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Cherokee

2026-05-11T15:02:59Z

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{{Short description|Indigenous people of the United States}}
{{About|the Indigenous American people|tribal administration|Cherokee Nation|other uses}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2011}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = {{unbulleted list|Cherokee|ᏣᎳᎩ|ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯᎢ}}
| image = Henry Inman - Sequoyah - Google Art Project.jpg
| image_caption = [[Sequoyah]], creator of the [[Cherokee syllabary]], as painted by [[Henry Inman (painter)|Henry Inman]], {{circa}} 1830
| population = '''316,049 enrolled''' tribal citizens (Eastern Band: >13,999, Cherokee Nation: 288,749, United Keetoowah Band: 14,300)<ref name=oia>[http://www.ok.gov/oiac/Publications/ "Pocket Pictorial"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406044653/http://www.ok.gov/oiac/Publications/ |date=April 6, 2010 }} ''Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission''. 2010: 6 and 37. (retrieved June 11, 2010).</ref> 
'''819,105 claimed''' Cherokee ancestry in the 2010 Census<ref name="slate.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history/2015/10/cherokee_blood_why_do_so_many_americans_believe_they_have_cherokee_ancestry.html|title=Why Do So Many Americans Think They Have Cherokee Blood?|author1-link=Gregory D. Smithers|first=Gregory D.|last=Smithers|date=October 1, 2015|website=www.slate.com|access-date=April 24, 2017}}</ref>
| popplace = [[United States]] 
[[California]]: large ethnic diaspora community, 22,124 registered tribal citizens<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cherokeephoenix.org/Article/Index/62531|title=Map shows CN citizen population for each state|location=Tahlequah, OK|website=[[Cherokee Phoenix]]|last=Chavez|first=Will|date=29 August 2018|access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref> 
[[North Carolina]]: 16,158 (0.2%)<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|year=2014|title=U.S. Census website|quote=Community Facts (Georgia), 2014 American Community Survey, Demographic and Housing Estimates (Age, Sex, Race, Households and Housing, ...)|access-date=April 24, 2017}}</ref> 
[[Oklahoma]]: 102,580 (2.7%) – extends to nearby Arkansas, Kansas and Missouri<ref name="census"/>

[[South Carolina]]: 3,428<ref>http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150108070337/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml |date=2015-01-08 }}, American FactFinder, Community Facts (South Carolina), 2014 American Community Survey, Demographic and Housing Estimates (Age, Sex, Race, Households and Housing,...)</ref> 
[[Canada]]: 11,620 Residents of Canada identified as having Cherokee Ancestry in the [[2016 Canadian census|2016 Canadian Census]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Aboriginal Population Profile, 2019 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/abpopprof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&B1=All&C1=All&SEX_ID=1&AGE_ID=1&RESGEO_ID=1 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca/ | date=June 21, 2018 |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
| rels = [[Christianity]], [[Cherokee spiritual beliefs]], [[Animism]], [[Keetoowah Nighthawk Society|Kituhwa]], [[Four Mothers Society]]<ref>Sturtevant and Fogelson, 613</ref>
| langs = [[English language|English]], [[Cherokee language|Cherokee]]
| related =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Cherokee}}
{{Mound Builders}}

The '''Cherokee''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|tʃ|ɛr|ə|k|iː}} {{respell|CHAIR|ə|kee}}, {{IPAc-en|ˌ|tʃ|ɛr|ə|ˈ|k|iː|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Cherokee.wav}} {{respell|CHAIR|ə|KEE}};<ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref><ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> {{langx|chr|ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯᎢ|translit=Aniyvwiyaʔi / Anigiduwagi}}, or {{langx|chr|ᏣᎳᎩ|links=no|label=none|translit=Tsalagi}}) people are one of the [[Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands]] of the [[United States]]. Prior to the 18th century, they were concentrated in their ancestral homelands, living in towns along river valleys in what is now southwestern [[North Carolina]], southeastern [[Tennessee]], southwestern [[Virginia]], parts of western [[South Carolina]], northern [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], and northeastern [[Alabama]], with hunting grounds extending into [[Kentucky]]. Together, these lands encompassed approximately 40,000 square miles.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Stuyvesant |editor1-first=William C. |editor2-last=Fogelson |editor2-first=Raymond D. |title=Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast, Volume 14 |date=2004 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |location=Washington, DC |isbn=0-16-072300-0 |page=ix}}</ref>

The [[Cherokee language]] belongs to the [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian language family]]. In the 19th century, the ethnographer [[James Mooney]] recorded an oral tradition describing the Cherokee as having migrated southward in ancient times from the [[Great Lakes]] region, an area historically associated with other [[Iroquoian peoples]].<ref name="Mooney 1900 393">{{Cite book |last= Mooney |first= James |author-link= James Mooney |title= Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees |publisher= Kessinger Publishing |orig-year= 1900 |year= 2006 |isbn= 978-1-4286-4864-7 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9HDbWUX71joC |page= 393}}</ref> More recent linguistic and archaeological scholarship has proposed an earlier origin. Anthropologist Thomas R. Whyte, writing in 2007, suggested that the [[proto-Iroquoian language]] likely originated in the [[Appalachian region]] and that the divergence between Northern and Southern Iroquoian languages began approximately 4,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Whyte |first1=Thomas |title=Proto-Iroquoian divergence in the Late Archaic–Early Woodland period transition of the Appalachian highlands |journal=Southeastern Archaeology |date=June 2007 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=134–144 |jstor=40713422}}</ref>

By the 19th century, European American settlers classified the Cherokee as one of the "[[Five Civilized Tribes]]" of the Southeast. The Cherokee were primarily [[Agrarianism|agrarian]], lived in permanent towns, and adopted certain cultural and technological practices introduced by European Americans. During this period, they also developed their own writing system.

Today, three Cherokee tribes are [[List of federally recognized tribes|federally recognized]]: the [[United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians]] (UKB) in Oklahoma, the [[Cherokee Nation]] (CN) in Oklahoma, and the [[Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians]] (EBCI) in North Carolina.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tribal Directory: Southeast |url=http://www.ncai.org/tribal-directory?utf8=%E2%9C%93&area=15&submit=Search
|website=National Congress of American Indians |access-date=June 9, 2017}}</ref>

The Cherokee Nation has more than 300,000 enrolled citizens, making it the largest of the 574 federally recognized tribes in the United States.<ref name=Census_2002>{{cite web |title=The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010 |work=Census 2010 Brief |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/c2kbr01-15.pdf |date=February 1, 2002 |access-date=January 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120194313/http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/c2kbr01-15.pdf |archive-date=January 20, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In addition, numerous [[Cherokee heritage groups|groups claim Cherokee lineage]], some of which are state-recognized. More than 819,000 people identified as having Cherokee ancestry on the U.S. census, although most are not enrolled citizens of any federally recognized tribe.<ref name="slate.com" />

Of the three federally recognized Cherokee tribes, the Cherokee Nation and the United Keetoowah Band maintain their headquarters in [[Tahlequah, Oklahoma]], where the majority of their citizens reside. Members of the UKB are primarily descendants of the so-called “Old Settlers,” also known as Western Cherokee, who migrated from the Southeast to [[Arkansas]] and present-day Oklahoma beginning around 1817, prior to [[Indian removal]]. They are closely related to the Cherokee who were later [[Cherokee removal|forcibly relocated]] during the 1830s under the [[Indian Removal Act]]. The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians is based on the [[Qualla Boundary]] in western North Carolina and is largely descended from Cherokee ancestors who resisted or avoided removal and remained in the region. Although they relinquished tribal citizenship during this period and became state and U.S. citizens, they reorganized in the late 19th century and achieved federal recognition as a tribe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uncpress.unc.edu/nc_encyclopedia/cherokee.html
|title=Cherokee Indians |access-date=June 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223173021/http://uncpress.unc.edu/nc_encyclopedia/cherokee.html
|archive-date=23 December 2016 |website=Encyclopedia of North Carolina |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press}}</ref>

==Etymology==
A Cherokee-language name for the Cherokee people is {{Lang|chr-latn|Aniyvwiya}} ({{lang|chr|ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ}}, translating as {{Gloss|Principal People}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Buchanan |first=Heidi |title=Research Guides: Cherokee Studies: Welcome |url=https://researchguides.wcu.edu/CherokeeStudies/home
|access-date=2024-04-02 |website=researchguides.wcu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Another Cherokee endonym is {{Lang|chr-latn|Anigiduwagi}} ({{Lang|chr|ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ}}, translating as {{Gloss|People from Kituwah}}), a reference to Kituwah, the ancient mother town of the Cherokee people.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff REPORTS |date=2023-08-22 |title=Native American remains receive symbolic headstone at Fort Campbell |url=https://www.cherokeephoenix.org/news/native-american-remains-receive-symbolic-headstone-at-fort-campbell/article_f0abf326-410e-11ee-a4ea-83ea2e722bd9.html
|access-date=2024-04-02 |website=cherokeephoenix.org |language=en}}</ref> {{Lang|chr-latn|Tsalagi Gawonihisdi}} ({{lang|chr|ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ}}) is the Cherokee name for the [[Cherokee language]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nagle |first=Rebecca |date=2019-11-05 |title=The U.S. has spent more money erasing Native languages than saving them |url=http://www.hcn.org/issues/51-21-22/indigenous-affairs-the-u-s-has-spent-more-money-erasing-native-languages-than-saving-them/
|access-date=2024-04-02 |website=High Country News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Ethnologue17">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Cherokee: A Language of the United States |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/chr
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925071809/http://www.ethnologue.com/language/chr
|archive-date=2014-09-25 |access-date=October 20, 2014 |work=[[Ethnologue]]: Languages of the World |publisher=[[SIL International]]}}</ref>

Numerous theories—none of which are definitive—have been proposed regarding the [[etymology|origin of the name]] ''Cherokee''. Some scholars suggest it may have originated as a name applied by neighboring tribes in the region.

One of the earliest Spanish transliterations of the name, recorded in 1755, appears as {{Lang|es|Tchalaque}}, although the term itself dates to accounts associated with the [[Hernando de Soto]] expedition of the mid-16th century.<ref>Charles A. Hanna, ''The Wilderness Trail'', (New York: 1911). This was chronicled by de Soto's expedition as [[Chalaque]].</ref> Another theory suggests that ''Cherokee'' derives from the [[Muscogee Creek|Lower Creek]] word {{Lang|mus|Cvlakke}} ("chuh-log-gee"), reflecting Creek usage for the Cherokee people who inhabited the southern Appalachian region.<ref name="M&M">Martin and Mauldin, ''A Dictionary of Creek/Muskogee'', Sturtevant and Fogelson, p. 349.</ref>

The [[Iroquois]] Five Nations, historically based in New York and Pennsylvania, referred to the Cherokee as {{Lang|iro|Oyata'ge'ronoñ}} ({{Gloss|inhabitants of the cave country}}).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mooney |first1=James |title=Historical Sketch of the Cherokee |date=1975 |publisher=Aldine Pub. Co. |location=Chicago, IL |isbn=0202011364 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historicalsketch0000moon/page/4 4] |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalsketch0000moon/page/4
}}</ref> It has also been suggested that the word ''Cherokee'' originated from a [[Muscogee language|Muscogee]] Creek term meaning {{Gloss|people of different speech}}, referencing the linguistic distinction between the two groups.<ref>[https://www.tolatsga.org/Cherokee1.html "Cherokee"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425221202/http://www.tolatsga.org/Cherokee1.html
|date=April 25, 2019 }} – Tolatsga.org</ref> However, Cherokee scholar Jack Kilpatrick disputed this interpretation, arguing instead that the name derives from the Cherokee word {{Lang|chr-latn|tsàdlagí}}, meaning {{Gloss|he has turned aside}}.

==Origins==
[[File:Smoky Mtn View.jpg|thumb|500px|[[Great Smoky Mountains]]]]
Anthropologists and historians have two main theories of Cherokee origins. One is that the Cherokee, an Iroquoian-speaking people, migrated to Southern [[Appalachia]] from northern areas around the Great Lakes in {{clarify span|late prehistoric times.|What is "late prehistoric" in this context? A date range is essential.|date=January 2025}} The area became territory of the ''[[Iroquois]]'' (also known as the "''Haudenosaunee''") nations and other Iroquoian-speaking peoples of the Southeast such as the [[Tuscarora people]] of the Carolinas, and the [[Meherrin]] and [[Nottaway]] of Virginia. The other theory is that the Cherokee had been in the Southeast for thousands of years and that proto-Iroquoian developed there instead of in the north.

Supporting the first theory are recorded conversations of Cherokee elders made by ethnographer [[James Mooney]] in the late 19th century, who recounted an oral tradition of their people migrating south from the [[Great Lakes]] region in ancient times.<ref name="Mooney 1900 393"/> They occupied territories where earthwork [[platform mounds]] were built by peoples during the earlier Woodland period.

The people of the [[Woodland period#Middle Woodland period (200 BCE – 500 CE)|Middle Woodland period]] are believed to be ancestors of the historic Cherokee and occupied what is now [[Western North Carolina]], circa 200 to 600 CE. They are believed to have built what is called the [[Biltmore Mound]], found in 1984 south of the [[Swannanoa River]] on the Biltmore Estate, which has numerous Native American sites.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/local/2017/08/21/answer-man-did-cherokee-live-biltmore-estate-lands-early-settlers/581792001/|title=Answer Man: Did the Cherokee live on Biltmore Estate lands? Early settlers?|last=Boyle|first=John|work=[[Asheville Citizen-Times]]|date=August 21, 2017|access-date=August 21, 2017}}</ref>

Other ancestors of the Cherokee are considered to be part of the later [[Pisgah phase]] of [[South Appalachian Mississippian culture]], a regional variation of the [[Mississippian culture]] that arose circa 1000 and lasted to 1500 CE.<ref>Sturtevant and Fogelson, 132</ref> There is a consensus among most specialists in Southeast archeology and anthropology about these dates. But Finger says that ancestors of the Cherokee people lived in western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee for a far longer period of time.<ref>Finger, 6–7</ref> Additional mounds were built by peoples during this cultural phase. Typically in this region, towns had a single [[platform mound]] and served as a political center for smaller villages.

==Homelands==
The Cherokee occupied numerous towns throughout the river valleys and mountain ridges of their homelands. What were called the Lower towns were found in what is present-day western [[Oconee County, South Carolina]], along the [[Keowee River]] (called the Savannah River in its lower portion). The principal town of the Lower Towns was [[Keowee]]. Other Cherokee towns on the Keowee River included Estatoe, Sugartown (''Kulsetsiyi''), a name repeated in other areas.

In western North Carolina, what were known as the Valley, Middle, and Outer Towns were located along the major rivers of the [[Tuckasegee River|Tuckasegee]], the upper [[Little Tennessee River|Little Tennessee]], [[Hiwassee River|Hiwasee]], [[French Broad River|French Broad]] and other systems. The [[Overhill Cherokee]] occupied towns along the lower Little Tennessee River and upper Tennessee River on the western side of the Appalachian Mountains, in present-day southeastern Tennessee.

===Agriculture===
During the late [[Archaic period in the Americas|Archaic]] and [[Woodland Period]], Native Americans in the region began to cultivate plants such as [[Iva annua|marsh elder]], [[Chenopodium berlandieri|lambsquarters]], [[Amaranthus palmeri|pigweed]], [[Helianthus annuus|sunflowers]], and some native [[Squash (plant)|squash]]. People created new art forms such as [[shell gorget]]s, adopted new technologies, and developed an elaborate cycle of religious ceremonies.

During the Mississippian culture-period (1000 to 1500 CE in the regional variation known as the [[South Appalachian Mississippian culture]]), local women developed a new variety of maize (corn) called eastern [[flint corn]]. It closely resembled modern corn and produced larger crops. The successful cultivation of corn surpluses allowed the rise of larger, more complex [[chiefdom]]s consisting of several villages and concentrated populations during this period. Corn became celebrated among numerous peoples in religious ceremonies, especially the [[Green Corn Ceremony]].

==Early culture==
Much of what is known about pre-18th century Native American cultures has come from records of Spanish expeditions. The earliest ones of the mid-16th century encountered peoples of the [[Mississippian culture]] era, who were ancestral to tribes that emerged in the Southeast, such as the Cherokee, [[Muscogee]], [[Cheraw]], and [[Catawba (tribe)|Catawba]]. Specifically in 1540–41, a Spanish expedition led by [[Hernando de Soto]] passed through present-day South Carolina, proceeding into western North Carolina and what is considered Cherokee country. The Spanish recorded a ''Chalaque''{{refn|Or ''Achalaque''.<ref name="clark">{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Patricia Roberts |title=Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced |date=21 October 2009 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-5169-2 |page=11 |language=en}}</ref>}} people as living around the [[Keowee River]], where western North Carolina, South Carolina, and northeastern Georgia meet. The Cherokee consider this area to be part of their homelands, which also extended into southeastern Tennessee.<ref>Mooney</ref>

Further west, De Soto's expedition visited villages in present-day northwestern Georgia, recording them as ruled at the time by the [[Coosa chiefdom]]. This is believed to be a chiefdom ancestral to the [[Muscogee Creek people]], who developed as a Muskogean-speaking people with a distinct culture.<ref name=NGE>[http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-573 "Late Prehistoric/Early Historic Chiefdoms (ca. A.D. 1300-1850)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004040944/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-573 |date=October 4, 2012 }}. ''New Georgia Encyclopedia''. Retrieved July 22, 2010.</ref>

In 1566, the [[Juan Pardo (explorer)|Juan Pardo]] expedition traveled from the present-day South Carolina coast into its interior, and into western North Carolina and southeastern Tennessee. He recorded meeting Cherokee-speaking people who visited him while he stayed at the [[Joara]] chiefdom (north of present-day [[Morganton, North Carolina]]). The historic Catawba later lived in this area of the upper Catawba River. Pardo and his forces wintered over at Joara, building Fort San Juan there in 1567.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

His expedition proceeded into the interior, noting villages near modern [[Asheville, North Carolina|Asheville]] and other places that are part of the Cherokee homelands. According to anthropologist [[Charles M. Hudson]], the Pardo expedition also recorded encounters with [[Muskogean languages|Muskogean]]-speaking peoples at [[Chiaha]] in southeastern modern Tennessee.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

==Linguistic studies==
Linguistic studies have been another way for researchers to study the development of people and their cultures. Unlike most other Native American tribes in the American Southeast at the start of the historic era, the Cherokee and [[Tuscarora people]] spoke [[Iroquoian languages]]. Since the [[Great Lakes]] region was the territory of most Iroquoian-language speakers, scholars have theorized that both the Cherokee and Tuscarora migrated south from that region. The Cherokee [[oral tradition|oral history tradition]] supports their migration from the Great Lakes.

Linguistic analysis shows a relatively large difference between Cherokee and the northern Iroquoian languages, suggesting they had migrated long ago. Scholars posit a split between the groups in the distant past, perhaps 3,500–3,800 years ago.<ref name="mooney">{{Cite book| last = Mooney | first = James | author-link = James Mooney | title = Myths of the Cherokee | orig-year = 1900 | year = 1995 | publisher = [[Dover Publications]] | isbn = 0-486-28907-9}}</ref> [[Glottochronology]] studies suggest the split occurred between about 1500 and 1800 BCE.<ref>Glottochronology from: Lounsbury, Floyd (1961), and Mithun, Marianne (1981), cited in [http://www.famsi.org/research/hopkins/SouthEastUSLanguages.pdf Nicholas A. Hopkins, ''The Native Languages of the Southeastern United States''].</ref> The Cherokee say that the ancient settlement of ''[[Kituwa]]'' on the [[Tuckasegee River]] is their original settlement in the Southeast.<ref name="mooney"/> It was formerly adjacent to and is now part of [[Qualla Boundary]] (the base of the federally recognized [[Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians]]) in North Carolina.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

According to Thomas Whyte, who posits that proto-Iroquoian developed in Appalachia, the Cherokee and [[Tuscarora people|Tuscarora]] broke off in the Southeast from the major group of Iroquoian speakers who migrated north to the Great Lakes area. There a succession of Iroquoian-speaking tribes were encountered by Europeans in historic times.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

===Other sources of early Cherokee history===
In the 1830s, the American writer [[John Howard Payne]] visited Cherokee then based in Georgia. He recounted what they shared about pre-19th-century Cherokee culture and society. For instance, the Payne papers describe the account by Cherokee elders of a traditional two-part societal structure. A "white" organization of elders represented the seven [[clan]]s. As Payne recounted, this group, which was [[Inheritance|hereditary]] and priestly, was responsible for religious activities, such as healing, purification, and prayer. A second group of younger men, the "red" organization, was responsible for warfare. The Cherokee considered warfare a polluting activity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hally|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4yTXwM35pA0C&pg=PA18|title=King: The Social Archaeology of a Late Mississippian Town in Northwestern Georgia|publisher=University of Alabama Press|year=2008|isbn=9780817354602|pages=18|quote=while men were considered to be dangerous immediately before and following their participation in warfare.}}</ref>

Researchers have debated the reasons for the change. Some historians believe the decline in priestly power originated with a revolt by the Cherokee against the abuses of the priestly class known as the ''[[Ani-kutani]]''.<ref name = "Irwina-1992">Irwin 1992.</ref> [[Ethnography|Ethnographer]] [[James Mooney]], who studied and talked with the Cherokee in the late 1880s, was the first to trace the decline of the former hierarchy to this revolt.<ref>Mooney, p. 392.</ref> By the time that Mooney was studying the people in the late 1880s, the structure of Cherokee religious practitioners was more informal, based more on individual knowledge and ability than upon heredity.<ref name="Irwina-1992"/>

Another major source of early cultural history comes from materials written in the 19th century by the ''didanvwisgi'' ({{lang|chr|ᏗᏓᏅᏫᏍᎩ}}), Cherokee [[Medicine man|medicine men]], after [[Sequoyah]]'s creation of the [[Cherokee syllabary]] in the 1820s. Initially only the ''didanvwisgi'' learned to write and read such materials, which were considered extremely powerful in a spiritual sense.<ref name="Irwina-1992"/> Later, the syllabary and writings were widely adopted by the Cherokee people.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

==History==
{{Main|Cherokee history}}

===17th century: English contact===
In 1657, there was a disturbance in [[Virginia Colony]] as the ''Rechahecrians'' or ''Rickahockans'', as well as the Siouan ''[[Manahoac]]'' and ''[[Nahyssan]]'', broke through the frontier and settled near the Falls of the James River, near present-day [[Richmond, Virginia]]. The following year, a combined force of English colonists and [[Pamunkey]] drove the newcomers away. The identity of the ''Rechahecrians'' has been much debated. Historians noted the name closely resembled that recorded for the ''Eriechronon'' or ''Erielhonan'', commonly known as the [[Erie tribe]], another Iroquoian-speaking people based south of the Great Lakes in present-day northern Pennsylvania.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chattanoogan.com/2016/1/21/316430/Lost-Nation-of-the-Erie-Part-1.aspx|title=Lost Nation of the Erie Part 1|website=www.chattanoogan.com|date=January 21, 2016|first=Chuck|last=Hamilton|access-date=April 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123232302/http://www.chattanoogan.com/2016/1/21/316430/Lost-Nation-of-the-Erie-Part-1.aspx|archive-date=January 23, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> This Iroquoian people had been driven away from the southern shore of [[Lake Erie]] in 1654 by the powerful [[Iroquois]] Five Nations, also known as ''[[Haudenosaunee]]'', who were seeking more hunting grounds to support their dominance in the beaver fur trade. The [[anthropologist]] Martin Smith theorized some remnants of the tribe migrated to Virginia after the wars ([[#refSmith1987|1986:131–32]]), later becoming known as the [[Westo]] to English colonists in the Province of Carolina. A few historians suggest this tribe was Cherokee.<ref>Conley, ''A Cherokee Encyclopedia'', p. 3</ref>

Virginian traders developed a small-scale trading system with the Cherokee in the Piedmont before the end of the 17th century. The earliest recorded Virginia trader to live among the Cherokee was Cornelius Dougherty or Dority, in 1690.<ref>Mooney, ''Myths of the Cherokee'' p. 31.</ref><ref>Lewis Preston Summers, 1903, ''History of Southwest Virginia, 1746–1786'', p. 40</ref>

===18th century===
[[File:Indians NW of South Carolina.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|An annotated copy of a hand-painted [[Catawba people|Catawba]] [[deerskin]] map of the [[Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands|tribes]] between [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] (''left'') and [[Province of Virginia|Virginia]] (''right'') following the displacements of a century of [[Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas#Depopulation from disease|disease]] and [[slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas]] and the 1715–7 [[Yamasee War]]. The Cherokee are labelled as "Cherrikies".]]
{{Further|Cherokee military history}}

The Cherokee gave sanctuary to a band of [[Shawnee]] in the 1660s. But from 1710 to 1715, the Cherokee and [[Chickasaw]] allied with the British, and fought the Shawnee, who were allied with French colonists, forcing the Shawnee to move northward.<ref>Vicki Rozema, ''Footsteps of the Cherokees'' (1995), p. 14.</ref>

The Cherokee fought with the [[Yamasee]], [[Catawba (tribe)|Catawba]], and British in late 1712 and early 1713 against the [[Tuscarora people|Tuscarora]] in the Second [[Tuscarora War]]. The Tuscarora War marked the beginning of a British-Cherokee relationship that, despite breaking down on occasion, remained strong for much of the 18th century. With the growth of the [[deerskin trade]], the Cherokee were considered valuable trading partners, since deer skins from the cooler country of their mountain hunting-grounds were of better quality than those supplied by the lowland coastal tribes, who were neighbors of the English colonists.

In January 1716, Cherokee murdered a delegation of [[Muscogee Creek]] leaders at the town of [[Tugaloo (Cherokee town)|Tugaloo]], marking their entry into the [[Yamasee War]]. It ended in 1717 with peace treaties between the colony of [[South Carolina]] and the Creek. Hostility and sporadic raids between the Cherokee and Creek continued for decades.<ref name="oatis">{{cite book |last=Oatis |first=Steven J. |title=A Colonial Complex: South Carolina's Frontiers in the Era of the Yamasee War, 1680–1730 |location=Lincoln |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-8032-3575-5 }}</ref> These raids came to a head at the [[Battle of Taliwa]] in 1755, at present-day [[Ball Ground, Georgia]], with the defeat of the Muscogee.

In 1721, the Cherokee ceded lands in South Carolina. In 1730, at [[Nikwasi]], a Cherokee town and Mississippian culture site, a Scots adventurer, Sir [[Alexander Cuming]], crowned [[Moytoy of Tellico]] as "Emperor" of the Cherokee. Moytoy agreed to recognize King [[George II of Great Britain]] as the Cherokee protector. Cuming arranged to take seven prominent Cherokee, including ''[[Attakullakulla]]'', to [[London]], England. There the Cherokee delegation signed the [[Cherokee treaties|Treaty of Whitehall]] with the British. Moytoy's son, [[Amouskositte|Amo-sgasite]] (Dreadful Water), attempted to succeed him as "Emperor" in 1741, but the Cherokee elected their own leader, [[Conocotocko I|Conocotocko]] (Old Hop) of [[Chota (Cherokee town)|Chota]].<ref name=ecc>Brown, John P. [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v016/v016p003.html "Eastern Cherokee Chiefs"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211113950/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v016/v016p003.html |date=February 11, 2006 }}, ''Chronicles of Oklahoma'', Vol. 16, No. 1, March 1938. Retrieved September 21, 2009.</ref>

Political power among the Cherokee remained decentralized, and towns acted autonomously. In 1735, the Cherokee were said to have 64 towns and villages, with an estimated fighting force of 6,000 men.<ref>{{cite book |last=Adair |first=James |author-link=James Adair (historian)|title=The History of the American Indians |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=df5SAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP18 227] |publisher=Dilly |location=London|date=1775 |oclc=444695506}}</ref> In 1738 and 1739, [[smallpox]] epidemics broke out among the Cherokee, who had no natural immunity to the new infectious disease. Nearly half their population died within a year. Hundreds of other Cherokee committed [[suicide]] due to their losses and disfigurement from the disease.
[[File:Three Cherokee.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|After the [[Anglo-Cherokee War]], bitterness remained between the two groups. In 1765, [[Henry Timberlake]] took three Cherokee chiefs to London meet the Crown and help strengthen the newly declared peace.]]

British colonial officer [[Henry Timberlake]], born in Virginia, described the Cherokee people as he saw them in 1761:

{{blockquote|The Cherokees are of a middle stature, of an olive colour, tho' generally painted, and their skins stained with gun-powder, pricked into it in very pretty figures. The hair of their head is shaved, tho' many of the old people have it plucked out by the roots, except a patch on the hinder part of the head, about twice the bigness of a crown-piece, which is ornamented with beads, feathers, [[wampum]], stained deer hair, and such like baubles. The ears are slit and stretched to an enormous size, putting the person who undergoes the operation to incredible pain, being unable to lie on either side for nearly forty days. To remedy this, they generally slit but one at a time; so soon as the patient can bear it, they wound round with wire to expand them, and are adorned with silver pendants and rings, which they likewise wear at the nose. This custom does not belong originally to the Cherokees, but taken by them from the Shawnese, or other northern nations.

They that can afford it wear a collar of wampum, which are beads cut out of clam-shells, a silver breast-plate, and bracelets on their arms and wrists of the same metal, a bit of cloth over their private parts, a shirt of the English make, a sort of cloth-boots, and [[moccasins|mockasons]] ([[sic]]), which are shoes of a make peculiar to the Americans, ornamented with porcupine-quills; a large mantle or match-coat thrown over all complete their dress at home ...<ref name=Timberlake>{{cite web|last=Timberlake|first=Henry|title=Memoirs of Henry Timberlake|publisher=London|date=1765|pages=49–51 |url=https://archive.org/details/memoirsoflieuthe00intimb/page/n5/mode/2up}}</ref>}}

From 1753 to 1755, battles broke out between the Cherokee and Muscogee over disputed hunting grounds in [[North Georgia]]. The Cherokee were victorious in the [[Battle of Taliwa]]. British soldiers built forts in Cherokee country to defend against the French in the [[Seven Years' War]], which was fought across Europe and was called the [[French and Indian War]] on the North American front. These included [[Fort Loudoun (Tennessee)|Fort Loudoun]] near Chota on the Tennessee River in eastern Tennessee. Serious misunderstandings arose quickly between the two allies, resulting in the 1760 [[Anglo-Cherokee War]].<ref name="Rozema, pp. 17–23">Rozema, pp. 17–23.</ref>

King George III's [[Royal Proclamation of 1763]] forbade British settlements west of the Appalachian crest, as his government tried to afford some protection from colonial encroachment to the Cherokee and other tribes they depended on as allies. The Crown found the ruling difficult to enforce with colonists.<ref name="Rozema, pp. 17–23"/>

From 1771 to 1772, North Carolinian settlers squatted on Cherokee lands in Tennessee, forming the [[Watauga Association]].<ref>[http://www.northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/98/entry "Watauga Association"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113232925/http://www.northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/98/entry/ |date=November 13, 2009 }}, ''North Carolina History Project.'' . Retrieved September 21, 2009.</ref> [[Daniel Boone]] and his party tried to settle in Kentucky, but the Shawnee, [[Lenape|Delaware]], [[Mingo]], and some Cherokee attacked a scouting and forage party that included Boone's son, James Boone, and [[William Russell (Virginia politician)|William Russell]]'s son, Henry, who were killed in the skirmish.<ref>{{cite book |last=Faragher |first=John Mack |author-link=John Mack Faragher |title=Daniel Boone: The Life and Legend of an American Pioneer |date=1992 |publisher=Holt |isbn=0-8050-1603-1 |location=New York |pages=93–4}}</ref>

In 1776, allied with the Shawnee led by [[Cornstalk (Shawnee leader)|Cornstalk]], Cherokee attacked settlers in South Carolina, Georgia, Virginia, and North Carolina in the [[Cherokee–American wars#The Second Cherokee War|Second Cherokee War]]. [[Overhill Cherokee]] [[Nancy Ward]], [[Dragging Canoe]]'s cousin, warned settlers of impending attacks. Provincial militias retaliated, destroying more than 50 Cherokee towns. North Carolina militia in 1776 and 1780 invaded and destroyed the [[Overhill Cherokee|Overhill towns]] in what is now Tennessee. In 1777, surviving Cherokee town leaders signed treaties with the new states.

[[Dragging Canoe]] and his band settled along [[Chickamauga Creek]] near present-day [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]], where they established 11 new towns. [[Chickamauga Town]] was his headquarters and the colonists tended to call his entire band the [[Chickamauga Cherokee|Chickamauga]] to distinguish them from other Cherokee. From here he fought a [[Cherokee–American wars|guerrilla war]] against settlers, which lasted from 1776 to 1794. These are known informally as the Cherokee–American wars, but this is not a historian's term.

The first Treaty of [[Tellico Blockhouse]], signed November 7, 1794, finally brought peace between the Cherokee and Americans, who had achieved independence from the British Crown. In 1805, the Cherokee ceded their lands between the [[Cumberland River|Cumberland]] and [[Duck River (Tennessee)|Duck rivers]] (i.e. the [[Cumberland Plateau]]) to [[Tennessee]].

====Scots (and other Europeans) among the Cherokee in the 18th century====
The traders and British government agents dealing with the southern tribes in general, and the Cherokee in particular, were nearly all of Scottish ancestry, with many documented as being from the [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]]. A few were Scotch-Irish, English, French, and German (see [[Scottish Indian trade]]). Many of these men married women from their host peoples and remained after the fighting had ended. Some of their [[mixed-race]] children, who were raised in Native American cultures, later became significant leaders among the [[Five Civilized Tribes]] of the [[Southeastern United States|Southeast]].<ref>Mooney, James. ''History, Myths, and Scared Formulas of the Cherokee'', p. 83. (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1900).</ref>
[[File:Mather Brown - Portrait of Major John Norton as Mohawk Chief Teyoninhokarawen - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|''Portrait of Major [[John Norton (Mohawk chief)]] as Mohawk Chief Teyoninhokarawen'' by [[Mather Brown]], ca. 1805. [[Yale Center for British Art]] (his father was a Cherokee while John Norton adopted by the Mohawks)]]

Notable traders, agents, and refugee Tories among the Cherokee included [[John Stuart (loyalist)|John Stuart]], Henry Stuart, Alexander Cameron, John McDonald, John Joseph Vann (father of [[James Vann]]), Daniel Ross (father of [[John Ross (Cherokee chief)|John Ross]]), John Walker Sr., Mark Winthrop Battle, John McLemore (father of Bob), William Buchanan, John Watts (father of [[John Watts (Cherokee chief)|John Watts Jr.]]), [[Chisholm Tavern (Knoxville)|John D. Chisholm]], John Benge (father of [[Bob Benge]]), Thomas Brown, [[John Rogers (Cherokee chief)|John Rogers]] (Welsh), John Gunter (German, founder of Gunter's Landing), [[James Adair (historian)|James Adair]] (Irish), William Thorpe (English), and Peter Hildebrand (German), among many others. Some attained the honorary status of minor chiefs and/or members of significant delegations.

By contrast, a large portion of the settlers encroaching on the Native American territories were [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]], Irish from [[Ulster]] who were of Scottish descent and had been part of the [[Plantations of Ireland|plantation of Ulster]]. They also tended to support the Revolution. But in the back country, there were also Scotch-Irish who were Loyalists, such as [[Simon Girty]].

===19th century===
====Acculturation====
The Cherokee lands between the [[Tennessee River|Tennessee]] and [[Chattahoochee River|Chattahoochee]] rivers were remote enough from white settlers to remain independent after the [[Cherokee–American wars]]. The [[deerskin trade]] was no longer feasible on their greatly reduced lands, and over the next several decades, the people of the fledgling [[Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)|Cherokee Nation]] began to build a new society modeled on the white Southern United States.
[[File:Major ridge.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Portrait of Major Ridge in 1834, from ''[[History of the Indian Tribes of North America]]''.]]

[[George Washington]] sought to 'civilize' Southeastern Native Americans, through programs overseen by the [[Indian Agent]] [[Benjamin Hawkins]]. He encouraged the Cherokee to abandon their communal land-tenure and settle on individual farmsteads, which was facilitated by the destruction of many American Indian towns during the [[American Revolutionary War]]. The [[deerskin trade]] brought [[white-tailed deer]] to the brink of extinction, and as pigs and cattle were introduced, they became the principal sources of meat. The government supplied the tribes with [[spinning wheel]]s and cotton-seed, and men were taught to fence and plow the land, in contrast to their traditional division in which crop cultivation was woman's labor. Americans instructed the women in weaving. Eventually, Hawkins helped them set up smithies, gristmills and cotton plantations.

The Cherokee organized a national government under Principal Chiefs [[Little Turkey]] (1788–1801), [[Black Fox (Cherokee chief)|Black Fox]] (1801–1811), and [[Pathkiller]] (1811–1827), all former warriors of [[Dragging Canoe]]. The 'Cherokee triumvirate' of [[James Vann]] and his protégés [[Major Ridge|The Ridge]] and [[Charles R. Hicks]] advocated acculturation, formal education, and modern methods of farming. In 1801, they invited [[Moravian Church|Moravian]] missionaries from [[North Carolina]] to teach [[Christianity]] and the 'arts of civilized life'. The Moravians and later [[Congregationalist]] missionaries ran boarding schools, and a select few students were educated at the [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions]] school in [[Connecticut]].

In 1806, a [[Federal Road (Cherokee lands)|Federal Road]] from [[Savannah, Georgia]], to [[Knoxville, Tennessee]], was built through Cherokee land. Chief [[James Vann]] opened a tavern, inn and ferry across the [[Chattahoochee River|Chattahoochee]] and built a [[Chief Vann House Historic Site|cotton-plantation]] on a spur of the road from [[Athens, Georgia]], to [[Nashville]]. His son [[Joseph Vann|'Rich Joe' Vann]] developed the plantation to {{convert|800|acre|km2}}, cultivated by 150 slaves. He exported cotton to England, and owned a [[steamboat]] on the [[Tennessee River]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2726&hl=y |title=New Georgia Encyclopedia: Chief Vann House |publisher=Georgiaencyclopedia.org |date=September 23, 2005 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |archive-date=October 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021100719/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2726&hl=y |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Cherokee allied with the U.S. against the nativist and pro-British [[Red Stick]] faction of the Upper Creek in the [[Creek War]] during the [[War of 1812]]. Cherokee warriors led by [[Major Ridge]] played a major role in General [[Andrew Jackson]]'s victory at the [[Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)|Battle of Horseshoe Bend]]. Major Ridge moved his family to [[Rome, Georgia]], where he built a [[Chieftains (Rome, Georgia)|substantial house]], developed a large plantation and ran a ferry on the [[Oostanaula River]]. Although he never learned English, he sent his son and nephews to New England to be educated in mission schools. His interpreter and protégé Chief [[John Ross (Cherokee chief)|John Ross]], the descendant of several generations of Cherokee women and Scots fur-traders, built a plantation and operated a trading firm and a ferry at Ross' Landing ([[Chattanooga, Tennessee]]). During this period, divisions arose between the acculturated elite and the great majority of Cherokee, who clung to traditional ways of life.

Around 1809, [[Sequoyah]] began developing a written form of the Cherokee language. He spoke no English, but his experiences as a silversmith dealing regularly with white settlers, and as a warrior at Horseshoe Bend, convinced him the Cherokee needed to develop writing. In 1821, he introduced [[Cherokee syllabary]], the first written syllabic form of an American Indian language outside of [[Mesoamerican scripts|Central America]]. Initially, his innovation was opposed by both Cherokee traditionalists and white missionaries, who sought to encourage the use of English. When Sequoyah taught children to read and write with the syllabary, he reached the adults. By the 1820s, the Cherokee had a higher rate of literacy than the whites around them in Georgia.

[[File:New Echota.jpg|thumb|left|Cherokee National Council building, [[New Echota]]]]

In 1819, the Cherokee began holding council meetings at New Town, at the headwaters of the [[Oostanaula River|Oostanaula]] (near present-day [[Calhoun, Georgia]]). In November 1825, New Town became the capital of the Cherokee Nation, and was renamed [[New Echota]], after the [[Overhill Cherokee]] principal town of [[Chota (Cherokee town)|Chota]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ngeorgia.com/ang/New_Echota_Historic_Site |title=New Echota Historic Site |publisher=Ngeorgia.com |date=June 5, 2007 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |archive-date=April 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424015315/http://ngeorgia.com/ang/New_Echota_Historic_Site |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sequoyah's syllabary was adopted. They had developed a police force, a judicial system, and a National Committee.

In 1827, the Cherokee Nation drafted a Constitution modeled on the United States, with executive, legislative and judicial branches and a system of checks and balances. The two-tiered legislature was led by Major Ridge and his son [[John Ridge]]. Convinced the tribe's survival required English-speaking leaders who could negotiate with the U.S., the legislature appointed [[John Ross (Cherokee chief)|John Ross]] as Principal Chief. A printing press was established at New Echota by the [[Vermont]] missionary [[Samuel Worcester]] and Major Ridge's nephew [[Elias Boudinot (Cherokee)|Elias Boudinot]], who had taken the name of his [[Elias Boudinot|white benefactor]], a leader of the [[Continental Congress]] and [[New Jersey]] Congressman. They translated the Bible into [[Cherokee syllabary]]. Boudinot published the first edition of the bilingual '[[Cherokee Phoenix]],' the first American Indian newspaper, in February 1828.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-611&hl=y |title=New Georgia Encyclopedia: Cherokee Phoenix |publisher=Georgiaencyclopedia.org |date=August 28, 2002 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |archive-date=May 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512150654/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-611&hl=y |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Removal era====
{{See also|Thomas Jefferson and Indian Removal}}
[[File:Tahchee.jpg|thumb|Tah-Chee (Dutch), A Cherokee Chief, 1837]]
Before the final removal to present-day Oklahoma, many Cherokees relocated to present-day [[Arkansas]], [[Missouri]] and Texas.<ref>Rollings (1992) pp. 187, 230–255.</ref> Between 1775 and 1786 the Cherokee, along with people of other nations such as the [[Choctaw]] and [[Chickasaw]], began voluntarily settling along the [[Arkansas River|Arkansas]] and [[Red River of the South|Red River]]s.<ref>Rollings (1992) pp. 187, 236.</ref>

In 1802, the federal government promised to extinguish Indian titles to lands claimed by [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] in return for Georgia's cession of the western lands that became [[Alabama]] and [[Mississippi]]. To convince the Cherokee to move voluntarily in 1815, the US government established a Cherokee Reservation in Arkansas.<ref>Logan, Charles Russell. [http://www.arkansaspreservation.org/pdf/publications/Cherokee_Removal.pdf "The Promised Land: The Cherokees, Arkansas, and Removal, 1794–1839."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020141831/http://www.arkansaspreservation.org/pdf/publications/Cherokee_Removal.pdf |date=October 20, 2007 }} ''Arkansas Historic Preservation Program.'' 1997 . Retrieved September 21, 2009.</ref> The reservation boundaries extended from north of the [[Arkansas River]] to the southern bank of the [[White River (Arkansas)|White River]]. [[The Bowl (Cherokee chief)|Di'wali]] (The Bowl), [[Sequoyah]], Spring Frog and Tatsi (Dutch) and their bands settled there. These Cherokees became known as "Old Settlers."

The Cherokee eventually migrated as far north as the [[Missouri Bootheel]] by 1816. They lived interspersed among the [[Delaware Nation|Delawares]] and [[Shawnee]]s of that area.<ref>Doublass (1912) pp. 40–2</ref> The Cherokee in [[Missouri Territory]] increased rapidly in population, from 1,000 to 6,000 over the next year (1816–1817), according to reports by Governor [[William Clark (explorer)|William Clark]].<ref>Rollings (1992) p. 235.</ref> Increased conflicts with the [[Osage Nation]] led to the [[Battle of Claremore Mound]] and the eventual establishment of [[Fort Smith, Arkansas|Fort Smith]] between Cherokee and Osage communities.<ref>Rollings (1992) pp. 239–40.</ref> In the [[Treaty of St. Louis (1825)]], the Osage were made to "cede and relinquish to the United States, all their right, title, interest, and claim, to lands lying within the State of Missouri and Territory of Arkansas{{nbsp}}..." to make room for the Cherokee and the ''Mashcoux'', [[Muscogee Creek]]s.<ref>Rollings (1992) pp. 254–5, Doublass (1912) p. 44.</ref> As late as the winter of 1838, Cherokee and Creek living in the Missouri and Arkansas areas petitioned the War Department to remove the Osage from the area.<ref>Rollings (1992) pp. 280–1</ref>

A group of Cherokee traditionalists led by [[The Bowl (Cherokee chief)|''Di'wali'']] moved to [[Spanish Texas]] in 1819. Settling near [[Nacogdoches, Texas|Nacogdoches]], they were welcomed by Mexican authorities as potential allies against Anglo-American colonists. The [[Texas Cherokees]] were mostly neutral during the [[Texas War of Independence]]. In 1836, they signed a treaty with Texas President [[Sam Houston]], an adopted member of the Cherokee tribe. His successor [[Mirabeau Lamar]] sent militia to evict them in 1839.

=====Trail of Tears=====
{{Main|Trail of Tears|Cherokee Removal|Cherokee in Arkansas}}
[[File:Chief John Ross.jpg|left|thumb|upright=.8|Chief [[John Ross (Cherokee chief)|John Ross]], c. 1840]]

Following the War of 1812, and the concurrent [[Red Stick War]], the U.S. government persuaded several groups of Cherokee to a voluntary removal to the Arkansas Territory. These were the "[[Old Settlers]]", the first of the Cherokee to make their way to what would eventually become [[Indian Territory]] (modern day [[Oklahoma]]). This effort was headed by Indian Agent [[Return J. Meigs Sr.|Return J. Meigs]], and was finalized with the signing of the [[Jackson and McMinn Treaty]], giving the Old Settlers undisputed title to the lands designated for their use.<ref name="Tenn">[https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/treaties/ ''Treaties'']; Tennessee Encyclopedia, online; accessed October 2019</ref>

During this time, Georgia focused on removing the Cherokee's neighbors, the [[Muscogee (Creek)|Lower Creek]]. Georgia Governor [[George Troup]] and his cousin [[William McIntosh]], chief of the Lower Creek, signed the [[Treaty of Indian Springs (1825)|Treaty of Indian Springs]] in 1825, ceding the last [[Muscogee (Creek)]] lands claimed by Georgia. The state's northwestern border reached the [[Chattahoochee River|Chattahoochee]], the border of the Cherokee Nation. In 1829, gold was discovered at [[Dahlonega, Georgia|Dahlonega]], on Cherokee land claimed by Georgia. The [[Georgia Gold Rush]] was the first in U.S. history, and state officials demanded that the federal government expel the Cherokee. When [[Andrew Jackson]] was inaugurated as president in 1829, Georgia gained a strong ally in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]. In 1830 Congress passed the [[Indian Removal Act]], authorizing the forcible relocation of American Indians east of the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] to a new Indian Territory.

Jackson claimed the removal policy was an effort to prevent the Cherokee from facing extinction as a people, which he considered the fate that "...the [[Mohegan]], the [[Narragansett people|Narragansett]], and the [[Lenape|Delaware]]" had suffered.<ref>Wishart, p. 120</ref> There is, however, ample evidence that the Cherokee were adapting to modern farming techniques. A modern analysis shows that the area was in general in a state of economic surplus and could have accommodated both the Cherokee and new settlers.<ref>Wishart 1995.</ref>

The Cherokee brought their grievances to a US judicial review that set a precedent in [[Indian country]]. John Ross traveled to Washington, D.C., and won support from [[National Republican Party]] leaders [[Henry Clay]] and [[Daniel Webster]]. [[Samuel Worcester]] campaigned on behalf of the Cherokee in New England, where their cause was taken up by [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] (see [[Emerson's letter to Martin Van Buren|Emerson's 1838 letter to Martin Van Buren]]). In June 1830, a delegation led by Chief Ross defended Cherokee rights before the U.S. Supreme Court in ''[[Cherokee Nation v. Georgia]]''.

In 1831, Georgia militia arrested [[Samuel Worcester]] for residing on Indian lands without a state permit, imprisoning him in [[Milledgeville, Georgia|Milledgeville]]. In ''[[Worcester v. Georgia]]'' (1832), the US [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] [[Chief Justice]] [[John Marshall]] ruled that American Indian nations were "distinct, independent political communities retaining their original natural rights," and entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments that infringed on their [[sovereignty]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2720 |title=New Georgia Encyclopedia: "Worcester v. Georgia (1832)" |publisher=Georgiaencyclopedia.org |date=April 27, 2004 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |archive-date=September 18, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918023050/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2720 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Worcester v. Georgia'' is considered one of the most important dicta in law dealing with Native Americans.

Jackson ignored the Supreme Court's ruling, as he needed to conciliate Southern sectionalism during the era of the [[Nullification Crisis]]. His landslide reelection in 1832 emboldened calls for Cherokee removal. Georgia sold Cherokee lands to its citizens in a [[Georgia Land Lottery|Land Lottery]], and the state militia occupied [[New Echota]]. The Cherokee National Council, led by John Ross, fled to [[Red Clay State Park|Red Clay]], a remote valley north of Georgia's land claim. Ross had the support of Cherokee traditionalists, who could not imagine removal from their ancestral lands.

[[File:Cherokee beadwork sampler 1840 ohs.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Cherokee [[beadwork]] sampler, made at [[Dwight Presbyterian Mission|Dwight Mission]], Indian Territory, 19th century, collection of the [[Oklahoma History Center]] ]]

A small group known as the "Ridge Party" or the "Treaty Party" saw relocation as inevitable and believed the Cherokee Nation needed to make the best deal to preserve their rights in Indian Territory. Led by [[Major Ridge]], [[John Ridge]] and [[Elias Boudinot (Cherokee)|Elias Boudinot]], they represented the Cherokee elite, whose homes, plantations and businesses were confiscated, or under threat of being taken by white squatters with Georgia land-titles. With capital to acquire new lands, they were more inclined to accept relocation. On December 29, 1835, the "Ridge Party" signed the [[Treaty of New Echota]], stipulating terms and conditions for the removal of the Cherokee Nation. In return for their lands, the Cherokee were promised a large tract in the [[Indian Territory]], $5 million, and $300,000 for improvements on their new lands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ourgeorgiahistory.com/documents/treaty_of_new_echota.html |title=Treaty of New Echota, Dec. 29, 1835 (Cherokee – United States) |publisher=Ourgeorgiahistory.com |access-date=April 17, 2010 |archive-date=October 27, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027030209/http://ourgeorgiahistory.com/documents/treaty_of_new_echota.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

John Ross gathered over 15,000 signatures for a petition to the U.S. Senate, insisting that the treaty was invalid because it did not have the support of the majority of the Cherokee people. The Senate passed the Treaty of New Echota by a one-vote margin. It was enacted into law in May 1836.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ngeorgia.com/history/cherokeehistory7.html |title=Cherokee in Georgia: Treaty of New Echota |publisher=Ngeorgia.com |date=June 5, 2007 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |archive-date=January 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110212312/http://ngeorgia.com/history/cherokeehistory7.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Two years later, President [[Martin Van Buren]] ordered 7,000 federal troops and state militia under General [[Winfield Scott]] into Cherokee lands to evict the tribe. Over 16,000 Cherokee were forcibly relocated westward to [[Indian Territory]] in 1838–1839, a migration known as the [[Trail of Tears]] or in Cherokee {{lang|chr|ᏅᎾ ᏓᎤᎳ ᏨᏱ}} or {{lang|chr|Nvna Daula Tsvyi}} (''The Trail Where They Cried''), although it is described by another word {{lang|chr|Tlo-va-sa}} (''The Removal''). Marched over {{convert|800|mi|km}} across [[Tennessee]], [[Kentucky]], [[Illinois]], [[Missouri]] and [[Arkansas]], the people suffered from disease, exposure and starvation, and as many as 4,000 died, nearly a fifth of the population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Happened on the Trail of Tears?|url=https://www.nps.gov/trte/learn/historyculture/what-happened-on-the-trail-of-tears.htm|url-status=live|website=National Park Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012171452/https://www.nps.gov/trte/learn/historyculture/what-happened-on-the-trail-of-tears.htm |archive-date=October 12, 2020 }}</ref> As some Cherokees were slaveholders, they took slaves with them west of the Mississippi. Intermarried European Americans and [[missionaries]] also walked the Trail of Tears. Ross preserved a vestige of independence by negotiating permission for the Cherokee to conduct their own removal under U.S. supervision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/225917.Alex_W_Bealer|title=Books by Alex W. Bealer|publisher=goodreads.com, 1972 and 1996|access-date=March 27, 2011}}</ref>

In keeping with the tribe's "blood law" that prescribed the death penalty for Cherokee who sold lands, Ross's son arranged the murder of the leaders of the "Treaty Party". On June 22, 1839, a party of twenty-five Ross supporters assassinated Major Ridge, John Ridge and Elias Boudinot. The party included Daniel Colston, John Vann, Archibald, James and Joseph Spear. Boudinot's brother [[Stand Watie]] fought and survived that day, escaping to [[Arkansas]].

In 1827, [[Sequoyah]] had led a delegation of Old Settlers to Washington, D.C., to negotiate for the exchange of Arkansas land for land in Indian Territory. After the Trail of Tears, he helped mediate divisions between the Old Settlers and the rival factions of the more recent arrivals. In 1839, as President of the Western Cherokee, Sequoyah signed an Act of Union with John Ross that reunited the two groups of the Cherokee Nation.

=====Eastern Band=====
[[File:Cól-lee, a Band Chief Cherokee by George Catlin (1985.66.285) Smithsonian.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Cól-lee, a Band Chief, painted by [[George Catlin]], 1834]]

The Cherokee living along the [[Oconaluftee River]] in the [[Great Smoky Mountains]] were the most conservative and isolated from European–American settlements. They rejected the reforms of the Cherokee Nation. When the Cherokee government ceded all territory east of the [[Little Tennessee River]] to [[North Carolina]] in 1819, they withdrew from the Nation.<ref>Theda Purdue, ''Native Carolinians: The Indians of North Carolina'', pg. 40</ref> [[William Holland Thomas]], a white store owner and state legislator from [[Jackson County, North Carolina]], helped over 600 Cherokee from [[Cherokee, North Carolina|Qualla Town]] obtain North Carolina citizenship, which exempted them from forced removal. Over 400 Cherokee either hid from Federal troops in the remote Snowbird Mountains, under the leadership of [[Tsali]] ({{lang|chr|ᏣᎵ}}),<ref name=Tsali>[http://www.cherokee-nc.com/history.php?Name=Tsali "Tsali."] ''History and culture of the Cherokee (North Carolina Indians).'' (March 10, 2007)</ref> or belonged to the former Valley Towns area around the [[Cheoah River]] who negotiated with the state government to stay in North Carolina. An additional 400 Cherokee stayed on reserves in Southeast Tennessee, North Georgia, and Northeast Alabama, as citizens of their respective states. Together, these groups were the ancestors of the federally recognized [[Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians]], and some of the state-recognized tribes in surrounding states.

====Civil War====
[[File:Cherokee Confederates Reunion.gif|upright=1.25|thumb|Cherokee confederates reunion in [[New Orleans]], 1902.]]

{{Further|Cherokee in the American Civil War}}
The [[American Civil War]] was devastating for both East and Western Cherokee. The Eastern Band, aided by [[William Holland Thomas|William Thomas]], became the Thomas Legion of Cherokee Indians and Highlanders, fighting for the Confederacy in the [[American Civil War]].<ref name=Will_Thomas>[http://www.cherokee-nc.com/history.php?Name=Will%20Thomas "Will Thomas."] ''History and culture of the Cherokee (North Carolina Indians).'' (March 10, 2007)</ref> Cherokee in Indian Territory divided into Union and Confederate factions.

[[Stand Watie]], the leader of the Ridge Party, raised a regiment for [[Confederate Army|Confederate]] service in 1861. [[John Ross (Cherokee chief)|John Ross]], who had reluctantly agreed to ally with the Confederacy, was captured by Federal troops in 1862. He lived in a self-imposed exile in [[Philadelphia]], supporting the Union. In the Indian Territory, the national council of those who supported the Union voted to abolish slavery in the Cherokee Nation in 1863, but they were not the majority slaveholders and the vote had little effect on those supporting the Confederacy.

Watie was elected Principal Chief of the pro-Confederacy majority. A master of hit-and-run cavalry tactics, Watie fought those Cherokee loyal to John Ross and Federal troops in [[Indian Territory]] and [[Arkansas]], capturing Union supply trains and [[steamboats]], and saving a Confederate army by covering their retreat after the [[Battle of Pea Ridge]] in March 1862. He became a Brigadier General of the [[Confederate States]]; the only other American Indian to hold the rank in the American Civil War was [[Ely S. Parker]] with the Union Army. On June 25, 1865, two months after [[Robert E. Lee]] surrendered at [[Appomattox Court House National Historical Park|Appomattox]], Stand Watie became the last Confederate General to stand down.

====Reconstruction and late 19th century====
[[File:Group of Cherokee, Yankton, and Sisseton 1909.jpg|thumb|left|William Penn (Cherokee), His Shield (Yanktonai), Levi Big Eagle (Yanktonai), Bear Ghost (Yanktonai) and Black Moustache (Sisseton).]]
After the Civil War, the U.S. government required the Cherokee Nation to sign a new treaty, because of its alliance with the Confederacy. The U.S. required the 1866 Treaty to provide for the [[abolitionism in the United States|emancipation]] of all Cherokee slaves, and full citizenship to all [[Cherokee Freedmen]] and all African Americans who chose to continue to reside within tribal lands, so that they "shall have all the rights of native Cherokees."<ref>[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/VOL2/treaties/che0942.htm "Treaty with the Cherokee, 1866."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100630013134/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/VOL2/treaties/che0942.htm |date=June 30, 2010 }} ''Oklahoma Historical Society: Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties.'' (retrieved January 10, 2010)</ref> Both before and after the Civil War, some Cherokee intermarried or had relationships with African Americans, just as they had with whites. Many Cherokee Freedmen have been active politically within the tribe.

The US government also acquired [[easement]] rights to the western part of the territory, which became the [[Oklahoma Territory]], for the construction of railroads. Development and settlers followed the railroads. By the late 19th century, the government believed that Native Americans would be better off if each family owned its own land. The [[Dawes Act]] of 1887 provided for the breakup of commonly held tribal land into individual household allotments. Native Americans were registered on the Dawes Rolls and allotted land from the common reserve. The U.S. government counted the remainder of tribal land as "surplus" and sold it to non-Cherokee individuals.

The [[Curtis Act of 1898]] dismantled tribal governments, courts, schools, and other civic institutions. For Indian Territory, this meant the abolition of the Cherokee courts and governmental systems. This was seen as necessary before the Oklahoma and Indian territories could be admitted as a combined state. In 1905, the [[Five Civilized Tribes]] of the [[Indian Territory]] proposed the creation of the [[State of Sequoyah]] as one to be exclusively Native American but failed to gain support in Washington, D.C.. In 1907, the [[Oklahoma Territory|Oklahoma]] and [[Indian Territory|Indian Territories]] entered the union as the state of [[Oklahoma]].
[[File:CherokeeOSTA.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|Map of present-day Cherokee Nation Tribal Jurisdiction Area (red)]]

By the late 19th century, the Eastern Band of Cherokee were laboring under the constraints of a [[Racial segregation|segregated]] society. In the aftermath of [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]], conservative white Democrats regained power in North Carolina and other southern states. They proceeded to effectively [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era (United States)|disenfranchise]] all blacks and many poor whites by new constitutions and laws related to voter registration and elections. They passed [[Jim Crow laws]] that divided society into "white" and "colored", mostly to control freedmen. Cherokee and other Native Americans were classified on the colored side and suffered the same racial segregation and disenfranchisement as former slaves. They also often lost their historical documentation for identification as Indians, when the Southern states classified them as colored. Black Americans and Native Americans would not have their constitutional rights as U.S. citizens enforced until after the [[Civil Rights Movement]] secured passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s, and the federal government began to monitor voter registration and elections, as well as other programs.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

====Tribal land jurisdiction status====
On July 9, 2020, the [[United States Supreme Court]] decided in the [[McGirt v. Oklahoma|McGirt v Oklahoma]] decision in a criminal jurisdiction case that roughly half the land of the state of Oklahoma made up of tribal nations like the Cherokee are officially Native American tribal land jurisdictions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/07/09/889562040/supreme-court-rules-that-about-half-of-oklahoma-is-indian-land|title = Supreme Court Rules That About Half of Oklahoma is Native American Land|website = NPR|date = July 9, 2020|last1 = Wamsley|first1 = Laurel}}</ref> Oklahoma Governor [[Kevin Stitt]], himself a Cherokee Nation citizen, sought to reverse the Supreme Court decision. The following year, the state of Oklahoma couldn't block federal action to grant the Cherokee Nation—along with the Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee (Creek), and [[Seminole]] Nations—reservation status.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/oklahoma-governors-tribal-fight-raises-ancestry-questions-69306593|title=Oklahoma governor's tribal fight raises ancestry questions|website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref>

== Population history ==
John R. Swanton enumerates 201 Cherokee villages and towns.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Swanton |first=John R. |url=https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/15440 |title=The Indian tribes of North America |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology |year=1952 |pages=216–221|hdl=10088/15440 }}</ref> The Cherokee had 6,000 warriors (and therefore around 30,000 people) in years 1730–35 according to [[John Adair|J. Adair]]. In 1738 they also had 6,000 warriors, but down to 5,000 in 1740 (according to Ga. Hist. Coll., II). Colonel [[James Oglethorpe]] confirms that they had 5,000 warriors in 1739 (Ga. Coll. Rec., V). Also according to Ga. Coll. Rec., V an epidemic reduced them "by almost one-half" in 1738, but this source doesn't specify how numerous they were before the epidemic. Perhaps this source exaggerates the casualties caused by that epidemic, and in fact it killed just around 1,000 warriors. [[Arthur Dobbs]] estimated the Cherokee warrior strength in 1755 at 2,590 (but W. Douglas at about the same time reported 6,000 warriors). In 1761 soon after the end of the [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] there were 2,300 warriors according to [[John Adair|J. Adair]]. By year 1768 their number recovered back to 3,000 warriors, and B. R. Carroll in "Historical Collections of South Carolina" also reported that they had 3,000 warriors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carroll |first=B. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalcolle03carrgoog/page/242/mode/2up |title="Historical Collections of South Carolina" |publisher=Harper & brothers |location=New York |publication-date=1836 |pages=242}}</ref> By 1819 there were 4,000 warriors (and therefore around 20,000 people - including about 5,000 to the west of the Mississippi). [[George Catlin]] estimated 22,000 Cherokees in 1832, before their [[Trail of Tears|removal]]. But according to a report by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs dated November 25, 1841, the number of Cherokees who had already been removed west of the Mississippi (to Oklahoma, [[Indian Territory]]) was 25,911.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/A2PBGWKCDCUSUE8A/full/AIHAF7ELMGXYOF84|title=Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Office of Indian Affairs, November 25, 1841|website=search.library.wisc.edu}}</ref> [[Henry Schoolcraft]] reported 21,707 Cherokees in 1857. Indian Affairs 1861 reported 22,000. Enumeration published in 1886 counted 23,000 Cherokee in Oklahoma ([[Indian Territory]]) as of year 1884.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mMFRAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA861 |title=Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, showing the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Institution to July, 1885. Part II. |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1886 |location=Washington |pages=861}}</ref> Indian Affairs reported in 1890 around 25,000 among the Western Cherokee (in Oklahoma) and in years 1884 and 1889 around 3,000 among the [[Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians|Eastern Cherokee]]. The Cherokee national census of 1890 in Oklahoma gave the total number of the nation under Cherokee law to be 25,978. In 1900 there were 35,000 in Oklahoma. According to [[James Mooney]] (quoted by [[Frederick Webb Hodge]]) the majority of the earlier estimates of the Cherokee population are probably too low as the Cherokee occupied so extensive a territory that only a part of them came into contact with the Whites. Indian Affairs 1910 reported that in 1910 the Cherokee in Oklahoma contained 41,701 people, including 36,301 by blood, 286 by intermarriage and 4,917 Freedmen.<ref name="Krzywicki">{{Cite book |last=Krzywicki |first=Ludwik |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4381154&view=1up&seq=346&skin=2021 |title=Primitive society and its vital statistics |publisher=Macmillan |year=1934 |series=Publications of the Polish Sociological Institute |location=London |pages=500–503}}</ref> While the census of 1910 counted 31,489 Cherokees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Census Bureau |first= |title=1910 Census: Indian Population in the United States and Alaska |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1915/dec/aian.html |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref>

In the 2018 American Community Survey 1,130,730 people claimed [[Cherokee ancestry]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distribution of American Indian tribes: Cherokee People in the US |url=https://www.statimetric.com/us-ethnicity/American_Indian_tribes_Cherokee}}</ref> a number greater than the combined populations of the three federally recognized tribes. The percentage of full-blood individuals is probably low considering that the [[Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians|Eastern Band of Cherokee]] Indians reported having only 395 full-blood members.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Anthony |title=EBCI has 395 full bloods |work=The Cherokee One Feather |date=November 6, 2012 |url=https://theonefeather.com/2012/11/06/ebci-has-395-full-bloods/}}</ref> In the 2010 census 284,247 people claimed being full-blood Cherokee (16,216 more reported being full-blood Native, but tribally mixed)<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Census Bureau |first= |title=American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010 (CPH-T-6) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/cph-series/cph-t/cph-t-6.html |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref> and at least 261,015 people reported being full-blood Cherokee in the 2020 census.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=T01001&t=-08:-5000A&g=010XX00US&y=2020 |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref>

==Culture==

===Spirituality===
The Cherokee believe that the world is divided into two major spiritual forces: "red" (war, success, youth) and "white" (peace, introspection, old age).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cherokee-people | title=Cherokee | History, Culture, Language, Nation, People, & Facts | Britannica | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.northerncherokeenation.com/sacred-colors.html | title=Sacred Colors }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Who are the Cherokee Nation? | website=Twinkl | url=https://www.twinkl.pt/teaching-wiki/the-cherokee-nation | language=pt | access-date=2025-05-12}}</ref>

===Cultural institutions===
The Qualla Arts and Crafts Mutual, Inc., of [[Cherokee, North Carolina]], is the oldest continuing Native American art co-operative. They were founded in 1946 to provide a venue for traditional Eastern Band Cherokee artists.<ref>[http://www.quallaartsandcrafts.org/history.php Qualla History.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909215000/http://quallaartsandcrafts.org/history.php |date=September 9, 2009 }} . Retrieved September 15, 09.</ref> The [[Museum of the Cherokee People]], also in Cherokee, displays permanent and changing exhibits, houses archives and collections important to Cherokee history, and sponsors cultural groups, such as the Warriors of the AniKituhwa dance group.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20000125054857/http://www.cherokeemuseum.org/ The Museum of the Cherokee Indian.]}} . Retrieved September 15, 09.</ref>

In 2007, the [[Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians]] entered into a partnership with [[Southwestern Community College (North Carolina)|Southwestern Community College]] and [[Western Carolina University]] to create the Oconaluftee Institute for Cultural Arts (OICA), to emphasize native art and culture in traditional fine arts education. This is intended both to preserve traditional art forms and encourage exploration of contemporary ideas. Located in Cherokee, OICA offered an associate degree program.<ref name="SCC">[http://www.southwesterncc.edu/news/06-jul-dec/EBCI-cultural-arts-inst.htm "Announcement of the founding of the Oconaluftee Institute for Cultural Arts in Cherokee"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527225133/http://www.southwesterncc.edu/news/06-jul-dec/EBCI-cultural-arts-inst.htm |date=May 27, 2010 }}, Southwestern Community College (retrieved November 24, 2010)</ref> In August 2010, OICA acquired a letterpress and had the [[Cherokee syllabary]] recast to begin printing one-of-a-kind fine art books and prints in the [[Cherokee language]].<ref name="letterpress">[http://www.nc-cherokee.com/theonefeather/2010/08/13/new-letterpress-arrives-at-oica/ "New Letterpress Arrives at OICA"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714161021/http://www.nc-cherokee.com/theonefeather/2010/08/13/new-letterpress-arrives-at-oica/ |date=July 14, 2011 }}, ''The One Feather'' (retrieved November 24, 2010)</ref> In 2012, the Fine Art degree program at OICA was incorporated into [[Southwestern Community College (North Carolina)|Southwestern Community College]] and moved to the SCC Swain Center, where it continues to operate.<ref name="Moved">[http://theonefeather.com/2012/11/oica-is-gone-but-not-really/ "OICA is gone, but not really"], ''The One Feather'' (retrieved March 18, 2013)</ref>

The [[Cherokee Heritage Center]], of [[Park Hill, Oklahoma]], is the site of a reproduction of an ancient Cherokee village, Adams Rural Village (including 19th-century buildings), Nofire Farms, and the Cherokee Family Research Center for genealogy.<ref name=CHC>{{cite web| title = Cherokee Heritage Center | url = http://www.cherokeeheritage.org | access-date =March 10, 2007}}</ref> The Cherokee Heritage Center also houses the Cherokee National Archives. Both the [[Cherokee Nation]] (of Oklahoma) and the [[United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee]], as well as other tribes, contribute funding to the CHC.

===Marriage===
The Cherokee had a flexible and expansive approach to marriage and relationships. Polygamy was common and ending a marriage was not considered shameful or taboo. Instead it was seen as the ending of a season, or spiritual lesson. Not taboo. The Cherokee people revered the power of the heart and as such their emotions and feelings were generally respected and honored. Additionally, they believed their heart and their spirit were equally important and weaved together in a beautiful way.

The [[matrilineal]] culture meant that women controlled property, such as their dwellings, and their children were considered born into their mother's [[clan]], where they gained hereditary status. Advancement to leadership positions was generally subject to approval by the women elders. In addition, the society was [[matrifocal]]; customarily, a married couple lived with or near the woman's family, so she could be aided by her female relatives. Her eldest brother was a more important mentor to her sons than was their father, who belonged to another clan. Traditionally, couples, particularly women, can divorce freely.<ref>Perdue (1999), pp. 44, 57–8</ref>

It was unusual for a Cherokee man to marry a European-American woman. The children of such a union were disadvantaged, as they would not belong to the nation. They would be born outside the clans and traditionally were not considered Cherokee citizens. This is because of the matrilineal aspect of Cherokee culture.<ref name="Perdue 1999, p. 176">Perdue (1999), p. 176</ref> As the Cherokee began to adopt some elements of European-American culture in the early 19th century, they sent elite young men, such as [[John Ridge]] and [[Elias Boudinot (Cherokee)|Elias Boudinot]] to American schools for education. After Ridge had married a European-American woman from Connecticut and Boudinot was engaged to another, the Cherokee Council in 1825 passed a law making children of such unions full citizens of the tribe, as if their mothers were Cherokee. This was a way to protect the families of men expected to be leaders of the tribe.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Yarbough |first=Fay |s2cid=144646968 |title=Legislating Women's Sexuality: Cherokee Marriage Laws |journal=Journal of Social History |volume=38 |year=2004 |issue=2 |pages=385–406 [p. 388] |doi=10.1353/jsh.2004.0144 }}</ref>

In the late nineteenth century, the U.S. government put new restrictions on marriage between a Cherokee and non-Cherokee, although it was still relatively common. A European-American man could legally marry a Cherokee woman by petitioning the federal court, after gaining the approval of ten of her blood relatives. Once married, the man had status as an "Intermarried White," a member of the Cherokee tribe with restricted rights; for instance, he could not hold any tribal office. He remained a citizen of and under the laws of the United States. [[Common law marriage]]s were more popular. Such "Intermarried Whites" were listed in a separate category on the registers of the [[Dawes Rolls]], prepared for allotment of plots of land to individual households of members of the tribe, in the early twentieth-century federal policy for [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of the Native Americans.

===Ethnobotany definition ===
{{main|Cherokee ethnobotany}}

Ethnobotany is the study of interrelations between humans and plants; however, current use of the term implies the study of Indigenous or traditional knowledge of plants. It involves the Indigenous knowledge of plant classification, cultivation, and use as food, medicine and shelter.

=== Gender roles ===
Women were the decision-makers for the clan and were given the primary responsibility of maintaining the Clan including making plant medicine, spiritual healing, nurturing the land, plant relatives and children. Women were considered to be the closest to Creator because their moontime (period) is a natural purification ceremony and powerful time of reflection and connection to the moon’s phases.

The Cherokee way of life is centered around understanding, learning, community and continuation of culture, language and self-actualualization through relationship to the land and community. Women preserved and passed down sacred knowledge, rituals, planned and led gatherings. They also gathered and shared resources among there clan and the tribe,

Women in Cherokee culture were respected and recognized as valuable. Elderly women were revered for their wisdom. The Cherokee defined themselves by their spiritual gifts and heart/spirit which influenced their role in their tribe. The spirit or heart historically played important yet, at times, different roles in Cherokee society. Historically, women have primarily been the heads of households, owning the home and the land, farmers of the family's land, and "mothers" of the [[clan]]s. As in many [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] cultures, Cherokee women are honored as life-givers.<ref>{{cite thesis |id={{ProQuest|1954047274}} |last1=Mize |first1=Jamie Myers |year=2017 |title=Sons of Selu: Masculinity and Gendered Power in Cherokee Society, 1775–1846 }}</ref> As givers and nurturers of life via childbirth and the growing of plants, and community leaders as clan mothers, women are traditionally community leaders in Cherokee communities. Some have served as warriors, both historically and in contemporary culture in military service. Cherokee women are regarded as tradition-keepers and responsible for cultural preservation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Connell-Szasz |first1=Margaret |last2=Perdue |first2=Theda |title=Cherokee Women: Gender and Culture Change, 1700-1835 |journal=The American Historical Review |date=December 1999 |volume=104 |issue=5 |pages=1659 |doi=10.2307/2649389 |jstor=2649389 }}</ref>

The redefining of gender roles in [[Cherokee Nation|Cherokee]] society first occurred in the time period between 1776 and 1835.<ref name=Paulk-Kribel>{{Cite journal|last=Paulk-Kriebel|first=Virginia Beth|date=1999|title=Review of Cherokee Women: Gender and Culture Change, 1700-1835|journal=The North Carolina Historical Review|volume=76|issue=1|pages=118–119 |jstor=23522191 }}</ref> This period is demarcated by the [[Hernando de Soto#De Soto's exploration of North America|De Soto exploration]] and subsequent invasion, was followed by the American Revolution in 1776, and culminated with the signing of [[Treaty of New Echota]] in 1835. The purpose of this redefinition was to push European social standards and norms on the [[Cherokee Nation|Cherokee]] people.<ref name=Paulk-Kribel/> The long-lasting effect of these practices reorganized Cherokee forms of government towards a male-dominated society which has affected the nation for generations.<ref name=Miles>{{Cite book|title=The house on Diamond Hill : a Cherokee plantation story|last=Miles |first=Tiya|date=2010|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=9780807834183|location=Chapel Hill|oclc=495475390|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/houseondiamondhi00mile}}</ref> Miles argues white agents were mainly responsible for the shifting of [[Cherokee Nation|Cherokee]] attitudes toward women's role in politics and domestic spaces.<ref name=Miles/> These "white agents" could be identified as [[Missionary|white missionaries]] and white [[settler]]s seeking out "[[manifest destiny]]".<ref name=Miles/> By the time of removal in the mid-1830s, Cherokee men and women had begun to fulfill different roles and expectations as defined by the "civilization" program promoted by US presidents [[George Washington|Washington]] and [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]].<ref name=Paulk-Kribel/>

{{Cite check|reason=Cited text does not draw the conclusions in this paragraph.|section|date=December 2023}}

Gender and the Cherokee

Being Cherokee is not just about blood, it’s a way of relating to the world. For the Cherokee, adaptability has been the major key to their resilience and survival throughout history and colonization. Cognitive flexibility and adaptation allows them to consciously shift perspective. This applies not only to their relationship to their surroundings, but also to their approach to gender roles, identity, spirituality and sexuality. There are a spate of words in the Cherokee language describe Two-Spirits, "a contemporary term being used in Native communities to describe someone whose gender exists outside of colonial logic." Among the many traditional monikers are asgayusd' udant[i/a] (s/he feels/thinks like a man), ageyusd udanti/a] (s/he feels/thinks like a woman), nudale ageyha udantedi (different-spirited woman), nudale asgaya dantedi (different-spirited man), sgigi ("that way"), uligisdidegi (flirt), taliqwo didanton (s/he has two hearts), utselidu (special), nudale udanto/udantedi (different heart/spirit), atsoine (s/he is third, as in gender), and asegi udanto/udant[i/a]/udantedi (strange
heart/spirit[ed].

**Citation: Asegi Stories: Cherokee Queer and Two-Spirit Memory by Qwo-Li Driskill, University of Arizona Press, 210 pages**

<ref name=Smithers>{{cite journal |last1=Smithers |first1=Gregory D. |title=Cherokee 'Two Spirits': Gender, Ritual, and Spirituality in the Native South |journal=Early American Studies |date=2014 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=626–651 |doi=10.1353/eam.2014.0023 |id={{Project MUSE|552419}} {{ProQuest|1553321291}} |jstor=24474873 |s2cid=143654806 }}</ref>

=== Slavery ===
{{see also|Cherokee Freedmen#Slavery among the Cherokee}}

Slavery was a component of Cherokee society prior to [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonization]], as they frequently enslaved enemy captives taken during times of conflict with other Indigenous tribes.<ref>for a full discussion, see Perdue (1979)</ref> By their oral tradition, the Cherokee viewed slavery as the result of an individual's failure in warfare and as a temporary status, pending release or the slave's adoption into the tribe.<ref name="Russell 2002 p70">Russell (2002) p70</ref> During the [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial era]], [[Province of Carolina|Carolinian]] settlers purchased or impressed Cherokees [[Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas|as slaves]] during the late 17th and early 18th century.<ref>Russell (2002) p. 70. Ray (2007) p. 423, says that the peak of enslavement of Native Americans was between 1715 and 1717; it ended after the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]].</ref> The Cherokee were also among the Native American peoples who sold [[Slavery among Native Americans in the United States|Indian slaves]] to traders for use as laborers in Virginia and further north. They took them as captives in raids on enemy tribes.<ref name="gallay">{{Cite book|last= Gallay |first= Alan |title= The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South 1670–1717 |url= https://archive.org/details/indianslavetrade00gall |url-access= registration |year= 2002 |publisher= Yale University Press |isbn= 0-300-10193-7}}</ref>

As the Cherokee began to adopt some European-American customs, they began to purchase slaves to serve as workers on their farms or plantations, which some of the elite families had in the antebellum years. When the Cherokee were forcibly removed on the [[Trail of Tears]], they took slaves with them, and acquired others in [[Indian Territory]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Ryan P. |title=How Native American Slaveholders Complicate the Trail of Tears Narrative |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/how-native-american-slaveholders-complicate-trail-tears-narrative-180968339/ |access-date=2020-09-09 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

===Funeral rites===
{{main|Cherokee funeral rites}}

==Language and writing system==
{{Further|Cherokee language|Cherokee syllabary}}
[[File:Sequoyah.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sequoyah]], the inventor of the Cherokee syllabary]]
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Jerry speaking English and Cherokee.webm|thumb|A Cherokee speaker speaking English and Cherokee]]
The Cherokee speak a Southern [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]] language, which is [[polysynthetic language|polysynthetic]] and is written in a [[syllabary]] invented by [[Sequoyah]] ({{lang|chr|ᏍᏏᏉᏯ}}) in the 1810s.<ref>Morand, Ann, Kevin Smith, Daniel C. Swan, and Sarah Erwin. ''Treasures of Gilcrease: Selections from the Permanent Collection.'' Tulsa, OK: Gilcrease Museum, 2003. {{ISBN|0-9725657-1-X}}</ref> For years, many people wrote and transliterated Cherokee or used poor intercompatible fonts to type out the syllabary. However, since the fairly recent addition of the Cherokee syllables to [[Unicode]], the Cherokee language is experiencing a renaissance in its use on the Internet.

Because of the polysynthetic nature of the Cherokee language, new and descriptive words in Cherokee are easily constructed to reflect or express modern concepts. Examples include ''ditiyohihi'' ({{lang|chr|ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ}}), which means "he argues repeatedly and on purpose with a purpose," meaning "attorney." Another example is ''didaniyisgi'' ({{lang|chr|ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ}}) which means "he catches them finally and conclusively," meaning "policeman."

Many words, however, have been borrowed from the English language, such as ''gasoline'', which in Cherokee is {{lang|chr|ga-so-li-ne}} ({{lang|chr|ᎦᏐᎵᏁ}}). Many other words were borrowed from the languages of tribes who settled in Oklahoma in the early 20th century. One example relates to a town in Oklahoma named "Nowata". The word {{lang|chr|nowata}} is a [[Delaware languages|Delaware Indian]] word for "welcome" (more precisely the Delaware word is {{lang|del|nu-wi-ta}} which can mean "welcome" or "friend" in the Delaware Language). The white settlers of the area used the name "nowata" for the township, and local Cherokees, being unaware the word had its origins in the Delaware Language, called the town ''Amadikanigvnagvna'' ({{lang|chr|ᎠᎹᏗᎧᏂᎬᎾᎬᎾ}}) which means "the water is all gone from here", i.e. "no water".

Other examples of borrowed words are {{lang|chr|kawi}} ({{lang|chr|ᎧᏫ}}) for ''coffee'' and {{lang|chr|watsi}} ({{lang|chr|ᏩᏥ}}) for ''watch'' (which led to {{lang|chr|utana watsi}} ({{lang|chr|ᎤᏔᎾ ᏩᏥ}}) or "big watch" for ''clock'').

The following table is an example of Cherokee text and its translation:

{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#fff;"| [[Cherokee syllabary|ᏣᎳᎩ]]: ᏂᎦᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏂᎨᎫᏓᎸᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏠᏱ ᎤᎾᏕᎿ ᏚᏳᎧᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ. ᎨᏥᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏟᏅᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎬᏗ.<ref name="Omniglot">{{cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/cherokee.htm |title=Cherokee syllabary |access-date=May 14, 2009 |date=1998–2009 }}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#ddd;" | [[Cherokee language|Tsalagi]]: {{lang|chr|Nigada aniyvwi nigeguda'lvna ale unihloyi unadehna duyukdv gesv'i. Gejinela unadanvtehdi ale unohlisdi ale sagwu gesv junilvwisdanedi anahldinvdlv adanvdo gvhdi.}}<ref name="Omniglot"/>
|-
| ''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' ''(Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]])''<ref name="Omniglot"/>
|}

==Treaties and government==

===Treaties===
{{see also|Historic treaties of the Cherokee}}

The Cherokee have participated in at least thirty-six treaties in the past three hundred years.

===Government===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| 1794 || Establishment of the Cherokee National Council and officers over the whole nation
|-
| 1808 || Establishment of the Cherokee Lighthorse Guard, a national police force
|-
| 1809 || Establishment of the National Committee
|-
| 1810 || End of separate regional councils and abolition of blood vengeance
|-
| 1820 || Establishment of courts in eight districts to handle civil disputes
|-
| 1822 || Cherokee Supreme Court established
|-
| 1823 || National Committee given power to review acts of the National Council
|-
| 1827 || Constitution of the Cherokee Nation East
|-
| 1828 || Constitution of the Cherokee Nation West
|-
| 1832 || Suspension of elections in the Cherokee Nation East
|-
| 1839 || Constitution of the reunited Cherokee Nation
|-
| 1868 || Constitution of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
|-
| 1888 || Charter of Incorporation issued by the State of North Carolina to the Eastern Band
|-
| 1950 || Constitution and federal charter of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians
|-
| 1975 || Constitution of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma
|-
| 1999 || Constitution of the Cherokee Nation drafted<ref>This constitution was approved by Cherokee Nation voters in 2003 but was not approved by the BIA. The Cherokee Nation then amended their 1975 constitution to not require BIA approval. The 1999 constitution has been ratified but the Cherokee Nation Supreme Court is currently deciding what year the 1999 constitution officially went into effect. [http://www.cherokee.org/Docs/TribalGovernment/Executive/CCC/2003_CN_CONSTITUTION.pdf Constitution of the Cherokee Nation.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325120017/http://www.cherokee.org/Docs/TribalGovernment/Executive/CCC/2003_CN_CONSTITUTION.pdf |date=March 25, 2009 }} (pdf file). ''Cherokee Nation.'' Retrieved March 5, 2009.</ref>
|}

After being ravaged by smallpox, and feeling pressure from European settlers, the Cherokee adopted a European-American [[Representative democracy]] form of government in an effort to retain their lands. They established a governmental system modeled on that of the United States, with an elected principal chief, senate, and house of representatives. On April 10, 1810 the seven Cherokee clans met and began the abolition of blood vengeance by giving the sacred duty to the new Cherokee National government. Clans formally relinquished judicial responsibilities by the 1820s when the Cherokee Supreme Court was established. In 1825, the National Council extended citizenship to the children of Cherokee men married to white women. These ideas were largely incorporated into the 1827 Cherokee constitution.<ref>Perdue, p. 564.</ref> The constitution stated that "No person who is of negro or [[mulatto]] {{sic}} parentage, either by the father or mother side, shall be eligible to hold any office of profit, honor or trust under this Government," with an exception for, "negroes and descendants of white and Indian men by negro women who may have been set free."<ref>Perdue, pp. 564–565.</ref> This definition to limit rights of multiracial descendants may have been more widely held among the elite than the general population.<ref>Perdue, p. 566.</ref>

==Modern Cherokee tribes==

===Cherokee Nation===
[[File:Flag of the Cherokee Nation.svg|left|200px|thumb|Flag of the Cherokee Nation]]
{{Main|Cherokee Nation}}

[[File:Cherokee National Capitol.jpg|thumb|[[Cherokee National Capitol|Cherokee Nation Historic Courthouse]] in Tahlequah, Oklahoma.]]
[[File:Seminary Hall.jpg|thumb|The [[Cherokee Female Seminary]] was built in 1889 by the Cherokee in Indian Territory.]]
During 1898–1906 the federal government dissolved the former Cherokee Nation, to make way for the incorporation of [[Indian Territory]] into the new state of [[Oklahoma]]. From 1906 to 1975, the structure and function of the tribal government were defunct, except for the purposes of DOI management. In 1975 the tribe drafted a constitution, which they ratified on June 26, 1976,<ref>[http://thorpe.ou.edu/constitution/cherokee/index.html Constitution of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212104623/http://thorpe.ou.edu/constitution/cherokee/index.html |date=February 12, 2009 }} ''University of Oklahoma Law Center.'' (retrieved January 16, 2010)</ref> and the tribe received federal recognition.

In 1999, the CN changed or added several provisions to its constitution, among them the designation of the tribe to be "Cherokee Nation," dropping "of Oklahoma." According to a 2009 statement by BIA head [[Larry Echo Hawk]], the Cherokee Nation is not legally considered the "historical Cherokee tribe" but instead a "successor in interest." The attorney of the Cherokee Nation has stated that they intend to appeal this decision.<ref>{{cite web |last=Associated |first=The |url=http://www.indiancountrytoday.com/archive/50644002.html |title=Cherokee Nation likely to appeal BIA decision | Indian Country Today | Archive |publisher=Indian Country Today |date=July 13, 2009 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007233624/http://www.indiancountrytoday.com/archive/50644002.html |archive-date=October 7, 2009 |df=mdy }}</ref>

The modern Cherokee Nation, in recent times, has expanded economically, providing equality and prosperity for its citizens. Under the leadership of Principal Chief [[Bill John Baker]], the Nation has significant business, corporate, real estate, and agricultural interests. The CN controls Cherokee Nation Entertainment, Cherokee Nation Industries, and Cherokee Nation Businesses. CNI is a very large defense contractor that creates thousands of jobs in eastern Oklahoma for Cherokee citizens.

The CN has constructed health clinics throughout Oklahoma, contributed to community development programs, built roads and bridges, constructed learning facilities and universities for its citizens, taught the practice of [[Gadugi]] and self-reliance, and improved language immersion programs for youth.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026|reason=This text may only be promotional, and not citable. If this is the case, remove this paragraph.}}

The CN hosts the [[Cherokee National Holiday]] on Labor Day weekend each year, and 80,000 to 90,000 Cherokee citizens travel to [[Tahlequah, Oklahoma]], for the festivities. It publishes the ''[[Cherokee Phoenix]],'' the tribal newspaper, in both English and Cherokee, using the Sequoyah syllabary. The Cherokee Nation council appropriates money for historic foundations concerned with the preservation of Cherokee culture.

The Cherokee Nation supports the Cherokee Nation Film festivals in Tahlequah, Oklahoma and participates in the [[Sundance Film Festival]] in [[Park City, Utah]].

===Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians===
{{Main|Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians}}

The Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians in North Carolina, led by Chief Richard Sneed,
hosts over a million visitors a year to cultural attractions of the {{convert|100|sqmi|km2|adj=on}} sovereign nation. The reservation, the "[[Qualla Boundary]]", has a population of over 8,000 Cherokee, primarily direct descendants of Indians who managed to avoid "[[The Trail of Tears]]".

Attractions include the Oconaluftee Indian Village, Museum of the Cherokee Indian, and the Qualla Arts and Crafts Mutual. Founded in 1946, the Qualla Arts and Crafts Mutual is the country's oldest and foremost Native American crafts cooperative.<ref name=NCsmokymtns>[http://www.visitsmokies.org/index.php?option=com_jumi&fileid=4&ID=748 Qualla Arts and Crafts Mutual, Inc.], ''Smoky Mountain Host of North Carolina'' (retrieved July 1, 2014)</ref> The outdoor drama ''[[Unto These Hills]]'', which debuted in 1950, recently broke record attendance sales. Together with Harrah's Cherokee Casino and Hotel, Cherokee Indian Hospital and Cherokee Boys Club, the tribe generated $78 million in the local economy in 2005.

