| bgcolor=#FF9933|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
| Anil Kumar Dube<br />
| bgcolor=#FF9933|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|25<br />
| Jagtar Singh<br />
| bgcolor=#FF9933|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|26<br />
| Vinod Aggarwal<br />
| bgcolor=#FF9933|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Nominated Councillors===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Sr. No.<br />
!Councillor <br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
| Charanjiv Singh<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| Ajay Dutta<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| Sachin Kumar Lohtiya<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| Haji Mohd. Khurshid Ali<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| Dr. Joytsna Wig<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
| Shipra Bansal<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
| Sat Parkash Aggarwal<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
| Kamla Sharma<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
| Maj. Gen. M. S. Kandal<br />
|}<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
The Chandigarh Municipal Corporation council completed its tenure of 5 years. After the council's term had expired, [[2016 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election]] were held.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Chandigarh elections}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandigarh Municipal Corporation Election, 2011}}<br />
[[Category:Municipal corporation elections in India|Chandigarh]]<br />
[[Category:Elections in Chandigarh]]<br />
[[Category:2010s in Chandigarh]]<br />
[[Category:2011 elections in India]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamakhya_Charan_Ghosh&diff=507877Kamakhya Charan Ghosh2026-01-15T10:52:59Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: started a data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Bengali revolutionary (1914-1997)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Kamakhya Charan Ghosh <br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date text| 19 April 1914}} <br />
| birth_place = [[Midnapore]], Bengal Presidency, British India<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age text| 19 April 1997|19 April 1913}}<br />
| death_place =[[Midnapore]], India<br />
| known = <br />
| occupation = Revolutionary<br />
| organization = [[Bengal Volunteers]]<br />
| movement = [[Indian Freedom Movement]]<br />
| known for = <br />
| citizenship = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
''' Kamakhya Charan Ghosh ''' (19 April 1914 – 19 April 1997 ) was an Indian revolutionary and member of the [[Bengal Volunteers]] who carried out assassinations against British colonial officials in an attempt to secure Indian independence.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.literacyparadise.com/2020/08/List-of-Bengali-Freedom-Fighters-in-Cellular-Jail.html | title=আন্দামান সেলুলার জেলের ৩৯০ জন বাঙালি স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামীর তালিকা }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Kamakhya Ghosh was born in[[Midnapore]] in the year 1914. After passing the matriculation examination from [[Midnapore Town School]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Human Rights and Peace: Ideas, Laws, Institutions and Movements|last=Ujjwal Kumar Singh|date= 2009|publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=9789352801626}}</ref> he admitted to Midnapur College for further studies. Later he joined the Bengal Volunteers, a revolutionary organisation of [[British India]].<ref name=Sengupta-Basu>{{Cite book|title=Sansad Bangali Charitavidhan (Bengali)|last1=Sengupta |first1=Subodhchandra |last2=Basu |first2=Anjali |publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2002|isbn=81-85626-65-0|volume=I|location=Kolkata|page=297}}</ref>[[ File:Andaman_Cellular_Jail_-_Port_Blair_2009-04-15_4150245.JPG |thumb|Kamakhya Charan Ghosh 's name in Andaman Cellular Jail list, Port Blair 2009]]<br />
<br />
== Revolutionary activities ==<br />
After the murders of two previous [[District Magistrate]]s James Peddy and Robert Douglas, no British officer was ready to take charge of [[Midnapore district]]. Former soldier Bernard E. J. Burge was then posted to [[Midnapore district]].<ref name=Sengupta-Basu/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sabyasachi |first1=Biplabi |title=Historic Day: আজ অত্যাচারী ব্রিটিশ জেলাশাসক বার্জ হত্যার সেই ঐতিহাসিক দিন |url=https://biplabisabyasachi.com/that-was-the-historic-day-of-the-assassination-of-the-oppressive-british-district-magistrate-burge/ |website=Biplabi Sabyasachi |access-date=2 March 2024 |date=2 September 2021}}</ref> Members of the Bengal Volunteers: [[Ramkrishna Roy]], [[Brajakishore Chakraborty]], [[Prabhanshu Sekhar Pal]], Kamakhya Charan Ghosh, Sonatan Roy, Nanda Dulal Singh, Sukumar Sen Gupta, Bijoy Krishna Ghose, Purnananda Sanyal, Manindra Nath Choudhury, Saroj Ranjan Das Kanungo, Santi Gopal Sen, Sailesh Chandra Ghose, [[Anath Bondhu Panja]] and [[Mrigendra Dutta]] decided to assassinate him.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hssXP1hBYscC&q=Bhattacharya+killed+magistrate+Douglas&pg=PA254|title=History of the Freedom Movement in India (1857–1947)|last=S. N. Sen|year=1997|publisher=New Age International |isbn=9788122410495|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=বেঙ্গল ভলান্টিয়ার |last= Madhumanti Sengupta |publisher= Ananda Publishers |date= 1 January 2016 |isbn=978-9389876772|location= Kolkata |pages=}}</ref> Roy, Chakraborty, [[Nirmal Jibon Ghosh]] and Dutta planned to shoot Burge dead while he was playing in a football match between Midnapore Mohammedan sporting Club (a fan club of [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)]]) and Midnapore Town Club([[Francis Bradley Bradley-Birt|Bradley-Birt football tournament]]) at the police grounds of [[Midnapore]]. On 2 September 1933 during the half time of the football match on the police parade ground, Burge was shot and killed by Panja and Dutta. Panja was killed instantly by one of Burges' bodyguards. Dutta was also shot and died in hospital on the next day.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Who's Who of Indian Martyrs|first=P. N. | last=Chopra|volume=1|year=1969|publisher=Ministry of Education and Youth Services, Government of India |isbn=9788123021805}}</ref> Anath Bondhu Panja and Mrigendra Dutta were acquitted of the murder of Magistrate Burge.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rammanohar Lohia|last=Volume 9|year=1990|isbn=9788171002511}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wbcorrectionalservices.gov.in/history_heritage03.html|title=Midnapore Central Correctional Home|website=wbcorrectionalservices.gov.in|access-date=24 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Chronological Dictionary of India's Independence|last=Kali Charan Ghosh|publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2012|isbn=978-81-86806-20-3|location=Kolkata|pages=87}}</ref><ref name="midnapore-volunteers">{{cite web |title=Bengal Volunteers of Midnapore |url=https://www.midnapore.in/bv.html |website=www.midnapore.in |access-date=28 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1Pclr-6w94C&q=Nirmal+Jiban+Ghosh&pg=PA44|title=Rammanohar Lohia|last=Volume 9|year=1990|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=9788171002511|access-date=24 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y74pDwAAQBAJ&q=Bhattacharya+killed+magistrate+Douglas&pg=PA151|title=Gentlemanly Terrorists: Political Violence and the Colonial State in India|last=Durba Ghosh|date=20 July 2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107186668|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> After the shootout he was arrested from the Salbani Jungle. He was subjected to inhuman torture by the Superintendent of Police in police custody, which was acknowledged by the judge. .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/600128/|title= Emperor vs Nirmal Jiban Ghose And Ors. on 30 August, 1934|access-date=28 October 2021}}</ref> On 10 February 1934, a special tribunal sentenced him and six others to life imprisonment and moved to the Andaman Islands. He release from prison in 1946. before independence he spend more then 13 years in jail<br />
<br />
== Later life ==<br />
After the [[Independence of India]], , he became a member of the Communist Party. After the party was outlawed, he was imprisoned again and spent a total of nineteen years in prison at various stages. He led the peasant-labor organization. From 1967 to 1991. Ghosh was elected to the Legislative Assembly six times as a member of the Communist Party i.e. 1967,1969, 1979 (Repolling after Bankim Bihari Pals death), 1982, 1987, 1991.<ref name=eciwb67>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1967 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL|website=Election Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317110615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2014 |language=en-IN}}</ref> From 1969 to 1980 he was also the secretary of the party's Midnapore district committee. He was a member of Vidyasagar University and Midnapore College Committee<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.midnapore.in/freedomfighters/kamakhya_ghosh.html|title= Kamakhya Charan Ghosh|website= midnapore.in }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Kamakhya Charan}}<br />
[[Category:1914 births]]<br />
[[Category:1997 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]<br />
[[Category:Indian nationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]<br />
[[Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district]]<br />
[[Category:Revolutionaries from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from West Bengal]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pascoal_de_Chicalim&diff=524672Pascoal de Chicalim2026-01-13T20:59:11Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: New basic biography and citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian playwright and director (born 1970)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Pascoal de Chicalim <br />
| image = Pascoal de Chicalim at Tiatr Day (cropped).jpg <br />
| caption = Fernandes at the [[Kala Academy]], 2018<br />
| birth_name = Pascoal Tony Fernandes<br />
| birth_place = [[Mapusa, Goa]], India<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|3|15|df=y}}<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Playwright|theatre director|producer|actor|singer}}<br />
| years_active = {{circa|1983}}–present<br />
| other_names = Pascu<br />
| notable_works = {{ubl|<br />
* ''[[Do Pal]]'' (1991)<br />
* ''[[Connection (film)|Connection]]'' (2017)<br />
}}<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Sharon Fernandes|1996}}<br />
| children = 2<br />
| employer = [[Mormugao Port Trust]]<br />
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/pascoalf3}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pascoal Tony Fernandes''' (born 15 March 1970), known professionally as '''Pascoal de Chicalim''', is an Indian playwright, theatre director, [[theatrical producer]], actor, and singer known for his work in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]], [[Marathi theatre|Marathi ''nataks'']], and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Fernandes grew up with his sisters, including Sera, Felicia, Sabrina, and Dolsey.<ref name=":1" /> From a young age, he demonstrated an interest and talent in the [[performing arts]]. During his early adolescence, at 13 years old, he authored his inaugural ''[[tiatr]]'' performance titled ''Sogllim Ami Ektaim'' (All of Us Together), which debuted in his village as part of the annual festivities commemorating [[Mother Mary]]. Over the following years, Fernandes continued his literary journey by crafting ''tiatrs'' such as ''Bunead'' (Foundation) and ''Kupam'' (Clouds) specifically tailored for village feasts and communal celebrations. In his early career as a playwright, he crafted ''tiatrs'' for the [[parish church]] in Colvale,<ref name=":0" /> collaborating with amateur actors to present these theatrical works. Fernandes began his artistic career by predominantly presenting performances in rural villages and local environments.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-02 |title=Pascoal de Chicalim is on a mission to snuff out the 'devil' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/pascoal-de-chicalim-is-on-a-mission-to-snuff-out-the-devil/articleshow/51656382.cms |access-date=2024-08-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
Fernandes hailed from the town of Colvale,<ref name=":0" /> but later he made a transition to [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]] due to professional motivations and has chosen to maintain his place of residence there. There have been instances of confusion where individuals have incorrectly attributed Fernandes to the nearby region of [[Chicalim]] in Vasco da Gama, possibly owing to the similarity in names between the two locations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2013-05-08 |title=It's a case of mistaken identity sometimes: Pascoal de Chicalim |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/its-a-case-of-mistaken-identity-sometimes-pascoal-de-chicalim/articleshow/19949911.cms |access-date=2024-08-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Fernandes's upbringing was shaped by his mother Maria's insistence that the family master the use of a traditional [[Grinding machine|grinding tool]] known as a ''Rogddo''. She was strict in ensuring her children, including Fernandes, learned to grind food items properly using this device, and would even resort to physical discipline if they did not cooperate. This resulted in Fernandes facing mockery from neighbors until his father Camilo acquired a [[Mixer (appliance)|mixer]], which made the [[grinding stone]] obsolete.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=De Chicalim |first=Pascoal |date=21 July 2024 |title=ROGDDO The Grinding Stone |url=https://www.nizgoenkar.com/newsDetails.php?id=700 |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=Niz Goenkar}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Fernandes' 1990 production titled ''Tuzo Rag Mhozo Bodlo'' (Your Anger, My Revenge) was a milestone, elevating him to widespread acknowledgment. Around the same time, he was given the stage name "Pascoal de Chicalim" by Fr. Savio Gama, a priest known for his [[Faith healing|healing abilities]] originating from [[Verna, Goa|Verna]] in the region of [[Goa]], and connected to the [[Colvale]] church at the time. In addition to his own dramatic works, Fernandes also contributed to ''[[tiatr]]s'' ([[Konkani-language]] theatrical productions) created by other popular [[Goan]] artists. He collaborated with the [[Mapusa]]-based playwright Joe Boy, providing input for the ''tiatrs Soiro'' (Relative) and ''To Melo'' (He Died). These productions featured a cast that included [[Wilson Mazarello|Wilmix]]/[[Sharon Mazarello|Sharon]], [[William de Curtorim]], [[H. Britton]], and [[Young Chico]]. Furthermore, Fernandes had acting roles in the ''tiatr Chitrakar'' ("Painter") by Bonaventure D'Pietro, as well as in a theatrical production overseen by Fermeena Khaunte.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Son of Colvale & Chicalim's pride |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Son-of-Colvale-Chicalim%E2%80%99s-pride/164248 |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Fernandes was actively involved in various aspects of ''tiatr'' production, including scriptwriting, performing, and singing. He exhibited a fervor for vocal performance, actively engaging in village theatrical performances called ''tiatrs'', where he formed collaborations with the comedian Leslie. This demonstrated his versatility as a performer, able to [[theatre practitioner|transition between various roles]] within the ''tiatr'' medium. Beyond his work as a performer, Fernandes also contributed to the ''tiatr'' canon as a playwright. The theatrical production ''Gulfache Udok'' (Water of Gulf) was written by him specifically for the producer Seby de St. Jose de Areal, assembling a cast of seasoned ''tiatr'' artists for this production. The play was staged 11 times, showcasing the talents of the performers under his direction. Fernandes also leveraged opportunities to showcase his talents on a larger stage. In 2010, he participated in the annual ''tiatr'' competition organized by the [[Kala Academy]], presenting his work ''Pojisanv'' (Position), which secured the fourth place. This recognition encouraged Fernandes to expand his reach, and in 2012, he transitioned to the commercial ''tiatr'' circuit, continuing to present his artistic endeavors to a wider audience.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Since the early 2010s, Fernandes has written and directed [[Konkani language|Konkani]] plays that have achieved commercial success and were characterized by an element of [[Mystery play|suspense in their storytelling]], including ''Doria'' (2013), ''Viva Sao Joao'' (2014), ''Devchar'' (2015), ''Anj Boddvo'' (2016), ''Sopon'' (2017), ''Kolakaram'' (2018), ''Rochnna'' (2019), and ''Hanv Goemcho Saiba'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiatr staged to support Konkani newspaper |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/tiatr-staged-to-support-konkani-newspaper/87198.html |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref> In addition to his playwriting and directorial work, Fernandes has experience as a [[stage manager]]. He collaborated with the [[Goan]] theatrical figure Irineu Gonsalves in the creation of the ''tiatr'' performance ''Goy Goykaranchem'',<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Team |first1=Herald |title=Go Irineu… Go… Let's Tiatr! |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Go-Irineu%E2%80%A6-Go%E2%80%A6-Let%E2%80%99s-Tiatr/82995 |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref> (Goa Belongs to Goans), which was Gonsalves' first such production. Fernandes' adeptness in [[regional language]]s, particularly [[Marathi language|Marathi]], has facilitated his diversification into theatrical endeavors beyond Konkani productions. He has performed in four [[Marathi theatre|Marathi village ''nattaks'']] (dramas), with two productions emphasizing [[Social issue|social themes]], while two others centering on [[History (theatrical genre)|historical subjects]]. Fernandes' creative contributions extend beyond the theater. He played a role in the 2017 [[Konkani cinema|Konkani movie]] ''[[Connection (film)|Connection]]'' produced by Silvester Fernandes<ref>{{Cite web |title=This 'connection' is strong! |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/This-%E2%80%98connection%E2%80%99-is-strong/125259 |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref> and also appeared in the 1991 [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] ''[[Do Pal]]'' alongside veteran actors [[Paresh Rawal]] and [[Akshay Anand]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