===United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians===
[[File:UKBflag (bordered).png|left|200px|thumb|Flag of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians]]
{{Main|United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians}}

The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians formed their government under the [[Indian Reorganization Act]] of 1934 and gained federal recognition in 1946. Enrollment in the tribe is limited to people with a quarter or more of Cherokee blood. Many members of the UKB are descended from Old Settlers – Cherokees who moved to Arkansas and Indian Territory before the Trail of Tears.<ref>Leeds, George R. [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/U/UN006.html United Keetoowah Band.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720024314/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/U/UN006.html |date=July 20, 2010 }} ''Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.'' (retrieved October 5, 2009)</ref> Of the 12,000 people enrolled in the tribe, 11,000 live in Oklahoma. Their chief is Joe Bunch.

The UKB operate a tribal casino, bingo hall, smokeshop, fuel outlets, truck stop, and gallery that showcases art and crafts made by tribal members. The tribe issues their own tribal vehicle tags.<ref>Oklahoma Office of Indian Affairs. [http://www.ok.gov/oiac/Publications/index.html Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211145522/http://www.ok.gov/oiac/Publications/index.html |date=February 11, 2009 }} 2008:36</ref>

{{Clear}}

===Relations among the three federally recognized Cherokee tribes===
The Cherokee Nation participates in numerous joint programs with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. It also participates in cultural exchange programs and joint Tribal Council meetings involving councilors from both Cherokee Tribes. These are held to address issues affecting all of the Cherokee people.

174 years after the [[Trail of Tears]], on July 12, 2012, the leaders of the three separate Cherokee tribes met in North Carolina.{{where|what city?|date=May 2020}}<ref>''[Indian Country News'', July 12, 2012]</ref>

==Contemporary settlement==
Cherokee people are most concentrated in Oklahoma and North Carolina, but some reside in the [[US West Coast]], due to economic migrations caused by the [[Dust Bowl]] during the Great Depression, job availability during the Second World War, and the [[Indian Relocation Act of 1956|Federal Indian Relocation program]] during the 1950s–1960s. Destinations for Cherokee diaspora included multi-ethnic/racial urban centers of California (i.e. the [[Greater Los Angeles area|Greater Los Angeles]] and [[San Francisco Bay Area]]s). They frequently live in farming communities, or by military bases and other Indian reservations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Cherokee.html |title=Cherokee Ancestry Search – Cherokee Genealogy by City |publisher=ePodunk.com |access-date=April 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730015224/http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Cherokee.html |archive-date=July 30, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Membership controversies==

===Tribal recognition and citizenship===
{{See also|Cherokee descent|Cherokee heritage groups}}
The three Cherokee tribes have differing requirements for enrollment. The Cherokee Nation determines enrollment by lineal descent from Cherokees listed on the [[Dawes Rolls]] and has no minimum [[blood quantum]] requirement.<ref>[http://www.cherokee.org/home.aspx?section=services&service=Registration&ID=8sRG9ZCF7PE= Cherokee Nation Registration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718074313/http://www.cherokee.org/home.aspx?section=services&service=Registration&ID=8sRG9ZCF7PE= |date=July 18, 2007 }}.</ref> Currently, descendants of the Dawes Cherokee Freedman rolls are citizens of the tribe, pending court decisions. The Cherokee Nation includes numerous citizens who have mixed ancestry, including African-American, Latino American, Asian American, European-American, and others. The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians requires a minimum of one-sixteenth Cherokee blood quantum (genealogical descent, equivalent to one great-great-grandparent) and an ancestor on the [[Baker Roll]]. The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians requires a minimum of one-quarter Keetoowah Cherokee blood quantum (equivalent to one grandparent). The UKB does not allow citizens who have relinquished their citizenship to re-enroll in the UKB.<ref>[http://www.keetoowahcherokee.org/enrollment.html Enrollment.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609034110/http://www.keetoowahcherokee.org/enrollment.html |date=June 9, 2010 }} ''United Keetoowah Band of Cherokees.'' (retrieved October 5, 2009)</ref>

The 2000 [[United States census]] reported 729,533 Americans self-identified as Cherokee. The 2010 census reported an increased number of 819,105 with almost 70% being mixed-race Cherokees. In 2015, the Cherokee Nation, the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians, and the Eastern Band of Cherokees had a combined enrolled population of roughly 344,700.<ref name="slate.com"/>

Over 200 groups claim to be Cherokee nations, tribes, or bands.<ref>Glenn, Eddie. [http://www.tahlequahdailypress.com/cnhi/tahlequahdailypress/features/local_story_006134311.html?keyword=secondarystory "A League of Nations?"] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20090620174702/http://www.tahlequahdailypress.com/cnhi/tahlequahdailypress/features/local_story_006134311.html?keyword=secondarystory |date=June 20, 2009 }} ''Tahlequah Daily Press.'' January 6, 2006 (retrieved October 5, 2009)</ref> Cherokee Nation spokesman Mike Miller has suggested that some groups, which he calls [[Cherokee Heritage Groups]], are encouraged.<ref>Glenn 2006.</ref> Others, however, are controversial for their attempts to gain economically through their claims to be Cherokee. The three federally recognized groups note that they are the only groups having the legal right to present themselves as Cherokee Indian Tribes and only their enrolled citizens are legally Cherokee.<ref>Official Statement Cherokee Nation 2000, Pierpoint 2000.</ref>

One exception to this may be the [[Texas Cherokee]]. Before 1975, they were considered part of the Cherokee Nation, as reflected in briefs filed before the [[Indian Claims Commission]]. At one time W.W. Keeler served as Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation and, at the same time, held the position as Chairman of the Texas Cherokee and Associated Bands (TCAB) Executive Committee.
Following the adoption of the Cherokee constitution in 1976, TCAB descendants whose ancestors had remained a part of the physical Mount Tabor Community in [[Rusk County, Texas]], were excluded from CN citizenship. Because they had already migrated from Indian Territory at the time of the [[Dawes Commission]], their ancestors were not recorded on the Final Rolls of the Five Civilized Tribes, which serve as the basis for tracing descent for many individuals. But, most if not all TCAB descendants did have an ancestor listed on either the Guion-Miller or Old settler rolls.

While most Mount Tabor residents returned to the Cherokee Nation after the Civil War and following the death of [[John Ross (Cherokee chief)|John Ross]] in 1866, in the 21st century, there is a sizable group that is well documented but outside that body. It is not actively seeking a status clarification. They have treaty rights going back to the [[Treaty of Bird's Fort]]. From the end of the Civil War until 1975, they were associated with the Cherokee Nation.

Other remnant populations continue to exist throughout the Southeast United States and individually in the states surrounding Oklahoma. Many of these people trace descent from persons enumerated on official rolls such as the Guion-Miller, Drennan, Mullay, and Henderson Rolls, among others. Other descendants trace their heritage through the treaties of 1817 and 1819 with the federal government that gave individual land allotments to Cherokee households. State-recognized tribes may have different membership requirements and genealogical documentation than to the federally recognized ones.

Current enrollment guidelines of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma have been approved by the US [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]]. The CN noted such facts during the Constitutional Convention held to ratify a new governing document. The document was eventually ratified by a small portion of the electorate. Any changes to the tribe's enrollment procedures must be approved by the Department of Interior. Under 25 CFR 83, the Office of Federal Acknowledgment is required to first apply its own anthropological, genealogical, and historical research methods to any request for change by the tribe. It forwards its recommendations to the Assistant Secretary - Indian Affairs for consideration.<ref>* [http://www.tngennet.org/cherokee_by_blood/aoc.htm Act of Congress Roll, 1854]
* [http://www.cherokee.org/Government/254/Page/default.aspx (Pre-convention – 1999) Oral and Written Testimonies] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104091145/http://www.cherokee.org/Government/254/Page/Default.aspx |date=January 4, 2011 }}
* [http://www.tngennet.org/cherokee_by_blood/census.htm Cherokee Census Rolls, a follow-up]
* [http://www.tngennet.org/cherokee_by_blood/chapman.htm Chapman Roll Eastern Cherokees, 1851]
* [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/che0140.htm#mn11 Treaty with the Cherokee, 1817] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103150436/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/che0140.htm#mn11 |date=November 3, 2012 }}</ref>

===Cherokee Freedmen===
{{Main|Cherokee Freedmen}}


The Cherokee Freedmen, descendants of African American slaves owned by citizens of the Cherokee Nation during the [[Antebellum Period]], were first guaranteed Cherokee citizenship under a treaty with the United States in 1866. This was in the wake of the [[American Civil War]], when the U.S. emancipated slaves and passed US constitutional amendments granting freedmen citizenship in the United States.

In 1988, the federal court in the Freedmen case of ''Nero v. Cherokee Nation''<ref>{{Cite court |url=https://casetext.com/case/nero-v-cherokee-nation-of-oklahoma |litigants=Nero v. Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma |vol=892 |reporter=F.2d |opinion=1457 |court=United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit |date=22 December 1989 |archive-date=July 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713221704/https://casetext.com/case/nero-v-cherokee-nation-of-oklahoma |url-status=dead }}</ref> held that Cherokees could decide citizenship requirements and exclude Freedmen. On March 7, 2006, the Cherokee Nation Judicial Appeal Tribunal ruled that the Cherokee Freedmen were eligible for Cherokee citizenship. This ruling proved controversial; while the Cherokee Freedman had historically been recorded as "citizens" of the Cherokee Nation at least since 1866 and the later [[Dawes Commission]] Land Rolls, the ruling "did not limit membership to people possessing Cherokee blood".<ref name="Freedman-Decision">{{cite web |title=Freedman Decision |url=http://www.cherokee.org/docs/news/Freedman-Decision.pdf |access-date=March 10, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213034721/http://www.cherokee.org/docs/news/Freedman-Decision.pdf |archive-date=February 13, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> This ruling was consistent with the 1975 Constitution of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, in its acceptance of the Cherokee Freedmen on the basis of historical citizenship, rather than documented blood relation.

On March 3, 2007, a constitutional amendment was passed by a Cherokee vote limiting citizenship to Cherokees on the Dawes Rolls for those listed as Cherokee by blood on the Dawes roll, which did not include partial Cherokee descendants of slaves, Shawnee and Delaware.<ref>[http://www.cherokeecourts.com/Portals/5/44%20-%20Motion%20for%20Summary%20Judgment%20and%20Brief%20in%20Support.pdf Cherokee Constitutional Amendment March 3, 2007] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304002421/http://www.cherokeecourts.com/Portals/5/44%20-%20Motion%20for%20Summary%20Judgment%20and%20Brief%20in%20Support.pdf |date=March 4, 2009 }}.</ref> The Cherokee Freedmen had 90 days to appeal this amendment vote which disenfranchised them from Cherokee citizenship and file appeal within the Cherokee Nation Tribal Council, which is currently pending in ''Nash, et al. v. Cherokee Nation Registrar''. On May 14, 2007, the Cherokee Freedmen were reinstated as citizens of the Cherokee Nation by the Cherokee Nation Tribal Courts through a temporary order and temporary injunction until the court reached its final decision.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.cherokeecourts.com/Portal/5/44%20-%20Motion%20for%20Summary%20Judgment%20and%20Brief%20in%20Support.pdf | title= Nash, et al v. Cherokee Nation Registrar }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On January 14, 2011, the tribal district court ruled that the 2007 constitutional amendment was invalid because it conflicted with the 1866 treaty guaranteeing the Freedmen's rights.<ref>Gavin Off, [http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=14&articleid=20110114_14_0_AChero292984 "Judge grants Cherokee citizenship to non-Indian freedmen"], ''[[Tulsa World]]'', January 14, 2011.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|United States|Indigenous peoples of the Americas}}
* [[Black drink]]
* [[Black Indians in the United States]]
* [[Booger Dance]]
* [[Kanuchi]]
* [[Moon-eyed people]]
* [[One-drop rule]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|25em}}

==References==
* Doublass, Robert Sydney. "History of Southeast Missouri", 1992, pp. 32–45
* Evans, E. Raymond. "Notable Persons in Cherokee History: Dragging Canoe". ''Journal of Cherokee Studies, Vol. 2, No. 2'', pp. 176–189. (Cherokee: Museum of the Cherokee Indian, 1977).
* Finger, John R. ''Cherokee Americans: The Eastern Band of Cherokees in the 20th century''. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991. {{ISBN|0-8032-6879-3}}.
* Glenn, Eddie. [https://archive.today/20090620174702/http://www.tahlequahdailypress.com/cnhi/tahlequahdailypress/features/local_story_006134311.html?keyword=secondarystory "A league of nations?"] ''Tahlequah Daily Press''. January 6, 2006 (Accessed May 24, 2007)
* Halliburton, R., jr.: ''Red over Black – Black Slavery among the Cherokee Indians'', Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut 1977.
* {{cite journal |last1=Irwin |first1=Lee |title=Cherokee Healing: Myth, Dreams, and Medicine |journal=American Indian Quarterly |date=1992 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=237–257 |doi=10.2307/1185431 |jstor=1185431 }}
* Kelton, Paul. ''Cherokee Medicine, Colonial Germs: An Indigenous Nation's Fight Against Smallpox.'' Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2015.
* Kilpatrick, Jack Frederick. "An Etymological Note on the Tribal Name of the Cherokees and Certain Place and Proper Names Derived from Cherokee" Journal of the Graduate Research Center 30:37-41, 1962, Southern Methodist University.
* [[William G. McLoughlin|McLoughlin, William G.]] ''Cherokee Renascence in the New Republic''. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).
* [[James Mooney|Mooney, James]]. "Myths of the Cherokees." Bureau of American Ethnology, Nineteenth Annual Report, 1900, Part I. pp. 1–576. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
* {{cite journal |last1=Perdue |first1=Theda |title=Clan and Court: Another Look at the Early Cherokee Republic |journal=The American Indian Quarterly |date=2000 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=562–569 |doi=10.1353/aiq.2000.0024 |id={{Project MUSE|216}} {{ProQuest|216856997}} |jstor=1185890 |s2cid=162379852 }}
* Perdue, Theda. ''Cherokee women: gender and culture change, 1700–1835.'' Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999.
* Pierpoint, Mary. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120619094041/http://www.indiancountrytoday.com/archive/28197994.html "Unrecognized Cherokee claims cause problems for nation."] ''Indian Country Today''. August 16, 2000 (Accessed May 16, 2007).
* Reed, Julie L. ''Serving the Nation: Cherokee Sovereignty and Social Welfare, 1800-1907.'' Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016.
* Rollings, Willard H. "The Osage: An Ethnohistorical Study of Hegemony on the Prairie-Plains." (University of Missouri Press, 1992)
* Royce, Charles C. ''The Cherokee Nation.'' Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2007.
* Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor. ''Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast.'' Volume 14. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004. {{ISBN|0-16-072300-0}}.
* Tortora, Daniel J. ''Carolina in Crisis: Cherokees, Colonists, and Slaves in the American Southeast, 1756–1763.'' Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2015.
* {{cite journal |last1=Wishart |first1=David M. |title=Evidence of Surplus Production in the Cherokee Nation Prior to Removal |journal=The Journal of Economic History |date=March 1995 |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=120–138 |doi=10.1017/S0022050700040596 |jstor=2123770 |s2cid=154689555 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{InterWiki|code=chr}}
{{AmCyc Poster|Cherokees}}
* [http://www.cherokee.org Cherokee Nation], official site
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120119115031/http://nc-cherokee.com/ Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians], official site
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20030927012023/http://unitedkeetoowahband.org/ United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians]}}, official site
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20000125054857/http://www.cherokeemuseum.org/ Museum of the Cherokee Indian]}}, Cherokee, NC
* [http://www.cherokeeheritage.org/ Cherokee Heritage Center], Park Hill, OK
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100202031303/http://siris-collections.si.edu/search/results.jsp?q=Cherokee Smithsonian Institution – Cherokee photos and documents]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150815205110/http://www.cherokeeregistry.com/ Cherokee Heritage Documentation Center – Genealogy and Culture]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141008143521/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CH014.html "Cherokee"], [[Oklahoma Historical Society]] ''Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture''

{{Cherokee}}
{{Native American Tribes in Oklahoma}}
{{Native American Tribes in North Carolina}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cherokee}}
[[Category:Cherokee| ]]
[[Category:Iroquoian peoples]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Alabama]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in North Carolina]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in South Carolina]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Tennessee]]
[[Category:Native American people in the American Revolution]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Chewara

2026-05-08T10:25:41Z

DellCarone401: Done

{{Short description|Block in Sheikhpura, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
|name = Chewara
|native_name = चेवाड़ा
|native_name_lang = hi 
|settlement_type =
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|etymology =
|nickname =
|coordinates = 
|population_total =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
[[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sheikhpura district|Sheikhpura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat = Chewara Nagar Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 811304
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = BR-52
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Jamui (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamui]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Sheikhpura Assembly constituency|Sheikhpura]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = Nearest railway station
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Sheikhpura railway station|Sheikhpura]]
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
|website = 
}}

'''Chewara''' is a Block/village in [[Sheikhpura district]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/244051-chewara-bihar.html|title=Chewara Village Population - Chewara - Sheikhpura, Bihar|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=2018-03-18}}</ref> Chewara is a block within the Sheikhpura district, which was formed from parts of Munger and Nalanda districts.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sheikpura district}}
[[Category:Villages in Sheikhpura district]]

{{Sheikhpura-geo-stub}}

Paisa Paisa (2013 film)

2026-05-07T17:13:52Z

DellCarone401: added a stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paisa Paisa
| image = Paisa Paisa - Poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Film poster
| director = Prasanth Murali
| producer = Raj Zacharias
| writer = Rajesh Varma Prashanth Murali
| starring = {{ubl|[[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]]|[[Aju Varghese]]|[[Mamta Mohandas]]|[[Sandhya (actress, born 1988)|Sandhya]]|[[Daniel Balaji]]}}
| music = '''Songs:''' Aby Salvin Thomas '''Background Score:''' [[Rahul Raj]]
| cinematography = Kishore Mani
| editing =Nikhil Venu
| studio = Celebs and Red Carpet
| distributor = Celebs and Red Carpet Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|6|28}}
| runtime = 110 minutes<ref name="TOI" />
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Paisa Paisa''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Malayalam]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by debutante director Prasanth Murali. The film was produced by Raj Zacharias under the banner Celebs and Red Carpet and features [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Mamta Mohandas]], [[Sandhya (actress, born 1988)|Sandhya]], and [[Daniel Balaji]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mamta-mohandas-and-indrajith-team-up-for-malayalam-film-paisa-paisa/308210-71-210.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207150140/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mamta-mohandas-and-indrajith-team-up-for-malayalam-film-paisa-paisa/308210-71-210.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 December 2012 |title=Mamta Mohandas and Indrajith team up for Malayalam film 'Paisa Paisa' |publisher=[[IBN Live]] |date=30 November 2012 |access-date=9 April 2013}}</ref> Set against the backdrop of [[Chennai]] and [[Kochi]], ''Paisa Paisa'' is a [[multiperspectivity|multi-narrative]] realistic thriller showing how money can affect the lives of people.<ref>{{cite news |author=Sivalakshmi Roshith |title=Taking a reality check |date= 25 June 2013 |newspaper= [[The New Indian Express]] | url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Taking-a-reality-check/2013/06/25/article1650946.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023133724/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Taking-a-reality-check/2013/06/25/article1650946.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=23 October 2013 |access-date=28 June 2013}}</ref> The film released on 28 June 2013.<ref>{{cite news |author=Jisha G Nair |title='Paisa, Paisa' is all about money matters |date=27 June 2013 |newspaper=[[Malayala Manorama]] |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/mmonline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=14395096&tabId=1&programId=11565555&channelId=-1073865026 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629090959/http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/mmonline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=14395096&tabId=1&programId=11565555&channelId=-1073865026 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013 |access-date=28 June 2013 }}</ref> The songs were composed by debutant, Aby Salvin while [[Rahul Raj]] composed the background score.

==Plot==
The story unfolds the events happening in just four hours of a day in two cities - [[Kochi]] and [[Chennai]]. Balu who goes to Chennai to attend an interview falls into a trap in the few minutes he goes out of the call centre office to make a phone call. He contacts his friend Kishore, an ad filmmaker and his friend, to help him with some money. Kishore, who is in Kochi, has an equally crucial day. His wife Nithya is returning to his life as the couple has been living separately for some time. Kishore sets aside his plans to reconcile with his wife to help his friend. However, he fails to gather enough money to help Balu. How money changes the lives of these characters forms the rest of the story.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paisa Paisa |date= 28 June 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/previews/Paisa-Paisa/articleshow/20797399.cms |access-date=28 June 2013}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Kishore
* [[Aju Varghese]] as Balu
* [[Daniel Balaji]] as Auto driver who kidnap Balu
* [[Mamta Mohandas]] as Nithya
* [[Sandhya (actress, born 1988)|Sandhya]] as Kumudam, auto driver's wife
* Apoorva Bose as Pooja
* Kishore Satya as Aby Pothen
* Rajeev Rangan as Rajeev
* [[Anoop Chandran]] as Venkidesh
* [[Dileesh Pothan]] as Omanakuttan
* Dinesh Paniker as Bhaskaran
* Aneesh G Menon as Sandheep
* [[Sasi Kalinga]] as Aalikka

==Production==
Directed by debutante Prasanth Murali, an erstwhile assistant to [[V. K. Prakash]], the script for the flick was jointly penned by the director and Rajesh Varma.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/88587.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128201451/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/88587.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 November 2012 |title=Indrajith and Mamta in 'Paisa Paisa' |work=Indiaglitz.com |date=26 November 2012 |access-date=9 April 2013}}</ref> Model-turned-actress Amruta Patki featured in the promotional song of this film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/news/Amruta-Patki-to-star-in-Paisa-Paisa/articleshow/17532750.cms |title=Amruta Patki to star in Paisa Paisa |newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 December 2012 |access-date=9 April 2013}}</ref> The shooting of the film started at [[Chennai]] in November 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/indrajith-mamta-in-paisa-paisa-news-malayalam-ml3keqcbead.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609073932/http://www.sify.com/movies/indrajith-mamta-in-paisa-paisa-news-malayalam-ml3keqcbead.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2013 |title=Indrajith, Mamta in 'Paisa Paisa' |website=[[Sify]] |date=29 November 2012 |access-date=9 April 2013}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Paisa Paisa
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Aby Salvin Thomas
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|06|23}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/malayalam/Paisa-Paisa-2013/w2afxvlnKas_ |title=Paisa Paisa (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |publisher=[[Saavn]]}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:49
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Muzik 247]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack of Paisa Paisa consists of seven songs, out of which six were composed by Aby Salvin Thomas while the theme song was composed by Rahul Raj. D. Santhosh wrote the lyrics of all the songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/be/album/paisa-paisa-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/908519984 |title=Paisa Paisa (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |date=7 August 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length ={{Duration|m=21|s=49}}
| title1 = Iravino Pagalino
| extra1 = Vineeth Sreenivasan
| length1 = 03:45

| title2 = Karaleriyumbol
| extra2 = Namitha Correya & Carl Frenies
| length2 = 02:03

| title3 = Neeyo Kaatto
| note3 = Female Version
| extra3 = Bhavya Lakshmi
| length3 = 03:35

| title4 = Neeyo Kaatto
| note4 = Karaoke Version
| length4 = 03:33

| title5 = Neeyo Kaatto
| note5 = Male Version
| extra5 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length5 = 03:33

| title6 = Paisa Paisa
| extra6 = Namitha Correya & Carl Frenies
| length6 = 02:59

| title7 = Paisa Paisa
| note7 = Theme Music by Rahul Raj
| length7 = 02:22
}}

==Critical reception==

[[The Times of India]] gave the film a rating of 2.5 out of 5 saying that, "Paisa Paisa loses its pace for want of engaging twists and a taut narrative and easily turns into a flick that passes by without a flutter."<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/paisa-paisa/movie-review/20840461.cms |title=Paisa Paisa Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]]}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Paresh C Palicha of [[Rediff]] gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5 and said that, "Paisa Paisa has a promising premise to build on, but turns out to be a disappointment."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-paisa-paisa-is-disappointing/20130701.htm |title=Review: Paisa Paisa is disappointing |publisher=[[Rediff]]}}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3259220|Paisa Paisa}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2013 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]

Panruti Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T05:32:11Z

DellCarone401:

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 154
| map_image = Constitution-Panruti.svg
| incumbent_image =
| established = 1951
| district = [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency|Cuddalore]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| mla = [[K. Mohan (politician)|K. Mohan]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| name = Panruti
| electors = 241,767
| reservation = None
}}

'''Panruti''' is a legislative assembly in [[Cuddalore district]], which includes the city of [[Panruti]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}</ref> It is a part of [[Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency]]. This constituency is notable for Panruti Ramachandran or Panruttiar, who was elected from this constituency six times, under three different parties, [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]], [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] and [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]. Elections were not held in the years 1957 and 1962. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| 1952
| [[S. Radhakrishnan (Panruti MLA)|S. Radhakrishnan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Nadu Toilers Party}}
|-
| 1967
| [[Panruti S. Ramachandran|S. Ramachandran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Duration
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="4"|[[S. Ramachandaran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1977]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1984]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989]]
| K. N Gopalakirutinan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1991]]
| S. Ramachandaran
| {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1996]]
| [[V. Ramaswamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001]]
| rowspan="2"|[[T. Velmurugan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2011]]
| [[P. Sivakozhundu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2016]]
| [[Sathya Panneerselvam]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2021]]
| T. Velmurugan
| {{Full party name with color|Tamizhaga Vazhvurimai Katchi}}
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| [[K. Mohan (politician)|K. Mohan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Tamizhaga Vazhvurimai Katchi}}|47.60}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|39.01}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}|50.91}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|38.18}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|37.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.32}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|37.51}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.24}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.97}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.24}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.06}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.82}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party}}|55.34}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Panruti<ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S22154.htm</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= [[K. Mohan (politician)|K. Mohan]]|party=AIADMK|votes= 78,398 |percentage= 37.20% |change=-8.02% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Abdul Rahman|party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes= 67,735 |percentage= 32.14% |change=+32.14% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= M. Manikandan|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes=56,022 |percentage= 26.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Bhanu Priya |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= 4,884 |percentage= 2.32% |change=-1.00% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Surendar |party=Tamizhaga Vazhvurimai Katchi |votes= 1,449 |percentage= 0.69% |change=-46.91%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= 907 |percentage= 0.43% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= 10,663 |percentage=5.06% |change=+2.68%}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 240048|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=AIADMK|loser=Tamizhaga Vazhvurimai Katchi |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Panruti<ref>{{cite web|title=Panruti Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a154|access-date= 24 Jul 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Velmurugan]] |party=Tamizhaga Vazhvurimai Katchi |votes=93,801 |percentage=47.60 |change=+10.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Rajendran (AIADMK politician)|R. Rajendran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=89,104 |percentage=45.22 |change=+6.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Subhashini |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=6,547 |percentage=3.32 |change=+2.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Sivakozhundu]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=3,362 |percentage=1.71 |change=-8.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jaylani |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=1,670 |percentage=0.85 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above |votes=1,323 |percentage=0.67 |change=-0.4 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,697 |percentage=2.38 |change= 0.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=197,049 |percentage=80.28 |change= -1.69 }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=495|percentage=0.25 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 245,451 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamizhaga Vazhvurimai Katchi |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Panruti<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sathya Panneerselvam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=72,353 |percentage=39.01 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponkumar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,225 |percentage=37.33 |change=-6.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Dharmalingam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=18,666 |percentage=10.06 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Sivakozhundu]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=18,409 |percentage=9.93 |change=-40.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,988 |percentage=1.07 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. Saravanan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,373 |percentage=0.74 |change=+0.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Mahaboobasha |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,262 |percentage=0.68 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,128 |percentage=1.69 |change= -4.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=185,465 |percentage=81.97 |change= -1.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 226,257 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |swing= -11.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Panruti<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Sivakozhundu]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=82,187 |percentage=50.91 |change=+29.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Saba Rajendran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=71,471 |percentage=44.27 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sankar |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,570 |percentage=0.97 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Deiveegadas |party=Puratchi Bharatham |votes=1,155 |percentage=0.72 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. M. Selvakumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,064 |percentage=0.66 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. S. Velmurugan |party=Independent politician |votes=943 |percentage=0.58 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. K. Iyappan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=859 |percentage=0.53 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,716 |percentage=6.64 |change= 6.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=161,443 |percentage=83.25 |change= 1.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 193,924 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 12.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Panruti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Velmurugan]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=54,653 |percentage=38.18 |change=+0.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Rajendran (AIADMK politician)|R. Rajendiran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,505 |percentage=38.08 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Panruti S. Ramachandran]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=30,133 |percentage=21.05 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Balu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,366 |percentage=0.95 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. Kumaraguru |party=Independent politician |votes=793 |percentage=0.55 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=148 |percentage=0.10 |change= -4.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=143,148 |percentage=81.66 |change= 9.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 175,294 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 0.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Panruti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Velmurugan]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=45,963 |percentage=37.67 |change=+29.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Ramaswamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,915 |percentage=33.54 |change=-23.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Panruti S. Ramachandran|S. Ramachandran]] |party=MNK(PLP) |votes=30,459 |percentage=24.97 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Selvamani |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,555 |percentage=2.09 |change=-7.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. Kumaraguru |party=Independent politician |votes=2,111 |percentage=1.73 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,048 |percentage=4.14 |change= -28.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=122,003 |percentage=72.65 |change= -4.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,037 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -19.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Panruti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Ramaswamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,021 |percentage=57.32 |change=+31.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rajendran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,891 |percentage=24.35 |change=-12.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Nandagopalakrishnan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,123 |percentage=9.37 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Murugavel |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=9,988 |percentage=8.42 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,130 |percentage=32.98 |change= 31.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=118,663 |percentage=77.15 |change= 1.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,495 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 19.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Panruti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Ramachandaran]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=39,911 |percentage=37.51 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. M. Devasudaram |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,789 |percentage=36.45 |change=+17.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Mani |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,354 |percentage=25.71 |change=-30.53 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,122 |percentage=1.05 |change= -36.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=106,407 |percentage=75.91 |change= 3.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,023 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -18.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Panruti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Nanda Gopalakirutinan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,395 |percentage=56.24 |change=+10.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Devasudaram |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,487 |percentage=18.77 |change=-35.2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Asokan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,636 |percentage=9.27 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Krishnamurthy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,223 |percentage=7.75 |change=-46.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Kaliyamurthy |party=Independent politician |votes=7,104 |percentage=7.63 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,908 |percentage=37.47 |change= 29.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=93,166 |percentage=72.08 |change= -13.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,406 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Panruti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Ramachandaran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,900 |percentage=53.97 |change=+2.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Nandagopala Krishnan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,263 |percentage=46.03 |change=-0.62 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,637 |percentage=7.94 |change= 2.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=96,163 |percentage=85.47 |change= 8.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,364 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Panruti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Ramachandaran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,557 |percentage=51.88 |change=-7.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Nandagopala Krishnan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,070 |percentage=46.65 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Seenuvasan Alias Seenu |party=Janata Party |votes=681 |percentage=0.79 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,487 |percentage=5.22 |change= -16.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=85,891 |percentage=77.26 |change= 3.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,744 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Panruti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Ramachandaran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,330 |percentage=59.24 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Nandagopala Krishnan |party=Janata Party |votes=27,673 |percentage=37.83 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thiyagarajan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,139 |percentage=2.92 |change=-38.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,657 |percentage=21.41 |change= 10.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,142 |percentage=73.54 |change= -0.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,977 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Panruti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Ramachandaran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,141 |percentage=52.06 |change=-8.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. V. Vadivelu Padayachi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,156 |percentage=40.96 |change=+1.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Natarajan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,643 |percentage=6.97 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,985 |percentage=11.10 |change= -10.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,940 |percentage=74.06 |change= 4.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,399 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Panruti<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Ramachandaran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,745 |percentage=60.82 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. V. Vadivelu Padayachi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,179 |percentage=39.18 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,566 |percentage=21.64 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,924 |percentage=69.85 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,540 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Panruti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Radhakrishnan |party=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |votes=28,972 |percentage=55.34 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. A. Raganatha Padayachi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,427 |percentage=35.20 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Peter |party=Independent politician |votes=2,592 |percentage=4.95 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. V. Pandarinathan |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=2,357 |percentage=4.50 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,545 |percentage=20.14 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,348 |percentage=61.50 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,118 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|11.77|N|79.55|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Krishna Sobti

2026-04-29T04:41:27Z

DellCarone401: added a post

{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language writer and essayist (1925–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Krishna Sobti
| image = Sobti 01.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt = Krishna Sobti
| caption = Sobti in 2011
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1925|2|18}}
| birth_place = [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2019|01|25|1925|2|18}}
| death_place = New Delhi, India
| occupation = Fiction writer, essayist
| nationality = Indian
| spouse = Shivnath
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Fateh Chand College for Women (Lahore), Hisar|Fateh Chand College for Women, Lahore]] (did not graduate)
| years_active = 1944–2018
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
* ''Zindaginama''<ref name="LibraryOfCongress" />
* ''Mitro Marajani''<ref name="Hindu_Jnanpith" />
* ''Daar Se Bichchuri''<ref name="Hindu_Jnanpith" />
* ''Surajmukhi Andhere Ke''<ref name="LibraryOfCongress" />
| language = [[Hindi]]
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards ={{plainlist|
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1980)<ref name="IndianExpress2015" >{{cite news| url=https://indianexpress.com/photo-news/india/here-are-the-33-writers-who-returned-their-sahitya-akademi-awards/22/ |title=Here are the 33 writers who returned their Sahitya Akademi awards |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=27 October 2015 |access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref>
* [[Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]] (1996)<ref name="FirstpostHindi2017" />
* [[Jnanpith Award]] (2017)<ref name="FirstpostHindi2017" />
}}
| signature =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Krishna Sobti''' (18 February 1925 – 25 January 2019) was an Indian [[Hindi]]-language fiction writer and essayist.<ref name="LibraryOfCongress" /><ref name="Hindu_Jnanpith" /> She won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1980 for her novel ''Zindaginama''<ref name="LibraryOfCongress" /><ref name="IndianExpress2015" /> and in 1996, was awarded the [[List of Sahitya Akademi fellows|Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]], the highest award of the Akademi.<ref name="FirstpostHindi2017" /> In 2017, she received the [[Jnanpith Award]] for her contribution to Indian literature.<ref name="FirstpostHindi2017" />

Sobti is best known for her 1966 novel ''Mitro Marajani'', an unapologetic portrayal of a married woman's sexuality. She was also the recipient of the first Katha Chudamani Award, in 1999, for Lifetime Literary Achievement, apart from winning the Shiromani Award in 1981, Hindi Academy Award in 1982, Shalaka Award of the Hindi Academy Delhi<ref>[http://www.abhivyakti-hindi.org/lekhak/k/krishna_sobti.htm Profile] www.abhivyakti-hindi.org.</ref> and in 2008, her novel ''Samay Sargam'' was selected for Vyas Samman, instituted by the K. K. Birla Foundation.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080207194706/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/01/stories/2008020159020400.htm Vyas Samman for Sobti’s novel ''Samay Sargam''] [[The Hindu]], 1 February 2008.</ref>

Considered the ''grande dame'' of [[Hindi literature]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090306183323/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/09/18/stories/2005091800210400.htm Uniquely Sobti] [[The Hindu]], 18 September 2005. </ref> Krishna Sobti was born in [[Gujrat city|Gujrat]], Punjab, now in [[Pakistan]]; she also wrote under the name ''Hashmat'' and has published Hum Hashmat, a compilation of pen portraits of writers and friends. Her other novels are ''Daar Se Bichchuri, Surajmukhi Andhere Ke'', ''Yaaron Ke Yaar'', ''Zindaginama''. Some of her well-known short stories are ''Nafisa, Sikka Badal gaya, Badalom ke ghere''.<ref name="LibraryOfCongress" /> A selection of her major works are published in ''Sobti Eka Sohabata''.<ref name="LibraryOfCongress" /> A number of her works are now available in English and Urdu.<ref name=Translation>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/Authorselect.asp?Author=Krishna+Sobti|title=Author page|access-date=8 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207200907/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/Authorselect.asp?Author=Krishna+Sobti|archive-date=7 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2005, ''Dil-o-Danish'', translated into ''The Heart Has Its Reasons'' in English by Reema Anand and Meenakshi Swami of [[Katha Books]], won the Crossword Award in the Indian Language Fiction Translation category.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070528165820/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/29/stories/2006032902960200.htm Another award in her kitty] [[The Hindu]], New Delhi, 29 March 2006.</ref> Her publications have been translated to multiple Indian and foreign languages such as Swedish, Russian and English.<ref name="Hindu_Jnanpith" />

== Biography ==
Sobti was born on 18 February 1925 in [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]] city of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab province]] of [[British India]], ([[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]], became a part of [[Pakistan]] after partition).<ref name="Hindu_Jnanpith" /><ref name="LibraryOfCongress" /> She was educated in Delhi and [[Shimla]]. She attended school along with her three siblings, and her family worked for the colonial British government.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reviews-essays/singular-and-plural-krishna-sobti|title=Singular and Plural: Krishna Sobti's unique picture of a less divided India|last=Gupta|first=Trisha|date=1 September 2016|work=The Caravan|access-date=24 March 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> She initially began her higher education at [[Fateh Chand College for Women (Lahore), Hisar|Fatehchand College]] in [[Lahore]], but returned to India when the [[Partition of India]] took place.<ref name=":0" /> Immediately after partition, she worked for two years as a governess to Maharaja Tej Singh (b.1943), the child-Maharaja of [[Sirohi State|Sirohi]] in Rajasthan, India.<ref name=":0" /> In her old age, when she was past her 70th birthday, she married [[Dogri language|Dogri]] writer Shivnath who, by a remarkable coincidence, was born on the same day of the same year as her.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/books/the-original-rebel|title=The Original Rebel {{!}} OPEN Magazine|website=OPEN Magazine|date=15 June 2016 |language=en|access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref> The couple settled into his flat in [[Mayur Vihar]] near [[Patparganj]] in East Delhi. Shivnath died a few years later, and Krishna continued to reside alone in the same apartment.

She died on 25 January 2019, in Delhi after a long illness.<ref name="Hindu_Jnanpith" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/krishna-sobti-grand-dame-of-hindi-literature-dies-at-93/story-7ggtaQFwWKfNtDcYha0e8M.html|title=Hindi literature loses one of its leading lights, Krishna Sobti|date=25 January 2019|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref>

== Writing ==
Sobti's use of idiomatic [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Urdu]] while writing in [[Hindi]] has expanded over time to include [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] as well.<ref name=":6"/> The intermingling of Urdu, Punjabi and Hindi cultures, influenced the language used in her works.<ref name="Hindu_Jnanpith" /> She was known for using new writing styles. The characters in her stories were 'bold', 'daring' and ready to accept challenges.<ref name="Hindu_Jnanpith" /> Her ability to adapt dialect and language specifically to the region she is writing about has been praised by critics for lending authenticity to her characters.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&q=krishna+sobti+gujrat+pakistan&pg=PA4126|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|last=Lal|first=Mohan|date=1 January 1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126012213|pages=4126|language=en}}</ref> It has also been cited as a reason for the difficulty in translating her works to other languages.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-TMhtk5AUYC&q=krishna+sobti+gujrat+pakistan&pg=PA304|title=Who's who in Contemporary Women's Writing|last=Miller|first=Jane Eldridge|date=24 March 2017|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780415159807|pages=64|language=en}}</ref> Although Sobti's works deal closely with issues of female identity and sexuality, she has resisted being labelled as a 'woman writer' and has spoken of the importance of occupying both, masculine and feminine viewpoints, as a writer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/2009/09/the-insomniac/|title=The Insomniac|last=Gupta|first=Trisha|website=www.tehelka.com|language=en-US|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325201730/http://www.tehelka.com/2009/09/the-insomniac/|archive-date=25 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Her writing style and idiom, as also her choice of subjects, has attracted some amount of criticism. It has been said that she uses too much profanity in her writings, often gratuitously, and that her style of writing is "unliterary."<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/such-a-long-journey-4709082/|title=Krishna Sobti on her childhood, days of Independence and the crisis of contemporary India|date=27 June 2018}}</ref> She has also been accused of being obsessed with sex, the redeeming feature being that descriptions of sex in her works are always from the perspective of a woman character,<ref name="indianexpress.com"/> and no work of fiction ever produced by her has failed to feature at least one intensely sexualised woman character. A selection of her major works are published in ''Sobti Eka Sohabata''.<ref name="LibraryOfCongress" /> Her publications have been translated to multiple Indian and foreign languages such as Swedish, Russian and English.<ref name="Hindu_Jnanpith" />

=== Fiction ===
[[File:Krishna Sobti photo.png|thumb|Krishna Sobti]]
Sobti initially established herself as a writer of short stories, with her stories ''Lama'' (about a Tibetan Buddhist priest), and ''Nafisa'' being published in 1944.<ref name=":2" /> In the same year, she also published her famous story about the [[Partition of India|Partition]] of India, called ''Sikka Badal Gaya,'' which she sent to [[Sachchidananda Vatsyayan]], a fellow writer and the editor of the journal, Prateek, who accepted it for publication without any changes.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/2UCsyjulIq455TpCF2wroK/Hindi-is-an-epic-language-Krishna-Sobti.html|title=Hindi is an epic language: Krishna Sobti|last=Kuruvilla|first=Elizabeth|date=13 May 2016|work=livemint.com/|access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref> Sobti has cited this incident as confirming her choice to write professionally.<ref name=":6"/>

==== ''Zindaginama'' ====
Sobti submitted the manuscript of her first novel, titled ''Channa'', to the Leader Press in Allahabad in 1952.<ref name=":0" /> The manuscript was accepted and printed, however, Sobti found on receiving proofs that the Press had made textual alterations, and consequently sent them a telegram asking them to cease printing.Sobti has said that the alterations included linguistic changes that altered her use of Punjabi and Urdu words to Sanskrit words.<ref name=":0" />

She withdrew the book from publication, and paid to have the printed copies destroyed.<ref name=":0" /> She was subsequently persuaded by Sheela Sandhu, publisher at [[Rajkamal Prakashan]], to revisit the manuscript, and it was published by Rajkamal Prakashan as ''Zindaginama'': ''Zinda Rukh'' in 1979 after extensive rewriting''.''<ref name=":0" /> Sobti went on to win the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for ''Zindaginama'' in 1980. ''Zindaginama'': ''Zinda Rukh'' is nominally an account of rural life in a village in [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]], in the early 1900s, but addresses political and social concerns of the time.<ref name=":1" /> It has been described by the writer and critic Trisha Gupta as a "universally acclaimed part of the Hindi literary canon."<ref name=":0" /> Nand Kishore Naval, a critic, has referred to it as "the most comprehensive, sympathetic, and sensitive treatment of the peasants" in Hindi literature since [[Munshi Premchand]].<ref name="Tribune2001">{{cite news |last1=Dutt |first1=Nirupama |title=A total commitment to writing |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011125/herworld.htm |access-date=25 January 2019 |newspaper=The Tribune |date=25 November 2001 |archive-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615033513/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011125/herworld.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
; Litigation against Amrita Pritam

Soon after ''Zindaginama'' was republished, the poet, novelist and essayist [[Amrita Pritam]] published a book titled ''Hardatt Ka Zindaginama.'' Sobti filed a suit in 1984 for damages against Pritam, claiming that Pritam had violated her copyright through the use of a similar title.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/krishna-sobti-versus-amrita-pritam-in-a-long-tug-of-war-over-zindaginama/story-EXOZbU3exlDTB0WDnRraLM.html|title=Krishna Sobti vs Amrita Pritam in a long tug-of-war over 'Zindaginama'|date=3 May 2016|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=24 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> The suit was litigated for 26 years and was ultimately decided in favour of Pritam, six years after Pritam's death, in 2011.<ref name=":4" /> Part of the delay was caused by the disappearance of a box of evidence containing original manuscripts of both, Pritam's and Sobti's novels, from the court.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sobti-pritam-script-26yrold-battle-over-title/599763/|title=Sobti, Pritam script 26-yr-old battle over title – Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|language=en-gb|access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref> Sobti has since expressed disappointment at the outcome of the suit, noting that her original plan of writing ''Zindaginama'' as part of a trilogy was interrupted by the litigation.<ref name=":6"/><ref name=":5" />

==== Other works ====
Sobti published several other novels to acclaim. ''Dar Se Bichhadi'' (''Separated from the door of the house''), published in 1958, was set in pre-Partition India, and concerned a child born from a marriage that crossed religious and social boundaries.<ref name=":2" /> This was followed by ''Mitro Marjani'' (''To Hell with you Mitro!),'' in 1966, a novel set in rural Punjab that concerned a young married woman's exploration and assertion of her sexuality.<ref name=":2" /> ''Mitro Marjani'' was translated to English by Gita Rajan and Raji Narasimha as ''To Hell with You, Mitro'' and propelled Sobti to fame.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/nikhil-govind-on-krishna-sobtis-book-mitro-marjani-that-turns-50/article8396652.ece|title=Mitro Marjani turns 50|last=Govind|first=Nikhil|work=The Hindu|access-date=24 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> Scholar and critic Nikhil Govind has said that ''Mitro Marjani'' "allowed the Hindi novel to break out of the straitjacket of social realism, or the more stereotyped notions of ‘women's fiction’."<ref name=":7" /> Her next novel, ''Surajmukhi Andhere Ke'' (''Sunflowers of the Dark'') was published in 1972 and dealt with a woman's struggle to come to terms with childhood abuse, and was preceded by two novellas in 1968, ''Yaaron Ke Yaar'' (''Friends of Friends'') and ''Tin Pahar.''<ref name=":2" /> ''Ai Ladki,'' (''Hey Girl'') a more recent novel, narrates the relationship between an old woman on her deathbed and her daughter, who acts as her companion and nurse.<ref name=":2" /> Sobti has also written a novel that is a fictionalised autobiography, titled ''Gujrat Pakistan Se Gujarat Hindustan Taq (From Gujrat, Pakistan, to Gujarat, India'').<ref name=":6" /> Her most recent novel is ''Dil-o-Danish'' (''Heart and Mind'').<ref name="Hindu_Jnanpith" />

=== Non-fiction ===
Beginning in the 1960s, Sobti has also published a series of short profiles and columns under masculine pseudonym '''Hashmat'''. These were compiled and published as ''Ham Hashmat'' in 1977'','' and included profiles of [[Bhisham Sahni]], [[Nirmal Verma]], and Namwar Singh.<ref name=":2" /> She has said, concerning her pseudonym that, "We both have different identities. I protect, and he reveals; I am ancient, he is new and fresh; we operate from opposite directions."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/partition-hashmat-krishna-sobti/story-4b16WdOoDzkjLUBWNcmhnM.html|title=Partition, Hashmat & Krishna Sobti|date=12 April 2006|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=24 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> Her columns, written as Hashmat, have won praise from authors and critics, including the writer [[Ashok Vajpeyi]], who said of them that "Nobody has written so endearingly of writers."<ref name=":0" /> as well as from Sukrita Paul Kumar, who has suggested that the use of a male pseudonym enabled Sobti to write without inhibition about her peers.<ref name=":0" />

== Works ==
A list of some of her major works is below.
===Novels===
* ''Zindaginama''<ref name="LibraryOfCongress">{{cite web |title=Krishna Sobti – Hindi Writer: The South Asian Literary Recordings Project (Library of Congress, New Delhi Office) |url=https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/krishnasobti.html |website=www.loc.gov |publisher=The Library of Congress |access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref>
* ''Mitro Marjani''<ref name="Hindu_Jnanpith" />
* ''Daar Se Bichchudi''<ref name="Hindu_Jnanpith" />
* ''Surajmukhi Andhere Ke''<ref name="LibraryOfCongress" />
* ''Yaaron Ke Yaar'' (Friend of Friends)<ref name="TheHinduFeminist">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Kuldeep |title=Krishna Sobti: The original feminist |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/the-original-feminist/article22827321.ece |access-date=25 January 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 February 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* ''Samay Sargam'' (Time's Musical Notes)<ref name="TheHinduFeminist" />
* ''Ai Ladaki''<ref name="Hindu_Jnanpith" />
* ''Zindaginama''<ref name="Hindu_Jnanpith" />
* '' Dil-o-Danish''<ref name="Hindu_Jnanpith" />
* ''Badalon ke Ghere'' (Circles of Clouds)<ref name="TheHinduFeminist" />
* ''Gujarat Pakistan Se Gujarat Hindustan'' (From Gujarat in Pakistan to Gujarat in India)<ref name="TheHinduFeminist" />
* ''Hum Hashmat''<ref name="NavbharatTimes2017" />
* ''Tin Pahad''<ref name="TheHinduFeminist" />
* ''Muktibodh: Ek Vyaktitva Sahi Ki Talash Mein'', (Muktibodh: A Personality in Search of Right)<ref name="TheHinduFeminist" />
* ''Shabdon Ke Alok Mein'', (In the Light of Words),<ref name="TheHinduFeminist" />
* ''Sobti Ek Sohbat'', (Sobti: A Company),<ref name="TheHinduFeminist" />
* ''Lekhak Ka Jantantra'', (A Writer’s Democracy)<ref name="TheHinduFeminist" />
* ''Marfat Dilli'', (C/O Delhi)<ref name="TheHinduFeminist" />
* ''Jaini Meharban Singh''<ref name="NavbharatTimes2017" />
* ''Buddha ka kamandal Laddakh''<ref name="NavbharatTimes2017">{{cite news |title=कृष्णा सोबती : जिनकी कलम में है नारी आजादी की गूंज |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/mumbai/other-news/krishna-sobati-the-people-whose-pen-is-in-the-echo-of-womenamp39s-freedom/articleshow/61499437.cms |access-date=25 January 2019 |publisher=Navbharat Times |date=4 November 2017 |language=hi}}</ref>

===Translations===
* ''To hell with you Mitro! (''Mitro Marjani'')''<ref name=":7" />
* ''Memory's Daughter (''Daar Se Bichchudi'')''<ref name="Hindu_Jnanpith" />
* ''Listen Girl (''Ai Ladki'')''<ref name="Hindu_Jnanpith" />
* ''Zindaginamah – Zinda Rukh'' (Urdu)<ref name="Hindu_Jnanpith" />
* ''The Heart Has Its Reasons (''Dil-O-Danish'')''<ref name=Translation/>

===Short stories===
* ''Nafisa''<ref name="LibraryOfCongress" />
* ''Sikka Badal gaya''<ref name="LibraryOfCongress" />


==Honours and awards==
Sobti won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for ''Zindaginama'' in 1980.<ref name="LibraryOfCongress" /><ref name="IndianExpress2015" /> Sobti was also appointed a [[Fellow of the Sahitya Akademi|Fellow]] of the [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters, in 1996.<ref name="FirstpostHindi2017">{{cite news |title=हिंदी की प्रसिद्ध लेखिका कृष्णा सोबती को 2017 का ज्ञानपीठ पुरस्कार |url=https://hindi.firstpost.com/culture/krishna-sobati-64729.html |access-date=25 January 2019 |publisher=Firstpost Hindi |date=4 November 2017 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003174123/https://hindi.firstpost.com/culture/krishna-sobati-64729.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the citation given to her following her appointment, the Akademi praised her oeuvre and writing, saying that, "Renewing at every step her five-decade long creativity with fresh insights and dimensions, Krishna Sobti has regarded literature as the true play-field of life, and she has held a formidable mirror to this life."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/library/fellowship_pdf/Krishna%20Sobti.pdf|title=Krishna Sobti|last=Sahitya Akademi|date=1996|website=Sahitya Akademi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325202011/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/library/fellowship_pdf/Krishna%20Sobti.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref> In 2015, she returned both, the Award, and her Fellowship, citing governmental inaction following riots in [[Dadri]], concerns regarding freedom of speech, as well as comments made by a government minister concerning Hindi writers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/two-more-writers-return-sahitya-akademi-awards-another-resigns/|title=Two more writers return Sahitya Akademi awards, another resigns|date=11 October 2015|work=The Indian Express|access-date=24 March 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>

She was offered the [[Padma Bhushan]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2010, which she declined, stating that, "As a writer, I have to keep a distance from the establishment. I think I did the right thing."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Look-who-declined-Padma-Bhushan-this-year--two-giants-of-art--literature/577435|title=Look who declined Padma Bhushan this year: two giants of art, literature|date=9 February 2010|newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref> She received [[Jnanpith Award]] in 2017 for her 'path-breaking contribution to Indian literature'.<ref name="FirstpostHindi2017" /> The [[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] mentioned in the statement that 'the language used by Sobti in her writings is influenced by the intermingling of Hindi, Urdu and Punjabi cultures where her characters are always bold and daring – ready to accept all challenges thrown by the society'.<ref>{{cite web |title=Krishna Sobti gets prestigious Jnanpith award 2017
|url=http://theindianawaaz.com/krishna-sobti-gets-prestigious-jnanpith-award-2017/ |website=The Indian Awaaz |date=3 November 2017 |access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref>

She was also a recipient of Shiromani Award (1981),<ref name="LibraryOfCongress" /> [[Maithili Sharan Gupt]] Samman and other awards.<ref name="Hindu_Jnanpith">{{cite news |title=Jnanpith winning Hindi writer Krishna Sobti passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/jnanpith-winning-hindi-writer-krishna-sobti-passes-away/article26087831.ece |access-date=25 January 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502140625/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/jnanpith-winning-hindi-writer-krishna-sobti-passes-away/article61548949.ece |archive-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* ''Indian Women Novelists'', edited by R.K. Dhawan. New Delhi, Prestige Books, 1995, (18 Volms.) {{ISBN|81-85218-40-4}}. ''(Vol. XVII, 10–12)'' [https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no37837.htm Vedams eBooks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126043252/https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no37837.htm |date=26 January 2022 }}

== Works online ==
* [http://www.littlemag.com/listen/krishnasobti.html ''The Moving Finger'' – Story]
* [http://www.littlemag.com/2000/sobti.htm ''Ai Ladki'' – Story]
* [https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/krishnasobti.html Krishna Sobti works in ''Hindi'', at The Library of Congress]
* [http://www.abhivyakti-hindi.org/sansmaran/2005/phone/phone_bajta_raha1.htm ''Phone Baj Raha Hai'' – Memoir (''Hindi'')]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080516093935/http://www.museindia.com/showcont.asp?id=239 Krishna Sobti: Musing on the Creative Process]

== External links ==
{{commons Category|Krishna Sobti}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190126005900/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JTS8yMDA2LzA0LzI5I0FyMDE2MDQ=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom An Interview with Krishna Sobti]
{{Jnanpith Award}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Hindi}}
{{SahityaAkademiFellowship}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sobti, Krishna}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Jnanpith Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi]]
[[Category:Indian women essayists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Women writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:People from Gujrat, Pakistan]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

British rule in the Lushai Hills

2026-04-28T12:54:43Z

DellCarone401: Stub

{{Short description|Period in the history of Mizoram from 1889 to 1947}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox Former subdivision
| native_name = {{lang|lus|Mizoram}}<ref name="Mizo">"Mizo Chanchin, Bu II – A History of Lushai Hills, Part II [1947]", British Library, EAP454/13/12, https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP454-13-12</ref>
| conventional_long_name = South Lushai Hills {{nobold|{{small|(1889–1898)}}}}<hr>North Lushai Hills {{nobold|{{small|(1891–1898)}}}}<hr>Lushai Hills {{nobold|{{small|(1898–1947)}}}}
| common_name = Lushai Hills
| nation = [[British India]]
| era = [[Western imperialism in Asia|Colonial era]]
| event_start = [[Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90|Expedition 1889]]
| year_start = 1889
| date_start = March 4,
| event_end = Independence declared
| year_end = 1947
| date_end = 15 August
| life_span = 1889–1947
| event1 = [[Lushai Expedition]]s
| date_event1 = 1871–1872, 1883–1888
| event2 = Divided into North Lushai Hills and South Lushai Hills
| date_event2 = 1889
| event3 = North given to [[Colonial Assam|Assam]]
| date_event3 = July 3, 1890
| event4 = South placed under [[Bengal Presidency]]
| date_event4 = April 1, 1891
| event5 = North and South merged
| date_event5 = April 1, 1898
| image_map = {{Switcher
| [[File:1907-east-bengal-assam3.jpg|upright=1.25|frameless]]
| Show 1907 vintage map of East Bengal and Assam
| [[File:Lushai Hills Map 1938.png|upright=1.25|frameless]]
| Show approximation map of Assam highlighting Lushai Hills
}}
| status_text = Part of [[Bengal Presidency]] (1889–1898) Integrated with [[Colonial Assam|Assam]] (1889–1912) District of [[Assam Province]] (1912–1947)
| image_flag = Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg
| image_flag2 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
| flag =
| flag_border =
| image_coat = [[File:Coat of arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|90px]]
| symbol =
| symbol_type = Coat of arms of the United Kingdom
| capital = [[Lunglei|Lungleh]] (1889–1898){{efn|Lungleh was the capital only for the South Lushai Hills.}} [[Aizawl|Aijal]] (1889–1947)
| title_leader = [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Monarch]]
| leader1 = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]
| year_leader1 = 1889–1901
| leader2 = [[Edward VII]]
| year_leader2 = 1901–1910
| leader3 = [[George V]]
| year_leader3 = 1910–1936
| leader4 = [[Edward VIII]]
| year_leader4 = 1936
| leader5 = [[George VI]]
| year_leader5 = 1936–1947
| deputy1 =
[[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]]
| deputy2 = [[Alexander Ranald Hume MacDonald]]
| year_deputy1 = 1891–1896 (first)<ref>{{cite The Indian Biographical Dictionary|wstitle=Shakespeare, John}}</ref>
| year_deputy2 = 1943–1947 (last)<ref name="Vanlalhmangaihsanga">{{cite journal|title=Political History of Lushai Hills since the Pre-Colonial Era|first1=R. |last1=Vanlalhmangaihsanga|url=http://mzuhssjournal.in/images/resources/v6n1/vanlalhmangaihsanga.pdf|journal=Mizoram University Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences|volume=VI|issue=1|issn=2395-7352}}</ref>
| title_deputy = [[List of superintendents of Mizoram|Superintendent]]
| p1 = Mizo Chieftainship{{!}}Lushai Chiefdoms
| s1 = Mizo District{{!}}Lushai Hills District
|stat_year1 = 1901
|stat_pop1 = 82,434<ref name="Mizo"/>
| stat_year2 = 1941
| stat_pop2 = 152,786<ref name="Mizo"/>
| today = [[Mizoram]]
| demonym = [[British people|British]] [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Mizo people|Lushai]]
}}
{{History of Mizoram}}
'''British rule in the Lushai Hills''', spanning from the late 1889 to the 1947, commenced with the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90|Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889–90]] leading to the formal establishment of the two administrative districts (North Lushai Hills, South Lushai Hills) in 1889 and continued through the integration of the regions into the [[Assam Province|province of Assam]] with both districts being merged as the Lushai Hills<ref>Chaterjee, Suhas (1985). Mizoram under the British rule. Mittal Publication. p. 225.</ref> until [[Indian independence movement|India gained independence]] in 1947.

After the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90|Chin–Lushai Expedition of 1889–90]], South Lushai Hills was occupied in 1889, and the following year, it was formally annexed, becoming part of [[Bengal Presidency]].<ref>Zorema, J (2021). The South Lushai Hills. Om Publications, https://www.ompublications.in/product/books/OM50888</ref> North Lushai Hills was also occupied in 1889 and became part of [[Colonial Assam|British Assam]]. In 1889, the two districts merged and continued to be part of British Assam. In 1912, it was put into [[British India]]'s [[Assam Province]].<ref>{{cite web | title=About Lunglei | url=https://dclunglei.mizoram.gov.in/page/about |website=Office of the Deputy Commissioner, Lunglei District - Government of Mizoram|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608230718/https://dclunglei.mizoram.gov.in/page/about|archive-date=2022-06-08|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The Lushai hills are named after the Lushei clan. The name of the tribes became a colonial misnomer which applied to all of the Mizo tribes.
The earliest recorded documentation was in 1862 which described ''Lhooshai Kukis'' living on the border of [[Cachar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/lushai_adj?tl=true&tab=meaning_and_use |title=Lushai Etymology |last=Oxford English Dictionary |date= |website=Oxford English Encyclopedia |publisher=Oxford |access-date=8 October 2024 |quote=}}</ref> The spelling of Lushai became standardized with the Progressive Colloq. Exercises in Lushai Dial. 3 by [[Thomas Herbert Lewin]]. Lewin claimed that ''Lu'' denotes head and ''sha'' or ''shat'' denotes cutting, which would imply the tribe is named as decapitators, a title supportive of the fact that the tribes had a reputation for [[headhunting]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Lewin |first=Thomas Herbert |date=1874 |title=Progressive Colloquial Exercises in the Lushai Dialect of the ʹDzoʹ Or Kúki Language: With Vocabularies and Popular Tales |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i24IAAAAQAAJ|location=Calcutta |publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company Limited |page=3|author-link=Thomas Herbert Lewin}}</ref> This view was rebuked by [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespeare]] who argued the name Lushai to be an eponym of a chief or ancestor of the Lushai clans.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shakespeare|first=John |date=1912 |title=The Lushai Kuki Clans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNUKAAAAIAAJ&q=eponym&pg=PA2 |location=London|publisher=Macmillan and Co, Limited |page=43 |isbn=}}</ref> It is also argued that the name is a purely Lushai language word, that ''Lu'' means head and ''shei'' means long, as a reference to how the hair knot makes the head appear elongated. Theories have also proposed that the name is Burmese derived and means ''people ten''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tribal Research Institute Aizawl Mizoram |date=1994 |title=The Tribes of Mizoram: A Dissertation |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.24168/mode/2up |location=Aizawl |publisher=Zonun Industries |page=1}}</ref>
The name Lushai continued as the name of the district past Indian independence before becoming changed into the [[Mizo District]] with the political efforts of the [[Mizo Union]] in the Lushai Hills District (Change of Name) Act, 1954.<ref>{{cite act |title=The Lushai Hills District (Change of Name) Act, 1954 |type=Act |date=1954 |institution=Assam legislative assembly|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1395?view_type=browse |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>

==British discovery of the Lushai Hills==
The [[Mizo people|Lushai people]] and the [[Colonial Assam|British colonial area]] started to engage in war in September 1826. About ten miles south of [[Tlawng|Tlawng river]], traveled a Mizo village leader named Buangtheuva (known to the British as "Bungteya") and his troops, who then invaded the [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] forest's timber.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-15 |title=Sailo thlahtu bul leh an taidarh dân |trans-title=The origin of the Sailo dynasty and their distribution |url=https://misual.life/2011/05/15/sailo-thlahtu-bul-leh-an-taidarh-dan/ |language=lus}}{{User-generated inline|date=April 2026}}</ref> In addition to taking some slaves home, they slaughtered an unknown number of people. Thus, the British came to perceive the Lushais (then known as ''Looshais'') as a vicious and barbaric tribe as a result of this event.<ref>Zorema, J. (2007). Indirect Rule In Mizoram 1890- 1954. New Delhi: Mittal Publication.</ref>

==Background==
{{main| Lushai Expedition| Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889–90}}
{{see also| Mizo Chieftainship}}
After the annexation of Cachar in 1832, the British became close in proximity to several Lushai tribes and clans. Reports of the time show a friendly relationship between Lushai and Cacharis, who pursued trade and other exchanges. However, the individual choices of select chiefs, such as Lalsuthlaha, to raid villages deteriorated relations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pau |first1=Pum Khan |date=2007 |title=Administrative Rivalries on a Frontier: problem of the Chin-Lushai Hills |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/31992380/Administrative_Rivalries_on_a_Frontier.pdf |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=34 |issue=187|pages=187–209 |doi=10.1177/037698360703400108|access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref>
It was thought that the British invaded the Lushai Hills not because of any commercial desire but due to a series of Mizo invasions to the [[Barak Valley|plains]].<ref>R. Vanlalhmangaihsanga. Political History of Lushai Hills since the Pre-Colonial Era. mzuhssjournal, http://mzuhssjournal.in/images/resources/v6n1/vanlalhmangaihsanga.pdf</ref>

The Lushai chiefs relentlessly and viciously invaded [[Chittagong]], [[Cachar district|Cachar]], [[Tripura]], [[Sylhet]], and [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]] between the end of 1870 and the beginning of 1871. Up to 20 invasions were said to have occurred during this time.<ref>Lalthangliana, B. (2009). Mizo Chanchin (Reprinted). Aizawl, Electric Veng: Gilzom Offset.</ref>

The raid of [[Katlicherra Assembly constituency|Katlichhera]] and Alexandrapur by Sailam chief [[Bengkhuaia]] appeared to be the most important of all Lushai chief invasions, having a tremendous influence on the lives and future of the Lushai people. James Winchester, the tea owner of Alexandrapur, was killed, and the Mizos kidnapped his daughter [[Mary Winchester (Zoluti)|Mary Winchester]] ([[Mizo language|Mizo]]: {{lang|lus|Zolûti}}). The British retaliated by organising an expedition to rescue the hostages. The expedition turned out a success and the hill tribes agreed to negotiate peace terms. The peace lasted until 1888, when tribes resumed raiding British enterprises and settlements, which saw the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90|Chin-Lushai Expedition]] establish the territories under British sovereignty.

==History==
The outcome of the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90|Chin-Lushai Expedition]] saw the region subdivided into two sections. The North Lushai hills were administered by a political officer stationed at Fort [[Aizawl|Aijal]] under the [[Assam Province|Assam Government]]. The South Lushai Hills were under the administration of a political officer stationed at Fort Treager. This political officer reported to the commissioner of Chittagong who was under the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Government]].<ref name=LCB>{{cite book |editor-last=Bhattacharya |editor-first=Neeladri|editor-last2=Pachuau|editor-first2=Joy L.K|last=Sen|first=Anandaroop|date=April 2019 |title=landscape, Culture and Belonging: Writing the History of Northeast India |chapter=The Law of Emptiness: Episodes from Lushai and Chin Hills (1890-98)|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108686716 |location=United Kingdom|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781108686716 |isbn=978-1-108-48129-8}}</ref>
[[File:Public works department in Tuiral.jpg|thumb|A public works bridge in Tuirial.]]

===Lushai Rising===
{{main|Lushai Rising}}
Paramilitary units were established to pacify the recently conquered tribes effectively in unfamiliar terrain. The North Lushai battalion was founded for this reason, and by 1898, the strength of civil and military police in North and South Lushai came to about 1106 personnel. The British also began to invest into local infrastructure to improve the army and police's ability to curb insurgency and raiding. Roads between [[Sairang]]-[[Silchar]] were constructed and another connecting [[Aizawl|Aijal]] to [[Serchhip]]. Bridges across rivers were also constructed to improve mobility during monsoons and rainy reasons. The total expenditure for public works amounted to Rs 80,000.<ref name=SWP>{{cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik|date=2023|title=Small Wars and pacification in the British Empire: A Case Study of the Lushai Hils, 1850-1900|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History| url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2022.2116151 |volume=51|issue=2 |pages=265–299 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2022.2116151 |access-date=30 September 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
[[File:Math lesson in Lushai mission school.jpg|thumb|Lushai mission school students learning arithmetic.]]
[[File:Lushai Schoolgirls playing.jpg|thumb|Lushai schoolgirls playing.|left]]

===Early Institutions===
The British administration set up schools imparting literacy to both sepoys and young individuals of both genders from the Lushai tribes. By 1900, there were three government schools and one mission school. These schools operated with the Lushai language and taught arithmetic, Hindi and English. 45 villages out of 93 in Aizawl had the light of literacy with British support. Initial intentions for education was to instruct in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] but this proposal was deflected by Welsh missionaries who saw the parallels of Bengali imposition in Lushai Hills to English imposition in Wales.<ref name=MDBR>{{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Kyle |date=2023 |title=The Mizo Discovery of the British Raj: Empire and Religion in Northeast India, 1890-1920 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mizo-discovery-of-the-british-raj/A04346D654F1DFD301BB9D85619DD791#:~:text=Book%20description&text=The%20Mizo%20Discovery%20of%20the%20British%20Raj%20presents%20a%20history,the%201890s%20to%20the%201920s. |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-009-26734-2}}</ref>[[File:Lushai early dispensary.jpg|thumb|An early Lushai dispensary.]] Medical infrastructure was also established to maintain the health of soldiers. This service extended to the civilian population with free medical provisions that affected the image of the Raj in the tribes. In 1896, the British constructed a big hospital in Aizawl and medicines were distributed freely to the chiefs. The conduct of the British in the Lushai hills functioned parallel to a [[welfare state]].<ref name=SWP/>

===Chin-Lushai Conference===
The beginnings of British rule over the Lushai Hills had proposals of amalgamating the Chin-Lushai tribes into a single administrative unit rather than maintaining a division between [[Chin Hills]] and (North and South) Lushai Hills. The conference was held at Fort Williams, Calcutta on the 25–29 January 1892. It was under the presidency of [[Charles Alfred Elliott]] who was the governor of Bengal. Five resolutions were adopted as a result of the conference. The first resolution stated a majority opinion supported the idea of a single administrative unit of the Chin Hills and Lushai Hills preferably under the Chief Commissioner of Assam. The second resolution delayed the urgency of the creation of a single Chin-Lushai District on the opposition of the Chief Commissioner of Burma [[Alexander Mackenzie (civil servant)|Alexander Mackenzie]], stating it should not be taken immediately.<ref name=CSA>{{cite book |editor-last1=Chatterjee|editor-first1=Chhanda|last=Pau |first=Pum Khan|date=2023|title=The Partition of the Indian Subcontinent (1947) and Beyond: Uneasy Borders|chapter=Cartography of Self-Assertion| location=Oxford|publisher=Routeledge |isbn=9781003375739}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chima|first1=Jugdep|last2=Saikia|first2=Pahi|date=2023 |title=Insurgency in India's Northeast|location=London |publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781003388968|chapter=The Mizos of Mizoram}}</ref>

The recommendation ultimately reached the Viceroy [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne|Landsdowne]]. While Landsdowne favoured the recommendation, the council was evenly split. The opposition of the former Chief Commissioner of Burma [[Charles Crosthwaite]] with knowledge of the Chin-Lushai tracts worded a strong argument against the district's creation. A decision was made on 2 August 1892 in a telegraph to the Chief Commissioner of Rangoon, stating that the Chin Hills would remain under Burma. The legacy of this decision was finalized in the 1937 split of Burma and India under the [[Government of India Act 1935]], which established an international boundary between the two countries, splitting the Chin-Lushai tribes.<ref name=CSA/>

===Construction of Aizawl===
{{further|Granville Henry Loch}}
[[File:Fort Aijal 1889.jpg|thumb|Fort Aijal, present-day Aizawl, in 1889.]]
Fort Aijal was founded in 1890 on an abandoned village site. It functioned as a barracks for two columns of the forces from the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90|Chin Lushai Expeidition]] with fortifications improvised from locally harvested teak trees. The Fort grew with the relocation of the Silchar Police Battalion. Local resources such as quarried stone led to installing of bungalows and barracks.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jackson |first1=Kyle |date=February 2016 |title=Globalizing an Indian Borderland Environment: Aijal, Mizoram, 1890-1919 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0257643015616000?journalCode=siha |journal=Studies in History |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=39–71 |doi=10.1177/0257643015616000 |access-date=9 October 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Commandant of the Military Police, Captain [[Granville Henry Loch]], with a Khasi contractor, expanded the settlement. Loch was a soldier but possessed experience as an engineer. Loch trained his own men in quarrying and shaping stone. He used sepoys in greater numbers and instructed them in [[masonry]], [[carpentry]] and roadmaking. This initiative lent his battalion a reputation as a pioneer instead of an ordinary infantry unit. Within the span of a few years, Loch had removed the improvised structures and abandoned village remnants into a station of well-constructed stone houses with corrugated iron roofs, proper doors and windows.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shakespear |first=John |author-link=John Shakespear (British Army officer) |date=1929 |title=History of the Assam Rifles |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2395/page/n153/mode/2up |location=London |publisher=Macmillan and Co, Limited |page=99,100}}</ref>

===Christianity===
{{main| History of Christianity in Mizoram}}
On 11 January 1894, the first missionaries entered the Lushai Hills, known as James H. Lorrain and Frederick W. Savidge. It took both missionaries five years to baptise their first two converts. The meagre gain from their efforts convinced [[Robert Arthington]], the patron of the Arthington Aborigines Mission, to move to the next hill tribe. Before the departure of Lorrain and Savidge, D. E Jones, a missionary under the Welsh Calvinistic Methodist mission, joined them. Jones struggled with obtaining results from his efforts, and many of his converts would be expelled shortly after being received into communion. His later converts would also leave on their own volition in 1904–1905. In seven years, the 1901 census recorded 45 Christians amid a population of 82,000, and only five were baptized church members.<ref name=MDBR/>

===Mizo alphabet===
James Herbert Lorrain and Frederick William Savidge discovered that the Mizos possessed an oral language with no written system. They spent four years learning the Mizo language. In 1898, they reduced the Mizo language to writing and introduced the grammar of the language. To introduce a writing system, the two missionaries established a Mizo alphabet via simple Roman script using diacritical marks in some of the letters.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=80}}
The alphabets were: a, â, âw, aw, b, ch, d, e, ê, f, g, h, i, î, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, ṭ, u, û, v, z.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=80}}

At first, the letter "aw" was used for long-sounding vowels while "o" represented short sounds. However, Reverend D.E. H Jones and E. Rowlands found it inappropriate. In 1903, a conference was held between the missionaries at the Welsh mission on the Mizo literary issue. The "aw" and "o" letters were allowed to be separated.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=80}}

===Merging of the Hills===
A conference was held from 14 to 18 December 1896 with the superintendents of the North and South Lushai Hills to discuss administrative issues. It was decided that the merger of South Lushai Hills to Assam would provide a saving of 2 lakhs.{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=54}} The government of Assam forwarded numerous proposals, including the recommendation for [[Aizawl]] to become the headquarters of the district and for Shakespear to be appointed the superintendent of the new district. Due to the increased territorial administration, Shakespear was to be assisted with political assistants. Three assistant superintendents were permanently transferred to the Assam government for the administration of the future district. The south Lushai Hills would be proposed to be formally transferred from 1 October 1897 into the northern district.{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=55}}

The North Lushai Hills and the South Lushai Hills were merged on 1 April 1898 by the Government of India.{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=56}} The Northern administration absorbed the South Lushai Hills, and its South Lushai Battalion was amalgamated on 13 April 1989 and renamed the Lushai Hills Military Police Battalion. The merger also saw the political headquarters of the South Lushai Hills, Fort Treagor, decommissioned due to water scarcity. Lieutenant Colonial John Shakespear functioned as the first superintendent of the Lushai Hills district. By 1900, several forts were decommissioned, and military police unit numbers were reduced with a reduction of resistance among the tribes. This achievement was partly attributed to the efforts of missionaries.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=107-109}}

===Circle system===
[[File:Sub-Divisions of Mizo District 1961.png|thumb|Subdivisions of Mizoram from 1898-1960s]]
The Lushai Hills district was originally divided into two subdivisions, North and South. In 1901–1902, the circle system was introduced to the Lushai Hills. The circle districts would comprise several villages. There were 18 circle districts established, 12 in Aizawl subdivision and 6 in the Lungleh subdivision. Each circle consisted of an interpreter placed in charge who would tour and be emissaries between the British and the chiefs. In 1908 the policy was changed so that circle interpreters were made to stay in Aizawl as to curb their influence of individual agendas concerning the chiefs. In the society of Mizo chiefdoms, the British introduced the ''Khawchhiar'', a village writer. The ''khawchhiar'' would maintain statistics and other reports on the settlements and villages. The British considered the chiefs to be representatives of the concerns of their subjects and hence did not interact with commoners but only heard their concerns via their chiefs. Around the same time, 23 chiefs were further taken to Sylhet to meet with the Viceroy, [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|George Curzon]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Goswami |first=B.B. |date=1979 |title=The Mizo unrest |location=Jaipur |publisher=Aalekh Publishers}}</ref>

===Boundary developments===
In 1900, the boundary demarcating Manipur and the Lushai Hills was reconsidered with a boundary commission led by P. Maxwell and A.W. Cole. The commission engaged in field work and surveying from 22 January to 9 February 1900. Maxwell demarcated the boundary by stating that it begins at the junction of the Tuivai and Barak and continues to follow the Tuivai around several prominent landmarks. The government approved Maxwell's boundary line which remained unchanged even under Indian rule.{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=67}}

In 1901, the Chin-Lushai boundary was considered following the completion of the Manipur-Lushai border. A boundary commission was established which demarcated the Tupui and Tuaisai stream following the latter into the Tuimang and Bopuilui until the source of the Tyao river.{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=67}}

In 1903, Chief Commissioner [[Bampfylde Fuller]] declared the 1875 boundary was vague and insufficient in demarcation. This was observed as Lushai tribes began to migrate north and Cacharis moved south, leading to disputes over the territory and land of the two districts.{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=65}} Commissioner Fuller advocated for a revision and scientific demarcation via a transfer from the Cachar district to the Lushai Hills which contained Lushai villages. The tract in dispute was a resort for Lushai communities who disliked their chiefs and escaped beyond the control of the superintendent of the Lushai Hills. Fuller commissioned the boundary to cover running north from Chatter Chura down the Bhagsurra stream to the junction of the tlawng river and another boundary running south from the east side of the range into a stream that joined into the tlawng river. This boundary would trade both Cachar and Lushai land. The Governor General in council approved the transfer in 1904.{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=66}}

===Mautam Famine===
{{main|Mautam}}
The mautam famine struck the Lushai Hills in 1911, which was approximately 30 years after the previous mautam famine in 1882. The harvests of 1909-1910 were exceptional due to well-distributed rainfall and benefitted Aizawl the most. However, in 1911, the Bamboo flowered, and rats began to proliferate in population as early as March. By June 1912, crops such as maize and millet were destroyed by rats shortly before ripening. The lack of infrastructure, such as a railway to transport rice aid, and the lack of markets in the Lushai Hills meant access to rice would take a journey of a few days, provided one could afford to do so.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal |date=2008 |title=Pied Pipers in North-East India: Bamboo-flowers, Rat-famie and the Politics of Philanthropy|location=Delhi|publisher=Manohar Publishers and Distributors|isbn=978-81-7304-311-6}}</ref>

The British government in the Lushai Hills employed two policies to combat the onset of the Mautam famine. The first policy aimed at reducing the invasive rat population by announcing incentives for killing rats. Up to 179,015 rat tails were produced for the government as a result. The second policy was to distribute food relief. This was decided as the Lushai Hills lacked any local markets to purchase rice from. The government allocated 585,000 rupees and ordered rice from independent merchants and shopkeepers to transport them from Sairang to Aizawl and Demagiri to Lunglei.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=138}}

Food grains were issued to the needy on the condition of repayment with interest. This was difficult due to the lack of monetization of the economy at the time.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=140}} To deal with this phenomenon, the British resorted to forced labour. Labourers were pooled from several villages to work on expanding Aizawl as a city by building roads, bungalows, offices and water storage tanks to combat water scarcity.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=141}} Even if an individual had not taken a loan personally for food relief, they would become obligated to participate in forced labour to pay off another's debt. In retaliation, some villages and chiefs moved out of the Lushai Hills. Dokhuma Sailo moved his village to Tripura, and Hrangvunga Sailo also moved 200 families under him out of the territory to Tripura.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=142}}

Famine relief also saw missionaries and the early church volunteering to distribute aid and food relief from stockade depots. Missionaries would also help sign loan papers as guarantors so individuals could receive the rice aid. The fallout of the famine saw the church take on the role of medical relief for the cholera outbreaks, taking in orphans and the destitute. The operations were funded by the Lushai Famine Funds mission directors and other donors. The efforts of the missionaries also saw the growth of Christianity. In 1912, up to 80 villages had churches and 1,800 converts in total.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=177}}

===World War One===
The outbreak of World War One saw few Mizo men take the initiative to enlist, with numbers of enlistment increasing with the despisement of those who would not volunteer by courtships and belles of the villages. In April 1917, 2100 Lushai Men marched out in the 27th Indian Labour Corps under four companies.{{sfn| McCall|1949|p=290}} Initially many elderly men and women strongly opposed allowing their children to be sent to the war front. They suspected that the British would put them in the line of fire under the pretext of working as auxiliaries. The British announced the exemption of all volunteers to the impressed labour [[coolie]] quota to avoid unpaid labour. Some Chiefs sent forward villagers who were considered less worthy.{{sfn|Malsawmdawngliana|2018|p=180}} Other entitlements such as a lifetime exemption from an annual housing tax, coolie labour quotas and an ability to tour abroad also proved popular for Lushai manpower. Missionary and government publications also propagandized the opportunity to fight abroad.<ref name = "Thorpe">{{cite podcast |url=https://www.westernfrontassociation.com/the-latest-wwi-podcast/ep-138-the-indian-labour-corps-in-the-first-world-war-pratap-chhetri/ |title=The Indian Labour Corps in the First World War - Pratap Chhetri |website=Western Front Association |publisher=WFA |host=Thomas Thorpe |date= |access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref> Further recruitment initiatives were halted due to the [[Kuki Rebellion of 1917–1919|Kuki Uprising]] in the bordering regions against continued recruitment.
{{sfn|Jackson|2016}}{{sfn|Malsawmdawngliana|2018|p=181}} The Royal chiefs helped in gathering volunteers. Dohleia the son of Chief Khamliana made a rigorous campaign and volunteered to go to France as an example.{{sfn|Malsawmdawngliana|2018|p=181}}

A dozen Mizos joined the St John Ambulance Corps and the Army Bearer Corps. Lorrain noted that wil many volunteers showed interest, the height restriction for enlistment filtered out many volunteers for qualification. A Labour Battalion of 2100 men volunteered and assembled at the Assam Rifle's Ground at Aizawl on 25 April 1917. Since the Mizo people never saw such a large gathering, they assumed they would inflict heavy casualties on the Germans.{{sfn|Malsawmdawngliana|2018|p=181}} The Mizos marched to Silchar and boarded the train to Calcutta, and experienced tunnels and iron bridges. They took another train from Calcutta to Bombay. From Bombay, they voyaged on the Red Sea and reached France in June 1917.{{sfn|Malsawmdawngliana|2018|p=181}}

The Corps was deployed in [[Marseille]] as La Valentine camp. The camp was built up with a canteen and a cinema over time. Labour Corps were also often accompanied by missionaries, for the Lushai Labour Corps, Reverend [[James Herbert Lorrain]] accompanied them.{{sfn| McCall|1949|p=292}} The Mios main responsibilities were to dismantle deserted trenches and dugouts and send wooden planks to reuse in new battlegrounds. Superintendent W.L. Scott comments that the Mizos accustomed fast to the climate and would finish their job faster than others. being close to the firing line, the Mizo camp was shelled and sometimes bombed but the Mizos were described as "steady and never alarmed".{{sfn|Malsawmdawngliana|2018|p=182}}

The Mizos went through a cold icy winter but continued to provide great results of their labour. Lorrain reported that during the [[Hundred Days Offensive]] in March 1918, the Mizos worked so well under fire they earned special commendation for withdrawing from the danger zone without any casualties.{{sfn|Malsawmdawngliana|2018|p=182}} The [[Church in Wales]] regularly sent parcels and gifts to the Mizos. [[David Evan Jones (missionary)|D.E. Jones]] sailed with the Lushai labour corps as chaplain and translator and given the rank of honorary captain. Lorrain, at the behest of the [[YMCA]], worked in France for four months.{{sfn|Malsawmdawngliana|2018|p=183}}

Superintendent H.A.C. Colquhoun published in the ''Mizo leh Vai'' journal to help the British government by buying [[war bonds]] or depositing postal savings. Chief Khamliana contributed {{currency|1000|INR}} towards the war effort.{{sfn|Malsawmdawngliana|2018|p=183}}

The contracts to the Labour Corps personnel were made under one-year contracts, which timed out before the end of the war. Attempts to extend the term of contractual obligations were unsuccessful and led to many returning home.<ref name = "Thorpe"/> The Mizos were given a chance to visit London but everyone except one declined in order to come back home.{{sfn|Malsawmdawngliana|2018|p=183}} Coming home, the Mizos received an elaborate reception at Chanmari, Aizawl, with the honour of a military band.{{sfn|Malsawmdawngliana|2018|p=185}}

In the end, 2029 men of the original 2,100 returned. Deaths were attributed to the novelty of a sea journey to mainland Europe, disease, casualties from bombings and grenades in the course of labour work and ammunition handling.<ref name = "Thorpe"/>{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=291}} Lushai Labour Corps personnel were also active in [[Arras]] for demolition work, even deployed to regions such as [[Mesopotamia]], [[Greece]], [[Lucknow]] and the Ottoman [[Basra|vilayet of Basra]].{{sfn|Jackson|2016|p=67}}
[[File:Lushai woman reading western magazine.jpg|thumb|Lushai woman reading a magazine.]]
Returning from the war encouraged veterans to join the [[Assam Rifles]], [[Assam Regiment]] and Indian Army Hospital Corps.{{sfn| McCall|1949|p=292}} In Aizawl, a memorial was constructed shortly after the war to commemorate the deaths of 71 Labour Corps volunteers.<ref name = "Thorpe"/> Exposure to foreign cultures in the course of the war redeployments also began to bring home new ideas of westernization and modernization. Some of these developments were the introduction of short hair and European dress. Articles such as those by Lalsailova in ''Mizo leh Vai'' suggested that rural readers consider moving to Aijal for the purpose of progress (''hmasawnna''). Mizo labourers also brought back crop seeds such as mustard, which changed traditional Mizo cuisine to French fusion in the post-war era.{{sfn|Jackson|2016|p=68}} Men who normally kept their hair long in a bun at the back and front now began to keep short hair as 80% got the haircut during service. Some Mizos pushed back with satire for the haircutters.{{sfn|Malsawmdawngliana|2018|p=185}} The exposure also encouraged new generation of students and young girls to pursue education.{{sfn|Malsawmdawngliana|2018|p=185}}

===First political movements===
The first forms of organized politics in the Lushai Hills began in 1925 under the leadership of the Telela (Darchhingpuia), a pharmacist of the Ralte tribe in Kulikawn suburb of Aizawl. Telela formed a group with his friends Thuama, Saikunga and Thanzuala who were shopkeepers. Chawngbuia a church elder was also included along with two tailors, C.Z. Biaka and Chawngdailova. The group sent a memorandum to Parry protesting against compulsory labour such as construction of the chief's house, zawlbuk, village schools and coolie work.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=95}} Parry was furious at the prospect. He threatened the group with imprisonment if they did not desist.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=95}}{{sfn|Goswami|1979}} The group persisted and requested the Governor for the concessions of forced labour and for representation in the reformed provincial council.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=95}} Telela was a romantic poet who continued to creatively express his ideals of freedom and the Christian millennium. Chawngbawia another prominent group member was a school teacher and church elder who believed in state participation like the Khasis. Rev. J.J.M. Nichola Roy, a khasi leader met with Telela and Chawngbawia in Shillong to discuss the lack of political representation. Nichols Roy stated that no political representation can be granted to the Lushai until they leave the excluded zone. He went on the advise steps in mobilising public support for administrative change and representation. The group under Telela began to deliver lectures at Aizawl upon their return.{{sfn|Goswami|1979}} On account fo this and the governor's redirection of the memorandum to the superintendent, Parry issued an arrest for the group and placed them in Aizawl police station. They were released the next day but this had stifled political movements until post world war two.{{sfn|Goswami|1979}}{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=95}}

===Nevill Edward Parry===
[[Nevill Edward Parry]] was superintendent of the Lushai Hills from 1924 to 1928. In 1926, the villagers of Chhinchhip complained to Parry about the oppression of their chief Hmingliana and the ''khawchhiar'' (village writer) Hrangchhuma. They requested for the dismissal of the two individuals. However Parry punished the complaints by fining every family {{currency|3|INR}} while a fine was imposed on Hmingliana of a [[gayal|mithun]]. Similarly a complaint by villagers in Reiek and Tuahzawl had lodged complaints against their chiefs in connection with village inscriptions which was sought to be pocketed by the chiefs.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=95}}

Parry functioned on a basis of empowering the chiefs and the institution of chieftainship. Parry attempt to bring back the institution of the [[zawlbuk]]. The Zawlbuk was in its decline and not used with the onset of Christianity and modernization. Zorema argues that the institutions was a symbol of traditionalism and autocratic rule by chiefs. The Christian parents preferred to keep their sons home on account of the conditions being better for education. Parry would order that all villages larger 25 houses should maintain a zawlbuk. Parry also stopped the tradition of subdividing the land of the chiefs to disempower more chiefs and restrain the influence of petty headsmen. Complaints had also risen on the conduct of circle interpreters who demanded eggs, fowls, and goats through the chiefs who would tax the subjects. Parry put an end to this by requiring the circle interpreters to pay for what they received on tour through an order on 13 November 1926.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=96}} Parry codified ''hnatlan'' which was voluntary labour for the chiefs in constructing their houses or private works. Furthermore, Parry codified ''upas'' and ''ramhuals'' to follow the chief on journeys as a customary law.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=97}}

The judicial power of chiefs were also being undermined with ''kohran upas'' who would hold cases and settle disputes between individuals. Parry codified another policy that ''upas'' have no authority to hold or settle cases and that the authority is only granted to chiefs and the courts in Aizawl and Lungleh.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=97}} Parry also refused to grant review to the decisions made by chiefs in the settlement of customary courts when individuals appealed to him as superintdent.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=98}}

===Excluded Areas and Inner Line Regulation===
In 1925, the [[Inner Line Permit|Inner Line Regulation]] was amended to protect the Lushai Hills district. It was derived initially after the [[Lushai Expedition]] under section 2 of the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation 1873. It was an attempt to exercise political control over the Lushai Hills and chiefdoms. The rationale was to prevent traders, merchants, farmers and subjects from crossing into Lushai territory and deteriorating relations with the chiefdoms. This would also allow for the British to guarantee boundaries of their dominion and assure security of their subjects and possessions. As the border was too informal with the chiefdoms, the British declared a unilateral declaration with the inner line. One of the objectives of this regulation is to prevent the holding of land and assimilation of their culture and tradition beyond this inner line by 'strangers'. The Inner Line has, for this reason, protected the Lushai Hills from commercial exploitation of land and forest resources from merchants, traders and other tribes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ralte |first1=Robert Lalremtluanga |date=January 2015 |title=Colonialism in Northeast India: An Environmental History of Forest Conflict in the Frontier of Lushai Hills 1850-1900 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/36523562/K0413067075.pdf |journal= International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=67–75 |access-date=30 September 2024|issn=2319-7722}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Pachuau |first=Rintluanga|date=2009 |title=Mizoram: A study in Comprehensive Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MYaYKXgAwLwC |location=New Delhi |publisher=Northern Book Centre |page=15 |isbn=978-81-7211-264-6}}</ref>

===Academic Development===
The middle schools in Aizawl and Lungleh had begun to fail to satisfy the Lushais in pursuit of higher education. The demand emerged shortly after World War One but was not acted upon by superintendents who felt it lacked justification despite the encouragement of the Welsh Mission. In 1929 the Welsh Mission sent an official request to the superintendent for a high school which was refused by the administration. In 1931 the chiefs submitted a joint representation the Commissioner of Surma Valley, Hezlett. Hezlett was of the opinion that a high school would produce more educated Lushais than jobs can be distributed in the Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=93}} As a result, higher education was not prioritised until A.R.H MacDonald would become superintendent.

As a result of this decision, the wealthy Lushai families sent their children outside the district to pursue higher studies. The exposure to other organizations led to the need for a Lushai organisation to pressure the government on various areas of improvement. In October 1924, the Lushai Student's Association was founded in Shillong with branches in Calcutta and Gauhati. The Lushai Students Association held a conference at Shillong in the same month where Bucchawna was assigned the dual post of general secretary and treasurer. The Calcutta branch consisted of Dahrawka, Kailuia Sailo and Sangkunga. The Gauhati branch consisted of Durra, Chongthu and Buchhawna Khiangte. The Shillong branch was the largest with the most notable member being Thanglura.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=94}}

===McCall's Developments of the Lushai Hills===
{{see also|Anthony Gilchrist McCall}}
Superintendent McCall was the administrator of the Lushai Hills district from 1933 to 1943. His administration saw four major innovations in the Lushai Hills. These were the Ten Point Code, the Welfare System under the aegis of the Red Cross, the Lushai Hills Cottage Industries and the inauguration of the Chief's Durbar. These innovations were introduced to unify the Lushai identity and to support Governor of Assam Robert Reid's vision of transforming the excluded tribal zones into a separate Crown Colony. Reid's plan received considerable political interest but was dropped at the onset of World War Two.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alexander |first=Colin R |date=August 2019 |title=Administering Colonialism and War: The Political Life of Sir Andrew Clow of the Indian Civil Service |url= |location=New Delhi |publisher= Oxford University Press|page=158 |isbn=9780199096954}}</ref>

The Ten Point Code was established and taught in schools to children. The purpose was to cultivate Lushai identity for potential nationhood and preservation of Mizo culture and customs. The code was also implemented into choirs, poetry and song. The welfare committees in villages also recite two points of the code every monthly meeting. The code was also intended to remedy traits of Lushai culture that were backward and incohesive for a national identity.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=259-262}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Ten Point Code
|-
! Point !! Code
|-
| 1 || We desire to maintain a wholesome respect for all that is best in our indigenous culture, which bears the stamp of the hardly learned experience of our brave forefathers over time immemorial.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=262}}
|-
| 2 || We desire to inspire in our people an ambition to maintain a true sense of proportion as to what wants and desires are reasonable in relation to our own natural resources and industry.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=263}}
|-
| 3 || We desire to maintain strict loyalty to our Chief in all things lawful, and in all his efforts on behalf of his people, in return for which the Chief will serve the interests of his people so that he may continue to rule.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=263}}
|-
| 4 || We desire to inculcate into one and all that we should display the same sense of loyalty to our whole village community as we desire to practise towards our own families.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=264}}
|-
| 5 || We desire to do all in our power to foster the indigenous spirit of [[Tlawmngaihna|{{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna|cat=no}}]] in our midst.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=263}}
|-
| 6 || We desire to integrate into our daily lives, within the indigenous framework of our social systems, what modern science and knowledge have discovered, by strengthening and safeguarding our characters, health, home, crops, industry and possession.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=265}}
|-
| 7 || We desire to seek all useful channel for the greater use of our leisure time so they by industry we may bring advtange to our families and villages and relieve our womenfolk of harder work. {{sfn|McCall|1949|p=266}}
|-
| 8 || We desire to unite all in contesting our common tendency to be ''Mi hlem hle'' while retaining pride in the sincere achievement of all manly and courageous feats, especially those undertaken for the protection of our community.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=267}}
|-
| 9 || Those of us who are Christians agree to recognise that we should bow to the authority of those who introduced us to it, and that we shall be disloyal if we do not submit to discipline.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=267}}
|-
| 10 || We desire to inculcate into our community the need for self-control and avoidance of excesses, to cultivate true spirit in willing service and discipline into young men who are the nation of the future.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=268}}
|}
[[File:Lushai village welfare meeting.jpg|thumb|Lushai village welfare meeting.]]
The rationale for implementing the Village Welfare System was twofold. The first reason was that it was an egalitarian way of bringing people together socially on the subject of health. The second reason was to encourage the Chiefs to cooperate on an uncontroversial matter. The stipulation held legitimacy by allowing the villages to join the welfare system voluntarily but being obligated to follow the rules upon joining.{{sfn|Alexander|2019|p=158}}

Village welfare was introduced due to the fact that only 3% of the Lushai population had access to permanent contact to amenities. The civil surgeon was in charge of the village welfare system, who oversaw all matters of public health and living conditions for the benefit of the villagers. The village welfare committees function under the guidance of the [[Red Cross]] district committee in Aizawl. All committee decision-making was unanimous and implemented by the villagers in religious, social, and technical harmony.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=255}} All welfare committees have the village chief as president, leaders of the church and school, pensioners, and two village women and two village men in membership.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=256}}

The Lushai Hills Cotton Industry initiative was too risky for government funds and was privately financed by McCall and his wife, who formed as a joint organizer and managing director of the venture to cultivate craftsmanship and broader market opportunities to export loom products.{{sfn|Alexander|2019|p=158-159}}

The British policy of diminishing chieftain power by granting chieftain rights to collaborators and other individuals increased the number of chiefs from 60 to 400 in the 1890s to the 1930s. The large number of chiefs required a system of coordination and consultation. This led to the creation of the District Chief's Durbar. Each Chief will ascend to the durbar by signing a document affirming loyalty to the British Crown and the Lushai people. The durbar was designed for chiefs to become responsible for studying the conditions and lives of people under their jurisdiction and to unify the Chiefs in looking after the wellbeing of the Lushai people in general.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=246-247}} The Durbar was assigned to meet twice yearly at a convenient meeting place for all chief circles. It would last seven to ten days and, in an advisory capacity, make decisions offered to the superintendent.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=252}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+October 1940 Chief's Durbar elections{{sfn|Chaltuahkhuma|1987|p=76}}
|-
! Circle
! name
! clan
! village
|-
! colspan=4|Aizawl subdivision
|-
| Circle I
| Lalsailova
| Sailo
| Kelseih
|-
| Circle I
| Kamlaiana
| Sailo
| Tachhip
|-
| Circle II
| Khawkunga
| Chenkual
| Pukpui
|-
| Circle II
| Ngurliana
| Sailo
| Kolasib
|-
| Circle III
| Hrangtinaia
| Hmar
| Vaitin
|-
| Circle III
| Laltinkhuma
| Sailo
| Lailak
|-
| Circle IV
| Awksarala
| Sailo
| Phullen
|-
| Circle IV
| Hrangchhuma
| Sailo
| Khawdungsei
|-
| Circle V
| Thlahthiauva
| Hualngo
| Khuangleng
|-
| Circle V
| Thanglianga
| Sailo
| Tlangsam
|-
| Circle VI
| Thangchuanga
| Sailo
| Biate
|-
| Circle VII
| Lalzuala
| Sailo
| Baktawng
|-
| Circle VIII
| Saihnuna
| Sailo
| Mualcheng
|-
| Circle IX
| Ngurchhina
| Sailo
| Thenzawl
|-
| Circle X
| Lalbuanga
| Sailo
| Kanghmun
|-
| Circle XI
| Lalluaia
| Sailo
| Reiek
|-
!colspan=4|Lunglei Subdivision
|-
| Circle XII
| Laldula
| Sailo
| Buarpui
|-
| Circle XIII
| Thanzama
| Sailo
| Thiltlang
|-
| Circle XIV
| Sena
| Sailo
| Sekhum
|-
| Circle XIV
| Taikhuma
| Ralte
| Pukpui
|-
| Circle XV
| Khuahupa
| Pawi
| Cheural
|-
| Circle XV
| Lalsailova
| Fanai
| Lungleng
|-
| Circle XVI
| Achhuma
| Fanai
| Tawipui
|-
| Circle XVII
| Chungmunga
| Lakher
| Serkawr
|-
| Circle XVIII
| Lianhnuna
| Palian
| Tiante
|}

===Young Lushai Association===
{{main|Young Mizo Association}}
The liberal and progressive nature of A.G McCall led to the development of Lushai community organizations. The increase in education and the influence of the [[Young Men's Buddhist Association (Burma)|Young Men's Buddhist Association]] in Burma led to the creation of the Young Lushai Organization on 4 June 1935. The YLA was not a political organization but a cultural one. It was originally consisting of the sons of chiefs before becoming populated with commoners. The organization developed a view against the institution of [[Mizo Chieftainship|Lushai chieftainship]] which would influence its members who would go on to found the [[Mizo Union]] on the same policy and ideology such as [[Vanlawma]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas|date=1994 |title=Making of Mizoram: Role of Laldenga |location=new Delhi |publisher=M D Publications |isbn=81-85880-38-7}}</ref>

===World War Two===
[[File:Lushai chiefs allegience to the Union Jack.jpg|thumb|Lushai chiefs pledge allegiance to the Union Jack during World War II.]]
In April 1942, the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] had [[Japanese occupation of Burma|occupied]] much of [[Colony of Burma]] and pushed the British back into the Northeastern Regions of India. Superintendent of the Lushai Hills, Major Anthony Gilchrist McCall, brought 300 tribal chiefs and asked them to join in a voluntary bond with the British Crown and to sign a promise to join in a "Total Defence Scheme" (TDS) of the area.{{sfn|Alexander|2019|p=153}}
McCall was recalled under protest by the Governor of Assam [[Andrew Clow]] in May 1943, his position being transferred to [[Shillong]] instead. However, in his absence, the Total Defence Scheme was held throughout the war.{{sfn|Alexander|2019|p=158}} McCall argued that without loyalty to the British, the TDS would collapse and that the Lushai Hills would not resist Japanese occupation if the British military were to retreat as they did in [[British Malaya]], [[Colony of Singapore|Singapore]] and [[Brunei|Colony of Brunei]].{{sfn|Alexander|2019|p=160}}
[[File:Lushai reenactment of Winston Churchill's speech.jpg|thumb|A Lushai reenactement of Winston Churchill's speech.|left]]
[[File:Gift giving to Lushai recruits in ww2.jpg|thumb|Superintendent's wife giving gifts to Lushai recruits in World War II.]]
[[File:Lushai recruits departing for enlistment.jpg|thumb|Lushai recruits making a journey to enlist for World War II.]]
The Total Defence Scheme involved [[guerilla warfare]], strategic abandonment of villages, [[scorched earth tactics]] with denial of food and water, [[booby traps]], destruction of bridges and exclusive information supplied to British authorities. McCall explicitly states to Chiefs to arm the bravest with guns and rifles and not directly confront enemies but to rely on knowledge of the terrain for effective [[Ambush|ambush tactics]]. The Total Defence Scheme functioned on an [[Asymmetric Warfare|asymmetrical warfare doctrine]] as a result. McCall's scheme was made in mind that tribal people did not possess up-to-date arms, were not professionally trained in military affairs and lacked vital [[air support]] and [[reconnaissance]] in comparison with the Japanese.{{sfn|Alexander|2019|p=154-155}} The Lushai tribesmen were trained by Australian military personnel, such as Colonel Percival Augustus Parsons, in guerilla warfare. The scheme was successful as the Japanese retreated from the borderlands of India in late 1944.{{sfn|Alexander|2019|p=163}}

The Japanese had occupied the villages of Darkhai, Khuangpah and Teikhang on the Lushai border in Burma. This prompted the settlements of Champhai, Biate, Darzo, Hnahlan, Khuangpah, Pawlrang, Samthang, Sawleng, Tipaimukh, Thingsai, Tuisenhnar and Vanlaipai to establish [[Pasalṭha]] pawl. Corps of the Lushai Scouts known as ''Biate Sipai'' were raised to support this with 300 raised in Biate alone. In total, 3000 youths had joined the military forces.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=133}} The importance of the Lushai Hills as a frontier for the Japanese invasion of India led to military investments. As a result, Aizawl, Kolasib, Lunglei and Tlabung became vital supply bases. Zorema also argues that the exposure to foreign troops and the investments in military infrastructure opened up the Lushais to a politically conscious future.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=134}}

In 1944, the British formed the Lushai Scouts. The task was given to Major Jack Longbottom. He was instructed to raise a regiment of scouts consisting of 400 men. The Japanese had already pushed into Tidim in the Chin Hills and were battling in [[Kohima]] and [[Imphal]]. The Lushai Scouts were placed under "V" Force to be used as guerillas but trained and raised as regular troops. The scouts were specialised into jungle warfare on mobility and minimum transport. Major Longbottom travelled to Aizawl before reaching Biate on the frontier of the Chin Hills. In March 1944 the unit was agreed to be formed from the General Headquarters in Delhi. Most of the scouts consisted of 18-20-year-old men. They were assigned patrol exercises in the Chin Hills and improvised in making bridges to cross the Tui river in order to maintain patrol timings. The scouts committed small raids on the Japanese on the main Tiddim road.<ref name=LS>{{cite web |last=Robinson |first=Jane |date=19 November 2005 |title=Jack Longbottom and the Lushai Scouts |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/30/a7106230.shtml |website=BBC |location=Bassingham |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref>

On 7–8 September, the scouts would march 15 miles through jungles in between two Japanese artillery companies with a platoon post. At dawn the outpost was attacked with noc casualties from the scouts. The Japanese retaliated with a stronger platoon in Saizang. Two Lushai scouts speaking [[Chin language|Chin]] disguised themselves as vegetable merchants and supplied information on the platoon and sentries. An attack later carried was successful with only four wounded. The Scouts later occupied Kennedy Peak and cooperated with the Free Chin Resistance fighters to overrun a platoon. After the war, the Lushai Scouts were disbanded in Shillong. It recorded 51 encounters with the enemy with the casualty of a British officers and two other ranksand 23 wounded. Major J Longbottom was given a certificate signed by Chief Lalkhama of Darzo with the national garment [[Mizo clothing|Puanchei]] and bag (Iptechei).<ref name=LS/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Lushai volunteer distribution across units{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=149}}{{sfn|Zatluanga|1966|p=224}}
|-
! Unit
! Lushai volunteers
|-
| Assam Regiment
| 1272
|-
| Indian Army Medical Corps
| 772
|-
| Burma Army
| 581
|-
| Assam Rifles
| 340
|-
| Lushai Scout Group
| 309
|-
| Other unit corps
| 168
|-
| Airforce
| 52
|-
| Navy
| 27
|-
| W.A.C
| 20
|-
| Auxiliary Nursing
| 10
|-
! colspan=2 | Total: 3551
|}

===Azad Hind===
{{further information|Azad Hind}}
Of the Mizos employed in the military by the British, 60 were assigned to the south east Asian theatre in various regiments. The exact number of Mizos captured by Japanese forces and placed into the [[Indian National Army]] is unknown. However, the most prominent members were Darthawma, Biakliana, Dr Saitawna, Dr Rosiama and Kapthanga. One prominent captured individual who refused to join the INA was Vanhlira who refused to join in a meeting with [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Bose]]. Saitawna was captured in Burma by the British. Rosiama was similarly captured by the British in Burma and formally surrendered two months after imprisonment. Darthawna, Biakliana and Kapthanga continued to fight under Bose until the conclusion of World War Two. As a result, the three of them were awarded recognition as [[List of Indian independence activists|Indian Freedom fighter]]s with pensions.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=190}}

===District Council===
Alexander Ranald Hume MacDonald as superintendent of the Lushai Hills supported the crown colony scheme formulated by Professor Coupland. MacDonald built upon McCall's chief's durbar by introducing representatives who were commoners in equal number to the chiefs. This was done to pacify the people as a reward for their services in the total defence scheme and the war effort contribution. The district council would mark the official beginning of political participation for the Lushai people.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=136}}

The district council consisted of 20 representatives elected by chiefs in their circles and another 20 representatives elected by the commoners. Two electoral colleges were established to allocate voting and seats for each. The Electoral College of the Commoners was constituted of ten houses that would nominate one elector who would then vote for a commoner to represent them.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=136}}

===First District Council Elections===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ '''District Council Results January 1946'''{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=150}}{{sfn|Liangkhaia|1938|p=126}}
|-
! Circle
! Chiefs
! Village
! Commoners
! Village
|-
| 1.
| Lalsailova
| Kelsih
| Dr. Dahrawka
| Aijal
|-
| 2.
| Khhawkunga
| Bukpui
| Kapthianga Clerk
| Chaltang
|-
| 3.A.
| Lamlira
| Hmuizawl
| Thangzika
| Sawleng
|-
| 3.B.
| Lalindia
| Khawruhlian
| Khenkhama
| Phuaibuang
|-
| 4.A.
| Awksarala
| Phullen
| Ranga
| Saitual
|-
| 4.B.
| Lalzidinga
| Ngopa
| Vaitlia
| Khawdungsei
|-
| 5.
| Vanhnuaithanga
| Kelkang
| Manliana
| Zotlang
|-
| 6.
| Suakhnuna
| Lungpho
| Lalchhawnzova
| Chalrang
|-
| 7.
| Tlanglianchhuma
| Hualtu
| Liantudaia C.I.
| Baktawng
|-
| 8.
| Saihnuna
| Mualcheng
| P. Saitawna
| North Vanlaiphai
|-
| 9.
| Lalthawvenga
| Sailam
| Lalzuia
| Sialsuk
|-
| 10.
| Ngurchhinna
| Khawrihnim
| Lalbuaia
| Lungleng
|-
| 11.
| Lalbuanga
| Tukkalh
| Zahlira Pastor
| Tukkalh
|-
| 12.
| Lalthangdula
| Buarpui
| Rokawnga
| Vanhne
|-
| 13.
| Lalbuana
| Thingsai
| Khuanga Pastor
| Thitlang
|-
| 14.
| Taikhuma
| Pukpui
| R. Dengthuama
| Pukpui
|-
| 15.
| Thangkunga
| Lungtian
| Aithura
| Muallianpui
|-
| 16.
| Aichhuma
| Tawipui
| Ch. Saprawnga
| Theiriat
|-
| 17.
| Suakhnuna
| Serte
| Rohmingliana
| Tlabung
|-
| 18.
| Chhungmunga
| Serkawr
| Laithuama
| Tuipang
|}

===Political movements===
The growth of the Young Lushai Association saw a radical faction forming who wished to participate in politics. On 12 April 1946, the Lushai Commoner's Union inspired by the Burmese organization, the General Council of Buddhists Association was formed.
On April 9, 1946, Vanlawma took permission of the superintendent A.R.H MacDonald in Aizawl to organize a meeting of the commoners.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=29}} As a result, Vanlawma, Dahrawka and H.P Sailo organised a commoners meeting. Vanlawma was a member of the [[Young Lushai Association]] and the first [[matriculate]] of the Lushai Hills. Another group led by an individual known as Saprawnga was not granted permission to do so in Lunglei. Saprawnga was not granted due to MacDonald's concerns over his strong following and the lack of political control outside of Aizawl. Saprawnga would subsequently become the chief executive member of the district council of the [[Mizo district]].{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=129}} Other prominent leaders would include [[C. Chhunga]] the first chief minister of the Union Territory of Mizoram, Khawtin Kuma and Bawichuaka.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=92}}

The party operated under a democratic constitution and functioned through elected representatives. In every big village there were units and branches of the party established. Members would deposit payment and donations to the party fund. The Young Lushai Association on 8 February 1945, shortly before the formation of the Lushai Commoner Union sent a delegate to the superintendent A.R.H MacDonald demanding that village elders be elected rather than appointed by chieftain privilege. Accompanying demands included an end to forced labour, and outdated imperial levies. Superintendent MacDonald agreed to the terms and arranged a forum to address the political matters. On 14 January 1946 the Lushai Commoner's Union and the chiefs elected 24 representatives and convened a district conference.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=92}}

The general meeting of the party in 1946 convened and they formally changed the name of the Lushai commoner's party to the Mizo Commoner's party before shortening into the Mizo Union.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=92}} This decision had been credited with the popularisation of the term Mizo over the anglicised misnomer of Lushai.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=132}} The policy of opposing chieftainship alienated many chiefs who initially participated in the Mizo Union and led to Superintendent MacDonald pushing back on a perception of radicalisation and destabilisation of the system of [[indirect rule]].{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=94}}

On the 25–26 April 1946, a conference and election was made for the party. Pachhunga became president, Lalhlema became vice-president, Vanlawma was general secretary, Lalbuiaia was assistant secretary and Thanga was treasurer. The meeting also saw the objective of the party outlined:{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=30}}
* To guide and lead the Mizo people and ultimately to attain an independent Mizoram.
* To bridge the gap between the ordinary Mizo chiefs and their ministers.
* To create better understanding among all the Mizo regardless of localities.
* To improve the Mizo language so that the Mizo culture might be better understood and continued.
* To establish a press in order to publish papers and other materials beneficial to all the Mizo people.

The initial activities of the Mizo Union were originally localised in Aizawl. The party spread their influence through ''hla'' (songs or poetry), consisting of slogans of their policies and aims. A draft constitution known as ''Rorel Khawl'' which was rejected by the Governor of Assam for being too ambitious.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=132}} The Mizo Union also brought attention to the Lushai Hills. Vanlawma was invited by [[James Joy Mohan Nichols Roy|Reverend J.J Nichols Roy]] to Shillong. At Shillong Vanlawma was approached by S.B. Choudhuri, an editor of the [[Shillong Times]] who asked elementary questions on the Mizos as they were unknown to the rest of India even to Shillong.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=31}} Vanlawma received a front-page news article on the creation of the Mizo Union in the Shillong Times which Choudary described as a 'political feat'. Vanlawma became a special correspondent to the Shillong Times and the Hindustan Standard in Calcutta.{{sfn|Vanlawma|1969|p=143-144}} During this time Vanlawma met with the Assam Communists at his hostel after being invited by them.{{sfn|Vanlawma|1969|p=141-142}} Vanlawma would also meet with the Khasi leaders under direction of Superintendent Macdonald to write a constitution of a relationship between the tribes. However, the Khasi leaders did not cooperate by citing that the Khasi hill people were more progressed with wealth and education but that they were willing to lead the Mizos to unite. The meeting with the leaders was fruitless as they did not write a constitution or follow through which disappointed Vanlawma.{{sfn|Vanlawma|1969|p=143}}

===Meeting with Bordoloi===
The [[partition of India]] became a contentious topic for the future of the hill tribes. The Assam State Chief Minister [[Gopinath Bordoloi]] began to cooperate with the [[Khasi people|Khasi]], [[Garo people|Garo]], [[Mizo people|Mizo]] and [[Naga people|Naga]] on the direction of their political future. Vanlawma met with Bordoloi in Shillong to talk of the desire of the Mizo people. The question of independence had not been broached at this time, but Vanlawma decided to provide Bordoloi with the answer that the Mizos would ascend to India rather than Pakistan. Vanlawma argued that this arrangement would mean the Mizo people would desire significant autonomy to protect themselves from Indian dominance and exploitation. Bordoloi agreed to Vanlawma's proposal.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=33}}

===Developments of the Mizo Union===
The first general assembly of the Mizo Union was summoned on 24 September 1946 with two representatives from each sector of the Lushai Hills district. There were 700 representatives at the first general election. Internal problems also began to plague the Mizo Union. The first president of the Mizo Union, Pachhunga was criticed for not being well educated to hold the position of President.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=129}} An intellectual group within the Mizo Union led by Saprawnga and college graduates had formed and this faction of the Mizo Union criticized the leadership of the party for being uneducated.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=128}} Pachhunga attempted to resign from the complaints but was persuaded to preside over the first general meeting.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=33}}
Vanlawma, Dahrawka, and Sailo's meeting was held at Thankthing M.E School, and there was a large attendance.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=33}} Superintendnt A.R.H. Macdonald attended the meeting. MacDonald spotted the pamphlet of the Mizo Union, which discussed abolishing the ''ramhual'' class of Mizo chieftainship. Macdonald became alarmed at the Mizo Union challenging the status quo and the status of chieftainship. As a result, the meeting was kicked out of the school. It was argued that allowing the meeting to take place in the government school building would make the chiefs believe the views of the Mizo Union were sanctioned by the government, hence provoking the response MacDonald gave.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=33}} The meeting was subsequently continued in a nearby [[Zawlbuk]]. Public opinion on [[Mizo Chieftainship|Lushai chieftainship]] had begun to sour, and tolerance decayed for chiefs using power and authority on behalf of the British, which appeared increasingly autocratic.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=129}} The meeting was also attended by Mr. Sakhrie, the secretary to the [[Naga National Council]]. The Nagas originally kept contact with the Mizo politicians for an opportunity to fight for independence as a common cause for their people.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=128-129}}

The results of the meeting elected the Mizo Union Party councillors. Pacchunga, the president of the Mizo Union, K.T Dawla, Zairema from Dawrpui Veng, Reverend Chhuahkhama from Mission Veng, Thangliankhama from Kulikawn Veng, Ranga from Saitual, Vanlalbuka from Sihphir, R.B. Chawnga from Tuahzawl and Vankeuva from Sialsuk.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=34}} While the Mizo Union began to establish itself, A.R.H. MacDonald convened a meeting for the district council on 7–8 November 1946. The meeting intended to form a constitution of ''Vantlang Rorel Khawl''. MacDonald claimed that through the constitution the crown colony can protect Mizoram from falling under the Indian government. MacDonald stated: "I am afraid that Mizoram is going to vanish unless the Mizoram learn the democratic system while the British are here. Therefore, we the British must teach the democratic system to the Mizo leaders".{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=34}}

MacDonald also established the MacDonald scheme or ''Rorelkhawl''. This was a constitution managing the executive, legislature, judiciary institutions for a fully fledged government. The scheme consisted of a legislature of chiefs and commoners to make laws and levy taxes. The executive would consist of an auditor, a minister and three councillors. The three councillors would be the head of a ministry in either the Department of Agriculture, Arts, Industries, Trade, Forest and Fisheries, Department of Public Works and Communications and Department of Education and Health. There would be a 33-member council and "historian" to act as its secretary. A governor with direct responsibility of judiciary would be head of state holding office for 16 years as a term. The auditor and minister for 4 years and the councillors for a term of 3 years. Lastly a public service commission would be established for the recruitment of public personnel with the auditor as chairman and two retired public servants as members.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=136}} The first meeting of the District Council was on 18 January 1946 where MacDonald instated himself as president. However, before MacDonald could secure a unanimous approval on the constitution, the commoners opposed the draft as not agreeing to equal seats as chiefs. The outcome of the conference led to the establishment of an advisory council known as ''Hnawhchhuah Ngaituah Pawl'' in every village. The responsibility of the council was to advise the chief in matters of expulsion of undesirable individuals from the villages. The meeting also concluded that all families are obligated to pay the ''fathang'' (paddy tax) except government workers, teacher, pastors and salvation army personnel. The tax would be {{currency|2|INR}} for those that didn't cultivate crops. MacDonald had also deposed five chiefs.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=137}} Three of these chiefs were deposed due to their collaboration with the Japanese and treated as traitors, and two chiefs had become too old to lead their villages. The removal of chiefs led many individuals to advocate for MacDonald to pursue political reforms. Hualzakham was branded a traitor and jailed, as well as being deposed.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=151}}{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=35}}

The proposals failed to gain agreement. The meeting lacked many of the Mizo leaders at the time, and many of them, such as Khawtinkhuma, president of the Mizo Union, were openly against the institution of [[Mizo Chieftainship|chieftainship]]. Saprawnga attempted to negotiate with MacDonald by stating that if the commoners outnumbered the chiefs by having twice the representation, an agreement on the proposal could be reached.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=35}} In return, MacDonald blamed the Mizo leaders for their agendas and for abandoning the welfare of the Mizo people. He argued that most Mizos aren't able to disagree with the current political intelligentsia. A second election was held for the Mizo Union, with Khawtinkhuma remaining president. The vice president would be an ex-Burmese military officer named Lalbiakthanga.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=36}} Vanlawma tried to withdraw his name from the ballot box when Saprawnga nominated Vanthuama for the general secretary role. Equal votes were cast between both until Lalhlema the chairman cast his vote for Vanthuama.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=37}}

===Lushai Chiefs Council===
The chiefs continued their meeting after the District Council meeting and established the Lushai Chiefs Council. The council was formed to defend the institution of [[Mizo Chieftainship|Mizo chieftainship]]. The motto was "Heaven's Light our Guide" and held three objectives. These were to maintain the integrity and cooperation of chiefs, maintain cordial relationship between the government and the people, to safeguard customary Lushai laws and to maintain hereditary rights of chiefs and consider the general interest of all individuals. The following members constituted the council:{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=140}}
*Chairmain: Lalsailova Sailo, Chief of Kelsih
*Deputy Chairman: Awksarala Sailo, Chief of Phullen
*Secretary: Ngura Chongthu,. Chief of Durtlang
*Joint Secretary: Hrawva Khiangte, Chief of Aizawl
*Treasurer: Lalluia Sailo BEM, CHief of Reiek
*Finance Secretary: Khakhunga Chenkual, Chief of Bukpui
*Ex-officio members:
**Lalkailuia Sailo, B.A. Assistant to the Superintendent
**Hranglura Sailo, Sub Inspector of Police
**Dr. Saichhunga Sailo, Assam Regiment
**Captain [[T. Sailo|Ṭhenphunga Sailo]], Assam Regiment
**Captain lalrinthanga Sailo, Assam Regiment.

===Mizo Union Lakhipur Conference===
A conference was arranged under H.K. Bawichhuaka in Lakhipur in Cachar. The purpose was to discuss the September conference on the district council of the Lushai Hills. Two resolutions were passed as a result. The territorial unity and solidarity of the whole Lushai population occupying the Lushai Hills, a part of Cachar, Manipur, and Chittagong Hill Tracts be maintained. The second resolution concerned that the Lushai Hills shall have full autonomy and self-determination with the province of Assam.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=143}}

===Bordoloi Committee===
Gopinath Bordoloi requested Vanlawma to attend a meeting of all the representatives in Assam State to determine whether they preferred to join India or Pakistan. The meeting was held in Gauhati. Vanlawma and Khawtinkhuma would arrive in February 1947 as co-opted representatives of the Lushai Hills district.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=37}} The invitation from Bordoloi infuriated Vanlawma who felt that Bordoloi no longer wished to give the Mizo Union full membership on thee Assam Advisory Sub-Committee. Vanlawma would ask Khawtinkhuma not to accept the co-opted membership but request full membership. However a second invitation arrived from Assam which replaced Vanlawma with Saprawnga as co-opted members. As a result, Khawtinkhuma and Saprawnga accepted co-opted membership in the Assam Advisory Sub-Committee to represent the Mizo people.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=38}}

===Vanlawma's public speech and debate===

As a result, Vanlawma held a public meeting supporting the independence of the Mizo people. The speech also criticised Bordoloi for not allowing full representation of the Mizo people. Vanthuama began to debate Vanlawma on the possibility of independence as a small nation, and fighting a rebellion would be fruitless and destructive while stifling resources for economic growth. The sharp disagreement saw Mizo Union leaders side with Vanthuama.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=40}} The southern localities of Aizawl were in agreement with Vanthuama against independence and the northern localities in Aizawl supported Vanlawma in independence. The meeting introduced the concept of the question of independence for Mizoram.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=41}}

===Divergence of ideology in the Mizo Union===
Pachhunga convened a meeting of the Mizo Union under the assistant superintendent Sainghinga in the Bengali Theater Hall in Aizawl. The question of meeting discussed the issue of independence. Church leaders, teachers and other individuals participated in the meeting, totalling 200.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=41}} Pachhunga, Dahrawka and Hmartawnphunga argued on the premise that union with India would see a dominant culture absorb their identity and way of life. As a result, they encouraged a serious commitment to MacDonald's proposed constitution as a Crown Colony of the British as they believed this would protect the Mizo people and their land.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=42}}

Superintendent MacDonald wanted a second election for the calendar year 1947. The second annual election saw Khawtinkhuma and Vanluama both nominated for the role of president by the party. Some members encouraged Vanlawma to withdraw so that MacDonald would see the Mizo Union as one accord. However this idea became unpopular with the independence approving supporters of Vanlawma and preferred an election instead.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=42}} In March 1947 a Mizo newspaper run by unionists reported that councillors must resign at the end of the calendar year which was December 1946. Vanlawma who was elected in January 1947 was forced to resign which caused controversy among the Mizo Union party.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=43}}

The Mizo Union councillors who had been forced to resign met at Pachhunga's home on 24 March with vice president Zairema and other leaders. A consensus was reached that the forced resignations were unlawful and against the party constitution. A decision was taken to strip Khawtinkhuma, Zairema, Vanthuama and Lalbuaia of their positions on 25 March 1947. From the date onwards an interim group would lead the party until a general election was called which was headed by Pachhunga and Vanlawma as president and general secretary.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=43}} As a result, the Mizo Union under Pacchunga became pro-independent while the party under Khawtinkhuma became pro-India during the political campaigning period.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=45}}

Superintendent A.R.H. MacDonald was about to leave Mizoram on account of the expiration of his term.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=50}} Before this, the Constitution's subadvisory committee was visiting Aizawl. The Committee consisted of Gopinath Bordoloi, N.V. Thakar, B.N. Rae, Mr. Ramadhyani, Reverend Nichols Roy, Mr Temjemaliba Ao with Khawtinkhuma and Saprawnga. The two Mizo factions were preparing memorandums for the Bordoloi committee. The faction under Pacchunga argued for independence due to the differences of Mizos and Indians and lack of history. Khawtinkhuma's faction submitted a memorandum hoping for a union with India and a request for a district council. A clause was inserted to revisit the decision in 10 years and opt out of the Indian Union.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=51}}

The meeting was held in Kulikawn in southern Aizawl. B.N. Rao and Nichols Roy were the main speakers. Roy spoke on the future of the Mizos. He used his experience as a minister of public works in Assam to explain of the benefits of union with India. During question time Nichols Roy entertained a question from Sena. Sena asked about the Mizo's choice to be independent in which Roy reluctantly agreed to the prospect to respect the decision if taken. The meeting did not make any decisions.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=51}} The Bordoloi Committee met in Shillong to make a final decision and agreement. Khawtinkhuma and Saprawnga on behalf of the Mizo people signed the agreement of becoming a union with India. However, Tenjemaliba Ao of the Nagas disagreed to become a union with India and left the meeting.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=52}} [[Zapu Phizo|A.Z. Phizo]] would visit the Mizos in Aizawl as he intended to work with them to secure independence for both. The visit was not significant as the Mizo Union leaders had already committed to a union with India. This stopped all opportunity of cooperation between the Nagas and Mizos and the Nagas arguably launched their independence movement in 1949.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=53}}

===MacDonald's departure===
Due to the failure of gaining consensus and approval for his proposals from the district conference, MacDonald began to cooperate with the Mizo Union right wing. A public meeting was held on 21 February 1947 in Aizawl. It was chaired by Sainghinga the assistant superintendent along with Dahrawka and Hmartawnphunga with 200 Lushai leaders who were from the church or various school. The resolution of the meeting argued for independence to maintain their ethnic and cultural identity. An argument was made on the basis that the departure of the British would not protect the hill tribes from the influx of the Indians if the excluded areas were removed. The meeting declared that "the British Government is great refuse for the Mizos. Noone can tell the fate to which we could have been reduced had the British not helped in maintaining our identity."

MacDonald attempted to revive the District Council Conference. It had become functionally inactive after the Mizo Union had refused to cooperate with it from November 1946. As Superintendent he ordered that every ten houses in the village shall elect one representative who were then to elect the members of the District Council. The election dates to nominate members of the conference would be 6 February 1947. The elections to the Second District Council were scheduled to be held on 9 April for the Lunleh subdivision and 14 April for the Aizawl subdivision. The Mizo Union who opposed this convened a Block Officer's Conference between 4 and 5 April at the village of Sialsuk. The Mizo Union decided to abstain from the elections. Dengthuama gave a speech stating that:{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=145}}

{{blockquote
|text="Our Superintendent has formed a District Conference which does not really represent the district because the number of seats is exactly equal for the commoners and the chiefs. Only 300 chiefs should have twenty seats and more than 1.5 laks people having the same number of seat is a definite injustice. So we cannot participate in that election. On 5 April we metand resolved that we cannot participate."
}}

As a result of this declaration, the Mizo Union boycotted the second district council elections. There were no candidates from the Lunglei subdivision while 300 candidates from the Aizawl subdivision placed themselves on the ballot.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=145}}

===Second District Council election===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ '''District Council Results April 1947 '''{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=150}}
|-
! Circle
! Chiefs
! Village
! Commoners
! Village
|-
| 1.
| Lalsailova
| Kelsih
| R. Vanlawma
| Thakthing
|-
| 2.
| Khhawkunga
| Bukpui
| Zaia
| Lungmuat
|-
| 3.A.
| Lamlira
| Hmuizawl
| Lianthangpuia
| Saizawl
|-
| 3.B.
| Lalindia
| Khawruhlian
| Khenkhama
| Phuaibuang
|-
| 4.A.
| Awksarala
| Phullen
| Pastor Liangkhaia
| Saitual
|-
| 4.B.
| Lalzidinga
| Khawdungsei
| Laithuama
| Tualcheng
|-
| 5.
| Laltawna
| Bungzung
| Manliana
| Zotlang
|-
| 6.
| Lalthiama
| Sialhawk
| Chawlkhuma C.I.
| Biate
|-
| 7.
| Lalzuala
| Baktawng
| Lalhmuaka
| Lenchim
|-
| 8.
| Saihnuna
| Mualcheng
| Pastor Saitawna
| Mualcheng
|-
| 9.
| Lalthawvenga
| Sailam
| Thanbuka
| Sailam
|-
| 10.
| Vanhnuaithanga
| Lungleng
| Lalthangdula
| Arte
|-
| 11.
| Lalbuanga
| Tukkalh
| Sena
| hmunpui
|}

===Chieftainship and the UMFO===
Groups of volunteers were established to campaign for the Mizo Union and popular issue of independence. Vankhama, Lalrinliana went to Sialsuk, Vanlalliana and Challeta went to Champhai, Ngura went to the northeast while Thangridema Thantuma went to Baktawng. However the intention of spreading the idea of independence was ineffective as most rural inhabitants had little to no interest in the future of the Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=53}} The volunteers noticed that the issue of chieftainship had become a topic of rural individuals becoming tired of working under chiefs. {{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=54}}

====Mizo Union split====
A majority of the Mizo Union supported union with India.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=98}} However towards independence, a faction known as the right wing formed out of the party. They consisted of businessmen located in Aizawl with links to chiefs who preferred alternatives to rule under India. Political scientist, Prof Coupland's Crown Colony Scheme became the initial source of support for this minority of the Mizo Union. The scheme would oversaw Zo-Kuki-Chin areas placed under a unified colony under British rule. {{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=132}} Saprawnga and L.B Thanga formulated a scheme to carve out a new party known as the Mizo Union Council. This party would become the precursor to the [[United Mizo Freedom Organization]] who would be influenced by Burmese Mizos.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=98}} A Burmese ex-military officer Lalbiakthanga formed the UMFO on 5 July 1947. Lalmawia Khiangte a former King's Commission Emergency Officer during WW2 British government held the position of general secretary. However, the party was known as ''Zalen Pawl'', which meant the party of the privileged. They failed to make serious political gains to offset ascension to India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal|date=April 2016 |title=The Uprising: Colonial State, Christian Missionaries and Anti-Slavery Movement in North-East India (1908-1954) |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/10383 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-946089-2}}</ref>

===Report of the Bordoloi Sub-Committee===
Report of the Bordoloi Sub-Committee was submitted on 28 July 1947. It recommended for the formation of an autonomous district council for the Lushai Hills District. The council would be between 20 and 40 members and elected on the basis of adult franchise. The council would be empowered to form and enforce their own laws within their jurisdiction. The council furthermore was granted oversight on the institutions of [[Mizo Chieftainship|chieftainship]] such as inheritance, succession and customary laws. The report further supported the creation of the Pawi-Lakher Regional Council in the southern area of the Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=148}}

===L.L. Peters===
After the departure of A.R.H. MacDonald, D.A. Penn became superintendent for a short period before Leonard Lamb Peters was assigned. Peters held a meeting on 14 August 1947 to discuss the options for the future of Lushai Hills, whether to remain with India, join Burma, or become independent. Amajority of the delegates at the meeting supported a union with India based on the belief that a guarantee can be maintained on the maintenance of existing safeguards on their customary laws and land rights. The meeting also oversaw a memorandum that allowed the Lushai Hills to opt out of the Indian Union in ten years based on a referendum.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=155}} The assurance of the maintenance of the Chin Hills Regulation of 1896 and the Bengal Western Frontier Regulation of 1873 were maintained to preserve the Mizo identity.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=58}}

===Indian Independence===
Plans had been made for the independence parade. The Mizo Union sought to carry out a celebration but were opposed by dissidents who supported independence namely the Mizo Union under Pachhunga. The Mizo Union branch of Dawrpui strongly opposed the celebration. Vanlawma wrote a letter to Khawtinkhuma to cease plans for the procession. A further notice was sent by the faction to Peters to inform him not to hoist the tricolour flag. {{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=155}}{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=58}} The Mizo Union Dawrpui branch held a meeting with Christian hymns and prayers and sang of mobilising weapons to march. The group opposed the idea of a Christian people becoming part of a Hindu majority nation. Guns, grenades were collected to prevent the procession from happening.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=59}} The matter continued to escalate until the Mizo Union president, Khatinkhuma, threatened to resign if the procession continued.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=59}}{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=156}} The Indian flag was not hoisted openly out of fear of conflict. Three volunteers were stationed outside Superintendent Peter's bungalow ready to take down the Indian flag if he hoisted it. However, Peters stated that there was no flag to hoist.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=59}} On the other hand, a farewell to the British was given in Dawrpui in Aizawl which hosted a large crowd.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=156}} The Lushai Hills was succeeded as the [[Mizo district|autonomous Lushai Hills district of Assam]].

==Economy==

===Lushai Hills Cotton Industries===
[[File:Lushai labourers in the reid house.jpg|thumb|Lushai workers in the Reid House storage building.]]
The traditional Mizo tribes possessed talent in [[Mizo craft|Mizo handicraft]] in cotton weaving. While the Bengal Home Industries Association of Calcutta attempted to leverage this talent, no agreement was reached. The District Officer took the initiative in commercializing and educating Mizo labourers in cotton production skills as a safeguard against the failure of rice crops. A cottage industries Organisation was financed privately by the district officer and his wife, who was personally versed in textiles. The decision to privately finance the cotton industry in the Lushai Hills stemmed from the central government's reluctance to invest in a venture and a need to curb [[Christian revival]]ism growing in communities.{{sfn| McCall| 1949|p=270}}
[[File:Cotton bazaar at Aizawl.jpg|thumb|A Cotton bazaar situated in Aizawl for the Lushai Cotton Industries.]]
[[File:Hand ginning cotton.jpg|thumb|The hand ginning of cotton by Lushai workers.|left]]
In the months of leisure in the jhumming cycle, labourers would spend time producing a rug made of unspun, white, tufted, local cotton.{{sfn| McCall|1949|p=271}} The Lushai Hills Cotton Industries began to train and upskill Mizo labourers into looming craftmanship which as a domino effect led to craftsmen spreading these teachings to other villagers. Quality control of rug productions would see only 20% of rugs marketable and profitable. As a measure, rejections carried a guarantee of full market price if a second replacement rug of high quality could be submitted.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=273}}
[[File:Seperating cotton with rice water.jpg|thumb|Separation of cotton with rice water.|left]]
The [[Imperial Brands|Imperial Tobacco Company]] assisted with the enterprise of cotton industries under the resident manager in India, R.G Baker who offered to accept first grade rugs as gifts in the coupon system of the company. This eased the trouble of marketability and exportation in the hilly and rugged terrain of the Lushai Hills. The saleability of rugs increased from 20% and began to compete with substandard rugs in the broader market. The product was now considered higher quality under hand spun cotton, tightly stuffed and bound by the woof.{{sfn| McCall|1949|p=273}}
[[File:Ms McCall organising Lushai cottage industriues.jpg|thumb|Mrs McCall organizing the Lushai Hills Cotton Industries Program.]][[File:Lushai weaver with tobacco pipe.jpg|thumb|Lushai weaver with a tobacco pipe.|left]]
Lushai craftsmen in cotton industries were being sent to Calcutta to Dr. Boege, a general manager of a trading company, for training in synthetic saying. The growing industry prompted Governor of Assam Robert Reid and his spouse to become patrons with the construction of the Reid House to provide offices, workspace, stock rooms, packing and dyes.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=274}} This supplied dyes for free with a specially trained dyer. The interests and influence of the Reid house promoted second cash bows to villages, improved employability and social status of women, employed the disabled and crippled, revival of Lushai hand-looming culture, and encouragement of research into the usage of natural resources of the Lushai hills into fields such as medicine, metalworking etc.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=276-277}} Issues in the cotton industries were resolved with well off and influential individuals such as Chhuakhama, Pachhunga and Thanga who negotiated agreements with the Imperial Tobacco Company at their personal expense.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=278}}

===Urbanisation===
The Mizos were historically a nomadic people. They would migrate from their traditional village sites every seven to ten years, according to J.M. Lloyd. The annexation of the Lushai Hills ended nomadism among the Mizos via various policies. Nag argues that the curbing of raiding and warfare among the tribes provided substantial security and confidence in law and order. Other factors such as the growth of the Church and beginning of education further complimented this change.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=95}} The British government also surveyed Mizoram and finalized the issues of land ownership and competing claims. New processes of cultivation were introduced to the tribes and the growth of the administrative apparatus recruited Mizos into government offices and other spheres of influence. This change the traditional Mizo economy and provided security. The building of churches in villages also encouraged permanent residence. According to missionaries Clark and Chapman, the practice ofmoving villages fell into disuse when every village had its own church and were reluctant to abandon their worship site which they had built themselves. As a result, houses in villages were also permanently constructed.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=96}}

The British also took responsibility for the construction of roads. The British initially began road construction during their military expeditions and operations for the purpose of administrative convenience. The first road constructed was the Aizawl-Changsil road with a distance of 16 miles. This was followed by the Aizawl-Silchar road via Duarbond completed in 1893.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=98}}

In the Lushai Hills, the Mizo people traditionally used messengers to relay and communicate messages. After the British annexation a post office was established at Aizal and Changsil separately in 1890. Postal mail would be transported via mailrunners. In 1908 the superintendent of the Lushai Hills assumed charge as Superintendent of the Post Offices and Aizawl to improve post services.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=99}} The post office continued to expand and by 1947 there were 14 branches of the post office in Mizoram. Telegraphs were installed in Mizoram in 1894 via Kolasib.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=100}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Roads in Mizoram-Chin Hills{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=98-99}}
|-
! Name
! Distance
! Time period
|-
| Sairang-Silchar
| {{miokm|120}}
| 1890s
|-
| Lunglei-Chittagong
| {{miokm|140}}
| 1890s
|-
| Haka-Kalawm
| {{miokm|150}}
| 1890s
|-
|Fort White-Tiddim
| {{miokm|24}}
| 1890s
|-
|Lunglei-Haka
|{{miokm|130}}
|1890s
|-
|Haka-Kan
|{{miokm|65}}
|1890s
|-
|Aizawl-Sairang
|{{miokm|13.5}}
|1920s
|-
|Aizawl Station road
|{{miokm|6}}
|1920s
|-
|Sairang Station road
|{{miokm|2}}
|1920s
|-
|Lunglei Station road
|{{miokm|2.38}}
|1920s
|-
|Demagiri Station road
|{{miokm|1}}
|1920s
|-
|Aizawl-Changsil
|{{miokm|6.35}}
|1930s
|-
|Aizawl-North Vanlaiphai
|{{miokm|80.25}}
|1930s
|-
|Aizawl-Falam
|{{miokm|102.5}}
|1930s
|-
|Aizawl-Lunglei
|{{miokm|102.5}}
|1930s
|-
|Aizawl-Tipaimukh
|{{miokm|71.78}}
|1930s
|-
|Lock's trace road
|{{miokm|51.75}}
|1930s
|-
|Lunglei-Demagiri
|{{miokm|42.14}}
|1930s
|-
|Lunglei-Haka
|{{miokm|58}}
|1930s
|-
|Lunglei-Serkawr
|{{miokm|67.14}}
|1930s
|-
|Dokham-Kolodyne
|{{miokm|31.25}}
|1930s
|-
|Zongling-Tongkolong
|{{miokm|42}}
|1930s
|-
|Tuiping-Chakhang
|{{miokm|45}}
|1930s
|}

==Education==
The Christian missionaries headed the introduction of education under British rule. Reverend J.H. Lorrain and F.W. Savidge opened a co-ed primary school in Aizawl, the first school in Mizoram. The school was successful until the two missionaries were recalled to Assam, leading to its shutdown. The school was revised in February 1898 under Reverend D.E. Jones. Despite being co-ed, a majority of the students were male.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=83}} In 1899, Reverend [[Edward Rowlands]], who had experience as a teacher took over the work of the school. Parents originally did not see the need for education and this stifled participation in the school despite enthusiasm by children. Justifications were provided that labour was needed for [[jhum|jhum cultivation]] as opposed to being absent for school days.{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=123}}

Children would come to school with their brethren, carrying them on their backs or carrying their siblings. Teaching consisted of reading and writing initially. The syllabus was expanded over time as the school progressed. The pupils mainly attended from nearby villages around Aizawl. For students who stayed in distant villages, John Shakespear arranged a hostel as a small house for them to stay to attend school. In 1902 the school opened two sections, a lower primary section up to Class 3 and an upper primary section up to Class 5. The missionaries and pupils would also work together to bring lessons to villages.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=84}}

Mizo children were educated both at home and in their [[zawlbuk]] and often relayed their knowledge to others. One service on Sunday was devoted to Sunday School for adults to learn to read and write. Alphabetic charts were freely distributed and Sunday school became popular. This would be changed into a Bible study hour as the service became the most popular one. Missionaries would utilize students and graduates of their classes as teachers into the villages to both educate and evangelize. Due to the unpopularity of the [[coolie]] system of forced labour, many individuals began to participate in schools operated by missionaries. As the goal was to establish mass literacy rather than higher education, there was no high school established early on.{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=124}}

The government also opened schools as early as 1893 but they taught in a [[Hindi language|Hindi]] medium and mainly served the children of sepoys stationed in Demagiri, Aizawl and Lunglei. Superintendent Alexander Porteus made a proposal in 1896 to the government of Assam to establish a school for Mizo children. The request was approved and a government school for the Mizos were established on 21 August 1897. In 1903 the government decided to open give near schools every year up to a maximum of 20 schools. The government also encouraged missionaries to encourage the Mizos to take up education and take on roles in school inspection and management.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=84}}

In 1903, nine missionary schools were opened in Mizoram in the villages. These villages were Khawrihnim, Phulpui, Zukbual, Lungtan, Biate, Khawreng, Maita and Hmunpui.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=84}} The government and Christian missionaries worked together to raise the number of lower primary schools to 15 which enrolled a total of 400 students. On 25 June 1903, the first batch of Mizo students attended the lower primary exams. Out of 27 students, 19 succeeded. The exams had covered Handwriting & Dictation in the Lushai Language, Explanation of Mizo pioneer, Arithmetic and English. The exam was conducted by the British government. Despite only 27 individuals taking the exam, the 1901 census showed 2058 literate individuals in the Lushai Hills. 2005 of these individuals were male with only 53 females. Despite several Christian denominations being established in the Lushai Hills, until 1947, only the Presbyterian Mission and the Baptist Mission worked among the Mizos to advance education. The other denominations began to advance education after Indian independence. By the end of British rule, there were 259 Primary schools and 22 Middle English Schools across the whole district. There were only two English High Schools in the Lushai Hills during British rule established late in 1944 in Aizal and 1948 in Lunglei.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=86}}

Both the government and missionaries also sent Mizo students outside the district to expand educational opportunities. Lalziki was a woman whose mother died at four months leading her father to give her up to the Baptist missionaries. She was educated by the missionaries until the age of twelve before being sent to Calcutta for a matriculation examination and going to Madras at the Woman's Christian College for B.A and Delhi for her master's degree at Union Christian College. She was the first woman in the Lushai Hills to obtain a master's degree with the credit of the missionaries' upbringing.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=86}}

The government believed in basic education for the Mizos. They employed local people to run the administration and require the employees to have a basic qualification for the role of serving in the government.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=87}} Superintendent John Shakespear proposed appointing Reverend E. Rowlands as Honorary Inspector of all the existing schools in Mizoram. The Chief Commissioner of Assam approved the proposal and appointed Rowlands for a term from 1903 to 1907. He frequented schools to advance policies and techniques for the growth of education. Missionaries would hold the role of honorary inspector until Indian independence.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=86}} Savidge would go on to suggest the establish of permanent central schools with boarding houses which the superintendent agreed to. The government provided a grant of {{currency|10000|INR}} to provide hostel and additional accommodation alongside a yearly expenditure of {{currency|8720|INR}}. Rowlands argued the policy was successful as the children were away from the influence of their parents.{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=125}}

John Shakespear also introduced scholarships in 1902 for students in lower primary schools as an incentive. The Government of Assam granted eight lower primary scholarships in March 1903 at a rate of {{currency|3|INR}} for two years to performing students. The government furthermore financially assisted the schools. The first grant was to existing mission schools in 1897-1898 of {{currency|333|INR}} and the following year of {{currency|902|INR}}. The Chief Commissioner on a visit to Aizawl in February 1904 granted {{currency|2030|INR}} to the Aizawl mission and {{currency|1440|INR}} to the Lunglei mission. In 1905–1906, the government transferred government schools to the responsibility of the missionaries and bore an expenditure of {{currency|2460|INR}} for teacher salaries. The government continued to expand their grants to the schools of Mizoram over time.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=88}}

In 1925 the Teacher's Training Department was established. It was led by a trained ceterficate teacher known as Mrs Hughes who was assisted by a foreign educated Mizo. The growth in education led to a clash between the missionaries and the government objectives. The missionaries refuted Mizo indigenous culture for the Christian converts while the government attempted to preserve customs such as the [[zawlbuk]], [[Zu (beverage)|zu]] and dances.{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=125}} In 1936 a curriculum was established in both the north and south subdivisions with a common examination in October 1936.{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=126}} McCall stated in ''Lushai Chrysalis'' that the curriculum was unsuited to the Mizos. This was because the curriculum up to the middle standard was influenced by Calcutta University's perception of a matriculation course, which McCall argued failed to meet the needs of a backwards people of a largely agrarian background. McCall believed education became a ticket for social mobility in government jobs rather than preserving local culture.{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=128}}

Education Milestones:{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=87}}
*First Lower Primary Examination in 1903
*First Mizo passed the Matriculation Examination in 1910.
*First Mizo obtained bachelor's degree in 1924.
*First Mizo (male) obtained master's degree in 1945.
*First Mizo female (Lalziki) obtained master's degree in 1952.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Chaltuahkhuma |title=History of Mizoram |date=1987 |publisher=M.D.C and Sons |location=Aizawl |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467312/page/n1/mode/2up |access-date=11 February 2025}}
* {{cite book |last1=Liangkhaia |title=Mizo Chanchin |date=1938 |publisher=L.T.L. Publications |location=Aizawl |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467315/mode/2up |access-date=18 September 2025|language=Mizo|trans-title=Mizo History}}
* {{cite book|last=McCall|first=Anthony Gilchrist|title=Lushai Chrysalis|year=1949|publisher=Luzac|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16549/mode/2up}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Malsawmdawngliana |title=Exploring the new world: The first world war experience |journal=Historical Journal Mizoram |date=2018 |volume=XIX |issue=1 |pages=179–188 |url=https://historicaljournalmizoram.in/2020/03/ |access-date=17 October 2025}}
* {{cite book |last=Nunthara |first=C |date=1996 |title=Mizoram: Society and Polity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jksn3c85KOkC&dq=mizo+chief&pg=PA24 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |isbn=81-7387-059-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Sangkima|date=2004 |title=Essays on the History of the Mizos |location=Guwahati |publisher=Spectrum Publications|isbn=81-87502-77-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Samuelson |first=Ramchuani Sena|date=1985 |title=Love Mizoram|location=Imphal |publisher=Goodwill Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Vanlawma |first=R.|date=1969 |title=Ka Ram Leh Kei (My Country and I) |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467575/mode/1up |location=Aizawl |publisher=Zalen Publishing House |access-date=19 January 2025|language=Mizo}}
*{{cite book |last=Zorema |first=J. |date=2007 |title=Indirect Rule in Mizoram: 1890-1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYwpt38dYIIC&dq=bawi+lushai&pg=PR7 |location=New Delhi |oclc=271837683 |ol=48056042M |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-229-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Nag |first1=Chitta Ranjan |title=Mizo polity and political modernisation: precolonial and colonial institutions |date=1998 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |location=New Delhi}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lalrimawia |title=Mizoram History and Cultural Identity (1890-1947) |date=1995 |publisher=Spectrum Publications |location=Guwahati}}
*{{cite book |last1=Zatluanga |title=Mizo Chanchin |date=1966 |publisher=Zatluanga |location=Aizawl|language=Mizo|trans-title=Mizo History}}

[[Category:20th century in Mizoram]]
[[Category:1947 disestablishments in British India]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia]]

Gangdwar

2026-04-27T15:57:30Z

DellCarone401: New

{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

'''Gangdwar''' is a large village located in [[Andhratharhi]] Block of [[Madhubani district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]] with total 1142 families residing. The Gangdwar village has population of 5293 of which 2831 are males while 2462 are females as per Population Census 2011.

In Gangdwar village population of children with age 0-6 is 860 which makes up 16.25% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Gangdwar village is 870 which is lower than Bihar state average of 918. Child Sex Ratio for the Gangdwar as per census is 842, lower than Bihar average of 935.

Gangdwar village has lower literacy rate compared to Bihar. In 2011, literacy rate of Gangdwar village was 56.42% compared to 61.80% of Bihar. In Gangdwar Male literacy stands at 67.81% while female literacy rate was 43.40%.

As per constitution of India and [[Panchyati Raaj Act]], Gangdwar village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is elected representative of village.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

* Gangdwar Data

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Particulars !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Total No. of Houses || 1,142 || - || -
|-
| Population || 5,293 || 2,831 || 2,462
|-
| Child (0-6) || 860 || 467 || 393
|-
| Schedule Caste || 1,113 || 590 || 523
|-
| Schedule Tribe || 5 || 2 || 3
|-
| Literacy || 56.42% || 67.81% || 43.40%
|-
| Total Workers || 2,311 || 1,396 || 915
|-
| Main Worker || 1,467 || 33,357 || 0
|-
| Marginal Worker || 844 || 443 || 401
|}

[[Category:Villages in Madhubani district]]

{{Madhubani-geo-stub}}

Mising Agom Kébang

2026-04-25T21:03:56Z

DellCarone401: Put up a stub more to come

{{More citations needed|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Mising Agom Kébang
| logo = Mising_Agom_Kebang,_logo.jpg
| caption =
| abbreviation = MAK
| formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|18 April 1972}}
| type = Literary society
| purpose = Preservation and development of Mising language and literature
| headquarters = Karichuk, [[Dhemaji]], Assam, India
| language = [[Mising language]]
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Mg. Harinarayan Pegu
| website = {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110107130241/http://www.misingagomkebang.org/ misingagomkebang.org]}}
| former_name =
}}

The '''Mising Agom Kébang''' ('''MAK''') is a non-governmental organisation which aims to preserve and develop the [[Mising language]], a language of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh, India. It was established on 18 April 1972 at Disangmukh in the district of [[Sivasagar]], Assam, India.<ref>[http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jan3014/state06 Mising Agom Kebang session at Dhemaji from today], ''Assam Tribune''</ref> The jurisdiction of MAK is the state of Assam, and it operates through its branches, named Bangke Agom Kébang (BAK).

==History==
Nahendra Padun, a research student at [[Gauhati University]] and Prof. [[Tabu Taid]], a lecturer in English at [[Cotton University]], [[Guwahati]], considered carrying the efforts of the Guwahati Mising Kebang at the level of the Mising community as a whole. They organized an open meeting at Disangmukh, [[Sibsagar]] district, Assam on 17 and 18 April 1972. After deliberations, a resolution was adopted in the meeting on 18 April 1972 to set up an organization named Mising Agom Kebang (MAK), with Tabu Ram Taid as its first president and Nahendra Padun as its first secretary.

==Activities==
The MAK took up the question of a suitable script for the [[Mishing language|Mising language]]. After a series of seminars and discussions, it decided to adopt the Roman system of writing for the language with extensive modification in the light of phonetic science and graphology vis-a-vis the phonemics of Mising.<ref>[https://archive.today/20141229172007/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130221/jsp/northeast/story_16580423.jsp%23.VKGKIl4BgA Language builds a bond - Misings & Adis to use common modified script], ''The Telegraph''</ref>

MAK has also launched publications of books and periodicals written in Mising language as well as on Mising language, literature, and culture, beginning with the publication of school primers. MAK also took up with the government of Assam for the introduction of Mising language in the primary schools in Mising villages, and in 1985 the government agreed to do so.

== See also ==
* [[Mising Baptist Kebang]]
* [[Takam Mising Porin Kebang]]
* [[Bodo Sahitya Sabha]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110107130241/http://www.misingagomkebang.org/ www.misingagomkebang.org]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150217072140/http://macgov.in/index.htm Mising Autonomous Council website]
* [http://www.misingonline.com/blog/tag/tmpk/ misingonline.com] – website on TMPK

{{Assam}}

[[Category:Dhemaji district]]
[[Category:Culture of Assam]]

Divya Kumar (singer)

2026-04-24T14:36:50Z

DellCarone401: Adding

{{Short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Divya Kumar
| image = Divya Kumar Singer.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Divya Kumar
| birth_name = Divya Kumar
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 2011–present
}}

'''Divya Kumar''' is an Indian [[playback singer]] who has lent his voice in a number of [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and other language films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=90s music should not be recreated: singer Divya Kumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/90s-music-should-not-be-recreated-singer-divya-kumar/ |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/I-would-love-to-not-get-typecast-Divya-Kumar/articleshow/22514714.cms|title=I would love to not get typecast: Divya Kumar|website=The Times of India|date=13 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Divya Kumar: My biggest dream is to sing for Shahrukh Khan & A.R. Rahman |url=https://www.glamsham.com/en/divya-kumar-my-biggest-dream-is-to-sing-for-shahrukh-khan-ar-rahman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009160501/https://www.glamsham.com/en/divya-kumar-my-biggest-dream-is-to-sing-for-shahrukh-khan-ar-rahman |archive-date=9 October 2019 |access-date= |website=Glamsham|date=17 June 2014 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Divya Kumar comes from a musical family. His grandfather, Pandit Shivram, was a composer for many regional films in India, and for [[V. Shantaram]]'s films. His father, Bhagwan Shivram, is a musician and has recorded with [[RD Burman]], [[Jatin–Lalit]] and [[Himesh Reshamiya]].His Bollywood break was with Gujraj Singh on the film ''Tutiya Dil''. Since then, he has gone on to sing some popular songs like "Shubhaarambh" for the film ''Kai Po Che'', "Chanchal Man Ati Random" for the film [[Shuddh Desi Romance]], and was featured on "Daingad Daingad" from the film ''Humpty Sharma ki Dulhania''.

He also sang in the Farhan Akhtar starrer movie [[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]], singing "Maston Ka Jhund" (music by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]).
In 2013, he sang in [[Finding Fanny]] and [[Ghanchakkar (film)|Ghanchakkar]], and was a part of [[MTV]] India's prestigious 'MTV Unplugged', which dedicated an entire episode to his hits.
He has also appeared on MTV's other prestigious musical show "[[MTV Unplugged]]". He sang in a serial called [[Satrangi Sasural]] as a playback singer and the theme music composed by [[Sachin–Jigar]]. In 2017 he sung a title song for three international award-winning Rajasthani film [[Taawdo The Sunlight (Rajasthani Film)|Taawdo The Sunlight]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/preeti-jhangianis-first-rajasthani-film-taawdo-wins-a-big-at-riff/articleshow/56668369.cms | title=Preeti Jhangiani wins best actor award for 'Taawdo' at RIFF | date=29 January 2017 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=8 June 2019 }}</ref>

==Discography==

===Hindi===
{{pending films key}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Hindi film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song name
! scope="col" | Composer
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
|-
|rowspan="2"|2012 ||''Tutiya Dil'' ||"Alakh Niranjan" ||Gulraj Singh ||
|-
|''[[Ishaqzaade]]'' || "Aafton Ke Parindey"|| rowspan="3"|[[Amit Trivedi]] ||[[Suraj Jagan]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|2013|| ''[[Kai Po Che]]'' ||"Shubhaarambh" ||[[Shruti Pathak]]
|-
|''[[Ghanchakkar (film)|Ghanchakkar]]'' ||"Allah Meherbaan" ||
|-
|''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]''|| "Maston Ka Jhund"|| [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] ||
|-
|''[[Shuddh Desi Romance]]'' ||"Chancal Man Ati Random" ||rowspan="4"|[[Sachin–Jigar]] ||
|-
|rowspan="7"|2014||''[[Finding Fanny]]'' ||"Shake your Bootiya" ||
|-
|''[[Happy Ending (2014 film)|Happy Ending]]'' ||"G Phaad Ke" ||[[Shefali Alvares]]
|-
|''[[Happy Ending (2014 film)|Happy Ending]]'' ||"Paaji Tussi Such a Pussy Cat" || [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]], [[Jigar Saraiya]]
|-
|''[[Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania]]''||"Daingad Daingad"||[[Udit Narayan]], [[Akriti Kakkar]], [[Pratibha Baghel]], Deepali Sathe, Niharkia Sinha
|-
||''[[Main Tera Hero]]'' ||"Shanivaar Raati" ||[[Sajid–Wajid]]||[[Arijit Singh]], [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
|-
| ''[[Shaadi Ke Side Effects]]''||"Harry's Not a Brahmachari"||[[Pritam]]||[[Jazzy B]], [[Ishq Bector]]
|-
|''[[Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami]]''||"Tod De Kataar"||[[Ram Sampath]]||[[Labh Janjua]], Ram Sampath
|-
|rowspan="19"|2015 || rowspan="2"|''[[Badlapur (film)|Badlapur]]'' || "Jee Karda" ||rowspan="2"|Sachin–Jigar||
|-
|"Jee Karda (Rock Version)"||
|-
|''[[Dolly Ki Doli]]''||"Dolly Ki Doli - Title Track" || Sajid-Wajid ||
|-
|''Runh''||"Runh fitata fite na"||[[Sangeet-Siddharth]]||
|-
|''[[Manjhi - The Mountain Man]]'' || "Dum Kham"|| Hitesh Sonik ||
|-
|''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2]]''||"Moorakh"||Shaarib-Toshi||
|-
|''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]''||"Phir Bhi Yeh Zindagi"||Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy||[[Farhan Akhtar]], [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Alyssa Mendonsa]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|''[[ABCD 2]]''||"Sunn Saathiya"||rowspan="5"|Sachin–Jigar||[[Priya Saraiya]]
|-
|"Vande Mataram"||[[Daler Mehndi]], Tanishka Sanghvi, [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
|-
|"Chunar"||[[Arijit Singh]]
|-
|"Hey Ghanraya"||
|-
|''[[Hero (2015 Hindi film)|Hero]]'' || "Jab We Met" || [[Rahul Pandey]], [[Shalmali Kholgade]], [[Sachin-Jigar|Jigar Saraiya]]
|-
|''[[Guddu Rangeela]]''||"Guddu Rangeela (Title Track)"||colspan="2"|[[Amit Trivedi]]
|-
|''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|Baahubali]]'' (Dubbed version)||"Manohari"||[[M. M. Keeravani]]||[[Neeti Mohan]]
|-
|''Monsoon''||"Sohni Kudi"||Biswajit Bhatacharjee||
|-
|''[[Shaandaar (2015 film)|Shaandaar]]''||"Raita Phail Gaya"||[[Amit Trivedi]]||
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon]]''||"Jugni Peeke Tight Hai (Version 1)"
|rowspan=2|Amjad-Nadeem|| [[Kanika Kapoor]]
|-
|"Jugni Peeke Tight Hai (Version 2)" ||Sukriti Kakkar
|-
|''[[Meeruthiya Gangsters]]'' || "Babaji Ka Ghanta"|| ||
|-
|rowspan="7"|2016||''[[Housefull 3]]''||"Pyar Ki Maa Ki"||[[Sharib Sabri|Sharib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]]||[[Sharib Sabri|Sharib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]], [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Anmol Malik]], Earl Edgar
|-
|''[[Airlift (film)|Airlift]]''||"Mera Nachan Nu"||[[Amaal Mallik]]||Brijesh Shandilya, [[Amaal Mallik]]
|-
|''[[Te3n]]''||"Rootha"||[[Clinton Cerejo]]||[[Benny Dayal]], Bianca Gomes
|-
|''[[Freaky Ali]]''||" Din Mein Karengey Jagrata"||Sajid-Wajid||[[Swati Sharma]], [[Sajid-Wajid|Wajid Khan]]
|-
|''[[Jai Gangaajal]]'' || "Binu Baadar"||[[Salim-Sulaiman]]||
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[A Flying Jatt]]''
|"Bhangda Pa"
|rowspan=2|Sachin-Jigar
|Vishal Dadlani, [[Asees Kaur]]
|-
|"Khair Mangda"
|[[Atif Aslam]]
|-
|rowspan="8"|2017||''[[Who is the first wife of my father]]''||"Eso Jiya Main"||
|
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Simran (film)|Simaran]]''||" Majaa Ni Life"
|rowspan=3|Sachin-Jigar
|rowspan=2|Shalmali Kholgade
|-
|"Single Rehne De"
|-
|''[[Bhoomi (2017 film)|Bhoomi]]''||"Will You Marry Me"
|[[Jonita Gandhi]]
|-
|''[[Fukrey Returns]]'' ||"Peh Gaya Khalara"||[[Jasleen Royal]]||[[Akasa Singh]], Jasleen Royal, Akanksha Bhandari
|-
|''[[Flat 211]]''||"Ek Din Chalegi Saali"||Prakash Prabhakar||
|-
|''[[Dil Jo Na Keh Saka]]'' ||"Band Vyah Da Baje"|| Shail-Pritesh || Pratibha Singh Baghel
|-
|''[[Lucknow Central]]'' || "Kavan Kavan" ||Arjunna Harjai, [[Sukhwinder Singh]]||
|-
| rowspan="16" |2018||''[[Veere Di Wedding]]''||"Laaj Sharam"||White Noise||Jasleen Royal, Embee
|-
|''[[Bhavesh Joshi]]''||"Chavanprash"||[[Amit Trivedi]] ||Pragati Joshi, Arohi Mhatre
|-
|''[[3 Dev]]''||"Ban Dance Mein Kutta"||Sajid–Wajid||Uvie & Shivi
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran]]''||"Thare Vaaste"||rowspan="4"|[[Sachin–Jigar]]||
|-
|"Kasumbi"||
|-
|''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]''||"Jaaga Hindustan"||
|-
|''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]''||"Kamariya"||[[Aastha Gill]]
|-
|''[[Fanney Khan]]''||"Halka Halka"||[[Amit Trivedi]]||[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
|''[[Paltan (film)|Paltan]]''||"Paltan Title Track"||rowspan="2"|[[Anu Malik]]
|Irfan, Adarsh, Khuda Baksh
|-
|''[[Sui Dhaaga]]''||"Sab Badiya Hain" ||
|-
|''When Obama Loved Osama''
|"Muft Ki Mila Bas"
|Kashi Richard
|[[Bhoomi Trivedi]]
|-
|''[[Loveyatri]]''||"Loveyatri Title Track"||[[JAM8]]||Harjot Kaur, Ana Rehman
|-
|''[[Kaashi in Search of Ganga]]''||"Bum Bum Bole Kaashi"||[[Vipin Patwa]]||[[Daler Mehndi]], Swati Sharma
|-
|''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]''||"Issaqbaazi"||[[Ajay–Atul]]||[[Sukhwinder Singh]]
|-
|''[[Halkaa]]'' || "Halkaa Ho Ja Re" ||Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy|| Ankita Kundu
|-
|''[[Udanchhoo]]''||"Money Money"||Atharva Joshi ||
|-
|rowspan=6|2019
|''[[Hume Tumse Pyaar Kitna]]''||"Gehra Halka"||[[Jeet Gannguli]]||
|-
|''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]]''|| "Basanti No Dance" || [[Ajay–Atul]]||Prem Areni, Janardhan Dhatrak & Chaitally Parmar
|-
|''[[Dabangg 3]]'' || "Hud Hud" || Sajid-Wajid || [[Shabab Sabri]], [[Sajid-Wajid|Sajid Khan]]
|-
|''[[One Day: Justice Delivered]]'' ||"Tooh Hila Lo"||Joy-Anjaan||Farhad, [[Tia Bajpai]]
|-
|''[[Ujda Chaman]]'' || "Chand Nikla"||Gourov-Roshin ||
|-
|[[Bala (2019 film)|''Bala'']] || "Tequila"
|rowspan=4|[[Sachin–Jigar]] || Jigar Saraiya
|-
|rowspan=7|2020
|rowspan=2|''[[Street Dancer 3D]]''||"Gann Deva"||Sachin–Jigar
|-
|"Mile Sur"||[[Navraj Hans]], [[Shalmali Kholgade]], [[Vayu Shrivastav]], IP Singh
|-
|''[[Angrezi Medium]]''||"Laadki"||
|-
|''[[Panga (film)|Panga]]''
|"Panga - Title Track"
|Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy
|[[Harshdeep Kaur]], [[Siddharth Mahadevan]]
|-
|''[[Jai Mummy Di]]''
|"Ajaa Ajaa"
|Rishi-Siddharth
|
|-
|''[[Khaali Peeli]]''||"Shana Dil"
| [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|
|-
|''[[Suraj Pe Mangal Bhari]]''
|"Dauda Dauda"
|[[Javed-Mohsin]]
|[[Mohsin Shaikh]]
|-
|rowspan=6|2021
|[[Roohi (2021 film)|''Roohi'']]
|"Panghat"
|[[Sachin–Jigar]]
|[[Asees Kaur]], [[Sachin–Jigar]] and Rap by Mellow D
|-
|''[[Kya Meri Sonam Gupta Bewafa Hai?]]''
|"Wallpaper Maiyya Ka"
|
|[[Payal Dev]]
|-
|''[[Sardar Ka Grandson]]''
|"Bandeya"
|[[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|
|-
|''[[Mera Fauji Calling]]''
|"Hum Apne Watan Pe Mar Gaye"
| Sajjad Ali Chandwani
|
|-
|''[[Toofaan]]''
|"Star Hai Tu"
| Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy
| Himani Kapoor, Siddharth Mahadevan
|-
|[[Velle (film)|''Velle'']]
|"Raakh Ka Dariya"
| [[Sohail Sen]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
|''[[Hai Tujhe Salaam India]]''
|"Beauty Pe Sity"
|Sagar Bhatia
|Shivani Bhatt
|-
|[[HIT: The First Case (2022 film)|''HIT: The First Case'']]
|"Kahani Baki Hai"
|[[Manan Bhardwaj]]
|
|-
|[[Jaadugar (2022 film)|''Jaadugar'']]
|"Game Ka Prem"
|Nilotpal Bora
|Nilotpal Bora
|-
|[[Bhediya (film)|''Bhediya'']]
|"Thumkeshwari"
|rowspan=2|Sachin-Jigar
|[[Ash King]], Rashmeet Kaur
|-
|''[[Dasvi]]''
|"Macha Macha Re"
|[[Mika Singh]], MellowD
|-
|rowspan=2|2023
|''[[Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar]]''
|"Maine Pee Rakhi Hain"
|[[Pritam]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|''[[Fukrey 3]]''
|"Atrangi Kissa"
|Sumeet Bellary
|Gandharv Sachdev
|-
| rowspan="8" |2024
|''[[Ruslaan]]''
|"Dua-E-Khair"
|Rajat Nagpal
|
|-
|''[[Kaam Chalu Hai]]''
|"Ram Naam Satya Hai (Unplugged)"
|[[Palash Muchhal]]
|
|-
|''[[Ae Watan Mere Watan]]''
|"Julia"
|Shashi-Suman
|Shashi
|-
|''[[Dukaan]]''
|"Train Song"
|[[Shreyas Puranik]]
|Ananya Wadkar, [[Prajakta Shukre]], [[Meenal Jain]], Apurva Nisshad
|-
|''[[Kakuda (film)|Kakuda]]''
|"Bhasma"
|colspan=2|Gulraj Singh
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Stree 2]]''
|"Aaj Ki Raat"
|rowspan=2|Sachin-Jigar
|[[Madhubanti Bagchi]]
|-
|"Aayi Nahi"
|[[Pawan Singh]], [[Simran Choudhary]]
|-
|''[[Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video]]''
|"Sajna Ve Sajna"
|rowspan=2|[[Sachin-Jigar|White Noise Collectives]]
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
|rowspan=6|2025
|''[[Raid 2 (film)|Raid 2]]''
|"Nasha"
|[[Jasmine Sandlas]], [[Sachet-Parampara|Sachet Tandon]], Sumontho Mukherjee
|-
|''[[Ground Zero (2025 film)|Ground Zero]]''
|"Fateh"
|[[Sunny and Inder Bawra]]
|
|-
|''[[Jolly LLB 3]]''
| "Ichakdana"
|Aman Pant
|Aman Pant, Akhil Tiwari, Pardhaan
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Thamma]]''
| "Tum Mere Na Huye"
|rowspan=2|Sachin–Jigar
|Madhubanti Bagchi, [[Rana Mazumder]], Sumonto Mukherjee
|-
| "Poison Baby"
|Jasmine Sandlas, Sumonto Mukherjee, Abhishek Singh, Noor Parmar, Hitesh Purani
|-
|''[[Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat]]''
| "Dil Dil Dil"
| Rajat Nagpal
| Sunidhi Chauhan
|-
|2026
|''[[Ikkis]]''
|"Biraadar Yamma Yamma"
|White Noise Collectives
|Sumontho Mukherjee
|}

===Telugu===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Telugu film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-Singer(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Note(s)
|-
|2013
| ''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]''
| "Rangoli Rangoli"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2015
| ''[[Surya vs Surya]]''
| "Preme Santosham"
|[[Sai Karthik]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Akhil (film)|Akhil]]''
|"Akkineni Akkineni"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
|"Mahalinga"
| rowspan="2" |[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Dubbed
|-
|"Gajanana"
|-
| ''[[Kick 2]]''
|"Jenda Pai Kapiraju"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
| ''[[Dictator (2016 film)|Dictator]]''
| "Gam Gam Ganesha"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|Deepak, Sai Charan, Nivas
|
|-
| ''[[Krishnashtami]]''
|"Lefto Punjabi Dressu"
|Dinesh
|[[Mamta Sharma]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2017
| ''[[Goutham Nanda]]''
| "Black & White"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]''
| "Raavana"
| rowspan="3" |[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vunnadhi Okate Zindagi]]''
|"Rayyi Rayyi Mantu"
|
|
|-
| ''[[Middle Class Abbayi]]''
| "Yevandoi Nani Garu"
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sapthagiri LLB]]''
|"Are Are Ek Dham"
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018
| rowspan="2" |''[[Padmaavat]]''
|"Jhommani Jhommani"
| rowspan="2" |[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
|
| rowspan="2" |Dubbed
|-
|"Gaji Biji"
|
|-
| ''[[Bharat Ane Nenu]]''
| "Vachaadayyo Saami"
| [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Thugs of Hindostan]]''
| "Vashmalle"
| rowspan="2" |[[Ajay–Atul]]
|
| rowspan="2" |Dubbed
|-
| "Majjare Khudha"
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Dabangg 3]]''
| "Hud Hud"
| [[Sajid–Wajid]]
|
| Dubbed
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Aswathama (film)|Aswathama]]''
| "Title Song"
| Sri Charan Pakala
|
|
|}

=== Gujarati ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Gujarati film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song name
! scope="col" | Composer
|-
|2013
|''Happy Family Pvt Ltd''
|"Title Track"
|Chhavi Sodhani Joshi, Advait Nemlekar
|-
|2014
|''[[Bey Yaar]]''
|"Peecha Raja"
| rowspan="3" |[[Sachin–Jigar]]
|-
|2016
|''[[Wrong Side Raju]]!''
|"Gori Radha Ne Kado Kaan"
|-
|2017
|''[[Chor Bani Thangaat Kare]]''
|"Chor Bani Thangaat Kare (Title Track)"
|-
|2017
|''Colorbaaj''
|"Janam Janam"
|Pallav Baruah
|-
|2018
|[[Reva (film)|''Reva'']]
|"Title Track"
|Amar Khandha
|-
|2018
|''[[Chhutti Jashe Chhakka]]''
|"Color Color Which Color?"
|Kedar-Bhargav
|-
|2019
|[[Baap Re Baap (2019 film)|''Baap Re Baap'']]
|"Andharya Raste"
|Rajiv Bhatt
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Kehvatlal Parivar]]''
|"Holi Aavi Aavi"
|[[Sachin–Jigar]]
|-
|''Aum Mangalam Singlem''
|"Khune Thi Khune Thi"
|Sachin-Jigar
|-
|2024
|''[[Vanilla Ice Cream (film)|Vanilla Ice Cream]]''
|"Harakhta Malakta"
|Siddharth Amit Bhavsar
|-
|2025
|''[[Bachu Ni Benpani]]''
|"Jaatra E Jaay"
|Siddharth Amit Bhavsar
|}

=== Tamil ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of Tamil film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer
! scope="col" | Co-Singer(s)
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Naiyaandi]]'' || Munnadi || [[Ghibran]] || [[Shweta Mohan]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]''|| Siluku Marame || rowspan=3| [[D. Imman]] || [[Shashaa Tirupati]], Sharanya Gopinath
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Wagah (film)|Wagah]]'' || Sollathan Ninaikuran ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Laabam]]'' || Yaamili Yaamiliya ||
|}

=== Rajasthani ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of Rajasthani film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer
|-
| 2017 || [[Taawdo The Sunlight (Rajasthani Film)|Taawdo The Sunlight]] || Taawdo Title || [[Lalit Pandit]]
|}

===Marathi===
* Chumbak – Title Track,
* Youngraad – Arz,
* Ziprya – Alibaba,
* Pyaar Wali Love Story – Jahan Jau,
* Govinda – Title Track,
* Hrun – Title Track,
* Katyar Kaljat Ghusali – Yaar Ilahi,
* Baapmanus- Title Track
* [[Fatteshikast]] - Woh Maseeha Aa Gaya
* [[Unaad]] – Hori Jayee Re

===Kannada===
[[Run Anthony]] – Run Run Run 
[[Victory 2]] — Cheap & best 
[[Roberrt]] – Jai Shree Ram (2020)

===Bengali===
*[[Beparoyaa]] (2016) – Poran Bondhua,
*[[Badsha – The Don]] (2016) – Dhat Teri Ki
*[[Chengiz]] (2023) – Widda

===Albums===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of musical album credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Song name
! scope="col" | Album
! scope="col" | Co-Singer
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Composer
! scope="col" | Lyricist
|-
|2021
|Vhalo Laage
|''Duet''
|[[Aishwarya Majmudar]]
|Gujarati
|Smit Desai
|Sandipa Thesiya
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Divya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian folk-pop singers]]
[[Category:Marathi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Aminuddin Kagzi

2026-04-23T07:53:58Z

DellCarone401: Put up new pg...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Aminuddin Kagzi
| image =
| caption = Aminuddin Kagzi (Amin Kagzi)
| office1 = Member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2018
| predecessor1 = [[Mohan Lal Gupta]]
| constituency1 = [[Kishanpole Assembly constituency|Kishanpole]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''Aminuddin Kagzi''' (also known as '''Amin Kagzi''') is an Indian politician from Rajasthan, affiliated with the [[Indian National Congress]]. He has been serving as a Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Kishanpole Assembly constituency]] since 2018.<ref name=INC>{{Cite web |title=Indian National Congress Party |url=https://rajpcc.com/aminkagzi |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=rajpcc.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amin Kagzi(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- KISHANPOLE(JAIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/rajasthan2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=3700 |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Political career==
Kagzi was elected to the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly in the 2018 elections, defeating former BJP MLA Mohan Lal Gupta. He was re-elected from the same constituency in the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Election Results 2023: Congress's Amin Kagzi wins from Kishanpole |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/live-election-results-2023-rajasthan-congress-gets-its-first-kishanpole-victory-in-jaipur-congresss-amin-kagzi-wins-from-kishanpole-4628839 |website=NDTV Rajasthan |access-date=2024-12-10}}</ref>

In February 2022, he was appointed Chairman of the Rajasthan Haj Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amin Kagzi takes charge as the new Chairman of Rajasthan Haj Committee |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/city/jaipur/rajasthan-haj-committee-new-chairman-amin-kagzi-took-charge/rj20220215161908572 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=ETV Bharat|date=15 February 2022 }}</ref> His tenure as chairman concluded in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The tenure of Rajasthan Haj Committee chairman Amin Kagzi will end |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/news/the-tenure-of-rajasthan-haj-committee-chairman-amin-kagzi-will-end-134461949.html |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In November 2023, Kagzi was in the news for his second marriage to a Hindu woman, which garnered significant public attention due to its interfaith nature and his political profile.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan MLA Aminuddin Kagzi's second marriage update |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/news/rajasthan-mla-ameen-kagaji-second-marriage-update-132111441.html |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Dainik Bhaskar|date=7 November 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaipur Kishanpole MLA Amin Kagzi marries Hindu woman for second time |url=https://www.aajtak.in/rajasthan/story/jaipur-kishanpole-congress-mla-amin-kagzi-marries-a-hindu-girl-for-the-second-time-lcln-1814313-2023-11-07 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Aaj Tak|date=7 November 2023 }}</ref>

==Electoral record==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%; text-align: center;"
|+ Election results
! Year !! Office !! Constituency !! Candidate (Party) !! Votes !! % !! Opponent (Party) !! Opponent Votes !! Opponent % !! Result !! Ref
|-
| 2013 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] || [[Kishanpole Assembly constituency|Kishanpole]] || Aminuddin Kagzi ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) [[File:Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg|frameless|21x21px]] || 58,555 || 43.31 || Mohan Lal Gupta ([[BJP]]) [[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|frameless|21x21px]] || 68,240 || 50.47 || {{Lost}} || [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/kishan-pole TOI]
|-
| 2018 || MLA || Kishanpole || Aminuddin Kagzi ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) [[File:Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg|frameless|21x21px]] || 71,189 || 49.95 || Mohan Lal Gupta ([[BJP]] ) [[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|frameless|21x21px]] || 62,419 || 43.80 || {{Won}} || [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/kishan-pole TOI]
|-
| 2023 || MLA || Kishanpole || Aminuddin Kagzi ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) [[File:Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg|frameless|21x21px]] || 76,611 || 51.46 || Chandra Manohar Batwara ([[BJP]]) [[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|frameless|21x21px]] || 69,555 || 46.72 || {{Won}} || [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/kishan-pole TOI]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kagzi, Aminuddin}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

Murder of Scarlett Keeling

2026-04-22T12:05:02Z

DellCarone401: Put up first details w/ infobox

{{Short description|2008 murder of British schoolgirl in Goa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Murder of Scarlett Keeling
| image = Scarlett Keeling.webp
| caption = Portrait of Keeling
| location = [[Anjuna]] beach, [[Goa]], India,
| target =
| date = 18 February 2008
| time =
| type = [[Homicide]]
| victims = Scarlett Keeling
| fatalities = 1
}}
On 18 February 2008, the body of Scarlett Keeling, a 15-year-old British schoolgirl, was found on [[Anjuna]] beach in [[Goa]], India.<ref name="BBC_Timeline_10">{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Chris |date=19 March 2010 |title=Can the Goa trial untangle the Scarlett Keeling case? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8577029.stm |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Initially dismissed by local authorities as an accidental drowning, the case became an international scandal after Keeling's mother, Fiona MacKeown, campaigned for a deeper investigation.<ref name="Guardian_Film">{{Cite web |first1=Mayabhushan |last1=Nagvenkar |first2=Jamie |last2=Doward |first3=Barry |last3=Keevins |date=3 July 2011 |title=Family's anger as Scarlett Keeling's murder in Goa is made into a Bollywood film |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/03/scarlet-keeling-film-goa-murder |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Subsequent [[autopsies]] and investigations revealed that Keeling had been drugged, sexually assaulted, and murdered.<ref name="BBC_Conviction_19">{{Cite web |date=17 July 2019 |title=Scarlett Keeling: Man convicted of killing UK teenager on Goa beach |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48999773 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=BBC News}}</ref>

==Incident and initial investigation==
Scarlett Keeling, from [[Devon]], [[South West England]], was on a six-month holiday in India with her family. In February 2008, she remained behind in Anjuna while her mother and siblings traveled to neighbouring state of [[Karnataka]].<ref name="Guardian_Film" /><ref name="Guardian_Profile_10">{{Cite web |first=Gethin |last=Chamberlain |date=18 April 2010 |title=Scarlett Keeling murder: Is the end in sight for mother Fiona MacKeown's fight for justice? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/apr/18/fiona-mackeown-scarlett-keeling-murder |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> On the morning of 18 February, Keeling's semi-naked body was found on the shoreline.<ref name="BBC_Timeline_10" />

The [[Goa Police]] initially claimed Keeling had drowned after consuming drugs voluntarily.<ref name="CNN_Verdict_16">{{Cite web |first1=Sugam |last1=Pokharel |first2=Juliet |last2=Perry |date=23 September 2016 |title=Scarlett Keeling death: Judge clears men in Scarlett Keeling death |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/09/23/asia/scarlett-keeling-verdict-goa |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=CNN}}</ref> However, Keeling's mother, Fiona MacKeown, disputed this, citing numerous bruises on her daughter's body and the fact that her clothes were missing.<ref name="Guardian_Profile_10" /> A second [[autopsy]], conducted after significant pressure, revealed the presence of [[MDMA]], [[cocaine]], and alcohol in Keeling's system, as well as 50 separate injuries.<ref name="BBC_Timeline_10" /><ref name="CNN_Verdict_16" /> It concluded that she had been held face-down in shallow water until she drowned.<ref name="BBC_Conviction_19" />

Evidence later emerged from Keeling's emails, which suggested she had previously expressed fears regarding a "gang rape" and harassment by local men.<ref name="NDTV_Emails">{{Cite web |title=Scarlett's e-mails mention gang-rape |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/special/scarlett-s-e-mails-mention-gang-rape-54508-42%20class= |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

==Legal proceedings==
The case was eventually handed over to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) in June 2008.<ref name="BBC_Timeline_10" /> Two local men, Samson D'Souza and Placido Carvalho, were charged with culpable homicide not amounting to murder, sexual assault, and outraging modesty.<ref name="CNN_Verdict_16" />

===Trial and appeals===
In 2016, a special court in Goa acquitted both D'Souza and Carvalho, citing a lack of evidence.<ref name="CNN_Verdict_16" />

The CBI appealed the acquittal of D'Souza in the [[Bombay High Court]]. In July 2019, the Goa bench of the Bombay High Court overturned the lower court's decision regarding D'Souza. He was convicted of culpable homicide, sexual assault, and administering drugs with the intent to cause harm.<ref name="BBC_Conviction_19" /> A key piece of evidence leading to his conviction was a pair of orange slippers found at the scene, which witnesses linked to D'Souza.<ref name="HT_Slippers">{{Cite news |date=19 July 2019 |title=How a pair of orange slippers initially thought to be innocuous led to accused’s conviction in Scarlett Keeling case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-a-pair-of-orange-slippers-initially-thought-to-be-innocuous-led-to-accused-s-conviction-in-scarlett-keeling-case/story-TlZB9teu0Zy6Swd3T4qU1I.html |access-date=2026-02-17 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> D'Souza was sentenced to 10 years of "rigorous imprisonment."<ref name="BBC_Sentencing_19">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2019 |title=Scarlett Keeling: Samson D'Souza jailed for 10 years for Goa death |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-devon-49044763 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=BBC News}}</ref> The acquittal of Carvalho was upheld due to insufficient evidence.<ref name="BBC_Conviction_19" />

==Legacy==
The case drew significant criticism toward the Goan police and the Indian justice system regarding the safety of tourists and the handling of forensic evidence.<ref name="Guardian_Profile_10" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2019 |agency=AFP |title=Man found guilty of British schoolgirl’s rape, killing in India |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/7/17/man-found-guilty-of-british-schoolgirls-rape-killing-in-india |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> In 2011, it was reported that a Bollywood film titled ''Anjuna Beach'' was being produced based on the events of the case.<ref name="Guardian_Film" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murder of Scarlett Keeling}}
[[Category:2008 murders in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Goa]]
[[Category:Indian murder victims]]
[[Category:Child murder in India]]
[[Category:People murdered in India]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against girls]]
[[Category:2008 in India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]

Agartala Town III Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:30:57Z

DellCarone401: Put up place...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Tripura legislative assembly in India}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Agartala Town III
| type= SLA
| state = [[Tripura]]
| established = 1971
| abolished = 1976
| electors = 15,188
| mla = Sukhamoy Sen Gupta
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Agartala Town III Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tripura]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Sukhamoy Sen Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
== Election results ==
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Agartala Town III<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhamoy Sen Gupta |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,415 |percentage=49.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Supriyo Bhowmik |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,963 |percentage=33.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dwijen Dey |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=1,048 |percentage=11.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Promod Bhatta Chowdhury |party=Independent politician |votes=404 |percentage=4.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhan Chandra Debnath |party=Independent politician |votes=100 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,452 |percentage=16.26% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,930 |percentage=59.74% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,188 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}
[[Category:1971 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:1976 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1971]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1976]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Agartala]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
{{Tripura-geo-stub}}

Alok Prasanna Kumar

2026-04-13T09:40:42Z

DellCarone401:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Short description|Indian legal scholar and public policy professional}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alok Prasanna Kumar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[India]]
| occupation = Legal scholar, public policy professional, lawyer
| organization = [[Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy]]
| employer = [[National Council of Education Research and Training]] (NCERT)
| known_for = Founding member of [[Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy]], work in constitutional law and public policy in India
}}

'''Alok Prasanna Kumar''' is an Indian [[Jurist|legal scholar]], [[lawyer]], and public policy professional associated with research and advocacy in constitutional law, governance, and institutional accountability. He has been involved in [[legal research]], [[Public sphere|public discourse]], and policy engagement on issues relating to the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] and the functioning of democratic institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NCERT book row: Who are the 3 whom SC wants Centre, states to disassociate from |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ncert-book-row-sc-wants-centre-states-disassociate-10576984/ |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="SCObserver2026">{{Cite web |title="Judiciary" chapter row: NCERT authors blacklisted by SC |url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/judiciary-chapter-row-ncert-authors-blacklisted-by-sc/ |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kumar has worked in the fields of constitutional law, governance, and public policy. He has been associated with legal research organisations and policy think tanks, where his work has focused on issues such as judicial accountability, transparency, and institutional reform.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-11 |title=NCERT book row: Who are the 3 whom SC wants Centre, states to disassociate from |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ncert-book-row-sc-wants-centre-states-disassociate-10576984/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref>

He has been associated with the [[Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy]], where he has contributed to research and public policy initiatives relating to the Indian legal system and governance frameworks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team |url=https://vidhilegalpolicy.in/team/ |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-12 |title=NCERT text book row: Trained lawyer, Indophile, educationist face SC ire |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/textbook-row-trained-lawyer-indophile-and-educationist-face-top-court-ire-101773258319866.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref>

In addition to his policy work, Kumar has written and commented on legal and constitutional issues in various public forums and media platforms. His work includes analysis of judicial processes, legislative developments, and constitutional interpretation in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-11 |title=‘Authors of NCERT judiciary chapter unfit to shape curriculum’: SC |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/supreme-court-bans-academics-ncert-textbook-controversy-p2i03l40 |work=Mathrubhumi |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref><ref name="SCObserver2026" />

He has also been involved in academic and educational initiatives, including contributions to curriculum-related discussions and public engagement on legal education.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-10 |title=NCERT apologises for controversial judiciary chapter, withdraws Class 8 textbook |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/ncert-apologises-for-controversial-judiciary-chapter-and-withdraws-class-8-textbook/articleshow/129383921.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref>

== Textbook controversy (2026) ==

=== Background ===
In 2026, Kumar was among the contributors to a Class 8 social science textbook titled ''Exploring Society: India and Beyond'', developed under the aegis of the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT).<ref name="TOI2026">{{Cite news |date=2026-03-10 |title=NCERT apologises for controversial judiciary chapter, withdraws Class 8 textbook |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/ncert-apologises-for-controversial-judiciary-chapter-and-withdraws-class-8-textbook/articleshow/129383921.cms |access-date=2026-04-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="SCObserver2026" />

The textbook included a section addressing themes related to institutional accountability and the judiciary.