While Fernandes's primary creative outlet is acting, he has scripted ''[[tiatr]]s'', particularly in crafting suspenseful narratives. As an actor, he is particularly known for his abilities in [[character acting]] on the ''tiatr'' stage. This sometimes overshadows his skills as a singer. He prefers embodying complex character roles, often of a [[suspense]]ful or dramatic nature. Fernandes' output as a [[Theatre practitioner|''tiatr'' practitioner]] is constrained by his professional responsibilities at the [[Mormugao Port Trust]] (MPT). In contrast to certain peers who often stage several ''tiatr'' shows each season, he dedicates his attention to creating a single significant production annually. However, he dedicates significant time and attention to refining this singular annual ''tiatr'', with the aim of delivering a performance that thoroughly captivates the ''tiatr''-going audience.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Fernandes moved to [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]],<ref name=":2" /> to work near the [[Mormugao Port Trust]], where he is currently employed.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:de Chicalim, Pascoal}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1970 births]]<br />
[[Category:Tiatrists]]<br />
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]<br />
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haridwar_Municipal_Corporation&diff=452852Haridwar Municipal Corporation2025-12-27T11:42:40Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Civic body that governs the city of Haridwar in Uttarakhand, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{multiple issues|<br />
{{notability|Companies|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=June 2019}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox legislature<br />
| name = Haridwar Municipal Corporation<br />
| native_name = हरिद्वार नगर निगम<br />
| transcription_name = Haridwar Nagar Nigam<br />
| legislature = Unicameral Legislature<br />
| coa_pic = <br />
| coa_res = <br />
| coa_alt = <br />
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]] <br />
| body = <br />
| houses = <br />
| leader1_type = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]<br />
| leader1 = Kiran Jaisal<br />
| leader2_type = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]<br />
| leader2 = Varun Chaudhary, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<br />
|leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Assistant Municipal Commissioner]]<br />
| leader3 = Vinod Kumar, [[Provincial Civil Service (Uttarakhand)|PCS]]<br>Tanvir Marwah, [[Provincial Civil Service (Uttarakhand)|PCS]]<br />
| leader4_type = <br />
| leader4 = <br />
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
| election1 = 7 February 2025<br />
| party2 =<br />
| election2 = <br />
| members = 60<br />
| structure1 = India Haridwar, Uttarakhand Municipal Corporation 2025.svg<br />
| structure1_res = 300px<br />
| political_groups1 =<br />
'''Government (40)'''<br />
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (40)<br />
'''Opposition (20)'''<br />
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (15)<br />
*{{Color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (5)<br />
| voting_system1 = [[first-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]<br />
| voting_system2 = <br />
| last_election1 = [[2025 Haridwar Municipal Corporation election|23 January 2025]]<br />
| next_election1 = 2030<br />
| session_room = <br />
| session_res = <br />
| session_alt = <br />
| meeting_place = Nagar Nigam Bhavan, Haridwar<br />
| website = [https://www.haridwarnagarnigam.com/ Nagar Nigam Haridwar]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Haridwar Municipal Corporation''' is the civic body that governs the city of [[Haridwar]] in [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
== Structure ==<br />
This corporation consists of 60 wards and is headed by a [[mayor]] who presides over a deputy mayor and 59 other [[councillor|corporators]] representing the wards. The mayor is elected directly through a first-past-the-post voting system and the deputy mayor is elected by the corporators from among their numbers.<br />
<br />
==List of mayors==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | S. No.<br />
! Name<br />
! colspan=3| Term<ref>[http://www.haridwarnagarnigam.com/ Nagar Nigam, Haridwar]</ref><br />
! colspan=2| Party<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
|1<br />
|Manoj Garg<br />
|3 May 2013<br />
|3 May 2018<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2013|5|3|2018|5|3}}<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
| colspan=2| ''Administrator'' <br />
|3 May 2018 <br />
|2 December 2018<br />
| {{age in years and days|sortable=table|2018|5|4|2018|12|2}}<br />
|[[Government of Uttarakhand]]<br />
| style="background-color: white" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
|2<br />
|Anita Sharma<br />
|2 December 2018<br />
|2 December 2023<br />
| {{age in years and days|sortable=table|2018|12|2|2023|12|2}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center;height=:60px;"<br />
| colspan=2| ''Administrator''<br />
|2 December 2023<br />
|6 February 2025<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2023|12|2|2025|2|6}}<br />
|[[Government of Uttarakhand]]<br />
| style="background-color: white" |<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
|3<br />
|Kiran Jaisal<br />
|7 February 2025<br />
|[[Incumbent]]<br />
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2025|2|7}}<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] <br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current members==<br />
Haridwar Municipal Corporation has a total of 60 members or corporators, who are directly elected after a term of 5 years. The council is led by the Mayor. The latest elections were held in [[2025 Uttarakhand local elections|23 January 2025]]. The current mayor of Kiran Jaisal of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="Uttarakhand SEC Portal">{{cite web|url=https://secvoter.uk.gov.in/UlbResult/ElectionResultDashboard_main2|title=2025 Uttarakhand Local Election Results|work=State Election Commission Uttarakhand|accessdate=26 January 2025|language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=6 align=center bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<span style="color:white;">'''Mayor: Kiran Jaisal'''</span><br />
|-<br />
! Ward No !! Ward Name !! Name of Corporator || colspan="2"|Party|| Remarks<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || Saptarishi || Akash Bhati || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || Bhupatwala || Sunita Sharma || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || Durga Nagar || Suryakant Sharma || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || Kharkhari || Rishabh Vashisht || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || Shri Gangadhar Mahadev Nagar || Anil Vashisht || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 6 || Bhimgora || Sumit Chaudhary || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 7 || Har Ki Pauri || Shruti Khevadia || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 8 || Gaughat || Himanshu Gupta || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 9 || Brahmpuri || Sohit Sethi || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 10 || Bilkeshwar || Sachin Kumar || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 11 || Shrawan Nath Nagar || Deepak Sharma || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 12 || Nirmala Cantonment || Ishtadev Soni || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 13 || Mayapur || Manju Rawat || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 14 || Rishikul || Lalit Rawat || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 15 || Vivek Vihar || Vivek Bhushan || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 16 || Shivlok || Nisha Naudiyal || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 17 || Tibri || Rani Devi || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 18 || Govindpuri || Mamata Negi || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || Khanna Nagar || Monika Saini || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 20 || Awas Vikas || Rajesh Sharma || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 21 || Sharda Nagar || Pinki Chaudhary || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 22 || Aryanagar || Sapna Sharma || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 23 || Ramnagar || Ashi Sharma || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 24 || Krishna Nagar || P.S. Gill || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 25 || Acharayan || Ekta Gupta || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 26 || Sandesh Nagar || Shubham Mendola || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 27 || Latowali || Sunil Agarwal || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 28 || Rajghat || Mukul Parashar || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 29 || Kumhar Garha || Prashant Saini || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 30 || Chowk Bazaar || Sachin Agarwal || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 31 || Ravidas Basti || Bhupendra Kumar || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 32 || Nathnagar || Anuj Singh || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 33 || Shastri Nagar || Sunil Kumar Singh || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 34 || Ambedkar Nagar || Nisha Pundir || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 35 || Kadachh || Anju Kumar || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 36 || Teliyan || Monika Gihar || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 37 || Katorawan || Nauman Ansari || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 38 || Mehtan || Annu Mehta || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 39 || Lodha Mandi || Shabana || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 40 || Peeth Bazaar || Jahara || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|<br />
| [[Independent politician|IND]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 41 || Kassawan || Arshad Khwaja || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 42 || Valmiki Basti || Kritika Vaid || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 43 || Paodhoi || Harvinder || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 44 || Trimurti Nagar || Ahsan Ansari || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|<br />
| [[Independent politician|IND]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 45 || Tapovan Nagar || Yogendra Saini || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 46 || Neelkhudana || Khursheeda Ahmad || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 47 || Pandewala || Adesh Kumar || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|<br />
| [[Independent politician|IND]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 48 || Chaklana || Ashutosh Chakrapani || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 49 || Lakkadharan || Tanmay Kshetriya || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|<br />
| [[Independent politician|IND]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 50 || Maidanian || Neelofar Ansari || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 51 || Ghosian || Heena Parveen || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 52 || Ahvab Nagar || Sunil Kumar Pandey || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 53 || Vishnu Lok || Hitesh Chaudhary || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 54 || Gurukul || Nagendra Singh Rana || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 55 || Shivpuri || Sunny Kumar || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 56 || Hanumantpuram || Yadram Walia || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 57 || Jagjeetpur || Manoj Puraliya || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 58 || Raja Garden || Sumit Tyagi || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 59 || Sitapur || Vineet Chauhan || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 60 || Harilok || Aakarshika Sharma || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|<br />
| [[Independent politician|IND]]<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
The Haridwar Municipal Corporation holds direct elections every five years in the state and the latest elections were those held in the year 2025.<br />
<br />
===Mayoral===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!rowspan="2"|Year<br />
!rowspan="2"|No. of Wards<br />
!colspan="5"|Winner<br />
!colspan="5"|Runner Up<br />
!rowspan="2"|Margin<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
!Candidate<br />
!Votes<br />
!%<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
!Candidate<br />
!Votes<br />
!%<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013 Haridwar Municipal Corporation election|2013]]<br />
|30<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|Manoj Garg<br />
|48,950<br />
|48.76<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|Rishishwarananda<br />
|31,803<br />
|31.67<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|17,147<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|rowspan=2|60<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|Anita Sharma<br />
|59,672<br />
|48.61<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|Annu Kakkar<br />
|56,205<br />
|45.79<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3,467<br />
|-<br />
|[[2025 Haridwar Municipal Corporation election|2025]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|Kiran Jaisal<br />
|72,773<br />
|57.86<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|Amresh Baliyan<br />
|44,203<br />
|35.15<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|28,570<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Ward-wise===<br />
====2025====<br />
{|class="sortable wikitable"<br />
|+| Haridwar Municipal Corporation<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Party!! Won !! '''+/−'''<br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || 40 || {{increase}}7<br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[Indian National Congress]] || 15 ||{{decrease}}3<br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || 0 ||{{decrease}}1<br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Independent politician}}<br />
| [[Independent politician|Independents]] || 5 || {{decrease}}3<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''|| '''60''' || {{no change}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====2018====<br />
{|class="sortable wikitable"<br />
|+| Haridwar Municipal Corporation<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Party!! Won !! '''+/−'''<br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || 33 || {{increase}}14<br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[Indian National Congress]] || 18 ||{{increase}}12<br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || 1 ||{{increase}}1<br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Independent politician}}<br />
| [[Independent politician|Independents]] || 8 || {{increase}}3<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''|| '''60''' ||{{increase}}30<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====2013====<br />
{|class="sortable wikitable"<br />
|+| Haridwar Municipal Corporation<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Party!! Won !! '''+/−'''<br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || 19 || ''New''<br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[Indian National Congress]] || 6 || ''New''<br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Independent politician}}<br />
| [[Independent politician|Independents]] || 5 || ''New''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''|| '''30''' ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[2013 Haridwar Municipal Corporation election]]<br />
* [[2025 Haridwar Municipal Corporation election]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Municipalities of Uttarakhand}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Haridwar]]<br />
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ali_Mungeri&diff=518777Muhammad Ali Mungeri2025-12-15T18:32:46Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: added first biography needs work - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Short description|Indian Muslim scholar}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
|name = Muḥammad Ali Mungeri<br />
|image = <br />
|caption = <br />
|office1= First [[List of chancellors and principals of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama|Chancellor of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]<br />
|term_start1= 26 September 1898<br />
|term_end1= 19 July 1903<br />
|predecessor1 = Position established <br />
|successor1 = [[Masihuzzaman Khan]]<br />
|module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed = yes|religion=Islam<br />
|birth_date = {{birth date|1846|7|28|df=y}}<br />
|birth_place = [[Kanpur]], [[Mughal India]]<br />
|death_date = {{date of death and age|1927|9|13|1846|7|28|df=y}}<br />
|alma_mater = [[Mazahir Uloom]]<br />
|founder = {{bulleted list|[[Nadwatul Ulama]]|[[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]}}<br />
|notable_works = ''Ā'īna-e-Islām'', ''Sāti' al-Burhān'', ''Barāhīn-e-Qāti'ah'', ''Faisla Āsmāni'', ''Shahādat-e-Āsmāni''<br />
|children = [[Minnatullah Rahmani]] (son)<br />
|relatives = [[Wali Rahmani]] (grandson)<br />
}}}}<br />
'''Muḥammad Ali Mungeri''' (28 July 1846 – 13 September 1927) was an Indian Muslim scholar who was the founder [[Nadwatul Ulama]] and first chancellor of its [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama|Darul Uloom]], a major Islamic seminary in [[Lucknow]]. He extensively wrote against [[Christianity]] and [[Ahmadiyya]]. His books include ''Ā'īna-e-Islām'', ''Sāti' al-Burhān'', ''Barāhīn-e-Qāti'ah'', ''Faisla Āsmāni'' and ''Shahādat-e-Āsmāni''. <br />
<br />
Muḥammad Ali was a student of [[Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri]] and an authorized disciple of Fazl Raḥmān Ganj Murādābādi. He resigned from the Nadwatul Ulama in 1903 and shifted to [[Munger]] where he established the Khānqah Raḥmāniya. His son [[Minnatullah Rahmani]] was among the founders of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] and his grandson [[Wali Rahmani]] established the institution of [[Rahmani30]].<br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Muḥammad Ali Mungeri was born on 28 July 1846 in [[Kanpur]].{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=31}} His [[Arabic name#Ism|ism]] ([[given name]]) was Muḥammad Ali. His ''[[nasab]]'' ([[patronymic]]) is: Muḥammad Ali ibn Abd al-Ali ibn Ghaws Ali ibn Rāhat Ali ibn Amān Ali ibn Nūr Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad Umar ibn Āshiq Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad Shah ibn Atīqullah ibn Qutbuddīn ibn Makhdūm Abu Bakr ibn Bahā al-Haqq Habībullah Multāni ibn Ḥasan ibn Yūsuf ibn Jamāl al-Haqq ibn Ibrāhim ibn Rāji Ḥāmid ibn Mūsa Aḥmad Shibli ibn Ali ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan ibn Abu Saleh ibn [[Abdul Razzaq Jilani|Abd al-Razzāq]] ibn [[Abdul Qadir Jilani]].{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=31}}<br />
<br />
Muḥammad Ali studied the [[Quran]] with his uncle Zahoor Ali and the primary books of [[Persian language|Persian]] with Abd al-Wāhid Balgrāmi.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=32}} He was among the early students of the Madrasa Faiz-e-Aam in Kanpur. He studied there with Ināyat Aḥmad Kākori, Sayyid Ḥussain Shah and Lutfullah Aligarhi; however left his studies incomplete as his mother insisted him to marry.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=35-36}} Aged 22, Muḥammad Ali was married in [[Mohiuddinpur]], where he stayed for two years. Meanwhile his teacher Lutfullah Aligarhi had moved to [[Aligarh]] where he continued his teaching circle at the Madrasa Jāmi' Masjid. Muḥammad Ali shifted to Aligarh and completed his remaining course with Lutfullah Aligarhi.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=35-36}} He completed studying rational sciences with Lutfullah and then studied the ''[[Sihah Sittah]]'' with him.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=37-38}} He went to [[Mazahir Uloom]] in 1293 [[Hijri year|AH]] where he stayed with [[Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri]] for nine months and studied the ''Sihah Sittah'', ''Muwatta Imam Muḥammad'' and ''[[Muwatta Imam Malik]]'' with him.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Shahid Saharanpuri |title=Ulama e Mazahir Uloom aur unki Ilmi wa tasnīfi khidmāt |page= 287|volume=1|publisher=Maktaba Yādgār-e-Shaykh |location=Saharanpur |edition=2005 |language=ur}}</ref>{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=43-44}} Muḥammad Ali was an authorized disciple of [[Shah Fazl-e-Rahman|Shah Fazl-e-Rahman Ganj Muradabadi]] in [[Sufism]].{{Sfn|Arshad|2000|p=258}}<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Muḥammad Ali started to teach in Dulāri Masjid in Kanpur. Impressed by his teaching method, he was invited by the rector of Madrasa Faiz-e-Aam to teach there. Muḥammad Ali taught there for few months and fell ill and discontinued teaching.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=45-46}} Earlier he had taught at this [[madrasa]] for about two years before travelling to [[Saharanpur]], where he studied with Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=45-46}}<br />
<br />
In 1893, during the annual congregation of the Madrasa Faiz-e-Aam, a group of scholars unanimously decided that a permanent council of scholars be formed and its meeting be followed in the next year.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=107-109}} They named the council as [[Nadwatul Ulama]] and Muḥammad Ali was appointed as its first manager.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=107-109}} According to Habībur Raḥmān Khān Sherwāni, Muḥammad Ali was the first person who thought of establishing the institution of Nadwa.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=107-109}} In [[Muharram]] 1313 AH, he presented his sketch of the Darul Uloom, and five months later, he presented the draft of its educational curriculum, named ''Musawwada-e Nisāb-e-Arabi''.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=135}} His sketch of the Darul Uloom was unanimously accepted in April 1896 in the meet of the Nadwatul Ulama at [[Bareily]].{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=145-146}} He is thus referred as the prime founder of the Nadwatul Ulama and its [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]], one of the major Islamic seminaries in India.<ref name="asir">{{Cite book|title=Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta|author=[[Asir Adrawi]]|page=235|location=[[Deoband]]|publisher= Darul Muallifeen |language=Urdu |date = 2 April 2016}}</ref> He applied for resignation in [[Rajab]] 1313 AH, however it was not approved, and Hakīm [[Abdul Hai Hasani]] was appointed as his helper.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=141-142}} His resignation was approved on 19 July 1903.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=238}} He then shifted permanently to [[Munger]].{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=237}}<br />
<br />
In 1901, Muḥammad Ali established the Khanqah Rahmāniya in Munger.<ref name="asir"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Life and work of Maulana Mohammad Wali Rahmani |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/13-books/15250-life-and-work-of-maulana-mohammad-wali-rahmani/ |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=Milli Gazette |date=24 December 2016}}</ref> He gave religious and spiritual discourses there. His [[murid]]s (pupils) in [[Sufism]] count about four [[lakh]].{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=296}} He wrote a short treatise on Sufism, entitled ''Irshād-e-Raḥmāni''.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=318}}<br />
<br />
Muḥammad Ali started a newspaper ''Manshūr-e-Muḥammadi'' in 1289 [[Hijri year|AH]] to curb the spread of [[Christianity]] among Indian Muslims. The literature of Christian missionaries Munshi Safdar Ali and Imāduddīn was getting quite famous in that time. Through ''Manshūr-e-Muḥammadi'', Muḥammad Ali wrote in defense of [[Islam]] and invited Christian missionaries to debate, who did not reply, and it helped the Muslims with weak faith, to stay upon the religion of Islam.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=57-60}} The newspaper stopped after five years as Muḥammad Ali had gone to complete his [[hadith studies]] with Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=57-60}} Muḥammad Ali also established the Islamic Orphanage Center in Kanpur to help poor Muslim kids so that they do not fell to Christianity. The center taught the Muslims kids, the skills of craftsmanship, besides education.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=61}}<br />
<br />
==Literary works==<br />
===On Christianity===<br />
Muḥammad Ali authored ''Mirat al-Yaqīn'' criticising Christianity. In this book, he defended [[Rahmatullah Kairanawi]]'s ''Ae'jāz-e-Īswi'', which Imāduddīn had tried to criticize through ''Hidāyat al-Muslimīn''. In ''Mirat al-Yaqīn'', Muḥammad Ali claimed that the Christian scholars accept that the [[Bible]] has been distorted, and whatever Kairanwi had written was right.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=66}}<br />
<br />
In 1297 AH, Muḥammad Ali wrote ''Ā'īna-e-Islām'' as a response to Safdar Ali's ''Nayā Zamāna''. He wrote ''Tarāna-e-Hijāzi'' in 1295 AH and ''Daf'a at-Talbisāt'' in 1302 AH. He later wrote ''Sāti' al-Burhān'' and ''Barāhīn-e-Qāti'ah''.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=67-71}} He also authored ''Paighām-e-Muḥammadi'', as a response to Safdar Ali's ''Nayā Zamāna'' and ''Adm Zarūrat-e-Qur'ān'' of Thakur Das. The book is spread over two volumes and is considered Muḥammad Ali's major work.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=67-71}}<br />
<br />
===On Ahmadiyya===<br />
Muḥammad Ali was among the prominent Muslim scholars who debated with the [[Ahmadis]]. He authored more than one hundred books and articles against them.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=240}} He wrote ''Faisla Āsmāni'' in three volumes.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=253}} His other books on this include ''Shahādat-e-Āsmāni'', ''Chashma-e-Hidāyat'', ''Me'yār-e-Sadāqat'', ''Haqīqat al-Masīh'' and ''Tanziyah Rabbāni''.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=261}}<br />
<br />
==Death and legacy==<br />
Muḥammad Ali died on 13 September 1927.<ref name="asir" /> His son [[Minnatullah Rahmani]] was among the founding figures of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Noor Alam Khalil Amini |author-link=Noor Alam Khalil Amini |title=Pas-e-Marg-e-Zindah |publisher=Idara Ilm-o-Adab |location=[[Deoband]] |pages=214–238 |edition=5th |date=February 2017 |language=Urdu |chapter=Mawlāna Jalīl-ul-Qadar Aalim-o-Qā'id Amīr-e-Shariat: Hadhrat Mawlāna Sayyid Minatullah Rahmani - Chand Yaadein|trans-chapter=The Great Scholar and Leader, Amīr-e-Shariat: Hadhrat Mawlāna Sayyid Minatullah Rahmani - Few Memories}}</ref> His grandson [[Wali Rahmani]] founded the [[Rahmani30]] institute.<ref>{{cite news |title=Imarat Shariah head passes away in Patna |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/imarat-shariah-head-passes-away/articleshow/81890728.cms |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=Times of India |date=4 April 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Works cited===<br />
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1= al-Hasani|first1=Sayyid Muḥammad |title=Sīrat Hadhrat Mawlāna Muḥammad Ali Mungeri: Bāni Nadwatul Ulama |date=May 2016 |publisher=Majlis Sahāfat-o-Nashriyāt, Nadwatul Ulama |location=Lucknow |edition=4 |language=ur |oclc=1202732841}}<br />
* {{cite book |first1=Abdur Rashīd |last1=Arshad |editor1-last=Deobandi |editor1-first=Nawaz |editor1-link=Nawaz Deobandi |title=Sawaneh Ulama-e-Deoband |publisher=Nawaz Publications |location=[[Deoband]]|volume = 2 |pages=254–362 |date=January 2000 |language=Urdu |chapter=Hadhrat Mawlāna Sayyid Muḥammad Ali Mungeri}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{Cite thesis |last=Siddiqi |first=Mohd. Sohaib |title=Nadwa Movement Its Contribution To The Development Of Arabic Language And Literature In India |access-date=16 April 2024 |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/56142 |language=ur |pages=95–109 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126032814/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/56142 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |year=1993 |location=India |url-status=live}}<br />
* {{Cite thesis|last=Khan|first=Ghazanfar Ali|title=Nadvat al-Ulama: a centre of Islamic Learning|date=2015|page= |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]]|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/49833|pages=111–114|hdl=10603/49833 }}<br />
<br />
{{Hanafi scholars}}<br />
{{Maturidi}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mungeri, Muhammad Ali}}<br />
[[Category:1846 births]]<br />
[[Category:1927 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]<br />
[[Category:Indian critics of Christianity]]<br />
[[Category:Critics of Ahmadiyya]]<br />
[[Category:Mazahir Uloom alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]<br />
[[Category:Hanafis]]<br />
[[Category:Maturidis]]<br />
[[Category:Chancellors of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]<br />
[[Category:Managers of Nadwatul Ulama]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]<br />
[[Category:Deobandis]]<br />
[[Category:People from Munger district]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_(1803_ship_Bombay)&diff=485482Alexander (1803 ship Bombay)2025-12-12T20:17:44Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: created initial info more to come!</p>
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|fate=Wrecked 27 March 1815<br />
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}}<br />
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|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics<br />
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|tons_burthen=600, or 746{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=168}} ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])<br />
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|complement=140 or 150<br />
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}}<br />
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'''''Alexander''''' was a merchant vessel launched at [[Mumbai|Bombay]] in 1803. She was [[shipwreck]]ed in 1815 while on passage from [[Mumbai|Bombay]] to [[London]] two miles (3&nbsp;km) from the [[Isle of Portland]] on the [[Dorset]] coast in the [[English Channel]]. Only five of the ship's 140 (or 150) crew and passengers survived the disaster.<br />
<br />
==Career notes==<br />
''Alexander'' was one of the transport vessels supporting the British [[Invasion of Java (1811)]]<br />
<br />
{{main|Transport vessels for the British invasion of Java (1811)}}<br />
<br />
==Loss==<br />
The wreck occurred on March 27, 1815, when ''Alexander'' entered the Channel after a lengthy voyage, and was caught by a very strong [[gale]] from the South-Southwest that pushed the ship onto the [[beach]] in front of the village of [[Wyke Regis|Wyke, Dorset]], during the night. None of the ship's officers survived the wreck, and the incident was not observed by any witnesses on the shoreline, so the circumstances of the [[disaster]] remain somewhat unclear.<br />
<br />
Early in the morning of the 27th, the local population discovered a large quantity of wreckage scattered along the shore for several miles in both directions. Amongst this wreckage was found the bodies of 39 [[lascar]] seamen and seven of the ship's European officers and passengers, whilst five others were found alive, all lascars, although their nationalities and genders are disputed by sources.{{efn|One source gives the origins of the five survivors as four Malays and one Persian.{{sfnp|Grocott|1997|pp=379–380}}}}<br />
<br />
Local people clothed and fed the survivors, and collected the bodies on the beach for burial. The lascars were buried in a [[mass grave]] in the [[churchyard]], as their names were lost with the ship's papers, but the Europeans were identified soon afterwards and buried under a memorial erected nearby that stated:<br />
{{quote box<br />
|quote = ''To record the melancholy wreck of''<br />
<br />
''THE SHIP ALEXANDER''<br />
<br />
''This monument is erected by C Forbes Esq., MP London and the owners of said ship, which, on her voyage from Bombay to London was totally lost in the West Bay, on the night of 26 March 1815, when all the crew and passengers, consisting of more than 140 souls, unhappily perished, with the exception of five lascars''.<br />
|width = 75%<br />
|align = center<br />
|qalign = center <br />
}}<br />
''Alexander''{{'}}s captain was Lewis Auldjo, who was a son of George Auldjo of Aberdeen, and Susan Beauvais, of Jermyn Street, St James's, London. Lewis Auldjo had married Elizabeth Cooke, the eldest daughter of Captain John Cooke of Calcutta, and it is understood from the Monumental Inscription recorded from the South Park Street Burial Ground Monument in Calcutta, that their child was also aboard on that unhappy day. In his last Will and Testament, Captain Lewis Auldjo appointed Charles Forbes, his friend, as his sole Executor.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Arniston (East Indiaman)|''Arniston'']], another East Indiaman wrecked in the same year<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==Citations==<br />
* {{cite book |last=Grocott| first=Terence| title=Shipwrecks of the Revolutionary & Napoleonic Eras|publisher=Chatham|location=London|year=1997|isbn=1861760302}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Phipps|first=John |year=1840|title=A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ...|publisher=Scott }}<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
{{1815 shipwrecks}}<br />
{{coord|50.584|-2.470|type:event_globe:earth_region:GB|display=title}}<br />
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[[Category:1803 ships]]<br />
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the English Channel|Alexander]]<br />
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1815]]<br />
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships]]<br />
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<div>{{Short description|1903 book by Shibli Nomani}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox book<br />
| name = Al-Kalam<br />
| image = 1906 cover of Al-Kalam.jpg<br />
| image_size = 280px<br />
| caption = 1906 cover<br />
| alt = Book cover<br />
| author = [[Shibli Nomani]]<br />
| title_orig = الکلام<br />
| orig_lang_code = ur<br />
| country = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]<br />
| language = Urdu<br />
| subject = [[Kalam]]<br />
| published = 1903<br />
| series = Kalam series<br />
| media_type = Print<br />
| preceded_by = [[Sawanih Maulana Rum]]<br />
| followed_by = [[Ilm-ul-Kalam]]<br />
| oclc = <br />
| dewey = 297.2<br />
| congress = BP166.1 .S517 1950<br />
| external_url = https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/al-kalam-shibli-nomani-ebooks-3<br />
}}<br />
'''''Al-Kalam''''' ({{langx|ur|الکلام}}) is a 20th-century [[Aqidah|Islamic theology]] book written by [[Shibli Nomani]] and serves as the third work in his series on [[Kalam]]. It complements his earlier work, ''[[Ilm-ul-Kalam]]'', which focused on ancient Kalam. Shibli considered the study of ancient Kalam insufficient for the modern era due to changes in scope and scientific developments, and in ''Al-Kalam'' he attempted to lay the foundation for a modern Kalam. The book was organized according to ancient principles while addressing the requirements of the present age, presenting Shibli's own interpretation of theology. Both books received limited acceptance among the [[ulama]], and a fatwa of [[takfir]] was issued against him. Despite this, ''Al-Kalam'' is cited and studied in academic circles.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
{{Main|Ilm-ul-Kalam}}<br />