=== Supreme Court proceedings ===
Following objections to the content, the [[Supreme Court of India]] took ''suo motu'' cognisance of the matter and issued directions concerning the circulation and use of the textbook pending further review.<ref name="SCObserver2026" /><ref name="TOI2026" />

The Court directed the Union and state governments to disassociate from the authors involved in the chapter. Kumar, along with [[Michel Danino]] and [[Suparna Diwakar]], was among those named in the direction.<ref name="SCObserver2026" /><ref name="TOI2026" />

Subsequently, NCERT reconstituted its National Syllabus and Teaching Learning Material Committee (NSTC), removing members associated with the chapter.<ref name="IE">{{Cite news |date=9 April 2026 |title=NCERT revamps curriculum committee after Supreme Court rap over Class 8 textbook |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/ncert-reconstitutes-nstc-class-8-textbook-judiciary-10623342/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

The matter remained under judicial consideration at the time, with further proceedings pending.

=== Responses and reactions ===
The developments were reported across multiple media outlets and prompted broader discussions on issues relating to educational content, institutional representation, and academic freedom.<ref name="SCObserver2026" /><ref name="TOI2026" />

In April 2026, a group of academics wrote to President [[Droupadi Murmu]] seeking intervention and expressing concerns about the implications of the actions taken for academic freedom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-09 |title=Scholars write to President over NCERT book ban |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/scholars-write-to-president-over-ncert-book-ban-101775702077221.html |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Selected works ==
=== Articles and commentary ===
* {{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Alok Prasanna |title=Articles and commentary on constitutional law and public policy |url=https://vidhilegalpolicy.in/team/alok-prasanna |website=[[Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy]] |access-date=2026-04-12}}
* {{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Alok Prasanna |title=Interpreting a federal Constitution |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/interpreting-a-federal-constitution/article5649745.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2026-04-13}}

=== Educational contributions ===
* Contributions to school-level social science textbook ''Exploring Society: India and Beyond'' (Class 8), developed under the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT).<ref name="SCObserver2026" /><ref name="TOI2026" />

== See also ==
* [[Supreme Court of India]]
* [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]]
* [[Constitution of India]]
* [[Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy]]

== External links ==
* [https://vidhilegalpolicy.in/team/alok-prasanna/ Alok Prasanna Kumar] on ''Vidhi Legal Policy''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Alok Prasanna}}
[[Category:Indian legal scholars]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Daljit Singh Grewal

2026-04-07T03:33:09Z

DellCarone401: Done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image = Daljit.singh.grewal.interview.2022.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Ludhiana East Assembly constituency|Ludhiana East]]
| predecessor = [[Sanjeev Talwar]]
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| profession = [[Politician]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
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| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
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| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
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| nickname =
}}
'''Daljit Singh Grewal''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Ludhiana East Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==

Daljit Singh Grewal started his political career in 2008 by contesting Ludhiana Municipal Elections as an [[Independent politician|independent candidate]]. He registered an easy win and became councilor of Ward No.8. Daljit Singh soon became popular as a political figure. He then filed as an independent candidate in [[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly Elections]] from [[Ludhiana East Assembly constituency|Ludhiana East constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Ludhiana East 2012 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2012/punjab/ludhiana-east/7/33033/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2012/punjab/ludhiana-east/7/33033/221 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> Under the election symbol letter box he got more than 20 thousand votes but gradually lost to [[Shiromani Akali Dal|Akali Dal's]] [[Ranjit Singh Dhillon]]. In the next Municipal Elections he was again elected as councilor of Ward No. 8 and he got highest lead in the city. In 2014 he joined Team Insaaf led by [[Simarjit Singh Bains]]. They protested against the at time Akali Dal's government and raised question against illegal works of mining, transportation and many more issues.

In 2016, Daljit Singh Grewal parted ways with Team Insaaf and joined [[Aam Aadmi Party]]. He was given party ticket from Ludhiana East for [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017 Punjab Assembly Elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab elections 2022: AAP candidates full list |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> He got second highest votes and lost to [[Indian National Congress|Congress’]] [[Sanjeev Talwar|Sanjay Talwar]] by 1581 votes. After the elections he was made Aam Aadmi Ludhiana Urban's president.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-31 |title=Daljeet Grewal is AAP's Ludhiana city chief |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/daljeet-grewal-is-aap-s-ludhiana-city-chief/story-r7VWNBZrOpyxjtv94rCKOK.html |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In 2018 Ludhiana Municipal Elections, his wife Balwinder Grewal contested and was chosen as councilor of Ward Number 11.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2018 |first=Shariq |last=Majeed |title=Ludhiana MC elections 2018: Ward-wise list of winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/ludhiana-civic-poll-results-2018-ward-wise-list-of-winners/articleshow/63094346.cms |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019 he left AAP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 12, 2019 |first=Shariq |last=Majeed |title=Ludhiana: AAP leader Daljeet Singh Grewal quits party|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/punjab/news/ludhiana-aap-leader-daljeet-singh-grewal-quits-party/articleshow/68855568.cms |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> This came as a huge shock to AAP. He later joined [[Indian National Congress|INC]]. But his time at INC came short due to bad leadership of Capt. Amrinder Singh led government.
After 2 years stay at INC he again joined AAP. Raghav Chadha and other senior leaders were present at his joining day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-14 |title=Daljit Grewal rejoins AAP ahead of 2022 polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/daljit-grewal-rejoins-aap-ahead-of-2022-polls-101626204716191.html |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==MLA==
In [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] he was again chosen as AAP's candidate from Ludhiana East.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AAP announces candidates for five more constituencies |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/aap-announces-candidates-for-five-more-constituencies-349042 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He won the elections by lead of 35873 votes and became MLA of Ludhiana East.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ludhiana East, Punjab Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/ludhiana-east-punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1922902-2022-03-10 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].
;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Questions & References|Committee on Questions & References]]<ref name="Committee on Questions & References">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=37&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
* Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Co-operation and its allied activities|Committee on Co-operation and its allied activities]]<ref name="Committee on Co-operation 2022">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=805&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Ludhiana East Assembly constituency}}
{{#section-h:Ludhiana East Assembly constituency|2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Ludhiana East
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grewal, Daljit Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Seema (runner)

2026-03-29T16:01:26Z

DellCarone401: creating first post v1

{{Short description|Indian track and field athlete}}
{{BLP no footnotes|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Seema
| nickname = "Golden Girl"<ref name=HongKong2024/>
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nationality = {{IND}}n
| residence =
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|10 January 2001}}
| birth_place = [[Mansa district, India|Mansa]], [[Punjab]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| country =
| sport = [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]]
| event = [[Long-distance running]]
| pb =
| club =
| coach =
| alma_mater =
| retired =
| olympics =
| highestranking = 37 (cross country) 104 (10K)
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}[[File:Athletics pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World University Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 Summer World University Games|2025 Rhine Ruhr]]|[[Athletics at the 2025 Summer World University Games – Women's 5000 metres|5000m]]}}
{{Medal|Competition| [[Asian Cross Country Championships]] }}
{{Medal|Gold|2024 Hong Kong| Single }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian U18 Athletics Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2017 Asian Youth Athletics Championships|2017 Bangkok]]|3000m}}
}}

'''Seema''' (born January 10, 2001 ) is an [[India]]n [[athlete]] who specializes in [[long-distance running]]. In 2023, she won the national 10km championship in India. In 2024, she won gold in the 17th [[Asian Cross Country Championships]] in [[Hong Kong]].<ref name=HongKong2024/>

==Sports career==
Seema gained her first international experience in 2017 when she won the bronze medal in the [[3000 metres|3000m]] race at the [[2017 Asian Youth Athletics Championships|Asian Youth Championships]] in [[Bangkok]] in 10:05.27 minutes. She then took ninth place at the [[Commonwealth Youth Games]] in [[Nassau (Bahamas)|Nassau]] in 10:09.34 minutes. The following year, she took fifth place at the [[2018 Asian Junior Athletics Championships|Asian Junior Championships]] in [[Gifu]] in 10:12.33 minutes, before [[Athletics at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|finishing 13th]] at the [[Youth Olympic Games]] in [[Buenos Aires]].

In 2023, she became the Indian champion in the 10,000 meters.

At the [[2024 World Cross Country Championships]] in [[Belgrade]], she came 34th in the individual race with a time of 34:35 minutes. In October 20024, she won the [[Asian Cross Country Championships]] in [[Hong Kong]] in 37:20 minutes.<ref name=HongKong2024/>

In 2025, Seema took sixth place in the [[10,000 metres|10,000m]] race at the [[2025 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]] in [[Gumi, North Gyeongsang|Gumi]] in 33:08.23 minutes.

As of 2025, she ranks 37th in the world for cross-country running, and 104th for the 10K.<ref name=WorldAthletics/>

==Personal bests==
*3000 meters: 9:50.54 min, November 19, 2017, in [[Vijayawada]]
*5000 meters: 15:30.70 min, May 17, 2024, in [[Los Angeles]]
*10,000 meters: 32:07.67 min, March 16, 2024, in [[San Juan Capistrano]]

==References==
<references>

<ref name=WorldAthletics>
{{cite web|accessdate=27 July 2025 |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/india/.-seema-14734780
|publisher=World Athletics|title=Seema}}
</ref>
<ref name=HongKong2024>{{cite news|accessdate=27 July 2025
|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/chamba-girl-strikes-gold-in-hong-kong/ |work=The Tribune (India)|title=Chamba girl strikes gold in Hong Kong |date=22 October 2024}}
</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{World Athletics|14734780}}

[[Category:Indian cross country runners]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics]]
[[Category:Asian Cross Country Championships winners]]
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2025 Summer Universiade]]
[[Category:FISU World University Games silver medalists for India]]

Kevin Pietersen

2026-03-25T16:52:26Z

DellCarone401:

{{short description|English cricketer (born 1980)}}
{{Too many sections|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Kevin Pietersen
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|MBE|size=100%}}
| image = Kevin Pietersen 2014.jpg
| caption = Pietersen in 2014
| fullname = Kevin Peter Pietersen
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|6|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Pietermaritzburg]], South Africa
| nickname = KP
| heightm = 1.93
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right arm [[off break]]
| role = [[Batting order (cricket)#Top order|Top-order batter]]
| family =
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2004–2014
| country = England
| testcap = 626
| testdebutagainst = Australia
| testdebutdate = 21 July
| testdebutyear = 2005
| lasttestagainst = Australia
| lasttestdate = 3 January
| lasttestyear = 2014
| odicap = 185
| odidebutagainst = Zimbabwe
| odidebutdate = 28 November
| odidebutyear = 2004
| lastodiagainst = Australia
| lastodidate = 16 September
| lastodiyear = 2013
| odishirt = 24
| T20Idebutdate = 13 June
| T20Idebutyear = 2005
| T20Idebutagainst = Australia
| T20Icap = 7
| lastT20Idate = 27 June
| lastT20Iyear = 2013
| lastT20Iagainst = New Zealand
| T20Ishirt = 24
| club1 = [[KwaZulu Natal cricket team|Natal B]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1997/98}}
| clubnumber1 = 24{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
| club2 = [[KwaZulu Natal cricket team|KwaZulu Natal B]]
| year2 = {{nowrap|1998/99}}
| clubnumber2 = 24
| club3 = [[KwaZulu Natal cricket team|KwaZulu Natal]]
| year3 = {{nowrap|1998/99–1999/00}}
| clubnumber3 = 24
| club4 = [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]]
| year4 = {{nowrap|2001–2004}}
| clubnumber4 = 24
| year5 = 2004
| club5 = [[Marylebone Cricket Club]]
| club6 = [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]]
| year6 = {{nowrap|2005–2010}}
| clubnumber6 = 24
| club7 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| year7 = {{nowrap|2009–2010}}
| clubnumber7 = 24
| club8 = [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]]
| year8 = {{nowrap|2010–2017}}
| clubnumber8 = 24
| club9 = [[Dolphins cricket team|Dolphins]]
| year9 = 2010/11
| clubnumber9 =
| club10 = [[Delhi Daredevils]]
| year10 = {{nowrap|2012–2014}}
| clubnumber10 = 24
| club11 = [[St Lucia Stars]]
| year11 = {{nowrap|2014–2015}}
| clubnumber11 = 24
| club12 = [[Melbourne Stars]]
| year12 = {{nowrap|2014/15–2017/18}}
| clubnumber12 = 24
| club13 = [[Dolphins cricket team|Dolphins]]
| year13 = {{nowrap|2015/16–2016/17}}
| clubnumber13 = 24
| club14 = [[Quetta Gladiators]]
| year14 = {{nowrap|2016–2018}}
| clubnumber14 = 24
| year15 = 2016
| club15 = [[Rising Pune Supergiants]]
| clubnumber15 = 24
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| column4 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| column5 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches1 = 104
| matches2 = 136
| matches3 = 37
| matches4 = 253
| runs1 = 8,181
| runs2 = 4,440
| runs3 = 1,176
| runs4 = 16,522
| runs5 = 8,112
| bat avg1 = 47.28
| bat avg2 = 40.73
| bat avg3 = 37.94
| bat avg4 = 49.76
| bat avg5 = 40.76
| 100s/50s1 = 23/35
| 100s/50s2 = 9/25
| 100s/50s3 = 0/7
| 100s/50s4 = 50/71
| 100s/50s5 = 15/46
| top score1 = 227
| top score2 = 130
| top score3 = 79
| top score4 = 355[[not out|*]]
| top score5 = 147
| deliveries1 = 1,311
| deliveries2 = 400
| deliveries3 = 30
| deliveries4 = 6,443
| deliveries5 = 2,390
| wickets1 = 10
| wickets2 = 7
| wickets3 = 1
| wickets4 = 73
| wickets5 = 41
| bowl avg1 = 88.60
| bowl avg2 = 52.86
| bowl avg3 = 53.00
| bowl avg4 = 51.50
| bowl avg5 = 51.75
| fivefor1 = 0
| fivefor2 = 0
| fivefor3 = 0
| fivefor4 = 0
| fivefor5 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| tenfor5 = 0
| best bowling1 = 3/52
| best bowling2 = 2/22
| best bowling3 = 1/27
| best bowling4 = 4/31
| best bowling5 = 3/14
| catches/stumpings1 = 62/–
| catches/stumpings2 = 40/–
| catches/stumpings3 = 14/–
| catches/stumpings4 = 152/–
| catches/stumpings5 = 85/–
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/19296.html ESPNcricinfo
| date = 4 May
| year = 2019
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry |{{ENG}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Men's T20 World Cup|T20 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2010 ICC World Twenty20|2010 West Indies]]|}}
}}
'''Kevin Peter Pietersen''' {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|MBE}} (born 27 June 1980) is a former England international cricketer. He is regarded as one of England's greatest ever batsmen and renowned for his competitive, and often controversial nature. He was a right-handed [[batsman]] and occasional [[off spin]] [[Bowler (cricket)|bowler]] who played in all three formats for [[England cricket team|England]] between 2004 and 2014, which included a brief tenure as [[List of England cricket captains|captain]]. He won the Player of the Series award for his performances in [[2010 ICC World Twenty20]] which helped England to win their maiden ICC trophy.

Pietersen was born to an [[Afrikaner]] father and English mother in South Africa. He made his [[First-class cricket|first-class]] debut for [[KwaZulu Natal cricket team|Natal]] in 1997 and moved to England in 2000, after voicing his displeasure at what he said was the [[racial quota]] system in South African cricket.<ref name="cricinfo">{{cite web |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/england/content/player/19296.html |title=Kevin Pietersen biography |publisher=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=28 May 2007}}</ref> Being of English ancestry, Pietersen was eligible for the England team so long as he first served a four-year qualifying period in English [[county cricket]]. He was called up by England almost immediately after he completed four years with [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]]. He made his international debut in the [[One Day International]] (ODI) match against [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] in 2004 and his Test match debut in the [[2005 Ashes series]] against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/8/8063/Test_Matches.html |title=Test Matches played by Kevin Pietersen |work=CricketArchive|access-date=28 May 2007}}</ref>

Pietersen left Nottinghamshire for [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]] in 2005, but the England team's subsequent reliance on him resulted in Pietersen making only a single [[first-class cricket|first-class]] appearance for his new county between 2005 and 2010. In June 2010, Pietersen announced his wish to leave Hampshire;<ref name="leaving hampshire ESPNcricinfo" /> he joined Surrey on loan for the remainder of the season, then moved permanently in 2011.<ref name="in.reuters.com">{{cite news| url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-51189720100831 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190708/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-51189720100831 | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 March 2016 |work=Reuters | title=Pietersen dropped by England, joins Surrey | date=31 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="sur-per">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/kevin-pietersen-signs-deal-with-surrey-2140676.html|title=Kevin Pietersen signs deal with Surrey|work=The Independent |location=UK |date=22 November 2010|access-date=15 January 2011|first1=Guy|last1=Aspin}}</ref>

Pietersen was captain of the England [[Test cricket|Test]] and [[One Day International|ODI]] teams from 4 August 2008 to 7 January 2009, but resigned after just three Tests and nine ODIs following a dispute with the England coach [[Peter Moores (cricketer)|Peter Moores]], who was sacked the same day.<ref name=kpout>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/7815038.stm |title= England captain Pietersen resigns |work=BBC Sport |date=7 January 2008 |access-date=7 January 2008}}</ref> Pietersen's relationship with the [[England Cricket Board|ECB]] never fully recovered. This came to a head in 2012 when, after a disagreement over his schedule, Pietersen announced his retirement from all forms of international limited-overs cricket on 31 May.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/top-stories/Kevin-Pietersen-retires-from-limited-overs-cricket-ECB/articleshow/13687318.cms| title= Kevin Pietersen retires from limited overs cricket: ECB| date=31 May 2012 | work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/pietersen-quits-odis-t20-internationals |title=Pietersen quits ODIs, T20 internationals |publisher=Wisden India |date=13 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625071335/http://www.wisdenindia.com/pietersen-quits-odis-t20-internationals |archive-date=25 June 2012 }}</ref> Although he later retracted his retirement, his relationship with both the ECB and his team-mates soured during the [[South African cricket team in England in 2012|series against South Africa]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/pietersen-hints-at-test-retirement |title=Pietersen hints at Test retirement |publisher=Wisden India |date=6 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810070645/http://www.wisdenindia.com/pietersen-hints-at-test-retirement |archive-date=10 August 2012 }}</ref> and he was dropped for the final Test of that series.<ref name="espncricinfo.com">{{cite web|url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-south-africa-2012/content/current/story/577063.html |title= Pietersen dropped over text messages |work= Cricinfo |date=12 August 2012}}</ref> Pietersen last played for England in the [[English cricket team in Australia in 2013–14|2013–14 Ashes and subsequent ODIs]], after which he was informed that he was no longer being considered for international selection.

He also played for the [[Melbourne Stars]] in the [[Big Bash League]] until the end of BBL|07 (seventh season), the [[Quetta Gladiators]] in the [[Pakistan Super League]] as well as the [[Dolphins cricket team|Hollywoodbets Dolphins]] in the [[Ram Slam T20 Challenge|CSA T20 Challenge]]. He was also signed by the [[Rising Pune Supergiants]] for the 2016 season of the [[Indian Premier League]].

Pietersen is one of the fastest batsmen to reach 1,000 ODI runs and still holds the record for being the fastest player to cross 2,000 runs in One Day International cricket.<ref name="fastest to 1000">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283174.html |title=ODIs – Fastest to 1000 Career Runs |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=27 May 2007}}</ref><ref name="fastest to 2000">{{cite web|last1=Rajesh|first1=S|last2=Gopalakrishna|first2=HR|url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/291874.html|title=Pietersen breaks a jinx|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=21 April 2007|access-date=27 May 2007|archive-date=19 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119193049/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/291874.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has the second-highest run total from his first 25 Tests, behind only [[Donald Bradman|Sir Don Bradman]] of Australia,<ref name="brenkley">Brenkley, Stephen. "[http://sport.independent.co.uk/cricket/article2586624.ece Second Test: Pietersen plunders before the collapse] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154712/http://sport.independent.co.uk/cricket/article2586624.ece |date=30 September 2007 }}", ''[[The Independent]]'', 27 May 2007. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref> and was the fastest player, in terms of days, to reach 4,000, 5,000 and 7,000 Test runs.<ref name="fastest to 5000">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/453069.html|title=From zero to 5000 runs in 1703 days|last=Basevi|first=Travis|author2=George Binoy |date=24 March 2010|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-south-africa-2012/content/current/story/576041.html|title=Pietersen threatens England exit|last=Dobell|first=George|date=7 August 2012|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="fastest to 4000">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283179.html|title=Fastest to 4000 runs|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2 January 2009}}</ref> He became only the third English batsman to top the ICC One Day International rankings, doing so in March 2007.<ref>"[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvaus/content/story/287248.html Pietersen jumps to top of ODI rankings]", ESPNcricinfo, 26 March 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2007.</ref> In July 2008, after a century against South Africa, ''[[The Times]]'' called him "the most complete batsman in cricket"<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20080907170012/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/cricket/article4322660.ece]", ''[[The Times]]'', 13 July 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2008.</ref> and in 2012 ''[[The Guardian]]'' called him "England's greatest modern batsman".<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2012/feb/17/kevin-pietersen-england-delhi-daredevils-ipl Kevin Pietersen is England's greatest modern batsman – flaws and all]", [[The Guardian]], 17 February 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2012.</ref> On the occasion of England's 1000th Test in August 2018, he was named in the country's greatest Test XI by the ECB.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/790131|title=England's greatest Test XI revealed|date=30 July 2018|work=ICC|access-date=23 August 2019 }}</ref>

== Early and personal life ==
Pietersen was born on 27 June 1980 in [[Pietermaritzburg]], in the [[Natal Province]] of [[South Africa]], to an [[English people|English]] mother, Penny, and an [[Afrikaner]] father, Jannie.<ref name="cricinfo"/> Pietersen had a strict and disciplined childhood, along with his three brothers Tony, Greg and Bryan;<ref>[http://kevin-pietersen.tripod.com/id1.html The Man with the Hair] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223150857/http://kevin-pietersen.tripod.com/id1.html |date=23 December 2019 }}. Retrieved on 5 June 2007.</ref> he learned valuable lessons from this "fantastic" approach to parenting, and said: "Discipline is good. It taught me that I didn't always have to have what I wanted; that what I needed was different from what I wanted."<ref name="cooke">Cooke, Rachel. "[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/oct/01/cricket.features1 'I was up at six. I've a party to go to. So what is it you want?']", ''[[The Observer]]'', 1 October 2006. Retrieved on 28 May 2007.</ref> Bryan played club and second XI cricket in England.<ref>"[http://www.wansteadandwoodfordguardian.co.uk/sport/cricket/display.var.849912.0.pietersen_looks_for_essex_move.php Pietersen looks for Essex move] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927044152/http://www.wansteadandwoodfordguardian.co.uk/sport/cricket/display.var.849912.0.pietersen_looks_for_essex_move.php |date=27 September 2007 }}", Guardian-Series, 27 July 2006. Retrieved on 31 May 2007.</ref> A forearm injury at 11 years old meant Pietersen could not play rugby, but he played [[Field hockey|hockey]], tennis and squash, which also made his right arm very strong for batting.<ref>{{Citation|last=BT Sport|title=Masterclass: KP, Gilchrist, Ponting and Vaughan on the art of attacking batting|date=25 December 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2wdT4zzNinI| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/2wdT4zzNinI| archive-date=2021-11-14 | url-status=live|access-date=27 December 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Pietersen attended [[Maritzburg College]] in Pietermaritzburg, and made his [[first-class cricket]] debut for [[KwaZulu Natal cricket team|Natal]]'s B team in 1997, aged 17, where he was regarded predominantly as an [[off spin]] bowler and a hard-hitting lower-order batsman.<ref name="Brenkley2">Brenkley, Stephen. "[http://sport.independent.co.uk/cricket/article10464.ece Pietersen faces sternest test on home turf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930152525/http://sport.independent.co.uk/cricket/article10464.ece |date=30 September 2007 }}." ''[[The Independent]]'', 11 February 2005. Retrieved on 29 May 2007.</ref><ref name="notts">Borland, Ken. "[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/92818.html Nottinghamshire sign young South African]", ESPNcricinfo, 3 October 2000. Retrieved on 28 May 2007.</ref> After two seasons, he moved to England for a five-month spell as the overseas player for club team [[Cannock]] CC, helping them win the [[Birmingham and District Premier League]] in 2000.<ref name="cannock">"[http://www.expressandstar.co.uk/2006/09/06/pietersen-in-cricket-club-row/ Pietersen in cricket club row] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313003649/http://www.expressandstar.co.uk/2006/09/06/pietersen-in-cricket-club-row/ |date=13 March 2007 }}", ''[[Express & Star]]'', 6 September 2006. Retrieved on 28 May 2007.</ref> This first spell away from home did not leave him with fond memories for England, in particular "those horrible Black Country accents" referring to a [[West Midlands English|dialect of the West Midlands]], living in a single room above a squash court, and working in the club bar.<ref name="cooke"/> However, he returned to newly renamed [[KwaZulu Natal cricket team|KwaZulu Natal]] team a better cricketer; a lack of opportunities to bowl had improved his batting.<ref name="cannock"/>

Having seen Pietersen play at a school cricket festival, [[Clive Rice]] invited him to sign for [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club]]. Pietersen accepted without hesitation, keen to make the most of top-class cricket under a coach for whom he had the utmost admiration. He did not at this stage contemplate forsaking his nation; it had not yet occurred to him that the decision would have to be taken.<ref>[[Peter Roebuck|Roebuck, Peter]]. "Upwards, kicking and screaming." ''ESPNcricinfo''. 3 September 2008. [http://content-www.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/367351.html] (Retrieved 22 November 2008).</ref>

Pietersen is widely portrayed in the media as having a self-assured personality, described by [[Geoffrey Boycott]] as being "cocky and confident".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boycott |first1=Geoffrey |title=Warne lets the urn slip from his grasp |url=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info%3Asid/infoweb.newsbank.com&svc_dat=AWGLNB&req_dat=1054640702C8DBC0&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi/fmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F10CA043D12C9C8B0 |access-date=23 April 2024 |work=The Daily Telegraph |via=Newsbank |url-access=subscription |date=13 September 2005}}</ref> Former England test captain [[Michael Vaughan]] counters this, saying, "KP is not a confident person. He obviously has great belief in his ability but that's not quite the same thing... And I know KP wants to be loved. I try to text him and talk to him as often as I can because I know he is insecure."<ref>McRae, Donald. "[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2005/oct/18/cricket.sport1 Psychology that guides England's man of steel]", ''[[The Guardian]]'', 18 October 2005. Retrieved on 28 May 2007.</ref> He has been noted for unusual haircuts, with his peroxide blonde-dyed streak of hair along the middle of his head during the [[2005 Ashes series]] being described as a "dead skunk" look.<ref>William, Richard. "[https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,,1568634,00.html After 16 years, to England, the Ashes]", ''[[The Guardian]]'', 13 September 2005. Retrieved on 28 May 2007.</ref> During the [[2006-07 Ashes|2006–07 Ashes]] tour, the Australian team, noted for their efforts to dominate opponents psychologically, dubbed him "The Ego", or "FIGJAM" (Fuck I'm Good, Just Ask Me).<ref>Fraser, Angus. "[https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/buchanan-slates-pietersen-for-selfish-attitude-430233.html Buchanan slates Pietersen for selfish attitude]", ''[[The Independent]]'', 30 December 2006. Retrieved on 28 May 2007.</ref> Other nicknames include "KP", "Kelves", "Kev" and "Kapes".<ref name="cricinfo"/>

Pietersen is married to former [[Liberty X]] singer [[Jessica Taylor]].<ref>Greenstreet, Rosanna. "[https://www.theguardian.com/weekend/story/0,,1861841,00.html Q&A]", ''[[The Guardian]]'', 2 September 2006. Retrieved on 28 May 2007;</ref> The couple married on 29 December 2007 at St Andrew's Church in [[Castle Combe]], Wiltshire, with former England team-mate [[Darren Gough]] acting as best man.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Andrew |title=Yorkshire dance to Gough's tune |url=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info%3Asid/infoweb.newsbank.com&svc_dat=AWGLNB&req_dat=1054640702C8DBC0&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi/fmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F118A51F8520C6838 |access-date=23 April 2024 |work=The Daily Telegraph |via=Newsbank |url-access=subscription |date=18 April 2007}}</ref>

Jessica gave birth to the couple's first child, a son, in 2010. Pietersen travelled back from touring with the England team in Barbados to be present at the birth. He arrived at the hospital just in time for the birth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/8670475.stm|title=Pietersen set to fly home from ICC World Twenty20|publisher=BBC Sport|date=8 May 2010|access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/8673437.stm|title=England's Kevin Pietersen and wife have baby son|publisher=BBC Sport|date=10 May 2010|access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> Their second child, a daughter, was born in 2015. Pietersen took leave from playing for the [[Melbourne Stars]] in the [[2015–16 Big Bash League season|Big Bash League]] in Australia to be present for the birth.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/kevin-pietersen-to-fly-back-to-england-for-birth-20151217-glq98p.html|title=Kevin Pietersen to fly back to England for birth|newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=17 December 2015|access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/_1XKvzSy_T/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/_1XKvzSy_T |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-access=registration|title=KP on Instagram: "Welcome to the world to our beautiful little girl, Rosie!"|publisher=Instagram|date=28 December 2015|access-date=28 December 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Pietersen considers South Africa his first home and England his second home, and the family split their time between [[Surrey]] and the [[Sabie River]].<ref name="telegraph 2019">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/thinking-man/kevin-pietersen-dont-care-played-england-south-african/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/thinking-man/kevin-pietersen-dont-care-played-england-south-african/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title="I probably tried too hard to be English"|journal=The Telegraph|first=Etan|last=Smallman|date=7 June 2019|access-date=16 August 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Domestic career ==
===Early years in South Africa===
He impressed members of [[Nasser Hussain]]'s England team when playing for [[KwaZulu Natal cricket team|KwaZulu Natal]] in 1999; he took four top-order wickets and, despite batting at number nine, scored 61 [[not out]] from 57 balls, hitting four sixes.<ref>[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1999-2000/ENG_IN_RSA/SCORECARDS/ENG_KZN_03-06DEC1999.html KwaZulu-Natal v England XI 3–6 December 1999], ESPNcricinfo; Retrieved on 27 May 2007</ref> Hussain then recommended that Pietersen secure a contract with an English county team.<ref>Compton, Patrick. "[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/78799.html Hussain impressed with Pieterson (sic)]", ESPNcricinfo, 6 December 1999; Retrieved on 27 May 2007</ref>

Despite the praise from the England team, Pietersen claimed he was dropped from the Natal first team. Pietersen felt that this was due to the country's [[racial quota]] system, in which provincial teams were required to have at least four black players.<ref name="cricinfo"/><ref name="storm">"[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/270556.html Pietersen in the eye of a storm]", ESPNcricinfo, 1 December 2006; Retrieved on 4 June 2007</ref><ref>McRae, Donald. "[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2005/jul/02/ashes2005.ashes The heartache that honed a hardcore hitter]", The Guardian, 2 July 2005; Retrieved on 28 May 2007</ref> Pietersen's view was that players should be judged on merit, and described it as "heartbreaking" when he was left out of the team, although he later reflected "it turned out it was the best thing that could have happened".<ref>"[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/258181.html Racial quotas led Pietersen to leave South Africa]", ESPNcricinfo, 30 August 2006; Retrieved on 28 May 2007</ref> However, in the 1999-2000 Supersport series, from four matches Pietersen only averaged 10.75 with the bat, and took 10 wickets at an expensive 37.50, which were not enough to cement his place in the KwaZulu Natal team.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1999-2000/RSA_LOCAL/SSS/STATS/RSA_SSS_AVS_KZN.html|title=1999-2000 SuperSport Series Averages|website=static.espncricinfo.com|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> Nonetheless, Pietersen has since firmly criticised the quota system,<ref>"[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6198644.stm SA hit back at Pietersen comments]", [[BBC Sport]], 1 December 2006. Retrieved on 28 May 2007.</ref> which he feels forced him out of the country of his birth. He has also criticised [[Graeme Smith]], who became captain of the South African team in 2003, calling him "an absolute muppet, childish and strange" and that his behaviour "leaves a lot to be desired".<ref>"[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/sport/article-23376544-details/Pietersen%20could%20face%20four-Test%20ban/article.do Pietersen could face four-test ban] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610013127/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/sport/article-23376544-details/Pietersen%20could%20face%20four-Test%20ban/article.do |date=10 June 2008 }}", thisislondon.co.uk, 30 November 2006; Retrieved on 28 May 2007</ref> Smith opposed this, saying, "I'm patriotic about my country, and that's why I don't like Kevin Pietersen. The only reason that Kevin and I have never had a relationship is because he slated South Africa".<ref>"[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/258408.html Graeme Smith slams Pietersen]", ESPNcricinfo, 2 September 2006; Retrieved on 5 June 2007</ref> Pietersen's outspoken views published in his autobiography, ''Crossing the Boundary'', in September 2006, and in an interview for the South African edition of ''[[GQ (magazine)|GQ]]'' magazine, led to unsuccessful calls for an [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] investigation regarding bringing the game into disrepute.<ref name="storm"/><ref>Kevin Pietersen (2006); ''Crossing the Boundary: The Early Years in my Cricketing Life'', Ebury Press, {{ISBN|0-09-191205-9}}</ref>

===English domestic career===
====Nottinghamshire====
In 2000, [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]] coach [[Clive Rice]], who had seen Pietersen play in 1997 in South Africa at a schools week, heard that Pietersen was playing club cricket for the Cannock Cricket Club and offered him a three-year contract to play for the county.<ref name="notts"/> His maiden first-class century came on his Nottinghamshire debut against [[Loughborough UCCE]].<ref name="kpzone">Collins, Sam. "[http://www.cricinfo.com/kevinpietersenzone/timeline.html Rise of a star] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111014424/http://www.cricinfo.com/kevinpietersenzone/timeline.html |date=11 January 2007 }}", ESPNcricinfo; Retrieved on 28 May 2005</ref> In his first season, he made 1,275 runs with an impressive [[batting average (cricket)|batting average]] of 57.95,<ref name="Booth">Booth, Lawrence. "[http://content-www.cricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/story/134539.html Southern comfort]", [[The Wisden Cricketer]], April 2004; Retrieved on 28 May 2007</ref> including 218 not out in an unbroken sixth-wicket stand of 352 with [[John Morris (cricketer, born 1964)|John Morris]] at [[Derby]] in July, after having been out [[Leg before wicket|lbw]] for a [[duck (cricket)|duck]] in the first innings.<ref>"[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/counties/1465474.stm Pietersen enjoys run feast]", BBC Sport, 30 July 2001; Retrieved on 28 May 2007</ref> These performances led to praise in the ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]'': "If he can maintain his first season's form, the name of Pietersen should be pencilled in for future Test squads."<ref name="Booth"/> This form did indeed continue into the following year: he made another unbeaten double-century, against [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]], taking part in a partnership of 316 for the fourth wicket with [[Darren Bicknell]].<ref>[http://sl.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/2002/ENG_LOCAL/CC2/SCORECARDS/14-19AUG2002/NOTTS_MIDDX_CC2_14-17AUG2002.html Nottinghamshire v Middlesex, 14–16 August 2002], ESPNcricinfo; Retrieved on 28 May 2007</ref> This period proved to be a [[purple prose|purple patch]] for the batsman, scoring four consecutive centuries (254 not out, 122, 147 and 116) in one week in August.<ref>"[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/counties/2210644.stm Pietersen piles on the runs]", BBC Sport, 22 August 2002; Retrieved on 28 May 2007</ref>

In 2003, Pietersen scored 1,546 [[first-class cricket|first-class]] runs, and 764 runs in [[limited overs cricket]].<ref name="kpzone"/><ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/8/8063/a_Batting_by_Season.html List A Batting and Fielding in Each Season by Kevin Pietersen], CricketArchive; Retrieved on 28 May 2007</ref> He was selected for the 2003/04 [[ECB National Academy]] tour of India, and had a successful tour scoring 523 runs including three centuries in his six first-class innings to record an average of 104.60,<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/8/8063/f_Batting_by_Season.html First-class Batting and Fielding in Each Season by Kevin Pietersen], CricketArchive; Retrieved on 28 May 2007</ref> and making 131 in a one-day match against India A in [[Bangalore]].<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79041.html India A v England A in 2003/04], CricketArchive, 10 February 2004; Retrieved on 28 May 2007</ref>

After Nottinghamshire were relegated in 2003, Pietersen requested a release from his contract, saying "I haven't been happy for a while....The pitch at [[Trent Bridge]] has been one of my problems... I could have done so much better if the wicket had been good."<ref>"[http://content-www.cricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/story/132889.html Pietersen confirms he wants to quit Notts]", ESPNcricinfo, 15 October 2003; Retrieved on 5 June 2007</ref> This led to a public row with club captain [[Jason Gallian]], where Gallian allegedly threw Pietersen's kit off the [[Trent Bridge]] balcony and broke his bat:

<blockquote>During the game I told the captain that I was not happy and that I wanted to leave. After the game we spoke in the dressing room and then I went to have dinner. I got a call saying the captain had trashed my equipment. I was told the captain had said, 'if he does not want to play for Notts he can f*** off.' I have not spoken to Gallian since, nor have I received an apology.<ref>"[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/136698.html Pietersen seeks release from Nottinghamshire]", ESPNcricinfo, 16 January 2004; Retrieved on 28 May 2007</ref></blockquote> Pietersen was made to honour the last year of his contract at Nottinghamshire, but "didn't enjoy it at all".<ref>{{cite news | last=John | first=Emma | url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/story/146400.html | title=The only lane is the fast lane | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | date=23 March 2005 | access-date=28 May 2007}}</ref>

====Hampshire====
In October 2004, he joined [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]] under the captaincy of [[Shane Warne]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/142765.html | title=Pietersen signs for Hampshire | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | date=26 October 2004 | access-date=28 May 2007}}</ref> After becoming a regular in the national team, Pietersen rarely got an opportunity to play domestic cricket. Having an England "central contract" meant that Pietersen was only released to play for Hampshire at the discretion of the national coach. After being left out of the national team to face [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] in May 2005, Pietersen had several good innings in the English [[County Championship]], including two centuries.<ref>"[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/209752.html Pietersen posts another reminder]", ESPNcricinfo, 2005-05-21, Retrieved on 3 June 2007</ref> He only played twice for the county in 2006, and appeared just once in 2007, with an unbeaten 66 against [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]].<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/107/107510.html Hampshire v Ireland], CricketArchive, 2007-05-07, Retrieved on 3 June 2007</ref> Pietersen's last first-class match for Hampshire came in the [[2008 County Championship]] against [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]], where he scored 100 runs in Hampshire's first innings,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/132/132288.html |title=Somerset v Hampshire County Championship 2008 (Division 1) |publisher=CricketArchive |date=10 May 2008 |access-date=24 June 2012}}</ref> and following the birth of his son, a desire to stay in London led to him announcing he would leave Hampshire at the end of the 2010 season.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120728224149/http://www.cricketworld.com/uk_county_cricket/hampshire/article/?aid=24564 Kevin Pietersen To Leave Hampshire], Cricket World, 2010-06-17, Retrieved on 17 June 2010</ref>

====Surrey====
Pietersen then joined [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] on loan from Hampshire for the remainder of the 2010 English county cricket season.<ref name="in.reuters.com"/> He scored a century in his first [[Clydesdale Bank 40]] appearance against [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]], with 116 off 105 deliveries.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cricinfo.com/countycricket2010/engine/current/match/435682.html | work=ESPNcricinfo |title=Clydesdale Bank 40, Group A: Sussex v Surrey at Hove, Sep 4, 2010 | date=4 September 2010}}</ref> It was his first limited overs century [[English cricket team in India in 2008–09|since 2008]], and his first century of any kind [[English cricket team in West Indies in 2008–09|since March 2009]]. He subsequently signed permanently for Surrey from the 2011 season onwards.<ref name="sur-per"/> Pietersen had also rejoined his old team in South Africa, the Dolphins, for a short stint in October 2010.<ref name="sur-per"/><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12173_6366175,00.html | work=Sky Sports | title=CSA approve Pietersen return | date=9 September 2010}}</ref>

In early 2015, Pietersen withdrew from the initial stages of the 2015 Indian Premier League, instead opting to play [[County Championship]] matches,<ref name="Surrey"/> with the aim of playing for England again.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/kevinpietersen/11494067/Kevin-Pietersen-Why-I-will-do-anything-to-play-for-England-again.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/kevinpietersen/11494067/Kevin-Pietersen-Why-I-will-do-anything-to-play-for-England-again.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live| title=Kevin Pietersen: Why I will do anything to play for England again|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=25 March 2015|access-date=25 March 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> After a meeting with [[Andrew Strauss]], the new Director of Cricket for England, whilst not out on 326 overnight against Leicestershire, during which Strauss rejected any notions of a return for Pietersen,<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/32699465|title=Kevin Pietersen: No England recall despite scoring 326 for Surrey|work=BBC Sport|date= 12 May 2015|access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref> Pietersen resumed his innings the following day, scoring his highest first-class score of 355[[not out|*]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/32704526|title=Kevin Pietersen: Surrey star makes 355 not out against Leicestershire|work=BBC Sport|date= 12 May 2015|access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref>

On 19 July 2017 Pietersen returned to English domestic cricket when he joined Surrey for the [[NatWest t20 Blast]]. He scored 52 runs, including four consecutive sixes. He was replaced by a substitute fielder in the second innings.<ref>{{Citation|last=Surrey County Cricket Club|title=Highlights: Surrey v Essex Eagles – Natwest T20 Blast|date=19 July 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ucbVrCaQVk| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/8ucbVrCaQVk| archive-date=2021-11-14 | url-status=live|access-date=21 July 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 29 July Pietersen announced that he had decided to donate all his earnings towards [[Rhinoceros|rhino]] conservation efforts. After being injured for the majority of the season, making only one further T20 appearance, Pietersen announced that he would leave Surrey, and English cricket as a whole, following the club's loss in the quarter finals to Birmingham Bears.

===Overseas franchise cricket===
====Indian Premier League====
Kevin Pietersen made his [[List of 2009 Indian Premier League personnel changes|Indian Premier League debut in 2009 with the Royal Challengers Bangalore]], signing for a then-record fee of US$1.5 million. In six matches, he scored 93 runs at an average of 15.50 and took four wickets at a strike rate of 19.50 with an economy rate of 6.53.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2025 |title=Kevin Pietersen IPL Overview |url=https://www.iplt20.com/players/kevin-pietersen/172 |access-date=13 August 2025 |website=IPL T20}}</ref>

In February 2014, [[Delhi Daredevils]] of [[Indian Premier League]] bought Pietersen for US$1.5 million for the [[2014 Indian Premier League]] season,<ref>{{cite web|title=IPL Auction 2014 Highlights: RCB buys Yuvraj Singh for 17 Crores|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/royal-challengers-bangalore-buys-yuvraj-singh-of-17-crores-for-ipl-7/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=12 February 2014}}</ref> and he captained the team for that season.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/26627710|title=Kevin Pietersen to captain Delhi Daredevils in IPL| work=BBC Sport|date=18 March 2014|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref> Pietersen had previously played for the Delhi Daredevils during the [[2012 Indian Premier League]] Season and had his most successful IPL season by scoring 305 runs at a strike rate of 147, which included a victorious knock of 103*.

In the [[2015 Indian Premier League]] auction, Pietersen was bought by [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] for 2 Crore Rupees.<ref>{{cite news |last=Martin |first=Ali |date=16 February 2015 |title=Kevin Pietersen to play in IPL with Eoin Morgan for Sunrisers Hyderabad |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/feb/16/kevin-pietersen-ipl-eoin-morgan-sunrisers-hyderabad-ravi-bopara-auction |access-date=24 March 2015 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> However, Pietersen was released by Sunrisers Hyderabad prior to the start of the tournament,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/31949741|title=Kevin Pietersen released from IPL contract for county deal| work=BBC Sport|date=24 March 2015|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref> although he could play in the later stages of the [[2015 Indian Premier League]] season.<ref name="Surrey">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecb.co.uk/news/articles/pietersen-rejoins-surrey|title=Pietersen rejoins Surrey|publisher=ECB|date=25 March 2015|access-date=25 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326201412/http://www.ecb.co.uk/news/articles/pietersen-rejoins-surrey|archive-date=26 March 2015}}</ref> Plans to rejoin Hyderabad towards the end of the competition were curtailed due to injury.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/content/story/875257.html|title=Injured Pietersen abandons Sunrisers return|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=13 May 2015|access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref>

In IPL 2025, he was appointed mentor of the Delhi Capitals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2025 |title=Kevin Pietersen joins Delhi Capitals as team mentor |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-kevin-pietersen-joins-delhi-capitals-as-team-mentor-1475039 |access-date=13 August 2025 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

====Melbourne Stars====
Pietersen was signed by the [[Melbourne Stars]] in [[2014–15 Big Bash League season]], with a contract for 2 years;<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/jul/28/kevin-pietersen-signs-melbourne-stars-big-bash|title=Kevin Pietersen signs two-year deal with T20 franchise Melbourne Stars|newspaper=The Guardian|date=28 July 2014|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref> he was seen as a "big hit" for the [[2014–15 Big Bash League season]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.foxsports.com.au/kevin-pietersen-a-big-hit-for-the-melbourne-stars-and-big-bash-league/story-fnltkdvp-1227087649225|title=Kevin Pietersen a big hit for the Melbourne Stars and Big Bash League|publisher=Fox Sports Australia|date=11 October 2014|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref> On 18 December 2014, Kevin Pietersen played his first match in [[2014–15 Big Bash League season]] as the no.3 batsmen, and scored 66 runs off 46 balls.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/dec/18/kevin-pietersen-big-bash-sydney-stars-england|title=Kevin Pietersen hits 66 off 46 balls for Melbourne Stars on Big Bash debut|newspaper=The Guardian|date=18 December 2014|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref> In 2016, he helped the team beat two-time defending champion Perth Scorchers and advance to their first Grand Final and their fifth consecutive Finals series appearances. Pietersen also signed a two-year extension that took him through to the 2017–18 season.

====Caribbean Premier League====
Pietersen also played T20 cricket in the [[Caribbean Premier League]], having signed for [[St Lucia Zouks]] for the [[2014 Caribbean Premier League]] season.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/kevinpietersen/10743547/Kevin-Pietersen-bought-by-Caribbean-Premier-League-side-St-Lucia-Zouks.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/kevinpietersen/10743547/Kevin-Pietersen-bought-by-Caribbean-Premier-League-side-St-Lucia-Zouks.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Kevin Pietersen bought by Caribbean Premier League team St Lucia Zouks|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=4 April 2014|access-date=24 March 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

====Legends League Cricket====

In Legends League Cricket he is playing for [[India Capitals]].<ref>{{cite news |title=India Capitals Squad - Legends League Cricket, 2023 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/legends-league-cricket-2023-24-1408606/india-capitals-squad-1409071/series-squads |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Bicentenary celebration match===
In July 2014, he played for the Rest of the World team in the [[Bicentenary Celebration match]] at [[Lord's]].<ref>{{cite web|title=MCC v Rest of the World – 5 July |url=http://www.lords.org/fixtures/fixtures-and-tickets/mcc-v-rest-of-the-world-5-july/ |work=Lord's |date=5 July 2014 |access-date=5 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707031308/http://www.lords.org/fixtures/fixtures-and-tickets/mcc-v-rest-of-the-world-5-july/ |archive-date= 7 July 2014 }}</ref>

On 6 January 2018 Pietersen announced he would retire from all forms of cricket at the end of the 2018 season.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/kevin-pietersen-to-retire-from-cricket-20180106-h0ei37.html|title=Kevin Pietersen to retire from all forms of cricket|last=Cherny|first=Daniel|date=7 January 2018|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=7 January 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2020, Pietersen came back and played in the Ultimate Cricket Challenge.

== International career ==

===England debut===
Pietersen is eligible to play for England as he has an English mother. After a qualifying period of four years playing at English [[county cricket|county]] level, he was called up almost immediately for his international debut against [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] in 2004.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/8/8063/One-Day_International_Matches.html One Day International Matches played by Kevin Pietersen] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026041118/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/8/8063/One-Day_International_Matches.html |date=26 October 2012 }}, CricketArchive. Retrieved on 28 May 2007.</ref>

The tour of [[Zimbabwe]] caused several players to voice their concerns about the [[Robert Mugabe]] regime, the security issues in the country and the standard of the [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwean]] team.<ref>"[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/zimbabwe/content/story/143154.html England agree to five-match series in Zimbabwe]", ESPNcricinfo, 9 September 2004. Retrieved on 30 May 2007.</ref> [[Steve Harmison]] was the first to boycott the tour for "political and sporting reasons",<ref>"[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvwi/content/story/143416.html Harmison opts out of Zimbabwe tour]", ESPNcricinfo, 19 September 2004. Retrieved on 30 May 2007.</ref> and all-rounder [[Andrew Flintoff]] was reported to be considering taking a moral stand himself. The England Chairman of Selectors [[David Graveney]] denied that the selectors would leave out players unhappy with touring Zimbabwe and would put their absences down to injury.<ref>"[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvwi/content/story/143599.html Full-strength team will tour Zimbabwe]", ESPNcricinfo, 26 September 2004. Retrieved on 30 May 2007.</ref> Flintoff was, however, "rested" and Pietersen rushed into the squad "at the earliest opportunity".<ref>"[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvwi/content/story/143632.html Flintoff and Trescothick stay at home]", ESPNcricinfo, 28 September 2004. Retrieved on 30 May 2007.</ref> In the five match ODI series, Pietersen batted in three innings which included a score of 77 not out; he finished the series with an average of 104.00 as England won the series 4–0.

=== Success in South Africa ===
Pietersen was upset not to be initially in the squad to tour South Africa.<ref>"[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/142649.html Pietersen hits out at non-selection]", ESPNcricinfo, 20 October 2004. Retrieved on 30 May 2007.</ref> With Flintoff withdrawing due to injury,<ref>"[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvwi/content/story/145551.html Flintoff surgery is confirmed]", ESPNcricinfo, 25 January 2005. Retrieved on 30 May 2007.</ref> Pietersen was recalled to the squad,<ref>"[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/145268.html Pietersen added to England's one-day squad]", ESPNcricinfo, 14 January 2005. Retrieved on 29 May 2007.</ref> and cemented his place in the first team with 97 off 84 balls in the warm-up match against South Africa A, in the face of a hostile crowd.<ref>Majendie, Matt. "[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/4215057.stm Pietersen enters South Africa cauldron]", BBC Sport, 28 January 2005. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref> Throughout the tour, Pietersen was subjected to a barrage of abuse from the South African crowd, who regarded him somewhat like a [[traitor]].<ref name="Brenkley2"/> He said:
<blockquote>I knew I was going to cop a lot of stick but it will be like water off a duck's back...I expected stick at the start of the innings, and I'm sure it will carry on through the whole series. But I just sat back and laughed at the opposition, with their swearing and 'traitor' remarks... some of them can hardly speak English. My affiliation is with England. In fact, I'm starting to speak too much like [[Darren Gough]]... In fact, I'm going to get one of Gough's tattoos with three lions and my number underneath...No one can say I'm not English.<ref>"[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/145622.html Pietersen says abuse is 'water off a duck's back']", ESPNcricinfo, 28 January 2005. Retrieved on 28 May 2007.</ref>
</blockquote>

Pietersen scored a 96-ball 108 not out in the [[The result in cricket#Tie|tied]] second [[One Day International|ODI]] at [[Bloemfontein]], after which the crowd turned their backs on him as he returned to the pavilion.<ref>Miller, Andrew. "[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/144265.html It's a tie after a last-ball thriller]", ESPNcricinfo, 2 February 2005. Retrieved on 27 May 2007</ref> This score set his ODI average at an incredible record 234.00.<ref>[http://www.sportstats.com.au/blognov04tojun05.html Z-score's Cricket Stats Blog Archive, Nov 2004 to Jun 2005]. Retrieved on 28 May 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.howstat.com/cricket/Statistics/Players/PlayerProgressSummary_ODI.asp?PlayerID=3238 HowStat! ODI Kevin Pietersen: Batting – Progressive Average and Aggregate], HowStat. Retrieved 28 May 2007.</ref> He made 75 at [[Cape Town]],<ref>Thompson, Jenny. "[http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/144350.html South Africa trounce England by 108 runs]", ESPNcricinfo, 6 February 2005. Retrieved on 27 May 2007</ref> then at [[East London, South Africa|East London]] Pietersen made an unbeaten 100 from only 69 balls, the fastest century by an England player in a one-day match,<ref name="Thompson fastest century">Thompson, Jenny. "[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/144479.html Pietersen century all in vain]", ESPNcricinfo, 9 February 2005. Retrieved on 26 May 2007.</ref> although England still lost by eight runs. In the final game at [[Centurion Park]], Pietersen came to the wicket at 32/3 and scored 116, but again could not prevent a defeat. Pietersen ended the series, which England lost 4–1, with 454 runs in five innings, and the Player of the Series award.<ref>"[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/4260173.stm England sign off with fourth loss]", BBC Sport, 13 February 2005. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref><ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/RSA/2004-05_RSA_England_in_South_Africa_2004-05.html England in South Africa 2004/05] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326173347/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/RSA/2004-05_RSA_England_in_South_Africa_2004-05.html |date=26 March 2014 }}, CricketArchive. Retrieved on 28 May 2007.</ref> By the end of the series, the South African crowds had generally replaced hostility with respect for Pietersen, his final century being awarded a standing ovation.<ref>Fraser, Angus. "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20050802/ai_n14827270 Cricket: Giles' amazing show of insecurity invites the Australians] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610010213/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20050802/ai_n14827270 |date=10 June 2008 }}", ''[[The Independent]]'', 2 August 2005. Retrieved on 27 February 2007.</ref>

Despite press speculation, Pietersen was not picked for the [[Test cricket|Tests]] against [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]]—his early season form being dogged by a foot injury<ref>"[http://www.ecb.co.uk/domestic/england-star-shrugs-off-foot-injury,3706,EN.html Pietersen set to make his debut] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007155903/http://www.ecb.co.uk/domestic/england-star-shrugs-off-foot-injury,3706,EN.html |date=7 October 2007 }}", [[England and Wales Cricket Board|ecb.co.uk]]. Retrieved on 27 May 2007 "No room for Pietersen in England squad", ESPNcricinfo, 15 May 2005. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref>—but with his county form improving, he was selected for the [[Twenty20]] match against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] at [[Southampton]], making 34 from 18 balls and taking three catches as England won by 100 runs. He was awarded 'man of the match'.<ref>[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_TWENTY-20-I_13JUN2005.html England v Australia 20:20, 13 June 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906101501/http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_TWENTY-20-I_13JUN2005.html |date=6 September 2008 }}, ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 27 May 2007</ref>

In the triangular ODI series against Australia and Bangladesh, Pietersen did not get to bat in the first match at [[The Oval]] as England won by 10 wickets, but scored 91 off 65 balls in the match in [[Bristol]] against Australia.<ref>[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/OD_TOURNEYS/NWS/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_NWS_ODI3_19JUN2005.html England v Australia ODI, 19 June 2005], ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref> In the remainder of the triangular series, Pietersen scored quickly, although without other half-centuries. In the final of the [[NatWest Series]], he only made 6 as he finished the seven-match series with a total of 278 runs at an average of 46.33.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/ENG/National_Westminster_Bank_Series_2005/England_Batting.html Batting and Fielding for England in National Westminster Bank Series 2005], CricketArchive. Retrieved on 5 June 2007.</ref> Pietersen's performances sparked speculation over whether he would be brought into the Test team for [[The Ashes]] later in the summer.<ref>"[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/4110676.stm Three into two won't go]", BBC Sport, 20 June 2005. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref> Later in July, Pietersen played in all three matches of the (ODI) NatWest Challenge against Australia. In the final match he was the top scorer for England with 74 runs; however, he was forced off the field in the third over of Australia's reply with a groin injury.<ref>McGlashan, Andrew. "[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvaus/content/story/213353.html Australia show their finest timing]", ESPNcricinfo, 12 June 2005. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref>

=== 2005 Ashes triumph ===
[[File:Kevin Pieterson at Lords Final.jpg|thumb|right|Pietersen warming up in the nets at [[Lord's]] in September 2005.]]
{{See also|2005 Ashes series}}
Speculation over when Pietersen would play for the Test team was ended in July with the announcement by the England chairman of selectors, [[David Graveney]], that Pietersen had been selected ahead of [[Graham Thorpe]].<ref>"[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/4676287.stm England drop Thorpe for Pietersen]", BBC Sport, 14 July 2005. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref> He made his debut in the first Ashes Test at [[Lord's]], becoming the 626th player to play for the national team.<ref>[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/player/caps.html?country=1;class=1 England Caps] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703084530/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/player/caps.html?country=1%3Bclass%3D1 |date=3 July 2007 }}, ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 6 June 2007.</ref> He came into bat at 18–3 and he made 57 on debut in his first innings. In the second innings, he similarly came in after a batting collapse and finished making a second half-century and finished the innings on 64 not out, becoming only the fourth player to top score in both innings on debut for England, the eighth England player to score a half-century in each innings on his debut, and the third cricketer to do so at Lord's.<ref name="Lynch">Lynch, Steven. "[http://content-www.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/214802.html Pietersen's double debut double] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130119191112/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/214802.html |date=19 January 2013 }}", ESPNcricinfo, 1 August 2005. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref> England were thrashed by 239 runs before moving onto Edgbaston where he came in a more comfortable position scoring 71 in the first innings. He had a good partnership with [[Andrew Flintoff]] where the pair put on 103 very quickly. He made 20 in the second innings coming in at 31–4. He was involved in two controversial decisions: he gloved his first ball from [[Brett Lee]], but the umpire turned down the appeal, and he was later given out to a ball from [[Shane Warne]] that hit his pad then elbow before being caught by [[Adam Gilchrist]]. England won the match by two runs.<ref>[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_T2_04-08AUG2005.html England v Australia Second Test, 4–7 August 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407083801/http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_T2_04-08AUG2005.html |date=7 April 2007 }}, ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref>

In the drawn third Test, Pietersen had his first quiet match when he scored 21 in the first innings, getting caught on the boundary. Then, with England looking to push on he was dismissed [[Leg Before Wicket|lbw]] by [[Glenn McGrath]] for a [[duck (cricket)|golden duck]]. In the fourth test, at his former home ground [[Trent Bridge]], he scored 45 in the first innings after facing 108 balls looking to build a big score. In the second innings chasing 129 to win, he was in at 57–4 when he scored 23 in a decent partnership again with [[Andrew Flintoff|Flintoff]]. He was dismissed when he was caught behind wafting at a ball outside off stump. However, England won and went 2–1 up.<ref>[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_T3_11-15AUG2005.html England v Australia Third Test, 11–15 August 2005], ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref><ref>[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_T4_25-29AUG2005.html England v Australia Fourth Test, 25–28 August 2005], ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref> Under pressure to post a large score in the final Test at [[The Oval]], Pietersen did not contribute significantly in the first innings; he scored 14 as he was [[bowled]] by [[Shane Warne]] for the first time in his Test career . In the second innings, Pietersen was dropped on 0 by a combination of [[Adam Gilchrist|Gilchrist]] and [[Matthew Hayden|Hayden]], on 15 by his [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]] colleague [[Shane Warne]] and after reaching fifty on 60 by [[Shaun Tait]]. He reached his maiden test century with a driven four off the bowling of Tait before making 158, eventually being dismissed by [[Glenn McGrath]]. This innings helped to secure the return of the Ashes to England.<ref name="kpzone"/><ref>Grunill, Paul. "[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/4238344.stm Oval hero Pietersen]", BBC Sport, 12 September 2005. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref> His innings included seven sixes, breaking Ian Botham's record for the most sixes by an English player in an Ashes innings.<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/TESTS/BATTING/TRIVIA/BAT_MOST_SIXES_TEST.html Tests – Most Sixes in an Innings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604230851/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/TESTS/BATTING/TRIVIA/BAT_MOST_SIXES_TEST.html |date=4 June 2007 }}, ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref> Pietersen was named [[Man of the Match]] for his efforts,<ref>[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_T5_08-12SEP2005.html England v Australia Fifth Test, 8–12 September 2005], ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref> and finished the series as top scorer, with 473 runs over the five Tests, an average of 52.55, which also was the highest in the series.<ref>[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/STATS/AUS_IN_ENG_JUN-SEP2005_TEST_AVS.html Australia in England, 2005 Test Series Averages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412041945/http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/STATS/AUS_IN_ENG_JUN-SEP2005_TEST_AVS.html |date=12 April 2008 }}, ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref> However, he had a less successful series in the field, dropping six catches in the five Tests, a point he made wryly when questioned about the Australians dropping him three times on the final day.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/review2005/content/story/230767.html 2005 in Review: Best quotes of the year], ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref> Pietersen was given an [[England and Wales Cricket Board|ECB]] central contract to reflect his place in the national team.<ref>"[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/214969.html Pietersen awarded central contract]", ESPNcricinfo, 3 August 2005. Retrieved on 27 May 2007</ref>

=== 2005–06 winter tour ===
{{See also|English cricket team in Pakistan in 2005–06|English cricket team in India in 2005–06}}
[[File:Kevin Pietersen fielding during a T20 match against Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|right|Kevin Pietersen in [[Twenty20]] action in 2006]]
Pietersen had a less successful time in the three Test matches against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]], which England lost 2–0. He made little impact in the first and third test. His first Test match innings since his match winning 158 against Australia was brief as he was caught at short leg for 5. In the second innings, he was criticised for his dismissal. Chasing just 198, he was caught behind after a horrible slog on 19 as England went on to lose by 22 runs. In the third test, he made 34 before edging behind in the first innings. With England in difficulty, Pietersen edged [[Danish Kaneria]] to short leg when only on one, as England were to be defeated by an innings.<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_PAK/SCORECARDS/ENG_PAK_T1_12-16NOV2005.html Pakistan v England First Test, 12–16 November 2005], ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 29 May 2007.</ref><ref>[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_PAK/SCORECARDS/ENG_PAK_T3_29NOV-03DEC2005.html Pakistan v England Third Test, 29 November – 3 December 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606044339/http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_PAK/SCORECARDS/ENG_PAK_T3_29NOV-03DEC2005.html |date=6 June 2007 }}, ESPNcricinfo; Retrieved on 30 May 2007</ref> He fared better in the second, however, making his second Test century in the first innings. He brought up his hundred with a six before next ball, he top-edged a pull and was out. In the next innings, with England needing to bat out a draw, England were 20–4 but he made 42 to help England get the draw.<ref>"[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/4457390.stm Pietersen & Bell hit England tons]", BBC Sport, 22 November 2005; Retrieved on 27 May 2007</ref> He was also performing well in the one-day series with two explosive innings of 56 from 39 balls to help England win the first ODI, and 28 from 27 balls in the second.<ref>[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_PAK/SCORECARDS/ENG_PAK_ODI1_10DEC2005.html Pakistan v England First ODI, 10 December 2005], ESPNcricinfo; Retrieved on 29 May 2007</ref><ref>[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_PAK/SCORECARDS/ENG_PAK_ODI2_12DEC2005.html Pakistan v England Second ODI, 12 December 2005], ESPNcricinfo; Retrieved on 30 May 2007</ref> The quick-scoring innings in the second ODI was to be Pietersen's last on the tour. A rib injury sustained in the first ODI proved too painful throughout the second, and Pietersen returned to England to recover fully for the tour of India.<ref>"[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/pakveng/content/story/229473.html Pietersen forced home by rib injury]", ESPNcricinfo, 13 December 2005; Retrieved on 30 May 2007</ref>

In March 2006, Pietersen played in the three Tests against [[India national cricket team|India]], which England drew 1–1. In the first innings on 15, another rash shot brought his downfall. He pulled a ball from [[Sreesanth]] onto his stumps. His 87 in the second innings of the first match came during England's acceleration period, helping push the required target over 300.<ref>[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/ENG_IND_T1_01-05MAR2006_BBB-COMMS.html India v England, First Test, 1–5 March 2005 Ball-by-ball commentary], ESPNcricinfo; Retrieved on 30 May 2007</ref> England then declared overnight, and India successfully batted out the final day to secure a draw. This half-century was followed by another in the first innings of the second Test. Again, he gave his wicket away on 64 when he offered [[Munaf Patel]] a return catch. The second innings was not so good, facing just 13 balls before being given out [[caught behind]] off a [[Harbhajan Singh]] delivery. The unhappy Pietersen was later fined 30 percent of his match fee for shaking his head and showing signs of dissent.<ref name="dissent">"[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/240601.html Pietersen fined for dissent]", ESPNcricinfo, 13 March 2006; Retrieved on 27 May 2007</ref> Replays demonstrated that the ball that had dismissed him had brushed his forearm, not his glove, before ballooning up into the hands of [[Rahul Dravid]] at slip. But umpire [[Darrell Hair]] gave him out for 4 as England collapsed on the fourth afternoon.<ref name="dissent"/> Pietersen posted a score of 39 in the first innings of the third test before he got a beauty from [[Sreesanth]] which moved and took the edge of the bat before being caught by [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]]. In the second innings, he posted 7 again being caught and bowled, this time by [[Anil Kumble]] via a leading edge. Despite a quiet match for him, England won comfortably after a dismal 100 all out in India's second visit to the crease.<ref>[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/ENG_IND_T3_18-22MAR2006.html India v England, Third Test, 18–22 March 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212173259/http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/ENG_IND_T3_18-22MAR2006.html |date=12 February 2009 }}, ESPNcricinfo; Retrieved on 30 May 2007</ref>

In the one-day series, which England lost 5–1, he was top scorer for England in four out of the five matches he played, and had the highest average of any player with 58.20.<ref>[http://usa.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/STATS/ENG_IN_IND_FEB-APR2006_ODI_AVS.html England in India, 2005–06 One-day Series Averages], ESPNcricinfo; Retrieved on 29 May 2007</ref> His 71 in the second ODI took him past 1,000 ODI runs, equalling [[Viv Richards]]' record of 21 innings to reach this total.<ref name="fastest to 1000"/>

=== Sri Lanka and Pakistan in England, 2006 ===
{{See also|Sri Lankan cricket team in England in 2006|Pakistani cricket team in England in 2006}}
In May 2006, Pietersen matched his highest Test score of 158 in the first match against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]. His innings was ended when he was lbw to [[Chaminda Vaas]].<ref>McGlashan, Andrew. "[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/246911.html Mahmood and Pietersen leave Sri Lanka in tatters]", ESPNcricinfo, 12 May 2006. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref> In the second test he made 142 at [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]]. He made almost half of England's runs. After he made his hundred, his third six saw the introduction to the [[Switch hit]], when he turned out and played a switch hit sweep off [[Muttiah Muralitharan]]. This took him past the milestone of 1,000 Test runs, in his 12th Test match, and he became the first batsman since [[Graham Gooch]] in 1990 to score a century in three successive Test innings on English soil.<ref>Kumar, Manish. "[http://www.cricketzone.com/news/news_columns/2007-03-08-98.html Will England rise from the Ashes for the World Cup?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314160519/http://www.cricketzone.com/news/news_columns/2007-03-08-98.html |date=14 March 2007 }}", cricketzone.com, 8 March 2007. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref> This performance moved Pietersen into the top ten of the [[ICC cricket ratings]]. In the third test, he was twice removed by [[Muttiah Muralitharan|Murali]]. In the first innings, on 41, he top edged a sweep to short fine leg. In the second innings with England chasing 325, he was caught at short leg for just 6. Despite this, his performances in the first two tests earned him the England (Test match) Player of the Series.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/ENG/2006_ENG_Sri_Lanka_in_England_2006.html Sri Lanka in England 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925100008/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/ENG/2006_ENG_Sri_Lanka_in_England_2006.html |date=25 September 2015 }}, CricketArchive. Retrieved 28 May 2007.</ref><ref>"[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/5026308.stm Pietersen moves into Test top 10]", BBC Sport, 29 May 2006. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref>
In the first and second tests of the [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] series, he got starts with the bat but did not get past 50. He was out lbw, offering no shot, in the first innings at [[Lord's Cricket Ground|Lords]] for 21. In the second innings, when England were pushing on, he played some nice strokes in his 41 before being stumped of the bowling of [[Shahid Afridi]]. In the second test, he made 38 when he hit a half-volley loosely to point. In the third Test at [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], he hit 135 runs from England's total of 515.<ref>McGlashan, Andrew. "[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvpak/content/story/255643.html Yousuf leads Pakistan reply after Bell's third ton]", ESPNcricinfo, 5 August 2006. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref> In the final controversial test at [[The Oval]], on a horribly wet pitch, he got the second golden duck of his Test career when he edged behind. In the second innings, he made 96 before edging behind again before the test came to an unexpected early end.

[[File:Petersen-Duck-Asif.jpg|thumb|right|Asif bowls Pietersen for a duck]]
Pietersen bowled his first delivery in Test match cricket on 4 June, against Sri Lanka.<ref>[http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/engvsl/engine/match/225266.html England v Sri Lanka Third Test, 2–5 June 2006], ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 28 May 2007.</ref> His first Test wicket came against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] later in the summer when [[Kamran Akmal]] got a thin edge through to [[Geraint Jones]].<ref>McGlashan, Andrew. "[http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/engvpak/content/story/253539.html Pakistan ride on Yousuf special]", ESPNcricinfo, 15 July 2006. Retrieved on 28 May 2007.</ref> Later in June, Pietersen scored 17 in the [[Twenty20]] International as England lost by 2 runs to Sri Lanka.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/85/85632.html England v Sri Lanka, Twenty20], CricketArchive, 15 June 2006. Retrieved on 28 May 2007.</ref> The [[Twenty20 International|twenty over]] match against Pakistan was no better, Pietersen being [[bowled]] by [[Mohammad Asif (cricketer)|Mohammad Asif]] for a [[duck (cricket)|golden duck]] as Pakistan helped themselves to a five-wicket victory.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/86/86003.html Pakistan v England, Twenty20], CricketArchive, 28 August 2006. Retrieved on 28 May 2007.</ref>

=== England in Australia, 2006–07 ===
{{See also|2006-07 Ashes series|English cricket team in Australia in 2006–07}}
In the much-anticipated Ashes series in Australia, Pietersen was hyped up as England's best player and this was justified as he scored 490 runs in five matches and averaged over fifty, despite Australia's obvious targeting of him. "I was interested to see how he would get on in Australia in 2006–07 on pitches with more bounce", wrote Warne, "because bowlers had tried to test him with the short ball. He was still England's best batsman."<ref name="Warne 2008">Warne 2008.</ref>

He started well, in the First Test. Despite a failure of 16 in the first test, he produced a fine spell of batting with a good 92 in the second innings. This wasn't enough to save England from a 277 run defeat.<ref>"[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/6185580.stm Australia v England – 1st Test]", BBC Sport, 27 November 2006. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref> In the second Test, he backed up his good form with a century in the Second Test in [[Adelaide]], sharing a 310-run partnership for the fourth wicket with Paul Collingwood. When he was eventually run out, his first reaction was to "giggle" because it was the third time in his Test career that he had scored exactly 158 runs, which was, at that point, his highest Test score. However, he made 2 in a disastrous second innings collapse which cost England dear.<ref>Miller, Andrew. "[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ausveng/content/story/270774.html Pietersen and Collingwood share the limelight]", ESPNcricinfo, 2 December 2006. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref> In the third test, he was the only batsman to offer any resistance with 70 in the first innings and 60 not out in the second innings in a defeat which cost England the Ashes. However, he couldn't carry on that form as he failed to make a half-century in the final two tests as England lost 5–0.<ref>Miller, Andrew. "[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/275400.html Pietersen the best of a poor bunch]", ESPNcricinfo, 6 January 2007. Retrieved on 12 January 2007.</ref>
[[File:Kevin pietersen bowl.jpg|upright|right|thumb|Pietersen bowling [[off-spin]] in the [[Adelaide Oval]] nets in November 2006.]]
In the tour's sole Twenty20 match, Pietersen was run out on eleven as England lost by 77 runs.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/98/98972.html Australia v England, Twenty20]. CricketArchive, 9 January 2007. Retrieved on 28 May 2007.</ref> In the first One Day International of the 2006–07 [[Commonwealth Bank Series]], on 12 January at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], Pietersen was injured when a ball bowled by [[Glenn McGrath]] hit him on the ribs. Despite continuing his innings in some discomfort, making 82, [[X-ray]]s revealed a fracture, and Pietersen was forced to miss the rest of the series.<ref>Coverdale, Brydon. "[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/cbs/content/current/story/276237.html Pietersen out of tour with fractured rib]", ESPNcricinfo, 12 January 2007. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref>

=== Career in 2007 ===

==== 2007 World Cup ====
{{See also|2007 Cricket World Cup}}
In the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]], England started in Group C with a game against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] in which KP made 60 before holing out. He made another 50 against Kenya but disappointedly made just 5 against Canada as England sealed qualification. He made 48 in the unconvincing win against Ireland. Pietersen made 58 against [[Sri Lanka cricket team|Sri Lanka]] before being caught and bowled by [[Muttiah Muralitharan|Murali]]. England lost that game by 2 runs before losing the next game against Australia by 7 wickets. Pietersen crafted 104 runs off 122 balls against Australia. It was the first World Cup century by an Englishman since 1996, and the first ever against Australia.<ref>Rajesh, S and Gopalakrishna, HR. "[http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/289672.html How Tait and Hogg turned it around]", ESPNcricinfo, 8 April 2007. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref> His efforts in the World Cup helped him achieve the status of [[International Cricket Council]] number-one ranked batsman in the world for ODIs.<ref>"[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/6494577.stm Pietersen top of world rankings]", BBC Sport, 26 March 2007. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref> He then failed making 10 against Bangladesh and 3 against South Africa. England lost to South Africa meaning that England did not reach the semi-finals. In England's final match of the World Cup against the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], Pietersen made 100 from 91 balls, and effected the run-out of retiring captain [[Brian Lara]].<ref>Lillywhite, Jamie. "[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/6576083.stm West Indies v England]", BBC Sport, 21 April 2007. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref> This century took him past 2,000 ODI runs, in doing so equalling the record 51 matches set by [[Zaheer Abbas]].<ref name="fastest to 2000"/> He finished the tournament with 444 runs, at an average of 55.5, and was described as shining in the England team "like a 100 watt bulb in a room full of candles".<ref>Goughy, Kev. "[http://www.cricketweb.net/article.php?CategoryIDAuto=4&NewsIDAuto=3885 Team of the 2007 World Cup]", cricketweb.net, 15 May 2007. Retrieved on 28 May 2007.</ref> He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by ESPNcricinfo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/292881.html|title=And the winners are ...|date=30 April 2007|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==== West Indies in England ====
{{See also|West Indian cricket team in England in 2007}}
In the first test of the series he was dismissed for 26 again chasing a wide one when looking set also after 4 centuries were scored by England batsmen in the innings at [[Lord's]], he then scored a hundred in the second innings when England were looking to accelerate.<ref>[http://content-www.cricinfo.com/engvwi/engine/current/match/258459.html England v West Indies First Test, 17–21 May 2007], ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 27 May 2007</ref> Pietersen posted his highest score of 226 in the second Test at [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] (it was scored in 262 balls, with 24 fours and 2 sixes), surpassing his previous best of 158 which he had achieved three times.<ref>"[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/6695535.stm Test-best score thrills Pietersen]", BBC Sport, 26 May 2007. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref> With this score, Pietersen moved ahead of [[Everton Weekes]] and [[Viv Richards]] to be the batsman with the second-highest run-total out of his first 25 Tests (behind [[Don Bradman]]).<ref name="brenkley"/> It is also the highest Test score for England since [[Graham Gooch]] scored 333 against [[India cricket team|India]] in 1990.<ref>Mitchell, Kevin. "[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/may/27/cricket.englandcricketseries Peerless Pietersen sets up drubbing]". ''[[The Guardian]]'', 27 May 2007. Retrieved on 28 May 2007.</ref> This innings subjected the West Indies to an innings and 283 runs defeat, their largest against any team. Pietersen, the Man of the Match, said, "I believe the recipe for success is hard work. I've been criticised for throwing my wicket away, and I tried to make it count here".<ref>"[https://archive.today/20120710204259/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvwi/engine/current/match/258460.html?innings=3;view=commentary Commentary: England v West Indies at Leeds, 25–28 May 2007]". ESPNcricinfo, 28 May 2007. Retrieved on 6 June 2007.</ref>

In the third Test at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], he carried on his bad run at the ground being bounced out twice for 9 and 68. In the second innings, Pietersen lost his wicket in a bizarre dismissal when West Indian all-rounder [[Dwayne Bravo]] delivered a [[bouncer (cricket)|bouncer]] which knocked Pietersen's helmet off his head and onto his stumps. He is only the fourth batsman in Test cricket to be dismissed "[[hit wicket]]" as a result of headgear falling onto the stumps.<ref>Brett, Oliver. "[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/6737017.stm West Indies v England]", BBC Sport, 9 June 2007. Retrieved on 10 June 2007.</ref> This score took him past the 8,500 first-class runs mark, and 2,500 runs in Test cricket.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/103/103087/103087_bbb.html England v West Indies 3rd Test match] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326172126/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/103/103087/103087_bbb.html |date=26 March 2014 }}, 2007-06-11, CricketArchive. Retrieved on 11 June 2007.</ref> In the final match of the series, he registered his third duck of his Test career in the first innings and 28 in the second innings as England won the series 3–0.

In contrast, Pietersen's batting was poor in the following single innings matches; he scored a total of 77 runs in five matches (two Twenty20 and three ODI), recording a second-ball duck in the final ODI.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/103/103096.html England v West Indies 3rd ODI], 2007-07-07, CricketArchive. Retrieved on 7 July 2007.</ref> He subsequently fell to second in the official One Day International batting rankings, behind [[Ricky Ponting]].<ref>"[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6121940.stm Pietersen relinquishes top place]", 2007-07-08, BBC Sport. Retrieved on 9 July 2007.</ref> Pietersen himself commented that his lack of form was a result of "fatigue", and reiterated his calls for a less "hectic" match schedule.<ref name=fatigue>"[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/6294522.stm Pietersen blames fatigue for form]", BBC Sport. Retrieved on 12 July 2007.</ref>

==== India tour and Twenty20 Championship ====
{{See also|Indian cricket team in England in 2007}}
[[File:Pietersen batting at Trent Bridge, 2007 (1).jpg|thumb|300px|Pietersen batting during the second Test of India's tour of England in 2007]]
Pietersen played in the first Test against [[India national cricket team|India]] and in the first innings, he made 37 but not without controversy. He edged the ball behind of [[Zaheer Khan]] to Dhoni. He walked, but after seeing replays on the screen, he walked back to the middle and the decision was overturned. Ironically, he was out shortly afterwards caught Dhoni, bowled Khan. In the second innings he was top scorer with a knock of 134 to set up a potential England victory. Pietersen described this as his best century, in very testing conditions.<ref>Miller, Andrew "[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/current/story/303195.html 'I'd probably rate that as No. 1']", 2007-07-22, ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 23 July 2007.</ref> In the second test, he was twice lbw to [[RP Singh]] for 13 and 19 in a defeat which subsequently cost them the series. After making 41 in the first innings, Pietersen scored his 10th Test century in the third and final Test at the Oval, helping England to draw the game with 101.<ref>[http://content-www.cricinfo.com/engvind/engine/match/258470.html England v India Third Test, 9–13 August 2007], ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 15 August 2007</ref> In the one-day series that followed, he struggled at the start with a top score of 33 not out in the first five matches of the series. He scored two half-centuries in the final matches including 71 not out in the final match at Lord's, hitting the winning runs to give England the series.