''[[Ilm-ul-Kalam]]'' was published by [[Shibli Nomani]] in 1902 as a historical study of classical Islamic theology, i.e., [[kalam]]. In this work, Shibli observed that early discussions of kalam mainly focused on matters of [[faith]], since the objections raised by opponents of Islam at that time were limited to [[Theology|theological]] issues.<ref name=":Siddiqi88">{{Cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Zafar Ahmad |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/shibli-hindustani-adab-ke-memar-zafar-ahmad-siddiqi-ebooks-1 |title=Shibli: Hindustani Adab Ke Memar |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1988 |location=India |pages=59 |language=ur |oclc=18816366}}</ref> However, in the modern era, religion began to be studied from historical, [[Ethics|ethical]], and [[Civilization|civilizational]] perspectives. He noted that, according to many European scholars, the beliefs of a religion were not as objectionable as its legal and moral rules. Practices such as [[polygamy]], [[divorce]], [[slavery]], and [[jihad]] were often cited by critics as evidence against a religion's truth.<ref name=":Siddiqi88" /><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Yeaqub |first=Md |title=Writings of Allama Shibli Nomani in Arabic : Edition and annotation |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/666571 |language=ar |year=2019 |location=India |hdl=10603/666571 |p=147}}</ref> In response, Shibli proposed a new form of kalam that would deal not only with beliefs but also with worship and ethics. He also planned to write biographies of theologians, though these works remained unfinished.<ref name=":Ansari76">{{Cite book |last=Ansari |first=Sayed Ahmad |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/shibli-naqqadon-ki-nazar-mein-ebooks |title=Shibli Naqqadon Ki Nazar Mein |publisher=Ilyas Traders Nashiran-e-Kutub |year=1976 |editor-last=Siddiqi |editor-first=Naaz |location=Hyderabad |pages=152 |language=ur |chapter=Maulana Shibli aur Ilmul kalam |oclc=557436232}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Al-Kalam'' is mainly about the subject of beliefs.<ref name=":Ansari76" /> It was the third book in Shibli's planned series on kalam; the fourth was [[Sawanih Maulana Rum|''Sawanih Maulana Rum'']].<ref name=":MAli2">{{Cite thesis |last=Ali |first=Mohsin |title=Modern Islamic Historiography: A Global Perspective from South Asia |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of California]] |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4dw2f7k1 |language=en |pages=155 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621071752/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4dw2f7k1 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |year=2022 |location=USA}}</ref> By 1902, he had completed parts of ''Al-Kalam'' while working on ''Ilm-ul-Kalam'', first planning to publish them together. Later, he decided to publish ''Ilm-ul-Kalam'' separately, finishing it first and then completing ''Al-Kalam'',<ref name=":Ahrari99">{{Cite thesis |last=Ahrari |first=Mohd Jafar |title=The renaissance of Urdu literature and Shibli |type=PhD |publisher=School of Language Literature and Culture Studies, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/16762 |language=ur |pages=89 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919231544/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/16762 |archive-date=19 September 2025 |year=1999 |location=India |url-status=live |hdl=10603/16762}}</ref> which was published in 1903.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Syed |first=Baqar Hassan |date=2018 |title=Kalām in a Post-Traditional World: Shiblī Nu'mānī's Construction of Authority in 'Ilmul-Kalām and al-Kalām |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/811900 |journal=Pakistan Journal of Historical Studies |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=44 |doi=10.2979/pjhs.3.2.02 |issn=2470-8518 |s2cid=198006035 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> For this work, Shibli used various English sources to derive philosophical ideas. He mentioned that he benefited especially from ''Al-Islam fi ‘Asr al-‘Ilm'' and from the help of [[Habibur Rahman Khan Sherwani]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Haq |first=Sirajul |title=Maqalat e Shibli ka adbi aur tanqeedi jaiza |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Delhi University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/439484 |language=ur |page=111 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920114558/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/439484 |archive-date=20 September 2025 |year=2021 |location=India |hdl=10603/439484 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The book was later translated into Bengali by Muhammad Abdullah, a professor at the [[University of Dhaka]], and published by the [[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh]] in 1981.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nomani |first=Shibli |url=https://archive.org/details/Shiblibengaliilmulkalam |title=Islāmī Darśan |publisher=[[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh]] |year=1981 |location=Dhaka |language=bn |translator-last=Abdullah |translator-first=Muhammad}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Synopsis ==<br />
In ''Al-Kalam'', Shibli attempted to lay the foundation for a modern kalam.<ref name=":Hai17">{{Cite thesis |last=Hai |first=Ammar Abdul |title=Unneeswin wa beeswin sadi ke Hindustan mein Muslim Mufakkirin ka Tasawwur-e- Talim |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/313157 |language=ur |page=164 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226034413/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/313157 |archive-date=26 February 2025 |year=2017 |location=India |hdl=10603/313157 |url-status=live}}</ref> He believed that, given the challenges facing Islam in the modern era, there was an urgent need for a renewed approach to Islamic theology.<ref name=":Hai17" /> He structured the book based on 'ancient principles and the requirements of the present age',<ref name=":Ansari76" /> arranging it into three sections: beliefs ([[Aqidah]]), worship ([[Ibadah]]), and ethics ([[Islamic ethics|Akhlaq]]). Among these, the section on beliefs is the most detailed, covering [[Doctrine|doctrines]] such as divine unity ([[tawhid]]), prophethood ([[Muhammad|risalat]]), revelation ([[Waḥy|wahy]]), the Day of Judgment ([[Judgement Day in Islam|qiyamah]]), hell ([[Jahannam]]), and paradise ([[jannah]]).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/79256 |title=Urdu Non-fiction |publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] |year=2021 |editor-last=Hafiz |editor-first=Abdul |volume=1 |location=India |pages=277 |language=ur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223162829/https://www.egyankosh.ac.in/handle/123456789/79256 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Shibli examined earlier theologians' proofs on key topics, including the existence of Allah, prophethood, revelation, and miracles, and found them insufficient.{{Sfn|Mahmud|2016|p=128}} He believed that the traditional arguments were not strong enough to be unquestionable, so even while affirming these doctrines, he sought new evidence to support them.{{Sfn|Mahmud|2016|p=128}} He focused only on beliefs that could be directly proven through the Quran and [[Sahih Hadith|authentic Hadith]], particularly those essential to faith, such as divine unity and prophethood, while excluding weak or unnecessary arguments from traditional kalam.{{Sfn|Mahmud|2016|p=232–233}}<br />
<br />
The book also addresses challenges arising from modern European thought and scientific developments.{{Sfn|Mahmud|2016|p=233}} Many Muslims of his time believed that [[Relationship between science and religion|religion and science]] were incompatible and that scientific progress threatened faith.{{Sfn|Mahmud|2016|p=233}} Shibli structured his arguments to show that Islamic beliefs could withstand such challenges, presenting doctrines in a way that avoided conflict between religion and reason or science. He left out old debates and focused on clear proofs so that kalam would address the issues of his time.{{Sfn|Mahmud|2016|p=233}}<br />
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Commenting on Shibli’s approach, Minhaz Uddin of the [[University of Dhaka]] noted that although his proofs are innovative, they are not unfounded. The arguments in ''Al-Kalam'' are consistent with earlier kalam works and, at minimum, do not contradict the ''Quran'', either directly or indirectly.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Mahmud |first=Minhaj Uddin |title=Contribution of Allama Shibli Nu'mani to Urdu Literature |type=PhD |publisher=[[University of Dhaka]] |url=http://repository.library.du.ac.bd:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/886/Minhaj%20Uddin.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |language=bn |page=233 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531151106/http://repository.library.du.ac.bd:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/886/Minhaj%20Uddin.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=31 May 2023 |year=2016 |location=Bangladesh |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
After its publication, ''Al-Kalam'' received both praise and criticism. Shibli’s discussion on prophethood led to a fatwa of [[takfir]] (a religious verdict of disbelief), and several ulama refused to recognize him as a religious authority.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dehlvi |first=Ghulam Rasool |date=18 May 2016 |title=Recalling Maulana Shibli Nomani and His Religious Ideas Inspired By Ilm ul Kalam |url=https://newageislam.com/islamic-ideology/recalling-maulana-shibli-nomani-his/d/107332 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018141111/https://www.newageislam.com/islamic-ideology/recalling-maulana-shibli-nomani-his/d/107332 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |work=[[New Age Islam]] |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=110}} As a result of these disagreements, he resigned from his position at [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] in 1913.{{Sfn|Mahmud|2016|p=254}} Some critics accused him of supporting the view that [[matter]] is eternal and of regarding prophethood as an acquired quality. Shibli clarified that he did not consider matter eternal and that prophethood is a [[divine grace]] rather than an acquired attribute.{{Sfn|Mahmud|2016|p=255}}<br />
<br />
Several scholars have commented on the scope and content of ''Al-Kalam''. Ammar Abdul Hai of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] observed that the book does not address topics such as polygamy, divorce, slavery, and jihad, giving it a sense of incompleteness.<ref name=":Hai17" /> Mohd Jafar Ahrari of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] noted the absence of these subjects, suggesting that Shibli may have considered the works of [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] and some of his contemporaries sufficient on these matters.{{Sfn|Ahrari|1999|p=90}} He also stated that, despite some shortcomings, ''Al-Kalam'' is the first of its kind and has not been surpassed in quality.{{Sfn|Ahrari|1999|p=91}} Abdul Lateef Azmi commented that through ''Al-Kalam'' and ''Ilm-ul-Kalam'', Shibli introduced Urdu to a new field of knowledge and enriched its literature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azmi |first=Abdul Lateef |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/maulana-shibli-ka-martaba-urdu-adab-mein-ebooks |title=Maulana Shibli Ka Martaba Urdu Adab Mein |publisher=Shibli Academy |year=1945 |location=India |pages=91 |language=ur}}</ref><br />
<br />
Khursheed Nomani remarked that even in the field of rational sciences, Shibli’s writing shows mastery of composition, and he uses [[satire]] and [[irony]] effectively, particularly in reference to Europe and Europeans.{{Sfn|Nomani|2004|p=74}} Mehdi Afadi described ''Ilm-ul-Kalam'' and ''Al-Kalam'' as among Shibli’s most important works, figuratively noting that he 'contained the ocean in a jar' and introduced Urdu to a completely new branch of knowledge.<ref name=":Nomani04">{{Cite book |last=Nomani |first=Khursheed |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/dar-ul-musannifeen-ki-tareekh-aur-ilmi-khidmat-part-002-khursheed-nomani-ebooks |title=Dar-ul-musannifin Ki Tareekh Aur Ilmi Khidmat |publisher=Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy |year=2004 |volume=2 |location=India |pages=75 |language=ur}}</ref> [[Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman]] stated that both books are true interpreters of Shibli’s thought and that, after their publication, Urdu developed a style capable of recording even subtle and intricate issues.<ref name=":Nomani04" /> [[S. M. Ikram]] noted that ''Al-Kalam'' reflects the work of a skilled scholar and literatus.{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=112}} Aftab Ahmad Siddiqi added that even after ''Al-Kalam'', no other book of its standard or quality could be written.{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=113}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[:Category:Deobandi theological works|Deobandi theological works]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{Cite thesis |last=Gasman |first=Fejri |title=Shibli Numanis contribution to revitalization of Ilm al-kalam |degree=MA |publisher=[[International Islamic University Malaysia]] |url=https://studentrepo.iium.edu.my/entities/publication/f81cc928-6269-46b9-b8ec-bc272952deb2 |language=en |page=50–90 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921212035/https://studentrepo.iium.edu.my/entities/publication/f81cc928-6269-46b9-b8ec-bc272952deb2 |archive-date=21 September 2025 |url-status=live |year=2012 |location=Malaysia}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
* [[iarchive:ShibliAlKalamBengali|Bengali version]] at [[Internet Archive]]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:Deobandi theological works]]<br />
[[Category:Books by Shibli Nomani]]<br />
[[Category:1903 non-fiction books]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu-language books]]<br />
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]<br />
[[Category:Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy books]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic theology books]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K.G.F:_Chapter_3&diff=507110K.G.F: Chapter 32025-11-16T05:51:16Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: </p>
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[[File:Kashmir_map.jpg|thumb|420x346px|right|Indo-Pak mutually-agreed undisputed ''"International Border"'' (IB) in the black line, Indo-Pak ''"Line of Control"'' (LoC) in black dotted line in the north and west, Indo-Sino ''"Line of Actual"'' (LAC) in black dotted line in the east, Indo-Pak line across Siachen in north is ''"Actual Ground Position Line"'' (AGPL). The areas shown in green are the two Pakistani-controlled areas: Gilgit–Baltistan in the north and Azad Kashmir in the south. The area shown in orange is the Indian-controlled territories of Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh, and the diagonally-hatched area to the east is the Chinese-controlled area known as Aksai Chin. ''"Territories ceded by Pakistan to China claimed by India"'' in the north is Shaksgam ([[Trans-Karakoram Tract]]).]]<br />
[[File:Un-kashmir-jammu.png|thumb|420x380px|right|[[United Nations]] map of Siachen Glacier showing ''"Point NJ980420"'' (Point NJ9842) as the starting point of the ''"Actual Ground Position Line"'' (AGPL) and the [[Nubra River]] valley and Siachen Glacier held by India. The AGPL starts from NJ9842 and goes north near Gyong La, Chumik Kangri, Saltoro Kangri, Bilafond La, and Sia La to Indira Col West. Goma military camp, Masherbrum Range, Baltoro Glacier, Baltoro Glacier, Baltoro Muztagh and K2 to the west are held by Pakistan.]]<br />
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'''Siachen Base Camp''', 12,000 feet above sea level at Partapur, is a [[Military camp|base camp]] of [[List of regiments of the Indian Army|102 Infantry Brigade]] (Siachen brigade) of [[XIV Corps (India)|XIV Corps]] of [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian Army]] which protects 110&nbsp;km long [[Actual Ground Position Line]] (AGPL) with at least 108 forward military outposts and artillery observation posts in the [[Siachen conflict|disputed region]] of [[Siachen Glacier]] in [[Ladakh]] Union Territory of [[India]]. It is approximately 6 hours drive north from the town of [[Leh]] via one of the [[Extreme points of Earth|highest vehicle-accessible passes in the world]], [[Khardung La]] at 17,582 feet. [[Bana Top]] (20,500&nbsp;ft) is the highest post in the region, which requires 80&nbsp;km and 20 day trek for troops. ''Pahalwan Post'' (about 20,000&nbsp;ft) and posts near [[Indira Col]] (about 19,000&nbsp;ft) are other high posts. ''Kumar Post'' or ''Kumar Base'', named after the Colonel [[Narendra Kumar (mountaineer)|Narendra "Bull" Kumar]], serves as the battalion head quarter located 60&nbsp;km from the Siachen base towards Indira Col.<ref name=siaet2/><ref name=trisia1/> The ''Siachen Brigade'' consists of five to eight battalions of [[Ladakh Scouts]] supported by artillery, air defence, engineer and other logistic units. Pakistan has not been able to scale the crest of the Saltoro Range occupied by India.<ref name=trisia1/> The temperature goes down to minus 86&nbsp;°C during winters with icy [[Beaufort scale#Modern scale|300 kmph]] [[blizzard]]s.<ref name=trisia2>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryanatribune/haryanvi-meghdoot-who-defended-the-most-challenging-post-in-siachen-858562#:~:text=Captain%20Sunil%20Khokhar%2C%20an%20artillery,part%20of%20'Operation%20Meghdoot'. Haryanvi Meghdoot who defended the most challenging post in Siachen], The Tribune, 9 Nov 2019.</ref> The average temperature is between minus 25&nbsp;°C during day and minus 55&nbsp;°C during the night.<ref name=trisia6>[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/everyday-there-is-a-story-recall-army-officers-who-served-at-siachen-glacier/ Everyday is a story: Army officers recall their time at Siachen Glacier], Indian Express, 14 Feb 2016.</ref><br />
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''Siachen Base Camp'', which serves the northern and middle Siachen sectors, is one of the 2 bases for the Siachen region, and other base being just west of [[Thoise]] Air Base which serves the southern Siachen sector. ''Siachen Base Camp'' has ''Siachen Battle School'' for pre-induction training, orientation and acclimatisation for fresh troops and it is also a launchpad for deployment of the acclimatised troops who are usually deployed on a 2 to 3 month stint on the forward post. The base has helipads, a memorial for martyrs, medical unit etc and it is connected by a motorable road. [[List of Indian Air Force stations|12 Wing]] of [[Chandigarh Airport|Chandigarh AFSB]] of [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) provides helicopter support to the forward posts for the logistics supplies and casualty evacuation by helicopter from air bases at Leh, Thoise and Srinagar, which in turn are supplied by the large transport planes such as [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]] and [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130]].<ref name=trisia1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140413/pers.htm#1 30 years of the world's coldest war], The Tribune, 13 April 1984.</ref> Each post has an artillery officer who are deployed in the rotation of 45 days.<ref name=trisia2/> India has significant tactical advantage as it occupies most of the higher peaks on the [[Saltoro Mountains|Saltoro Mountain Range]] in the western sector of Siachen and [[Pakistan Army]] hold posts only at lower heights of western slopes of the spurs of the Saltoro ridge.<ref name=trisia1/><br />
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For the military operation, to ferry two people and their supplies, a minimum of 2–4 helicopter trips are required. Each helicopter trip cost {{INR}} 35,000 (year 2012).<ref name="Kunal2012">{{cite book |author=Kunal Verma |title=The Long Road to Siachen |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9-bAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT421 |year=2012 |publisher=Rupa |isbn=978-81-291-2704-4 |chapter=XIV Op Rajiv |pages=415–421}}</ref> For example, it took 20 days and 200 helicopter trips for the assault team to gather at [[Bilafond La]] for the [[Operation Rajiv]] in 1987.<ref name="BS_resumes_2011"/> For every soldier on the combat post, 20 soldiers are needed at the base for replacement training, logistics and support.<ref name=trisia8>[http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/siachen-glacier-battling-on-the-roof-of-the-world/2/ Siachen Glacier: Battling on the roof of the world], Indian Defence Review, 18 Dec 2018.</ref><br />