Pietersen was also picked for and played in the Twenty20 Championship in South Africa. In England's first game against Zimbabwe on 13 September, Pietersen hit 79 runs off 37 balls, his highest Twenty20 score, including seven fours and four sixes (one of them being another switch-hit sweep for six) in an English total of 188–9. England won the match by 50 runs; however, this was to be Pietersen's largest contribution in the competition. He scored another 99 runs over four more matches, ending the series with an average of 35.60. He also scored the most England fours (17) and jointly held the record for the most England sixes (6) with [[Owais Shah]]. He also held the highest strike rate of any England batsman.<ref>[http://stats.cricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=3115;team=1;type=tournament ''Twenty20 World Championship – England batting averages''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409232928/http://stats.cricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=3115%3Bteam%3D1%3Btype%3Dtournament |date=9 April 2009 }} ESPNcricinfo retrieved 6 April 2008</ref>

==== Sri Lanka 2007 ====
{{See also|English cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2007–08}}
Pietersen scored 50 in England's opening game in Sri Lanka against the Sri Lankan Cricket XI,<ref>[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/slveng/engine/match/291214.html ''Tour Match: Sri Lanka Cricket XI v England''], 2007-09-29, ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 24 June 2008.</ref> but it took until the fourth ODI for Pietersen to find form, scoring 63 not out as England won their first series in Sri Lanka.<ref>McGlashan, Andrew (2007). [http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/slveng/content/story/314823.html Cook serves up series glory for England], 2007-10-10, ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 24 June 2008.</ref> This form was still fluctuating in the warm-up matches for the Test series, scoring 4, 1 and 59 against the Sri Lankan Cricket XI. This run continued in the Test matches when in the first test he got two starts with 31 and 18 but didn't go on. He was unfortunate as in the second innings on 18 he was bowled by a ball that kept low from [[Dilhara Fernando]]. In the second test he managed 45 not out to secure a draw in the 2nd Test. In the first innings, Pietersen's dismissal was to be the source of much controversy. He edged his fifth ball to [[Chamara Silva]] at slip, who flicked the ball up for wicketkeeper [[Kumar Sangakkara]] to complete the catch. The two on-field umpires conferred over the validity of the catch, as it was unclear whether the ball had touched the ground ''prior'' to Silva flicking the ball up. [[Daryl Harper]], standing at the bowler's end gave the decision that the wicket had been taken, but while walking off the field, Pietersen saw a replay on the big screen and questioned the validity of the decision. This led for calls for similar catches to be referred to the third (TV) umpire, but this can only take place if the on-field umpires have not made a decision.<ref>[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/slveng/content/story/324566.html Vaughan critical of Pietersen dismissal], 2007-12-09, ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 24 June 2008.</ref> Pietersen passed 3,000 Test runs during the series, becoming the fastest player (by time) to do so,<ref name="fastest to 3000">[http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283177.html Test matches – Fastest to 3000 runs], ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 24 June 2008.</ref><ref>Although Pietersen reached 3,000 runs in under 3 years, he took 63 innings to do so; 18 people have reached 3,000 in 63 innings or less.</ref> though he only averaged 25.20,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/series/batting-most-runs-career/england-in-sri-lanka-test-series-2007-08-3152 |title=Cricket Records in England in Sri Lanka Test Series, 2007/08 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref> and failed to score a half century in a series for the first time.<ref>[[Simon Hughes (cricketer)|Hughes, Simon]], (2008). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/tms/2007/12/england_series_rankings_1.shtml ''England test series ratings''], BBC, Retrieved on 2 January 2008.</ref>

=== Career in 2008 ===

==== New Zealand tours (home and away) ====

{{See also|English cricket team in New Zealand in 2007–08|New Zealand cricket team in England in 2008}}
On England's tour against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]], Pietersen averaged 33.00 in the ODI series, with one score of 50 in the tied fourth match; England lost the series 3–1.<ref>[http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=3309;team=1;type=series Batting and bowling averages: England in New Zealand ODI Series, 2007/08 – England] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302041721/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=3309%3Bteam%3D1%3Btype%3Dseries |date=2 March 2008 }}, ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 24 June 2008.</ref> He also made a top score of 43 in the first of two comfortable [[Twenty20 International|Twenty20]] matches.<ref>[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/300435.html First T20I: New Zealand v England], 2008-02-05, ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 24 June 2008.</ref> Pietersen had a quiet first two Test matches, making little impression with the bat. He produced 42 and 6 as England collapsed in their second innings. In the next test, he fared little better making 31 and 17. However, in the first innings of the [[McLean Park|Napier]] Test he rescued England from a disastrous start of 4–3, guiding them to 259 with 129, his 11th Test century.<ref>[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/300444.html 3rd Test: New Zealand v England], 2008-03-26, ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 24 June 2008.</ref>

New Zealand then came to tour England and Pietersen again struggled in the first two Test matches, scoring 3 in the first match. He improved slightly in the second but only making 26 in the first innings and then running himself out on 42 having looked well set.<ref>Lillywhite, Jamie (2008). "[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/7420284.stm Strauss ton inspires England win]", 2008-05-26, BBC Sport. Retrieved on 26 May 2008</ref> He seemed to be struggling particularly against [[Daniel Vettori]] but he showed no signs of that as he struck a century in the third Test, forming a valuable partnership with [[Tim Ambrose]], making a crucial 115.<ref>Lillywhite, Jamie (2008). "[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7432111.stm Pietersen century rescues England]", 2008-06-05, BBC Sport. Retrieved on 6 June 2008.</ref> Pietersen hit a winning 42 not out in the Twenty20 match.

==== Switch-hit ====
In the first ODI of the NatWest series, Pietersen hit two sixes by "switch-hitting" en route to 110 not out. While facing the bowling of medium pace [[Scott Styris]], Pietersen turned his body around and switched hands (effectively batting as a left-hander) hitting two sixes over [[Fielding (cricket)|cover]] and long off. Because Pietersen not only reversed his hand position (as some batsman do while playing the [[Batting (cricket)#Reverse sweep|reverse sweep]]), but changed his stance by rotating his body, these "switch-hit" shots were immediately followed by calls to outlaw them from the game.<ref>Luke, Will (2008). "[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvnz/content/story/354876.html Pietersen stars in crushing win]", 2008-06-15, ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 24 June 2006.</ref> Although a similar shot was played when Pietersen reverse-swept [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] for six in Sri Lanka in 2006, in this case he switched hands and executed "the switch" before the ball was bowled.<ref>Hughes, Simon. "Stunning switch hits are changing cricket, at a stroke the analyst". 2008-06-16, ''The Daily Telegraph''. p. 13.</ref>

Several commentators complained that because Pietersen changed from being a right-handed to a left-handed batsman as the bowler approached his delivery stride, he was gaining an unfair advantage. [[Gideon Haigh]] said that "A bowler must advise a batsman when he's changing direction, why should the batsmen not; given that where the bowler's aiming will depend on the placement of the off stump". [[Ian Healy]] seconded this by saying "It just should be outlawed straightaway. If you want to hit to one team of the field, you've got to do it in a cross fashion, and not swap the way you're facing or your grip. Otherwise you are going to start to allow the bowlers to go round the wicket, over the wicket, and keep swapping during their run-ups." Former fast-bowler [[Michael Holding]] argued "if the batsman can change from being right-handed to left-handed, there shouldn't be a problem with a bowler changing from being right-handed to left-handed, either, without having to tell the umpire, nor should he have to tell the umpire if he is going over or round the wicket."<ref>[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/355276.html The shots that rang around the world], 2008-06-16, ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 24 June 2008.</ref>

Pietersen countered these claims by saying: <blockquote>"That's ridiculous, absolutely stupid. The reverse-sweep has been part of the game for however long. I am just fortunate that I am able to hit it a bit further. Everybody wants brand new ideas, new inventions and new shots. That is a new shot played today and people should be saying it's a new way to go. There are new things happening for cricket at the moment and people shouldn't be criticising it all the time."<ref>[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvnz/content/story/354980.html Pietersen defends switch-hitting], 2008-06-16, ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 24 June 2008.</ref></blockquote>

Another citation for the shot being outlawed was that the possibility of being out LBW ("a player is out LBW if...the ball pitches in line between wicket and wicket or on the off side of the striker's wicket") is removed, as the off side become the leg side and vice versa.<ref>In simple terms, a player is not LBW if the ball pitches outside the leg stump.</ref> The shots were considered by the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC), governors of the game, who came to the conclusion that the shot was legal, believing that the LBW law (which continues "The off side of the striker's wicket shall be determined by the striker's stance at the moment the ball comes into play for that delivery") adequately covers the scenario.<ref>The ball comes into play when the bowler starts his run-up.</ref><ref>[[Marylebone Cricket Club]], 2003. "[http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-36-leg-before-wicket,62,AR.html Law 36 (Leg before wicket)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080831051417/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-36-leg-before-wicket%2C62%2CAR.html |date=31 August 2008 }}". Retrieved on 24 June 2008.</ref> They cited the variations bowlers can make, such as bowling a googly or a slower ball, and also the inherent risk in the shot to the batsman, in the justification of their decision.<ref>"[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7456149.stm MCC approves Pietersen switch hit]", 2008-06-17, BBC Sport. Retrieved on 18 June 2008.</ref>

There are still calls for further review of the stroke, with [[Jonathan Agnew]] giving a scenario in which a right-handed batsman can take his stance as a left-hander, then switch stance as the bowler runs in, thus being able to kick away any balls that land outside his now off stump. He also calls for the wide law to be adjusted in one-day cricket, as bowlers are penalised for most deliveries that pass down the leg side.<ref>[[Jonathan Agnew|Agnew, Jonathan]], 2008. "[https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/tms/2008/06/laws_should_change_for_switchh.shtml Laws should change for switch-hitters]", 2008-06-18, BBC. Retrieved on 24 June 2008.</ref>

=== England captaincy ===
====Success against South Africa====
Pietersen captained England in the fifth ODI against New Zealand after [[Paul Collingwood]] was banned for four games for a slow over-rate during the previous match. Pietersen was named as the stand-in captain for three further matches in August.<ref>"[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7476025.stm Pietersen named stand in captain]", 2008-06-26, BBC Sport. Retrieved on 26 June 2008.</ref>

[[File:Pietersen at The Oval.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Pietersen on his first day as England Test captain at [[The Oval]] in August 2008]] With [[Michael Vaughan]] as captain for the first three tests, Pietersen seemed to thrive in his first Test series against his former countrymen scoring 152 in the opening match of the series. During the third Test against South Africa, Pietersen was criticised for throwing his wicket away attempting a six to complete a century when on 94. [[Jonathan Agnew]] and [[Alec Stewart]] called the stroke "irresponsible" and Agnew continued, suggesting that Pietersen therefore ruled himself out of the potential reckoning for the England captaincy with [[Michael Vaughan|Vaughan]]'s place in the starting line-up in doubt after failing to score runs.<ref>Agnew, Jonathan. "[https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/tms/2008/08/pietersen_fails_to_complete_re.shtml Pietersen fails to complete rescue operation]", 2008-08-01, BBC Sport. Retrieved on 4 August 2008.</ref> In the event, having lost the match, Vaughan resigned and Pietersen was made the permanent captain of both the Test and ODI teams ([[Paul Collingwood]] relinquished the ODI captaincy at the same time).<ref name=CaptainKP>{{cite news |title=Pietersen named England captain |work=BBC Sport |date=4 August 2008
|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7540228.stm |access-date=4 August 2008}}</ref>
Following the news that he had been made England Test and ODI captain, Pietersen paid tribute to both outgoing captains but announced that he would look to captain the team in his own style.<ref name=CaptainKP/> He scored a century in his debut match as captain in the [[dead rubber]] fourth Test, and went on to defeat South Africa 4–0 in the ODI matches. In that series he made 90 not out and got 2–22 with the ball. In the fourth ODI, another dead rubber as England were 3–0 up, he hit a quick 40 to guide England to victory.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cricket Scorecard|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/shared/fds/hi/statistics/cricket/scorecards/2008/8/14783/html/scorecard.stm|website=BBC Sport |access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>

====Derailment in India====
Pietersen continued to lead the team during a 5–0 defeat to India in ODI matches; the series was supposed to consist of seven matches, but was abandoned after the fifth due to the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=When Cricket Suffered Due to Terror Attacks|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/when-cricket-suffered-due-to-terror-attacks-2068237.html|date=2019-03-15|website=News18|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> Pietersen however had a decent series with the bat hitting a quick 63 in the first match and 111 not out in the fifth match. Pietersen's men returned to England before resuming the tour amid unprecedented security, to play a two-Test series. Pietersen was highly vocal in regards to the resumption of the tour, citing a need to stand up to terrorism. He had an aggregate of 5 runs in 2 innings in the first test being dismissed by [[Yuvraj Singh]] in the second innings which showed Pietersen's struggles against Yuvraj from the ODI series carried on. England were defeated in the first, but recovered to draw the second with Pietersen scoring 144.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/361051.html | title=Pataudi Trophy 2nd Test scorecard | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | date=23 December 2008 | access-date=23 December 2008}}</ref>

In January 2009, following England's losses in India, the media reported that Pietersen had asked the [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] (ECB) to hold emergency meetings to discuss Moores' coaching role with the team.<ref name=ESPNcricinfo_crisis_talks>{{cite news |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/384869.html|title=Pietersen wants crisis talks with ECB |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=1 January 2009 |access-date=7 January 2009}}</ref> Days later, Pietersen made remarks to the media about there being an 'unhealthy situation' that needed to be resolved in the England camp. The media speculated that Moores would shortly be replaced if there was a Pietersen–Moores rift. Moores and Pietersen were believed to be in disagreement on several issues, including the team's training regimen, and the possible selection of former England captain [[Michael Vaughan]] for the upcoming [[English cricket team in West Indies in 2008–09|tour of the West Indies]].<ref name=bbc_resigns/> On 7 January 2009, Moores was removed as England's coach by the ECB, and Pietersen unexpectedly resigned as captain.<ref name=bbc_resigns>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7815038.stm |title=England captain Pietersen resigns |work=BBC Sport |date=7 January 2009 |access-date=7 January 2009}}</ref> In the immediate aftermath of Pietersen's resignation, several commentators connected with English cricket indicated that they believed that Pietersen had miscalculated by openly advocating for the removal of Moores, particularly in making their dispute public.<ref name=reaction>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7815729.stm |title=Reactions to England cricket chaos |work=BBC Sport |date=7 January 2009 |access-date=7 January 2009}}</ref> In an interview several days after his resignation, Pietersen revealed that he had not intended to resign as captain, but was told by ECB officials that he was resigning.<ref name=Pietersenforced>{{cite web |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/england/content/current/story/386067.html |title=ESPNcricinfo – Pietersen says he was forced to quit |date= 11 January 2009 |access-date=11 January 2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> [[Dennis Amiss]], the vice-chairman of the ECB, went on record backing up Pietersen in his statement that the story of the rift with Moores had not been leaked to the media by him, saying, "We don't believe Kevin Pietersen leaked the information, we understand his frustration at it being leaked by other parties."<ref name=Pietersendidntleak>{{cite news |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/england/4217380/Kevin-Pietersen-didnt-leak-England-cricket-crisis-talks-ECB.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/england/4217380/Kevin-Pietersen-didnt-leak-England-cricket-crisis-talks-ECB.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title= Kevin Pietersen didn't leak crisis talks: ECB|access-date=15 January 2009 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |date=11 January 2009 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> Pietersen was captain for three Test matches, and 10 One Day International matches. It was announced that [[Andrew Strauss]] would take over the captaincy.<ref name=kpout/>

===Career in 2009===

==== England in West Indies ====
Pietersen's first match after resigning from the captaincy garnered much media attention, played in the Caribbean during England's tour of the West Indies under the new captain, Strauss. Though Pietersen scored 97 in the first innings of the first Test, West Indies had a lead of 74 and England were bowled out for 51 with Pietersen making only one, being bowled by an out-swinger by [[Jerome Taylor]] as England collapsed to an innings defeat. After the second Test was abandoned, Pietersen made 51 in a quickly scheduled 'third' Test. His good form carried on as he scored 72 not out to give England the draw at Barbados. In the fifth and final Test, with England needing to win, Pietersen hit his quickest test century with 102 off 92 balls. He struggled in the one-day series that followed with his top score being 48.

==== Indian Premier League ====
In February 2009, [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] of the [[Indian Premier League]] bought Pietersen for US$1,550,000, which made him the highest-paid IPL player along with [[Andrew Flintoff]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/7871703.stm |work=BBC Sport |title=England players top IPL auction |date=6 February 2009 |access-date=18 February 2012}}</ref> The following month RCB owner [[Vijay Mallya]] announced that Pietersen would succeed [[Rahul Dravid]] as captain. He won two out of his six matches in charge before leaving to fulfil his international commitments with England; [[Anil Kumble]] took over the captaincy and led the Bangalore team to the IPL final.<ref name="shine off"/> Kevin Pietersen was later bought by Deccan Chargers for the 2011 season and was sold to Delhi Daredevils in the 2012 season without having played a single game for the Chargers.

==== West Indies and the ICC World Twenty20 ====
Pietersen began 2009 with questions over his form, where many pundits viewed him to be in a slump.<ref name="shine off">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/401882.html|title=The shine's off KP|last=Steen|first=Rob|date=29 April 2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2 June 2009}}</ref> He was dismissed first ball in the first Test against the touring West Indies team dismissed by the full, swinging ball (a delivery which he seemed to struggle against), but in the second Test made a quick 49 before falling to an attacking shot. He then suffered what seemed only a minor right Achilles injury and was subsequently ruled out of the ODI series, which England also won.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/engvwi2009/content/story/405293.html|title=Pietersen ruled out of one-day series|date=20 May 2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2 June 2009}}</ref> In June 2009, Pietersen played in England's World Twenty20 warm-up match against [[Scotland cricket team|Scotland]], registering an unbeaten 53 in a six-wicket England victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/wt202009/engine/current/match/393739.html|title=ICC World Twenty20 Warm-up Matches, England v Scotland at Nottingham, Jun 2, 2009 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2 June 2009}}</ref> He also appeared in the news after accidentally hitting a [[Reece Topley|15-year-old school boy]] with a cricket ball from a straight-drive after the boy had bowled to him. Pietersen left the boy, from [[Suffolk]], with a signed bat as compensation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/leicestershire/8079143.stm|title=Boy is floored by Pietersen shot |work=BBC News |access-date=2 June 2009 | date=2 June 2009}}</ref>

Pietersen's Achilles injury began flared up ahead of England's first Twenty20 match, against the [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]] not long after.<ref>Quoted in ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/england/5478939/Kevin-Pietersen-could-break-down-at-any-time.html Kevin Pietersen could break down at any time]. telegraph.co.uk., 9 June 2009. (Retrieved 28 June 2009).</ref> In Pietersen's absence, England incurred a historic loss against the Dutch.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/wt202009/content/current/story/407598.html|title=de Grooth leads Netherlands to famous win |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=11 July 2009}}</ref> He returned for the second match against Pakistan and top scored with 58 off 38 balls and hit 3 sixes (one of which was measured at over 100m) in the 48 run victory,<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/355996.html England v Pakistan, 7 June 2009], ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 7 July 2009.</ref> he also top scored in the three run win over India later in the competition.<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/356010.html England v India, 14 June 2009], ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 7 July 2009.</ref> Despite missing the first match Pietersen ended the tournament as England's leading runscorer with 154 at an average of 38.50.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120719002551/http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=4162;team=1;type=tournament ICC World Twenty20, 2009 – England averages], ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 7 July 2009.</ref> He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by ESPNcricinfo for the 2009 T20I World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wt202009/content/story/410204.html|title=The top crop|date=22 June 2009|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==== 2009 Ashes ====
Pietersen joined the England Ashes squad in June 2009 for the upcoming [[2009 Ashes]] series. Despite failing to surpass single figure scores during a warm-up match against Warwickshire,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/content/story/413007.html|title=Through the hype, Pietersen relishes the contest|last=Miller|first=Andrew|date=6 July 2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 July 2009}}</ref> he helped England to a score over 400 on 8 July during the first day of the first Test at the [[SWALEC Stadium]], [[Cardiff]] with 69 before being dismissed by [[Nathan Hauritz]], top-edging a sweep to a ball outside off stump; the dismissal was heavily criticised. He also seemed to flare up his Achilles injury again suddenly which hampered his batting a bit. In the second innings he was bowled for 8 after leaving a straight ball from [[Ben Hilfenhaus]]. Many pundits thought the criticism of England's key batsman from the first innings possibly affected him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/content/story/413362.html|title=Pietersen thrills but gives it away|last=Miller|first=Ander|date=8 July 2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 July 2009}}</ref> In the first innings at Lords, after proving his fitness, he came at 222–2 and played some trademark shots before being caught behind off [[Peter Siddle]]. In the second innings he came in when England had a lead of almost 300 and he and [[Ravi Bopara]] batted for time. Pietersen limped when he ran and many shots ran off the inside edge which raised serious doubts for the rest of the series. He actually did well to reach 44 before being caught behind off Siddle again. After struggling in the field as England won, Pietersen was ruled out of the rest of the series with an Achilles injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/8162048.stm|title=Pietersen to miss rest of Ashes|work=[[BBC Online]]|date=22 July 2009|access-date=22 July 2009}}</ref> This brought to an end 54 consecutive Test matches. As his recovery slowed, Pietersen was not included in the [[2009 ICC Champions Trophy]] and Andy Flower speculated that due to an infection of the wound Pietersen "may miss this winter's tour of South Africa because of slow progress in recovery from surgery."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Articles/11/11465.html|title=Pietersen might not make SA tour: Flower|date=22 September 2009|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=26 September 2009}}</ref>

=== Career in 2010 ===
Pietersen returned from injury in time to play a part in the [[English cricket team in South Africa in 2009–10|2009–10 winter tour of South Africa]]. His contributions, nevertheless, were significantly below his pre-injury range with an average of just 27. He showed several lapses of concentration, leading some to suggest that off-field distractions and lingering issues with his removal from the captaincy were still affecting his form.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/england/6852744/South-Africa-v-England-Kevin-Pietersens-moment-of-madness-should-be-forgiven.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/england/6852744/South-Africa-v-England-Kevin-Pietersens-moment-of-madness-should-be-forgiven.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|author=Simon Briggs|title=South Africa v England: Kevin Pietersen's moment of madness should be forgiven|date=20 December 2009|access-date=17 January 2010 | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Pietersen went into the [[English cricket team in Bangladesh in 2009–10|two-match tour of Bangladesh]] on the back of poor performances on his return from injury and led to speculation Pietersen's England place was under pressure.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/oliverbrett/2010/03/pietersen_must_banish_the_demo.html|title=Oliver Brett's Blog: Pietersen must banish the demons forthwith|date=9 March 2010|author=Oliver Brett|work= BBC.co.uk}}</ref> However, an important first innings of 99 in the first Test and a series clinching score of 74 not out in the second, during a stand of 167 not out with [[Alastair Cook]], saw Pietersen return to much more respectable figures. England won the series 2–0 and Pietersen finished with total runs of 250 and an average for the series of 83.33.<ref>[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=5510;type=series Records / England in Bangladesh Test Series, 2009/10 / Most runs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210103228/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=5510%3Btype%3Dseries |date=10 December 2010 }}, ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 22 July 2011.</ref>

Pietersen joined up with his [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] team following the conclusion to [[English cricket team in Bangladesh in 2009–10|England's tour of Bangladesh]]. Pietersen showed further signs of a return to form in the [[2010 IPL|IPL]] by scoring 236 runs with a high score of 66[[not out|*]], with an average of 59.00, which was the highest in the IPL.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/IND/Indian_Premier_League_2009-10/Batting_by_Average.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Indian Premier League 2009/10 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=24 June 2012}}</ref>

==== 2010 ICC World Twenty20 ====
Pietersen was selected in England's 15-man squad for the [[2010 ICC World Twenty20]] in the [[West Indies]]. Pietersen's tournament got off to a poor start as he made was dismissed for [[duck (cricket)|duck]] by [[Rory Kleinveldt]] in a warm up match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/290/290065.html |title=England v South Africa, ICC World Twenty20 2010 (Warm-up) |publisher=CricketArchive |date=29 April 2010 |access-date=24 June 2012}}</ref> In England's first match against the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], Pietersen started confidently scoring 24 from 20 balls before being dismissed on the [[Pull shot|pull]] by [[Darren Sammy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/250/250749.html |title=West Indies v England, ICC World Twenty20 2010 (Group D) |publisher=CricketArchive |date=3 May 2010 |access-date=24 June 2012}}</ref> Against [[Ireland national cricket team|Ireland]], he struggled to get going, scoring a slow 9 from 18 balls.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/250/250751.html |title=England v Ireland, ICC World Twenty20 2010 (Group D) |publisher=CricketArchive |date=4 May 2010 |access-date=24 June 2012}}</ref> In England's super eights match against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] he scored 73[[not out|*]] from 52 balls, guiding England to a 6 wicket win.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/250/250754.html |title=England v Pakistan, ICC World Twenty20 2010 (Group E) |publisher=CricketArchive |date=6 May 2010 |access-date=24 June 2012}}</ref> In the following super eights match against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]], Pietersen scored an aggressive 53 runs from 33 balls, contributing to a 94 run partnership with [[Craig Kieswetter]] and a 39 run victory for England. For his performance, he was named man of the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/250/250759.html |title=England v South Africa, ICC World Twenty20 2010 (Group E) |publisher=CricketArchive |date=8 May 2010 |access-date=24 June 2012}}</ref>

Following the conclusion of this match, Pietersen returned home to England to be present at the birth of his son.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricket365.com/news/story/6142044/Pietersen-to-return-home |title=Pietersen to return home |publisher=Cricket365.com |access-date=24 June 2012}}</ref> Pietersen returned in time for England's semi-final against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]], where he scored a vital 42* from 26 balls, guiding England home to a 7 wicket victory<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/250/250766.html |title=England v Sri Lanka, ICC World Twenty20 2010 (Semi-final) |publisher=CricketArchive |date=13 May 2010 |access-date=24 June 2012}}</ref> and a place in their first ICC tournament final since the [[2004 ICC Champions Trophy]]. In the final against old foes [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]], he scored 47 runs from 31 balls, which included 4 fours and 1 six. Pietersen shared in a vital stand of 111 with Kieswetter, before holing out to [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] off the bowling of [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]]. Pietersen's knock was vital in helping England secure a 7 wicket victory and their first ever major ICC tournament victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/250/250768.html |title=England v Australia, ICC World Twenty20 2010 (Final) |publisher=CricketArchive |date=16 May 2010 |access-date=24 June 2012}}</ref> After the match Pietersen was named man of the series for his vital contributions with the bat, which ended with Pietersen being the second highest run scorer with 248 runs at an average of 62.00 and a strike rate of 137.77.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/world-twenty20-2010/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=5195;type=tournament |title=ICC World Twenty20, most runs |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=24 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100518065240/http://stats.cricinfo.com/world-twenty20-2010/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=5195%3Btype%3Dtournament |archive-date=18 May 2010 }}</ref>

==== Bangladesh, Australia and Pakistan ====
[[File:Kp walks out.JPG|thumb|left|Pietersen walks out to bat against Australia at the Rose Bowl in his 100th ODI]]
Pietersen played in the Bangladesh home series, however contributed only 18 in the first innings before assisting England in chasing down a modest total with 10*. He made 64 in the second Test, however.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/england-v-bangladesh-2010/content/story/462316.html|title=Rust removed ahead of sterner Tests |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 June 2010}}</ref> After the Test series, attention was drawn to Pietersen's lack of games for Hampshire – having not played a County Championship at the Rose Bowl since 2005. Having made one Twenty20 appearance for them against [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] after the Bangladesh Test series, it was announced that he would be leaving Hampshire, stating that "Geographically it just doesn't work. I live in Chelsea."<ref name="leaving hampshire ESPNcricinfo">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/countycricket2010/content/current/story/463579.html|title=Kevin Pietersen set for Hampshire talks|last=Dobell|first=George|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 June 2010}}</ref> On 22 June, Pietersen played his 100th ODI against Australia at his home ground, [[Rose Bowl, Southampton|the Rose Bowl]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pietersen announces shock retirement from one-day and Twenty20|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/pietersen-announces-shock-retirement-from-one-day-and-twenty20-internationals-7807740.html|date=2012-05-31|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>
[[File:Kevin Pietersen Trent Bridge.JPG|thumb|right|Pietersen bowled for 9 in the first Test v Pakistan at [[Trent Bridge]] July 2010]]

Pietersen struggled for form in an [[Australian cricket team in England in 2010|ODI series against Australia]] and then a [[Pakistani cricket team in England in 2010|Test series against Pakistan]]. England beat Australia 3–2, but Pietersen could only manage a top-score of 33. England beat Pakistan 3–1, and although Pietersen top-scored for England with 80 in the second Test, it was the only time he passed 50 and ended the series with a golden duck.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of England vs Pakistan 4th Test 2010 - Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/13222/scorecard/426416/england-vs-pakistan-4th-test-pakistan-tour-of-england-2010|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> His poor form, and an admission by Pietersen before the final Test that he was low on confidence, led to many in the media, including [[Geoffrey Boycott]], to suggest that Pietersen could do with playing County Cricket to regain his form before the [[2010–11 Ashes series]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=England players need more first-class county cricket - Boycott |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22521297/geoff-boycott-says-england-players-need-more-first-class-county-cricket|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>

Pietersen was omitted from both of England's limited-overs squads to face Pakistan. However, the ECB brokered a loan move to [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] for the remainder of the [[2010 English cricket season]] which enables him to play first-class cricket whilst the England team plays Pakistan in the limited overs leg of the tour.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sports digest|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/sports-digest-1.645766|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> Pietersen announced the omission and loan-move to Surrey early through a Twitter message, which contained a swear-word and was quickly removed, and he apologised the following day. The online outburst drew some criticism of him, with national selector [[Geoff Miller]] one of those criticising the message. During the lead up to the 2010/11 Ashes Series Pietersen signed up for two first-class games in the South African competition with the KwaZulu Natal Dolphins.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Association|date=2010-09-08|title=Kevin Pietersen asks to go to South Africa in search of form|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/sep/08/kevin-pietersen-south-africa|access-date=2020-05-30|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==== The Ashes in Australia ====
Pietersen went into the [[2010–11 Ashes series]] without a century since March 2009, and many felt that England would be unable to retain the Ashes unless he found form. In the first Test at [[the Gabba]], [[Brisbane]], Pietersen hit 43 in the first innings but wasn't required in the second as England posted 517–1 declared before a draw was declared.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/13062/scorecard/428749/australia-vs-england-1st-test-england-tour-of-australia-2010-11|title=1st Test, England tour of Australia at Brisbane, Nov 25-29 2010. Match Summary |work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref>

In the second Test in [[Adelaide]], where he hit 158 on the previous Ashes tour, Pietersen joined opener [[Alastair Cook]] (148) to make a century partnership before going on to score his 17th Test century. He finished with 227, a Test-best and his second Test double-century, as England declared on 620–5. Given a rare bowl at the end of the fourth day, Pietersen claimed the wicket of [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] (80) to leave Australia 238–4. England then proceeded to bowl Australia out in the final morning to win by an innings and 71 runs, and Pietersen was named man-of-the-match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/the-ashes-2010-11/engine/current/match/428750.html |title=2nd Test: Australia v England at Adelaide, Dec 3–7, 2010. Cricket Scorecard |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 June 2012}}</ref>

==== 2011 ODI series against Australia ====
In the ODI series that followed the Ashes Test Series Pietersen's performance was solid in the first ODI at the MCG. His team high score of 78 helping England to post a traditionally competitive near 300 score. England were however defeated by the chasing Australians after [[Shane Watson]]'s monumental 161 not out. After making a first ball duck in the second ODI at Hobart Pietersen's fitness once again became an issue and he missed the third ODI due to a "groin strain". The fourth ODI, despite Pietersen making only 12 with the bat, was won by England. On 29 January Kevin announced to the media that England could make a miraculous comeback to win the series from 3–1 down. In the three remaining matches (all England defeats) Pietersen scored 40, 29 and 26 respectively. Australia won the seven match ODI series 6–1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/the-ashes-2010-11/content/story/498665.html |title=England in Australia: Pietersen wants to England to produce amazing comeback. Cricket News. Australia v England |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 August 2013}}</ref>

=== Career in 2011 ===
[[File:Pietersen batting at Lord's, 2011.jpg|thumb|right|Pietersen batting during his innings of 72 against Sri Lanka at Lord's]]
Pietersen was part of England's 15-man squad for the [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011 World Cup]] hosted by Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka between February and March. In the warm-up matches he was asked to open the batting in anticipation that he would assume the position for the whole tournament. He had opened the batting just six times in one-day games and never for England, although had done so for England A in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/content/story/501272.html |title=Pietersen excited by new opener's role |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=16 February 2011 |access-date=7 March 2011}}</ref> Pietersen returned home early due to injury. A [[hernia]] required immediate surgery and the recovery time of around six weeks meant he would miss the rest of the tournament and potentially the IPL. Eoin Morgan took Pietersen's place in the squad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/content/current/story/504584.html |title=Pietersen ruled out of World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=7 March 2011 |access-date=7 March 2011}}</ref> Pietersen earned some criticism after being sighted at a nightclub in London while injured, however he dismissed the criticism as unwarranted.<ref name="Pietersen out to silence detractors">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-sri-lanka-2011/content/story/516530.html|title=Pietersen out to silence detractors|last=Miller|first=Andrew|date=24 May 2011|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 May 2011}}</ref>

He returned from injury for the home series against Sri Lanka in May 2011.<ref name="Pietersen out to silence detractors" /> Pietersen was also picked to play against [[India cricket team|India]] in July 2011, and scored 202 not out at [[Lord's]] in the 1st Test. During the innings, Pietersen passed 6,000 runs in Tests.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/302/302314.html |title=f53294 t2000 England v India: India in England 2011 (1st Test) |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=11 August 2011}}</ref> The feat took exactly six years, which is the fastest in terms of time taken, and 128 innings.<ref>Sixteen players have reached 6,000 Test runs in fewer than 75 innings. {{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283183.html|title=Records / Test matches / Batting records / Fastest to 6000 runs|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> In the fourth Test he scored 175 runs and shared a partnership of 350 runs with Ian Bell. Pietersen was rested for the ODI series against that followed the Tests.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-india-2011/content/story/529919.html |title=Pietersen rested for India ODIs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=26 August 2011 |access-date=31 August 2011}}</ref>

=== Career in 2012 ===

==== Sri Lanka and the IPL ====
Pietersen played a pivotal role in England's tour of Sri Lanka. By scoring a century in the second of two Tests, not only did he move to 20 centuries for England, but he levelled the series at 1–1, ensuring England retain their No.1 Test Ranking status. On 10 April, Pietersen started his first match in the [[2012 Indian Premier League]] for his new team, the [[Delhi Daredevils]]. He scored his maiden century in that format during the tournament.

In May 2012, Pietersen was fined for a Twitter outburst against ex-England opener, [[Nick Knight (cricketer)|Nick Knight]]. He commented "Can somebody please tell me how Knight has worked his way into the commentary box for Tests? Ridiculous" and despite attempts by Cook to "downplay" the incident, the ECB elected to uphold the fine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/18185244|title= Kevin Pietersen |work= BBC Sport |access-date=24 May 2012}}</ref> It was Pietersen's second controversial use of the social media system following the incident in September 2010 where he announced his own dropping from the one-day team, for which he was also fined.<ref name="Kevin Pietersen fined after Twitter outburst">{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/8974336.stm | title=Kevin Pietersen fined after Twitter outburst | work=BBC Sport | access-date=23 May 2013 | date=6 September 2010}}</ref>

==== Retirement from ODI and T20 ====
[[File:Kevin-Pietersen-batting-for-Surrey-in-2012.jpg|thumb|right|Pietersen batting for Surrey against Somerset after his ODI retirement.]]
On 31 May 2012, Pietersen announced his retirement from one-day international cricket. Although he intended to still play Twenty20s for England, and especially the [[2012 ICC World Twenty20|World Twenty20]] tournament in September 2012, the terms of his central contract meant that he had to retire from both forms.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/england/9302506/England-batsman-Kevin-Pietersen-retires-from-all-international-limited-overs-cricket.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/england/9302506/England-batsman-Kevin-Pietersen-retires-from-all-international-limited-overs-cricket.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | title=England batsman Kevin Pietersen retires from all international limited overs cricket | work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | date=31 May 2012 | access-date=31 May 2012 | author=Sport, Telegraph | location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/item/191020-kevin-pietersen-retires-from-international-limited-overs-cricket | title=Kevin Pietersen retires from International limited overs cricket | work=NDTV | date=31 May 2012 | access-date=31 May 2012 | author=Correspondent, NDTV | archive-date=2 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602234524/http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/item/191020-kevin-pietersen-retires-from-international-limited-overs-cricket | url-status=dead }}</ref> Remaining available for Test cricket only, Pietersen said that "with the intensity of the international schedule and the increasing demands on my body, I think it is the right time to step aside and let the next generation of players come through to gain experience for the World Cup in 2015."<ref name="Pietersen retires from England one-day cricket">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/current/story/566801.html|title=Pietersen retires from England one-day cricket|date=31 May 2012|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 May 2012}}</ref> This announcement came on the back of his 80 against the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] at Trent Bridge as England took an unassailable 2–0 lead in the three-Test series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/engine/match/534206.html|title=West Indies tour of England, 2012 / Scorecard 2nd Test|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 May 2012}}</ref> However, on 9 July 2012, Pietersen reversed his decision and suggested that he may return to ODIs in the future.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inningsbreak.com/kevin-pietersen-reverses-retirement-decision/ |title=Pietersen reverses retirement decision |publisher=Innings Break |access-date=9 July 2012 }}</ref>

==== South Africa in the summer of 2012 ====
After the second Test against [[South African cricket team in England in 2012|South Africa]] during the latter's tour of England in the summer of 2012, in which Pietersen scored his 21st Test century (149) and took Test-best bowling figures (3–52), Pietersen suggested that the third and final Test of that series might be his last. In the same press conference, he also mentioned issues within the dressing room that needed to be resolved. In the following days, allegations were made that he sent defamatory text messages to members of the South African dressing room, with Strauss and Flower said to be referred to within the messages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pietersen dropped over text messages |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-south-africa-2012/content/story/577063.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |date=12 August 2012}}</ref>

Following talks with the ECB, however, Pietersen then unreservedly committed his future to all forms of cricket for England in a video interview posted on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pietersen-commits-future-to-england/987331/ |title= Pietersen commits future to England|date=12 August 2012}}</ref> He was dropped for the third Test after failing to provide clarification about those messages, despite announcement of the squad being delayed to provide more time for him to do so. He was replaced by [[Jonny Bairstow]].<ref name="espncricinfo.com"/>

==== Reintegration and comeback ====
In October 2012, ECB confirmed that they had a process which could lead to Pietersen's return to the English cricket team. This led to Pietersen's selection as part of the Test squad later that month.<ref name="wisdenindia.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/ecb-pietersen-shake-hand-future-unclear/29182| title=ECB and Pietersen shake hands, future unclear| publisher=Wisden India| date=3 October 2012| access-date=4 October 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326172142/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/ecb-pietersen-shake-hand-future-unclear/29182| archive-date=26 March 2014| url-status=dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="http">{{cite news | url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/pietersen-added-squad-test-tour-india/31221 | title=Pietersen added to squad for Test tour of India | publisher=Wisden India | date=18 October 2012 | access-date=18 October 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226030239/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/pietersen-added-squad-test-tour-india/31221 | archive-date=26 December 2013 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> He toured India with a successful England team under Cook, scoring 338 runs in four Tests including a century and two fifties.<ref name="Records / England in India Test Series, 2012/13 - England / Batting and bowling averages">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=7339;team=1;type=series |title=Records / England in India Test Series, 2012/13 – England / Batting and bowling averages |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213111858/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=7339%3Bteam%3D1%3Btype%3Dseries |archive-date=13 December 2012 }}</ref> The century, in the second of four Tests, took Pietersen to 22 Test hundreds, level with the England record. That century was named as third best Test innings of the decade by Wisden in 2019.<ref name="wisden">[https://www.wisden.com/cricket-news/men-test-innings-of-decade-kevin-pietersen-india https://www.wisden.com/stories/decade-in-review/men-test-innings-of-decade-kevin-pietersen-india], [[Wisden]]</ref> Cook broke the record by scoring his twenty-third hundred during the same series.<ref name="England tour of India, 2012/13 / Scorecard - 2nd Test">{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-england-2012/engine/match/565807.html | title=England tour of India, 2012/13 / Scorecard – 2nd Test | work=Cricinfo | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> Pietersen also featured in the tour's ODI series, scoring 185 runs across a five-match series that ended in an English defeat.<ref name="Records / England in India ODI Series, 2012/13 - England / Batting and bowling averages">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=7341;team=1;type=series |title=Records / England in India ODI Series, 2012/13 – England / Batting and bowling averages |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326180551/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=7341%3Bteam%3D1%3Btype%3Dseries |archive-date=26 March 2014 }}</ref>

=== Career in 2013–14 ===
[[File:Pietersen batting at Trent Bridge, 2013 (3).jpg|thumb|left|Pietersen batting during the 2013 Ashes]]

Pietersen featured in the three-Test series in New Zealand in February 2013, scoring 73 in the second match. A knee injury forced him to miss the return home series in May that year, however, and prompted fears over fitness for the upcoming [[2013 Ashes]] series. Though he did not play against New Zealand, the ECB remained hopeful over his ability to play against Australia come the summer.<ref name="England buoyed by Pietersen fitness">{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/story/635257.html | title=England buoyed by Pietersen fitness | work=Cricinfo | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> On 3 August 2013, Pietersen not only scored a century in the third [[2013 Ashes series|Ashes series]] match in the first innings, he became the highest run scorer for England across all forms of cricket combined.<ref>{{Citation|title=KP thrilled at being England's all-time run scorer| date=3 August 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=phPxT5xNj-A| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/phPxT5xNj-A| archive-date=2021-11-14 | url-status=live|language=en|access-date=28 August 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
[[File:Kevin Pietersen 2014.jpg|thumb|Pietersen in 2014]]
His [[2013–14 Ashes series|return Ashes tour]] over the winter of 2013–14 was less successful, however. In a series which England lost 5–0, Pietersen averaged only 29 and passed fifty only twice in ten innings. He made his [[List of cricketers who have played 100 Tests|100th Test appearance]] in the first Test. During this game Pietersen was dismissed by a widely reported catch taken by [[Chris Sabburg]], who entered the field as a [[substitute (cricket)|substitute fielder]].<ref name="Special">{{cite web|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/sport/cricket/specialist-fieldsman-chris-sabburg-takes-catch-to-dismiss-kevin-pietersen-in-ashes/news-story/85d492f1ae52497c74bc5b7bb779f8d4|first=Ben|last=Dorries |title=Specialist Fieldsman Chris Sabburg Takes Catch To Dismiss Kevin Pietersen In Ashes |work=Courier-Mail |date=24 November 2013 |access-date=14 January 2017}}</ref> He remained nevertheless England's leading run scorer with 294 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/the-ashes-2013-14/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=7899;team=1;type=series |title=The Ashes, 2013/14 – England / Records / Batting and bowling averages |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231234307/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/the-ashes-2013-14/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=7899%3Bteam%3D1%3Btype%3Dseries |archive-date=31 December 2013 }}</ref> He also bowled during the fifth and final Test. Once the tour had ended, and the fallout had contributed to the removal of Flower as head coach, there was much media speculation on the nature of Pietersen's relationship with the team management. The ECB met and announced on 4 February 2014 that Pietersen had not been selected for the [[English cricket team in West Indies in 2013–14|upcoming tour of the Caribbean]], a decision they described as "unanimous". Media announcements immediately began stating that Pietersen's career was over.<ref name="Pietersen's England career over">{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/current/story/716277.html | title=Pietersen's England career over | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | date=4 February 2014 | access-date=4 February 2014 | author=Hopps, David}}</ref> Pietersen himself released a statement which read "Although I am obviously very sad the incredible journey has come to an end, I'm also hugely proud of what we, as a team, have achieved over the past nine years."<ref name="Pietersen's England career over" />

==Post-playing career and image==
Kevin Pietersen published his autobiography: ''Kevin Pietersen: Crossing the Boundary'' in early 2007.
A second biography: ''Kevin Pietersen: Portrait of a Rebel'' written by journalist Marcus Stead, was published in the autumn of 2009. This book includes a detailed account of the controversies of Pietersen's reign as England captain. A revised and updated version of Stead's book, now titled'' 'KP – The Biography' '', which brought his story up-to-date, was published in July 2013. ''[[KP: The Autobiography]]'' was published in October 2014, ghost written by Irish sports journalist [[David Walsh (journalist)|David Walsh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/oct/06/kp-the-autobiography-barney-ronay-review |title=KP: The Autobiography – 'more score-settling than an autobiography' |last1=Ronay |first1=Barney |date=6 October 2014 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=8 October 2014}}</ref>

Pietersen has expressed gratitude over having time for his family. He has also reiterated over the years his regret over trying "too hard to be English" at the expense of his home.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/kevin-pietersen-am-i-english-no-im-south-african-632032|title=Kevin Pietersen: Am I English? No, I'm South African|journal=Cricket Country|date=9 August 2017|access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="telegraph 2019"/>

Pietersen is a prominent advocate for the welfare and conservation of endangered animals in [[South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2017/06/19/kevin-pietersen-quit-english-cricket-concentrate-conservation/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2017/06/19/kevin-pietersen-quit-english-cricket-concentrate-conservation/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Kevin Pietersen to quit English cricket to concentrate on conservation work|last=Hoult|first=Nick|date=19 June 2017|work=The Telegraph|access-date=12 June 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2018, he opened Umganu Lodge, a luxury resort at the edge of [[Kruger National Park]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/travel/umganu-lodge-kevin-pietersen-safari-south-africa-photos/|title=Umganu: Take a look inside Kevin Pietersen's luxury safari lodge [photos]|date=26 February 2019|website=The South African|language=en-US|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> He also established Saving Our Rhinos Africa & India (SORAI), a social enterprise supporting rhinoceros conservation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/8mb5BLnX0qMpTrPjQJ9zhP/the-people-saving-the-rhino|title=BBC Radio 5 live - Kevin Pietersen: Beast Of Man - The people saving the rhino|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://oursorai.com/pages/about-us |publisher=SORAI |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref>

In 2019, [[BBC Radio 5 Live]] featured Pietersen in the ''Beast of Man'' [[podcast]]. The programme profiled his role in combating illegal poaching, particularly that of [[rhinoceros]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0783hz7|title=BBC Radio 5 live - Kevin Pietersen: Beast Of Man|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref>

== Achievements ==

=== Awards ===
Pietersen gained several awards for his performances in the 2005 season. He was named both the [[ICC Men's ODI Cricketer of the Year|ICC ODI Cricketer of the Year]] and [[ICC Men's Emerging Cricketer of the Year|Emerging Cricketer of the Year]] in 2005,<ref name="ICC awards">"[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/4326586.stm Flintoff shares ICC player award]", BBC Sport, 11 October 2005. Retrieved on 27 May 2007.</ref> and was one of the five [[Wisden Cricketer of the Year|Wisden Cricketers of the Year]] (alongside team mates [[Simon Jones (cricketer)|Simon Jones]] and [[Matthew Hoggard]]) for his role in the successful [[2005 Ashes series]] against Australia.<ref name="Wisden">"[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/243894.html Flintoff named as the leading player of the year]", ESPNcricinfo, 11 April 2006. Retrieved on 28 May 2007.</ref> Along with the rest of the England team, Pietersen was recognised in the [[2006 New Year Honours]], being appointed a [[Order of the British Empire|Member of the Order of the British Empire]] for services to cricket.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=57855 |date=31 December 2005 |page=20 |supp=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/4625530.stm |title=Ashes heroes get Palace Honours |work=[[BBC Sport]] |date=9 February 2006 |access-date=28 May 2007}}</ref> He also played for the ICC World XI in the [[2005 ICC Super Series]] against Australia.<ref>[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/SUPERS/SUPERS_OCT2005_ICC-XI-SQUAD.html ICC World XI Squads] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407070139/http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/SUPERS/SUPERS_OCT2005_ICC-XI-SQUAD.html |date=7 April 2007 }}, ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 6 June 2007.</ref>

=== Test match performance ===

==== Records ====
* Second-highest run-total from his first 25 Tests (behind [[Sir Don Bradman]]).<ref name="brenkley"/>
* Fourth Englishman to make the top score in both innings of debut Test.<ref name="Lynch"/>
* One of only twenty-five players to have a peak ICC batting rating over 900.<ref>[http://www.iccreliancerankings.com/alltime/test/batting/ ICC Best-Ever Test Batting Ratings] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207172842/http://iccreliancerankings.com/alltime/test/batting/ |date=7 February 2009 }}, ICC Cricket Rankings. Retrieved on 6 February 2009.</ref>
* Achieved 5,000 Test runs in the fastest time, reaching this feat in 4 years and 243 days.<ref>Travis Basevi and George Binoy, [http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/453069.html From zero to 5000 runs in 1703 days], ESPNcricinfo, 24 March 2010. Retrieved on 22 July 2011.</ref>

== International centuries ==
{{Main|List of international cricket centuries by Kevin Pietersen}}

Pietersen scored 23 Test centuries and 9 ODI centuries, totaling 32 centuries in his international career.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040702105604/http://www.kevinpietersen.com/ Official website]
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=19296}}

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years= 2005 |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Pietersen, Kevin}}
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Motiravan Kangali

2026-03-24T21:00:26Z

DellCarone401: Put up first biography needs work

{{short description|Indian linguist and author (1949–2015)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Motiravan Kangali
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 2 February 1949
| birth_place = [[Nagpur district|Dulara]], [[Province of Bombay]], [[Dominion of India]] (now [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|10|30|1949|2|2|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| spouse = Chandralekha Kangali
| occupation = [[Author]]
| education = [[Nagpur University]] ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]]),
[[Aligarh Muslim University]], ([[Ph.D]])
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| honorific_prefix = [[Acharya]]
| native_name = {{Plainlist|मोतीरावण कंगाली}}
}}

'''Motiravan Kangali''' (2 February 1949{{spnd}}30 October 2015) was an Indian [[Linguistics|linguist]] and [[author]] from the [[Gondi people|Gond]] community. He is known for his work on the origins and development of the [[Gondi language]],<ref name="adivasiresurgence">{{cite web |last1=Jothe and Surya Bali |first1=Sanjay |last2=Bali |first2=Surya |title=India through Motiravan Kangali's Bahujan eyes |url=http://www.adivasiresurgence.com/india-motiravan-kangalis-bahujan-eyes/ |website=Adivasi Resurgence |accessdate=23 August 2020 |date=3 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="ForwardPress">{{cite news |last1=Jothe |first1=Sanjay |last2=Bali |first2=Surya |title=India through Motiravan Kangali's Bahujan eyes |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/06/india-through-acharya-motiravan-kangalis-bahujan-eyes/ |accessdate=23 August 2020 |work=Forward Press |date=23 June 2016}}</ref> and particularly for his creation of a script for it.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Connection|first=Gaon|date=2020-08-14|title=In Chhattisgarh, tribal community students will soon be studying in the native Gondi language|url=https://en.gaonconnection.com/in-chhattisgarh-tribal-community-students-will-soon-be-studying-in-the-native-gondi-language/|access-date=2020-08-21|website=[[Neelesh Mishra|Gaon Connection]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Kangali authored Gondi dictionaries in [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<ref name="Caravan">{{Cite web|title=Mind Our Language|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/culture/gond-gondi-koitur-dictionary-adivasi|access-date=2020-08-21|website=[[The Caravan]]|language=en}}</ref> He also aided efforts for the standardization and preservation of Gondi grammar while authoring several books on Gond society, culture and religion.<ref name="thehindu1">{{Cite web|last=Rashid|first=Omar|title=Championing Gond culture|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/on-the-margins-championing-gond-culture/article7686156.ece|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2015-09-24|access-date=2020-08-21|language=en}}</ref>

Motiravan Kangali claimed that the scripts of [[Harappa]] and [[Mohenjo-daro]] could be read in Gondi language. He also proposed that the Gond people must have been in the Indus Valley.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC Hindi - भारत - क्या हड़प्पा की लिपियाँ पढ़ी जा सकती हैं?|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/mobile/india/2014/09/140906_hadappa_civilization_script_vr.shtml|access-date=2020-08-14|website=www.bbc.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=S. Harpal|date=2014-12-16|title=Gonds may have migrated from Indus Valley|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/gonds-may-have-migrated-from-indus-valley/article6698419.ece|access-date=2020-08-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Poyam, Akash |year=2016|editor=Bodhi, S. R.|title= Tribal and Adivasi Studies- Perspectives from within, Social Work in India|pages= 131–166|place=Kolkata|publisher= Adivani Publications|isbn= 978-93-84465-04-9|chapter=Gondwana Movement in Post-colonial India:Exploring Paradigms of Assertion, Self-determination and Statehood }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Motiravan Kangali was born on 2 February 1949 in a village called Dulara of Ramtek Tehsil in [[Nagpur]] district of [[Maharashtra]]. His place of birth is located in the forests of Bhander near Devlapar, about 75 km from Nagpur on Nagpur Seoni State Road and he was born in the family of Tirkaji Kangali (grandfather) of a Gond community. His mother's name was Dai Raithaar Kangali and father's name was Dau Chathiram Kangali. Named Motiram at birth, he was the eldest of five siblings, with two brothers and two sisters.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-14|title=डॉ. मोतीरावण कंगाली|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/chhatisgarh/korba/news/CHH-OTH-MAT-latest-korba-news-023504-3015212-NOR.html|access-date=2020-08-14|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref> As an adult, he changed his first name from Motiram to Motiravan to highlight the Gond tradition which reveres [[Ravana]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Maharashtra|date=2016-10-11|title='राम' की जगह इस जाति की नई पीढ़ी लिख रही 'रावण' का नाम, मानते हैं इष्ट देवता|url=https://www.maharashtratoday.co.in/ravan-is-lord-for-gond-samaj-people/|access-date=2020-08-14|website=Maharashtra Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=यहां राम की जगह रावण का नाम लिख रहे हैं लोग, मानते हैं इष्ट देवता|url=https://www.jagran.com/maharashtra/nagpur-these-people-believe-on-ravana-not-rama-14869207.html|access-date=2020-08-14|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref>

Kangali's early education took place at Karwahi where he studied up to fourth grade. He did his secondary education (5th to 8th) in the Anglo East Secondary School, Bothia Palora, about 18 km from Dulara. He joined HUDS High School in Nagpur and passed the class X examinations in 1968. In 1972, he graduated from Dharampeth College, [[Nagpur]]. He subsequently obtained a Masters ([[Master of Arts|M.A]]) in [[Economics]], [[Sociology]] and [[Linguistics]] from the [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University|Post Graduate Teaching Department Nagpur]]. He received his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D]] in 2000 from [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. The subject of his dissertation was "The Philosophical Base of Tribal Cultural Values Particularly in Respect of Gond Tribes of Central India".{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

In 1976, at the age of 27, Kangali was appointed a Notes and Currency Examiner at the [[Reserve Bank of India]]'s Nagpur Mint. He married Raitad (Kumari) Chandralekha Roop Singh Pusam. You have three daughters named series Kangali, Verunjali Kangali, Vinanti Kangali. The series is an IRS officer and Vinanti is an eye specialist doctor. Both of them have been married. Manjali's daughter Verunjali has also done her [[Master of Philosophy|M.Phil]] in [[Marathi literature]] and is currently living in Nagpur and working in mother's work.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

As a researcher, he worked to revive the [[Gondi language]] while studying linguistics and helped make books available to the general public to learn and teach Gondi language.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

== Revival of the Gond tribal fair==
Kangali, along with friends K B Maraskole and Sheetal Markam, visited Kachhargarh in [[Bhandara district]], [[Maharashtra]], having read about the traditional Gond fair or [[Jatra (Maharashtra)|Jatra]] held there on the occasion of [[Magha Purnima|Maagh Purnima]]. In Gond tradition, the day marks the rescue of the mother goddess, Mata Kali Kankali's children from a cave by the Gond ancestor, Pari Kupar Lingo and his sister Jango Raitad. They discovered that the fair had shrunk in attendance from the past, down to around 500 visitors. They began the work of reviving the significance of the fair among the Gonds until the fair scaled back up to attendance in 1986 by as many as 3-4 lakh tribals from Central India, Maharashtra, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. Recognized for his efforts, Kangali was appointed head of the apex religious body of the Gonds, the ''Gondi Punem''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-02-28|last=Pallavi|first=Aparna|title=Gonds nourish aspirations at annual fair|url=http://www.indiatogether.org/gonds-society|access-date=2020-08-22|website=India Together|language=en}}</ref>

Keshav Banaji Maraskole, who hails from Maharu Tola, had first told Kangali about the location of the supposed cave from which the rescue occurred. Traditionally, local Gond residents would worship at that cave in a ceremony called ''Gongo''. Kangali researched the antecedents of the worship and the cave itself, and discovered references to it in the writings of [[Robert Vane Russell]] and C U Wills.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-07|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/opening-to-the-past-3312|title=Opening to the Past|access-date=2020-08-22|website=[[Down to Earth (magazine)|Down to Earth]]|language=en}}</ref>

Kangali, Maraskole and Sunher Singh Taram (editor of the [[Bhopal]] periodical ''Gondwana Darshan'') attended the fair in 1980. In 1984, two more notable Gond leaders, Bharat Lal Koram and Sheetal Markam (by then, the head of the ''Gondwana Mukti Sena'' organisation) joined them and the five made the first trek from the fair to the location of the cave. Over the next few years, Kacchargarh emerged as the primary religious centre of Koitur Gonds and in 1986, [[Hira Singh Markam]] also joined the pilgrimage.<ref>{{Cite web|last=author/lokmat-news-network|date=2018-01-13|title=आदिवासीचे श्रद्धास्थान कचारगड|url=https://www.lokmat.com/gondia/tribal-shrine-kachargad/|access-date=2020-08-14|website=Lokmat|language=mr-IN}}</ref>

Koiturs from many states began joining the ''jatra''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=कुमार|first=Nawal Kishore Kumar नवल किशोर|date=2020-01-30|title=गोंडवाना में कचारगढ़ : भारतीय संस्कृति की मूल जड़ों की तलाश|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2020/01/book-review-gondwana-kachargar-hindi/|access-date=2020-08-14|website=फॉरवर्ड प्रेस|language=hi-IN}}</ref> Over 40 years, visitors to the ''jatra'' now number in the millions.<ref name="जोठे">{{Cite web|last=जोठे|first=Sanjay Shraman Jothe संजय श्रमण|date=2020-02-02|title=जानें, कौन थे डॉ. मोतीरावण कंगाली, जिन्होंने दुनिया को बताया कोया पुनेम का राज|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2020/02/birth-anniversary-motiravan-kangali-hindi/|access-date=2020-08-14|website=फॉरवर्ड प्रेस|language=hi-IN}}</ref>

== Writing career ==
Motiravan Kangali freed the religious places of Gond Koitur from the occupation of Hindus. The Hindus established their deities in exchange for the Gond ancestors. Dr. Kangali also worked on this subject and by writing many books in the common public, he brought the truth of these Goddess places to everyone. Some of them wrote small books about important goddess places such as Bamleshwari Dai of Dongargarh, Danteshwari Dai of Bastar, Tilaka Dai of Korodigarh and Kankali Dai of Chandagarh. There is a great need to further their work in the field of Gondi philosophy culture. If this work is not done quickly, the cultural awakening in Gondwana will soon go into a dormancy.<ref>{{Cite web|last=बाली|first=Sanjay jothe/ Surya Bali संजय जोठे / सूर्या|date=2016-06-23|title=मोतीरावण कंगाली की बहुजन आँखों में भारत|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/06/achary-motirawan-kangali-ki-bahujan-ankhon-me-bharat_sanjay-jothesurya-bali/|access-date=2020-08-14|website=फॉरवर्ड प्रेस|language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=डेस्‍क|first=FP Desk एफपी|date=2019-02-09|title=बनारस में याद किए गए गोंडी भाषा के विशेषज्ञ डॉ. मोती रावण कंगाली|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2019/02/national-news-moti-ravan-kangali-birth-anniversary/|access-date=2020-08-14|website=फॉरवर्ड प्रेस|language=hi-IN}}</ref>

In order to establish and promote Gondi philosophy and religion (Koya Punem), he envisaged the Bhumka (Purohit) federation and began its propaganda, which was later handed over to Tirumal Ravan Shah Invati and got himself busy writing. Today the Bhumka Mahasangh is active in establishing and promoting Koya Punem by training its roles in other states including [[Maharashtra]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Kangali's book ''Gondi Punamdarshan'' was a chronicle of the cultural history of ''Gondwana'' (the land of the Gonds).<ref name="thehindu1" /> His wife Chandralekha Kangali, a sociologist and scholar in her own right, collaborated with him on this and other works of his. He did many things in the field of Gondi language and also gave his full support and cooperation in getting Gondi recognized at the national level. But look at the misfortune that such an ancient language, which is in crores of speakers, which has its own beautiful grammar and script, is being ignored by the [[Government of India]] and even after so many struggles and movements, Gondi language is not found in the eighth schedule of India Is getting.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Kangali's ''Pari Kupar Lingo Gondi Darshan'' was an outcome of his research on ''Gond Punem'', a philosophical framework created by Pari Kupar Lingo. The book also provides a narrative of the conflict between indigenous residents and the [[Aryan]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-03|title=Gond Punem Philosophy and Mahishasur|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2017/07/mahishasur-discourse-gonds-adivasi-philosophy-and-bahujan-culture/#_ednref8|access-date=2020-08-21|website=[[Forward Press]]|last=Jothe|first=Sanjay Shraman|language=en}}</ref>

Kangali had also researched possible links between [[Dravidian languages]] and the as-yet undeciphered [[Indus script]]. When Kangali inspected 22 painted characters discovered in the mid-1990s in [[Hampi]], he interpreted five of them as similar to Gondi characters.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-12-04|access-date=2020-08-21|last=Bhutia|first=Lhendup G|title=The Eternal Harappan Script Tease|url=https://issuu.com/openmag/docs/final_pdf_for_web_08dec_14|website=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open Magazine]]}}</ref>

Motiravan Kangali was very concerned about the Gondi language. He used to say that no language can be landed inside any culture and if a culture is to be destroyed then destroy its language. This is what is happening with the [[Gondi language]] in this country. If the Gondi language does not exist then the imagination of Gond, Gondwana will become meaningless and the ancient glorious culture and the people who celebrate it will also become extinct one day. This is a concern that governments must understand and make efforts to save and groom Gondi language culture.<ref>{{Cite web|title=हम्पी शिलाखंड पर लिखी लिपि को पढ़ने में मिली कामयाबी|url=https://www.amarujala.com/news-archives/india-news-archives/motiravan-got-succeeded-to-read-the-signs-written-on-the-rock-hindi-news|access-date=2020-08-14|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref>

==Death==
Kangali died on 30 October 2015.<ref name="जोठे"/>

== Bibliography ==
'''Non-fiction'''
* ''Decipherment of the Indus script in Gondi''<ref name="Caravan"/>(2002<ref>{{Cite web|title=Can the Harappan Script Be Deciphered?|date=2014-09-07|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2014/09/140906_hadappa_civilization_script_vr|access-date=2020-08-21|website=[[BBC]]|language=hi}}</ref>)

'''Novels'''

* ''Gondo Ka Mul Nivas Sthal Parichay'' (2011, first published as ''Gond Vasiyon Ka Mul Niwas Sthal'' 1983. Nagpur: Tirumay Chitralekha Kangali Publications)
* ''Gondvana Ka Sanskrutik Itihas'' (2018)
* ''Gondi Vyakaran Tatha Bhasha Rachana Gondi Kalkiyan Unde Lambej Chavali'' (2018)

'''Small Book'''

* ''Bamleshwari Dai of Dongargarh''
* ''Danteshwari Dai of Bastar''
* ''Tilaka Dai of Korodigarh''
* ''Kankali Dai of Chandagarh''
* Kangali, Motiravan (1986), Paari Kupaar Lingo: Gondi Punem Darshan, (Nagpur: Tirumay Chitralekha Kangali Publications).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kangali, Motiravan}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University people]]
[[Category:Nagpur]]
[[Category:Gondi language]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian linguistic philosophy]]

Salah

2026-03-21T13:22:01Z

DellCarone401: reworked content further and added references

{{Short description|Form of daily obligatory prayer in Islam}}
{{About|the Islamic prayers||Salah (disambiguation)|other uses}}
{{Redirect|Salat}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
[[File:Different postures of a Muslim service.jpg|thumb|Various prescribed movements in {{transliteration|ar|Salah}}, which collectively constitute a {{transliteration|ar|[[Rakat|rak'ah]]}}.
From left to right: {{transliteration|ar|rukū'}}, {{transliteration|ar|[[Qiyam|qiyām]]/i'tidal}}, {{transliteration|ar|[[Sujud|sujūd]]}}, {{transliteration|ar|[[Takbir|takbīr]]}}, and {{transliteration|ar|[[Sitting in salah|qu'ūd/julūs]]}}.]]
{{Islam|practices}}
{{Aqidah|expanded=shi'a, sunni}}

'''''Salah''''' ({{Langx|ar|ٱلصَّلَاةُ|translit=aṣ-Ṣalāh}}, also spelled '''''Salat'''''), also known as '''''Namaz''''' ({{langx|fa|{{unq|نماز}}|translit=namāz}}), is the practice of formal [[ibadah|worship]] in [[Islam]], consisting of a series of ritual prayers performed at prescribed times daily. These prayers, which consist of units known as [[rak'a|''rak'ah'']], include a specific set of physical postures, recitation from the [[Quran]], and prayers from the [[Sunnah]], and are performed while facing the direction towards the [[Kaaba]] in [[Mecca]] (''[[qibla]]''). The number of ''rak'ah'' varies depending on the specific prayer. Variations in practice are observed among adherents of different ''[[Madhhab|madhahib]]'' (schools of [[Islamic jurisprudence]]). The term ''salah'' may denote worship in general or specifically refer to the obligatory prayers performed by [[Muslims]] five times daily.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Na |first1=Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aKenKtONX2MC&dq=muslims+pray+three+times+a+day&pg=PA238 |title=Islam and the Secular State |last2=Naʻīm |first2=ʻabd Allāh Aḥmad |date=30 June 2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674033764}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Edward E. Curtis IV |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIzC9N8-7Z0C&dq=some+muslims+pray+three+times+a+day&pg=PT23 |title=Muslims in America: A Short History |date=2009-10-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974567-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jafarli, Durdana 2017">Jafarli, Durdana. "The historical conditions for the emergence of the Quranist movement in Egypt in the 19th-20th centuries." МОВА І КУЛЬТУРА (2017): 91.</ref>

The obligatory prayers play an integral role in the Islamic faith, and are regarded as the second and most important, after [[shahada]]h, of the [[Five Pillars of Islam]] for [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]], and one of the [[Ancillaries of the Faith]] for [[Shia Islam|Shiites]]. In addition, [[supererogatory]] ''salah'', such as [[Sunnah prayer]] and [[Nafl prayer]], may be performed at any time, subject to certain restrictions. ''[[Wudu]]'', an act of ritual purification, is required prior to performing ''salah''. Prayers may be conducted individually or in congregation, with certain prayers, such as the [[Friday prayer|Friday]] and [[Eid prayers]], requiring a collective setting and a ''[[khutbah]]'' (sermon). Some concessions are made for Muslims who are physically unable to perform the ''salah'' in its original form, or are travelling.

In [[Historiography of early Islam|early Islam]], the direction of prayer (''[[qibla]]'') was toward [[Bet ha-Mikdash|Bayt al-Maqdis]] in [[Jerusalem]] before being changed to face the Kaaba, believed by Muslims to be a result of a [[Quran]]ic verse revelation to [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mubarakpuri |first=Safiur Rahman |author-link=Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri |url=https://www.muslim-library.com/dl/books/English_ArRaheeq_AlMakhtum_THE_SEALED_NECTAR.pdf |title=Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum  |date=1976 |translator-last=Diab |translator-first=Issam |trans-title=The Sealed Nectar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324152212/https://www.muslim-library.com/dl/books/English_ArRaheeq_AlMakhtum_THE_SEALED_NECTAR.pdf |archive-date=March 24, 2018 |language=ar}}</ref>

==Etymology and other names==
The Arabic word ''salah'' ({{Langx|ar|صلاة|translit=Ṣalāh}}, {{IPA|ar|sˤa.laːh|pron}} or {{Ipa|ar|sˤə.ɫaːt}}) means 'prayer'.<ref name="Chittick">{{cite book |last1=Chittick |first1=William C. |last2=Murata |first2=Sachiko |title=The vision of Islam |publisher=Paragon House |isbn=9781557785169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LG3BugEACAAJ&q=THE+VISION+OF+ISLAM+by+Sachiko+Murata+and+William+C.+Chittick|year=1994 }}</ref> The word is used primarily by English speakers to refer to the five daily obligatory prayers. Similar terms are used to refer to the prayer in [[Malaysia]], [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Somalia]], [[Tanzania]], and by some [[Swahili language|Swahili]] speakers.

The origin of the word is debated. Some have suggested that {{transliteration|ar|salah}} derives from the [[triliteral root]] {{lang|ar|و-ص-ل}} (''w-ṣ-l'') which means 'linking things together',{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} relating it to the obligatory prayers in the sense that one connects to Allah through prayer. In some translations, namely that of [[Quranism|Quranist]] [[Rashad Khalifa]], {{transliteration|ar|salah}} is translated as the 'contact prayer',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quran The Final Testament, translated by Rashad Khalifa, Ph.D. |url=https://www.masjidtucson.org/quran/frames/ |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=www.masjidtucson.org}}</ref> either because of the physical contact the head makes with the ground during the [[Sujud|prostration]], or again because the prayer connects the one who performs it to Allah. Another theory suggests the word derives from the triliteral root {{lang|ar|ص-ل-و}} (''ṣ-l-w''), the meaning of which is not agreed upon.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2020 |title=Title |url=https://doi.org/10.21303/978-617-7319-30-5 |journal=Scientific Route |doi=10.21303/978-617-7319-30-5 |url-access=registration |last1=Last Name |first1=First Name }}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=January 2024}}

In [[Islam in Iran|Iran]] and regions [[Persianate society|influenced by Persian culture]] – particularly the [[Indo-Persian]] and [[Turco-Persian]] traditions – such as [[Islam in South Asia|South Asia]], [[Islam in Central Asia|Central Asia]], [[Islam in China|China]], [[Islam in Russia|Russia]], [[Islam in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Caucasus|the Caucasus]] or [[Islam in Europe#Balkans|the Balkans]], the [[Persian language|Persian]] word ''{{linktext | namaz}}'' ({{langx|fa|{{unq|نماز}}|translit=namāz}}) is used to refer to ''salah''. This word originates from the [[Middle Persian]] word for 'reverence'.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/prayer-in-islam | title=British Library }}</ref>

==Religious significance==
[[File:Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg|thumb|Muslims praying (''salah'') in 1865 [[Cairo]] by [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]]]]

The word ''salah'' is mentioned 83 times in the [[Quran]] as a noun.<ref name="CQ">{{Cite web |date=2009–2017 |editor-last=Dukes |editor-first=Kais |title=Quran Dictionary |url=http://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=Slw |access-date=2019-10-26 |website=Quranic Arabic Corpus}}</ref><ref>Gerrans, S., "The Quran: A Complete Revelation", 2016</ref>

[[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]] (''fiqh'') divides human actions into five categories, known as "the five [[Ahkam|rulings]]" ({{Transliteration|ar|al-aḥkām al-khamsa}}). Acts of worship are classified accordingly: [[Fard|mandatory]] (''farḍ'' or ''wājib''), [[Mustahabb|recommended]] (''mandūb'' or ''mustaḥabb''), [[Mubah|neutral]] (''mubāḥ''), [[Makruh|reprehensible]] (''makrūh''), and [[Haram|forbidden]] (''ḥarām'').{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Schneider|2014}} ''Salah'' is generally classified into obligatory or mandatory (''fard'') prayers and supererogatory prayers, the latter being further divided into [[Sunnah prayer]]s and [[Nafl prayer]]s.

[[Hanafi]] ''fiqh'' does not consider both terms as synonymous and makes a distinction between "[[fard]]" and "[[wajib]]"; In Hanafi fiqh, two conditions are required to impose the fard rule. 1. [[Nass (Islam)|Nass]], (only verses of the Qur'an can be accepted as evidence here, not [[hadith]]s) 2.The expression of the text referring to the subject must be clear and precise enough not to allow other interpretations. The term wajib is used for situations that do not meet the second of these conditions.<ref>"According to the Bishair the fardh, is like the wajib but the wajib expresses [that something should] occur and the fard, expresses [that something has] a definitive assessment. https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789047400851/B9789047400851_s012.xml?language=en {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406013755/https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789047400851/B9789047400851_s012.xml?language=en |date=6 April 2024 }}</ref> However, this understanding may not be sufficient to explain every situation. For example, Hanafis accept 5 daily prayers as fard. However, some religious groups such as [[Quranists]] and [[Shiites]], who do not doubt that the Quran existing today is a religious source, infer from the same verses that it is clearly ordered to pray two or three times,<ref>Zum Beispiel Sayyid Ahmad Khan. Vgl. Ahmad: ''Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan 1857–1964''. 1967, S. 49.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ek 15 – Dini Görevler: Tanrı'dan Bir Armağan|url=http://www.teslimolanlar.org/ekler.php?ekid=15|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Teslimolanlar|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105182152/http://www.teslimolanlar.org/ekler.php?ekid=15|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Vgl. Birışık: "Kurʾâniyyûn" in ''Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi''. 2002, Bd. 26, S. 429.; Yüksel; al-Shaiban; Schulte-Nafeh: ''Quran: A Reformist Translation''. 2007, S. 507.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=10. How Can we Observe the Sala Prayers by Following the Quran Alone? - Edip-Layth - quranix.org |url=http://quranix.org/appendix/qrt/10 |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=quranix.org |archive-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302203849/https://www.quranix.org/appendix/qrt/10 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahih al-Bukhari 1399, 1400 - Obligatory Charity Tax (Zakat) - كتاب الزكاة - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:1399 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=sunnah.com}}</ref> not five times. In addition, in religious literature, wajib is widely used for all kinds of religious requirements, without expressing any fiqh definition.

According to riwāya, prayer is held to be extremely important in Islam, and according to all four of the [[madhabs]], those who have a disdain towards prayer are no longer seen as [[Muslims]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-04 |title=Do all the Imams Agree Neglecting the prayer Continuously Entails Disbelief? (Important Clarification) |url=https://daruliftaa.com/salat-prayer/do-all-the-imams-agree-neglecting-the-prayer-continuously-entails-disbelief-important-clarification/ |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=Darul Iftaa |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.52637/kiid.982657 | title=İslam Hukukunda Namaz Kılmayanın Hükmü | date=2021 | last1=Eki̇Nci̇ | first1=Ahmet | journal=Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi | volume=4 | issue=2 | pages=388–409 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

While some sects claimed that those killed in this way remained Muslims, others claimed that they had [[takfir|apostatized from the religion]]. In this case, Islamic duties could not be made for their funerals, they would not be buried in Muslim cemeteries, and their heirs could not claim inheritance rights from the property they left behind, and would be public property.<ref name=jstor-1570336-7-9>{{cite journal|last1=Peters |first1=Rudolph |last2=Vries |first2=Gert J. J. De |title=Apostasy in Islam |journal=Die Welt des Islams |year=1976 |volume=17 |issue=1/4 |pages=7–9 |doi= 10.2307/1570336 |jstor=1570336 }}</ref> However, even if today's dominant understanding defines the abandonment of worship as [[fasiq|sinfulness]], does not approve of giving worldly punishment for them. However, in sharia governments, their testimony against a devout Muslim may not be accepted, they may be humiliated and barred from certain positions because of this tag. In practice, since early on in Islamic history, criminal cases were usually handled by ruler-administered courts or local police using procedures which were only loosely related to Sharia.{{sfn|Calder|2009}}{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009}}

In sermon language, the main purpose of the {{transliteration|ar|salah}} is given as acting as a means of communication with [[God in Islam|Allah]].<ref name="Mufliheen">{{cite book |last1=Sheihul Mufliheen |title=Holy Quran's Judgement |publisher=XLIBRIS |isbn=978-1479724550 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pB1vZ4rCafEC&q=the+aim+of+salat&pg=PA57|date=October 2012 }}</ref> Other emphases include cleansing the heart, getting closer to God, and strengthening faith. It is believed that the soul requires prayer and closeness to Allah to stay sustained and healthy, and that prayer spiritually sustains the human soul, just as food provides nourishment to the physical body.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elias |first=Abu Amina |date=2015-06-25 |title=The purpose of prayer in Islam {{!}} Faith in Allah الإيمان بالله |url=https://abuaminaelias.com/the-purpose-of-prayer-in-islam/ |access-date=2019-11-17}}</ref> {{transliteration|ar|[[Tafsir]]}} ([[exegesis]]) of the Quran can give four reasons for the observation of {{transliteration|ar|salah}}. First, in order to commend [[Allah|God]], Allah's servants, together with the angels, do {{transliteration|ar|salah}} ("blessing, salutations").<ref>{{cite book|last1=BIN SAAD|first1=ADEL|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DR9LDwAAQBAJ&q=It+is+He+who+confers+blessing+upon+you%2C+and+His+angels+%5Bask+Him+to+do+so%5D+that+He+may+bring+you+out+from+darknesses+into+the+light.+And+ever+is+He%2C+to+the+believers%2C+Merciful.+explain+in+salah&pg=PA26|title=A COMPREHENSIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPHET'S WAY OF PRAYER: صفة صلاة النبي|date=January 2016|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية |isbn=978-2745167804}}</ref>{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#33:43 Quran, 33:43]}} Second, {{transliteration|ar|salah}} is done involuntarily by all beings in creation, in the sense that they are always in contact with Allah by virtue of him creating and sustaining them.<ref>{{cite web |title=An Enlightening Commentary into the Light of the Holy Qur'an vol. 11|date=24 January 2014|url=https://www.al-islam.org/enlightening-commentary-light-holy-quran-vol-11/section-6-everything-heavens-and-earth-glorifies|publisher=Imam Ali Foundation}}</ref>{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#24:41 Quran, 24:41]}} Third, Muslims voluntarily offer {{transliteration|ar|salah}} to reveal that it is the particular form of worship that belongs to the prophets.{{efn|[http://tanzil.net/#21:71 Quran, 21:71–73]}} Fourth, {{transliteration|ar|salah}} is described as the second pillar of Islam.<ref name="Chittick" />

==Performing ''salah''==
{{Main|Rak'a}}
[[File:Xonaqoh masjidi namozxona.jpg|thumb|The prayer room in [[Khonakhan Mosque]], Uzbekistan]]

There is consensus on the vast majority of the major details of the ''salah'', but there are different views on some of the more intricate details. A Muslim is required to perform [[Wudu]] (ablution) before performing ''salah'',<ref>{{cite web |last1=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |title=Salat |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2075 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901032514/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2075 |archive-date=1 September 2009 |website=oxfordislamicstudies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=salat {{!}} Definition & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/salat |access-date=2016-01-04 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahih Muslim 428 - The Book of Prayers - كتاب الصلاة - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:428 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=sunnah.com}}</ref> and making the [[niyyah]] (intention) is a prerequisite for all deeds in Islam, including ''salah''. Some [[Madhhab|schools of Islamic jurisprudence]] hold that intending to pray suffices in the heart, and some require that the intention be spoken, usually under the breath.<ref name="Haddad">{{Cite book |last1=Haddad |first1=Yvonne Yazbeck |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDLcBAAAQBAJ&q=standing+in+salat&pg=PA162 |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam |last2=Smith |first2=Jane I. |date=2014-01-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199862634 |page=162 |language=en}}</ref> The purpose of making the niyyah is to differentiate salah from ordinary routine actions, marking it as an act of worship ('ibāda) rather than a mechanical action ('āda).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Katz |first=Marion Holmes |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/_/allSNvtTpZwC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Prayer in Islamic Thought and Practice |date=2013-05-06 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88788-5 |pages=45 |language=en}}</ref>

The person praying begins in a standing position known as [[Qiyam]], although people who find it difficult to do so may begin while sitting or lying on the ground.<ref name="Chittick" /> This is followed by raising the hands to the head and recitation of the takbir, an action known as the Takbirat al-Ihram ({{Langx|ar|تكبيرة الإحرام|links=no|translit=Takbīrat al-Iḥrām}}). The hands are then lowered, and may be clasped on the abdomen (qabd), or hang by one's sides (sadl). A Muslim may not converse, eat, or do things that are otherwise [[halal]] after the Takbirat al-Ihram. A Muslim must keep their vision low during prayer, looking at the place where their face will contact the ground during prostration.<ref name="Haddad" /><ref name="Ciaravino">{{cite book|last1=Ciaravino|first1=Helene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3fLj-hzngcC&q=rakat+salah&pg=PA140|title=How to Pray: Tapping into the Power of Divine Communication|publisher=Square One Publishers (2001)|year=2001|isbn=9780757000126|page=137}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Al-Tusi|first1=Muhammad Ibn Hasan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FO6CBMZU5xgC&q=how+do+takbirat+al-ihram%3F&pg=PA58|title=Concise Description of Islamic Law and Legal Opinions|publisher=Islamic College for Advanced Studie; UK ed. edition (1 October 2008)|year=2008|isbn=978-1904063292|pages=57–59}}</ref>

A prayer may be said before the recitation of the Quran commences. Next, [[Al-Fatiha]], the first chapter of the Quran, is recited. In the first and second rak'a of all prayers, a surah other than Al-Fatiha or part thereof is recited after Al-Fatiha. This is followed by another takbir after which the person praying bows down their waist in a position known as [[ruku]] with their hands on their knees (depending on the {{transliteration|ar|[[madhhab]]}}, rules may differ for women). While bowing, specific versions of [[tasbih]] are uttered once or more. As the worshipper straightens their back, they say the Arabic phrase "{{lang|ar|سمع الله لمن حمده}}" ({{lit|Allah hears the one who praises him.}}), followed by the phrase "{{lang|ar|ربنا لك الحمد}}" ({{lit|Our Lord, all praise is for you.}})<ref name="Haddad" />

Following the recitation of these words of praise, the takbir is recited once again before the worshipper kneels and prostrates with the forehead, nose, knees, palms and toes touching the floor, a position known as [[sujud]]. Similar to ruku, specific versions of tasbih are uttered once or more in sujud. The worshipper recites the takbir and rises up to sit briefly, then recites takbir and returns to sujud once again. Lifting the head from the second prostration completes a {{transliteration|ar|rak'ah}}. If this is the second or last rak'a, the worshipper rises up to sit once again and recites the [[Tashahhud]], [[Salawat]], and other prayers.<ref name="Haddad" /> Many Sunni scholars, including [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]]<ref name="Manners ethics of Praying; Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab">{{harvtxt|Abd al-Wahhab|2019|p=197}}</ref> and [[Al-Albani]]<ref name="Nasuruddin Albani">{{harvtxt|al-Albani|2004|p=108}}</ref> hold that the right index finger should be raised when reciting the prayers in this sitting position,<ref name="Haddad" /> Once the worshipper is done praying in the sitting position in their last rak'a, they perform the taslim, reciting lengthened versions of the Islamic greeting [[As-salamu alaykum]], once while facing the right and another time while facing the left. Taslim represents the end of prayer.<ref>[http://islam.stackexchange.com/questions/7786/dua-before-taslim-sunni-view Du'a before Taslim (Sunni View)]</ref><ref>[http://www.lamppostproductions.com/about-the-taslim/ About the Taslim]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahih Muslim 672a - The Book of Mosques and Places of Prayer - كتاب الْمَسَاجِدِ وَمَوَاضِعِ الصَّلاَةِ - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:672 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=sunnah.com}}</ref>

Mistakes and doubts in {{transliteration|ar|salah}} are compensated for by prostrating twice at the end of the prayer, either before or after the taslim depending on the [[Madhab]]. These prostrations are known as {{transliteration|ar|[[Sujud Sahwi|sujud sahwi]]}} ({{Langx|ar|سجود السهو|links=no|translit=Sujud as-Sahw}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Prostration of Forgetfulness : Shaikh 'Abdullaah bin Saalih Al-'Ubaylaan |url=https://muslimlifepro.com/namaz-ka-tarika-in-hindi-nama-pana-ka-taraka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626011821/http://abdurrahman.org/salah/sajdasahialmanhaj.html |archive-date=26 June 2014 |access-date=28 June 2014 |website=muslimlifepro.com |translator=}}</ref>

=== ''Salah'' in congregation ===
{{main|Congregational prayer (Islam)}}
In Islamic belief, performing ''salah'' in congregation is considered to have more social and spiritual benefits than praying alone.<ref name="Qara ati">{{cite book |last1=Qara ati |first1=Muhsin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHgttAEACAAJ&q=The+Radiance+of+the+Secrets+of+Prayer+Mohsin+Qaraati |title=The Radiance of the Secrets of Prayer |date=18 February 2018 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=978-1496053961}}</ref> The majority of Sunni scholars [[Mustahabb|recommend]] performing the obligatory ''salah'' in [[Congregational prayer (Islam)|congregation]] without viewing the congregational prayer as an obligation. A minority view exists viewing performing the obligatory ''salah'' in congregation as an obligation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rules of Salat (Part III of III) |url=http://www.al-islam.org/laws/jamaatprayers.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510022158/http://www.al-islam.org/laws/jamaatprayers.html |archive-date=10 May 2012 |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Al-Islam.org}}</ref>[[File:Islamic Society of Akron & Kent - women jummah prayer.jpg|thumb|Women performing the Friday prayer at a mosque, [[Ohio]], US]]

When praying in congregation, the people stand in straight parallel rows behind one person who leads the prayer service, called the [[imam]]. The imam must be above the rest in knowledge of the Quran, action, piety, and justness, and should be known to possess faith and commitment the people trust.<ref name="qaraati">{{cite web |last1=Qara'ati |first1=Muhsin |date=5 January 2017 |title=The Radiance of the Secrets of Prayer |url=https://www.al-islam.org/radiance-secrets-prayer-muhsin-qaraati/congregational-prayer-salat-al-jamaah-etc#compensatory-qadha-prayer |publisher=Ahlul Bayt World Assembly}}</ref> The prayer is offered just as it is when one prays alone, with the congregation following the imam as they offer their ''salah''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hussain |first1=Musharraf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BT49BAAAQBAJ&q=in+jamaah+salat+congregation+following+the+actions+and+movements+of+the+imam&pg=PA77 |title=The Five Pillars of Islam: Laying the Foundations of Divine Love and Service to Humanity |date=10 October 2012 |publisher=Kube Publishing Ltd (10 October 2012) |isbn=978-1847740540 |pages=77–78}}</ref> Two people of the same gender praying in congregation would stand beside each other, with the imam on the left and the other person to his right.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

When the worshippers consist of men and women combined, a man leads the prayer. In this situation, women are typically forbidden from [[Women as imams|assuming this role]] with unanimous agreement within the major schools of Islam. This is disputed by some, partly based on a [[hadith]] with controversial interpretations. When the congregation consists entirely of women and/or pre-pubescent children, a woman may lead the prayer.<ref>{{cite news |date=2000-08-01 |title=Iranian women to lead prayers |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/861819.stm |access-date=2008-02-11 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Some configurations allow for rows of men and women to stand side by side separated by a curtain or other barrier,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cornell |first1=Vincent J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ixO4b6jlbLYC&q=in+islam+Who+is+not+obliged+to+pray%3F&pg=PA25 |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of life : family, home, and society |publisher=Praeger Publishers; 1st edition (1 January 2007) |year=2007 |isbn=978-0275987350 |pages=25–28}}</ref> with the primary intention being for there to be no direct line of sight between male and female worshippers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maghniyyah |first1=Muhammad Jawad |date=21 November 2016 |title=Prayer (Salat), According to the Five Islamic Schools of Law |url=https://www.al-islam.org/prayer-salat-according-five-islamic-schools-law-sheikh-muhammad-jawad-mughniyya/salat-al-jamaah |publisher=Islamic Culture and Relations Organisation}}</ref>

=== Places and times at which salah is prohibited ===
Salah is not performed in graveyards and bathrooms. It is prohibited from being performed after Fajr prayer until sunrise, during a small period of time around noon, and after Asr prayer until sunset. The prohibition of salah at these times is to prevent the practice of [[sun worship]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ringwald |first1=Christopher D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6IE8DwAAQBAJ&q=the+performing+of+salat+is+forbidden+because+of+sun+worship&pg=PA118 |title=A Day Apart: How Jews, Christians, and Muslims Find Faith, Freedom, and Joy on the Sabbath |date=20 November 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press (8 January 2007) |isbn=978-0195165364 |pages=117–119}}</ref>

==Obligatory ''salah''==

=== The daily prayers ===
[[File:Salattimesturkish.jpg|thumb|Display showing ''salah'' times in a Turkish mosque]]
[[File:Digitalsalahclockwithshahada.jpg|thumb|A digital ''salah'' clock in an American mosque]]

The word salah, when used to refer to the Sunni second pillar of Islam or the Shia ancillary of faith, refers to the five obligatory daily prayers.<ref name="islamic-relief">{{Cite news |title=Salah (Prayer) – The Second Pillar of Islam |url=https://www.islamic-relief.org.uk/resources/knowledge-base/five-pillars-of-islam/salah/ |access-date=14 April 2024 |website=Islamic Relief UK}}</ref> Each of the five prayers has a [[salah times|prescribed time]] which depends on the position of the Sun in the sky. Given the Islamic day begins at sunset, the first prayer of the day would be [[Maghrib prayer|Maghrib]], performed directly after sunset. It is followed by the [[Isha prayer|Isha ''salah'']] that is performed during the night, the [[Fajr prayer|Fajr ''salah'']] performed before sunrise, and the [[Dhuhr (prayer)|Dhuhr]] and [[Asr prayer|Asr]] prayers performed in the afternoon.