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Until 2013, 26 decorations have been awarded to the Indian soldiers in this sectors, including 1 [[Paramvir Chakra]] (PVC), 5 [[Mahavir Chakra]] and 20 [[Vir Chakra]] to 11 officers and 15 OR of which 9 are posthumous. Additionally, many more [[Kirti Chakra]], [[Shaurya Chakra]], [[Sena Medal]] and [[Vayu Sena Medal]] have been awarded in this sectors.<ref name=trisia1/><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Colonel [[Narendra Kumar (mountaineer)|Narendra Bull Kumar]] took expeditions to the Siachen area in 1978, 1982, 1983 and 1984 to scale [[Sia Kangri]] (24,350 feet) and [[Indira Col]] and [[Saltoro Kangri]]-I (25,400 feet), and skied to [[Bilafond La]], [[Sia La]] and [[Indira Col|Turkistan La]].<ref name=trisia1/><br />
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This area was captured by India in 1984 in [[Operation Meghdoot]] to preempt Pakistan's Operation Ababeel. In 1987, Operation Rajiv was launched to successfully capture [[Operation Rajiv|Quaid Post]] from Pakistan which was renamed to Bana Post by India.<ref name="Kunal2012"/> The Quaid Post was manned by soldiers of the Shaheen Company (3rd commando battalion), a part of Pakistan's [[Special Services Group]]. It was commanded by [[Subedar]] Ataullah Mohammed.<ref name="BS_resumes_2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/army-watches-as-siachen-dialogue-resumes-111053000083_1.html |title=Army watches as Siachen dialogue resumes |author=Ajai Shukla |date=30 May 2011 |newspaper=Business Standard }}</ref><ref name="BR_Bana">{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/HEROISM/Bana.html |title=Naib Subedar Bana Singh |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=27 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305152423/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/HEROISM/Bana.html |archive-date=5 March 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Kunal2012"/><br />
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== Tourism ==<br />
{{anchor | Tourism | Tourism in Siachen | Tourism in AGPL areas | Tourism in AGPL area | AGPL Tourism | AGPL tourism }}<br />
{{ main | Tourism in Ladakh }}<br />
<br />
India allows several tourist and civilian activities in Siachen area. To exploit the potential for tourism, the government is making ongoing efforts to improve connectivity.<ref name=siaet1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/siachen-worlds-highest-battlefield-now-opened-for-tourists/articleshow/71688660.cms?from=mdr Siachen, world's highest battlefield, now open for tourists], Economic Times, 21 Oct 2019.</ref> It is part of the [[India–China_border_infrastructure#Tourism|Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan]] initiative of the Indian Military which will boost border tourism, patriotism, local infrastructure and economy while reversing civilian outward migration from these remote locations, it entails 77 battleground war memorials in border area including the ''[[Battle of Longewala|Longewala War Memorial]]'', ''[[Battle of Longewala|Sadhewala War Memorial]]'',<ref name=bdp2>[https://www.indiatimes.com/news/here-is-the-story-of-tanot-mata-the-diety-who-protected-indian-soldiers-from-pakistani-bombs-at-longewala-in-1971-war-259867.html The Story Of Tanot Mata, The Deity Who Protected Our Soldiers From Pakistani Bombs In 1971 War], India Times, 16 Dec 2020.</ref> Siachen base camp, [[Kargil]], [[Galwan]], [[Pangong Tso]], [[Rezang La]], [[Doklam]], [[Bum La]], [[Cho_La_(Sikkim_and_Tibet)|Cho La]], [[Kibithu]], etc.<ref name=bdp1>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/battleground-tourism-india-indian-army-ministry-of-tourism-galwan-siachel-kargil-longewala-battle-2665110-2025-01-15. Add Galwan, Siachen to holiday plan. India is opening battle tourism bunker], India Today, 15 Jan 2025.</ref><br />
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There is a recurring planned annual civilian expedition from Siachen Base Camp to Indira Ridge, Indira Col and other features. India has opened up the entire area from ''Siachen Base Camp'' at 12,000&nbsp;ft to Kumar Post at 15,000&nbsp;ft for the regular tourism for the civilians. Bana Post at 20,500&nbsp;ft will remain off limit to tourists. Temperatures drop to below minus 60 degrees celsius during the winter.<ref name=siaet1/><br />
<br />
Until 2010, civilian tourists were permitted only in the [[Nubra Valley]] up to [[Panamik]]. Since 2010 tourist have been permitted in the Shyok Valley up to [[Turtuk]] and beyond to [[Tyakshi]] near the LOC and further to [[Thang, Ladakh|Thang]]; these three villages and [[Chalunka|Chulunkha]] <br />
were captured from Pakistan by India in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. From 2019, medically fit civilians below the age of 45 are allowed up to Kumar Base (15,000&nbsp;ft) on a 30-day trek organised by Army Adventure Cell in August–September, during which tourists go through the highly altitude conditioning at Leh Base, Siachen Base and forward staging posts, at the end of which they undertake a 9-day return trek from Siachen Base to Kumar Base 60&nbsp;km away.<ref name=siaet2>[https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism/siachen-glacier-open-to-tourists-everything-you-must-know-before-visiting-worlds-highest-battlefield/1746512/ Siachen Glacier open to tourists! Everything you must know before visiting world's highest battlefield], Financial Express, 26 October 2019.</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
<br />
; Research <br />
* [[Indian Antarctic Program]]<br />
* [[Bharati (research station)]] <br />
* [[Dakshin Gangotri]] First Indian station 1983, converted to support base<br />
* [[Maitri (research station)|Maitri]] Second Indian station 1989<br />
* [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] <br />
* [[Defence Institute of High Altitude Research]]<br />
* [[Indian Astronomical Observatory]]<br />
* [[Jantar Mantar, Jaipur]]<br />
* [[National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research]]<br />
* [[Research stations in Antarctica#List of research stations|List of Antarctic research stations]]<br />
* [[Antarctic field camps|List of Antarctic field camps]]<br />
* [[List of highest astronomical observatories]]<br />
<br />
;Near the AGPL (Actual Ground Position Line)<br />
* [[NJ9842]] (peak) LoC ends and AGPL begins here <br />
* [[Gharkun]] (peak)<br />
* [[Gyong Kangri]] (peak)<!-- IMPORTANT: Per wiki guidelines, retain the redlink to encourage its creation, draft article being prepared. Thanks. --><br />
* [[Gyong La]] (pass)<br />
* [[Goma (Siachen)]]<br />
* [[2012 Gayari Sector avalanche|Gyari]] (valley) <br />
* [[Chumik Glacier|Chumik Kangri]] (peak)a<br />
* [[K12 (mountain)]] (peak)<br />
* [[Bana Top]] (peak)<br />
* [[Bilafond La]]<br />
* [[Saltoro Valley]]<br />
* [[Ghent Kangri]]<br />
* [[Sia La]]<br />
* [[Sia Kangri]]<br />
* [[Indira Col]]<br />
<br />
; Borders<br />
* [[Actual Ground Position Line]] (AGPL)<br />
* [[India–Pakistan border|India–Pakistan International Border]] (IB)<br />
* [[Line of Control]] (LoC)<br />
* [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC)<br />
* [[Sir Creek]] (SC)<br />
* [[Borders of China]]<br />
* [[Borders of India]]<br />
<br />
; Conflicts<br />
* [[Kashmir conflict]]<br />
* [[Siachen conflict]]<br />
* [[Sino-Indian War|Sino-Indian conflict]]<br />
* [[:Category:Territorial disputes of China|List of disputed territories of China]]<br />
* [[List of disputed territories of India]]<br />
* [[:Category:Territorial disputes of Pakistan|List of disputed territories of Pakistan]]<br />
* [[Northern Areas]]<br />
* [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]]<br />
<br />
; Operations<br />
* [[Operation Meghdoot]], by India<br />
* [[Operation Rajiv]], by India<br />
* [[Operation Safed Sagar]], by India<br />
<br />
; Other related topics<br />
* [[515 Army Base Workshop]]<br />
* [[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces]]<br />
* [[Bana Singh]], after whom Quaid Post was renamed to Bana Top <br />
* [[Dafdar]], westernmost town in Trans-Karakoram Tract<br />
* [[India-China Border Roads]]<br />
* [[India-China Border Roads#Border airport and ALG projects|List of AGLs]]<br />
* [[List of extreme points of India]]<br />
* [[Sino-Pakistan Agreement]] for transfer of Trans-Karakoram Tract to China<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* http://realitycheck.wordpress.com/2007/07/30/media-whining-will-demoralize-our-forces/<br />
* http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/us-army-chief-to-visit-siachen-base-camp_100107682.html <br />
* http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Galleries/main.php?g2_itemId=1272<br />
* https://web.archive.org/web/20111008183632/http://www.siachenglacier.com/<br />
* http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/papers/pm_June05.htm<br />
* http://www.indianexpress.com/news/at-siachen-casualties-come-to-all-time-low/371756/<br />
* http://www.team-avalanche.com/forum/index.php?topic=36.0<br />
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[[Category:Indian Army bases]]<br />
[[Category:Siachen conflict]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kishore_Chandra&diff=510090Kishore Chandra2025-11-13T21:37:33Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: started data...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Raja of Talcher from 1891 to 1945}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{infobox royalty<br />
| title = [[Raja]]<br />
| image = Kishore Chandra.jpg<br />
| alt = Kishore Chandra<br />
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Talcher State|Talcher]]<br />
| reign = 18 December 1891 – 7 November 1945<br />
| predecessor = [[Ramchandra Birabar Harichandan|Ramchandra Birabar]]<br />
| successor = [[Hrudaya Chandra]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1880|07|09|df=yes}}<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1945|11|07|1880|07|09|df=yes}}<br />
| full name = Kishore Chandra Birabar Harichandan<br />
| house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Talcher_Princely_State.svg}} [[Talcher State|Talcher]]<br />
| investiture = 9 July 1901<br />
| dynasty = [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Kishore Chandra Birabar Harichandan''' was the [[Raja]] of [[Talcher State|Talcher]] from 1891 until his death in 1945.<br />
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== Early life ==<br />
He was born on 9 July 1880 to [[Ramchandra Birabar Harichandan|Ramchandra Birabar]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.05831/ |title=The ruling chiefs, nobles and zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G. C. Loganadham Bros, Madras |pages=398–400}}</ref> He was educated at [[Ravenshaw College]], [[Cuttack]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=The Imperial Publishing Co. |first=Lahore |url=https://archive.org/details/TwiK_his-imperial-majesty-king-george-5-and-the-princes-of-india-and-the-indian-empir/ |title=His Imperial Majesty King George 5 And The Princes Of India And The Indian Empire ( Historical Biographical) Compiled By K. R. Khosla, 1937, Lahore The Imperial Publishing Co., Lahore |pages=218–219}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Succession ==<br />
[[File:Kishore Chandra Birabar Harichandan.jpg|alt=Kishore Chandra Birabar Harichandan|thumb|Kishore Chandra]]<br />
He succeeded his father as the [[Raja]] of [[Talcher State|Talcher]] on 18 December 1891.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Playne |first=Somerset |url=https://archive.org/details/bengalassambehar00some/ |title=Bengal and Assam, Behar and Orissa : their history, people, commerce, and industrial resources |date=2012 |publisher=New Delhi : Asian Educational Services |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1964-7 |pages=600–603}}</ref> Owing to his minority on the occasion, the state was placed under the [[Court of Wards (India)|court of wards]].<ref name=":1" /> He was granted full administrative powers on 9 July 1901.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107205/ |title=Who S Who Among Indian Princes Rajas And Chiefs Nobles 1941 - 42 |date=1942 |pages=1348}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reign ==<br />
The administration of state was carried out under his personal supervision.<ref name=":2" /> He improved and conducted it on modern lines.<ref name=":2" /> He was easily accessible to all his subjects and patiently listened to those who sought redress from him.<ref name=":2" /> His state was rich in mineral resources, especially coal, mica, limestone, building stone, etc.<ref name=":3" /> In 1906, he got a sample of coal from [[Talcher]] tested in [[Kolkata]] and invited applications for leasing mines of coal, mica, and iron.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Strümpell |first=Christian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6r3REAAAQBAJ |title=Industrial Labour in an Unequal World: Ethnographic Perspectives on Uneven and Combined Development |last2=Hoffmann |first2=Michael |date=2023-10-04 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-131166-1 |language=en}}</ref> He gave 8 mi (20.7 km²) of his state coal resources on lease.<ref name=":3" /> During his reign, the income of [[Talcher State|Talcher]] increased from 82,353 rupees in 1900–01 to 5,73,083 rupees in 1934–35, and during the same period, its expenditure rose from 73,047 rupees to 2,95,772 rupees.<ref name=":3" /> Expenditure on education increased from 1,775 rupees in 1900–01 to 18,344 rupees in 1934–35, and expenditure on sanitation rose from 857 rupees to 8,517 rupees.<ref name=":3" /> He raised the wages for both skilled and unskilled labor up to six times.<ref name=":3" /> He opened a zoo to collect, protect, and breed endangered animals.<ref name=":3" /> He introduced a series of administrative and constitutional reforms in his states.<ref name=":2" /> He introduced three Byabastha Parisadas in Talcher during the year 1939 with 50% elected members.<ref name=":2" /> He opened schools and a workshop at [[Talcher]].<ref name=":0" /> He opened Kishore Chandra Sahitya Samaj, a literary institution.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
He married the fourth daughter of Basu Deb Sudhal Deb, the [[Raja]] of [[Bamra State|Bamra]], and had two sons and a daughter.<ref name=":0" /> His daughter was born on 10 December 1900.<ref name=":1" /> His eldest son, [[Hrudaya Chandra]], was born on 27 February 1902, and his second son, Pramod Chandra Deb, was born on 12 September 1903.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
He died on 7 November 1945 and was succeeded by his son [[Hrudaya Chandra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=D. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8GXSR0SiF8C |title=People's Revolt in Orissa: A Study of Talcher |date=1998 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-739-3 |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kishore Chandra}}<br />
[[Category:1880 births]]<br />
[[Category:1945 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatah_Ka_Fatwa&diff=498946Fatah Ka Fatwa2025-11-06T05:44:13Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: made data!</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox television <br />
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| narrated = <br />
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| language = Hindi/ Urdu<br />
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}}<br />
<br />
'''''Fatah Ka Fatwa''''' ({{langx|hi|फ़तह का फ़तवा}}) was an Indian discussion show,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/827173/from-pakistan-to-zee-news-why-indias-right-loves-the-controversial-tarek-fatah|title=From Pakistan to Zee News: Why India's Right loves the controversial Tarek Fatah|website=Scroll.in|accessdate=2017-07-23}}</ref> hosted by [[Tarek Fatah]] on [[Hindi]] news channel [[Zee News]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/weekend/on-the-cards-at-delhi-literature-festival-demonetisation-and-nationalism/story-eEXexTtcpcIArasMwYi6yO.html|title=On the cards at Delhi Literature Festival: demonetisation and nationalism|website=Hindustantimes.com|accessdate=2017-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-39052852|title=विवादों के क़िले फ़तह करने वाले तारेक़|website=Bbc.com|accessdate=2017-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://torontosun.com/2017/03/05/harbir-singh-tarek-fatah-helps-us-all-by-confronting-islamofascism/wcm/6c1981b2-0b12-42b8-99a7-bea8b5c8079c|title=Harbir Singh: Tarek Fatah helps us all by confronting Islamofascism|website=torontosun.com|accessdate=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/tennis/sania-mirzas-tennis-attire-branded-un-islamic-by-religious-cleric-videos-inside_1967338.html |title=Sania Mirza's tennis attire branded un-Islamic by religious cleric - VIDEOS INSIDE! &#124; Zee News |website=Zeenews.india.com |date=2017-01-15 |accessdate=2017-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/829786/tarek-fatah-controversial-tv-personality-involved-in-fracas-at-urdu-festival-in-delhi|title=Tarek Fatah, controversial TV personality, involved in fracas at Urdu festival in Delhi|website=Scroll.in|accessdate=2017-07-23}}</ref> The 17-episode show focuses on issues relevant to Islam, such wearing the [[Hijab]], the concept of a [[Kafir]], [[Nikah mut‘ah]], [[Nikah Halala]], [[Islamic banking and finance]], [[Child marriage]] etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2017/02/21/a-bounty-on-my-head-im-a-virtual-prisoner-in-delhi?token=34e0aa8c62ba8e4b2749e9e58f69b850|title=A bounty on my head, I'm a virtual prisoner in Delhi|website=Torontosun.com|accessdate=2017-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/tarek-fatah-jashn-e-rekhta-assault-free-speech-attack/story/1/15796.html|title=Hounding of Tarek Fatah at Jashn-e-Rekhta must be condemned|website=Dailyo.in|accessdate=2017-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2017/01/27/what-the-fatah |title=Newslaundry |publisher=Newslaundry |date= |accessdate=2017-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://hindaily.com/sports/muslim-cleric-claims-sania-mirzas-tennis-dress-sexual-2061/ |title=Muslim Cleric Claims That Sania Mirza's Tennis Dress is "Sexual" |website=Hindaily.com |date= |accessdate=2017-07-23}}</ref> The series tries to explain various facets of the [[Quran]] as well as other theological nuggets of [[Islam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/fatah-ka-fatwa/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550280326/channelid-10000000000930000/starttime-201701082000 |title=Serial Episode On |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date= |accessdate=2017-07-23}}</ref> [[Asian Paints Ltd|Asian Paints]] was initially the sponsor of the programme but company had to withdraw its support after an online petition was started calling Indian Muslims to boycott the brand, but later [[yoga]] guru [[Ramdev|Baba Ramdev’s]] [[Patanjali Ayurved|Patanjali Ayurved Ltd.]] stepped forward to sponsor the program.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://caravandaily.com/portal/asian-paints-withdraws-support-to-fatah-ka-fatwa-patanjali-steps-forward-to-support-hate-campaign/ |title=Asian Paints Withdraws Support to Fatah ka Fatwa; Patanjali Steps Forward to Support Hate Campaign |publisher=Caravan Daily |date= |accessdate=2017-07-23}}</ref> Season 1 of the show ended on 6 May 2017.<br />
<br />
==Guests==<br />
===Season 1===<br />
{{div col}}<br />
* [[Arif Mohammad Khan]]<br />
* [[Zakia Soman]]<br />
* Naish Hasan<br />
* Shabnam Khan<br />
* Amina Shervani<br />
* [[Shazia Ilmi]]<br />
* [[Sheeba Aslam Fehmi]]<br />
* Dr. Sheerin Masroor <br />
* Shabnam Siddiqui<br />
* [[Lubna Sarwath]]<br />
* [[Rahman Abbas]]<br />
* Capt. Sikander Rizvi<br />
* Zeenat Shaukat Ali <br />
* [[H Abdul Raqeeb]]<br />
* [[Mohammed Hanif Khan Shastri]]<br />
* Maulana Ansar Raza<br />
* Amber Zaidi<br />
* Gulrez Sheikh<br />
* Maulana Mohammed Hameed Kausar.<br />
* Maulana Sajid Rashidi<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Episodes ==<br />
===Season 1===<br />
{|class="wikitable" <br />
|- <br />
!width=8%|Episode<br />
!width=29%|Topic<br />
!width=15%|{{nowrap|Original Air date}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{center|1}}<br />
|Debate on [[Islamic terrorism]]<br />
|{{center|7 January 2017}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{center|2}}<br />
|Debate on Hijab in Islam<br />
|{{center|14 January 2017}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{center|3}}<br />
|Debate on [[Infidel|Kafir]]<br />
|{{center|21 January 2017}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{center|4}}<br />
|Debate on [[Triple talaq in India]]<br />
|{{center|28 January 2017}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{center|5}}<br />
|Debate on Muslim Ulemas and Maulana pressure<br />
|{{center|4 February 2017}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{center|6}}<br />
|Debate with Muslim women for Ulemas and Maulana pressure <br />
|{{center|11 February 2017}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{center|7}}<br />
|Debate on Muslim as Vote Bank<br />
|{{center|18 February 2017}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{center|8}}<br />
|Debate on Freedom of Speech in Islam and Intolerance at [[Rekhta]] <br />
|{{center|25 February 2017}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{center|9}}<br />
|Voter Fraud via [[Burqa]]<br />
|{{center|5 March 2017}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{center|10}}<br />
|On Islamic [[Haj subsidy]]<br />
|{{center|19 March 2017}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{center|11}}<br />
|Caste system in Muslims<br />
|{{center|25 March 2017}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{center|12}}<br />
|Debate on Triple talaq<br />
|{{center|1 April 2017}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{center|13}}<br />
|Debate on [[Nikah Halala]]<br />
|{{center|8 April 2017}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{center|14}}<br />
|Debate on [[Islamic adoptional jurisprudence|adoption in Islam]]<br />
|{{center|15 April 2017}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{center|15}}<br />
|Debate on [[Nikah mut‘ah]]<br />
|{{center|22 April 2017}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{center|16}}<br />
|Debate on [[Islamic banking and finance]]<br />
|{{center|29 April 2017}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{center|17}}<br />
|Debate on [[Jihad]]<br />
|{{center|6 May 2017}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
The show was well received.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/your-throat-will-be-slit-canadians-muslim-talk-show-in-india-triggers-threats-a-bounty-on-his-head|title='Your throat will be slit': Canadian's Muslim talk show in India triggers threats, a bounty on his head|website=News.nationalpost.com|access-date=2017-07-23}}</ref> The show noticed a huge engagement on social media with the #FatahKaFatwa trending on Twitter.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=822783286451859456|user=FatahKaFatwa|title=To share your opinions, criticism or...|accessdate=2017-07-23|date=21 January 2017}}</ref> An orthodox radical Maulana Ansar Raza who heads the ‘Gareeb Nawaz Foundation’ NGO filed a PIL against Fatah Ka Fatwa show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiasamvad.co.in/special-stories/muslim-cleric-approaches-delhi-hc-to-halt-fatah-ka-fatwa-20000#.WJWk6eW_Ch8.twitter |title=Muslim cleric approaches Delhi HC to halt 'Fatah Ka Fatwa' |website=Indiasamvad.co.in |date= |accessdate=2017-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/hc-seeks-govt-s-reply-on-plea-to-halt-tv-show-fatah-ka-fatwa/366921.html|title=HC seeks govt's reply on plea to halt TV show 'Fatah Ka Fatwa'|website=Tribuneindia.com|accessdate=2017-07-23}}</ref> In February 2017, Rashtriya Ulama Council complained to ECI to ask Zee News to stop the programme on as it is polarising voters ahead of Uttar Pradesh assembly polls. A Bareilly-based radical Islamic organisation All India Faizan-e-Madina Council asked to halt the show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/cleric-announces-bounty-on-heads-of-tarek-fatah-subhash-chandra/articleshow/57259163.cms|title=Cleric announces bounty on heads of Tarek Fatah, Subhash Chandra|website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=2017-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/muslim-organisation-announces-rs-10-lakh-reward-for-beheading-tarek-fatah/story-18mCuEVluWTHerEZCoXiyM.html|title=Muslim organisation announces Rs 10 lakh reward for beheading Tarek Fatah|website=Hindustantimes.com|accessdate=2017-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bareilly-based-muslim-organisation-offers-rs-10-lakh-for-beheading-islamic-scholar-tarek-fatah-4543566/ |title=Bareilly-based Muslim organisation offers Rs 10 lakh for beheading Islamic scholar Tarek Fatah |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2017-02-25 |accessdate=2017-07-23}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Complaints==<br />
* [[Delhi High Court]] has sent notice to [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]] and asked a reply on ‘Fatah ka Fatwa’ against the allegation of blasphemy, by a petition of the muslim scholars. They demanded to ban the show; and also asked to remove the content from [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ironyofindia.com/2017/02/delhi-high-court-sent-notice-to-information-and-broadcasting-on-fatah-ka-fatwa-show/|title=Delhi High Court sent Notice to Information and Broadcasting on 'Fatah Ka Fatwa' Show – Irony of India|website=Ironyofindia.com|language=en|access-date=2017-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312033306/http://www.ironyofindia.com/2017/02/delhi-high-court-sent-notice-to-information-and-broadcasting-on-fatah-ka-fatwa-show/|archive-date=2017-03-12|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarapur_subdivision&diff=539705Tarapur subdivision2025-10-22T01:45:35Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: Made some pg needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Administrative subdivision in Munger district, Bihar, India}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Tarapur subdivision<br />
| settlement_type = Subdivision<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.0984925|86.6684791|display=inline,title}}<br />
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = District<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Munger district|Munger]]<br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Tarapur, Bihar|Tarapur]]<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_total_km2 = 70<br />
| population_total = 110214<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Spoken<br />
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi, Angika, Maithili<br />
| timezone1 = IST<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = PIN<br />
| postal_code = 813214<br />
| registration_plate = BR-08<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Tarapur subdivision''' is one of the three administrative subdivisions of [[Munger district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. Its headquarters is the town of [[Tarapur, Bihar|Tarapur]]. The subdivision comprises predominantly rural areas along with two census towns and forms an administrative tier between the district and the block (community development) level. <ref>{{cite web |title=Subdivision & Blocks |url=https://munger.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |publisher=District Administration, Munger |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Tarapur subdivision lies in the eastern part of Munger district in the floodplain zone of southern Bihar. The terrain is largely flat alluvial plain formed by the Ganges and its tributaries; soils are generally alluvial with shallow local variations. Parts of the subdivision fall within areas noted by the Central Ground Water Board and district authorities for high groundwater use and periodic flooding during the monsoon season. <ref>{{cite web |title=Munger District — District Profile |url=https://munger.nic.in/about-district-2/ |publisher=District Administration, Munger |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=District Profile: Munger — CGWB |url=https://www.cgwb.gov.in/old_website/District_Profile/Bihar/Munger.pdf |publisher=Central Ground Water Board |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Administration==<br />
Tarapur subdivision is administered from Tarapur town (sub-divisional headquarters). The subdivision contains the following Community Development (C.D.) Blocks:<br />
<br />
* Tarapur<br />
* Sangrampur<br />
* Asarganj<br />
<br />
These blocks (ankals) are the primary rural administrative units in the subdivision. <ref>{{cite web |title=Subdivision & Blocks |url=https://munger.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |publisher=District Administration, Munger |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Revenue |url=https://munger.nic.in/revenue/ |publisher=District Administration, Munger |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census of India]] (District Census Handbook and Primary Census Abstract), Tarapur subdivision (C.D. Block Tarapur and its associated towns/villages) had a total population of 110,214 (2011). The subdivision area recorded in district census tables is approximately 70 km² with a total population density corresponding to the 2011 figures. The delimitation of urban and rural population in 2011 shows two census towns within the block — Gazipur and Tarapur (town) — which together account for the subdivision's urban population; the remainder is rural. Key demographic indicators from the 2011 Census / DCHB are given in the official census publications. <ref>{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook: Munger (Part A and Part B), Census of India 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/288 |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Primary Census Abstract (PCA) — C.D. Block wise, Munger (2011) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pcadata/ |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to the PCA/DCHB (2011):<br />
* ''Total population (2011):'' 110,214. <ref>{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook: Munger (Part A) — Town and Village Directory |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/288/download/802/DH_2011_1024.PART_A_DCHB_MUNGER.pdf |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><br />
* ''Urban population:'' the two census towns within the block (Gazipur and Tarapur) together form the urban component recorded in the census. <ref>{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook: Munger (Part B) — PCA |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/289/download/806/DH_2011_1024_PART_B_DCHB_MUNGER.pdf |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><br />
* ''Sex ratio, literacy, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes'': detailed figures ([[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]], literacy rate, SC/ST population totals and percentages) for Tarapur C.D. Block and its constituent towns/villages are provided in the DCHB/PCA tables published by the Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. <ref>{{cite web |title=Primary Census Abstract (PCA) C.D. Block wise — Munger |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/40905 |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
The economy of Tarapur subdivision is predominantly agrarian, with a majority of workers engaged in cultivation and agricultural labour as recorded in the District Census Handbook and PCA data. Local agricultural production recorded in district-level handbooks includes paddy, wheat and other seasonal crops; small trading and service activities are concentrated in the census towns and the block headquarters. The DCHB village/town directory and the census worker classification tables give the detailed occupational structure and main economic activities. <ref>{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook: Munger (Part B) — Economic Tables |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/289/download/806/DH_2011_1024_PART_B_DCHB_MUNGER.pdf |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
Road connections in the subdivision are via district and state roads connecting Tarapur with the district headquarters Munger and neighbouring towns; public and private buses provide inter-block and inter-district services. The nearest major railway stations serving Munger district are Jamalpur Junction and Munger (Jamalpur–Munger area), which provide rail connectivity to the [[Sahibganj loop]] and mainline services; detailed village/town directory entries in the DCHB list road and rail access for individual habitations. The district administration's "How to Reach" and map pages list the primary road and rail approaches to the area. <ref>{{cite web |title=How To Reach |url=https://munger.nic.in/how-to-reach/ |publisher=District Administration, Munger |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook: Munger — Village and Town Directory (Transport) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/288/download/802/DH_2011_1024.PART_A_DCHB_MUNGER.pdf |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education and public services==<br />
The District Census Handbook (village and town directories) lists the educational and public health infrastructure available in Tarapur subdivision: primary and upper primary schools, secondary schools, and health institutions such as Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and sub-centres located in block headquarters and larger villages/towns. The district administration also maintains school and hospital directories and block-level office contacts for Tarapur, Sangrampur and Asarganj. Detailed counts and locations of schools, anganwadis, and health centres appear in the DCHB and the district's public utilities directories. <ref>{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook: Munger — Education & Health (Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/288/download/802/DH_2011_1024.PART_A_DCHB_MUNGER.pdf |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Schools |url=https://munger.nic.in/directory/schools/ |publisher=District Administration, Munger |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hospitals |url=https://munger.nic.in/directory/hospitals/ |publisher=District Administration, Munger |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Bihar]]<br />
* [[Munger district]]<br />
* [[Tarapur, Bihar|Tarapur]]<br />
* [[Asarganj]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://munger.nic.in/ Munger district official website] — District Administration, Government of Bihar.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Subdivisions of Munger district]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhagawangola_II&diff=463721Bhagawangola II2025-10-16T05:11:22Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Bhagawangola II<br />
| other_name = Bhagabangola II<br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Community development block<br />
| image_skyline = File:Bhagawangola-II in Murshidabad.svg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = <br />
| pushpin_label_position = left<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|24.309|N|88.358|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]<br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 149.59<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 24<br />
| population_total = 158,024<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| demographics_type2 = Literacy <br />
| demographics2_title2 = [[Literacy]] (2011)<br />
| demographics2_info2 = 53.58%<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 742135 (Bhagwangola)<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code<br />
| area_code = 03482<br />
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-57, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-58<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bhagabangola (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhagabangola]]<br />
| website = {{URL|murshidabad.gov.in/}}<br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
CD Block<br />
}}<br />
'''Bhagawangola II''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Lalbag subdivision]] of [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Nashipur is located at {{coord|24.309|N|88.358|E|format=dms|}}<br />
<br />
Bhagawangola II CD block lies in the Jalangi-Bhagirathi [[Interfluve]] physiographic region in Murshidabad district. The [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi River]] splits the district into two natural physiographic regions – Rarh on the west and Bagri on the east. The [[Padma River]] separates Murshidabad district from [[Malda district]] and [[Chapai Nawabganj District|Chapai Nawabganj]] and [[Rajshahi District|Rajshahi]] districts of Bangladesh in the north. It is a low-lying area having [[Alluvium|alluvial]] soil pattern.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Physiography, Page 13 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | work= Geography | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities| access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bhagawangola II CD block is bounded by [[Godagari Upazila|Godagari]] and [[Paba Upazila|Paba]] upazilas in [[Rajshahi District]] of Bangladesh, across the [[Padma River|Padma]], in the north, [[Raninagar II]] CD block in the east, [[Murshidabad-Jiaganj]] and [[Raninagar I]] CD blocks in the south and [[Bhagawangola I]] CD block in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/murshidabad.html |title = Tehsil Map of Murshidabad |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 6 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Murshidabad district has a 125.35km long international border with Bangladesh of which 42.35km is on land and the remaining is riverine. There are 9 blocks – Samserganj, Suti I, Suti II, Raghunathganj II, Lalgola, Bhagawangola I, Bhagawangola II, Raninagar II and Jalangi - along the [[Bangladesh-India border]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://murshidabad.nic.in/About.aspx | title = Egiye Bangla Murshidabad | publisher = Murshidabad district authorities | access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref><br />