The five daily prayers must be performed in their prescribed times. However, if extenuating circumstances prevent a Muslim from performing them on time, they must be performed as soon as possible. Several [[hadith]] narrations quote the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] saying that a person who slept past the prescribed time or forgot to perform the obligatory ''salah'' must pray it as soon as they remember.<ref name="qaraati" />

These prayers are considered obligatory upon every adult Muslim,<ref name="islamic-relief" /> with the exception of those with some physical or mental disabilities,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elshabrawy |first1=Elsayed |last2=Hassanein |first2=Ahmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymt-BgAAQBAJ&q=Prayer+is+not+obligated+in+Islam+when+illness+or+physically+unable&pg=PA3 |title=Inclusion, Disability and Culture (Studies in Inclusive Education) |date=3 February 2015 |publisher=Sense Publishers (28 November 2014) |isbn=978-9462099227 |pages=3–6}}</ref> [[Menstruation in Islam|menstruating women]], and women experiencing postnatal bleeding.<ref>{{cite book |last1=GhaneaBassiri |first1=Kambiz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9w8yBohfbgMC&q=salah+forbidden+for+someone+be+menstruating&pg=PA4 |title=Competing Visions of Islam in the United States: A Study of Los Angeles |publisher=Praeger (30 July 1997) |year=1997 |isbn=9780313299513}}</ref> Those who are sick or otherwise physically unable to perform their ''salah'' standing may perform them sitting or lying down according to their ability.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Turner |first1=Colin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utxkAgAAQBAJ&q=who+someone+to+offer+their+prayers+in+the+traditional+form+are+permitted+to+offer+their+prayers+while+sitting+or+lying%2C+as+they+are+able&pg=PA107 |title=Islam: The Basics |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Routledge; 2nd edition (24 May 2011) |isbn=978-0415584920 |pages=106–108}}</ref>

Some Muslims pray three times a day, believing the [[Qur'an]] mentions three prayers instead of five.<ref name="Islam and the Secular State">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aKenKtONX2MC&dq=muslims+pray+three+times+a+day&pg=PA238 | title=Islam and the Secular State | isbn=9780674033764 | last1=Na | first1=Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im | last2=Naʻīm | first2=ʻabd Allāh Aḥmad | date=30 June 2009 | publisher=Harvard University Press }}</ref><ref name="Muslims in America">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIzC9N8-7Z0C&dq=some+muslims+pray+three+times+a+day&pg=PT23 | title=Muslims in America: A Short History | isbn=978-0-19-974567-8 | last1=Curtis Iv | first1=Edward E. | date=October 2009 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref><ref name="Jafarli, Durdana 2017"/>

=== Friday and Eid prayers ===
{{Main|Friday prayer|Eid prayers}}[[File:Saying Juma Namaz (Friday prayer for Muslims), Dhaka, Bangladesh NK.JPG|thumb|Friday prayer for [[Muslims]] in the streets of [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh]]
In general, Sunnis view the five daily prayers, in addition to the [[Friday prayer|Friday ''salah'']], as obligatory. There is a difference of opinion within the Sunni schools of jurisprudence regarding whether the [[Eid prayer|Eid]] and [[Witr]] prayers are obligatory on all Muslims,<ref>{{cite web |last1=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |title=Fard al-Ayn |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e624 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818074942/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e624 |archive-date=18 August 2010 |website=oxfordislamicstudies}}</ref> obligatory only such that a sufficient number of Muslims perform it,<ref>{{cite web |last1=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |title=Fard al-Kifayah |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e625 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614093420/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e625 |archive-date=14 June 2010 |website=oxfordislamicstudies}}</ref> or [[Sunnah prayer|sunnah]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schade |first1=Johannes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRkfKdho-5cC&q=Fard+%28obligatory%29+Salah&pg=PP714 |title=Encyclopedia of World Religions |publisher=Mars Media/Foreign Media (9 January 2007) |year=2006 |isbn=978-1601360007}}</ref>

All Sunni schools of jurisprudence view the Friday ''salah'' as an obligatory prayer replacing Zuhr on Fridays exclusively. It is obligatory upon men and is to be prayed in congregation, while women have the choice to offer it in congregation or pray Zuhr at home.<ref>{{cite book |author=Fahd Salem Bahammam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNujP218FuQC&pg=PA20 |title=The Muslim's Prayer |publisher=Modern Guide |isbn=9781909322950 |access-date=29 January 2018}}</ref> Preceding the Friday ''salah'', a [[khutbah]] (sermon) is delivered by a [[khatib]], after which the 2 rak'a Friday prayer is performed.<ref name="Akhtar Rizvi 1989">{{cite book |last=Akhtar Rizvi |first=Sayyid Saeed |title=Elements of Islamic Studies |publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania |year=1989}}</ref> A minority view within the Sunni schools holds that listening to the khutbah compensates for the [[Thawab|spiritual reward]] of the 2 rak'a that are discounted from the prayer.<ref>{{cite book |author=Margoliouth, G. |title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |others=Selbie, John A., contrib |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7661-3698-4 |editor=Hastings, James |volume=20 |pages=893–894 |chapter=Sabbath (Muhammadan)}}</ref>

The Eid ''salah'' is offered on the mornings of Muslim holidays [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]]. It consists of 2 rak'a, with extra [[takbir]]s pronounced before the beginning of the recitation of the [[Quran]] in each. The exact number of extra takbirs is differed upon within the Sunni schools, with the majority opining that seven takbirs are pronounced in the first rak'a and five in the second. The Hanafi school holds that 3 takbirs are to be pronounced in each rak'a. After the prayer, a khutbah is delivered. However, unlike the Friday prayer, the khutbah is not an integral part of the Eid prayer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam Today |url=http://www.islamtoday.net/english/show_detail_section.cfm?q_id=871&main_cat_id=25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017002519/http://islamtoday.net/english/show_detail_section.cfm?q_id=871&main_cat_id=25 |archive-date=17 October 2007}}</ref> The prescribed time of the Eid prayer is after that of Fajr and before that of Zuhr.<ref name="Buyukcelebi" />

=== Jam' and Qasr ===
Muslims may pray two obligatory prayers together at the prescribed time of one, a practice known as jam'. This is restricted to two pairs of salah: the afternoon prayers of Zuhr and Asr, and the night-time prayers of Maghrib and Isha. Within the [[madhhab|schools of jurisprudence]] in [[Sunni Islam]], there is a difference of opinion regarding the range of reasons that permit one to perform jam'. With the exception of the [[Hanafi school]], the other schools of jurisprudence allow one to perform jam' when travelling or when incapable of performing the prayers separately. [[Hanbali school|Hanbalis]] and members of the [[Salafi movement]] allow jam' for a wider range of reasons.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 January 2018|title=Combining two prayers|url=https://www.islamweb.net/en/article/85574/combining-two-prayers|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112030733/https://www.islamweb.net/en/article/85574/combining-two-prayers|archive-date=12 November 2020|website=Islamweb.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nasir al-Din al-Albani|first=Muhammad|date=10 September 2014|title=A resident may combine prayers to avoid difficulties – Shaykh al Albaani|url=https://abdurrahman.org/2014/10/09/a-resident-may-combine-prayers-to-avoid-difficulties/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203014441/https://abdurrahman.org/2014/10/09/a-resident-may-combine-prayers-to-avoid-difficulties/amp/|archive-date=3 February 2017|website=Abdurrahman.org}}</ref> Some Salafis ascribing to the [[Ahl-i Hadith]] movement also permit jam' without reason while preferring that the prayers be performed separately.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silmi|first=Shaykh Yahya|title=THE WEAKNESS ABOUT THE NARRATION "COMBINING THE PRAYER WITHOUT REASON IS A MAJOR SIN" AND AN ADVICE TO BROTHER ABU KHADEEJA ABDUL WAHID|url=https://ahlulhadith.in/en/posts/-L4cjrjjzuU3DWnRgDud/joining-prayer-without-reason-abu-khadeeja|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409050214/https://ahlulhadith.in/en/posts/-L4cjrjjzuU3DWnRgDud/joining-prayer-without-reason-abu-khadeeja|archive-date=9 April 2021|website=Uthman Ibn Affan Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Abu Hibban|last2=Abu Khuzaimah Ansari|title=When To Combine And Shorten Prayers|url=https://www.salafiri.com/when-to-combine-and-shorten-prayers/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124031125/http://www.salafiri.com/when-to-combine-and-shorten-prayers/|archive-date=24 November 2020|website=Salafi Research Institute|date=15 July 2015}}</ref> The [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Ja'fari school]] allows one to perform jam' without reason.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharaf al-Din al-Musawi |first1=Sayyid Abd al-Husayn |date=18 October 2012 |title=Combining The Two Prayers |url=https://www.al-islam.org/questions-jurisprudence-abd-al-husayn-sharaf-al-din-al-musawi/chapter-one-combining-two-prayers |publisher=Hydery Canada Ltd}}</ref> Exclusively when traveling, a Muslim may shorten the Zuhr, Asr, and Isha prayers, which normally consist of 4 [[rak'a]], to two. This is known as qasr.<ref name="Buyukcelebi">{{cite book |last1=Buyukcelebi |first1=Ismail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53EPNr8qeLgC&q=Conditions+of+Congregational+Prayer&pg=PA206 |title=Living in the Shade of Islam |publisher=Tughra (1 March 2005) |year=2005 |isbn=978-1932099867}}</ref>

== Supererogatory ''salah'' ==
Muslims may perform supererogatory salah as an act of worship at any time except the times of prohibition. Such salah is called nafil.<ref>{{cite web |title=prayers |url=http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.com/prayers.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213191026/http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.com/prayers.htm |archive-date=13 February 2012 |access-date=14 May 2012 |work=islamicsupremecouncil.com}}</ref> Prayers performed by [[Muhammad]] consistently, or those that he recommended be performed but are not considered obligatory, are called sunnah prayers.

=== Sunan ar-Rawatib ===
'''Sunan ar-Rawatib''' (Arabic: السنن الرواتب, romanized: ''as-Sunan ar-Rawātib'') are regular voluntary prayers performed in association with the five daily obligatory prayers ([[Salah]]) in Sunni Islam. They are considered recommended (''[[Sunnah]]'') prayers and are traditionally attributed to the prayer practice of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. These prayers are performed within the prescribed time of the associated obligatory prayer, either before or after it, and are regarded as supplementary to the obligatory acts of worship.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ṣalāt |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/salat |access-date=22 December 2025}}</ref>

==== Classification ====
In Sunni jurisprudence, Sunan ar-Rawatib are commonly classified into two categories:

* '''Sunnah Muʾakkadah''' (emphasized Sunnah): prayers that Muhammad is reported to have regularly performed and consistently observed.
* '''Sunnah Ghair Muʾakkadah''' (non-emphasized Sunnah): prayers that Muhammad is reported to have performed occasionally but not consistently.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kamali |first=Mohammad Hashim |title=Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence |publisher=Islamic Texts Society |year=2003 |isbn=9780946621815}}</ref>

==== Number and timing ====
According to widely cited Sunni traditions, there are generally twelve units (''rakʿahs'') of Sunnah Muʾakkadah associated with the five daily prayers:

* '''2 rakʿahs before [[Fajr]]'''
* '''4 rakʿahs before [[Dhuhr]]'''
* '''2 rakʿahs after [[Asr]]'''
* '''2 rakʿahs after [[Maghrib prayer|Maghrib]]'''
* '''2 rakʿahs after [[Isha prayer|Isha]]'''

This enumeration is derived from hadith reports describing the Prophet’s regular voluntary prayers in conjunction with the obligatory prayers.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sahih Muslim |publisher=Dar al-Taʿaruf |year=2007 |isbn=9789953850437}}</ref>

Additional voluntary prayers, such as those performed before [[Asr]] or before Maghrib and Isha, are sometimes included under Sunnah Ghair Muʾakkadah by certain scholars, but they are not universally counted among the regular Rawatib prayers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hallaq |first=Wael B. |title=An Introduction to Islamic Law |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780521678735}}</ref>

==== Basis in hadith literature ====
Several hadiths describe the practice and merit of Sunan ar-Rawatib. One well-known narration reports that Muhammad stated that a dwelling in Paradise is promised for those who consistently perform twelve voluntary units of prayer in addition to the obligatory prayers.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sahih Muslim |publisher=Dar al-Taʿaruf |year=2007 |isbn=9789953850437}}</ref>

==== Practice ====
Sunan ar-Rawatib are voluntary and not legally obligatory; omission does not invalidate the obligatory prayer. Their regular performance, however, is regarded in Sunni tradition as part of normative devotional practice and as a means of emulating the Prophet’s prayer routine.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ṣalāt |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/salat |access-date=22 December 2025}}</ref>

=== Salah before noon ===
[[Duha]] salah is a prayer that can be performed after sunrise until noon. (which the time for the ''[[Dhuhr (prayer)|Dhuhr Prayer]]'' begins) It consists of an even number of rak'a, starting from two and going up to twelve. This prayer is one of 4 sunnah prayers which can be done in congregation.

=== ''Salah'' during the night ===
[[Witr]] salah (Arabic: {{Lang|ar|صلاة الوتر}}) is a short prayer generally performed as the last prayer of the night. It consists of an odd number of rak'a, starting from one and going up to eleven, with slight differences between the different schools of jurisprudence.<ref name="IIP1997" /> Witr salah often includes the [[qunut]].<ref name="Majlisi">{{cite web |last1=Majlisi |first1=Muhammad Baqir |author1-link=Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi |date=18 November 2021 |title=Salat al-Layl |url=https://www.al-islam.org/salat-al-layl-muhammad-baqir-majlisi |publisher=Al-Fath Al-Mubin Publications}}</ref> Within Sunni schools of jurisprudence, the [[Hanafi school|Hanafis]] view that the Witr ''salah'' is obligatory, while the other schools consider it a sunnah ''salah''.

Within Sunni schools of jurisprudence, [[Tahajjud]] (Arabic: {{Lang|ar|تَهَجُّد}}) refers to night-time prayers generally performed after midnight. The prayer includes any number of even rak'a, performed as individual prayers of two rak'a or four. Tahajjud is generally concluded with Witr salah.<ref name="IIP1997">{{cite book|last1=Islam International Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7u9DwAAQBAJ|title=Salat: The Muslim prayer book|date=January 2016|publisher=Islam International Publishers (1997)|isbn=978-1853725463}}</ref> Shia Muslims offer similar prayers, called Salawat al-Layl (Arabic: {{Lang|ar|صَلَوَات اللَّيل}}). These are considered highly meritorious, consist of 11 rak'a: 8 nafl (performed as 4 prayers of 2 rak'a each) followed by 3 witr,<ref name="Kassamali">{{cite web |last1=Kassamali |first1=Tahera |last2=Kassamali |first2=Hasnain |date=9 January 2013 |title=Salatul Layl |url=https://www.al-islam.org/salatul-layl-tahera-kassamali-hasnain-kassamali |publisher=Tayyiba Publishers & Distributors}}</ref> and can be offered in the same time as Tahajjud.<ref name="Majlisi" />

[[Tarawih]] salah (Arabic: {{Lang|ar|صلاة التراويح}}) is a sunnah prayer performed exclusively during Ramadan by Sunnis. It is performed immediately after the Isha prayer, and consists of 8 to 36 rak'a. Shi'ites hold that Tarawih is a [[bid'ah]] initiated by the second Rashidun caliph, [[Umar]]. Tarawih is also generally concluded with Witr salah.

=== Eclipse prayers ===
Following the sunnah of Muhammad during the [[Solar eclipse of January 27, 632|solar eclipse]] that followed his son Ibrahim's death, Sunni Muslims perform the solar eclipse prayer ({{Langx|ar|صلاة الكسوف|translit=Ṣalāt al-Kusuf}}), and the lunar eclipse prayer ({{Langx|ar|صلاة الخسوف|translit=Ṣalāt al-Khusuf|links=no}}) during solar and lunar eclipses, respectively. These consist of 2 rak'a with 2 [[ruku]] in each rak'a instead of one. It is recommended to lengthen the recitation of the Quran, the [[Ruku|bowing]], and [[Sujud|prostration]] in these prayers.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

=== Istikhara salah ===
The word ''istikharah'' is derived from the root ḵ-y-r (خير) "well-being, goodness, choice, selection".<ref name="Performing Piety">{{cite book|last1=Nieuwkerk|first1=Karin van|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2eGQAAAAQBAJ&q=istikhara+prayer&pg=PA34|title=Performing Piety: Singers and Actors in Egypt's Islamic Revival|date=October 2013|publisher=University of Texas Press; Reprint edition (1 October 2013)|isbn=9780292745865}}</ref> Salat al-Istikhaarah is a prayer offered when a Muslim needs guidance on a particular matter. To say this salah one should pray two rakats of non-obligatory salah to completion. After completion one should request Allah that which on is better.<ref name="Buyukcelebi" /> The intention for the salah should be in one's heart to pray two rakats of salah followed by [[Salaat-ul-Istikhaarah|Istikhaarah]]. The salah can be offered at any of the times where salah is not forbidden.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Iṣlāhī|first1=Muḥammad Yūsuf|year=1989|title=Etiquettes of Life in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6K6IAAAAMAAJ&q=istikhara+prayer}}</ref> Other prayers include the ''tahiyyat al-masjid'', which Muslims are encouraged to offer these two rakat.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Firdaus Mediapro|first1=Jannah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xi3DwAAQBAJ&q=mosque+greeting+prayer&pg=PA21|title=The Path to Islamic Prayer English Edition Standard Version|date=17 October 2019|publisher=Blurb (18 October 2019)|isbn=978-1714100736}}</ref>

== Differences in practice ==
[[File:Tehran Friday prayer - 16 March 2018 (13961225000386636568071894544919 84859).jpg|left|thumb|A Sunni Muslim (left) and Shia Muslim (right) performing the [[Friday prayer]] in [[Tehran]]. Some Sunnis perform ''salah'' with the hands clasped ("qabd"), while Shia offer ''salah'' with their hands at their sides ("sadl").]]

While most Muslims pray five times a day, some Muslims pray three times a day, believing the [[Qur'an]] only mentions three prayers.<ref name="Islam and the Secular State"/><ref name="Muslims in America"/> [[Quranism|Qur'anists]] are among those who pray three times a day.<ref>Jafarli, Durdana. "The historical conditions for the emergence of the Quranist movement in Egypt in the 19th–20th centuries." МОВА І КУЛЬТУРА (2017): 91.</ref>

Most Muslims believe that Muhammad practiced, taught, and disseminated the ''salah'' in the whole community of Muslims and made it part of their life. The practice has, therefore, been concurrently and perpetually practiced by the community in each of the generations. The authority for the basic forms of the salah is neither the hadiths nor the Quran, but rather the consensus of Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Mawrid |url=http://al-mawrid.org/pages/articles_english_detail.php?rid=156&cid=312 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724232305/http://al-mawrid.org/pages/articles_english_detail.php?rid=156&cid=312 |archivedate=24 July 2011 |website=al-mawrid.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mishkat al-Masabih 981 – Prayer – كتاب الصلاة – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/mishkat:981 |access-date=2021-04-19 |website=sunnah.com}}</ref>

[[File:MohrQum1.jpeg|thumb|upright=0.6|A [[turbah]] or mohr is a small piece of soil or clay, often a clay tablet, used during ''salah'' to symbolize earth.]]

This is not inconsistent with another fact that Muslims have shown diversity in their practice since the earliest days of practice, so the ''salah'' practiced by one Muslim may differ from another's in minor details. In some cases the [[hadith]] suggest some of this diversity of practice was known of and approved by Muhammad himself.<ref>{{cite web |author=Muhammad al-Bukhari |author-link=Muhammad al-Bukhari |title=Sahih al-Bukhari, Book of military expeditions |url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari/64/163 |access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref>

Most differences arise because of different interpretations of the [[Principles of Islamic jurisprudence|Islamic legal sources]] by the different schools of law (''[[madhhab]]s'') in [[Sunni Islam]], and by different legal traditions within [[Shia Islam]]. In the case of ritual worship these differences are generally minor, and should rarely cause dispute.<ref>{{cite web |author=Abdal Hakim Murad |author-link=Timothy Winter |title=Understanding the Four Madhhabs |url=http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/ahm/newmadhh.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329111030/http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/ahm/newmadhh.htm |archive-date=29 March 2010 |access-date=25 May 2010}}</ref>

Common differences, which may vary between schools and gender, include the position of legs, feet, hands and fingers, where the eyes should focus, the minimum amount of recitation, the volume of recitation, and which of the principal elements of the prayer are indispensable, versus recommended or optional.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

==See also==
* [[Dua]]
* [[Sabr (Islamic term)]]
* [[Salawat al-Sha'baniyya]]
* [[Tasbih]]

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{Notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Abd al-Wahhab |first1=Muhammad ibn |author-link1=Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab |title=Syarah Adab Berjalan Menuju Shalat |trans-title=Manners of Walking to the Prayer |date=2019 |publisher=Darul Falah |isbn=9789793036892 |page=197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4uW3DwAAQBAJ |access-date=22 November 2021 }}
* {{cite book |last1=al-Albani |first1=Muhammad Nasiruddin |author-link1=Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani |title=Fikih Syekh Albani |language=id |translator=Mahmud bin Ahmad Rasyid · |date=2004 |publisher=Pustaka Azzam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=way8DwAAQBAJ |access-date=21 November 2021 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |first=Norman |last=Calder |title=Law. Legal Thought and Jurisprudence |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor=John L. Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2009 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121033722/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 21, 2008}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nur Baits |first1=Ammi |title=Tafsir Shalat |date=2021 |publisher=Muamalah Publishing |page=248 Hadith Riwayat Muslim 1336 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SH3DwAAQBAJ |access-date=20 November 2021 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |first=Irene |last=Schneider |title=Fiqh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor=Emad El-Din Shahin |year=2014 |doi=10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001|isbn=9780199739356 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |first=Knut S. |last=Vikør |title=Sharīʿah |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor=Emad El-Din Shahin |year=2014 |url=http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226 |access-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054116/http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |first=Farhat J. |last=Ziadeh |title=Criminal Law |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor=John L. Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2009 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0170|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101103325/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0170|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 November 2008}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1= Smith |first1= Jane I. |last2=Haddad|first2=Yvonne Yazbeck| title= The Oxford Handbook of American Islam |edition=1st |pages=162–163|year=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Salat}}

{{Islamic prayer}}
{{Islam topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Characters and names in the Quran}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Salah| ]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
[[Category:Prayer]]

The Ivory Key

2026-03-20T01:37:36Z

DellCarone401: creating first pg from scratch

{{short description|2022 young adult fantasy novel by Akshaya Raman}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Ivory Key
| image = The Ivory Key.jpeg
| caption = First edition
| alt =
| author = [[Akshaya Raman]]
| title_orig =
| working_title =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[India]]/[[United States]]
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre = [[Young adult literature|Young adult]], [[Fantasy]]
| publisher = [[HarperCollins]]
| publisher2 = [[Hot Key Books]]
| pub_date = January 4, 2022
| pages = 384
| awards =
| isbn = 978-0-358-46833-2
| oclc =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''The Ivory Key''''' is a 2022 young adult [[fantasy]] novel by Indian American writer Akshaya Raman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-01 |title=Q&A: Akshaya Raman, Author of 'The Ivory Key' |url=https://thenerddaily.com/akshaya-raman-author-interview/ |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=The Nerd Daily |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/akshaya-raman/ivory-key/|title=THE IVORY KEY {{!}} KirkIus Reviews|language=en}}</ref> Raman's [[debut novel]] inspired by [[Culture of India|Indian culture]] and [[Hindu mythology|mythology]] was published on 4 January 2022 by [[HarperCollins]] as the first book in a planned duology and follows four siblings as the embark on a journey to find the Ivory Key, a magical artefact capable of providing magic.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2022-02-02|title=Get Familiar With Our New YA Fantasy Obsessions Written By LGBTQ Authors + WOC, Inspired Their Cultural Heritages|url=https://www.girltalkhq.com/get-familiar-with-our-new-ya-fantasy-obsessions-written-by-lgbtq-authors-woc-inspired-by-their-cultural-heritages/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=GirlTalkHQ|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Plot==

Set in the world of Ashoka, magic is an essential resource mined from quarries and the kingdom's largest export. As long as neighboring kingdoms believe Ashoka's supply is endless, it keeps war at bay, but the reserves are running low.

After the [[Maharaja|Maharani]] is assassinated, her four children, Vira, Ronak, Kaleb and Riya work together to find the Ivory Key, said to unlock a new source of magic. Each sibling, however, has their own motives.

Vira wishes to use the key to continue her mother's legacy, Ronak plans to sell it to the highest bidder, Kaleb wants to use it to prove his innocence after being accused of killing the Maharani and Riya needs it to show her loyalty to the Ravens, a group of rebels. The four siblings will have to work together or else they risk losing everything they worked for.

==Reception==
The book was listed among the list of the most anticipated books of January 2022 by several magazines and literary websites including [[Polygon (website)|Polygon]], [[PopSugar]], [[Book Riot]]'','' [[BuzzFeed News|BuzzFeed]] and [[Reactor (magazine)|Reactor Magazine]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Burke|first=Mel|date=2022-01-09|title=The science fiction and fantasy books we're excited for in 2022|url=https://www.polygon.com/22870462/new-books-science-fiction-fantasy-2022|access-date=2022-02-01|website=Polygon|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jensen|first=Kelly|date=2022-01-04|title=The Ultimate Guide to New Winter YA Books 2022: January–March|url=https://bookriot.com/winter-ya-books-2022/|access-date=2022-02-01|website=BOOK RIOT|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Strolle|first=Rachel|title=40 Brand New Young Adult Books Worth Checking Out This Winter|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/rachelstrolle/young-adult-books-releasing-winter-2022|access-date=2022-02-04|website=BuzzFeed|date=19 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Tor.com|date=2022-01-12|title=All the New Young Adult SFF Books Arriving in January!|url=https://www.tor.com/2022/01/12/new-young-adult-sff-books-january-2022/|access-date=2022-02-01|website=reactormag.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

The novel received positive reviews from critics. [[Kirkus Reviews]] notes that the novel "Skillfully weaves together political intrigue, complex sibling relationships, and magic".<ref name=":1" /> [[Publishers Weekly]] praised "the richly described worldbuilding, tight plot, and moderate doses of romance" calling it "a complex and layered narrative".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Children's Book Review: The Ivory Key (The Ivory Key #1) by Akshaya Raman. Clarion, ISBN 978-0-358-46833-2|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-358-46833-2|access-date=2022-02-04|website=PublishersWeekly.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New Kids' and YA Books: Weeks of January 3 and January 10, 2022|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-book-news/article/88235-new-kids-and-ya-books-weeks-of-january-3-and-january-10-2022.html|access-date=2022-02-04|website=PublishersWeekly.com|language=en}}</ref>

[[Booklist]] described the novel as "a dream for seekers of character-driven stories,"<ref name=":2" /> [[The Guardian]] called it "Book one of an epic fantasy duology layered with Indian folklore and traditions."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-28|title=Children's and teens roundup – the best new picture books and novels|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/jan/28/childrens-and-teens-roundup-the-best-new-picture-books-and-novels|access-date=2022-02-04|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ivory Key, The}}
[[Category:2022 debut novels]]
[[Category:2022 Indian novels]]
[[Category:2022 American novels]]
[[Category:2022 fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy novels]]
[[Category:American fantasy novels]]
[[Category:American English-language novels]]
[[Category:American young adult novels]]
[[Category:Young adult fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Religion in fantasy fiction]]
[[Category:Hindu mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Novels set in fictional countries]]
[[Category:Novels about royalty]]
[[Category:Novels about magic (supernatural)]]
[[Category:Novels about mining]]
[[Category:Fiction about assassinations]]
[[Category:HarperCollins books]]

Stork

2026-03-11T06:39:17Z

DellCarone401: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Type of wading bird}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Stork
| fossil_range = [[Early Oligocene]] to present {{fossilrange|30|0}}
| image = Ringed white stork.jpg
| image_caption = [[White stork]] (''Ciconia ciconia'')
| display_parents = 2
| parent_authority = [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1854<ref name="SN">{{cite web| url= http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=80129&tree=0.1| title=Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Class Aves | access-date=11 June 2012 | last=Brands | first=Sheila | date=14 August 2008 | work=Project: The Taxonomicon }}</ref>
| taxon = Ciconiidae
| authority = [[John Edward Gray|J. E. Gray]], 1840<ref name="SN" />
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
*''[[Anastomus]]''
*''[[Ciconia]]''
*''[[Ephippiorhynchus]]''
*''[[Jabiru]]''
*''[[Leptoptilos]]''
*''[[Mycteria]]''
| synonyms =
}}

'''Storks''' are large, long-legged, long-necked [[wading bird]]s with long, stout [[Beak|bills]]. They belong to the [[family (biology)|family]] '''Ciconiidae''', and make up the order '''Ciconiiformes''' {{IPAc-en|s|ᵻ|ˈ|k|oʊ|n|i|.|ᵻ|f|ɔr|m|iː|z}}. Ciconiiformes previously included a number of other families, such as [[heron]]s and [[ibis]]es, but those families have been moved to the order [[Pelecaniformes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gbif.org/species/100220333|title=Anastomus lamelligerus subsp. lamelligerus|website=www.gbif.org|access-date=2018-03-22|archive-date=2018-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194327/https://www.gbif.org/species/100220333}}</ref>

Storks dwell in many regions and tend to live in drier habitats than the closely related [[heron]]s, [[spoonbill]]s and [[ibis]]es; they also lack the [[powder down]] that those groups use to clean off [[fish]] slime. Bill-clattering is an important mode of [[Animal communication|communication]] at the nest. Many species are [[bird migration|migratory]]. Most storks eat [[frog]]s, [[fish]], [[insect]]s, [[earthworm]]s, small [[bird]]s and small [[mammal]]s. There are 20 living [[species]] of storks in six [[genera]].

Various terms are used to refer to groups of storks,<ref>[http://oilspillwildlife.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70 ''About the Wood Stork: Denizens of the Wetlands''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727141943/http://oilspillwildlife.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70 |date=2011-07-27 }}, Accessed on 13.12.2010</ref> two frequently used ones being a ''muster'' of storks and a ''phalanx'' of storks.

Storks tend to use [[Lift (soaring)|soaring]], gliding flight, which conserves energy. Soaring requires [[thermal]] air currents. [[Ottomar Anschütz]]'s famous 1884 album of photographs of storks inspired the design of [[Otto Lilienthal]]'s experimental [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] of the late nineteenth century. Storks are heavy, with wide [[wingspan]]s: the [[marabou stork]], with a wingspan of {{cvt|3.2|m|ftin}} and weight up to {{cvt|8|kg|lb|0}}, joins the [[Andean condor]] in having the widest wingspan of all living land birds.

Their [[bird nest|nests]] are often very large and may be used for many years. Some nests have been known to grow to over {{convert|2|m}} in diameter and about {{convert|3|m}} in depth. All storks were once thought to be [[monogamy in animals|monogamous]], but this is only partially true. While storks are generally socially monogamous, some species exhibit regular extra-pair breeding.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Turjeman |first1=Sondra F. |last2=Centeno-Cuadros |first2=Alejandro |last3=Eggers |first3=Ute |last4=Rotics |first4=Shay |last5=Blas |first5=Julio |last6=Fielder |first6=Wolfgang |last7=Kaatz |first7=Michael |last8=Jeltsch |first8=Florian |last9=Wikelski |first9=Martin |last10=Ran |first10=Nathan |date=2016 |title=Extra-pair paternity in the socially monogamous white stork (Ciconia ciconia) is fairly common and independent of local density |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |article-number=27976 |doi=10.1038/srep27976|pmid=27328982 |pmc=4916429 |bibcode=2016NatSR...627976T }}</ref>

Popular conceptions of storks' fidelity, [[serial monogamy]], and doting parental care contribute to their prominence in [[mythology]] and culture, especially in Western folklore as the deliverers of newborn humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Margolis |first1=Marvin |last2=Parker |first2=Philip |date=1972 |title=The stork fable - some psychodynamic considerations |journal=Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=494–511 |doi=10.1177/000306517202000304|pmid=4116100 }}</ref>

All 20 stork species have been assessed by the IUCN and carry a confident Red List status. However, the assessments for several species were based on incorrect assumptions and a general lack of sound information on stork habits.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gula |first1=Jonah |last2=Sundar |first2=K. S. Gopi |last3=Willows-Munro |first3=Sandi |last4=Downs |first4=Colleen T. |date=2023 |title=The state of stork research globally: A systematic review |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=280 |issue=April 2023 |article-number=109969|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2023.109969 |bibcode=2023BCons.28009969G |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word "stork" was first used in its current sense by at least the 12th century in [[Middle English]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite Merriam-Webster|stork|access-date=2023-07-29}}</ref> It is derived from the [[Old English]] word {{lang|ang|storc}}, which itself comes from the hypothesised [[Proto-Germanic]] {{lang|gem-x-proto|*stork}} and ultimately the [[Proto-Indo-European]] {{lang|ine-x-proto|*sr̥ǵos}}.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blažek |first=Václav |date=2003 |title=A Tocharian key to the etymology of the bird-name *sr̥ǵos-"stork" |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RL7fDwAAQBAJ&dq=stork+etymology&pg=PA63 |journal=[[Tocharian and Indo-European Studies]] |volume=10 |pages=15–16|isbn=978-80-210-7645-7 }}</ref> The name refers to the rigid posture of storks, a meaning reflected in the related word [[wiktionary:stark|stark]], which is derived from the Old English {{lang|ang|stearc}}.<ref name="OEDstork">{{Cite OED|term=stork|id=3439296373|access-date=2023-07-29}}</ref> Several species of storks are known by other common names. The [[jabiru]] is named after the [[Tupi–Guarani languages|Tupí-Guarani]] words meaning "that which has" and "swollen", referring to its thickset neck.<ref name="OEDjabiru">{{Cite OED|term=jabiru|id=1060893535|access-date=2023-07-29}}</ref> The [[marabou stork]] is named after the Arabic word for holy man, {{tlit|ar|murābiṭ}}, due to the perceived holy nature of the species.<ref name="OEDmarabou">{{Cite OED|term=marabou stork|id=5740365926|access-date=2023-07-29}}</ref> The [[Leptoptilos|adjutants]] are named after [[Adjutant|the military rank]], referring to their stiff, military-like gait.<ref name="OEDadjutant">{{Cite OED|term=adjutant stork|id=9863034263|access-date=2023-07-29}}</ref>

==Systematics==
{{See also|List of storks}}
A DNA study found that the families [[Ardeidae]], [[Balaenicipitidae]], [[Scopidae]] and the [[Threskiornithidae]] belong to the [[Pelecaniformes]]. This would make [[Ciconiidae]] the only group.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.021| pmid=23562800| title=Beyond phylogeny: Pelecaniform and ciconiiform birds, and long-term niche stability| journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution| volume=68| issue=2| pages=229–238| year=2013| last1=Gibb| first1=Gillian C.| last2=Kennedy| first2=Martyn| last3=Penny| first3=David| bibcode=2013MolPE..68..229G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/gbe/evv213|pmid=26527652|title=Determining the Position of Storks on the Phylogenetic Tree of Waterbirds by Retroposon Insertion Analysis|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution|volume=7|issue=12|pages=3180–3189|year=2015|last1=Kuramoto|first1=Tae|last2=Nishihara|first2=Hidenori|last3=Watanabe|first3=Maiko|last4=Okada|first4=Norihiro|pmc=4700946}}</ref>

Storks were distinct and possibly widespread by the [[Oligocene]]. Like most families of aquatic birds, storks seem to have arisen in the [[Paleogene|Palaeogene]], maybe 40–50 [[million years ago]] (mya). For the fossil record of living genera, documented since the [[Middle Miocene]] (about 15 mya) at least in some cases, see the genus articles.

No species or subspecies of stork is known to have gone [[extinct]] in historic times. A systematic literature review uncovered nearly 1,000 papers on storks, but showed most stork species to lack scientific understanding, suggesting that many species should be classified as Data Deficient on the IUCN Red List. A ''Ciconia'' bone found in a [[rock shelter]] on the island of [[Réunion]] was probably of a bird taken there as food by early settlers; no known account mentions the presence of storks on the [[Mascarene Islands]].

=== Phylogeny ===
The following phylogeny is recognized by the International Ornithological Congress, partially based on de Sousa ''et al'' (2023):<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=de Sousa |first1=Rodrigo Petry Corrêa |last2=Campos |first2=Paula Sabrina Bronze |last3=dos Santos |first3=Michelly da Silva |last4=O'Brien |first4=Patricia Caroline |last5=Ferguson-Smith |first5=Malcolm Andrew |last6=de Oliveira |first6=Edivaldo Herculano Corrêa |date=April 2023 |title=Cytotaxonomy and Molecular Analyses of Mycteria americana (Ciconiidae: Ciconiiformes): Insights on Stork Phylogeny |journal=Genes |language=en |volume=14 |issue=4 |page=816 |doi=10.3390/genes14040816 |issn=2073-4425 |pmc=10138051 |pmid=37107574 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Storks, frigatebirds, boobies, darters, cormorants – IOC World Bird List |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/storks/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=www.worldbirdnames.org}}</ref>
{{Clade|style=font-size:100%
|1={{clade
|1=[[Openbill stork]] (''Anastomus oscitans'')

}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Marabou stork]] (''Leptoptilos crumenifer'')
|2={{clade
|1=[[Lesser adjutant]] (''Leptoptilos javanicus'')
|2=[[Greater adjutant]] (''Leptoptilos dubius'')
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Wood stork]] (''Mycteria americana'')
|2={{clade
|1=[[Yellow-billed stork]] (''Mycteria ibis'')
|2={{clade
|1=[[Painted stork]] (''Mycteria leucocephala'')
|2=[[Milky stork]]
(''Mycteria cinerea'')
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Jabiru]] (''Jabiru mycteria'')
|2={{clade
|1=[[Saddle-billed stork]] (''Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis'')
|2=[[Black-necked stork]] (''Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus'')
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Abdim's stork]] (''Ciconia abdimii'')
|2={{clade
|1=[[Asian woolly-necked stork]] (''Ciconia episcopus'')
|2=[[Storm's stork]] (''Ciconia stormi'')
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Black stork]] (''Ciconia nigra'')
|2={{clade
|1=[[Maguari stork]] (''Ciconia maguari'')
|2={{clade
|1=[[African woolly-necked stork]] (''Ciconia microscelis'')
|2={{clade
|1=[[White stork]] (''Ciconia ciconia'')
|2=[[Oriental stork]] (''Ciconia boyciana'')
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

===Fossil storks===
*Genus ''[[Palaeoephippiorhynchus]]'' ([[fossil]]: Early Oligocene of [[Fayyum]], Egypt)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=39637|title=''Palaeoephippiorhynchus'' Lambrecht 1930 (stork)|website=Fossilworks}}</ref>
*Genus ''[[Grallavis]]'' ([[fossil]]: Early Miocene of Saint-Gérand-le-Puy, France, and Djebel Zelten, Libya){{cn|date=August 2025}} – may be same as ''[[Prociconia]]''
*Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. – formerly ''Aquilavus/Cygnus bilinicus'' ([[fossil]]: Early Miocene of Břešťany, Czech Republic){{cn|date=August 2025}}
*Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. (Ituzaingó Late Miocene of Paraná, Argentina)<ref group=note>[[Tarsometatarsus]] fragments somewhat similar to ''Mycteria''</ref><ref name=Cione>{{cite book|last1=Cione|first1= Alberto Luis|last2= de las Mercedes Azpelicueta|first2= María|last3= Bond|first3= Mariano|last4= Carlini|first4= Alfredo A.|last5= Casciotta|first5= Jorge R.|last6= Cozzuol|first6= Mario Alberto|last7= de la Fuente|first7= Marcelo|last8= Gasparini|first8= Zulma|last9= Goin|first9= Francisco J.|last10= Noriega|first10= Jorge|last11= Scillatoyané|first11= Gustavo J.|last12= Soibelzon | first12 = Leopoldo|last13= Tonni|first13= Eduardo Pedro|last14= Verzi|first14= Diego |last15= Guiomar Vucetich|first15= María|date=2000|chapter= Miocene vertebrates from Entre Ríos province, eastern Argentina|language =en, es|editor1-last= Aceñolaza|editor1-first= F.G. |editor2-last= Herbst|editor2-first= R.|title= El Neógeno de Argentina|publisher=INSUGEO|series= Serie Correlación Geológica|volume =14|pages = 191–237|chapter-url = http://www.unt.edu.ar/fcsnat/INSUGEO/libro_neogeno/neogeno_argentina.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228004955/http://www.unt.edu.ar/fcsnat/INSUGEO/libro_neogeno/neogeno_argentina.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 }}</ref><ref name=Noriega>Noriega, Jorge Ignacio & Cladera, Gerardo (2005). ''First Record of Leptoptilini (Ciconiiformes: Ciconiidae) in the Neogene of South America''. Abstracts of Sixth International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution: 47. [http://nrm.museum/ve/birds/sape/SAPE_abstracts_2004.pdf PDF fulltext] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228004954/http://nrm.museum/ve/birds/sape/SAPE_abstracts_2004.pdf |date=2008-02-28 }}</ref>
*Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. (Puerto Madryn Late Miocene of Punta Buenos Aires, Argentina)<ref group=note>Specimen [[Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio|MEF]] 1363: Incomplete skeleton of a large stork somewhat similar to ''Jabiru'' but apparently more [[plesiomorph]]ic</ref><ref name= Noriega/>
*cf. ''[[Leptoptilos]]'' gen. et sp. indet. – formerly ''L. siwalicensis'' ([[fossil]]: Late Miocene? – Late Pliocene of Siwalik, India)<ref name="Louchart">Specimens [[British Museum of Natural History|BMNH]] 39741 (holotype, left [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|proximal]] [[tarsometatarsus]]) and BMNH 39734 (right [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|distal]] [[tibiotarsus]]). Similar to ''Ephippiorhynchus'' and ''Leptotilos'', may be from a small female of ''[[Leptotilos falconeri]]'', from ''L. dubius'', or from another species: {{cite journal |author1=Louchart, Antoine |author2=Vignaud, Patrick |author3=Likius, Andossa |author4=Brunet, Michel |author5=White, Tim D. |name-list-style=amp |year=2005 |title=A large extinct marabou stork in African Pliocene hominid sites, and a review of the fossil species of ''Leptoptilos'' |url=http://www.app.pan.pl/acta50/app50-549.pdf |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=549–563 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228004954/http://www.app.pan.pl/acta50/app50-549.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=2008-01-15}}</ref>
*''Ciconia nana'' ([[fossil]]: Pleistocene of Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia, and ''Ciconia louisebolesae'' [[fossil]]: Olig-Miocene of Riversleigh WHA, Queensland, Australia<ref>Boles. A review of the Australian fossil storks of the genus ''Ciconia'' (Aves:Ciconiidae), with a description of a new species. [[Records of the Australian Museum]] (2005) Vol 57, pages 165–178</ref>
*Genus ''[[Pelargosteon]]'' ([[fossil]]: Early Pleistocene of Romania){{cn|date=August 2025}}
*Genus ''[[Prociconia]]'' ([[fossil]]: Late Pleistocene of Brazil) – may belong to modern genus ''Jabiru'' or ''Ciconia''{{cn|date=August 2025}}
*Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. ([[fossil]]: Late Pleistocene of San Josecito Cavern, Mexico)<ref name=Steadman>[[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|Distal]] [[radius (bone)|radius]] of a mid-sized ''Ciconia'' or smallish ''Mycteria'': {{cite journal|author1=Steadman, David W. |author2=Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin |author3=Johnson, Eileen |author4=Guzman, A. Fabiola |name-list-style=amp |year=1994|title= New Information on the Late Pleistocene Birds from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, Mexico|journal=[[Condor (journal)|Condor]]|volume=96|issue=3|pages= 577–589|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v096n03/p0577-p0589.pdf|doi=10.2307/1369460|jstor=1369460 }}</ref>

The fossil genera ''Eociconia'' (Middle Eocene of China) and ''Ciconiopsis'' (Deseado Early Oligocene of Patagonia, Argentina) are often tentatively placed with this family. A "ciconiiform" fossil fragment from the Touro Passo Formation found at Arroio Touro Passo ([[Rio Grande do Sul]], Brazil) might be of the living [[wood stork]] ''M. americana''; it is at most of [[Late Pleistocene]] age, a few 10,000s of years.<ref name=Schmaltz>Schmaltz Hsou, Annie (2007). ''O estado atual do registro fóssil de répteis e aves no Pleistoceno do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil'' ["The current state of the fossil record of Pleistocene reptiles and birds of Rio Grande do Sul"]. Talk held on 2007-JUN-20 at ''Quaternário do RS: integrando conhecimento'', Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. [http://www6.ufrgs.br/alpp/Resumos_Quaternario_RS.pdf PDF abstract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708084133/http://www.ufrgs.br/alpp/Resumos_Quaternario_RS.pdf |date=2017-07-08 }}</ref>

[[File:Dvorac Bisag - roda.jpg|thumb|European white stork in a nest in Bisag, [[Croatia]]]]

==Morphology==
[[File:Yellow-billed Stork (Mycteria ibis) (12011503884).jpg|thumb|''Mycteria'' storks, like this yellow-billed stork, have sensitive bills that allow them to hunt by touch]]
Storks range in size from the marabou, which stands {{convert|152|cm|in|abbr=on}} tall and can weigh {{convert|8.9|kg|lb|frac=4|abbr=on}}, to the Abdim's stork, which is only {{convert|75|cm|in|-1|abbr=on}} high and weighs only {{convert|1.3|kg|lb|frac=4|abbr=on}}. Their shape is superficially similar to the herons, with long legs and necks, but they are more heavy-set. There is some [[sexual dimorphism]] (differences between males and females) in size, with males being up to 15% bigger than females in some species (for example, the saddle-billed stork), but almost no difference in appearance. The only difference is in the colour of the [[Iris (anatomy)|iris]] of the two species in the genus ''[[Ephippiorhynchus]]''.<ref name="HBW" />

The [[beak|bills]] of storks are large to very large, and vary considerably between the genera. The shape of the bills is linked to the diet of the different species. The large bills of the ''Ciconia'' storks are the least specialized. Larger are the massive and slightly upturned bills of the ''Ephippiorhynchus'' and the jabiru. These have evolved to hunt for fish in shallow water. Larger still are the massive daggers of the two adjutants and marabou (''Leptoptilos''), which are used to feed on carrion and in defense against other scavengers, as well as for taking other prey.<ref name="HBW" /> The long, ibis-like downcurved bills of the ''Mycteria'' storks have sensitive tips that allow them to detect prey by touch (tactilocation) where cloudy conditions would not allow them to see it.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Coulter|first1=Malcolm C.|last2=Bryan|first2=A. Lawrence|title=Foraging Ecology of Wood Storks (Mycteria americana) in East-Central Georgia I. Characteristics of Foraging Sites|journal=Colonial Waterbirds|date=1 January 1993|volume=16|issue=1|pages=59–70|doi=10.2307/1521557|jstor=1521557}}</ref> The most specialised bills of any storks are those of the two openbills (''Anastomus''), which as their name suggests, is open in the middle when their bill is closed. These bills have evolved to help openbills feed on their primary prey item, aquatic snails.<ref name="openbill diet">{{cite journal|last1=Kahl|first1=M. P.|title=Food and feeding behavior of Openbill Storks|journal=Journal of Ornithology|date=January 1971|volume=112|issue=1|pages=21–35|doi=10.1007/BF01644077|bibcode=1971JOrni.112...21K |s2cid=1484358}}</ref>

Although it is sometimes reported that storks lack [[Syrinx (bird anatomy)|syrinxes]] and are mute,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Spring Alive|title=A bird without voice|url=http://www.springalive.net/world/spring_news/Birdwithoutvoice|access-date=7 March 2017}}</ref> they do have syrinxes,<ref name ="Griffiths">{{cite journal|last1=Griffiths|first1=Carole S.|title=Monophyly of the Falconiformes Based on Syringeal Morphology|journal=The Auk|date=October 1994|volume=111|issue=4|pages=787–805|doi=10.2307/4088811|jstor=4088811|s2cid=53388019|doi-access=free}}</ref> and are capable of making some sounds, although they do not do so often.<ref name="HBW" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sundar|first=K.S. Gopi|date=2005|title=An instance of mortality and notes on behaviour of black-necked storks Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=102|issue=1|pages=99–102}}</ref> The syrinxes of storks are "variably degenerate" however,<ref name ="Griffiths"/> and the syringeal membranes of some species are found between tracheal rings or cartilage, an unusual arrangement shared with the [[Ovenbird (family)|ovenbirds]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Casey|first1=Richard M.|last2=Gaunt|first2=Abbot S.|title=Theoretical models of the avian syrinx|journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology|date=September 1985|volume=116|issue=1|pages=45–64|doi=10.1016/S0022-5193(85)80130-2|bibcode=1985JThBi.116...45C}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus) - Flickr - Lip Kee (4).jpg|thumb|[[Lesser adjutant]]s will forage in marine habitats, unlike most storks]]
[[File:Marabou stork at Etosha National Park, Namibia.jpg|thumb|[[Marabou stork|Marabou]] stork at [[Etosha National Park]] in [[Namibia]]]]
{{See also|List of Ciconiiformes by population}}
Storks have a nearly [[cosmopolitan distribution]], being absent from the poles, most of North America and large parts of Australia. The centres of stork diversity are in tropical Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, with eight and six breeding species respectively. Just three species are present in the New World: [[wood stork]], [[maguari stork]] and [[jabiru]], which is the tallest flying bird of the Americas. Two species, [[white stork|white]] and [[black stork]], reach Europe and western temperate Asia, while one species, [[Oriental stork]], reaches temperate areas of eastern Asia, and one species, [[black-necked stork]], is found in Australasia.<ref name = "HBW">del Hoyo, J. Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (1992). ''Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Lynx Edicions''. {{ISBN|84-87334-10-5}}.</ref>

Storks are more diverse and common in the tropics, and the species that live in temperate climates for the most part [[bird migration|migrate]] to avoid the worst of winter. They are fairly diverse in their habitat requirements. Some species, particularly the ''[[Mycteria ]]'' "wood storks" and ''[[Anastomus]]'' openbills, are highly dependent on water and aquatic prey, but many other species are far less dependent on this habitat type, although they will frequently make use of it. Species like the [[Marabou stork|marabou]] and [[Abdim's stork]] will frequently be found foraging in open grasslands of savannah. Preferred habitats include flooded grasslands, light woodland, marshes and paddyfields, [[wet meadow]]s, river backwaters and ponds. Many species will select shallow pools, particularly when lakes or rivers are drying out, as they concentrate prey and make it harder for prey to escape, or when monsoonal rainfall increases water depth of larger waterbodies.<ref name="HBW" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Sundar|first=K.S. Gopi|date=2006|title=Flock Size, Density and Habitat Selection of Four Large Waterbirds Species in an Agricultural Landscape in Uttar Pradesh, India: Implications for Management|url=https://bioone.org/journals/waterbirds/volume-29/issue-3/1524-4695(2006)29%5b365%3aFSDAHS%5d2.0.CO%3b2/Flock-Size-Density-and-Habitat-Selection-of-Four-Large-Waterbirds/10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29%5b365:FSDAHS%5d2.0.CO;2.short|journal=Waterbirds|volume=29|issue=3|pages=365–374|doi=10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[365:FSDAHS]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=198154724 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Some species like the woolly-necked storks and lesser adjutant storks have adapted to changing crops of tropical agricultural landscapes that enables them to remain resident despite the transformations brought about by seasonal crops.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Katuwal |first1=Hem B. |last2=Sundar |first2=K. S. Gopi |last3=Zhang |first3=M |last4=Rimal |first4=B |last5=Baral |first5=H. S. |last6=Sharma |first6=H. P. |last7=Ghimire |first7=P |last8=Hughes |first8=A. C. |last9=Quan |first9=R.-C. |date=2022 |title=Factors affecting the breeding ecology of the globally threatened Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus) in agricultural landscapes of Nepal |url=https://ace-eco.org/vol17/iss2/art15/ |journal=Avian Conservation and Ecology |volume=17 |issue=2 |page=15|doi=10.5751/ACE-02235-170215 |s2cid=251862746 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Kittur |first1=Swati |last2=Sundar |first2=K. S. Gopi |date=2021 |title=Of irrigation canals and multifunctional agroforestry: Traditional agriculture facilitates Woolly-necked Stork breeding in a north Indian agricultural landscape |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=30 |issue=October 2021 |article-number=e01793|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01793 |s2cid=239153561 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021GEcoC..3001793K }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ghimire |first1=P |last2=Pandey |first2=N |last3=Timilsina |first3=Y. P. |last4=Bist |first4=B. S. |last5=Sundar |first5=K. S. Gopi |date=2021 |title=Woolly-Necked Stork (Ciconia episcopus) activity budget in lowland Nepal's farmlands: the influence of wetlands, seasonal crops, and human proximity |url=https://bioone.org/journals/waterbirds/volume-44/issue-4/063.044.0403/Woolly-Necked-Stork-Ciconia-episcopus-Activity-Budget-in-Lowland-Nepals/10.1675/063.044.0403.short |journal=Waterbirds |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=415–424|doi=10.1675/063.044.0403 |s2cid=251161403 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sundar |first1=K. S. Gopi |last2=Maharjan |first2=B |last3=Koju |first3=Roshila |last4=Kittur |first4=Swati |last5=Gosai |first5=Kamal R. |date=2016 |title=Factors affecting provisioning times of two stork species in lowland Nepal |journal=Waterbirds |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=365–374|doi=10.1675/063.039.0406 |s2cid=90680383 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In South Africa, the woolly-necked storks have adapted to artificial feeding and now largely nest on trees in gardens with swimming pools.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Thabethe |first1=V |last2=McPherson |first2=S |last3=Downs |first3=C. T. |date=2021 |title=Diet of nestling African woolly-necked storks in suburban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aje.12859 |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=769–772|doi=10.1111/aje.12859 |bibcode=2021AfJEc..59..769T |s2cid=233950996 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Less typical habitats include the dense temperate forests used by European [[black stork]]s, or the rainforest habitat sought by [[Storm's stork]] in South East Asia. They generally avoid marine habitats, with the exception of the [[lesser adjutant]], [[milky stork]] and [[wood stork]], all of which forage in mangroves, lagoons and estuarine mudflats. A number of species, especially woolly-necked storks, black-necked storks, Asian openbills, and lesser adjutant Storks in South Asia, have adapted to highly modified human habitats for foraging and breeding.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Koju|first1=Roshila|last2=Maharjan|first2=Bijay|last3=Gosai|first3=Kamal Raj|last4=Kittur|first4=Swati|last5=Sundar|first5=K.S. Gopi|date=2019|title=Ciconiiformes nesting on trees in cereal-dominated farmlands: importance of scattered trees for heronries in lowland Nepal|journal=Waterbirds|volume=42|issue=4|pages=355–365|doi=10.1675/063.042.0401|s2cid=210861485|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Sundar|first1=K.S. Gopi|last2=Maharjan|first2=Bijay|last3=Koju|first3=Roshila|last4=Kittur|first4=Swati|last5=Gosai|first5=Kamal Raj|date=2016|title=Factors affecting provisioning times of two stork species in lowland Nepal|journal=Waterbirds|volume=39|issue=4|pages=365–374|doi=10.1675/063.039.0406|s2cid=90680383|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Kittur|first1=Swati|last2=Sundar|first2=K. S. Gopi|date=2021|title=Of irrigation canals and multifunctional agroforestry: Traditional agriculture facilitates Woolly-necked Stork breeding in a north Indian agricultural landscape|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=30|article-number=e01793|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01793| issn=2351-9894|s2cid=239153561|doi-access=free|bibcode=2021GEcoC..3001793K }}</ref> In the absence of persecution several stork species breed close to people, and species such as the marabou, greater adjutant, and white stork feed at landfill sites.<ref name="HBW" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tortosa|first1=F. S.|last2=Caballero|first2=J. M.|last3=Reyes-López|first3=J.|title=Effect of Rubbish Dumps on Breeding Success in the White Stork in Southern Spain|journal=Waterbirds|date=March 2002|volume=25|issue=1|pages=39–43|doi=10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0039:EORDOB]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=85703087 }}</ref>

===Migration and movements===
[[File:Abdim's Stork (Ciconia abdimii) (7011390701).jpg|thumb|Abdim's storks are regular intra-African migrants]]
Storks vary in their tendency towards migration. Temperate species like the white stork, black stork and Oriental stork undertake long annual migrations in the winter. The routes taken by these species have developed to avoid long-distance travel across water, and from Europe, this usually means flying across the Straits of Gibraltar or east across the Bosphorus and through Israel and the Sinai.<ref name="HBW" /> Studies of young birds denied the chance to travel with others of their species have shown that these routes are at least partially learnt, rather than being innate as they are in [[passerine]] migrants.<ref name="migration">{{cite journal|last1=Chernetsov|first1=N.|last2=Berthold|first2=P.|last3=Querner|first3=U.|title=Migratory orientation of first-year white storks (Ciconia ciconia): inherited information and social interactions|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|date=22 February 2004|volume=207|issue=6|pages=937–943|doi=10.1242/jeb.00853|doi-access=free|pmid=14766952}}</ref> Migrating black storks are split between those that make stopovers on the migration between Europe and their wintering grounds in Africa, and those that do not.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chevallier|first1=D.|last2=Le Maho|first2=Y.|last3=Brossault|first3=P.|last4=Baillon|first4=F.|last5=Massemin|first5=S.|title=The use of stopover sites by Black Storks (Ciconia nigra) migrating between West Europe and West Africa as revealed by satellite telemetry|journal=Journal of Ornithology|date=5 June 2010|volume=152|issue=1|pages=1–13|doi=10.1007/s10336-010-0536-6|s2cid=21513063}}</ref>

The Abdim's stork is another migrant, albeit one that migrates within the tropics. It breeds in northern Africa, from Senegal to the Red Sea, during the wet season, and then migrates to Southern Africa.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Adjakpa|first1=Jacques Boco|title=The breeding biology of Abdim's Stork in the far north of Benin|journal=Ostrich|date=January 2000|volume=71|issue=1–2|pages=61–63|doi=10.1080/00306525.2000.9639869|s2cid=84995962}}</ref> Many species that are not regular migrants will still make smaller movements if circumstances require it; others may migrate over part of their range. This can also include regular commutes from nesting sites to feeding areas. Wood storks have been observed feeding {{convert|130|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} from their breeding colony.<ref name="HBW" />

==Behaviour==
===Feeding and diet===
[[File:African openbill, Anastomus lamelligerus, Chobe National Park, Botswana (32390774275).jpg|thumb|African openbill foraging in shallow water]]
Storks are carnivorous predators, taking a range of reptiles, small mammals, insects, fish, amphibians and other small invertebrates. Storks usually hunt for animals in shallow water. Any plant material consumed is usually accidental. ''Mycteria'' storks are specialists in feeding on aquatic vertebrates, particularly when prey is concentrated by lowering water levels or flooding into shallows. On marine mudflats and mangrove swamps in [[Sumatra]], milky storks feed on [[mudskipper]]s, probing the burrow with the bill and even the whole head into the mud.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} The characteristic feeding method involves standing or walking in shallow water and holding the bill submerged in the water. When contact is made with prey, the bill reflexively snaps shut in 25 milliseconds, one of the fastest reactions known in any vertebrate. The reaction is able to distinguish between prey items and inanimate objects like branches, although the exact mechanism is unknown.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kahl|first1=M. P.|last2=Peacock|first2=L. J.|title=The Bill-snap Reflex: a Feeding Mechanism in the American Wood Stork|journal=Nature|date=3 August 1963|volume=199|issue=4892|pages=505–506|doi=10.1038/199505a0|pmid=14058622|bibcode=1963Natur.199..505K|s2cid=332546}}</ref><ref name="HBW" />

Openbills are specialists in freshwater molluscs, particularly apple snails. They feed in small groups,<ref name=":0" /> and sometimes African openbills ride on the backs of hippos while foraging. Having caught a snail, it will return to land or at least to the shallows to eat it. The fine tip of the bill of the openbills is used to open the snail, and the saliva has a narcotic effect, which causes the snail to relax and simplifies the process of extraction.<ref name="HBW" />

The other genera of storks are more generalised. ''Ciconia'' storks are very generalised in their diets, and some species, including Abdim's stork and marabous, will feed in large flocks on swarms of locusts and at wildfires.<ref name="HBW" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dean|first1=G. J. W.|title=Stork and egret as predators of the red locust in the Rukwa Valley outbreak area|journal=Ostrich|date=June 1964|volume=35|issue=2|pages=95–100|doi=10.1080/00306525.1964.9633490|bibcode=1964Ostri..35...95D }}</ref> This is why white storks and Abdim's storks are known as "grasshopper birds". ''Ephippiorhynchus'' are carnivorous, though they have a very diverse diet when living in human-modified habitats such as agricultural landscapes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sundar|first=K.S. Gopi|date=2011|title=Farmland foods: Black-necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus prey items in an agricultural landscape|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c1a9e03f407b482a158da87/t/5c211dc7352f53dd5f7882a9/1545674184080/Black-necked-Stork.pdf|journal=Forktail|volume=27|pages=98–99}}</ref> The foraging method used by the generalists is to stalk or walk across grassland or shallow water, watching for prey.<ref name="HBW" />

===Breeding===

Storks range from being solitary breeders through loose breeding associations to fully [[Bird colony|colonial]]. The jabiru, ''Ephippiorhynchus'' storks and several species of ''Ciconia'' are entirely solitary when breeding.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sundar|first=K.S. Gopi|date=2003|title=Notes on the breeding biology of the Black-necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus in Etawah and Mainpuri districts, Uttar Pradesh, India|journal=Forktail|volume=19|pages=15–20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sundar|first=K.S. Gopi|date=2011|title=Agricultural intensification, rainfall patterns, and large waterbird breeding success in the extensively cultivated landscape of Uttar Pradesh, India|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000632071100365X|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=144|issue=12|pages=3055–3063|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2011.09.012|bibcode=2011BCons.144.3055G |url-access=subscription}}</ref> In contrast the ''Mycteria'' storks, Abdim's stork, openbills and ''Leptoptilos'' storks breed in colonies which can range from a couple of pairs to thousands.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Many of these species breed in colonies with other waterbirds, which can include other species of storks, herons and egrets, pelicans, cormorants and ibises. White storks, Oriental storks and Maguari storks are all loosely colonial, and may breed in nests that are within visual range of others of the same species, but have little to do with one another. They also may nest solitarily, and the reasons why they choose to nest together or apart are not understood.<ref name="HBW" /> Storks use trees in a variety of habitats to breed, including forests, cities, farmlands and large wetlands.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Urfi |first=Abdul J. |date=2010 |title=Using heronry birds to monitor urbanization impacts: a case study of Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala nesting in the Delhi Zoo, India |journal=Ambio |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=190–193|doi=10.1007/s13280-010-0018-3 |pmid=20653281 |pmc=3357691 |bibcode=2010Ambio..39..190U }}</ref>

== In culture ==
[[File:Plate facing page 52, An Argosy of Fables.jpg|thumb|Storks feature in several of [[Aesop's Fables]], such as [[The Fox and the Stork]]]]
Many ancient mythologies feature stories and legends involving storks. In [[Ancient Egypt]], saddle-billed storks were seen as being amongst the most powerful animals and were used to represent the ''[[Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul|ba]]'', the Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul, during the [[Old Kingdom of Egypt|Old Kingdom]].<ref name="Janak2014">{{Cite book |last=Janák |first=Jiří |title=UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology |publisher= |year=2014 |editor-last=Wendrich |editor-first=Willeke |location=Los Angeles |pages=1–2, 4 |language=en |chapter=Saddle-billed Stork (ba-bird) |chapter-url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt0r77f2f8/qt0r77f2f8.pdf}}</ref> [[Bennu]], an [[Ancient Egyptian deities|Egyptian deity]] that was later the inspiration for the [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]], may also have been inspired by a stork, although it was more likely an ibis or heron.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buckland |first=A. W. |date=1875 |title=Mythological Birds Ethnologically Considered. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2841232.pdf |journal=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=4 |page=283 |doi=10.2307/2841232|jstor=2841232 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chadd |first1=Rachel Warren |title=Birds: myth, lore & legend |last2=Taylor |first2=Marianne |date=2016 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Natural History]] |isbn=978-1-4729-2288-5 |location=London New York, NY |page=19}}</ref>

[[Greek mythology|Greek]] and [[Roman mythology]] portrays storks as models of parental devotion. The 3rd century Roman writer [[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]], citing the authority of [[Alexander of Myndus]], noted in his ''De natura animalium'' (book 3, chapter 23) that aged storks flew away to oceanic islands where they were transformed into humans as a reward for their piety towards their parents.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/L446AelianCharacteristicsOfAnimalsI15/L446-Aelian%20Characteristics%20of%20Animals%20I%3A1-5#page/n104/mode/1up/ |title=Aelian on the characteristics of animals. Volume I. Books I-V. |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1958 |editor=Schofield, A.F. |page=185}}</ref> Storks were also thought to care for their aged parents, feeding them and even transporting them, and children's books depicted them as a model of filial values. A Greek law called ''Pelargonia'', from the [[Ancient Greek]] word ''pelargos'' for stork, required citizens to take care of their aged parents.{{Cn|date=August 2023}} The Greeks also held that killing a stork could be punished with death.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dolata |first=Pawel T. |title=The White Stork in Poland: Studies in Biology, Ecology and Conservation |publisher=Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe |year=2006 |isbn=978-83-60247-35-8 |editor-last1=Tryjanowski |editor1-first=Piotr |location=Poznań, Poland |chapter=The White Stork ''Ciconia ciconia'' Protection in Poland by Fradition, Customs, Law, and Active Efforts |editor-last2=Sparks |editor-first2=Tim H. |editor-last3=Jerzak |editor-first3=L.}}</ref>

Storks feature in several of Aesop's Fables, most notably in [[The Farmer and the Stork]], [[The Fox and the Stork]], and [[The Frogs Who Desired a King]]. The first fable involves a stork caught with a group of cranes eating grain in a farmer's field, with the moral that those who associate with wicked people can be held accountable for their crimes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE STORK AND THE CRANES |url=http://mythfolklore.net/aesopica/perry/194.htm |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=mythfolklore.net}}</ref> The Fox and the Stork involves a fox who invites a stork for dinner and provides soup in a dish that the stork cannot drink from, and is in turn invited for dinner by the stork and given food in a narrow jug which he cannot access. It cautions readers to follow the principle of [[Primum non nocere|do no harm]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE FOX AND THE STORK |url=http://mythfolklore.net/aesopica/perry/426.htm |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=mythfolklore.net}}</ref> The third fable involves a group of frogs that are dissatisfied with the king that Zeus has given them, an inanimate log, and who are then punished with a new [[wiktionary:King_Stork|King Stork]] (a [[Water snake (disambiguation)|water-snake]] in some versions) who eats the frogs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JUPITER AND THE FROGS |url=http://mythfolklore.net/aesopica/perry/44.htm |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=mythfolklore.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brewer |first=Ebenezer Cobham |title=Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable |publisher=Chambers Harrap |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-550-10245-4 |editor-last=Dent |editor-first=Susie |edition=19 |location=London |page=482 |language=en |author-link=Ebenezer Cobham Brewer}}</ref> ''King Stork'' has subsequently entered the English language as a term for a particularly tyrannical ruler.<ref name="OEDKingLog">{{Cite OED|term=King Log|id=4893537697|access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref>

=== Associations with fertility ===
According to European folklore, the white stork is responsible for bringing babies to new parents. The legend is very ancient, but was popularised by an 1839 [[Hans Christian Andersen]] story called "The Storks".<ref name="sax">{{cite book |last=Sax |first=Boria |title=The Mythical Zoo |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57607-612-5 |location=Oxford, UK |pages=153–154}}</ref> German folklore held that storks found babies in caves or marshes and brought them to households in a basket on their backs or held in their beaks. These caves contained ''adebarsteine'' or "stork stones". The babies would then be given to the mother or dropped down the chimney. Households would signal their desire for children by leaving sweets for the stork on the windowsill.<ref name="Margolis72">{{cite journal |last1=Margolis |first1=Marvin |last2=Parker |first2=Philip |year=1972 |title=The stork fable−some psychodynamic considerations |journal=Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=494–511 |doi=10.1177/000306517202000304 |pmid=4116100 |s2cid=45301787}}</ref> Subsequently, the folklore has spread around the world to the [[Philippines]] and countries in [[South America]].<ref name="Margolis72" /> Birthmarks on the back of the head of newborn babies, ''[[nevus flammeus nuchae]]'', are sometimes referred to as stork-bite.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jacobs |first1=Alvin H. |last2=Walton |first2=Robert G. |year=1976 |title=The incidence of birthmarks in the neonate |journal=Pediatrics |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=218–22 |doi=10.1542/peds.58.2.218 |pmid=951136 |s2cid=245028603}}</ref> In [[Slavic mythology|Slavic mythology and pagan religion]], storks were thought to carry unborn [[Soul (spirit)|souls]] from [[Vyraj]] to [[Earth]] in spring and summer.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gieysztor |first=Aleksander |title=Mitologia Słowian |publisher=Wydawnictwa Artystyczne i Filmowe |year=1982 |isbn=978-83-221-0152-0 |location=Warsaw |language=pl |author-link=Aleksander Gieysztor}}</ref> This belief still persists in the modern folk culture of many Slavic countries, in the simplified child story that "storks bring children into the world".<ref>{{cite web |last=Jakubiec |first=Z. |year=2009 |title=Dlaczego bocian przynosił dzieci? |url=http://bocianopedia.pl/bociany-i-bocki/bocian-i-czlowiek-czyli-nasz-powszechnie-lubiany-sasiad/dlaczego-bocian-przynosil-dzieci/157 |access-date=10 March 2011 |work=Bocianopedia |language=pl}}</ref><ref name="autonazwa12">{{cite journal |last=Szczepanowicz |first=Barbara |year=2005 |title=Ptaki Ziemi Świętej: Bocian, czapla, ibis |trans-title=Birds in the Holy Land: Stork, heron, ibis |url=http://basia.tomp.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid=12 |journal=Ziemia Święta |language=pl |issue=rok XI 1(41) |access-date=8 February 2011}}</ref>

Famous is the role that the fable played in historical development of [[psychoanalysis]]: the name 'chimney sweeping', which the first of all patients gave to her talking cure, is a free association with the place through which the bird used to bring babies into house. Psychoanalyst Marvin Margolis suggests the enduring nature of the stork fable of the newborn is linked to its addressing a psychological need, in that it allays the discomfort of discussing sex and procreation with children. Birds have long been associated with the maternal symbols from pagan goddesses such as [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]], to the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Ghost]], and the stork may have been chosen for its white plumage (depicting purity), size, and flight at high altitude (likened to flying between Earth and Heaven).<ref name="Margolis72" />

There were negative aspects to stork folklore as well; a Polish folktale relates how God made the stork's plumage white, while the Devil gave it black wings, imbuing it with both good and evil impulses. They were also associated with handicapped or stillborn babies in Germany, explained as the stork having dropped the baby en route to the household, or as revenge or punishment for past wrongdoing. A mother who was confined to bed around the time of childbirth was said to have been "bitten" by the stork. In Denmark, storks were said to toss a nestling off the nest and then an egg in successive years.<ref name="Margolis72" /> In medieval England, storks were also associated with adultery, possibly inspired by their courtship rituals. Their preening and posture saw them linked with the attribute of self-conceit.<ref name="deVries76">{{cite book |last=de Vries |first=Ad |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsymb0000vrie/page/445 |title=Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery |publisher=North-Holland Publishing Company |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-7204-8021-4 |location=Amsterdam |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsymb0000vrie/page/445 445]}}</ref> Children of [[African American]] [[Slavery in the US|slaves]] were sometimes told that white babies were brought by storks, while black babies were born from [[buzzard]] eggs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bay |first=Mia |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195132793 |title=The White Image in the Black Mind: African-American Ideas about White People, 1830–1925 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-513279-3 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195132793/page/120 120] |url-access=registration}}</ref>

=== As food ===
Storks have never been a particularly common food, but occasionally featured in medieval [[banquet]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davidson |first=Alan |title=The Oxford companion to food |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-280681-9 |editor-last=Jaine |editor-first=Tom |edition=2 |location=Oxford |page=780}}</ref> They may also have been eaten in Ancient Egypt.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ikram |first=Salima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Am88Yc8gRkC&pg=PR9 |title=Choice cuts: meat production in ancient Egypt |publisher=Peeters |year=1995 |isbn=978-90-6831-745-9 |series=Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta |location=Leuven |pages=25–26}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|Ciconiidae|stork}}
{{Commons category|Ciconiidae}}
{{Wikispecies|Ciconiidae}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Stork |short=x}}
* {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Stork |short=x}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050211205756/http://f01.middlebury.edu/FS010A/STUDENTS/n111.htm Scott MacDonald, "The Stork"] emblematic uses
* [http://www.ebepe.com/html/stork.html Storks] Image documentation
* [http://www.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/familia.phtml?idFamilia=22 Stork videos] on the Internet Bird Collection
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150126203237/http://jantotrappe.de/stoerche.html Whitestork Photos] Image documentation
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhcIvtK-RUA Storks vocalizing]

{{Storks|state=expanded}}
{{Birds}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q28507}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ciconiidae| ]]
[[Category:Storks| ]]
[[Category:Extant Rupelian first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray]]

[[fr:Cigogne]]

Yogesh Dhama

2026-03-09T16:00:26Z

DellCarone401:

{{Short description|Indian legislator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Yogesh Dhama
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |df=yes|1976|01|12}}
| birth_place = [[Ghaziabad district|Behta Hazipur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| constituency = [[Bagpat (Assembly constituency)|Bagpat]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = Mar 2017
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Hemlata Chaudhary]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Yogesh Dhama''' is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). He is also into [[agriculture]] and also runs a gas agency. Currently, the [[Baghpat (Assembly constituency)|Baghpat constituency]] is held by Yogesh Dhama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yogesh Dhama(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BAGHPAT(BAGHPAT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=511 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In 2017, Yogesh Dhama won the election against Ahmad Hameed of [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] with 6,733 votes and became the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the [[Baghpat (Assembly constituency)|Baghpat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baghpat Election Result 2022 LIVE: Baghpat MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/baghpat-assembly-elections-up-52/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, he won against Arun Kasana of [[Bahujan Samaj Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Standard |first=Business |title=Baghpat Election Result 2022: Baghpat Assembly Election 2022 Results {{!}} Baghpat Vidhan Sabha MLA Result |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/up-assembly-election-2022/baghpat-election-results-1_4049.html |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref> The police increased his security after the threat by Sunil Rathi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-27 |title=बागपत- विधायक योगेश धामा को मिली धमकी |url=https://www.abplive.com/videos/states/up-uk-baghpat-mla-yogesh-dhama-threatened-1503036 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
Prior to [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], he was reported to have broken the election code of conduct when he conducted a public meeting in the village named Khindauda along with loud playing drums. The case was registered against 30 unknown people, including Yogesh Dhama.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-19 |title=UP Election 2022: BJP MLA flouting the model code of conduct in Baghpat! Police registered FIR against 30 including MLA |url=https://www.newsncr.com/politics/up-election-2022-bjp-mla-flouting-the-model-code-of-conduct-in-baghpat-police-registered-fir-against-30-including-mla/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=News NCR |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhama, Yogesh}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Bagpat district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

Dunki (film)

2026-03-07T11:02:07Z

DellCarone401:

{{Short description|2023 Indian film by Rajkumar Hirani}}
{{Distinguish|Dhunki}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Dunki poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Rajkumar Hirani]]
| writer = {{plainlist |
* Rajkumar Hirani
* [[Abhijat Joshi]]
* [[Kanika Dhillon]]
}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| producer = {{plainlist |
* [[Jyoti Deshpande]]
* [[Gauri Khan]]
* Rajkumar Hirani
}}
| starring = {{plainlist |
* [[Taapsee Pannu]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/dunki-review-shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-try-too-hard-in-a-dated-film |title=Dunki review: Shah Rukh Khan, Taapsee try too hard in a dated film |date=21 December 2023 |quote=Taapsee Pannu – her name leads the title cards |work=[[The News Minute]] |access-date=20 March 2024}}</ref>
* [[Shah Rukh Khan]]
* [[Boman Irani]]
* [[Vicky Kaushal]]
* [[Vikram Kochhar]]
* Anil Grover
}}
| cinematography = [[C. K. Muraleedharan]] [[Manush Nandan]] [[Amit Roy]]
| editing = Rajkumar Hirani
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Pritam]] '''Background Score:''' Aman Pant
| studio = {{plainlist |
* [[Jio|Jio Studios]]
* [[Red Chillies Entertainment]]
* Rajkumar Hirani Films
}}
| distributor = [[#Distribution|see below]]
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2023|12|21}}
| runtime = 161 minutes<ref>{{cite web |title=BREAKING: Dunki passed with a U/A certificate; CBFC 'suitably' modifies visuals of Shah Rukh Khan on horse |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-dunki-passed-u-certificate-cbfc-suitably-modifies-visuals-shah-rukh-khan-horse/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=16 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216063019/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-dunki-passed-u-certificate-cbfc-suitably-modifies-visuals-shah-rukh-khan-horse/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}85{{ndash}}120 crore{{Efn|According to ''[[DNA India]]'', the budget of the film was {{INR}}80 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2023 |title=Shah Rukh Khan has savage reply to Twitter user raising questions about Dunki's budget: 'Jiska business hai...' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-shah-rukh-khan-savage-reply-to-twitter-user-raising-questions-about-dunki-budget-rs-85-crore-or-rs-350-crore-3072822 |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=Daily News and Analysis |language=en}}</ref> and According to ''[[Pinkvilla]]'', the combined cost of producing and marketing the film was {{INR}}120 crore.<ref name="pk">{{Cite web |date=22 November 2023 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Dunki Budget REVEALED – Shah Rukh Khan and Rajkumar Hirani's film costs THIS much |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-rajkumar-hirani-masterfullly-plans-dunki-to-make-it-lowest-budgeted-shah-rukh-khan-film-in-6-years-1260264 |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122160511/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-rajkumar-hirani-masterfullly-plans-dunki-to-make-it-lowest-budgeted-shah-rukh-khan-film-in-6-years-1260264 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|470.6}} crore<ref name="bo">{{Cite web |title=Dunki Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dunki/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=23 December 2023 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921004406/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dunki/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Dunki'''''{{Efn|The Punjabi word "dunki" means "to hop from place to place" and refers to [[donkey flight]].<ref name="Independent">{{Cite web |date=24 December 2023 |title='Dunki': What is the dangerous immigration route known as the 'Donkey Route?' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/dunki-movie-shah-rukh-khan-donkey-route-what-b2468737.html |website=[[The Independent]] |access-date=24 December 2023 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224160750/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/dunki-movie-shah-rukh-khan-donkey-route-what-b2468737.html |url-status=live}}</ref>}} is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy-drama]] film based on the [[illegal immigration]] technique [[donkey flight]], co-written, co-produced, edited and directed by [[Rajkumar Hirani]], under Rajkumar Hirani Films, along with [[Jio|Jio Studios]] and [[Red Chillies Entertainment]]. It stars [[Taapsee Pannu]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Boman Irani]], Anil Grover and [[Vikram Kochhar|Vikram Kochar]] alongside [[Vicky Kaushal]] in a special appearance.

The film was officially announced in April 2022. [[Principal photography]] began the same month and occurred sporadically in several legs. It [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by late-April 2023, and filming locations included [[Mumbai]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Kashmir]], [[Budapest]], [[London]], [[Jeddah]] and [[Neom]]. The film's songs were primarily composed by [[Pritam]]. [[Shekhar Ravjiani]] served as a guest composer. The film score was composed by Aman Pant, the cinematography was handled by [[C. K. Muraleedharan]], [[Manush Nandan]], Amit Roy, with the editing by Hirani himself.

''Dunki'' was theatrically released worldwide on 21 December 2023. The film received positive to mixed reviews from critics and audiences. ''Dunki'' grossed {{INR|470.6 crore}} worldwide against a budget of {{INRConvert|120|c}}, emerging as the [[List of Hindi films of 2023|fifth highest-grossing Hindi film of 2023]] and the [[List of Indian films of 2023|eighth highest-grossing Indian film of 2023]]. At the [[69th Filmfare Awards]], the film received nine nominations, and won [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] for Kaushal.<ref name="ff69nom">{{cite news |date=15 January 2024 |title=Dunki Collection Worldwide: Shahrukh Khan's Comedy Soars Across Continents |url=https://www.dumdaarkhabar.com/dunki-collection-worldwide/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115193555/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-63822.html |archive-date=15 January 2024 |access-date=15 January 2024 |magazine=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
In 2020, Manu Randhawa, a middle-aged woman, escapes from a hospital in London and approaches Advocate Puru Patel, an immigration lawyer, to obtain a visa to travel to India. Puru informs her that getting an Indian visa is nearly impossible due to her previous asylum claim, as she had stated in court that her life was in danger in India. Determined to return, Manu calls her ex-lover, Hardy, in Laltu, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], after 25 years. Hardy, an elderly athlete, abandons his competition to speak with her. Manu requests him to meet her in Dubai so he can take her back to India since she cannot travel there legally. Along with her friends, Buggu Lakhanpal and Balli Kakkad, Manu boards a flight from London to Dubai.

A flashback to 1995 reveals Manu, Buggu, and Balli struggling to immigrate to England from Laltu, Punjab. Desperate and uneducated, they attempt various methods but fail to secure visas. A travel agent suggests Manu learn wrestling to qualify for a sports visa. Around the same time, Hardy, an ex-soldier from the Indian Army, arrives in their village after being saved by Manu's brother, Mahinder. When Hardy learns that Mahinder has died, leaving his family in financial distress, he decides to help Manu achieve her dream of reaching London. He begins training her in wrestling, but their hopes shatter when the agent disappears with ₹1.5 [[Lakh|lakhs]] from Buggu and ₹30,000 from Balli.

Hardy then suggests they pursue student visas by passing the [[International English Language Testing System|IELTS]] test. They enroll in a coaching center run by an ineffective teacher, Geetu Gulati, where they meet Sukhi, who hopes to rescue his ex-girlfriend, Jassi, from her abusive NRI husband in London. Hardy devises a memorized speech for the speaking section, but only Balli gets to use it. Balli passes the test and moves to London, while the others fail. Later, Balli sends deceptive photos of himself in front of a luxurious house, making his friends and family believe he has succeeded. However, Sukhi learns that Jassi had killed herself upon discovering his failure, causing a distraught Sukhi to commit suicide in front of Hardy. At Sukhi’s funeral, a devastated Hardy swears to take Manu and Buggu to London through the illegal "Dunki" route.

Their journey is perilous, involving travel through deserts, mountains, and a suffocating 27-day cargo container voyage, during which three of their fellow refugees are killed. When they finally reach London, they are disillusioned to find Balli struggling as a living statue. The harsh reality sets in: Balli’s college never existed, and he is barely surviving. The group takes up menial jobs, including working as cleaning staff and selling adult films.

Puru advises Manu to enter a sham marriage with a drug addict to gain British citizenship. Manu reluctantly agrees, but during the wedding, Hardy attacks the groom, leading to their arrest. Puru then suggests seeking asylum by falsely claiming that their lives are in danger in India. Hardy, a patriot, refuses and delivers an emotional speech in court, condemning the system that forces people into such choices. However, the judge upholds the law, resulting in Hardy’s deportation while Manu, Buggu, and Balli are granted asylum and become British citizens.

In the present, Hardy learns that Manu has terminal brain cancer with only a month to live. Desperate to return to India, she finds her visa request denied due to her asylum status. With Geetu’s help, Hardy seeks out Bakir, an agent who arranges their return via the Dunki route. Disguised as missing Indian citizens and surrendering their passports, they board a cargo container in [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia. However, Bakir, as part of a plan devised by Hardy, tips off Saudi authorities, who detain them. Hardy tricks the officials into believing they are Indians traveling illegally to England, allowing India to accept them back, thus fulfilling Hardy's promise to Manu that she will fly back to India instead of retracing the difficult and dangerous Dunki route.

Once home, Manu, Buggu, and Balli finally see how their families' situations improved thanks to their efforts in London. Hardy confesses his lifelong love for Manu and proposes to her. Overwhelmed with joy, Manu accepts, but moments later, she silently passes away. Heartbroken, Hardy places the engagement ring on her hand and mourns as Diwali fireworks light up the sky.