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The Bagri or the eastern part of the district is a low lying [[Alluvium|alluvial]] plain with the shape of an [[isosceles triangle]]. The Ganges/Padma and the Bhagirathi form the two equal sides; the [[Jalangi River|Jalangi]] forms the entire base; other offshoots of the Ganges meander within the area. It is vulnerable to flooding by the Bhagirathi and other rivers. The main rivers of this region are Bhairab, Jalangi, Chhoto Bhairab, Sialmari and Gobra Nala. All these rivers are distributaries of the main branch of the Ganges. The rivers are in their decaying stages.<ref name=river>{{cite web | url = http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | title = Types and sources of floods in Murshidabad, West Bengal | work = Swati Mollah | publisher = Indian Journal of Applied Research, February 2013 | access-date = 15 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170820073737/http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | archive-date = 2017-08-20 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
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A major problem is [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts|river bank erosion]]. As of 2013, an estimated 2.4 million people resided along the banks of the Ganges alone in Murshidabad district. Between 1931 and 1977, 26,769 hectares have been eroded and many villages have been fully submerged. 1980-1990 was a decade of erosion for this district and during the decade Giria, Sekhalipur, Khejustala, Mithipur, Fajilpur, Rajapur, Akheriganj, Parashpur villages were badly affected. Many families living along the Ganges continue to be affected. As for example, in 2007, severe erosion occurred in Lalgola, Bhagawangola II, Farakka and Raninnagar II CD blocks. In 2008, 1,245 families were affected in Lalgola, Bhagawangola I and Bhagawangola II CD blocks.<ref name=river/><br />
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Bhagawangola II CD block has an area of 175.26km<sup>2</sup>. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 6 [[gram panchayat]]s, 96 gram sansads (village councils), 71 [[mouza]]s and 56 inhabited villages. [[Ranitala#Police station|Ranitala]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad, Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 21 November 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Nasipur]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Map of Murshidabad with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref><br />
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[[Gram panchayat]]s in Bhagawangola II block/ panchayat samiti are: Akheriganj, Amdahara, Baligram, Karibona, Nashipore and Saralpore.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Murshidabad - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 August 2017}}</ref><br />
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==Demographics==<br />
<br />
===Population===<br />
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Bhagawangola II CD block had a total population of 158,024, all of which were rural. There were 80,699 (51%) males and 77,325 (49%) females. Population in the age range 0-6 years totalled 23,473. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 5,218 (3.30%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 45 (0.03%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 14 October 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
As per 2001 census, Bhagawangola II block has a total population of 129,907, out of which 66,813 were males and 63,094 were females. Bhagawangola II block registered a population growth of 17.83 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 23.70 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_7.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 8 June 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 – Mushidabad district |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205646/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_7.htm |archive-date=September 28, 2011 }}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref name="Census Commission of India">{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2012-04-12 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Decadal [[Population growth|Population Growth]] Rate (%)'''<br />
{{ #invoke:Chart | bar-chart<br />
| group 1 = 0 : 0 : 17.83 : 21.65 <br />
| group 2 = 25.5 : 28.2 : 23.8 : 21.1<br />
| group 3 = 23.2: 24.6 : 17.84 : 13.9<br />
<br />
| colors = olive : yellow : violet<br />
| group names = Bhagawagola II CD block : Murshidabad district : West Bengal<br />
| x legends = 1971-1981 : 1981-1991: 1991-2001: 2001-2011<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Sources:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Growth Rate, Page 44 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001-2011, Page 50 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Decadal Growth Rate"/><ref name="Census Commission of India"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.voiceofdharma.org/books/tfst/appii1.htm | title = Population explosion in West Bengal: a survey | work = Table 1.1 Population in West Bengal 1941-1991 | publisher = South Asian Research Society | access-date = 15 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170808081840/http://voiceofdharma.org/books/tfst/appii1.htm | archive-date = 8 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbdma.gov.in/PDF/census2001/Population_Decadal_Growth_Rate_Density_and_General_Sex.pdf | title = Final Population Totals West Bengal | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India | access-date = 15 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170902053520/http://www.wbdma.gov.in/PDF/census2001/Population_Decadal_Growth_Rate_Density_and_General_Sex.pdf | archive-date = 2 September 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The decadal growth of population in Bhagawangola II CD block in 2001-2011 was 21.65%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001-2011, Page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The decadal growth rate of population in Murshidabad district was as follows: 33.5% in 1951-61, 28.6% in 1961-71, 25.5% in 1971-81, 28.2% in 1981-91, 23.8% in 1991-2001 and 21.1% in 2001-11.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Growth Rate, Page 44 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal in 2001-11 was 13.93%.<ref name="Decadal Growth Rate">{{cite web | url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/census2011/decadal-growth-rate.html | title = Decadal Growth Rate | publisher = Mps of India | access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref><br />
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The decadal growth rate of population in neighbouring [[Rajshahi District]], across the Ganges, in Bangladesh, was 13.48% for the decade 2001-2011, down from 21.19% in the decade 1991-2001.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Zila_Rajshahi.pdf |title = Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011: Zila Report – Rajshahi | work= Page 17: Table PT 02 Population and Growth Rate, 1974-2011|publisher= Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh | access-date = 19 December 2018 }}</ref> <br />
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There are reports of [[Illegal immigration to India|Bangladeshi infiltrators]] entering Murshidabad district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/bangladeshi-infiltration-the-reality-check.html|title = Bangladeshi Infiltration: The Reality Check |publisher= The Pioneer, 27 June 2015 | access-date = 23 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=telegraph>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1050823/asp/nation/story_5136259.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051205225003/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050823/asp/nation/story_5136259.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = December 5, 2005 |title = Report taking shape amid infiltration buzz |publisher= The Telegraph, 23 August 2005 | access-date = 23 July 2017}}</ref><br />
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===Villages===<br />
Large villages in Bhagwangola II CD block were (2011 population figures in brackets): Amdahara Haziganj (4,281), [[Nasipur]] (25,644), Khamar Diar (8,385), Sankarpur (4,346), Khagjana (6,232), Kolan Radhakantapur (6,435), Bhandara (5,747), Benipur (5,167), Pukhuria (5,904) and Dakshin Sahar (7,849).<ref name=census2011/><br />
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===Literacy===<br />
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Bhagawangola II CD block was 84,519 (62.82% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 43,035 (62.58% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 41,484 (63.06% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was -0.49%.<ref name=census2011/><br />
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See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]<br />
<br />
{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Murshidabad district|collapsible=y}}<br />
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===Language and religion===<br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religion in Bhagawangola II CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/><br />
|titlebar=#FCD116<br />
|left1=<br />
|float=right<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|89.43}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|10.48}}<br />
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.09}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In the 2011 census, Muslims numbered 141,317 and formed 89.43% of the population in Bhagawangola II CD block. Hindus numbered 16,566 and formed 10.48% of the population. Others numbered 141 and formed 0.09% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> In Bhagawangola I and Bhagabangola II CD blocks taken together, while the proportion of Muslims increased from 82.02% in 1991 to 85.02% in 2001, the proportion of Hindus declined from 17.98% in 1991 to 14.80% in 2001.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 17.1, Population by religion in the blocks of Murshidabad | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 21 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
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Murshidabad district had 4,707,573 Muslims who formed 66.27% of the population, 2,359,061 Hindus who formed 33.21% of the population, and 37, 173 persons belonging to other religions who formed 0.52% of the population, in the 2011 census. While the proportion of Muslim population in the district increased from 61.40% in 1991 to 63.67% in 2001, the proportion of Hindu population declined from 38.39% in 1991 to 35.92% in 2001.<ref name=censusreligion2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |title = C1 Population by Religious Community | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 2.10, Population by religion in the district of Murshidabad, 1991 and 2001 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 21 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 2019-01-21 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bengal-beats-India-in-Muslim-growth-rate/articleshow/48675987.cms |title = Bengal beats India in Muslim growth rate|publisher= The Times of India, 26 August 2015 | access-date = 23 July 2017}}</ref><br />
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[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the predominant language, spoken by 99.96% of the population.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
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==Rural poverty==<br />
As per the Human Development Report 2004 for West Bengal, the [[rural poverty]] ratio in Murshidabad district was 46.12%. Purulia, Bankura and Birbhum districts had higher rural poverty ratios. These estimates were based on Central Sample data of NSS 55th round 1999-2000.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| title = West Bengal Human Development Report 2004| work = Page 80: Table 4.5 Per capita consumption in rural and urban areas by district| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 20 November 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120501201321/http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| archive-date = 1 May 2012| url-status = dead}}</ref><br />
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==Economy==<br />
===Livelihood===<br />
In Bhagawangola II CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 8,155 and formed 16.83%, agricultural labourers numbered 31,073 and formed 64.12%, household industry workers numbered 1,003 and formed 2.07% and other workers numbered 8,233 and formed 16.99%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Tables 2.7, 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 21 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
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===Infrastructure===<br />
There are 56 inhabited villages in Bhagawangola II CD block. 100% villages have power supply. 55 villages (98.21%) have drinking water supply. 10 villages (17.86%) have post offices. 54 villages (96.43%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 24 villages (45.64%) have a pucca approach road and 16 villages (28.57%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 5 villages (8.93%) have agricultural credit societies and 8 villages (14.29%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 96-97 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 August 2017}}</ref><br />
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===Agriculture===<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture<br/>in Bhagawangola II CD block'''<br />
|value1 = 1.52<br />
|label1 = Bargadars<br />
|value2 = 10.97<br />
|label2 = Patta holders<br />
|value3 = 5.44<br />
|label3 = Small farmers<br />
|value4 = 24.33<br />
|label4 = Marginal farmers<br />
|value5 = 57.74<br />
|label5= Agricultural labourers}}<br />
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From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 2016-10-05 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Bhagawangola II CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 818 (1.52%), patta (document) holders 5,905 (10.97%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 2,927 (5.44%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 13,092 (24.33%) and agricultural labourers 31,073 (57.74%).<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
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Bhagawangola II CD block had 110 fertiliser depots, 1 seed store and 33 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013-14.<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
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In 2013-14, Bhagawangola II CD block produced 1,099 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 473 hectares, 5,005 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 726 hectares, 700 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 417 hectares, 322 tonnes of wheat from 147 hectares, 5 tonnes of maize from 2 hectares, 90,697 tonnes of jute from 5,554 hectares and 7,303 tonnes of potatoes from 261 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
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In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Bhagawangola II CD block was 10,280 hectares, out of which 3 hectares were irrigated with tank water, 47 hectares with river lift irrigation, 280 hectares by deep tube well and 9,950 hectares by other means.<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
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===Silk and handicrafts===<br />
Murshidabad is famous for its silk industry since the Middle Ages. There are three distinct categories in this industry, namely (i) [[Mulberry]] cultivation and silkworm rearing (ii) Peeling of raw silk (iii) Weaving of silk fabrics.<ref name=handicrafts>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 22-23: Industry | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 August 2017}}</ref><br />
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Ivory carving is an important cottage industry from the era of the Nawabs. The main areas where this industry has flourished are Khagra and Jiaganj. 99% of ivory craft production is exported. In more recent years sandalwood etching has become more popular than ivory carving. Bell metal and Brass utensils are manufactured in large quantities at Khagra, Berhampore, Kandi and Jangipur. [[Beedi]] making has flourished in the Jangipur subdivision.<ref name=handicrafts/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#4 | title = Egiye Bangla Murshidabad district | work = Handicrafts and Silk Industry | publisher = Murshidabad district administration | access-date = 17 August 2017}}</ref><br />
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===Banking===<br />
In 2013-14, Bhagawangola II CD block had offices of 6 commercial banks and 1 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin bank]].<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
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===Backward Regions Grant Fund===<br />
Murshidabad district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 26 November 2018}}</ref><br />
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==Transport==<br />
Bhagawangola II CD block has 3 ferry services and 3 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest [[Bhagwangola railway station]] is 12km from CD Block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
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==Education==<br />
In 2013-14, Bhagawangola II CD block had 74 primary schools with 9,431 students, 13 middle schools with 1,747 students, 4 high schools with 3,942 students and 6 higher secondary schools with 12,751 students. Bhagawangola II CD block had 318 institutions for special and non-formal education with 14,821 students.<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
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In Bhagawangola II CD block, amongst the 56 inhabited villages, 2 villages did not have a school, 25 villages have more than 1 primary school, 21 villages have at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 13 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 901-902, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Healthcare==<br />
In 2014, Bhagawangola II CD block had 1 block primary health centre and 2 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] with total 29 beds and 4 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 21 family welfare subcentres. 19,541 patients were treated indoor and 141,377 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
<br />
Bhagawangola II CD block has Nasipur Block Primary Health Centre at [[Nasipur]] (with 15 beds), Fulpur [[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centre]] (with 4 beds) and Kolan-Radhakantapur PHC (with 10 beds).<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 September 2017 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Bhagwangola II CD block is one of the areas of Murshidabad district where ground water is affected by a high level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10&nbsp;mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50&nbsp;mg/ litre. All but one of the 26 blocks of Murshidabad district have arsenic contamination above the WHO level, all but two of the blocks have arsenic concentration above the Indian Standard value and 17 blocks have arsenic concentration above 300&nbsp;mg/litre. The maximum concentration in Bhagawangola II CD block is 1,852&nbsp;mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Murshidabad| access-date = 4 August 2017| archive-date = 22 July 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722092741/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Murshidabad}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|3}}<br />
<br />
{{Murshidabad topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Community development blocks in Murshidabad district]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ek_Raja_Ek_Rani&diff=462464Ek Raja Ek Rani2025-09-22T03:48:46Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: slightly corrected citations per sources and fixed typos based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Ek Raja Ek Rani Intertitle.jpg<br />
| caption =<br />
| genre = [[Television drama|Drama]]<br />
| creator = <br />
| developer = <br />
| writer = [[Kushan Nandy]]<br />
| director = Kushan Nandy<br />
| creative_director = <br />
| presenter = <br />
| starring = [[Ek Raja Ek Rani#Cast|See below]]<br />
| theme_music_composer = <br />
| opentheme = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = <br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| producer = <br />
| editor = Deepak Kapoor<br />
| location = <br />
| cinematography = Suresh Gowda<br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = 24 minutes<br />
| company = Kushan Nandy Creations<br />
| channel = [[DD Metro]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|1996}}<br />
| last_aired = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Ek Raja Ek Rani''''' is an Indian television series that aired in 1996 on [[DD Metro]] and later on [[Zee TV]]. The series is directed by [[Kushan Nandy]], and stars [[Shekhar Suman]] and [[Bhairavi Raichura]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pritish-nandy.co.tv/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 June 2011 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306110205/http://www.pritish-nandy.co.tv/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Ajay Kapoor ([[Shekhar Suman]]) is a wealthy millionaire who is in search for the love of his life. His search ended when he meets beautiful Shweta Mehta ([[Bhairavi Raichura]]), but first they have clear all the hurdles to be together. While Shweta's mother ([[Shubha Khote]]) and her uncle tries to separate her from Ajay, her father, her cousin and Ajay's best friend Kalidas ([[Raju Kher]]) tries everything to help them to be together.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Shekhar Suman]] as Ajay Kapoor<br />
*[[Bhairavi Raichura]] as Shweta Mehta<br />
*[[Raju Kher]] as Kalidas<br />
*[[Shubha Khote]] as Shanti<br />
*[[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Mungerilal<br />
*[[Guddi Maruti]]<br />
*[[Amrut Patel]]<br />
*[[Kishore Pradhan]]<br />
*[[Anoop Kumar]] as Shopkeeper (Guest Appearance)<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The show has two songs, including the title track, sung by [[Vinod Rathod]]. The music is composed by ''Dinesh Mahavir''.<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track list<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = <br />
| title1 = Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani<br />
| extra1 = [[Vinod Rathod]]<br />
| length1 = 1:34<br />
| title2 = Sun Sun Dhadkan<br />
| extra2 = [[Vinod Rathod]]<br />
| length2 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:DD Metro original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:1996 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:1996 Indian television series endings]]</div>DellaPugh3766180https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._R._F._Keating&diff=468181H. R. F. Keating2025-09-17T04:40:01Z<p>DellaPugh3766180: added page as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|English crime fiction writer}}<br />
{{More footnotes|date=March 2011}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
| name = H. R. F. Keating<br />
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|FRSL}}<br />
| image = H. R. F. Keating.png<br />
| caption = Keating in 1981<br />
| birth_name = Henry Reymond Fitzwalter Keating<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1926|10|31}}<br />
| birth_place = [[St. Leonards-on-Sea]], [[Sussex]], England<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2011|3|27|1926|10|31}}<br />
| death_place = London, England<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/31/books/h-r-f-keating-author-of-inspector-ghote-mysteries-dies.html "H. R. F. Keating, Author of Crime Series, Is Dead at 84"]. ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref><br />
| resting_place = [[Mortlake Crematorium]]<br />
| other_names = Harry Keating<br>Evelyn Hervey<br />
| citizenship = <br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = [[Trinity College Dublin]]<br />
| occupation = <br />
| years_active = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| notable_works = ''[[The Perfect Murder (novel)|The Perfect Murder]]'' (1964)<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sheila Mitchell]]|1953}}<br />
| children = 4<br />
| relatives = <br />
| awards = <br />
| website = {{URL|hrfkeating.com}}<br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_size = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Henry Reymond Fitzwalter Keating''' (31 October 1926 – 27 March 2011) was an English [[crime fiction]] writer most notable for his series of novels featuring [[Inspector Ghote]] of the Bombay CID.<ref>Laura Roberts,<br />
[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/8411920/HRF-Keating-dies-at-84.html "HRF Keating dies at 84"], ''The Telegraph'', 29 March 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
==Life==<br />
Keating, known as "'''Harry'''" to friends and family, was born in [[St. Leonards-on-Sea]], [[Sussex]] and typed out his first story at the age of eight. He was educated at [[Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood|Merchant Taylor's School]] in London and later [[Trinity College Dublin]].<ref name="Guardian-obit">Mike Ripley, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/mar/28/hrf-keating-obituary "H.R.F. Keating obituary"], ''The Guardian'', 28 March 2011.</ref> In 1956 he moved to London to work as a journalist on ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. He was the crime books reviewer for ''[[The Times]]'' for 15 years. He was chairman of the [[Crime Writers' Association]] (CWA) (1970–71), chairman of the [[Society of Authors]] (1983–84) and president of the [[Detection Club]] (1985–2000). He was a fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]].<br />
<br />
He received the [[George N. Dove Award]] in 1995. In 1996 the CWA awarded him the [[Cartier Diamond Dagger]] for outstanding services to crime literature. He also wrote screenplays, was a reviewer and edited the essay collection ''Agatha Christie: First Lady of Crime''. He died in London on 27 March 2011, aged 84.<br />
<br />
==Last years==<br />
On his 80th birthday in 2006, members of the Detection Club honoured him with an anthology, ''Verdict of Us All'', published by [[Crippen & Landru]]. He lived in [[London]] with his wife, the actress [[Sheila Mitchell]], until his death in 2011, aged 84. He was survived by his wife, four children, and nine grandchildren.<ref name="Guardian-obit" /><br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
<br />
===Early novels===<br />
Keating's first four novels were published by [[Victor Gollancz Ltd|Gollancz]]. With his fifth novel, ''Death of a Fat God'' (1963), he moved to [[Collins Crime Club]], with whom he stayed for the next twenty years.<br />
<br />
===Inspector Ghote===<br />
{{main|Inspector Ghote}}<br />
Inspector Ganesh Ghote is an [[inspector]] in the Bombay (Mumbai) Police who appeared in twenty-six novels. The first was ''[[The Perfect Murder (novel)|The Perfect Murder]]'' (1964), which won a Crime Writers' Association [[Gold Dagger]] Award and was nominated for an [[Edgar Award]]. It was later made into a [[The Perfect Murder (1988 film)|film]] by [[Merchant Ivory]]. Keating intended Ghote's final appearance to be in the novel ''Breaking and Entering'' (2000), but brought the character back in ''Inspector Ghote's First Case'' (2008) and ''A Small Case for Inspector Ghote'' (2009).<br />
<br />
Keating did not visit India until ten years after he started writing about it.<ref>[http://members.jcom.home.ne.jp/steamyeast/main/whoswho.html ''Who's who in Steamy East and related fiction'' (Google cached version, 30 June 2006)]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}– which references Meera Tamaya's ''H.R.F. Keating: Post-Colonial Detection (A Critical Study)''; Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1993: "Keating wrote the first nine Ghote stories before his first visit to the country—and having been there he found it more difficult to write" (p. 23).</ref> In the introduction to ''Inspector Ghote, His Life and Crimes'', Keating stated that he was contemplating setting his next detective novel in India because "American publishers had rejected my previous four titles as being 'too British.'" He did research (he later acknowledged, "from books, from the occasional Indian art-film featuring the city [Bombay], from scraps of friends' talk, from TV glimpses, and from the pages of the Sunday edition of the ''Times of India'', which I had begun to take"<ref>Introduction to ''Inspector Ghote, His Life and Crimes''</ref>) and consulted with a friend that he described as "an Englishman just back from Bombay." He had intended the first book as a one-off, but ''The Perfect Murder'' "unexpectedly won the Golden Dagger award for 1964, and an Edgar Allan Poe award in America where, yes, it did get published." As Keating describes in the introduction to ''Inspector Ghote, His Life and Crimes'': "...one morning, sometime in 1974, I got a letter from Air India saying they had heard of this author writing about Bombay without ever having seen the sub-continent, so would I like a flight there in exchange for whatever publicity there was to be made?" He accepted and landed in Bombay on 12 October 1974, spending three weeks there.<br />
<br />
===Evelyn Hervey===<br />
In the mid-1980s Keating published three novels with [[Weidenfeld & Nicolson|Weidenfeld]] under the pseudonym '''Evelyn Hervey'''.<br />
<br />
===DCI Harriet Martens===<br />
Harriet Martens is a detective [[chief inspector]] who earns the nickname "The Hard Detective" because of the tough image that she adopts to survive in the masculine world of UK policing. This toughness inspired her to start a "Stop the Rot" campaign that successfully reduced local crime but angered some violent criminals to the extent that they started murdering her officers. In the second book, she falls in love with a fellow officer while investigating the murder of the UK's top tennis player. With her job under threat, she fights to prove her worth in the third book.<br />
<br />
===Other novels===<br />
In 1978 Keating published ''A Long Walk to Wimbledon'', a [[science-fiction]] novel about a man trekking across a ruined [[London]] to save his estranged wife.<br />
<br />
In the 1990s Keating wrote several novels about UK police detectives whose human weaknesses adversely affect their work. The first of these was ''The Rich Detective'' (1993) in which Detective Inspector Bill Sylvester of South Mercia Police investigates an anonymous allegation that a local antiques dealer is murdering old ladies after persuading them to change their wills in his favour.<br />
<br />
In ''The Bad Detective'' (1996) Detective Sergeant Jack Stallworthy is a corrupt police officer who is planning his retirement to Devon when a businessman offers him ownership of a hotel on a tropical island in return for stealing an incriminating file from the Fraud Investigations Office at police headquarters.<br />
<br />
In September 1999 [[Flambard Press]] published his verse novel ''Jack, the Lady Killer''.<br />
<br />
===Non-fiction===<br />
His guide to ''Writing Crime Fiction'' (1986) was based on his analysis of the development of the genre from the 1920s to the 1990s. It includes guidance on fictional structure, the plot and its characters, and on submitting a script to publishers.<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
Partial bibliography<br />
<br />
===Inspector Ghote===<br />
*''[[The Perfect Murder (novel)|The Perfect Murder]]'' (1964)<br />
*''[[Inspector Ghote's Good Crusade]]'' (1966)<br />
*''Inspector Ghote Caught in Meshes'' (1967)<br />
*''[[Inspector Ghote Hunts the Peacock]]'' (1968)<br />
*''[[Inspector Ghote Plays a Joker]]'' (1969)<br />
*''Inspector Ghote Breaks an Egg'' (1970)<br />
*''[[Inspector Ghote Goes by Train (novel)|Inspector Ghote Goes by Train]]'' (1971)<br />
*''Inspector Ghote Trusts the Heart'' (1972)<br />
*''Bats Fly Up for Inspector Ghote'' (1974)<br />
*''Filmi, Filmi, Inspector Ghote'' (1976)<br />
*''Inspector Ghote Draws a Line'' (1979)<br />
*''The Murder of the Maharajah'' (1980) (Not technically an Inspector Ghote book—it takes place in April 1930 and District Superintendent of Police Howard is the detective—however, Ghote is present in spirit.)<br />
*''Go West Inspector Ghote'' (1981)<br />
*''The Sheriff of Bombay'' (1984)<br />
*''[[Under a Monsoon Cloud]]'' (1986)<br />
*''The Body in the Billiard Room'' (1987)<br />
*''Dead on Time'' (1988)<br />
*''[[The Iciest Sin]]'' (1990)<br />
*''Inspector Ghote, His Life and Crimes'' (1989); short story collection<br />
*''Cheating Death'' (1992)<br />
*''Doing Wrong'' (1993)<br />
*''[[Asking Questions]]'' (1996)<br />
*''[[Bribery, Corruption Also (Novel)|Bribery, Corruption Also]]'' (1999)<br />
*''[[Breaking and Entering (Keating novel)|Breaking and Entering]]'' (2000)<br />
*''[[Inspector Ghote's First Case]]'' (2008)<br />
*''A Small Case for Inspector Ghote?'' (2009)<br />
<br />
===Harriet Martens===<br />
*''The Hard Detective'' (2000)<br />
*''Detective in Love'' (2001)<br />
*''A Detective Under Fire'' (2002)<br />
*''The Dreaming Detective'' (2003)<br />
*''A Detective at Death's Door'' (2004)<br />
*''One Man and His Bomb'' (2006)<br />
*''Rules, Regs and Rotten Eggs'' (2007)<br />
<br />
===Other novels===<br />
*''Death and the Visiting Firemen'' (1959)<br />
*''Zen There Was Murder'' (1960)<br />
*''A Rush on the Ultimate'' (1961)<br />
*''The Dog It Was That Died'' (1962)<br />
*''Death of a Fat God'' (1963)<br />
*''Is Skin-Deep, Is Fatal'' (1965)<br />
*''Deadlier Than the Male'' (1967); writing as Henry Reymond; novelisation of ''[[Deadlier Than the Male]]'' (a [[Bulldog Drummond]] thriller, screenplay by [[Jimmy Sangster]])<br />
*''Some Girls Do'' (1969); writing as Henry Reymond; novelisation of ''[[Some Girls Do]]'' (a [[Bulldog Drummond]] thriller, screenplay by [[Jimmy Sangster]])<br />
*''The Strong Man'' (1971)<br />
*''The Underside'' (1974)<br />
*''A Remarkable Case of Burglary'' (1975)<br />
*''Murder by Death'' (1976); novelisation of ''[[Murder by Death]]'' (screenplay by [[Neil Simon]])<br />
*''A Long Walk to Wimbledon'' (1978); science-fiction novel<br />
*''The Governess'' (1983); writing as Evelyn Hervey<br />
*''Mrs. Craggs: Crimes Cleaned Up'' (1985); short story collection<br />
*''The Man of Gold'' (1985); writing as Evelyn Hervey<br />
*''Into the Valley of Death'' (1986); writing as Evelyn Hervey<br />
*''The Rich Detective'' (1993)<br />
*''The Good Detective'' (1995)<br />
*''The Bad Detective'' (1996)<br />
*''The Soft Detective'' (1997)<br />
*''In Kensington Gardens Once...'' ([[Crippen & Landru]], 1997); short story collection<br />
*''Jack the Lady Killer'' (1999); novel in verse<br />
*''A Kind of Light'' (2017); posthumous printing of an unpublished novel dating from 1987 discovered after the author's death.<br />
<br />
=== Short stories ===<br />
<br />
* "A Toothbrush" (2005), published in ''The Detection Collection'', edited by [[Simon Brett]].<br />
<br />
===Non-fiction books===<br />
*''Murder Must Appetize'' (1975)<br />
* ''Agatha Christie: First Lady of Crime'' (1977), editor<br />
*''Sherlock Holmes, the Man and His World'' (1979)<br />
*''Great Crimes'' (1982)<br />
*''Writing Crime Fiction'' (1986; 2nd ed. 1994)<br />
*''Crime and Mystery: the 100 Best Books'' (1987)<br />
*''The Bedside Companion to Crime'' (1989)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://hrfkeating.com/ Official website]<br />
* An Appreciation by [[Mike Ripley]] in SHOTS Crime & Thriller Ezine [http://www.shotsmag.co.uk/feature_view.aspx?FEATURE_ID=17 When Harry Met Ripley]<br />
*[http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/portrait.asp?LinkID=mp63317&rNo=0&role=sit Portrait photograph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930193836/http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/portrait.asp?LinkID=mp63317&rNo=0&role=sit |date=30 September 2007 }} taken by Nichola Kurtz in January 2002<br />
*[http://www.martinedwardsbooks.com/hrf.htm Article on HRF Keating] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203720/http://www.martinedwardsbooks.com/hrf.htm |date=3 March 2016 }}<br />
*[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/books-obituaries/8412095/HRF-Keating.html H.R.F. Keating obituary] at ''The Telegraph''<br />
*[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/mar/28/hrf-keating-obituary H.R.F. Keating obituary] at ''The Guardian''<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=0444109}}<br />
* [https://rsliterature.org/fellow/h-r-f-keating/ "H.R.F. Keating"] (Fellows Remembered), [[The Royal Society of Literature]]<br />
<br />
{{Gold Dagger Award}}<br />
{{Agatha Award}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Keating, HRF}}<br />
[[Category:Writers from London]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Hastings]]<br />
[[Category:English crime fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:English mystery writers]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature]]<br />
[[Category:Cartier Diamond Dagger winners]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood]]<br />
[[Category:The Times people]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Detection Club]]<br />
[[Category:1926 births]]<br />
[[Category:2011 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Macavity Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Agatha Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century English novelists]]<br />
[[Category:People from St Leonards-on-Sea]]</div>DellaPugh3766180