Six months later, Hardy, Buggu, and Balli meet another agent offering illegal passage to London. Instead of accepting, Hardy throws him down, choosing to move on with his life. The film closes with an epilogue highlighting the realities of illegal migration: over a million people cross borders illegally each year, many die unknown, and their families remain unaware of their fate. Only a few ever return home.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|

* [[Taapsee Pannu]] as Manu Randhawa
* [[Shah Rukh Khan]] as Hardayal "Hardy" Singh Dhillon

* [[Boman Irani]] as Geetu Gulati
* [[Vikram Kochhar]] as Buggu Lakhanpal
* Anil Grover as Balli Kakkad
* [[Vicky Kaushal]] as Sukhwinder "Sukhi" Singh (special appearance)
* [[Jyoti Subhash]] as Santosh Lakhanpal, Buggu's grandmother
* [[Deven Bhojani]] as [[Advocate]] Puru Patel
* Manoj Kant as Manu's father
** [[Arun Bali]] as Manu's older father
* [[Amardeep Jha]] as Manu's mother
* Suhail Zargar as Mahinder Randhawa, Manu's brother
* Jaanvi Sangwan as Mahinder's wife
* Vishnu Kaushal as Gulab Nagra
* Komal Sachdeva as Chameli Nagra
* Diwanshu Gambhir as Parminder "Pumpi" Dingra
* [[Rohitashv Gour]] as a Fake Visa Agent at Laltu
* Piyush Raina as Bobby Dhabewala
* Jitendra Hooda as an Indian Dunki Agent
* Mushari Alatawi as an Iranian Dunki Agent
* Shahid Latief as Bakir, an Emirati Dunki Agent
* Mahavir Bhullar as Buggu's father
* Sapna Sand as Buggu's mother
* Jatinder Kaur as Balli's mother
* Jeremy Wheeler as the Judge of Illegal Immigrants Court in England
* Jay Miller as Church Priest
* Arpa Attila as Buggu's Employer in London
* Richard B. Klein as IELTS Examiner
* Nikhil Ratnaparkhi as a Thief at Laltu Railway Station
* Karim Saidi as Omar Abbassi, Saudi Arabian Police Officer
* [[Vikram Singh (actor)|Ranjha Vikram Singh]] as a Shop Purchaser (cameo appearance)
* [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]] as a Co-passenger at Laltu Railway Station (cameo appearance)
}}

==Production==
===Development===
In late November 2020, [[Rajkumar Hirani]], who had previously approached [[Shah Rukh Khan]] for the roles in the films ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]'' (2003) and ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009), which were rejected by Khan, was reported to join hands with the latter for his next directorial.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=25 November 2020 |title=SCOOP: Rajkumar Hirani and Kanika Dhillon reworking on the SECOND HALF of Shah Rukh Khan's next? : Bollywood News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-rajkumar-hirani-kanika-dhillon-reworking-second-half-shah-rukh-khans-next/ |access-date=15 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919043538/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-rajkumar-hirani-kanika-dhillon-reworking-second-half-shah-rukh-khans-next/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Hirani narrated the story to Khan during the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajkumar Hirani says he thought of working with Shah Rukh Khan after watching Circus on TV during hostel days |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rajkumar-hirani-says-he-thought-of-working-with-shah-rukh-khan-after-watching-circus-on-tv-during-hostel-days/cid/1977642 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=The Telegraph (India) |language=en |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120113004/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rajkumar-hirani-says-he-thought-of-working-with-shah-rukh-khan-after-watching-circus-on-tv-during-hostel-days/cid/1977642 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film marks Khan's first collaboration with Hirani. By August 2021, the screenplay was completed and the film was announced in April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2022 |title=Shah Rukh Khan and Taapsee Pannu's film with director Rajkumar Hirani titled Dunki; to release on December 22, 2023 : Bollywood News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannus-film-director-rajkumar-hirani-titled-dunki-release-december-22-2023/ |access-date=16 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419105426/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannus-film-director-rajkumar-hirani-titled-dunki-release-december-22-2023/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 April 2022 |title=Shah Rukh Khan announces Rajkumar Hirani's next 'Dunki' in a hilarious way; Film to release on December 22, 2023 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-announces-rajkumar-hiranis-next-dunki-in-a-hilarious-way-film-to-release-on-december-22-2023/articleshow/90935675.cms |access-date=16 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325092224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-announces-rajkumar-hiranis-next-dunki-in-a-hilarious-way-film-to-release-on-december-22-2023/articleshow/90935675.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Hirani co-wrote the film with [[Abhijat Joshi]] and [[Kanika Dhillon]].<ref name=":1" /> Cinematographer Amit Roy was chosen first, but he left the film due to creative differences with Hirani and was replaced by [[C. K. Muraleedharan]]. This marks his fourth collaboration with Hirani after ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' (2006), ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009) and ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2022 |title=DOP of Shah Rukh Khan starrer Dunki quits the film due to creative differences with Rajkumar Hirani : Bollywood News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/dop-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-dunki-quits-film-due-creative-differences-rajkumar-hirani/ |access-date=16 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919050554/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/dop-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-dunki-quits-film-due-creative-differences-rajkumar-hirani/ |url-status=live}}</ref> As per reports Manush Nandan, Amit Roy and Pankaj Kumar also worked on the film as cinematographers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2023 |title=Dunki: Does Shah Rukh Khan starrer have more than one cinematographer? Here's what we know |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/did-you-know-shah-rukh-khans-dunki-had-not-one-but-this-many-cinematographers-working-on-it-1258929 |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205215634/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/did-you-know-shah-rukh-khans-dunki-had-not-one-but-this-many-cinematographers-working-on-it-1258929 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 November 2023 |title=4 cinematographers worked on Dunki: Report |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/4-cinematographers-worked-on-dunki-report/articleshow/105259832.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205183435/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/4-cinematographers-worked-on-dunki-report/articleshow/105259832.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Mukesh Chhabra]] was the casting director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2021 |title=Rajkumar Hirani locks the script of his next with Shah Rukh Khan; casting begins! : Bollywood News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rajkumar-hirani-locks-script-next-shah-rukh-khan-casting-begins/ |access-date=15 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919043538/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rajkumar-hirani-locks-script-next-shah-rukh-khan-casting-begins/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Taapsee Pannu]] was cast as the female lead in January 2021 marking her first onscreen collaboration with Khan. Khan's Red Chillies Entertainment produced her film [[Badla (2019 film)|''Badla'']] (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2021 |title=Has Taapsee Pannu bagged Shah Rukh Khan's next with Rajkumar Hirani? The actress BREAKS silence : Bollywood News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/taapsee-pannu-bagged-shah-rukh-khans-next-rajkumar-hirani-actress-breaks-silence/ |access-date=15 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919043539/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/taapsee-pannu-bagged-shah-rukh-khans-next-rajkumar-hirani-actress-breaks-silence/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2021 |title=Has Taapsee Pannu bagged Shah Rukh Khan's next with Rajkumar Hirani? The actress BREAKS silence |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/taapsee-pannu-bagged-shah-rukh-khans-next-rajkumar-hirani-actress-breaks-silence/ |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919043539/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/taapsee-pannu-bagged-shah-rukh-khans-next-rajkumar-hirani-actress-breaks-silence/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Vicky Kaushal was announced to be playing a significant role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vicky Kaushal On Working With Shah Rukh Khan In Dunki: "Understood Why He Is The Badshah" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vicky-kaushal-on-working-with-shah-rukh-khan-in-dunki-understood-why-he-is-the-badshah-4605108 |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204113959/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vicky-kaushal-on-working-with-shah-rukh-khan-in-dunki-understood-why-he-is-the-badshah-4605108 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Boman Irani]] joined the cast in October 2022.<ref name="cast">{{Cite web |date=11 October 2022 |title=REVEALED: Shah Rukh Khan reunites with Boman Irani and Satish Shah for Rajkumar Hirani's Dunki |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-shah-rukh-khan-reunites-boman-irani-satish-shah-rajkumar-hiranis-dunki/ |access-date=16 September 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en |archive-date=29 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029031555/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-shah-rukh-khan-reunites-boman-irani-satish-shah-rajkumar-hiranis-dunki/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] commenced in April 2022 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2022 |title=Shah Rukh Khan begins shooting for Rajkumar Hirani's next in Mumbai : Bollywood News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-begins-shooting-rajkumar-hiranis-next-mumbai/ |access-date=16 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416133935/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-begins-shooting-rajkumar-hiranis-next-mumbai/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2022 |title=Shah Rukh Khan starts shooting for 'Dunki' with Rajkumar Hirani; pic from set explodes social media |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/shah-rukh-khan-starts-shooting-for-dunki-with-rajkumar-hirani-pic-from-set-explodes-social-media-article-91504032 |access-date=16 September 2023 |website=TimesNow |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919043537/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/shah-rukh-khan-starts-shooting-for-dunki-with-rajkumar-hirani-pic-from-set-explodes-social-media-article-91504032 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Mumbai schedule ended in June 2022 and the international schedules commenced in July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shah Rukh Khan completes 1st schedule of Dunki, here's when he will begin shooting for Jawan. Deets |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shah-rukh-khan-completes-1st-schedule-of-dunki-here-s-when-he-will-begin-shooting-for-jawan-deets-1961399-2022-06-12 |access-date=21 November 2023 |website=India Today |date=12 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121123930/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shah-rukh-khan-completes-1st-schedule-of-dunki-here-s-when-he-will-begin-shooting-for-jawan-deets-1961399-2022-06-12 |url-status=live}}</ref> Filming took place in [[Budapest]] and [[London]] in July 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2022 |title=Shah Rukh Khan wraps Mumbai schedule of Rajkumar Hirani's Dunki; to kick off Budapest and London in July for international schedule : Bollywood News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-wraps-mumbai-schedule-rajkumar-hiranis-dunki-kick-off-budapest-london-july-international-schedule/ |access-date=16 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919043535/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-wraps-mumbai-schedule-rajkumar-hiranis-dunki-kick-off-budapest-london-july-international-schedule/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and was completed a month later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2022 |title=Shah Rukh Khan and Taapsee Pannu wrap up Dunki schedule in Budapest, see photos : Bollywood News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannu-wrap-dunki-schedule-budapest-see-photos/ |access-date=16 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919050551/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannu-wrap-dunki-schedule-budapest-see-photos/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A bike sequence featuring Khan was filmed in Mumbai in October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2022 |title=Shah Rukh Khan shoots a race sequence for Rajkumar Hirani's Dunki with 500 people : Bollywood News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-shoots-race-sequence-rajkumar-hiranis-dunki-500-people/ |access-date=16 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206232538/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-shoots-race-sequence-rajkumar-hiranis-dunki-500-people/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A 12-day schedule took place in November 2022 in [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2022 |title=Shah Rukh Khan to commence next schedule of Rajkumar Hirani's Dunki in Saudi Arabia in November 2022 : Bollywood News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-commence-next-schedule-rajkumar-hiranis-dunki-saudi-arabia-november-2022/ |access-date=16 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919043540/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-commence-next-schedule-rajkumar-hiranis-dunki-saudi-arabia-november-2022/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dunki Saudi Arabia shoot |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/shah-rukh-khan-wraps-up-saudi-arabia-shoot-schedule-for-dunki--news-241481 |access-date=16 September 2023 |website=Outlook India |date=December 2022 |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919043541/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/shah-rukh-khan-wraps-up-saudi-arabia-shoot-schedule-for-dunki--news-241481 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2022 |title=Shah Rukh Khan resumes Dunki shoot in Jeddah; Fans spot him at a supermarket |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/shah-rukh-khan-resumes-dunki-shoot-in-jeddah-fans-spot-him-at-a-supermarket-1199778 |access-date=16 September 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919043536/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/shah-rukh-khan-resumes-dunki-shoot-in-jeddah-fans-spot-him-at-a-supermarket-1199778 |url-status=live}}</ref> which included the locations [[Jeddah]] and [[Neom]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shah Rukh Khan's 'Dunki' becomes the first Bollywood film to shoot in Neom, Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khans-dunki-becomes-the-first-bollywood-film-to-shoot-in-neom-saudi-arabia-540187 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=WION |date=5 December 2022 |language=en-us |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919043538/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khans-dunki-becomes-the-first-bollywood-film-to-shoot-in-neom-saudi-arabia-540187 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2022 |title=Saudi Arabia's NEOM attracts first Bollywood shoot with 'Dunki' |url=https://arab.news/5rapy |access-date=16 September 2023 |website=Arab News |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212160001/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2210661/lifestyle |url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Riyadh]], few shots were taken of the [[Al Rajhi Grand Mosque]], which was shown in the film as part of [[Jeddah|Jeddah's]] skyline whereas the [[Al Hukm Palace|Al-Hukm Palace]] was depicted as the building of a Saudi immigration court. A three-day schedule happened in [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] in December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2022 |title=Right-ring groups protest at shooting venue of Shah Rukh Khan's 'Dunki' in Jabalpur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/shah-rukh-khan-dunki-shooting-right-wing-groups-protest-jabalpur-8329974/ |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106040019/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/shah-rukh-khan-dunki-shooting-right-wing-groups-protest-jabalpur-8329974/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2023, the underwater sequence featuring Khan was filmed in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2023 |title=BREAKING: Shah Rukh Khan to shoot for the CRUCIAL underwater sequence for Rajkumar Hirani's Dunki after Pathaan's release : Bollywood News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-shah-rukh-khan-shoot-crucial-underwater-sequence-rajkumar-hiranis-dunki-pathaans-release/ |access-date=16 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919043543/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-shah-rukh-khan-shoot-crucial-underwater-sequence-rajkumar-hiranis-dunki-pathaans-release/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, Khan who was also working on another project [[Jawan (film)|''Jawan'']] finished his shooting in April 2023''.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shah Rukh Khan wraps up Jawan shooting, shifts focus to Dunki |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/shah-rukh-khan-wraps-up-jawan-shooting-shifts-focus-to-dunki/274bdf2f80432 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=ottplay.com |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106041522/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/shah-rukh-khan-wraps-up-jawan-shooting-shifts-focus-to-dunki/274bdf2f80432 |url-status=live}}</ref> The same month, the team moved to [[Kashmir]] for a four-day schedule that took place in [[Srinagar]], [[Pampore]], [[Sonamarg]] including Thajwas glacier and [[Pulwama]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2023 |title=Shah Rukh Khan receives flowers and warm welcome as he lands in Kashmir for Dunki shoot, watch videos : Bollywood News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shah-rukh-khan-receives-flowers-warm-welcome-lands-kashmir-dunki-shoot-watch-videos/ |access-date=16 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919043537/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shah-rukh-khan-receives-flowers-warm-welcome-lands-kashmir-dunki-shoot-watch-videos/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2023 |title=Back in the Valley! Shah Rukh Khan shoots in Kashmir after 11 years for his film Dunki alongside Taapsee Pannu |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-and-taapsee-pannu-wrap-up-kashmir-shoot-for-dunki-amidst-tight-security-arrangements-101682604759108.html |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105043806/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-and-taapsee-pannu-wrap-up-kashmir-shoot-for-dunki-amidst-tight-security-arrangements-101682604759108.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A song sequence was shot in Kashmir choreographed by Ganesh Acharya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2023 |title=Shah Rukh Khan spotted in Kashmir, gets warm welcome as he gears up to shoot for Dunki: Reports |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-spotted-in-kashmir-gets-warm-welcome-as-he-gears-up-to-shoot-for-dunki-reports-101682395560199.html |access-date=5 November 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105043807/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-spotted-in-kashmir-gets-warm-welcome-as-he-gears-up-to-shoot-for-dunki-reports-101682395560199.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The filming was wrapped up in Sonamarg, Kashmir by April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2023 |title=Watch: Shah Rukh Khan, Taapsee Pannu and Vicky Kaushal wrap up shoot for Dunki in Kashmir |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/watch-shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannu-and-vicky-kaushal-wrap-up-shoot-for-dunki-in-kashmir-16514911.htm |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180808/https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/watch-shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannu-and-vicky-kaushal-wrap-up-shoot-for-dunki-in-kashmir-16514911.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was shot over 75 days out of which Khan shot for 60 days. The film is reportedly budgeted at {{INR}}120 crore, including the marketing cost.<ref name="pk" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2023 |title=Dunki: How this Rajkumar Hirani film is Shah Rukh Khan's lowest budgeted film in six years {{!}} Explained |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dunki-how-this-rajkumar-hirani-film-is-shah-rukh-khans-lowest-budgeted-film-in-six-years-explained-13418392.html |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122141913/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dunki-how-this-rajkumar-hirani-film-is-shah-rukh-khans-lowest-budgeted-film-in-six-years-explained-13418392.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{main|Dunki (soundtrack)}}

The songs in the film were composed by [[Pritam]]. [[Shekhar Ravjiani]] served as a guest composer. The background score was composed by Aman Pant.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2023 |title=Sonu Nigam says Laal Singh Chaddha was plagued by negativity, songs would have reached level of Kal Ho Naa Ho |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sonu-nigam-says-laal-singh-chaddha-was-plagued-by-negativity-art-comes-with-101676898502586.html |access-date=17 September 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919043537/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sonu-nigam-says-laal-singh-chaddha-was-plagued-by-negativity-art-comes-with-101676898502586.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The first single titled "Lutt Putt Gaya" was released on 22 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2023 |title=Dunki Drop 2: Shah Rukh Khan and Taapsee Pannu's song Lutt Putt Gaya will force you to dance in your seats. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dunki-drop-2-song-lutt-putt-gaya-shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannu-dance-101700634745786.html |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122141320/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dunki-drop-2-song-lutt-putt-gaya-shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannu-dance-101700634745786.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The second single titled "Nikle The Kabhi Hum Ghar Se" was released on 1 December 2023.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web |date=1 December 2023 |title=Dunki Drop 3 'Nikle The Kabhi Hum Ghar Se' features soulful Sonu Nigam doing what he does best, Shah Rukh Khan calls it his 'favourite' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dunki-drop-3-nikle-the-kabhi-hum-ghar-sonu-nigam-shah-rukh-khan-9049901/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=5 December 2023 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204061052/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dunki-drop-3-nikle-the-kabhi-hum-ghar-sonu-nigam-shah-rukh-khan-9049901/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The third single titled "O Maahi" was released on 11 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2023 |title=Dunki Drop 5 O Maahi: Shah Rukh Khan and Taapsee Pannu's love blossoms amid sand dunes. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dunki-drop-5-o-maahi-shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannu-love-blossoms-amid-sand-dunes-watch-101702295010037.html |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211122051/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dunki-drop-5-o-maahi-shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannu-love-blossoms-amid-sand-dunes-watch-101702295010037.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The fourth single titled "Banda" was released on 18 December 2023.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 December 2023 |title=Dunki song 'Banda' out: Diljit Dosanjh's track introduces Shah Rukh Khan's Hardy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/dunki-song-banda-out-diljit-dosanjhs-track-introduces-shah-rukh-khans-hardy-in-drop-6-rajkumar-hirani-taapsee-pannu-vicky-kaushal-december-21-2477506-2023-12-18 |website=India Today |date=18 December 2023 |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218135306/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/dunki-song-banda-out-diljit-dosanjhs-track-introduces-shah-rukh-khans-hardy-in-drop-6-rajkumar-hirani-taapsee-pannu-vicky-kaushal-december-21-2477506-2023-12-18 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[soundtrack album]] featuring eight songs was released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 18 December 2023.

==Marketing==
The film's teaser titled "''Dunki'': Drop 1" was released on 2 November 2023 coinciding with Khan's 58th birthday.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 November 2023 |title=Dunki Drop 1: Shah Rukh Khan wants to head to London in quirky glimpse; Vicky Kaushal makes surprise appearance, watch video |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/dunki-drop-1-shah-rukh-khan-wants-head-london-quirky-glimpse-vicky-kaushal-makes-surprise-appearance-watch-video/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=2 November 2023 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102060203/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/dunki-drop-1-shah-rukh-khan-wants-head-london-quirky-glimpse-vicky-kaushal-makes-surprise-appearance-watch-video/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In all, 8 "Drops" were released one after another.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2023 |title=Dunki: 6 Teasers of Shah Rukh Khan, Taapsee Pannu, Vicky Kaushal starrer certified by CBFC |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/dunki-6-teasers-of-shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannu-vicky-kaushal-starrer-certified-by-cbfc-1255987 |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104185120/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/dunki-6-teasers-of-shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannu-vicky-kaushal-starrer-certified-by-cbfc-1255987 |url-status=live}}</ref> Drop 2 was released on 22 November as the song "Lutt Putt Gaya".<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2023 |title=Dunki Drop 2: Shah Rukh Khan and Taapsee Pannu's song Lutt Putt Gaya will force you to dance in your seats. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dunki-drop-2-song-lutt-putt-gaya-shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannu-dance-101700634745786.html |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122141320/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dunki-drop-2-song-lutt-putt-gaya-shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannu-dance-101700634745786.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Drop 3 was released on 1 December as the song "Nikle The Kabhi Hum Ghar Se".<ref name="indianexpress.com"/> The film's trailer titled "''Dunki'': Drop 4" was released on 5 December 2023.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 December 2023 |title=Dunki Drop 4: Shah Rukh Khan, Vicky Kaushal and the 'ullu da patthas' embark on journey of love, friendship in heartwarming trailer |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/dunki-drop-4-shah-rukh-khan-vicky-kaushal-ullu-da-patthas-embark-journey-love-friendship-heartwarming-trailer/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=5 December 2023 |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205050805/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/dunki-drop-4-shah-rukh-khan-vicky-kaushal-ullu-da-patthas-embark-journey-love-friendship-heartwarming-trailer/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Drop 5 was released on 11 December as the song "O Maahi".<ref>{{cite news |access-date=11 December 2023 |title=Dunki: Shah Rukh Khan teases fans with Drop 5: New song called 'O Maahi' to drop today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dunki-shah-rukh-khan-teases-fans-with-drop-5-new-song-called-o-maahi-to-drop-today/articleshow/105888533.cms?from=mdr |website=The Times of India |date=11 December 2023 |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211033425/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dunki-shah-rukh-khan-teases-fans-with-drop-5-new-song-called-o-maahi-to-drop-today/articleshow/105888533.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> A promotional event was held in [[Dubai]] on 17 December.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 December 2023 |title='Dunki': SRK dances to O Maahi, recreates his open arms pose in Dubai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/dunki-shah-rukh-khan-dances-to-o-maahi-recreates-his-open-arms-pose-in-dubai-2477192-2023-12-18 |website=India Today |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218022159/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/dunki-shah-rukh-khan-dances-to-o-maahi-recreates-his-open-arms-pose-in-dubai-2477192-2023-12-18 |url-status=live}}</ref> Drop 6 was released on 18 December as the song "Banda".<ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 December 2023 |title=Dunki drop 6: Shah Rukh Khan's Hardy is a 'romantic' and 'desh bhakt' in the new song Banda |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dunki-drop-6-shah-rukh-khans-hardy-is-a-romantic-and-desh-bhakt-in-the-new-song-banda-9073247/ |website=The Indian Express |date=18 December 2023 |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218140812/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dunki-drop-6-shah-rukh-khans-hardy-is-a-romantic-and-desh-bhakt-in-the-new-song-banda-9073247/ |url-status=live}}</ref> "''Dunki'': Drop 7" was released on 27 December as the song "Main Tera Rasta Dekhunga".<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 December 2023 |title='Dunki' Drop 7: Shah Rukh Khan unveils emotional track 'Main Tera Rasta Dekhunga' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dunki-drop-7-shah-rukh-khan-unveils-emotional-track-main-tera-rasta-dekhunga/articleshow/106326064.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105114023/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dunki-drop-7-shah-rukh-khan-unveils-emotional-track-main-tera-rasta-dekhunga/articleshow/106326064.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> "''Dunki'': Drop 8" was released on 4 January 2024 as the song "Chal ve Watna".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dunki drop 8: Chal Ve Watna video song out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/jan/04/dunki-drop-8-chal-ve-watna-video-song-out-50952.html |access-date=5 January 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=4 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105114023/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/jan/04/dunki-drop-8-chal-ve-watna-video-song-out-50952.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Release==
===Theatrical===
''Dunki'' was theatrically released on 21 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2023 |title=Shah Rukh Khan to go global with Rajkumar Hirani's Dunki, film to release in international markets a day early: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-dunki-global-release-date-christmas-101695728571251.html |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928232506/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-dunki-global-release-date-christmas-101695728571251.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2023 |title=Shah Rukh Khan confirms Dunki release for Christmas 2023 at Jawan event : Bollywood News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-confirms-dunki-release-christmas-2023-jawan-event/ |access-date=16 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917174205/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-confirms-dunki-release-christmas-2023-jawan-event/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Distribution===
[[Pen Studios]] acquired the theatrical rights for [[North India]] and [[West India]] under the [[Pen India Limited|Pen Marudhar Entertainment]] banner.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shah Rukh Khan gets Pen Marudhar on board Dunki; Distributor promises BIGGER release than Salaar in North |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-gets-pen-marudhar-board-dunki-distributor-promises-bigger-release-salaar-north/ |access-date=30 September 2023 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=30 September 2023 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001010632/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-gets-pen-marudhar-board-dunki-distributor-promises-bigger-release-salaar-north/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Sree Gokulam Movies acquired theatrical distribution rights of the film in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2023 |title=Dunki: റിലീസിനൊരുങ്ങി 'ഡങ്കി'; കേരളത്തിലും തമിഴ്നാട്ടിലും ശ്രീ ഗോകുലം മൂവീസ് വിതരണത്തിനെത്തിക്കും |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/sree-gokulam-movies-will-distribute-shah-rukh-khans-dunki-in-kerala-and-tamil-nadu-173564 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209063412/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/sree-gokulam-movies-will-distribute-shah-rukh-khans-dunki-in-kerala-and-tamil-nadu-173564 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rajshri Productions|Rajshri Pictures]] distributed it in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SRK telugu fans disappointed |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/171223/no-telugu-version-for-dunki-srk-telugu-fans-disappointed.html |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=17 December 2023 |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220010758/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/171223/no-telugu-version-for-dunki-srk-telugu-fans-disappointed.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Mysore territory rights was acquired by [[Panorama Studios]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mysore Dunki |url=https://x.com/PanoramaMovies/status/1737147532546068950?s=20}}</ref> [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]] acquired the theatrical rights for [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dunki WB distribution |url=https://twitter.com/SVFsocial/status/1721484848383316431 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209072506/https://twitter.com/SVFsocial/status/1721484848383316431 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=October 2024}}

The overseas distribution rights were sold to [[Yash Raj Films]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2023 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Dunki to release on December 21 in international markets; SRK and Rajkumar Hirani have BIG plans |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-dunki-to-release-on-december-21-in-international-markets-srk-and-rajkumar-hirani-have-big-plans-1246136 |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926172143/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-dunki-to-release-on-december-21-in-international-markets-srk-and-rajkumar-hirani-have-big-plans-1246136 |url-status=live}}</ref> Home Screen Entertainment bought Singapore distribution rights of the film,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dunki Singapore distribution |url=https://twitter.com/homescreenent/status/1730215660272431160 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209072002/https://twitter.com/homescreenent/status/1730215660272431160 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=October 2024}} while Lighthouse Distribution acquired the distribution rights for Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dunki |url=https://www.lighthousedistribution.es/dunki |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=lighthousedistribution.es |language=es |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212160002/https://www.lighthousedistribution.es/dunki |url-status=live}}</ref> Action Cut Entertainment distributed the film in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2023 |title=SRK's 'Dunki' set for simultaneous release in Bangladesh |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/srks-dunki-set-simultaneous-release-bangladesh-3497576 |access-date=20 December 2023 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220044253/https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/srks-dunki-set-simultaneous-release-bangladesh-3497576 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Home media===
The combined value of the digital, satellite, and music rights of the film was {{INR}}230 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2023 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Jawan and Dunki non-theatrical rights sold for Rs 480 crore; Shah Rukh Khan creates records already |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-jawan-and-dunki-non-theatrical-rights-sold-for-rs-480-crore-shah-rukh-khan-creates-records-already-1228715 |access-date=16 September 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919043535/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-jawan-and-dunki-non-theatrical-rights-sold-for-rs-480-crore-shah-rukh-khan-creates-records-already-1228715 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film began streaming on [[Netflix]] from 15 February 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 February 2023 |title=Shah Rukh Khan gives Valentine's Day surprise to his fans with Dunki's OTT debut on THIS platform |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/shah-rukh-khan-gives-valentines-day-surprise-to-his-fans-with-dunkis-ott-debut-on-this-platform-1278761 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Dunki'' had the 13th-biggest advance booking of all time for a Hindi film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2023 |title=All Time Top Advances - Dunki 13th |publisher=Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8205 |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221083502/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8205 |url-status=live}}</ref> On its opening day, it collected a [[net income|net]] total of {{INRConvert|28|c}} in India and {{INRConvert|58|c}} worldwide.<ref name="bo" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2023 |title=Dunki Does Well On Day One |publisher=Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8207 |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221185728/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8207 |url-status=live}}</ref> It had net domestic collections of {{INRConvert|20|c}}, worldwide collection {{INRConvert|45.40|c}} and a net {{INRConvert|24.5|c}} and worldwide collection {{INRConvert|53.82|c}} on its second and third day, respectively.<ref name="bo" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2023 |title=Dunki Day Two Box Office Collections |publisher=Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8215 |access-date=23 December 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223080715/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8215 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2023 |title=Dunki First Saturday Box Office Collections |publisher=Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8217 |access-date=24 December 2023 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224075914/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8217 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Dunki'' ended its run with {{INRConvert|262.25|c}} in India, while {{INRConvert|212.42|c}} net in Hindi and become [[List of highest domestic net collection of Hindi films|27th highest Hindi net collection]], with a further {{INRConvert|208.35|c}} in overseas, for a worldwide total of {{INRConvert|470.6|c}}.<ref name="bo" /> ''Dunki'' managed to sold 12 million tickets and overall 8.6 crore in this year for Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2024 |title=Dunki box office collection day 13: Shah Rukh Khan's film passes Rs 400 crore worldwide, all set to overtake Chennai Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dunki-box-office-collection-day-13-shah-rukh-khans-film-passes-rs-400-crore-worldwide-all-set-to-overtake-chennai-express-9092772/ |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It became highest grossing comedy film of post pandemic era and also became [[List of Indian films of 2023|eighth highest grossing Indian film]] and [[List of Hindi films of 2023|fifth highest gross Hindi film in 2023]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2024 |title=Dunki box office collection day 13: Shah Rukh Khan's film passes Rs 400 crore worldwide, all set to overtake Chennai Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dunki-box-office-collection-day-13-shah-rukh-khans-film-passes-rs-400-crore-worldwide-all-set-to-overtake-chennai-express-9092772/ |access-date=11 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2023 |title=Dunki Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dunki/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

===Critical response===
''Dunki'' received mixed to positive reviews from critics and audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shah Rukh Khan's 'Dunki' now streaming on OTT: Where and when to watch? |url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/shah-rukh-khans-dunki-now-streaming-on-ott-where-and-when-to-watch/articleshow/107714629.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220075120/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/shah-rukh-khans-dunki-now-streaming-on-ott-where-and-when-to-watch/articleshow/107714629.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=20 February 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |quote=Despite garnering mixed reviews from both audiences and critics alike, 'Dunki' ventured into the realms of success, grossing a commendable Rs 454 crore worldwide, as reported by Sacnilk.com.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Mehak |date=24 December 2023 |title='Dunki' box office collection: Shah Rukh Khan's film bounces back on day 3; eyes Rs 100-cr mark in India |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/dunki-box-office-collection-shah-rukh-khans-film-bounces-back-on-day-3-eyes-rs-100-cr-mark-in-india-410638-2023-12-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220075718/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/dunki-box-office-collection-shah-rukh-khans-film-bounces-back-on-day-3-eyes-rs-100-cr-mark-in-india-410638-2023-12-24 |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=20 February 2025 |work=[[Business Today (India)]] |quote=The film opened to mixed reviews from Shah Rukh Khan's fans and critics alike.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=46|count=24|average=6|consensus=''Dunki''{{'}}s got good intentions and no shortage of heart, but its uneven tonal blend and shallow treatment of serious themes undermines the intended effect.|ref=yes |access-date=9 January 2024}}

Tushar Joshi of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 4/5 stars and wrote "''Dunki'' might not be Hirani's best work in comparison to ''[[3 Idiots]]'' or ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'', but it still entertains and leaves you with a warm and fuzzy feeling".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/dunki-movie-review-shah-rukh-khan-rajkumar-hirani-taapsee-pannu-vicky-kaushal-2478667-2023-12-21 |title='Dunki' Movie Review: Shah Rukh Khan-Rajkumar Hirani entertainer is a slam dunk |website=[[India Today]] |date=21 December 2023 |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221090925/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/dunki-movie-review-shah-rukh-khan-rajkumar-hirani-taapsee-pannu-vicky-kaushal-2478667-2023-12-21 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sreeparna Sengupta of ''[[The Times of India]]'' also gave 4/5 stars and wrote, "''Dunki''{{'}}s story is an emotional one - rolling in friendship, romance, heart-wrenching and heart-warming moments all into one. And in trademark Hirani style, there are dollops of comedy which is laced with satire to make it an entertaining ride, along with the strong message the film brings forth".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dunki Movie Review : Shah Rukh Khan's Dunki is dunked with love and longing |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/dunki/movie-review/106173480.cms?from=mdr |access-date=22 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222030947/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/dunki/movie-review/106173480.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> A reviewer for ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' considered it "a modern-day classic", but was critical of the film's pace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2023 |title=Dunki Review: Rajkumar Hirani spells his magic on a quintessential Shah Rukh Khan film that over-delivers |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/dunki-review-rajkumar-hirani-spells-his-magic-on-a-quintessential-shah-rukh-khan-film-that-over-delivers-1266700 |access-date=22 December 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221113049/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/dunki-review-rajkumar-hirani-spells-his-magic-on-a-quintessential-shah-rukh-khan-film-that-over-delivers-1266700 |url-status=live}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' awarded the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote "''Dunki'' bears the Rajkumar Hirani stamp of filmmaking with the right message and emotions as a backdrop. However, it is not as outstanding as his previous films as the writing plays spoilsport to a great extent."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dunki Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dunki/critic-review/dunki-movie-review/dunki-bears-the-rajkumar-hirani-stamp-of-filmmaking-with-the-right-message-and-emotions/ |access-date=22 December 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221125236/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dunki/critic-review/dunki-movie-review/dunki-bears-the-rajkumar-hirani-stamp-of-filmmaking-with-the-right-message-and-emotions/ |url-status=live}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> ''[[Filmfare]]''{{'s}} Devesh Sharma was pleased by the film's messaging of "a world beyond borders", and praised the performances of Khan and Pannu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2023 |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |title=Dunki Movie Review |work=Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/dunki-movie-review-63313.html |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221075924/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/dunki-movie-review-63313.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Monika Rawal Kukreja of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' labelled it a "heartwarming tale that's high on emotions", but despite praising the performances of Khan and Pannu, she was displeased with their chemistry.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=21 December 2023 |last=Rawal Kukreja |first=Monika |title=Dunki movie review: Shah Rukh Khan and Taapsee Pannu serve a heartwarming tale that's high on emotions |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dunki-movie-review-shah-rukh-khan-serves-a-heartwarming-tale-thats-high-on-emotions-101703142801475.html |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221075648/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dunki-movie-review-shah-rukh-khan-serves-a-heartwarming-tale-thats-high-on-emotions-101703142801475-amp.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Proma Khosla of [[IndieWire]] rated the film C+ and wrote "In the end, Dunki undermines its own messaging, sandwiching a series of informative cards about donkey flights between a rushed conclusion and comedic coda."<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2023 |last=Khosla |first=Proma |title=Dunki Review |work=[[IndieWire]] |url=https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/movies/dunki-review-shah-rukh-khan-rajkumar-hirani-1234938137}}</ref>

[[NDTV]]'s [[Saibal Chatterjee]] believed that the film's strength lay in its ability to not be in service of Khan's stardom, instead allowing the supporting cast to shine, particularly Vicky Kaushal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2023 |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |title=Dunki Review: Buoyed By Flawless Performances With Shah Rukh Khan, Taapsee Pannu Leading The Way |publisher=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dunki-review-buoyed-by-flawless-performances-with-shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannu-leading-the-way-3-5-stars-4715441#pfrom-movies-reviews |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221092911/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dunki-review-buoyed-by-flawless-performances-with-shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannu-leading-the-way-3-5-stars-4715441#pfrom-movies-reviews |url-status=live}}</ref> A reviewer for ''[[Film Companion]]'' also believed that Kaushal's special appearance had enhanced the "simplistic" film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parasuraman |first=Prathyush |date=21 December 2023 |title=Dunki Review: Simplistic Storytelling With a Rousing Vicky Kaushal Cameo |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/dunki-review-this-is-simplistic-not-simple-storytelling-with-a-rousing-vicky-kaushal-cameo |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=Film Companion |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221093817/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/dunki-review-this-is-simplistic-not-simple-storytelling-with-a-rousing-vicky-kaushal-cameo |url-status=live}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Anuj Kumar considered ''Dunki'' "not the best of Hirani but has just about enough to make you chuckle and churn".<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=21 December 2023 |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |title='Dunki' movie review: Shah Rukh Khan and Rajkumar Hirani deliver a drama that delights and drags in equal measure |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dunki-movie-review-shah-rukh-khan-and-rajkumar-hirani-deliver-a-drama-that-delights-and-drags-in-equal-measure/article67661665.ece |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221123638/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dunki-movie-review-shah-rukh-khan-and-rajkumar-hirani-deliver-a-drama-that-delights-and-drags-in-equal-measure/article67661665.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Mint Lounge]]''{{'s}} Uday Bhatia compared it negatively to ''[[The Dupes]]'' (1973), a Syrian film about border crossing, writing that unlike that film, ''Dunki'' "is only interested in illegal immigration and the refugee crisis to the extent that it allows Hirani and Khan to grandstand".<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2023 |last=Bhatia |first=Uday |title='Dunki' review: Hirani returns, plays it safe |work=The Hindu |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/movies-tv/dunki-review-film-shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannu-rajkumar-hirani-111703155371024.html |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221145354/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/movies-tv/dunki-review-film-shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannu-rajkumar-hirani-111703155371024.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Sukanya Verma]] of [[Rediff.com]] rated the film 2.5/5 and opined, "''Dunki'' is high on ambition but its flimsy premise renders this nearly three hours long journey into farfetched adventures hard to believe, harder to buy into".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2023 |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |title=Review: Dunki Goes Nowhere |work=Rediff.com |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/dunki-review/20231221.htm |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221063821/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/dunki-review/20231221.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of [[Scroll.in]] dismissed the film as "flat and unfunny", adding that the "strangely anodyne film is briefly enlivened by Khan's dimpled charm and spirited turns by Taapsee Pannu, Vikram Kocchar and Anil Grover".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2023 |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='Dunki' review: Immigration comedy is flat and unfunny |website=Scroll.in |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1060545/dunki-review-immigration-comedy-is-flat-and-unfunny |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221072516/https://scroll.in/reel/1060545/dunki-review-immigration-comedy-is-flat-and-unfunny |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and criticised it as a "crashing bore" and considered it Hirani's weakest film.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=21 December 2023 |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |title=Dunki Review: Shah Rukh Khan's collaboration with Rajkumar Hirani is a crashing bore |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/dunki-movie-review-shah-rukh-khan-rajkumar-hirani-film-crashing-bore-vicky-kaushal-9077281/ |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221075507/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/dunki-movie-review-shah-rukh-khan-rajkumar-hirani-film-crashing-bore-vicky-kaushal-9077281/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Internationally, Manjusha Radhakrishnan of ''[[Gulf News]]'' rated the film 4/5 and wrote "Illegal immigration and unauthorised cross-border migrant crossings are grim issues, but director Rajkumar Hirani humanized them with an emotionally engaging tale".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2023 |title=Watch: Dunki first-day review in UAE - Shah Rukh Khan and Taapsee Pannu shine in this Bollywood satire |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/watch-dunki-first-day-review-in-uae---shah-rukh-khan-and-taapsee-pannu-shine-in-this-bollywood-satire-1.1703152028451 |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=Gulf News |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223042146/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/watch-dunki-first-day-review-in-uae---shah-rukh-khan-and-taapsee-pannu-shine-in-this-bollywood-satire-1.1703152028451 |url-status=live}}</ref> David Tusing of [[The National (Abu Dhabi)|''The National'']] wrote "With ''Dunki'', Khan takes on a poignant immigration tale with a whole lot of heart that's bound to strike a chord with audiences".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tusing |first=David |date=21 December 2023 |title=Dunki review: Shah Rukh Khan's poignant immigration story is a must-watch |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film-tv/2023/12/21/dunki-review-shah-rukh-khan/ |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=The National |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223043140/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film-tv/2023/12/21/dunki-review-shah-rukh-khan/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Award
!Ceremony date
!Category
!Recipients
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="9" |[[69th Filmfare Awards|28 January 2024]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="9" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 69th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2024 with Gujarat Tourism: Full list out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-63822.html |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115193555/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-63822.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Winners of the 69th Filmfare Awards 2024 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/winners |magazine=Filmfare |date=28 January 2024 |access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Taapsee Pannu]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Vicky Kaushal]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Pritam]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Javed Akhtar]] for "Nikle The Kabhi Hum Ghar Se"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Swanand Kirkire]] and IP Singh for "Lutt Putt Gaya"
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Arijit Singh]] for "Lutt Putt Gaya"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Sonu Nigam]] for "Nikle The Kabhi Hum Ghar Se"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|[[Ganesh Acharya]] for "Lutt Putt Gaya"
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |[[24th IIFA Awards|28 September 2024]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Taapsee Pannu]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Awards Announces {{as written|I|t's [sic]|expecting=Its}} Highly Anticipated 2024 Nominations |url=https://www.iifa.com/news/news-details/iifa--awards-announces-its-highly-anticipated-2024-nominations- |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=IIFA |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA 2024: Shah Rukh Khan Wins Best Actor, Rani Mukerji Bags Best Actress Award. Check Out Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iifa-2024-shah-rukh-khan-wins-best-actor-rani-mukerji-bags-best-actress-award-see-full-list-of-winners-6674464 |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Unveils 2024 Technical Awards Winners: Honouring the Trailblazers of Indian Cinema! |url=https://www.iifa.com/news/news-details/iifa-unveils-2024-technical-awards-winners-honouring-the-trailblazers-of-indian-cinema |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=IIFA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Javed Akhtar]] – "Nikle The Kabhi Hum Ghar Se"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Swanand Kirkire]], IP Singh – "Lutt Putt Gaya"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Diljit Dosanjh]] – "Banda"
|{{nom}}
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|15428134}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | dunki }}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|id=dunki}}

{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}
{{Rajkumar Hirani}}

[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s adventure comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Films about illegal immigration to Europe]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajkumar Hirani]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam]]
[[Category:Amit Roy]]

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Films about immigration to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Films about interpreting and translation]]
[[Category:Films about suicide]]
[[Category:Films set in 1995]]
[[Category:Films set in 2020]]
[[Category:Films set in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Films set in England]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Budapest]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Neom]]
[[Category:Films shot in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Illegal immigration to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Indian adventure comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian survival films]]
[[Category:Jio Studios films]]
[[Category:Red Chillies Entertainment films]]

James Shepherd (doctor)

2026-03-05T03:44:41Z

DellCarone401: added stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = James Shepherd
| birth_date = 2 February 1847
| birth_place = [[Aberdeen]], Scotland
| death_date = 29 March 1926 (aged 79)
| workplaces = Deoli, Amjer, and Udaipur, India
| known_for = Medical missionary, builder of hospital, school, leprosarium, and church
}}
'''James Shepherd''' (2 February 1847 – 29 March 1926) was a Scottish [[physician]] and [[missionary]] known for his work in the Indian mission field. He founded the [[Rajputana Mission Hospital]] in [[Udaipur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|journal = The British Medical Journal|volume = 1|issue = 3408|pages = 767–768|language=en|jstor = 25448430|year = 1926|doi = 10.1136/bmj.1.3408.767-a|title = Dr. James Shepherd|s2cid = 42206837}}</ref>

== Early life ==
James Shepherd was born on February 2, 1847, in [[Aberdeen]], Scotland. He was one of four sons and two daughters, none of whom ever got married. From a young age, he was considered very bright, receiving a number of awards from [[Aberdeen Grammar School]]. While his father did not push him to pursue missionary work, Shepherd and his family belonged to St. Nicholas Lane Church, where Shepherd took a bible class that is thought to have influenced his decision to do so.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The Udaipur padre, or, The story of Dr. Shepherd of Rajputana.|last=Scotland.|first=Missions of the United Free Church of|date=1926|publisher=United Free Church of Scotland, Foreign Mission Committee|isbn=|location=|pages=|oclc=54391688}}</ref>

== Education ==
After deciding to become a missionary, Shepherd prepared thoroughly, focusing his attention both on medicine and the Gospel.<ref name=":1" /> In 1868, he graduated from [[University of Aberdeen|Aberdeen University]], and in 1871, he received an M.B., C.M., followed by an M.D. in 1873. During this time, he also attended the Divinity Hall of the [[United Presbyterian Church (Scotland)|United Presbyterian Church]] in Edinburgh for theological training.<ref name=":0" /> Although Shepherd enjoyed this period of education, he also longed to get out into the real world and do real work.<ref name=":1" />

== Work as a missionary ==

=== Work in Deoli and Amjer ===
Shepherd began his missionary work in 1872 in [[Deoli, Rajasthan]], at the time part of [[Rajputana]].<ref name=":0" /> During this year, he had few responsibilities and devoted much of his time to learning [[Hindi]], to allow him to preach to the local population in their language.<ref name=":1" />

In 1874, Shepherd was moved to [[Amjer]] to take charge of its hospital. This was reportedly no easy task for such a young and inexperienced doctor and missionary. He saw patients of all sorts, and the mission report for that year shows that 1,700 cases were treated each month. In addition to his responsibility, Shepherd began to preach in surrounding areas and continued to learn Hindi.<ref name=":1" />

=== Work in Udaipur ===
At the request of the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland, Shepherd went to [[Udaipur]] in 1877, where he did most of his work for the next 43 years.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Healing bodies, saving souls : medical missions in Asia and Africa|last=David.|first=Hardiman|date=2006|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=9789042021068|oclc=901791697}}</ref> Although the local population was skeptical of him at first, Shepherd quickly won their confidence, and within eleven months, his dispensary had had 27,472 visits. He also treated people in their homes and held preaching meetings twice a week along with Isa Das.<ref name=":1" />

In the summer of 1882, a [[cholera]] outbreak occurred in the city. Shepherd worked tirelessly to address it, and at its conclusion, his colleagues insisted that he take a furlough.<ref name=":1" /> While at home, he persuaded the Students' Missionary Society to gather money towards a new hospital in Udaipur.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Missions of the United Presbyterian Church : described in a series of stories.|last=(Scotland)|first=United Presbyterian Church|date=1896|publisher=Offices of United Presbyterian Church|oclc=954282444}}</ref> With this money, and a land plot gifted by the [[British Raj|Raj]], Shepherd began building the hospital upon his return and oversaw its development from beginning to end. In 1886, it was ready for use, and the Rajputana Mission Hospital opened to the public with a grand ceremony.<ref name=":1" />

The completion of the hospital not only allowed Shepherd to practice medicine more efficiently but also sparked the next phase in his career, in which he pursued a number of different projects. In 1891, he opened Udaipur's first mission church on land granted by the Maharana Fateh Singh, 73rd Custodian of House of Mewar of the Udaipur royal family in recognition for his clinical service.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.udaipuronline.in/city-guide/churches-in-udaipur|title=Churches in Udaipur, Catholic Church Udaipur, Protestant Church|website=www.udaipuronline.in|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.udaipurblog.com/news/celebration-of-125th-anniversary-of-shepherd-memorial-church-of-north-india-chetak-circle-udaipur.html|title=Celebration of 125th Anniversary of Shepherd Memorial Church of North India, Chetak Circle, Udaipur {{!}} UB News|last=by|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref> Later, he established a Christian school for the [[Bhil people]] and an asylum for [[Leprosy|lepers]].<ref name=":0" />

== Impact ==
The impact of Shepherd's work in India is measured by the service to hundreds of thousands of patients with conditions ranging from malaria to broken bones, and his church has inspired the development of a Christian community including the school he founded. The church is now known as the Shepherd Memorial Church as well as the Church of North India and is the oldest surviving church in Udaipur.<ref name=":2" /> In Udaipur, there came to be a "Shepherd tradition," in which he created a new atmosphere, set up standards of truth and honesty, and stood for what was honorable.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shepherd, James}}
[[Category:1847 births]]
[[Category:1926 deaths]]
[[Category:Health professionals from Aberdeen]]
[[Category:Christian medical missionaries]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Aberdeen]]
[[Category:Scottish Presbyterian missionaries]]
[[Category:Presbyterian missionaries in India]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]
[[Category:British medical missionaries]]

2014 Nobel Peace Prize

2026-03-03T22:25:09Z

DellCarone401: formatting fix

{{Infobox award
| name = [[File:Nobel prize medal.svg|20px]] The 2014 Nobel Peace Prize
| subheader = '''Kailash Satyarthi and Malala Yousafzai'''
| awarded_for =
| presenter = [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]]
| year = 1901
| website = {{oweb|https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2014/summary/}}
| holder_label = 2014 laureate
| holder =
| image = [[File:Kailash Satyarthi March 2015.jpg|120px]][[File:Malala Yousafzai at Girl Summit 2014.jpg|132px]]
| caption = '''''[[Kailash Satyarthi|Satyarthi]] (left) and [[Malala Yousafzai|Yousafzai]] (right)''' '''"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education."'''''
| host =
| date = {{plainlist|
* 10 October 2014 (announcement by [[Thorbjørn Jagland]])
* 10 December 2014 (ceremony)
}}
| location = [[Oslo]], Norway
| reward = 8 million [[Swedish krona|SEK]] ([[United States dollar|$]]1.25M, [[Euro|€]]0.9M)
| previous = [[2013 Nobel Peace Prize|2013]]
| main = [[Nobel Peace Prize]]
| next = [[2015 Nobel Peace Prize|2015]]
}}

The '''2014 Nobel Peace Prize''' was shared, in two equal parts, between [[Kailash Satyarthi]] (b. 1954) and [[Malala Yousafzai]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Malala Yousafzai and Kailash Satyarthi win Nobel Peace prize|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2014/oct/10/nobel-peace-prize-2014-live-coverage|work=The Guardian|date=10 October 2014}}</ref> (b. 1997) "for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2014|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2014/|website=Nobelprize.org|publisher=Nobel Prize Committee}}</ref>
Satyarthi is from India, the seventh person from his country to win a [[Nobel Prize]] and the second to win the [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace Prize]] after [[Mother Teresa]], while Yousafzai is a Muslim from Pakistan, the second Nobel Prize winner from her country after [[Abdus Salam]], the forty-seventh woman to win the Nobel Prize, and at the age of 17 years, the youngest winner of a Nobel Prize in any field.

== Motivation ==
In a press release, the Committee indicated that it had chosen the combination of a [[Hindu]] and a [[Muslim]], and of an [[India]]n and a [[Pakistani]], on purpose, because they "join in a common struggle for education and against extremism". They stressed that "fraternity between nations" was one of the original criteria stipulated by [[Alfred Nobel]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nobel Peace Prize for 2014|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2014/press.html|publisher=Nobel Prize Committee}}</ref>

The usage of child labour and discrimination against [[female education]] was the citation for the award. As of 2014 it is reckoned 168 million children are used for child labour, 60 million in India alone. This was mentioned by Thorbjørn Jagland in his handover ceremony speech.

== Nominations ==
The Nobel Prize Committee announced that it had received a record number of 278 different nominations for the Peace Prize, up from 259 in 2013. 47 of these nominations were for organizations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nomination and Selection of Peace Prize Laureates|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/|publisher=Nobel Prize Committee}}</ref>

== Favourites ==
Prior to the announcement, many news media speculated about who would win this year, providing lists of favourites. Often cited were [[Pope Francis]],<ref name=Murray>{{cite news|last1=Murray|first1=Rheana|title=Home> International 2014 Nobel Peace Prize Contenders|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/2014-nobel-peace-prize-contenders/story?id=26083056|publisher=ABC Australia|date=9 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=Karimi>{{cite news|last1=Karimi|first1=Faith|title=Nobel Peace Prize: And the winner could be ...|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/09/world/europe/nobel-peace-prize-predictions/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=10 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=Adam>{{cite news|last1=Adam|first1=Karla|title=Oddsmakers have already picked a winner for the Nobel Peace Prize|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/10/09/bettors-have-already-picked-a-winner-for-the-nobel-peace-prize/|newspaper=Washington Post|date=9 October 2014}}</ref> [[Ban Ki-moon]],<ref name=Karimi/> [[Chelsea Manning]],<ref name=Murray/> [[Denis Mukwege]],<ref name=Karimi/><ref name=Murray/><ref name=Adam/> [[Edward Snowden]],<ref name=Karimi/><ref name=Murray/><ref name=Adam/> [[José Mujica]],<ref name=Karimi/> the ''[[Novaya Gazeta]]'' newspaper,<ref name=Karimi/><ref name=Adam/> and the so-called [[Japanese people who conserve Article 9]],<ref name=Karimi/><ref name=Adam/> together with the eventual winner Malala Yousafzai.<ref name=Murray/><ref name=Karimi/><ref name=Adam/> The other winner, Kailash Satyarthi, was not among the commonly cited favourites.

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Child labour]]
* [[Child labour in India]]
* [[Child labour in Pakistan]]
* [[Education in Pakistan]]
* [[List of female Nobel laureates]]
* [[Nobel laureates of India]]
* [[Nobel Peace Prize Concert#2014|Nobel Peace Prize Concert § 2014]]
* [[Terrorism in Pakistan]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Nobel Peace Prize navbox}}
{{Nobel Peace Prize laureates}}
{{2014 Nobel Prize winners}}

[[Category:2014 awards|Nobel Peace Prize]]
[[Category:2014 in Norway|Nobel Peace Prize]]
[[Category:Nobel Peace Prize by year|2014]]
[[Category:Malala Yousafzai]]
[[Category:October 2014 in Europe]]
[[Category:Thorbjørn Jagland]]

Ayushman Bhava (1998 film)

2026-03-03T21:17:10Z

DellCarone401: correct article based on references and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ayushman Bhava
| image = Ayushman Bhava VCD cover.jpg

| caption = VCD cover
| director = Suresh Vinu
| producer = Ambili Pravachambalam
| story = [[P. Vasu]]
| screenplay = J. Pallassery
| starring = [[Jayaram]] [[Divya Unni]] [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
| music = [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] [[A. T. Ummer]]
| cinematography = [[P. S. Nivas]]
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1998}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Ayushman Bhava''''' is a 1998 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by Suresh Vinu and produced by Ambili Pravachambalam. The film stars [[Jayaram]], [[Divyaa Unni]], [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] and [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]. The film has musical score by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] and songs by [[A. T. Ummer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/ayushman-bhava.html|title=Ayushman Bhava|access-date=2014-08-11|publisher=Oneindia}}</ref>

==Plot==
Govinda Menon is in deep financial crisis and he is facing attachment of his family property and he decides to end his life as he ran out of options to save his pride. However he ends up saving the life of Suryan who attempted suicide in front of his eyes. Govinda Menon takes Suryan to his house masquerading him as the son of his friend and a famous writer who wants solitude to write the story for a film.

Suryan comes from an affluent family and was thrown out of his family due to a misunderstanding and he became lonely and desperate and didn't see any reason to live. Govinda Menon enters into an agreement with Suryan to end his life after an year and he takes an LIC policy in Suryan's name with him as Nominee so that he gets the money after Suryan's death. However, Suryan falls in love with Sumangala, Menon's daughter and wants to live again.

Govinda Menon is upset with Suryan and wants to break their love. However, things take a turn when Suryan is traced by his family members. Watch the full movie to know how the story unfolds in the end.

==Cast==
*[[Jayaram]] as Suryan
*[[Divya Unni]] as Sumangala
*[[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] as Priya
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Govinda Menon
*[[Srividya]] as Suriyan's mother
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Madhava Menon, brother in law of Govinda Menon and LIC agent.
*[[Manka Mahesh]] as Devaki, wife of Govinda Menon
*[[Manju Pillai]] as dance teacher Gangavathy.
*[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Prakash, lover of Priya
*[[Augustine (Malayalam actor)|Augustine]] as Moosakutty
*[[K.T.S. Padannayil]] as father of Govinda Menon
*[[Pala Narayanan Nair]] as father of Priya (Mohini)
*[[Chali Pala]] as Moosakutti's advocate
*[[Sajitha Betti]] as Priya (Child)

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] and [[A. T. Ummer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/malayalam/moviedetail.asp?mid=m0000100|title=Ayushman Bhava Songs|accessdate=2014-08-11|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Anthippoomaanam" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Sujatha Mohan]] || [[Kaithapram Vishwanathan Nambudiri]] || 04:55
|-
| 2 || "Radha Madhavamay" || [[K. S. Chithra]]|| [[Gireesh Puthenchery]] || 5:05
|-
| 3 || "Sreepalkadalil" || [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[K. S. Chithra]]|| Gireesh Puthenchery || 3:22
|-
| 4 || "Kakkapeenne" || || Gireesh Puthenchery ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0273099}}

[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1998 Indian films]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Manu Uncle

2026-03-03T21:05:00Z

DellCarone401: revised

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manu Uncle
| image = Manu Uncle.png
| caption = Poster designed by [[Gayathri Ashokan]]
| director = [[Dennis Joseph]]
| producer = [[Jubilee Productions|Joy Thomas]]
| screenplay = [[Shibu Chakravarthy]]
| story =[[Dennis Joseph]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mammootty]]|[[Mohanlal]]|[[Suresh Gopi]]|[[M. G. Soman]]|[[Prathapachandran]]|[[Lissy (actress)|Lissy]]|[[Thiagarajan|B. Thyagarajan]]}}
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| cinematography = [[Jayanan Vincent]]
| editing = K. Shankunny
| studio = [[Jubilee Productions]]
| distributor = Jubilee Productions
| released = {{Film date|1988|04|07|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
}}

'''''Manu Uncle''''' is a [[List of Malayalam films of 1988|1988]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[comedy-drama film]] with children as main characters directed by [[Dennis Joseph]] and produced by [[Jubilee Productions|Joy Thomas]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=2021-05-10 |title=Adieu to Dennis Joseph, Malayalam cinema's master writer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/adieu-to-malayalam-cinemas-master-writer/article34529636.ece |access-date=2024-08-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Starring [[Mammootty]],[[M. G. Soman]], [[Prathapachandran]], [[Lissy (actress)|Lissy]], and [[Thiagarajan|B. Thyagarajan]]. [[Mohanlal]] made a cameo appearance as himself.<ref>[http://www.malayalamflix.com/m.htm Manu Uncle]</ref> The film was theatrically released on 7 April 1988 and was a box office success, completing a 100-day run in theatres. The movie was filmed in [[Kollam district|Kollam]] and [[Trivandrum district|Trivandrum]] districts. The film won a [[National Film Award (India)|National Award]] for Best Children's Film. [[Suresh Gopi]] also appeared in a cameo role, playing the character S.I Minnal Prathapan''.'' The character eventually developed a [[cult]] following several years after the release of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ഇന്നും ചിരിപ്പിക്കുന്ന മിന്നൽ പ്രതാപൻ; പിന്നിലെ ട്വിസ്റ്റിന്‍റെ കഥ: വിഡിയോ|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2020/06/26/minnal-prathaapan-story.html|access-date=2021-10-30|website=Manoramanews|date=26 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The best cameo roles in Malayalam: Do Mohanlal, Mammootty qualify?|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/dec/10/the-best-cameo-roles-in-malayalam-do-mohanlal-mammootty-qualify-2223799.html|access-date=2021-10-30|website=The New Indian Express|date=10 December 2020 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Manu is a [[Kollam district|Kollam]] based researcher in astronomy. Manu's father is a police officer. Ravunni, an exporter, is their family friend. Antony and Mary are neighbours of Manu. Their children are Dany a.k.a. Lother and Ikru. Manu's elder sister's children come from [[Delhi]] for their vacation. They are accompanied by Dany and Ikru which make up a four-member team headed by Dany. The children enjoy their vacation visiting places, pulling a prank on Manu, and they even have a chance encounter with actor [[Mohanlal]].

One day, the children happen to visit the Art Museum on the very same time when [[Marthanda Varma]]'s Crown is stolen. Ikru noticed the robbers, Gomez, Appu and Kittu but was not able to describe them to his Grandpa. Manu, who has a well-equipped communication system, is able to listen to a conversation between Kittu and Gomez planning to loot Marthanda Varma's Sword. Manu informs his father about the plan, and they both rush to [[Padmanabhapuram Palace]]. Gomez, meanwhile already gets hold of the sword and while escaping the palace encounters Manu and his father. A fight follows in which Manu is injured by Gomez; now Manu's father is in pursuit of the robbers alone. But the robbers kill Manu's father in a planned lorry accident. The viewers are now able to figure out the mastermind behind the robbery is; Ravunni, the family friend.
Unfortunately for him though, the incident was witnessed by Khader, a young orphan who happened to be in that lorry. The robbers try to catch the boy, but the boy manages to escape from them and in the process ends up meeting the four children, and tells them that their Grandpa was not dead in an accident but was killed.

The curious children decide to investigate the murder. While intercepting a portable radio conversation between Gomez and Ravunni, the latter discloses his identity to Manu. Ravunni threatens Manu to stay away from his illegal export activities and warns Manu that, he will meet his father's fate. Ikru who had already met Gomez drew his picture which is noticed by Manu and Ravunni. Ravunni gets shocked seeing the drawing and Manu decides to garner more information about Ravunni after watching his tensed face. Manu breaks into Ravunni's house and validates his doubts. The children meanwhile decide to venture to the gang's hideout as per the directions from Khader. They are shocked on realising that it was Ravunni leading the gang. The gang sees the children who crossed their fence and Ravunni directs his men to kill them. But soon, Manu reaches there and saves the children with help from SI Minnal Prathapan, a bumbling but good intentioned policeman. The movie ends with the robbers getting arrested by the police.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mammootty]] as Manu, an aspiring scientist
* Kuriyan Chakko as Dany a.k.a. Lother
* Amit as Ikru
* Anoop C. Parameswaran as Shanku
* [[Sonia (actress)|Sonia]] as Renu
* Sandeep as Khader
* [[Lissy (actress)|Lissy]] as Uma, Manu's Sister
* [[M. G. Soman]] as DYSP, Manu's Father
* [[Prathapachandran]] as Ravunni, Manu's Family Friend
* [[Thiagarajan|R. Thyagarajan]] as Gomez, Ravunni's Partner
* [[K. P. A. C. Azeez]] as Antony, Dany's and Ikru's Father
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Mary, Dany's and Ikru's Mother
* Murali Menon as Kittu
* [[Mohan Jose]] as Security Guard at Ravunni's house
* [[Jalaja]] as Manu's Elder Sister
* [[Mohanlal]] as Himself (cameo appearance)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The best cameo roles in Malayalam: Do Mohanlal, Mammootty qualify?|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/dec/10/the-best-cameo-roles-in-malayalam-do-mohanlal-mammootty-qualify-2223799.html|access-date=2021-10-30|website=The New Indian Express|date=10 December 2020 }}</ref>
* [[Suresh Gopi]] as SI 'Minnal' Prathapan (cameo Appearance)
}}

==Crew==
* Story and Direction ..... [[Dennis Joseph]]
* Screenplay, Dialogues and Lyrics .... [[Shibu Chakravarthy]]
* Producer .... Joy Thomas
* Distribution .... Jubilee Productions
* Cinematography .... [[Jayanan Vincent]]
* Editor .... K. Shankunny
* Stunt .... A. R. Basha
* Art Direction .... Sabu Pravadas
* Associate Direction .... Jimmy
* P. R. O. .... Ranji Kottayam
* Stills .... R. Sukumar
* Make up .... Thomas
* Costume Design .... Kumar

==Awards==
* Won - [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film]]<ref>{{cite book|author= Information Service of India|title= India 1990: Annual review|series= India: Annual Review|year= 1990|publisher= Competition Review|location= India|page=624}}</ref>
* Won - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Children's Film]]

==Soundtrack==
Composer: [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]; Lyricist: [[Shibu Chakravarthy]]
*"Mele Veettile" .... [[K. S. Chithra]]
*"Oru Kili" .... [[K. S. Chithra]] & [[M. G. Sreekumar]]

==Trivia==
[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] was originally cast to play the role of SI 'Minnal' Prathapan, but he could not reach the location on time because of other commitments during that time.<ref>[https://mollywoodlive.com/?p=85|Mollywood's Top 5 Last Minute Changes That was Worth Gold]</ref> [[Aliens (film)|''Aliens'']], ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' & ''[[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]]'' were cited in this movie as a comparison to Manu's encounter with a cockroach through the telescope.
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0292095}}

{{National Film Award Best Children's Film}}
{{Dennis Joseph}}

[[Category:1988 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kollam]]
[[Category:Best Children's Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dennis Joseph]]
[[Category:1988 directorial debut films]]

List of international cricket centuries by Steve Waugh

2026-02-14T03:54:56Z

DellCarone401: basic fixed section for clarity additionally and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Australian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:SRWaugh.png|thumb|right|[[Steve Waugh]] has scored the third-highest number of centuries .<ref name="most hundreds"/>|alt=A white-skinned man posing in front of the camera; he is wearing a green cricket cap and shirt.]]

[[Steve Waugh]] is a former cricketer and [[Captain (cricket)|captain]] of the [[Australia cricket team]]. He is a right-handed [[Batting order (cricket)#Middle order|middle order]] batsman and a right-arm [[Medium pace bowling|medium bowler]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Steve Waugh by numbers |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/01/03/1072908956931.html |access-date=4 August 2012 |newspaper=[[The Age]] |date=3 January 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040510143854/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/01/03/1072908956931.html |archive-date=10 May 2004 }}</ref> Described as one of the most consistent batsmen,<ref>{{cite news|title=Cricketer extraordinaire |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/08/stories/2004010801100400.htm |access-date=4 August 2012 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 May 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041124090450/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/08/stories/2004010801100400.htm |archive-date=24 November 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Panicker |first=Prem |title=S'Africa in awesome form in Titan Cup triumph over Australia |url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/1996/oct19c.htm?h=splitinfinity&d=get&sony |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525145045/http://www.rediff.com/sports/1996/oct19c.htm?h=splitinfinity&d=get&sony |archive-date=25 May 2013 }}</ref> and by Indian cricketer [[Rahul Dravid]] as "a gritty player who did not throw away his wicket easily and is someone who valued his wicket",<ref>{{cite news|title=Steve Waugh my role model: Rahul Dravid|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/steve-waugh-my-role-model-rahul-dravid/926915/|access-date=4 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=22 March 2012}}</ref> Waugh scored [[Century (cricket)|centuries]] (scores of 100 or more) in both [[Test cricket|Test]] and [[One Day International]] (ODI) matches organised by the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). During his career in international cricket he scored centuries on 35 occasions and half centuries on 95 occasions. Considered to be one of the greatest modern day cricket captains,<ref>{{cite web|title=Look for value buys|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-08-27/news/27382294_1_steve-waugh-cricketing-ties-brand-ambassador|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612072411/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-08-27/news/27382294_1_steve-waugh-cricketing-ties-brand-ambassador|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 June 2013|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Waugh and Love torment Bangladesh |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/07/28/stories/2003072800872000.htm |access-date=3 August 2012 |date=28 July 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204185948/http://www.hindu.com/2003/07/28/stories/2003072800872000.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=4 February 2005 }}</ref><ref name="Bloomfield2003">{{cite book|author=John Bloomfield|title=Australia's Sporting Success: The Inside Story|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtWto0T5FMEC&pg=PA28|access-date=3 August 2012|date=1 July 2003|publisher=UNSW Press|isbn=978-0-86840-582-7|page=28}}</ref> Waugh led Australia to 41 wins out of the 57 Test matches under his captaincy.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mallett |first=Ashley |title=Clarke treads in the footsteps of the greats |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/553024.html |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=3 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701213645/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/553024.html |archive-date=1 July 2012 }}</ref> "He was named Cricketer of the Year in 1988 by ''[[Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]'', and a year later by ''[[Wisden Cricket Monthly|Wisden]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Cricket Cricketers of The Year |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/Overall/Indian_Cricket_Cricketers_of_the_Year.html |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=3 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823025956/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/Overall/Indian_Cricket_Cricketers_of_the_Year.html |archive-date=23 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/Overall/Wisden_Cricketers_of_the_Year.html |title=Wisden Cricketers of The Year |publisher=Cricket Archive |access-date=7 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628174616/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/Overall/Wisden_Cricketers_of_the_Year.html |archive-date=28 June 2012 }}</ref> In January 2010, the ICC inducted him into the [[ICC Cricket Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Articles/12/12223.html |title=Waugh finds a place in Hall of Fame |publisher=Cricket Archive |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=7 June 2012 |author=Reporter, Staff |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112231314/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Articles/12/12223.html |archive-date=12 November 2012 }}</ref>

Waugh made his Test debut against [[Indian cricket team|India]] in December 1985,<ref name=inn>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/8192.html?class=1;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics – Statsguru – SR Waugh – Test matches |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=8 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119003618/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/8192.html?class=1%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbatting%3Bview%3Dinnings |archive-date=19 November 2016 }}</ref> and scored a century for the first time in a match against [[England cricket team|England]] in 1989 which Australia won.<ref name=inn/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63507.html |title=The Ashes – 1st Test England v Australia |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=8 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627073646/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63507.html |archive-date=27 June 2012 }}</ref> In Test matches, Waugh has scored centuries against all Test cricket playing nations, the second player to do so.<ref name="rediffprofile">{{cite web|title=Steve Waugh factfile |url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2004/jan/06steve.htm |agency=[[Reuters]] |publisher=Rediff |access-date=3 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525170305/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2004/jan/06steve.htm |archive-date=25 May 2013 }}</ref>{{#tag:ref|[[Gary Kirsten]] was the first player to accomplish this feat.<ref name="rediffprofile"/>|group="N"}} He has scored a century in at least one cricket ground of all Test cricket playing nations, except [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Steve Waugh – Centuries at venues outside Australia |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/8192.html?class=1;filter=advanced;home_or_away=2;home_or_away=3;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301184721/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/8192.html?class=1%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Bhome_or_away%3D2%3Bhome_or_away%3D3%3Borderby%3Dstart%3Brunsmin1%3D100%3Brunsval1%3Druns%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbatting%3Bview%3Dinnings |archive-date=1 March 2014 }}</ref> He has made scores of 150-plus in an [[Innings (cricket)|innings]] on 14 occasions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sizzling Sangakkara sets new world record |url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/kumar-sangakkara-sets-new-world-against-pakistan-first-test-galle/20120623.htm |publisher=Rediff |access-date=3 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804071829/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/kumar-sangakkara-sets-new-world-against-pakistan-first-test-galle/20120623.htm |archive-date=4 August 2012 }}</ref> His career best score of 200—his only double century—came against [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] in April 1995.<ref name="rediffprofile"/> Waugh has been most successful against England,<ref>{{cite news|title=Waugh at peace |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/apr/23/cricket.news |access-date=3 August 2012 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=23 April 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204232316/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/apr/23/cricket.news |archive-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref> scoring ten centuries against them, the first in 1989 and the last one in 2003. On 25 July 2003 he became the first player to score 150 runs in an innings against all Test-playing nations, a [[Guinness record|world record]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/11000/most-150s-scored-against-test-playing-nations |title=Most 150'S scored against Test-playing Nations |work=[[Guinness World Records]] |publisher=[[Jim Pattison Group]] |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000856/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/11000/most-150s-scored-against-test-playing-nations |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref> He has been dismissed eight times between scores of 90 and 99, with a further two innings not out in the 90s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283010.html |title=Records – Test matches – Batting records – Most nineties in career |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429040154/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283010.html |archive-date=29 April 2012 }}</ref> As of August 2015, Waugh is ninth in the list of leading century makers in Test cricket.<ref name="most hundreds">{{cite web|title=Records – Test matches – Batting records – Most hundreds in a career |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/227046.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215215132/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/227046.html |archive-date=15 December 2012 }}</ref>

Although he made his ODI debut in January 1986,<ref>{{cite web|title=Players – Australia – Steve Waugh |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/8192.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717060500/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/8192.html |archive-date=17 July 2012 }}</ref> it was not until 1996 that Waugh scored his first century, when he made 102 against [[Sri Lankan national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] in a match which Australia lost.<ref name="firstton">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65538.html |title=Benson & Hedges World Series – 12th match Australia v Sri Lanka |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423022829/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65538.html |archive-date=23 April 2012 }}</ref> He went on to score centuries on two more occasions until the end of his career. His highest score of 120 came against South Africa during the [[1999 Cricket World Cup]]; the innings ensured Australia's victory and earned him a [[Man of the match]] award.<ref name=wc99>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65231.html |title=ICC World Cup – 39th match, Super Sixes Australia v South Africa |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616053635/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65231.html |archive-date=16 June 2012 }}</ref> Having played for Australia for nineteen years, Waugh retired from international cricket after the final Test of the [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04|2003–04 series against India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/aus_v_ind_2003-04/3371439.stm |title=Waugh says goodbye |publisher=[[BBC Sport]] |date=6 January 2004 |access-date=8 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725010322/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/aus_v_ind_2003-04/3371439.stm |archive-date=25 July 2011 }}</ref>

==Key==
[[Image:Headingley Cricket Stadium.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A panoramic view of a cricket ground with players occupying the field| [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]], where Waugh scored his first hundred in Test cricket in 1989.]]

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1"
|+ Key
|-
! scope="col" style="width:75px" | Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:450px" | Meaning
|-
! scope="row" | *
| Remained [[not out]]
|-
! scope="row" | {{double-dagger}}
| Waugh was named "[[Man of the match]]".
|-
! scope="row" | {{dagger}}
| Captained the Australian cricket team
|-
! scope="row" | Pos.
| Position in the [[Batting order (cricket)|batting order]]
|-
! scope="row" | Inn.
| The [[Innings (cricket)|innings]] of the match
|-
! scope="row" | Test
| The number of the Test match played in that series.
|-
! scope="row" |S/R.
| [[Strike rate]] during the innings
|-
! scope="row" | H/A/N
| Venue was at home (Australia), away or neutral
|-
! scope="row" | Date
| Date the match was held, or the starting date of match for Test matches
|-
! scope="row" | Lost
| The match was lost by Australia.
|-
! scope="row" | won
| The match was won by Australia.
|-
! scope="row" | Drawn
| The match was [[Result (cricket)#Draw|drawn]].
|}

==Test cricket centuries==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="font-size: 100%"
|+ List of Test centuries scored by Steve Waugh<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics / Statsguru / Steve Waugh / Test matches / Hundreds|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/8192.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301160043/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/8192.html?class=1%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Borderby%3Dstart%3Brunsmin1%3D100%3Brunsval1%3Druns%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbatting%3Bview%3Dinnings |archive-date=1 March 2014 }}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:30px;"|No.
! scope="col" style="width:70px;"|Score
! scope="col" style="width:130px;"|Against
! scope="col" style="width:30px;"|Pos.
! scope="col" style="width:30px;"|Inn.
! scope="col" style="width:30px;"|Test
! scope="col" style="width:330px;"|Venue
! scope="col" style="width:65px;"|H/A/N
! scope="col" style="width:65px;"|Date
! scope="col" style="width:25px;"|Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" style="width:40px;" |Ref
|-
|| 1
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1771}} 177*
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 6 || 1 || 1/6 || [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1989|June|8}} || Won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63507.html |title=The Ashes – 1st Test England v Australia |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627073646/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63507.html |archive-date=27 June 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 2
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1521}} 152* {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 6 || 2 || 2/6 || [[Lord's Cricket Ground]], London || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1989|June|22}} || Won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63508.html |title=The Ashes – 2nd Test England v Australia |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505213654/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63508.html |archive-date=5 May 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 3
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1341}} 134*
|| {{cr|SRI}} || 7 || 3 || 2/2 || [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1989|December|16}} || Won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63519.html |title=2nd Test: Australia v Sri Lanka at Hobart, Dec 16–20, 1989 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107102937/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63519.html |archive-date=7 November 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 4
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1000}} 100
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || 1 || 3/5 || [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], Sydney || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|January|2}} || Drawn
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63592.html |title=3rd Test: Australia v West Indies at Sydney, Jan 2–6, 1993 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703065153/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63592.html |archive-date=3 July 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 5
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1571}} 157*
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 6 || 1 || 4/6 || [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|July|22}} || Won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63612.html |title=4th Test: England v Australia at Leeds, Jul 22–26, 1993 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427173338/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63612.html |archive-date=27 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 6
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1471}} 147*
|| {{cr|NZL}} || 6 || 2 || 3/3 || [[Brisbane Cricket Ground]], [[Brisbane]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|December|3}} || Won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63623.html |title=3rd Test: Australia v New Zealand at Brisbane, Dec 3–7, 1993 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630191927/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63623.html |archive-date=30 June 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 7
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1640}} 164 {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|SAF}} || 6 || 1 || 3/3 || [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]] || Home ||{{dts|format=dmy|1994|January|28}} || Won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63630.html |title=3rd Test: Australia v South Africa at Adelaide, Jan 28 – Feb 1, 1994 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429002946/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63630.html |archive-date=29 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 8
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|2000}} 200 {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 5 || 2 || 4/4 || [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1995|April|29}} || Won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63683.html |title=4th Test: West Indies v Australia at Kingston, Apr 29 – May 3, 1995 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503194945/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63683.html |archive-date=3 May 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 9
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1121}} 112*
|| {{cr|PAK}} || 5 || 1 || 1/3 || [[Brisbane Cricket Ground]], [[Brisbane]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1995|November|9}} || Won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63697.html |title=1st Test: Australia v Pakistan at Brisbane, Nov 9–13, 1995 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422025141/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63697.html |archive-date=22 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 10
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1311}} 131*
|| {{cr|SRI}} || 5 || 1 || 2/3 || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1995|December|26}} || Won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63707.html |title=2nd Test: Australia v Sri Lanka at Melbourne, Dec 26–30, 1995 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701194253/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63707.html |archive-date=1 July 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 11
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1700}} 170 {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|SRI}} || 5 || 1 || 3/3 || [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1996|January|25}} || Won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63708.html |title=3rd Test: Australia v Sri Lanka at Adelaide, Jan 25–29, 1996 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703061728/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63708.html |archive-date=3 July 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 12
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1600}} 160 {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|SAF}} || 5 || 2 || 1/3 || [[New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|February|28}} || Won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63742.html |title=1st Test: South Africa v Australia at Johannesburg, Feb 28 – Mar 4, 1997 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701192132/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63742.html |archive-date=1 July 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 13
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1080}} 108 {{double-dagger}}{{#tag:ref|Waugh made centuries in both innings of the match.<ref name="espncricinfoci"/>|group="N"}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 5 || 1 || 3/6 || [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground]], Manchester || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|July|3}}1 || Won
|align=center|<ref name="espncricinfoci">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63756.html |title=3rd Test: England v Australia at Manchester, Jul 3–7, 1997 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503195108/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63756.html |archive-date=3 May 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 14
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1160}} 116{{#tag:ref|Waugh's second century in the match.<ref name="espncricinfoci"/>|group="N"}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 5 || 3 || 3/6 || [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground]], Manchester || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|July|3}}2 || Won
|align=center|<ref name="espncricinfoci"/>
|-
|| 15
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1570}} 157 {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|PAK}} || 5 || 2 || 1/3 || [[Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium]], [[Rawalpindi]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1998|October|1}} || Won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63810.html |title=1st Test: Pakistan v Australia at Rawalpindi, Oct 1–5, 1998 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503180522/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63810.html |archive-date=3 May 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 16
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1120}} 112
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 5 || 1 || 1/5 || [[Brisbane Cricket Ground]], [[Brisbane]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1998|November|20}} || Drawn
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63814.html |title=1st Test: Australia v England at Brisbane, Nov 20–24, 1998 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129044223/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63814.html |archive-date=29 January 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 17
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1221}} 122*
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 5 || 2 || 4/5 || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1998|December|26}} || Lost
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63817.html |title=4th Test: Australia v England at Melbourne, Dec 26–29, 1998 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421135225/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63817.html |archive-date=21 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 18
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1000}} 100 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 5 || 1 || 2/4 || [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|March|13}} || Lost
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63838.html |title=2nd Test: West Indies v Australia at Kingston, Mar 13–16, 1999 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626184109/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63838.html |archive-date=26 June 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 19
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1990}} 199 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 5 || 1 || 3/4 || [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|March|26}} || Lost
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63839.html |title=3rd Test: West Indies v Australia at Bridgetown, Mar 26–30, 1999 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627062237/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63839.html |archive-date=27 June 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 20
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1511}} 151* {{double-dagger}} {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|ZIM}} || 5 || 2 || 1/1 || [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|October|14}} || Won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63851.html |title=Only Test: Zimbabwe v Australia at Harare, Oct 14–17, 1999 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114203436/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63851.html |archive-date=14 November 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 21
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1500}} 150 {{double-dagger}} {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|IND}} || 5 || 1 || 1/3 || [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|December|10}} || Won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63865.html |title=1st Test: Australia v India at Adelaide, Dec 10–14, 1999 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420025902/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63865.html |archive-date=20 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 22
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1511}} 151* {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|NZL}} || 6 || 2 || 2/3 || [[Basin Reserve]], [[Wellington]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2000|March|24}} || Won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63876.html |title=2nd Test: New Zealand v Australia at Wellington, Mar 24–27, 2000 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530232700/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63876.html |archive-date=30 May 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 23
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1211}} 121* {{double-dagger}} {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 5 || 1 || 4/5 || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2000|December|26}} || Won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63910.html |title=4th Test: Australia v West Indies at Melbourne, Dec 26–29, 2000 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref>
|-
|| 24
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1030}} 103 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 5 || 2 || 5/5 || [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], Sydney || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|January|2}} || Won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63911.html |title=5th Test: Australia v West Indies at Sydney, Jan 2–6, 2001 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501204251/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63911.html |archive-date=1 May 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 25
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1100}} 110 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|IND}} || 5 || 1 || 2/3 || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|March|11}} || Lost
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63920.html |title=2nd Test: India v Australia at Kolkata, Mar 11–15, 2001 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623123925/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63920.html |archive-date=23 June 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 26
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1050}} 105 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 5 || 2 || 1/5 || [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground]], Birmingham || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|July|5}} ||won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63936.html |title=1st Test: England v Australia at Birmingham, Jul 5–8, 2001 won | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627082406/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63936.html |archive-date=27 June 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 27
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1571}} 157* {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 5 || 1 || 5/5 || [[Kennington Oval]], London || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|August|23}} || Won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63940.html |title=5th Test: England v Australia at The Oval, Aug 23–27, 2001 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525200029/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63940.html |archive-date=25 May 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 28
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1031}} 103* {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|PAK}} || 5 || 1 || 3/3 || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Sharjah]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|October|19}} || Won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64003.html |title=3rd Test: Australia v Pakistan at Sharjah, Oct 19–22, 2002 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611053236/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64003.html |archive-date=11 June 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 29
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1020}} 102 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 5 || 2 || 5/5 || [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], Sydney || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|January|2}} || Lost
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64013.html |title=5th Test: Australia v England at Sydney, Jan 2–6, 2003 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503194505/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64013.html |archive-date=3 May 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 30
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1150}} 115 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 5 || 1 || 3/4 || [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|May|1}} || Won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64026.html |title=3rd Test: West Indies v Australia at Bridgetown, May 1–5, 2003 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422064509/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64026.html |archive-date=22 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 31
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1001}} 100* {{double-dagger}} {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|BAN}} || 5 || 2 || 1/2 || [[Marrara Oval]], [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|July|18}} || Won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64036.html |title=1st Test: Australia v Bangladesh at Darwin, Jul 18–20, 2003 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107115013/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64036.html |archive-date=7 January 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 32
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1561}} 156* {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|BAN}} || 5 || 2 || 2/2 || [[Bundaberg Rum Stadium]], [[Cairns]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|July|25}} || Won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64037.html |title=2nd Test: Australia v Bangladesh at Cairns, Jul 25–28, 2003 | Cricket Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509051934/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64037.html |archive-date=9 May 2012 }}</ref>
|}

==ODI cricket centuries==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="font-size: 100%"
|+ List of ODI centuries scored by Steve Waugh<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics / Statsguru / Sr Waugh / One-Day Internationals / Hundreds|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/8192.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:30px;"|No.
! scope="col" style="width:70px;"|Score
! scope="col" style="width:130px;"|Against
! scope="col" style="width:30px;"|Pos.
! scope="col" style="width:30px;"|Inn.
! scope="col" style="width:30px;"|S/R
! scope="col" style="width:330px;"|Venue
! scope="col" style="width:65px;"|H/A/N
! scope="col" style="width:65px;"|Date
! scope="col" style="width:25px;"|Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" style="width:40px;" |Ref
|-
|| 1
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1021}} 102*
|| {{cr|SRI}} || 4 || 1 || 88.69 || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1996|January|16}} || Lost
|align=center|<ref name="firstton"/>
|-
|| 2
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1201}} 120* {{double-dagger}} {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|SAF}} || 5 || 2 || 109.09 || [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|June|13}} || Won
|align=center|<ref name=wc99/>
|-
|| 3
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1141}} 114* {{double-dagger}} {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|SAF}} || 5 || 1 || 110.67 || [[Docklands Stadium]], [[Melbourne]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2000|August|16}} || Won
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64665.html |title=South Africa in Australia ODI Series – 1st ODI Australia v South Africa |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820091935/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64665.html |archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="N"}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1794/1794.html Player Profile of Steve Waugh] from CricketArchive

{{International cricket centuries}}

{{featured list}}

[[Category:Australia cricket-related lists|Waugh, Steve]]
[[Category:Lists of international cricket centuries by player|Waugh., Steve]]

Maulana Azad

2026-02-12T16:23:52Z

DellCarone401: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Indian politician and writer (1888–1958)}}
{{redirect|Abul Kalam Azad|other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Azad Abul Kalam|A.P.J. Abdul Kalam}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Abdul Kalam Azad
| office = [[Minister of Education (India)|Union Minister of Education]]
| honorific-suffix =
| primeminister = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| predecessor = ''Office Established''
| successor = [[K. L. Shrimali]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 21 February 1952
| term_end1 = 22 February 1958
| constituency1 = [[Rampur Lok Sabha constituency|Rampur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 14 March 1957
| term_end2 = 22 February 1958
| constituency2 = [[Gurgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Gurgaon]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] {{small|(present-day [[Haryana]])}}
| office3 = Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
| term_start3 = November 1946
| term_end3 = 26 January 1950
| office4 = [[President of the Indian National Congress]]
| term5 = 1923–1924
| term4 = 1940–1946
| predecessor5 = [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar]]
| predecessor4 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| successor4 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| successor5 = [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
| image = Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.jpg
| signature = Autograph_of_Maulana_Abul_Kalam_Azad.jpg
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1888|11|11}}<ref name="OF238">{{cite journal |last1= Fahad|first1=Obaidullah |title=Tracing Pluralistic Trends in Sīrah Literature: A Study of Some Contemporary Scholars |journal=Islamic Studies |year=2011 |volume=50 |issue=2 |page=238 |jstor=41932590}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz Vilayet|Hejaz]], [[Ottoman Empire]] {{small|(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1958|2|22|1888|11|11}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], India
| occupation = Theologian, scholar, political activist
| spouse = Zulaikha Begum
| awards = [[Bharat Ratna]] {{small|(posthumously in 1992)}}
| term_start = 15 August 1947
| term_end = 22 February 1958
| death_cause = [[Stroke]]
| resting_place = [[Jama Masjid, Delhi]]
| 1blankname3 = Province
| 1namedata3 = [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]]
}}
'''Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin'''{{efn|{{small|({{audio|Abulkalam.ogg|listen}})}}}} (11 November 1888{{Snd}}22 February 1958), better known as '''Maulana Azad'''{{efn|The word Maulana is an honorific title meaning 'Our Master' and he had adopted Azad (Free) as his pen name}} and sometimes referred to as '''Abul Kalam Azad''', was an Indian writer, activist of the [[Indian independence movement]] and statesman. A senior leader of the [[Indian National Congress]], following India's independence, he became the first [[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of Education]] in the [[Government of India|Indian government]]. His contribution to establishing the education foundation in India is recognised by celebrating his birthday as [[National Education Day (India)|National Education Day]] across India.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|title=International Urdu conference from Nov. 10|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/07/stories/2010110754680500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111204425/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/07/stories/2010110754680500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 November 2010|date=7 November 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=13 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Chawla, Muhammad |title=Maulana Azad and the Demand for Pakistan: A Reappraisal|journal=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society|year= 2016|volume= 64|issue=3|pages= 7–24|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-4269551701/maulana-azad-and-the-demand-for-pakistan-a-reappraisal}}</ref>

As a young man, Azad composed poetry in [[Urdu]], as well as treatises on religion and philosophy. He rose to prominence through his work as a journalist, publishing works critical of the [[British Raj]] and espousing the causes of [[Indian nationalism]]. Azad became the leader of the [[Khilafat Movement]], during which he came into close contact with the Indian leader [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. After the failure of the Khilafat Movement, he became closer to the Congress.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=APLmIxRyEjEC&dq=cultural+preservation+of+the+Moslem+nation+iqbal&pg=PA205 |title= Two Nations: The Philosophy of Muslim Nationalism |author= Anil Chandra Banerjee |date= 1981 |page= 211 |publisher= Concept Publishing Company }}</ref> Azad became an enthusiastic supporter of Gandhi's ideas of non-violent [[civil disobedience]], and worked to organise the [[Non-Cooperation Movement|non-co-operation movement]] in protest of the 1919 [[Rowlatt Acts]]. Azad committed himself to Gandhi's ideals, including promoting ''[[Swadeshi]]'' (indigenous) products and the cause of ''[[Swaraj]]'' (''Self-rule'') for India. In 1923, at an age of 35, he became the youngest person to serve as the [[Congress President|President]] of the [[Indian National Congress]].

In October 1920, Azad was elected as a member of foundation committee to establish [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] at [[Aligarh]] in U. P. without taking help from British colonial government. He assisted in shifting the campus of the university from Aligarh to New Delhi in 1934. The main gate (Gate No. 7) to the main campus of the university is named after him.

Azad was one of the main organizers of the [[Dharasana Satyagraha]] in 1931, and emerged as one of the most important national leaders of the time, prominently leading the causes of [[Hindu–Muslim unity]] as well as espousing [[secularism]] and socialism. He served as Congress president from 1940 to 1945, during which the ''[[Quit India]]'' rebellion was launched. Azad was imprisoned, together with the entire Congress leadership. He also worked for Hindu–Muslim unity through the ''[[Al-Hilal (newspaper)|Al-Hilal]]'' newspaper.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title = Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Biography – Maulana Azad Indian Freedom Fighter – Information on Maulana Azad – History of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad|url = http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/maulana-abul-kalam-azad.html|website = www.iloveindia.com|access-date = 3 November 2015|archive-date = 3 August 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194049/http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/maulana-abul-kalam-azad.html|url-status = dead}}</ref>

== Biography ==
=== Early life ===
Azad was born on 11 November 1888 in [[Mecca]], then a part of the [[Ottoman Empire]], now a part of [[Saudi Arabia]]. His real name was Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin, but he eventually became known as Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.<ref name="makaias.gov.in"/> Azad's forefathers had come to India from [[Herat]]. His father was a Muslim scholar who lived in [[Delhi]] with his maternal grandfather, as his father had died at a very young age.<ref name=b1/> During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], he left India and settled in Mecca. His father Muhammad Khairuddin bin Ahmed Al Hussaini wrote twelve books, had thousands of disciples, and claimed noble ancestry,<ref>[http://www.iccrindia.net/azadbio.html Biography Of Maulana Azad]. Iccrindia.net. Retrieved on 7 December 2018.</ref> while his mother was Sheikha Alia bint Mohammad, the daughter of Sheikh Mohammad bin Zaher AlWatri, himself a reputed scholar from [[Medina]] who had a reputation that extended even outside of Arabia.<ref name="makaias.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.makaias.gov.in/biography.html|title=Remembering Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: A Short Biography|work=Institute of Asian Studies|access-date=1 January 2013|quote=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was born on November 11, 1888, in Mecca. He came back to [[Calcutta]] with his family in 1890.}}</ref><ref name=b1>{{cite book |last=Azad |first=Abul Kalam |year=2003 |orig-date=First published 1959 |title=India Wins Freedom: An Autobiographical Narrative |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q9_EW80LFjoC&pg=PA1 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Orient Longman |pages=1–2 |isbn=978-81-250-0514-8}}</ref>

Azad settled in [[Calcutta]] with his family in 1890.<ref name="BPDIA">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Azad, Maulana Abul Kalam|author=Sirajul Islam|author-link=Sirajul Islam}}</ref><ref name="EL">{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|author-link=Rajmohan Gandhi|year=1986|title=Eight Lives: A Study of the Hindu-Muslim Encounter|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=USA|isbn=978-0-88706-196-7|page=219}}</ref>

=== Education and influences ===
Azad was [[Homeschooling|home-schooled]] by the teachers hired by his family.<ref>Ayoob, Mohammed (25 May 2018) [https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/remembering-azad/article23980998.ece Remembering Maulana Azad]. The Hindu. Retrieved on 7 December 2018.</ref> Following fluency in [[Arabic]] as a first language, Azad began to master several other languages including [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and English.<ref name="makaias.gov.in"/> He was also trained in the [[Madhab|Madhabs]] of [[Hanafi]], [[Maliki]], [[Shafi'i]] and [[Hanbali]] [[fiqh]], [[Shariat]], mathematics, philosophy, world history, and science by tutors hired by his family. An avid and determined student, the [[Child prodigy|precocious]] Azad was running a library, a reading room, and a debating society before he was twelve; wanted to write on the life of [[Al-Ghazali]] at twelve; was contributing learned articles to ''Makhzan'' (a literary magazine) at fourteen;<ref>[[S. M. Ikram|Ikram, S. M.]] (1995). ''Indian Muslims and Partition of India''. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 139. {{ISBN|9788171563746}}</ref> was teaching a class of students, most of whom were twice his age, when he was fifteen; and completed the traditional course of study at the age of sixteen, nine years ahead of his contemporaries, and brought out a magazine at the same age.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120224012451/http://indiaedunews.net/In-Focus/November_2008/Maulana_Abul_Kalam_Azad_-_The_Builder_of_Modern_India_6559/ Maulana Abul Kalam Azad – The Builder of Modern India]}}. Indiaedunews.net (11 November 2008). Retrieved on 7 December 2018.</ref> At the age of thirteen, he was married to a young Muslim girl, Zulaikha Begum.<ref name="EL" /> Azad compiled many treatises interpreting the [[Qur'an]], the ''[[Hadis]]'', and the principles of ''[[Fiqh]]'' and ''[[Kalam]]''.<ref name="BPDIA"/>

=== Early journalistic career ===
Azad began his journalistic endeavours at an early age. In 1899 at the age of eleven he started publishing a poetical journal ''Nairang-e-Aalam'' at Calcutta and was already an editor of a weekly ''Al-Misbah'' in 1900.<ref name="ReferenceA">[[#Qaiyoom 2012|Qaiyoom 2012]], pp. 678</ref> He contributed articles to Urdu magazines and journals such as ''Makhzan'', ''Ahsanul Akhbar'', and ''Khadang e Nazar''.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In 1903, he brought out a monthly journal, ''Lissan-us-Sidq''. It was published between December 1903 to May 1905 until its closure due to shortage of funds.<ref>[[#Qaiyoom 2012|Qaiyoom 2012]], pp. 678, 679</ref> He then joined ''[[Al-Nadwa]]'', the Islamic theological journal of the [[Nadwatu l-Ulama]] on [[Shibli Nomani]]'s invitation.<ref>[[#Qaiyoom 2012|Qaiyoom 2012]], pp. 679</ref> He worked as editor of ''[[The Vakil|Vakil]]'', a newspaper from Amritsar from April 1906 to November 1906. He shifted to Calcutta for a brief period where he was associated with ''Dar-ul-Saltunat''. He returned to Amritsar after few months and resumed the editorship of [[The Vakil|Vakil]], continuing to work there until July 1908.<ref>[[#Qaiyoom 2012|Qaiyoom 2012]], pp. 679, 680</ref>

=== Struggle for Indian Independence ===
In 1908, he took a trip of Egypt, Syria, Turkey and France where he came into contact with several revolutionaries such as followers of Kamal Mustafa Pasha, members of Young Turk Movement and Iranian revolutionaries.<ref>[[#Qaiyoom 2012|Qaiyoom 2012]], pp. 680</ref> Azad developed political views considered radical for most Muslims of the time and became a full-fledged Indian nationalist.<ref name="BPDIA"/> In his writing, Azad proved to be a fierce critic of both the British government and Muslim politicians; the former for its racial discrimination and refusal to provide for the needs of the Indian public, and the later for focusing on communal issues before matter of common-self interest (Azad pointedly rejected the [[All-India Muslim League]]'s communal separatism). However, his views changed considerably when he met ethnically oriented Sunni revolutionary activists in Iraq<ref>Osmani, Ahmed. ''Maulana Azad's Political History''. pp. 67–85</ref> and was influenced by their fervent [[anti-imperialism]] and [[Arab nationalism]].<ref name="BPDIA"/> Against common Muslim opinion of the time, Azad opposed the [[1905 Partition of Bengal|partition of Bengal]] in 1905 and became increasingly active in [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|revolutionary activities]], to which he was introduced by the prominent Hindu revolutionaries [[Sri Aurobindo|Aurobindo Ghosh]] and [[Shyam Sundar Chakravarty]]. Azad initially evoked surprise from other revolutionaries, but Azad won their praise and confidence by working secretly to organise revolutionaries activities and meetings in [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Bombay]] (now called Mumbai).<ref name="BPDIA"/>

==== Al-Hilal and Khilafat movement ====
He established an Urdu weekly newspaper in 1912 called ''[[Al-Hilal (newspaper)|Al-Hilal]]'' from Calcutta, and openly attacked British policies while exploring the challenges facing common people. Espousing the ideals of Indian nationalism, Azad's publications were aimed at encouraging young Muslims into fighting for independence and Hindu-Muslim unity.<ref>[[#Qaiyoom 2012|Qaiyoom 2012]], pp. 680, 681</ref> With the onset of [[World War I]], the British stiffened censorship and restrictions on political activity. Azad's ''Al-Hilal'' was consequently banned in 1914 under the ''[[Indian Press Act, 1910|Press Act]]''.<ref name="ReferenceB">[[#Qaiyoom 2012|Qaiyoom 2012]], pp. 683</ref>

In 1913, he was founding member of the [[Anjuman-i-Ulama-i-Bangala]], which would become the Jamiat Ulema-e-Bangala branch of the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] in 1921. His work helped improve the relationship between Hindus and Muslims in Bengal, which had been soured by the controversy surrounding the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]] and the issue of separate [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal]] [[electoral district|electorates]].

In this period Azad also became active in his support for the [[Khilafat]] agitation to protect the position of the [[Sultan]] of [[Ottoman Turkey]], who was considered the [[caliph|Caliph or Khalifa]] for Muslims worldwide. The Sultan had sided against the British in the war and the continuity of his rule came under serious threat, causing distress amongst Muslim conservatives. Azad saw an opportunity to energise [[Indian Muslims]] and achieve major political and social reform through the struggle.

Azad started a new journal, the ''Al-Balagh'', which also got banned in 1916<ref name="ReferenceB"/> under the ''[[Defence of India Regulations Act]]'' and he was arrested. The governments of the [[Bombay Presidency]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] and [[Delhi]] prohibited his entry into the provinces and Azad was moved to a jail in [[Ranchi]], where he was incarcerated until 1 January 1920.<ref name="INC">{{cite web|last=Huq |first=Mushirul |date=23 July 2006 |url=http://www.aicc.org.in/new/past-president-detail.php?id=35 |title=President Azad |format=PHP |access-date=23 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409232031/http://www.aicc.org.in/new/past-president-detail.php?id=35 |archive-date=9 April 2009 }}</ref>

==== Non-co-operation Movement====
{{more citations needed|section|date=February 2021}}
{{Main|Non-Cooperation Movement}}
Upon his release, Azad returned to a political atmosphere charged with sentiments of outrage and rebellion against British rule. The Indian public had been angered by the passage of the [[Rowlatt Acts]] in 1919, which severely restricted civil liberties and individual rights. Consequently, thousands of political activists had been arrested and many publications banned. The [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|killing of unarmed civilians at Jallianwala Bagh]] in [[Amritsar]] on 13 April 1919 had provoked intense outrage all over India, alienating most Indians, including long-time British supporters, from the authorities. The Khilafat struggle had also peaked with the defeat of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in World War I and the raging [[Turkish War of Independence]], which had made the caliphate's position precarious. India's main political party, the Indian National Congress came under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, who had aroused excitement all over India when he led the farmers of [[Champaran Satyagraha|Champaran]] and [[Kheda Satyagraha|Kheda]] in a successful revolt against British authorities in 1918. Gandhi organised the people of the region and pioneered the art of ''[[Satyagraha]]''— combining mass civil disobedience with complete non-violence and self-reliance.

Taking charge of the Congress, Gandhi also reached out to support the Khilafat struggle, helping to bridge Hindu-Muslim political divides. Azad and the Ali brothers – Maulana [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar|Mohammad Ali]] and [[Shaukat Ali (politician)|Shaukat Ali]] – warmly welcomed Congress support and began working together on a programme of ''[[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-co-operation]]'' by asking all Indians to boycott British-run schools, colleges, courts, public services, the civil service, police and military. Non-violence and Hindu-Muslim unity were universally emphasised, while the boycott of foreign goods, especially clothes were organised. Azad joined the Congress and was also elected president of the [[All India Khilafat Committee]]. Although Azad and other leaders were soon arrested, the movement drew out millions of people in peaceful processions, strikes and protests.

This period marked a transformation in Azad's own life. Along with fellow Khilafat leaders [[Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari]], [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]] and others, Azad grew personally close to Gandhi and his philosophy. The three men founded the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] in Delhi as an institution of higher education managed entirely by Indians without any British support or control. Both Azad and Gandhi shared a deep passion for religion and Azad developed a close friendship with him. He adopted the Islamic prophet Muhammad's ideas by living simply, rejecting material possessions and pleasures. Becoming deeply committed to ''[[ahimsa]]'' (''non-violence'') himself, Azad grew close to fellow nationalists like [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Chittaranjan Das]] and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]].<ref name="INC"/> He strongly criticised the continuing suspicion of the Congress amongst the Muslim intellectuals from the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and the Muslim League.

In 1921, he started the weekly ''Paigham'' which was also banned by December 1921.<ref>[[#Pant 2010|Pant 2010]], pp. 1314</ref> He along with the editor of ''Paigham'', Abdul Razzak Mahilabadi was arrested by the government<ref>[[#Douglas 1993|Douglas 1993]], pp. 180</ref> and sentenced to one year imprisonment.<ref>[[#Douglas 1993|Douglas 1993]], pp. 189</ref>

During the course of 1922, both the Khilafat and the non cooperation movement suffered blow while Azad and other leaders like the Ali brothers were in jail.<ref>[[#Douglas 1993|Douglas 1993]], pp. 190</ref> The movement had a sudden decline with rising incidences of violence; a [[Chauri Chaura incident|nationalist mob killed]] 22 policemen in [[Chauri Chaura]] in 1922. Fearing degeneration into violence, Gandhi asked Indians to suspend the revolt and undertook a five-day fast to repent and encourage others to stop the rebellion. Although the movement stopped all over India, several Congress leaders and activists were disillusioned with Gandhi. By 1923, Ali brothers grew distant and critical of Gandhi and the Congress. Azad's close friend [[Chittaranjan Das]] co-founded the [[Swaraj Party]], breaking from Gandhi's leadership. Despite the circumstances, Azad remained firmly committed to Gandhi's ideals and leadership.

In 1923, he became the youngest man to be elected [[Congress president]]. Azad led efforts to organise the [[Flag Satyagraha]] in [[Nagpur]]. Azad served as president of the 1924 Unity Conference in Delhi, using his position to work to re-unite the Swarajists and the Khilafat leaders under the common banner of the Congress. In the years following the movement, Azad travelled across India, working extensively to promote Gandhi's vision, education and social reform.

==== Congress leader ====
[[File:Simla conference.JPG|thumb|left|200px|At [[Simla Conference]] (1946) with [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] and [[C. Rajagopalachari]]]]

Azad served on the [[Congress Working Committee]] and in the offices of general secretary and president many times. The political environment in India re-energised in 1928 with nationalist outrage against the [[Simon Commission]] appointed to propose constitutional reforms. The commission included no Indian members and did not even consult Indian leaders and experts. In response, the Congress and other political parties appointed a commission under [[Motilal Nehru]] to propose constitutional reforms from Indian opinions. In 1928, Azad endorsed the [[Nehru Report]], which was criticised by the Ali brothers and Muslim League politician [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. Azad endorsed the ending of separate [[electoral district|electorates]] based on religion, and called for an independent India to be committed to [[secularism]]. At the 1928 Congress session in [[Guwahati]], Azad endorsed Gandhi's call for [[dominion]] status for India within a year. If not granted, the Congress would adopt the goal of complete political independence for India. Despite his affinity for Gandhi, Azad also drew close to the young radical leaders Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Bose, who had criticised the delay in demanding full independence. Azad developed a close friendship with Nehru and began espousing socialism as the means to fight inequality, poverty and other national challenges. Azad decided the name of Muslim political party [[Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam]]. He was also a friend of [[Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari]], founder of All India Majlis-e-Ahrar. When Gandhi embarked on the [[Dandi Salt March]] that inaugurated the [[Salt Satyagraha]] in 1930, Azad organised and led the nationalist raid, albeit non-violent on the [[Dharasana Satyagraha|Dharasana salt works]] to protest the salt tax and restriction of its production and sale. The biggest nationalist upheaval in a decade, Azad was imprisoned along with millions of people, and would frequently be jailed from 1930 to 1934 for long periods of time. Following the [[Gandhi–Irwin Pact]] in 1931, Azad was amongst millions of political prisoners released. When elections were called under the [[Government of India Act 1935]], Azad was appointed to organise the Congress election campaign, raising funds, selecting candidates and organising volunteers and rallies across India.<ref name="INC"/> Azad had criticised the Act for including a high proportion of un-elected members in the central legislature, and did not himself contest a seat. He again declined to contest elections in 1937, and helped head the party's efforts to organise elections and preserve co-ordination and unity amongst the Congress governments elected in different provinces.<ref name="INC"/>

At the 1936 Congress session in [[Lucknow]], Azad was drawn into a dispute with [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], Dr. [[Rajendra Prasad]] and [[C. Rajagopalachari]] regarding the espousal of socialism as the Congress goal. Azad had backed the election of Nehru as Congress president, and supported the resolution endorsing socialism. In doing so, he aligned with Congress socialists like Nehru, Subhash Bose and [[Jayaprakash Narayan]]. Azad also supported Nehru's re-election in 1937, at the consternation of many conservative Congressmen. Azad supported dialogue with Jinnah and the Muslim League between 1935 and 1937 over a Congress-League coalition and broader political co-operation. Less inclined to brand the League as obstructive, Azad nevertheless joined the Congress's vehement rejection of Jinnah's demand that the League be seen exclusively as the representative of Indian Muslims.

==== Quit India Movement ====
{{Main|Quit India Movement}}

In 1938, Azad served as an intermediary between the supporters of and the Congress faction led by Congress president Subhash Bose, who criticised Gandhi for not launching another rebellion against the British and sought to move the Congress away from Gandhi's leadership. Azad stood by Gandhi with most other Congress leaders, but reluctantly endorsed the Congress's exit from the assemblies in 1939 following the inclusion of India in World War II. Nationalists were infuriated that Viceroy Lord Linlithgow had entered India into the war without consulting national leaders. Although willing to support the British effort in return for independence, Azad sided with Gandhi when the British ignored the Congress overtures. Azad's criticism of Jinnah and the League intensified as Jinnah called Congress rule in the provinces as "Hindu Raj", calling the resignation of the Congress ministries as a "[[Day of Deliverance (India)|Day of Deliverance]]" for Muslims. Jinnah and the League's separatist agenda was gaining popular support amongst Muslims. Muslim religious and political leaders criticised Azad as being too close to the Congress and placing politics before Muslim welfare.<ref name="INC"/> As the Muslim League adopted a resolution calling for a separate Muslim state ([[Pakistan]]) in its session in [[Lahore]] in 1940, Azad was elected Congress president in its session in [[Ramgarh Cantonment|Ramgarh]]. Speaking vehemently against Jinnah's ''[[Two-Nation Theory]]''—the notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations—Azad lambasted religious separatism and exhorted all Muslims to preserve a united India, as all Hindus and Muslims were Indians who shared deep bonds of brotherhood and nationhood. In his presidential address, Azad said:

{{blockquote|"Full eleven centuries have passed by since then. Islam has now as great a claim on the soil of India as Hinduism. If Hinduism has been the religion of the people here for several thousands of years, Islam also has been their religion for a thousand years. Just as a Hindu can say with pride that he is an Indian and follows Hinduism, so also we can say with equal pride that we are Indians and follow Islam. I shall enlarge this orbit still further. The Indian Christian is equally entitled to say with pride that he is an Indian and is following a religion of India, namely Christianity."<ref name="INC"/>}}
[[File:Gandhi, Patel and Maulana Azad Sept 1940.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Azad, Patel and Gandhi at an AICC meeting in Bombay, 1940.]]

In face of increasing popular disenchantment with the British across India, Gandhi and Patel advocated an all-out rebellion demanding immediate independence. Azad was wary and sceptical of the idea, aware that India's Muslims were increasingly looking to Jinnah and had supported the war. Feeling that a struggle would not force a British exit, Azad and Nehru warned that such a campaign would divide India and make the war situation even more precarious. Intensive and emotional debates took place between Azad, Nehru, Gandhi and Patel in the Congress Working Committee's meetings in May and June 1942. In the end, Azad became convinced that decisive action in one form or another had to be taken, as the Congress had to provide leadership to India's people and would lose its standing if it did not.

Supporting the call for the British to "[[Quit India]]", Azad began exhorting thousands of people in rallies across the nation to prepare for a definitive, all-out struggle. As Congress president, Azad travelled across India and met with local and provincial Congress leaders and grass-roots activists, delivering speeches and planning the rebellion. Despite their previous differences, Azad worked closely with Patel and Dr. Rajendra Prasad to make the rebellion as effective as possible. On 7 August 1942 at the [[Gowalia Tank]] in Mumbai, Congress president Azad inaugurated the struggle with a vociferous speech exhorting Indians into action. Just two days later, the British arrested Azad and the entire Congress leadership. While Gandhi was incarcerated at the [[Aga Khan Palace]] in [[Pune]], Azad and the Congress Working Committee were imprisoned at a fort in [[Ahmednagar]], where they would remain under isolation and intense security for nearly four years. Outside news and communication had been largely prohibited and completely censored. Although frustrated at their incarceration and isolation, Azad and his companions attested to feeling a deep satisfaction at having done their duty to their country and people.<ref name="NDR">{{cite book|last=Nandurkar|title=Sardarshri Ke Patra (2)|page=390}}</ref>

Azad occupied the time playing [[contract bridge|bridge]] and acting as the referee in [[tennis]] matches played by his colleagues. In the early mornings, Azad began working on his classic Urdu work, the ''Ghubhar-i-Khatir''. Sharing daily chores, Azad also taught the Persian and Urdu languages, as well as Indian and world history to several of his companions. The leaders would generally avoid talking of politics, unwilling to cause any arguments that could exacerbate the pain of their imprisonment. However, each year on [[Republic Day (India)|26 January]], which was then considered ''Poorna Swaraj'' (Complete Independence) Day, the leaders would gather to remember their cause and pray together. Azad, Nehru and Patel would briefly speak about the nation and the future. Azad and Nehru proposed an initiative to forge an agreement with the British in 1943. Arguing that the rebellion had been mistimed, Azad attempted to convince his colleagues that the Congress should agree to negotiate with the British and call for the suspension of disobedience if the British agreed to transfer power. Although his proposal was overwhelmingly rejected, Azad and a few others agreed that Gandhi and the Congress had not done enough. When they learnt of [[Gandhi]] holding talks with [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] in [[Mumbai]] in 1944, Azad criticised Gandhi's move as counter-productive and ill-advised.<ref name="R2G">[[#Gandhi|Gandhi]], pp. 330–32</ref>

==== Partition of India ====
[[File:Congressmen.png|thumb|right|250px|At Wardha Railway Station:Maulana Azad, [[Acharya Kripalani]], [[Sardar Patel]], [[Subhash Bose]].]]
With the end of the war, the British agreed to transfer power to Indian hands. All political prisoners were released in 1946 and Azad led the Congress in the elections for the new [[Constituent Assembly of India]], which would draft India's constitution. He headed the delegation to negotiate with the [[1946 Cabinet Mission to India|British Cabinet Mission]], in his sixth year as Congress president. While attacking Jinnah's demand for [[Pakistan]] and the mission's proposal of 16 June 1946 that envisaged the partition of India, Azad became a strong proponent of the mission's earlier proposal of 16 May. The proposal advocated a federal system with a limited central government and autonomy for the provinces. The central government would have Defence, Foreign Affairs and Communication while the provinces would win all other subjects unless they voluntarily relinquished selected subjects to the Central Government. Additionally, the proposal called for the "grouping" of provinces on religious lines, which would informally band together the Muslim-majority provinces in the West as Group B, Muslim-majority provinces of Bengal and Assam as Group C and the rest of India as Group A. While Gandhi and others expressed scepticism of this clause, Azad argued that Jinnah's demand for Pakistan would be buried and the concerns of the Muslim community would be assuaged.<ref name="MEN">{{cite book|last=Menon|first=V. P.|author-link=V. P. Menon|title=Transfer of Power in India|page=235|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year= 1998|isbn=9788125008842}}</ref> Under Azad and Patel's backing,{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} the Working Committee approved the resolution against Gandhi's advice. Azad also managed to win Jinnah's agreement to the proposal citing the greater good of all Indian Muslims.<ref name=b1/>

Azad had been the Congress president since 1939, so he volunteered to resign in 1946. He nominated Nehru, who replaced him as Congress president and led the Congress into the interim government. Azad was appointed to head the Department of Education. However, Jinnah's ''[[Direct Action Day]]'' agitation for Pakistan, launched on 16 August sparked communal violence across India. Thousands of people were killed as Azad travelled across [[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]] to calm the tensions and heal relations between Muslims and Hindus. Despite Azad's call for Hindu-Muslim unity, Jinnah's popularity amongst Muslims soared and the League entered a coalition with the Congress in December, but continued to boycott the constituent assembly. Later in his autobiography, Azad indicated Patel having become more pro-partition than the Muslim League, largely due to the League's not co-operating with the Congress in the provisional government on any issue.<ref name=b1/>

Azad had grown increasingly hostile to [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]], who had described him as the "Muslim [[Lord Haw-Haw]]" and a "Congress Showboy."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Elephant, the Tiger and the Cellphone: Reflections on India in the Twenty-first Century|publisher=Penguin India|year=2007|isbn=9780670081455|last=Azad}}</ref><ref name="The man who stayed behind">{{cite news|title=The man who stayed behind|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/the-man-who-stayed-behind/article2275717.ece|work=The Hindu|date=11 November 2007|access-date=6 July 2015}}</ref> Muslim League politicians accused Azad of allowing Muslims to be culturally and politically dominated by the Hindu community. Azad continued to proclaim his faith in Hindu-Muslim unity:<ref name="Azad3">{{cite news|publisher=India Today, special millennium issue, January 2000 |author=Hasan, Mushirul |date=January 2000 |url=http://www.chowk.com/ilogs/53152/30306 |title=One hundred people who shaped India in the 20th century, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad – II |format=PHP |access-date=14 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122084847/http://www.chowk.com/ilogs/53152/30306 |archive-date=22 November 2008 }}</ref>
{{blockquote|"I am proud of being an Indian. I am part of the indivisible unity that is Indian nationality. I am indispensable to this noble edifice and without me this splendid structure is incomplete. I am an essential element, which has gone to build India. I can never surrender this claim."}}

Amidst more incidences of violence in early 1947, the Congress-League coalition struggled to function. The provinces of Bengal and [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] were to be partitioned on religious lines, and on 3 June 1947 the British announced a proposal to partition India on religious lines, with the [[List of Indian Princely States|princely states]] free to choose between either dominion. The proposal was hotly debated in the [[All India Congress Committee]], with Muslim leaders [[Saifuddin Kitchlew]] and [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] expressing fierce opposition. Azad privately discussed the proposal with Gandhi, Patel and Nehru, but despite his opposition was unable to deny the popularity of the League and the unworkability of any coalition with the League. Faced with the serious possibility of a civil war, Azad abstained from voting on the resolution, remaining silent and not speaking throughout the AICC session, which ultimately approved the plan.<ref name="PAR">[[#Gandhi|Gandhi]], p. 402</ref>

Azad, committed to a united India until his last attempt, was condemned by the advocates of Pakistan, especially the Muslim League.<ref name="Azad1"/>

=== Post-Independence career ===
[[File:Maulana_Azad_with_Rajendra_Prasad.jpg|thumb|Maulana Azad with [[Rajendra Prasad]] at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]], 1952]]
India's partition and independence on 15 August 1947 brought with it a scourge of violence that swept the Punjab, Bihar, Bengal, Delhi and many other parts of India. Millions of Hindus and Sikhs fled the newly created Pakistan for India, and millions of Muslims fled for [[West Pakistan]] and [[East Pakistan]], created out of [[East Bengal]]. Violence claimed the lives of an estimated one million people, almost entirely in Punjab. Azad took up responsibility for the safety of Muslims in India, touring affected areas in Bengal, Bihar, Assam and the Punjab, guiding the organisation of refugee camps, supplies and security. Azad gave speeches to large crowds encouraging peace and calm in the border areas and encouraging Muslims across the country to remain in India and not fear for their safety and security. Focusing on bringing the capital of Delhi back to peace, Azad organised security and relief efforts, but was drawn into a dispute with the [[Deputy prime minister]] and [[Home Minister]] Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel when he demanded the dismissal of Delhi's police commissioner, who was a [[Sikh]] accused by Muslims of overlooking attacks and neglecting their safety.<ref name="RS98">[[#Gandhi|Gandhi]], pp. 432–33</ref> Patel argued that the commissioner was not biased, and if his dismissal was forced it would provoke anger amongst Hindus and Sikhs and divide the city police. In Cabinet meetings and discussions with Gandhi, Patel and Azad clashed over security issues in Delhi and Punjab, as well as the allocation of resources for relief and rehabilitation. Patel opposed Azad and Nehru's proposal to reserve the houses vacated by Muslims who had departed for Pakistan for Muslims in India displaced by the violence.<ref name="RS98"/> Patel argued that a secular government could not offer preferential treatment for any religious community, while Azad remained anxious to assure the rehabilitation of Muslims in India, [[secularism]], religious freedom and equality for all Indians. He supported provisions for Muslim citizens to make avail of Muslim personal law in courts.<ref>[[#Gandhi|Gandhi]], pp. 502–05</ref>

Azad remained a close confidante, supporter and advisor to prime minister Nehru, and played an important role in framing national policies. Azad masterminded the creation of national programmes of school and college construction and spreading the enrolment of children and young adults into schools, to promote universal primary education. He was elected to the lower house of the [[Indian Parliament]], the [[Lok Sabha]] in 1952 from [[Rampur Lok Sabha constituency|Rampur Lok Sabha]] seat. In 1957 he re-contested Rampur and also dually contested the [[Gurgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Gurgaon Lok Sabha seat]] in Punjab (modern-day Haryana), where he won on both seats. Gurgaon had a significant Muslim [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo population]] making it a safe seat for Azad.

Azad supported Nehru's socialist economic and industrial policies, as well as the advancing social rights and economic opportunities for women and underprivileged Indians. In 1956, he served as president of the [[UNESCO]] General Conference held in Delhi. Azad spent the final years of his life focusing on writing his book ''India Wins Freedom'', an exhaustive account of India's freedom struggle and its leaders. About 30 of the pages of this book were published about 30 years after Azad's death in 1988 as per his own wish.<ref name="b398">{{cite web | last=Sarkar | first=Nilandry | title=Maulana Azad had sensed: Sardar Patel 'instigated' Nehru into accepting partition | website=Counterview | date=1958-02-22 | url=https://www.counterview.net/2020/08/when-maulana-azad-sensed-that-sardar.html | access-date=2024-11-10}}</ref>

As India's first Minister of Education, he emphasised on educating the rural poor and girls. As Chairman of the Central Advisory Board of Education, he gave thrust to adult literacy, universal primary education, free and compulsory for all children up to the age of 14, girl's education, and diversification of secondary education and vocational training.<ref name="HRD">[http://www.education.nic.in/Speeches/NED09.pdf Speech of Hon'ble Human Resource Minister on National Education Day 2009, Ministry of HRD, Government of India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007173930/http://www.education.nic.in/Speeches/NED09.pdf |date=7 October 2010 }}</ref>
Addressing the conference on All India Education on 16 January 1948, Maulana Azad emphasised,<ref name="HRD"/>
{{blockquote|We must not for a moment forget, it is a birthright of every individual to receive at least the basic education without which he cannot fully discharge his duties as a citizen.}}

He oversaw the setting up of the Central Institute of Education, Delhi, which later became the Department of Education of the [[University of Delhi]] as "a research centre for solving new educational problems of the country".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cie.du.ac.in/About_us/about.html |title=About us Central Institute of Education |access-date=1 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305114613/http://cie.du.ac.in/About_us/about.html |archive-date=5 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Under his leadership, the Ministry of Education established the first [[Indian Institute of Technology]] in 1951 and the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] in 1953.,<ref>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/about/genesis.html UGC Genesis] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106093012/http://www.ugc.ac.in/about/genesis.html |date=6 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php IIT Kharagpur, History] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813213137/http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php |date=13 August 2007 }}</ref> He also laid emphasis on the development of the [[Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore]] and the Faculty of Technology of the [[Delhi University]].<ref name="CABEAddress">[http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/12/29/12290101.htm Proceedings of the 19th meeting of The Central Advisory Board of Education, New Delhi on 15 and 16 March 1952 ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416231053/http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/12/29/12290101.htm |date=16 April 2009 }}</ref> He foresaw a great future in the [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IITs]] for India:<ref name="CABEAddress"/>{{blockquote|I have no doubt that the establishment of this Institute will form a landmark in the progress of higher technological education and research in the country.}}

== Literary works ==
Azad wrote many books including ''[[India Wins Freedom]]'', ''[[Ghubar-e-Khatir]]'', and ''Tazkirah Tarjumanul Quran'' (Urdu تذکرہ ترجمان القُران).

=== Ghubar-e-Khatir ===
{{Main|Ghubar-e-khatir}}
'''Ghubar-e-Khatir''' (''Sallies of Mind''), ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|غُبارِخاطِر}}}}) is one of the most important works of Azad, written primarily during 1942 to 1946 when he was imprisoned in [[Ahmednagar Fort]] in [[Maharashtra]] by [[British Raj]] while he was in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (now Mumbai) to preside over the meeting of [[Indian National Congress|All India Congress Working Committee]].<ref name="Azad1">
{{Cite book
| last =Azad
| first =Abul Kalam
| year =2010
| title =Ghubar-e-Khatir
| page =5,7
| place =New Delhi
| publisher =Sahitya Akademi
| isbn =978-81-260-0132-3
}}
</ref>

The book is basically a collection of 24 letters he wrote addressing his close friend Maulana Habibur Rahman Khan Sherwani. These letters were never sent to him because there was no permission for that during the imprisonment and after the release in 1946, he gave all these letters to his friend Ajmal Khan who let it published for the first time in 1946.

Although the book is a collection of letters but except one or two letters, all other letters are unique and most of the letters deal with complex issues such as existence of God,<ref name="Azad2">{{Cite book
| last =Azad
| first =Abul Kalam
| year =2010
| title =Ghubar-e-Khatir
| page =106
| place =New Delhi
| publisher =Sahitya Akademi
| isbn =978-81-260-0132-3
}}</ref> the origin of religions, the origin of music and its place in religion, etc.

The book is primarily an Urdu language book; however, there are over five hundred of couplets, mostly in Persian and Arabic languages. It is because, Maulana was born in a family where Arabic and Persian were used more frequently than Urdu. He was born in Mekkah, given formal education in Persian and Arabic languages but he was never taught Urdu.

It is often said that his book ''India Wins Freedom'' is about his political life and ''Ghubar-e-Khatir'' deals with his social and spiritual life.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 1460895|title = "Abul Kalam Azad and Pakistan" A Post-Bangladesh Reconsideration of an Indian Muslim's Opposition to Partition|journal = Journal of the American Academy of Religion|volume = 40|issue = 4|pages = 458–479|last1 = Douglas|first1 = Ian H.|year = 1972|doi = 10.1093/jaarel/XL.4.458}}</ref>

== Legacy and influence ==
[[File:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Tomb in Old Delhi near Chandni Chawk 04 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Abu Kalam Azad's tomb]]

The Ministry of Minority Affairs of the central Government of India set up the Maulana Azad Education Foundation in 1989 on the occasion of his birth centenary to promote education amongst educationally backward sections of the Society.<ref>[http://maef.nic.in/ Maulana Azad Education Foundation website]. Maef.nic.in. Retrieved on 7 December 2018.</ref> The Ministry also provides the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad National Fellowship, an integrated five-year fellowship in the form of financial assistance to students from minority communities to pursue higher studies such as M.Phil. and PhD<ref>[http://www.pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=56373 Shri Salman Khurshid Launches Maulana Abul Kalam Azad National Fellowship], Press Information Bureau, Government of India, 22 December 2009.</ref> In 1992 government of India honoured by giving posthumously [[Bharat Ratna]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/national-education-day-celebrated/article2627310.ece|title=National Education Day celebrated|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 November 2011|access-date=11 October 2015|location=Krishnagiri|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325010312/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/national-education-day-celebrated/article2627310.ece|archive-date=25 March 2014}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101107/spectrum/main4.htm|title=Visionary educationist|newspaper=The Tribune|date=7 November 2010|access-date=11 October 2015|author=Sharma, Arun Kumar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082928/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101107/spectrum/main4.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

Numerous institutions across India have also been named in his honour. Some of them are the [[Maulana Azad Medical College]] in New Delhi, the [[Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology]] in [[Bhopal]], the [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], Maulana Azad Centre for Elementary and Social Education (MACESE [[Delhi University]]), the [[Maulana Azad College]], [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies]], and [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]] in [[West Bengal]], [[Maulana Azad College of Engineering and Technology]] in [[Patna]], Bab – e – Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (Gate No. 7), Jamia Millia Islamia, a central (minority) university in [[New Delhi]], the Maulana Azad Library in the Aligarh Muslim University in [[Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh|Aligarh]] and [[Maulana Azad Stadium]] in [[Jammu]]. His home housed the [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies#Location|Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies]] earlier, and is now the Maulana Azad Museum.<ref name=MAMuseum>{{Cite web|url=http://makaias.gov.in/museum.html|title=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies --- Museum|website=makaias.gov.in|access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref> The National Education Day, an annual observance in India to commemorate the birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the first education minister of independent India, who served from 15 August 1947 until his death on 22 February 1958. The National Education Day of India is celebrated on 11 November every year in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pletcher |first=Kenneth |title=Abul Kalam Azad |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abul-Kalam-Azad |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref>

He is celebrated as one of the founders and greatest patrons of the Jamia Millia Islamia. Azad's tomb is located next to the [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]] in Delhi. In recent years great concern has been expressed by many in India over the poor maintenance of the tomb.<ref name="Azad1" /> On 16 November 2005 the [[Delhi High Court]] ordered that the tomb of Maulana Azad in New Delhi be renovated and restored as a major national monument. Azad's tomb is a major landmark and receives large numbers of visitors annually.<ref name="Tomb">{{cite news|publisher=Express News Service, Expressindia.com|date=17 November 2005|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=157538|title=Restore Maulana Azad's grave: HC|format=PHP|access-date=6 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204013900/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=157538|archive-date=4 December 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] referred to him as ''Mir-i-Karawan'' (the caravan leader), "a very brave and gallant gentleman, a finished product of the culture that, in these days, pertains to few".<ref name="Azad1"/> [[Mahatma Gandhi]] remarked about Azad by counting him as "a person of the calibre of Plato, Aristotle and Pythagorus".<ref name="HRD"/>

Azad was portrayed by actor [[Virendra Razdan]] in the 1982 biographical film, ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'', directed by [[Richard Attenborough]].<ref name=bulletin>{{cite news|title=Virendra Razdan dead|url=http://www.rrtd.nic.in/fbjune03.htm|work=[[The Deccan Herald]], [[The Free Press Journal]]|publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]] Bulletin on Film Volume XLVII No. 6|date=15 June 2003|access-date=28 November 2012}}</ref>

A television series, ''Maulana Abul Kalam Azad'', aired on [[DD National]] in the 1990s and starred [[Mangal Dhillon]] in the title role.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Mazahir Rahim |title=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad - Ep 1 |website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iwI703mG-68 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/iwI703mG-68 |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|date=21 April 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="dff">{{cite book|title=National Film Festival|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syhSS1-5RV4C|year=1993|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|page=125}}</ref> [[DD Urdu]] aired ''Seher Hone Tak'', a docudrama television series by Lavlin Thadani based on his life and political career, with [[Aamir Bashir]] portraying the role of Azad. It was later shortened and re-released as the film ''Aashiq-e-Vatan - Maulana Azad''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aashiq-e -Vatan Maulana Azad |url=https://in.explara.com/e/aashiq-e-vatan-maulana-azad |website=Explara.com |language=en}}</ref> ''Woh Jo Tha Ek Massiah Maulana Azad'', a 2019 biographical film about Azad was directed by Rajendra Gupta Sanjay and Sanjay Singh Negi, with Linesh Fanse playing the title role.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Purkayastha |first1=Pallabi Dey |title=Woh Jo Tha Ek Massiah Maulana Azad Movie Review {2.5/5} |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/woh-jo-tha-ek-massiah-maulana-azad/movie-review/67611583.cms |website=[[Times of India]] |date=18 January 2019}}</ref>

His birthday, 11 November is celebrated as [[National Education Day (India)|National Education Day]] in India.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/maulana-abul-kalam-azad-remembered-on-national-education-day/384587/|title=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad remembered on National Education Day|work=The Indian Express|date=12 November 2008|access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref>

'''Commemorative stamps''' released by [[India Post]] (by year):
<gallery>
File:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 1966 stamp of India.jpg|1966
File:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 1988 stamp of India.jpg|1988
File:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 2015 stamp of India.jpg|2015
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Cyrus the Great in the Quran|Cyrus the Great as Dhul-Qarnayn]], a theory proposed by Azad
* [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]], international cultural promotion organization founded by Azad

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Cited sources ==
* {{cite book| ref= Gandhi| last1 = Gandhi| given1 = R| date= 1990| title = Patel: A Life| publisher = Navajivan, [[Ahmedabad]]}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Pant|first=Vijay Prakash|date=2010|title=MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD: A Critical Analysis Life and Work|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42748956|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|volume=71|issue=4|pages=1311–1323|jstor=42748956|issn=0019-5510|ref=Pant 2010}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Qaiyoom|first=Nishat|title=Maulana Azad's Journalistic Crusade Against Colonialism|date=2012|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156263|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=73|pages=678–685|jstor=44156263|issn=2249-1937|ref=Qaiyoom 2012}}
* {{Cite book|last=Douglas|first=Ian Henderson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GwwAQAAIAAJ&q=maulana+azad+intellectual+biography|title=Abul Kalam Azad: An Intellectual and Religious Biography|date=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563279-8|language=en|ref=Douglas 1993}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* Ashraf, Muhammad Arslan. '' Why Partition of India?: Gandhi, Jinnah, Nehru, Azad - Congress and Muslim League'' (2016) [https://www.amazon.com/Why-Partition-India-Congress-Bangladesh-ebook/dp/B01M61BUA2/ online ], 20pp
* Maulana Azad's commentary on the [[Holy Qur'an]] – [https://web.archive.org/web/20110815065257/http://drsyedabdullatifquranictrust.org/books.html Tarjuman al-Quran]
* ''Die politische Willensbildung in Indien 1900–1960''; 1965 von Dietmar Rothermund
* ''Life and Works of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad'', from Ravindra Kumar, published by Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 1991
* ''Maulana Abul Kalam Azad'', by Mahadev Haribhai Desai
* ''The Educational Ideas of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad'', by G. Rasool Abduhu, published by Sterling Publishers, 1973
* ''India's Maulana Abul Kalam Azad'', by Abulkalam Azad, [[Syeda Saiyidain Hameed]], Mujib Rizvi, Sughra Mahdi, published by ''[[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]]'', 1990
* Maulana Azad ek Muttala by [[Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman]], ''Jawahar aur Azad'', Edited by Professor [[Abdul Qavi Desnavi]], Saifia College, Bhopal, 1990.
* Maulana Azad Aur Bhopal by [[Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman]], ''Fikro Nazar'' (Maulana Azad Number), [[Aligarh Muslim University]], Aligarh, 1989, p. 107–112.
* Maulana Azad: A Life [https://books.google.com/books?id=dUerzwEACAAJ], by [[S. Irfan Habib]], [[Aleph]], New Delhi, 2023.{{cite book |last1=Pattabhi |given1=Sitaramayya |year=1946 |title=Feathers & Stones "my study windows" |publisher=Padma Publications}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nandurkar |given1=G. M. |year=1981 |title=Sardar's letters, mostly unknown |publisher=Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Smarak Bhavan}}
* {{cite web |title=Brief sketch of life and thinking of Maulana Azad |work=Liveindia.com |url=http://www.liveindia.com/freedomfighters/5.html |access-date=26 November 2005 |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714165944/http://www.liveindia.com/freedomfighters/5.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=Life of Azad |work=CIS-CA |url=http://www.cis-ca.org/voices/a/azad-mn.htm |access-date=26 November 2005 |archive-date=19 April 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030419025158/http://www.cis-ca.org/voices/a/azad-mn.htm |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: The Odd Secularist |work=[[India Today]] |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/azad.html |access-date=6 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018153436/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/azad.html |archive-date=18 October 2006 |url-status=dead }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Maulana Abul Kalam Azad}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abul-Kalam-Azad Abul Kalam Azad] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* [http://www.pfmsscholarship.in/national-scholarship-portal/apj-abdul-kalam-scholarship/ APJ Abdul Kalam Scholarship] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430050140/https://www.pfmsscholarship.in/national-scholarship-portal/apj-abdul-kalam-scholarship/ |date=30 April 2019 }}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=lZf7YZOYn8oC&pg=PA60 Azad's Careers – Roads taken and roads not taken – Lineages of the Present: Ideology and Politics in Contemporary South Asia By Aijaz Ahmad]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=pMfpg66gIREC&pg=PA309 An Introduction to Abul Kalam Azad & collection of his quotes – Eminent Indian freedom fighters Vol2 Chapter 11 p. 310 By S.K. Sharma]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=W4OKaz5dzdYC&pg=PA325 Abu'l Kalam Azad, Chapter 44, pp. 325–333, Modernist Islam, 1840–1940: a sourcebook By Charles Kurzman]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121212074524/http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/education/20121116136906.htm National Education Day 2012 Celebrated at Sangam University Bhilwara Rajasthan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240126131108/https://audio.bhatkallys.com/audios/?q=&c=&s=abul-kalam-azad&t= Some Rare Speeches of Maulana Azad in the Audio Archives of Bhatkallys.com]

{{First Indian Cabinet}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Azad, Abul Kalam}}
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Bhawani Waghjai Temple, Terav

2026-01-31T05:12:06Z

DellCarone401: Put up a place

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Shree Bhawani Waghjai Temple, Terav
| image = Bhawani Waghjai Temple of Terav.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Shree Bhawani Waghjai Temple, Terav (Chiplun, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India)
| map_type = India Maharashtra
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra
| coordinates = {{coord|17.478520|73.537239|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}

| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Chiplun]]
| location = [[Terav]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Bhawani]]
| festivals= Navaratri, Sama, Chaitavali
| architecture = South
| temple_quantity = 1
| monument_quantity= 4
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 14 May 2003
| creator = Terav Villagers
| website = http://www.bhawaniaai.org
}}

The '''Shree Bhawani Waghjai Temple, Terav''' is a Hindu temple dedicated to the goddesses [[Bhawani (goddess)|Bhawani]] and [[Waghjai]]. It is located in village Terav, Taluka [[Chiplun]], Dist. [[Ratnagiri]], [[Maharashtra]]. The original temple was built circa 1860.<ref name=Bhawanaiaai>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhawaniaai.org|title=Bhawani Temple|publisher=Shri Kulaswamini Bhawani Waghjai Jirnoddhar Trust|accessdate=3 October 2013}}</ref>

Government of Maharashtra has declared this temple as one of the tourist places in Maharashtra.<ref>District Planning Commission, District Office, Ratnagiri. Letter Dated 23 August 2011. Letter No. ja.kra.niyojan/ratna/ka-8/paryatan/11-12/1586</ref>

This temple is 123 ft in length with a width of 76 ft on south side and 36 ft on north side. Height of foundation is 4 ft with internal height of 22 ft. Temple houses goddesses Bhawani, Waghjai, Kalkai and Navdurga along with Lord Shiv Shankar.<ref name=Bhawanaiaai/>

== History ==
The temple of Shree Bhawani Waghjai was built by ancestors 350 years back. It was first rebuilt in 1839. Over the years, temple underwent extensive wear and tear which made villagers to decides to build a new temple in its place.<ref name=Bhawanaiaai/>

== Temple Reconstruction ==
-In 2002, Terav Community decided to reconstruct the temple, and Shree Kulaswamini Bhawani Waghjai Trust was instituted. Everyone related to this village decided to contribute towards expenses of temple rebuilding. Those working in Cities contributed their one-month salary, retired people contributed their one month's pension, businessmen contributed their one-month income, farmers and workers contributed Rs. 1000 each. Temple reconstruction started on 14 May 2003, with the blessings of Bharati Maharaj, Aalandi.<ref name=Bhawanaiaai/>

== Temple Details ==
This temple is 123 ft in length with a width of 76 ft on south side and 36 ft on north side. Height of foundation is 4 ft with internal height of 22 ft. There are 4 sections in temple. These sections house various deities like Shree Bhawani, Shree Shiv Shankar, Navadurga, Waghjai and Kalkai. All four sections have carefully designed domes of South Indian styles. One dome has small statue of Shree Hanumant. Dome above statue of Goddess Bhawani is of 55 ft height from ground. Temple has large hall with a capacity of accommodating around 2000 people, with a balcony of 100 ft. Temple has two large doors of 40 ft. It also has various beautiful statues all around it.<ref name=Bhawanaiaai/>
[[File:Doors of Bhawani Wagjai Temple of Terav.jpg|thumb|480px|center|Doors of Bhawani Wagjai Temple of Terav]]

== Statue of Goddess Bhawani ==
Main statue of Goddess Bhawani is of 9 ft height and made of black stone. She has various weapons in her hand depicting killing of demon [[Mahishasura]].<ref name=Bhawanaiaai/>
[[File:Statue of Bhawani Aai at Terav.jpg|thumb|center|Statue of Bhawani Aai at Terav]]

== Navadurga ==
This is the only temple in [[Maharashtra]] where statues of all nine forms of Goddess [[Parvati]], popularly known as [[Navadurga]], are installed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Documentary of Bhawani Waghjai Temple, Terav on Z 24 Taas|url=http://zeenews.india.com/marathi/videos.aspx?vid=156302&page=6|work=Zee News|publisher=Z-24 Taas News Channel|accessdate=10 October 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Navadurga Statues at Bhawani Waghjai Temple, Terav.jpg|thumb|800px|center|Navadurga Statues at Bhawani Waghjai Temple, Terav, Chiplun, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra]]

== Outside Temple ==
This temple has 7 gardens with a big semicircular garden on east side. Temple also has large forest with big trees.<ref name=Bhawanaiaai/>
[[File:Garden in Front of Bhawani Waghjai Temple of Terav.jpg|thumb|480px|center|Garden in Front of Bhawani Waghjai Temple of Terav]]
[[File:Lat in front of Bhawani Waghjai Temple of Terav.jpg|thumb|480px|center|Lat in front of Bhawani Waghjai Temple of Terav]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ratnagiri district]]
[[Category:Chiplun]]

List of speakers of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly

2026-01-23T14:13:29Z

DellCarone401: Put up initial info added tags

{{Expand list|date=September 2024}} {{Short description|Presiding officer in Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Speaker
| body = Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
| incumbent = [[Tesam Pongte]]
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| insignia =
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Arunachal Pradesh|Seal of the state of Arunachal Pradesh]]
| acting = no
| incumbentsince =14 June 2024
| department = [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| style = [[The Honourable|The Hon’ble]] {{small|(formal)}} [[Mister|Mr. Speaker]] {{small|(informal)}}
| member_of = [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| reports_to = [[Government of Arunachal Pradesh]]
| residence = [[Itanagar]]
| appointer = Members of the [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| termlength = During the life of the vidhan Sabha (five years maximum)
| constituting_instrument = Article 93 of the [[Constitution of India]]
| formation = 15 August 1975
| first = [[Nokmey Namati]]
| deputy = [[Kardo Nyigyor]]
}}

The '''Speaker of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly''' is the presiding officer in [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].

== Powers and functions ==
Speaker and Deputy Speaker of [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] cannot be disqualified for being chosen. The Speaker can nominate or discharge any Member from any committee. The Speaker is the Chairman of Business Advisory Committee in [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARUNACHAL PRADESH LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/Arunachal/arunachal-w.pdf |website=Legislative Bodies in India}}</ref> The Speaker can adjourn the house when there is no quorum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Article 189(4) in The Constitution Of India 1949 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/688219/ |website=[[Indian Kanoon]]}}</ref>

== Election ==
The election of a Speaker is necessary when a new assembly is formed or if the office is vacant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE GOVERNMENT OF UNION TERRITORIES ACT, 1963 |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/GovernmentUnionterritoriesAct1963.pdf |website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]}}</ref> The election is held on a fixed date which is issued by the [[Governor of Arunachal Pradesh]]. The election is held before 3:30 PM.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RULES OF PROCEDURE AND CONDUCT OF BUSINESS SIXTH EDITION |url=http://cms.neva.gov.in/FileStructure_AR/Rules/202008261143100395_LEGISLATIVE_ASSEMBLY_ARUNACHAL_PRADESH.pdf |website=National eVidhan Application, Government of India}}</ref>

== List of Speakers ==
The Speakers of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly are :-<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARUNANACHAL PRADESH LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/arunachal.htm |website=Legislative Bodies in India}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Speakers">{{cite news |date=2023 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Speakers |url=https://nlcbharat.org/arunachal-pradesh-speakers/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530174850/https://nlcbharat.org/arunachal-pradesh-speakers/ |archivedate=30 May 2025 |accessdate=30 May 2025 |publisher=NLC Bharat}}</ref>
==List of Speakers==
The following is a chronological list of official Speakers of the [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No. !! Name !! colspan="2" | Term of Office !! Party
|-
| 1 || Nokmey Namati || 1975 || 1978 || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 2 || [[Padi Yubbe]] || 1978 || 1979 || [[Janata Party]]
|-
| (1) || Nokmey Namati || 1979 || 1980 || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 3 || T. L. Rajkumar || 1980 || 1990 || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 4 || Lijum Ronya || 1990 || 1995 || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 5 || [[Tako Dabi]] || 1995 || 1998 || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 6 || [[Chowna Mein]] || 1998 || 1998 || [[Janata Dal]]
|-
| 7 || [[Tamiyo Taga]] || 1999 || 2003 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 8 || [[Setong Sena]] || 2003 || 2009 || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 9 || [[Wanglin Lowangdong]] || 2009 || 2014 || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 10 || [[Nabam Rebia]] || 27 May 2014 || 17 December 2015 || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| — || [[Tenzing Norbu Thongdok]] (Acting) || 17 December 2015 || 24 February 2016 || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 11 || [[Wangki Lowang]] || 25 February 2016 || 3 June 2019 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 12 || [[Pasang Dorjee Sona]] || 4 June 2019 || 13 June 2024 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 13 || [[Tesam Pongte]] || 14 June 2024 || ''Present'' || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

===Notes===
* As of January 2026, [[Tesam Pongte]] remains the presiding officer. He represents the Changlang North constituency.
* The current Deputy Speaker is [[Kardo Nyigyor]], who was also elected unopposed on 14 June 2024.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Speakers of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:Government of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lists of legislative speakers in India|A]]

List of Indian documentary filmmakers

2026-01-18T15:02:38Z

DellCarone401:

{{short description|None}}
{{morefootnotes|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

This is a list of notable [[documentary film]]makers from [[India]] arranged in alphabetical order.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.storypick.com/documentaries-by-indian-directors/|title = 14 Documentaries by Famous Indian Directors That You Need to Watch Right Now|date = 22 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.storypick.com/documentaries-on-india/|title=15 Documentaries You Have to Watch to Know India Better|date=9 October 2015}}</ref>
:{{Main article|:Category:Indian documentary filmmakers}}

{{TOC right}}

==A==
* [[A. K. Chettiar]]
* [[Aarti Shrivastava]]
* [[Akanksha Damini Joshi]]
* [[Amudhan R P]]
* [[Anand Patwardhan]]
* [[Anurag Singh (filmmaker)|Anurag Singh]]
* [[Anwar Jamal]]
* [[Aparna Sanyal]]
* [[Arun Chadha]]
* [[Ashvin Kumar]]
* [[Shah Alam (filmmaker)]]

==B==
* [[Bharat Bala]]
* [[Biju Toppo]]

==C==
* [[C. S. Venkiteswaran]]
* [[Chalam Bennurkar]]

==D==
* [[Debalina Majumder]]
* [[Deepika Narayan Bhardwaj]]
* [[Dinanath Gopal Tendulkar]]
* [[Dr.Shri Prakash Baranwal]]
* [Divya Bharathi]

==E==
* [[Ezra Mir]]

==F==
* [[Faiza Ahmad Khan]]
* [[Farha Khatun]]

==G==
* [[Gauhar Raza]]
* [[George Thengummoottil]]
* [[Goutam Ghose]]
* [[Sonali Gulati]]

==H==
* [[Harjant Gill]]

==J==
* [[Jagat Murari]]

==K==
* [[Kartiki Gonsalves|Kartiki Gonsalvus]] ([[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] Winner for best short documentary)
* [[Kalyan Varma]]
* [[KP SASI|K P SASI]]
* [[K. Bikram Singh]]
* [[K. M. Chaitanya]]
* [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]

==L==
*[[Lalit Vachani]]
*[[Leena Manimekalai]]

==M==
* [[M. F. Husain]]
* [[Maga.Tamizh Prabhagaran]]
* [[Mainak Bhaumik]]
* [[Mazhar Kamran]]
* [[Mike Pandey]]
* [[Mira Nair]]
* [[Meghnath]]
* [[Mujibar Rahaman]]
* [[Munmun Dhalaria|Munmun Dalaria]]

==N==
* [[Nakul Singh Sawhney]]
* [[Nandan Saxena]]
* [[Nisha Pahuja]]
* [[Nishtha Jain]]
* [[Nirmal Baby Varghese]]

==P==
* [[Pan Nalin]]
* [[Payal Kapadia (filmmaker)|Payal Kapadia]]
* [[Pankaj Butalia]]
* [[Paromita Vohra]]
* [[Prakash Jha]]
* [[Parvez Sharma]]
* [[Pavel (film director)]]
*[[Pranab Kumar Aich]]

==Q==
* [[Qaushiq Mukherjee]]

==R==
* [[Raja Sen]]
* [[Rajesh S. Jala]]
* [[Rajesh Touchriver]]
* [[Rakesh Sharma (filmmaker)]]
* [[Ritu Sarin]]
* [[Rintu Thomas]]
* [[Ramon Chibb]]
* [[Rituparno Ghosh]]
* [[Ritwik Ghatak]]
* [[Renu Negi]]

==S==
* [[Sandesh Kadur]]
* [[Shiny Benjamin]]
* [[Saba Dewan]]
* [[Sanjay Kak]]
* [[Sathish Kalathil]]
*[[Satyaprakash Upadhyay]]
* [[Shashwati Talukdar]]
* [[Shriprakash Prakash]]
* [[Shaunak Sen]]
* [[Shekar Dattatri]]
* [[Sonali Gulati]]
* [[Sridhar Rangayan]]
* [[Stalin K]]
* [[Sushmit Ghosh]]
* [[Shyam Benegal]]

==T==
* [[Tarun Majumdar]]

==V==
* [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]
* [[Vijaya Mulay]]
* [[Vinay Shukla]]
* [[Varrun Sukhraj]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/list/ls050534344/ The Best Film Directors of Indian Cinema]
* [https://asiatimes.com/article/women-documentary-filmmakers-provide-rare-insight-into-indian-society/ Women documentary filmmakers]
{{Expand list|date=January 2018}}

[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian film directors|documentary]]
[[Category:Documentary film-related lists|Indian filmmakers]]

Triumph of Labour

2026-01-04T04:12:39Z

DellCarone401: cleaned up citations further and updated info

{{Short description|Statue at the Marina Beach, Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox artwork
| image_file = Chennai LabourStatue Closeup.jpg
| caption =
| image_size = 200px
| title = Triumph of Labour
| alt =
| artist = [[D. P. Roy Choudhury|Debi Prasad Roy Chowdhury]]
| year = {{start date|1959|df=yes}}
| type = [[Statue]]
| material = [[Bronze]]
| height_metric =
| height_imperial =
| metric_unit = m
| imperial_unit = ft
| city = [[Marina Beach]], [[Chennai]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13.064118|80.283714|display=title}}
}}

The '''''Triumph of Labour''''', also known as the Labour statue, is a statue at the [[Marina Beach]], [[Chennai]], India. Erected at the northern end of the beach at the [[Anna Square (Chennai)|Anna Square]] opposite [[University of Madras]], it is an important landmark of Chennai. The statue shows four men toiling to move a rock, depicting the hard work of the labouring class. It was sculpted by [[D. P. Roy Choudhury|Debi Prasad Roy Chowdhury]]. The statue is the earliest one to be erected on the beach<ref name="TheHindu_AStroll">{{cite news
| last = Srikanth
| first = R.
| title = A stroll could be a learning experience too
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 30 October 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/article2581222.ece
| access-date = 1 February 2012}}</ref> and is installed close to the site where the country's first commemoration of [[International Workers' Day|May Day]] was held. The statue was installed on the eve of the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] in 1959, as part of the [[Kamaraj]] government's drive to beautify the beach. The statue remains the focal point of May Day celebrations in the city.<ref name="After85Years">{{cite news
| last = Krishnan
| first = Ananth
| title = Even after 85 years, the demands remain the same
| location = Chennai
| date = 2 May 2008
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/02/stories/2008050252830500.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080505073531/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/02/stories/2008050252830500.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 5 May 2008
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 1 Feb 2012}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Triumph of Labour at Marina Beach.jpg|left|thumb|190px|The ''Triumph of Labour'' statue]]

On a summer evening in May 1923, [[Malayapuram Singaravelu|M. Singaravelu]], a [[Labour movement|labour union]] leader, conducted a meeting at the Marina Beach near [[Triplicane]], calling for recognition of workers' rights, and [[Pledge of Allegiance|pledged]] to create a [[political party]] to represent the rights of labourers, which was India's first ever May Day rally.<ref name="After85Years"/> To commemorate this, the Labour statue, depicting an inspiring posture of a team of [[Laborer|labourers]] engrossed at arduous work, was [[Sculpture|sculpted]] by [[D. P. Roy Choudhury|Debi Prasad Roy Chowdhury]], who was the first Indian principal of the then [[Government College of Fine Arts, Chennai|Government of Madras School of Arts and Crafts]] (what is today the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu Government]] College of Fine Arts)<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Sriram
| first = V.
| title = Historic Residences in Chennai – 16
| journal = Madras Musings
| volume = XVIII
| issue = 25
| date = 16–30 April 2009
| url = http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2025/historic_residences_of_chennai_16.html
| access-date = 1 Feb 2012}}</ref> and was erected on 25 January 1959, unveiled by the then [[Governor of Madras]], [[Bishnuram Medhi]].{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

Roy Chowdhury was not fixated on one or two particular models, but rather relied on multiple models to bring his artistic vision to life. Therefore, the importance of any one model in the creation of the statue should not be overemphasized.
[[File:Triumph of Labour statue.jpg|thumb|Plaque on the Triumph of Labour statue]]

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Marina Beach]]

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:Outdoor sculptures in Chennai]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Chennai]]
[[Category:Labour in India]]
[[Category:Labor monuments and memorials]]
[[Category:Sculptures of men in India]]
[[Category:1959 sculptures]]

Odisha Maritime Board

2025-11-27T09:23:59Z

DellCarone401: started a bio

#REDIRECT [[Ports in Odisha]]

Kanpur Bridge Left Bank railway station

2025-11-08T16:23:44Z

DellCarone401: small fix

{{Short description|Railway station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}{{More citations needed|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] Kanpur Bridge Left Bank
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| address =
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = 
| map_type = India#India Uttar Pradesh
| owned =
| operator =
| line =
| distance =
| platforms =
| tracks =
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| accessible =
| code =
| zone =
| website =
| opened = 
| closed = 
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services =
| other_services =
}}
'''Kanpur Bridge Left Bank''' is a small railway station in [[Shuklaganj]], in the [[Unnao district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kanpur Bridge Left Bank (CPB) Railway Station |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/kanpur-bridge-left-bank-cpb |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=RailYatri}}</ref> It lies on the [[Kanpur]]–[[Lucknow]] line in the [[Northern Railway zone]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 2025 |title=Over 100 Trains Cancelled Till April, Several Routes Affected Due To Track Upgradation At Kanpur Bridge |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/railways-trains-cancellations-track-upgradation-kanpur-enn25031704129 |access-date=2025-11-08 |work=ETV Bharat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2025 |title=Lko-Knp train ops disrupted |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lko-knp-train-ops-disrupted/articleshow/121981989.cms |access-date=2025-11-08 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It comes after the Ganges bridge has been crossed. Only a few trains such as LKM (Lucknow–Kanpur MEMU), a type of local train halts for only 1 or 2 minutes or some Express train halts for some special reason or has to be given a pass.

Other than the Passenger trains between Kanpur and Lucknow; the Passenger trains running between Kanpur Central and Raebareli Junction and Kanpur Central to Balamau Junction also halts here. Also the Lucknow Junction to Kasganj Passenger and Lucknow Charbagh to Jhansi Passenger are among the trains halting here.

There are nearly 20 trains halting here per day as per railway schedule.

This station has two platforms, one for Kanpur–Unnao line and other for Unnao–Kanpur line.
The platform for Kanpur–Unnao line is well raised and sheltered and with a ticket window present at this side.

It lacks the facilities of water and foot overbridge for going from one platform to another.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|26.4768|80.3790|region:IN_type:railwaystation|display=inline}}

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Unnao district]]
[[Category:Lucknow NR railway division]]

{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Alipurduar Government Engineering and Management College

2025-11-04T23:00:29Z

DellCarone401: Put up new bio...

{{Short description|Engineering college}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Alipurduar Government Engineering and Management College (AGEMC)
| former_name =
| other_name = Alipurduar Engineering College
| image = Alipurdurarcollee.png
| image_size = 300px
| caption =
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes| 2023}}
| founder = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| accreditation = [[AICTE|All India Council for Technical Education]]
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[Engineering]] [[college]]
| address =
| city = Chhipra, Kamakhyaguri, [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India {{flagicon|India}}
| postcode = 736206
| coordinates = {{coord|26.4965415|N|89.6982676|E|type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| campus = [[college town|Remote Town]] {{Convert|18.45|acre|ha}}
| campus_size =
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| colors = {{color box|navy}} {{color box|white}} {{color box|Brown}}
| affiliation = [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology|WBUT]]
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology|MAKAUT]]|[[AICTE]]}}
| budget = {{INRConvert|55.30|c}} {{small|([[Fiscal year|FY]]2022–23 est.)}}
| principal = Dr. Sourish Sanyal (in charge)
| academic_staff =
| students = 540+ ({{small|2025}})<ref name="totalugstudents2023">{{cite web |title=TotalUGStudents2023 {{!}} AGEMC |url=https://admissions.nic.in/wbjeeb/Applicant/report/orcrreport.aspx?BoardId=134112321 |website=wbjeeb.nic.in |access-date=24 August 2023 }}</ref><ref name="totalugstudents2024">{{cite web |title=TotalUGStudents2024 {{!}} AGEMC |url=https://admissions.nic.in/wbjeeb/Applicant/report/orcrreport.aspx?boardid=134112421 |website=wbjeeb.nic.in |access-date=24 August 2024 }}</ref>
| website = {{URL|agemc.ac.in}}
| sports_nickname = AGEMCians
| logo =
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Alipurduar Government Engineering and Management College''' is a '''[[Public university|Public]]''' '''[[Engineering college]]''' in Kamakhyaguri, [[Alipurduar]], [[West Bengal]]. It was established in 2023 by the [[Government of West Bengal]], which is the first engineering college in [[Alipurduar district]]. The institution is regulated, operated and administered by the Government of West Bengal. Nearest town is [[Uttar Kamakhyaguri]]

It is a four-year undergraduate institution, which enrolls 180 students each year.<ref name="telegraphindia1">{{cite web |author1=Subhankar Chowdhury |title=New government engineering college in Alipurduar ready for students |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/new-government-engineering-college-in-alipurduar-ready-for-students/cid/1945909 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |publisher=The Telegraph India |access-date=20 June 2023 |location=Alipurduar |date=18 Jun 2023}}</ref> It offers 4 undergraduate ([[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech.]]) engineering degree courses affiliated to the [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]].<ref name="millenniumpost1">{{cite web |title=Alipurduar Govt Engineering & Management College approved by AICTE for 4 disciplines |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/alipurduar-govt-engineering-managementcollege-approved-by-aicte-for-4-disciplines-522627 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |publisher=Millenniumpost |access-date=20 June 2023 |location=Kolkata |date=19 Jun 2023}}</ref>

==History==
The construction of the infrastructure on the college campus started in 2018, and the construction of the primary infrastructure was completed in 2023. A fund of Rs.55.30 crore was provided for the construction work.<ref name="millenniumpost2">{{cite web |title=State to set up engg & management college at Alipurduar: Bratya |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/state-to-set-up-engg-management-college-at-alipurduar-bratya-500014?infinitescroll=1 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |publisher=Millenniumpost |access-date=20 June 2023 |location=Kolkata |date=23 November 2022}}</ref> The college received approval from [[All India Council for Technical Education]] in 2023. Classes started in the college from the academic year 2023–24.<ref name="telegraphindia1"/><ref name="timesofindia-indiatimes1"/>

==Campus==
Alipurduar's {{convert|18.45|acre}}<ref name="millenniumpost2"/> [[campus]] is in Chhipra, a village 19 kilometres (12 mi) east of Alipurduar city, and 6.8 km west of [[Uttar Kamakhyaguri]] . It is directly west of the [[Raidāk River|Raidak river]] and directly North of the [[National Highway 27 (India)|NH 27]]. The college has an administrative building, an academic building and three hostel buildings Queen – two for boys and one for girls. The academic building spread across of 3,447 square feet and the administrative building spread across of 1,667 square feet. The three hostel buildings can accommodate 480 students.<ref name="timesofindia-indiatimes1">{{cite web |author1=Poulami Roy |title=West Bengal's newest govt engineering college to start off with hottest topic: AI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bengals-newest-govt-engg-college-to-start-off-with-hottest-topic-ai/articleshow/101092636.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=The Times of India |access-date=20 June 2023 |location=Kolkata |date=19 Jun 2023}}</ref>

== Organization and administration ==

'''Departments of AGMEC'''
{| style="border:1px solid #ddd; background:#fefefe; padding:3px; margin:0; margin:auto;"
|
* '''[[Computer science and engineering|Computer Science & Engineering]]'''
|
* '''[[Artificial intelligence|Artificial Intelligence]]'''
|
* '''[[Electronics and Communication Engineering]]'''
|
* '''[[Electrical engineering|Electrical Engineering]]'''
|}

==Academics and programs==
Alipurduar Government Engineering and Management College(AGEMC) offers instruction in the engineering and management disciplines and awards the [[Bachelor of Technology]] degree. The college offers 4 undergraduate (B.Tech.) engineering degree courses: [[Artificial intelligence]], [[Computer science and engineering|Computer Science and engineering]], [[Electrical engineering]], and [[Electronics and Communication engineering]].<ref name="millenniumpost1"/><ref name="timesofindia-indiatimes1"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Alipurduar district]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2023]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in West Bengal]]

Sastra Robotics

2025-10-23T16:29:38Z

DellCarone401: creating basic entry from scratch

{{Short description|Indian Robotics company}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
'''Sastra Robotics''' (SGBI - Sastra Global Business Innovation) is a multinational robotics & AI company based out of [[Kochi]] that makes AI [[test automation]] solution for different industries. Established in 2013 <ref>{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://sastrarobotics.com/about-us/ |website=Sastra Robotics |access-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210411093144/https://sastrarobotics.com/about-us/ |archive-date=11 April 2021}}</ref> as Sastra Robotics in Kochi India. The company expanded globally in 2021, setting up headquarters in Sunnyvale, California, with subsidiaries in the United Kingdom and India.

== History ==
SGBI was founded as Sastra Robotics in 2013 at the Kochi Startup Village by Aronin Ponnappan, Achu Wilson, and Akhil Asokan. Kamath Raveendranath, CFO of Next Education India and Amitava Roy, former COO of Tech Mahindra are some of its investors and advisors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bwdisrupt.businessworld.in/article/8-Startups-That-Have-Created-A-Buzz-In-Robotics-Industry/25-10-2016-107323/|title=8 Startups That Have Created A Buzz In Robotics Industry|first=Azkar Uddin|last=Khan|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/nov/24/latest-innovations-in-start-up-world-1541919.html|title=Latest innovations in start-up world|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/small-business/news-india-becomes-a-leading-hub-for-robotics-start-up-investment-7089|title=India becomes a leading hub for robotics start-up investment|date=16 October 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bwdisrupt.businessworld.in/article/AVISHKAR-An-Accelerator-Programme-Invites-Applications-for-Its-Third-Batch/26-12-2016-110313/|title=AVISHKAR An Accelerator Programme Invites Applications for Its Third Batch|first=BW Online|last=Bureau|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=www.ETtech.com |date=22 February 2016 |title=How startups like Carbon Clean and Sastra Robotics are bringing science fiction down to earth - ETtech |url=http://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/startups/how-startups-like-carbon-clean-and-sastra-robotics-are-bringing-science-fiction-down-to-earth/51086729 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226081947/http://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/startups/how-startups-like-carbon-clean-and-sastra-robotics-are-bringing-science-fiction-down-to-earth/51086729 |archive-date=2016-02-26 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sastrarobotics.com/about-us/|title=About Sastra Robotics - High End Industrial Robotics Technologies|publisher=}}</ref> In 2017, the company received the TiE50 Award<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-12 |title=Kochi-based Sastra Robotics receives coveted TiE50 Award in US |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/May/12/kochi-based-sastra-robotics-receives-coveted-tie50-award-in-us-1603951.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> from [[TiE Silicon Valley]] for innovations in robotics. It was selected for [[TiE|The Indus Entrepreneurs]]' AnthahPrerana accelerator program and the [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad]]'s accelerator program, Avishkar.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shaikh |first=Shadma |date=24 June 2016 |title=Sastra Robotics - building robots one limb at a time |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/sastra-robotics-building-robots-one-limb-at-a-time/articleshow/52893288.cms |access-date=27 June 2017 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> In 2019, Sastra Robotics signed<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-21 |title=Kochi-based startup inks MoU with Lockheed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kochi-based-startup-inks-mou-with-lockheed/articleshow/70311780.cms |access-date=2025-03-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with [[Lockheed Martin]] for avionics testing solutions and received the COSIDICI National Award for technological innovation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About SGBI {{!}} Robotic Testing Automation with a Global Reach |url=https://sgbi.us/about/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2021, it was listed under the Indian Innovation Growth Program (IIGP)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-08 |title=16 startups picked for advanced training under IIGP 2.0 |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/macro/india-innovation-growth-programme-picks-16-winners-for-2018/102238 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> for its work in AI-driven robotics. In 2022, it entered a partnership with [[Bosch (company)|BOSCH]] through the DNA Accelerator Program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Success Stories |url=https://www.bosch-softwaretechnologies.com/en/our-company/about-us/dna-nxt-start-up-alliance-program%E2%80%8B/success-stories/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Bosch Global Software Technologies PVT LTD |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, SGBI signed an agreement to export 150 robots for a public sector department in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-08 |title=Kerala startup to export 150 robots to UK firm |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-startup-to-export-150-robots-to-uk-firm/articleshow/103488755.cms |access-date=2025-03-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2024, SGBI announced an investment of $8 million<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-12 |title=Kochi-based robotics firm to invest £8 million in UK |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/kochi-based-robotics-firm-to-invest-8-million-in-uk/article69321897.ece |access-date=2025-03-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> in the UK to support research and development and expand its European operations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=BL Kochi |date=2025-03-12 |title=Kerala robotics firm SGBI to invest £8 million in UK |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/kerala-robotics-firm-sgbi-to-invest-8-million-in-uk/article69321153.ece |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.sgbi.us Official website]

[[Category:Technology companies of India]]
[[Category:Robotics companies]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 2013]]

Chikkapadasalgi

2025-08-12T22:45:19Z

DellCarone401: Stub

{{short description|Village in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chikkapadasalgi
| native_name = ಚಿಕ್ಕಪದಸಾಲಗಿ
| native_name_lang = kn
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Karnataka
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Bagalkot
| subdivision_type3 = Taluka
| subdivision_name3 = Jamkhandi
| government_type = Panchayat
| governing_body = Chikka-Padasalgi Gram Panchayat
| leader_title = Sarpanch
| leader_name =
| area_total_km2 = 12.24
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4150
| population_as_of = 2011
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 587301
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
}}
'''Chikkapadasalgi''' is a village in [[Jamakhandi|Jamkhandi]] taluka, [[Bagalkot district]], [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-23 |title=Congress President Rahul Gandhi to go heli-hopping on second leg of Karnataka yatra |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/Feb/23/congress-president-rahul-gandhi-to-go-heli-hopping-on-second-leg-of-karnataka-yatra-1777623.html |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It is managed by the Chikka-Padasalgi Gram Panchayat, a rural local body within the Jamkhandi Panchayat Samiti, which is part of the Bagalkot Zila Parishad. It governs two villages and is further divided into 18 wards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gram Panchayat (ग्राम पंचायत): CHIKKABAGEWADI |url=https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayat-chikkabagewadi-215734#:~:text=Overview,Bylahongal%20has%20total%206%20schools. |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=localbodydata.com}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The village covers an area of 1,224.02 hectares. It is located 18 kilometers from [[Jamakhandi|Jamkhandi]], the sub-district headquarters, and 95 kilometers from Bagalkot, the district headquarters. Jamkhandi is the nearest town for the village and supports its main economic activities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chikkapadasalgi Village Population - Jamkhandi - Bagalkot, Karnataka |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/598469-chikkapadasalgi-karnataka.html |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== Administration ==
Chikkapadasalgi is governed under the Indian Constitution and the Panchayati Raj Act. The village is led by a [[Sarpanch]], an elected head of the village.<ref name=":0" />

== Population ==
As of the 2011 Census, Chikkapadasalgi has a population of 4,150 people. This includes 2,096 males and 2,054 females. The village has 810 households.<ref name=":0" />

== Chikkapadasalgi dam ==
The village is also known for the [[Shrama Bindu Sagar]] Dam, popularly known as the Chikkapadasalgi dam,<ref>{{Cite web |date=1989-03-15 |title=Karnataka farmers raise Rs 50 lakh to build their own dam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19890315-karnataka-farmers-raise-rs-50-lakh-to-build-their-own-dam-815864-1989-03-14 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> which was constructed in 1989 across the [[Krishna River]] near Jamkhandi town. The dam was built entirely by local farmers under the leadership of [[Siddu Nyamagouda]], a local leader who later became a Union Minister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-28 |title=Jamkhandi: A clash befitting the royals is on |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/281018/jamkhandi-a-clash-befitting-the-royals-is-on.html |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka: Congress MLA Siddu Nyamagouda who built the first private dam is no more |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/karnataka-congress-mla-siddu-nyamagouda-who-built-the-first-private-dam-is-no-more/articleshow/64360169.cms |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> The dam has a storage capacity of 4.3 TMC (thousand million cubic feet) of water and provides irrigation to about 70,000 acres of agricultural land in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-07-02 |title=Shrama Bindu Sagar is a marvel of water management |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/karnatka/shrama-bindu-sagar-is-a-marvel-of-water-management/articleshow/47906913.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A barrage of politics |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/a-barrage-of-politics/articleshow/51916796.cms |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bagalkot district]]

Bhadohi Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T04:48:51Z

DellCarone401: Put up post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhadohi
| map_image = 392-Bhadohi.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bhadohi district|Bhadohi]]
| constituency_no = 392
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 4,29,201
| mla = Zahid Baig
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
}}
'''Bhadohi''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Bhadohi in the [[Bhadohi district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Bhadohi is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Bhadohi Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Bhadohi Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/Bhadohi.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Banshidhar Pandey
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|H. Ram
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" |Ram Nihor
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Mithai Lal
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Banwari Ram
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Mool Chand
|style="background-color: {{party color|Lokdal}}" |
|[[Lokdal]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Purnmasi Pankaj
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Mewa Lal Bagi
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Purnmasi Pankaj
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Dinanath Bhaskar]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Archana Saroj
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|2009^
|Madhubala
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Zahid Baig
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Ravindra Nath Tripathi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|Zahid Baig
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhadohi<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023|url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Zahid Baig
|votes = {{formatnum:100738}}
|percentage = 40.24
|change = +7.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ravindra Nath Tripathi
|votes = {{formatnum:95853}}
|percentage = 38.29
|change = +5.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Harishankar (Dada Chauhan)
|votes = {{formatnum:40758}}
|percentage = 16.28
|change = -7.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Ravishankar
|votes = {{formatnum:3127}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Wasim Ansari
|votes = {{formatnum:2353}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2141}}
|percentage = 0.86
|change = +0.51
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4885}}
|percentage = 1.95
|change = +1.49
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:250365}}
|percentage = 58.33
|change = +0.68
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=2017 General Elections: Bhadohi<ref name="results2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022|url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ravindra Nath Tripathi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:79519}}
|percentage = 33.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Zahid Beg
|votes = {{formatnum:78414}}
|percentage = 32.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Rangnath Mishra]]
|votes = {{formatnum:56555}}
|percentage = 23.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Dr. R.K. Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:11433}}
|percentage = 4.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:830}}
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1105}}
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:239518}}
|percentage = 57.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|25.39|82.57|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bhadohi]]
[[Category:Bhadohi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Patnūlkarar

2025-07-19T00:41:16Z

DellCarone401: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Saurashtra people]]

Vadiwale Dam

2025-07-18T18:15:50Z

DellCarone401: creating a post v1

{{Infobox dam
| name = Vadiwale Dam
| image =
| image_caption =
| name_official = Vadiwale Dam D03047
| dam_crosses = Kundali river
| location = Maval
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]]
| dam_length = {{convert|485.64|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|29|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume = {{convert|8.73|km3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 1999<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Vadiwale_D03047 | title=Vadiwale D03047 | accessdate=March 26, 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|30390|km3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|3558|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map = India Maharashtra
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.824661|73.5100365|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Vadiwale Dam''', is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] dam on Kundali river near [[Maval]], [[Pune district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above its lowest foundation is {{convert|29|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|485.64|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|8.73|km3|abbr=on}} and gross storage capacity is {{convert|40870.00|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |title=Specifications of large dams in India |access-date=2011-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Purpose==
* Irrigation

==See also==
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Pune district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Padmanaban Gopalan

2025-07-06T22:58:57Z

DellCarone401: added new stub

{{short description|Indian social entrepreneur (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Padmanaban Gopalan
| birth_name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|04|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Salem, Tamil Nadu]], India
| alma_mater = [[Government College of Technology, Coimbatore|Government College of Technology, Coimbatore (GCT)]]
| occupation = Social entrepreneur
| website = {{url|https://padmanaban.in}}
| known_for = Waste Management, Social Entrepreneurship
| awards = Commonwealth Youth Award (2019), National Youth Award (2019), Chief Minister's State Youth Award (2017)
}}
'''Padmanaban Gopalan''' (born 13 April 1993) is an Indian social entrepreneur who works in the area of waste management, hunger, urban sanitation and development. He hails from [[Coimbatore]], Tamil Nadu,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Being-the-change-Stop-that-dumping/article14569735.ece|title=Being the change: Stop that dumping|last=Jeshi|first=K.|date=2016-08-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-05|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and is an ambassador of the Swaccha Bharat Abhiyaan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Civil-engineering-students-to-help-construct-toilets-in-households/articleshow/51034727.cms|title=Civil engineering students to help construct toilets in households|date=18 February 2016|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-05}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Born in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu]], Padmanaban completed his high school from St. John's matriculation in Salem itself and passed his intermediate from Sri Vidhya Mandir Uthangari. He further did his graduation in Bachelor of Production Engineering, [[Government College of Technology, Coimbatore]]. During his college days, Padmanaban started a Green Club and worked with other engineers to develop various products like alternative wood using sugarcane molasses and coconut shells; and mobile chargers using renewable sources of energy like solar and wind.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=R.|first=Geetha|title=Feeding The Needy A Case Study On 'No Food Waste Campaign|url=http://ijamtes.org/gallery/194.%20sept%20ijmte%20-%201031.pdf|journal=International Journal of Management, Technology and Engineering|issn=2249-7455}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Key initiatives ==

* '''[[No Food Waste]]:''' A tech based volunteer driven platform that recovers excess food and delivers it to the people in need.<ref name=":2" />
* '''Toilet First :''' A toilet construction-a-thon project with Municipality Corporation, Private companies and civil engineering students.<ref name=":1" />
* '''No Dumping :''' A project dedicated to collect segregated waste to be processed at a corporate premise. Also an app to measure the waste being generated in the city.<ref name=":0" />

== Awards and recognition ==

* International Visionary Award for 2015 from the Pollination Project of California<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ari-nessel/meet-a-visionary-padmanab_b_7853356.html|title=Meet a Visionary: Padmanaban Gopalan, the Robin Hood of Excess Food|date=2015-07-28|website=HuffPost India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-05}}</ref>
* Limca Book of Awards for the paperless event - a symposium in college<ref name=":1" />
* Chief Minister State Youth Award 2017<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/this-young-entrepreneur-makes-city-proud/articleshow/60078116.cms|title=This young Entrepreneur makes city proud|newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/desc.php?id=27|title=Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu|website=www.sdat.tn.gov.in|access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref>
* TEDx Coimbatore 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/21581|title=TEDxCoimbatore |website=TED |access-date=2019-06-05}}</ref>
* Commonwealth Youth Award Winner 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/winners-commonwealth-youth-awards-2019-announced|title=Winners of Commonwealth Youth Awards 2019 announced |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2019-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/indian-social-entrepreneur-wins-commonwealth-award-119031301051_1.html|title=Indian social entrepreneur wins Commonwealth award|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2019-03-13|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/feed-people-not-landfills/articleshow/68427465.cms|title='Feed people, not landfills'|date=15 March 2019|first=P.|last=Sangeetha|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/no-food-waste-founder-bags-commonwealth-award/article26548130.ece|title=No Food Waste founder bags Commonwealth award|author=Staff Reporter|date=2019-03-15|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-09-28|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201903140189.html|title=Nigeria's Osowobi Wins Commonwealth Youth Person of the Year 2019|date=2019-03-14|website=allAfrica.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yourcommonwealth.org/social-development/health-safety-wellbeing/indian-youth-wins-award-for-feeding-the-hungry/|title=Indian youth wins award for feeding the hungry |website=YourCommonwealth |access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref>
*Participant of UN Science, Technology and Innovation Forum<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/audio/2019/05/1038701|title=Young social entrepreneur in India turns wedding waste into meals for the needy|date=2019-05-17|website=UN News|language=en|access-date=2019-06-05}}</ref>
*National Youth Award for the year 2016-17 (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1581800|title=Shri Kiren Rijiju confers the National Youth Awards for excellent work and contribution in different fields of development and social service|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/honour-for-no-food-waste-founder/article29039326.ece|title=Honour for 'No Food Waste' founder|author=Staff Reporter|date=2019-08-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-09-28|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/aug/15/winning-without-waste-2019134.html|title=Winning without waste|website=The New Indian Express|date=15 August 2019 |access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.covaimail.com/?p=17619|title='No Food Waste' Founder wins the National Youth Award|last=CovaiMail|date=2019-08-14|website=The Covai Mail|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://simplicity.in//news-detail.php?nid=56844|title=Citys Padmanaban Gopalan conferred with Govt. of Indias prestigious National Youth Award for 2016-17 at New Delhi|website=simplicity.in|date=12 August 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref>
*TEDx SRMKattankulathur 2019<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Just I read-The spring of big change {{!}} Mr.Padmanaban Gopalan {{!}} TEDxSRMKattankulathur |publisher=TEDx Talks | date=4 October 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NcRDNA8eOc|language=en|access-date=2019-12-16 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://padmanaban.in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopalan, Padmanaban}}
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]

Surabhi Kamalabai

2025-06-26T08:12:20Z

DellCarone401: creating new post basic info

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}

'''Surabhi Kamalabai''' (1913–1977) was an Indian actress who worked in [[Telugu theatre]] and [[Telugu cinema]]. She has the distinction of being the first Telugu actress in a [[Sound film|talkie]] film with ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1932 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' (1932), directed by [[H. M. Reddy]]. She played the role of Leelavathi, the wife of Hiranyakasipa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/reliving-the-reel-and-the-real/article2271205.ece|title=Reliving the reel and the real|date=19 January 2017|first=M. L.|last=Narasimham|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=14 June 2019}}</ref> Since then she acted in about 30 films, including ''[[Savithri (1933 film)|Savitri]]'' (1933), ''[[Pathala Bhairavi]]'' (1951), ''[[Malliswari (1951 film)|Malliswari]]'' (1951), ''[[Illarikam]]'' (1959) and ''[[Velugu Needalu]]'' (1961).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0436395/|title=Surabhi Kamalabai|website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>

She belongs to the well esteemed [[Surabhi (theatre group)|Surabhi]] drama company, in which drama is not only a livelihood but a profession and an art form. There were about 50 drama families during the 1920s to 1950s in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. They toured different places, stayed for some time and gave a series of programmes in the nearby towns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/29/stories/2004032901060300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040501142217/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/29/stories/2004032901060300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 May 2004|title=Movie memories|date=29 March 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>

==Filmography==
[[File:Bhakta Prahlada 1931.jpg|thumb|right|''Bhakta Prahlada'' (1932), her debut film poster]]
# ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1931 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' (1931) as Leelavathi (debut)
# ''[[Sri Rama Paduka Pattabhishekam]]'' (1932) as Goddess [[Sita|Seetha]]
# ''[[Sakunthala (1932 film)|Sakuntala]]'' (1932/33) as [[Shakuntala|Sakuntala]]
# ''[[Prudhvi Putra|Pruthvi Putra]]'' (1933)
# ''[[Savithri (1933 film)|Savithri]]'' (1933)
# ''Shaher Ka Jadoo'' (1934) as Laila
# ''[[Veera Abhimanyu (1936 film)|Veera Abhimanyu]]'' (1936)
# ''Be Kharab Jan'' (1936)
# ''Do Diwane'' (1936)
# ''Draupadi Manasamrakshanam'' (1936)
# ''[[Bhakta Jayadeva]]'' (1938)
# ''[[Tukaram]]'' (1938)
# ''[[Bhookailas (1940 film)|Bhookailas]]'' (1940) as Vishnu Maya
# ''Patni'' (1942)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/patni-1942/article2580947.ece |title=Patni (1942) - Hyderabad |work=The Hindu |date=2011-10-30 |access-date=2016-12-01|last1=Narasimham |first1=M. L. }}</ref>
# ''[[Keelugurram]]'' (1949)
# ''[[Malliswari (1951 film)|Malliswari]]'' (1951)
# ''[[Patala Bhairavi]]'' (1951)
# ''Mangala'' (1951)
# ''Kathal'' (1952)
# ''Manavati'' (1952)
# ''Rohini'' (1953)
# ''Devadasu'' (1953)
# ''Vayyari Bhama'' (1953)
# ''[[Pelli Naati Pramanalu]]'' (1958)
# ''Mangalya Balam'' (1958)
# ''[[Jayabheri]]'' (1959)
# ''Illarikam'' (1959)
# ''[[Vagdanam]]'' (1961) as Bujjamma
# ''[[Velugu Needalu]]'' (1964)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamalabai, Surabhi}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu theatre]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Date of death missing]]

{{India-film-actor-1910s-stub}}

Government Khawzawl College

2025-06-15T21:41:46Z

DellCarone401: expanded content

{{Short description|College in Mizoram, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Khawzawl College, [[Khawzawl]]
| image =
| established =
| type = [[College]]
| city = [[Khawzawl]]
| state = [[Mizoram]]
| country = India
| campus = [[Rural area|Rural]]
| website = {{URL| https://www.gkzc.edu.in/}}
}}
'''Khawzawl College''' is an Indian college that was established on 4 March 1985 in [[Khawzawl]], [[Khawzawl district]] of [[Mizoram]]. The college is affiliated to [[Mizoram University]]. There were 18 students admitted in 2012–23.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mizoram college-ah mi 4,911 lut thar|url=http://www.vanglaini.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13072:mizoram-college-ah-mi-4911-lut-thar&catid=99:tualchhung&Itemid=2|work=Mizo Daily Vanglaini|accessdate=8 September 2012|archive-date=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810010718/http://www.vanglaini.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13072:mizoram-college-ah-mi-4911-lut-thar&catid=99:tualchhung&Itemid=2|url-status=dead}}</ref>
It was
affiliated to the [[North Eastern Hill University]] in 1999 and subsequently affiliated to Mizoram
university on 2006.The College was provincialized on 2007. The College was declared
Accredited
by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) on 2017 with C grade Status.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2022-2023|url=https://www.gkzc.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/ANNUAL-REPORT-2023.pdf|work=Government Khawzawl College}}</ref>
==Departments==
The college has departments of English, History, Education, Political science, Economics and Mizo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Departments|url=http://www.khawzawlcollege.in/dept-faculty|publisher=Khawzawl College|accessdate=8 September 2012|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808052854/http://www.khawzawlcollege.in/dept-faculty|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website| https://www.gkzc.edu.in/ }} {{dl|date=August 2020}}

{{Mizoram University}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Mizoram University]]
[[Category:Champhai district| ]]

{{Mizoram-university-stub}}

Mirjan Fort

2025-06-11T13:34:38Z

DellCarone401:

{{short description|Fort built by Rani Chennabhairadevi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = Mirjan Fort
| partof = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| location = [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| image = File:Mirjan Fort 02.JPG
| caption =
| map_type = Karnataka
| map_size = 250
| map_caption = Mirjan Fort
| type = Fusion of [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and [[Mughal Architecture]]
| coordinates = {{coord|14.4888|74.4175|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| code =
| built = Built in 16th century by [[Rani Chennabhairadevi]] and refurbished in 17th century
| builder =
| materials = [[Laterite]] [[rock (geology)|Stones]] and mud
| height =
| used =
| demolished =
| condition = [[Ruins]]
| open_to_public = Yes
| controlledby = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| garrison =
| current_commander =
| commanders =
| occupants =
| battles =
| events =
| image2 = [[File:Mirjan Fort, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka.JPG|frameless|Mirjan Fort, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka]]
| caption2 =
}}
The '''Mirjan Fort''' is located on the west coast of the [[Uttara Kannada district]] in the southern [[Indian state]] of [[Karnataka]]. The fort known for its architectural elegance has been the location of several battles in the past. It is about {{convert|0.5|km|mi}} from the [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] and {{convert|21|km|mi}} from [[Gokarna, India|Gokarna]], the famous [[Hindu]] pilgrimage centre on the west coast of India.<ref name= ASI>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_2005_karnataka.asp|title= Excavations - 2000-2005 – Karnataka|work= Fort, Mirjan, dt. Uttar Kannada|accessdate=2010-05-24|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India and National Informatics Centre}}</ref><ref name=Deccan>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/51493/miscellany.html|title=Miscellany|accessdate=2010-05-24|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=2010-05-24}}</ref>

According to the first historical version, [[Rani Chennabhairadevi]] of [[Gersoppa]] (under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]) was initially credited with building the Mirjan Fort in the 16th century. She ruled for 54 years and also lived in the fort.<ref name=Sarkar>{{Cite book|last=Sarkar|first= Jadunath|title= Shivaji and his times|pages=172–173|accessdate=2010-05-25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYFrgILWbIgC&dq=Mirjan+fort&pg=PA172|publisher= Orient Blackswan|year=1992|isbn=81-250-1347-4}}</ref><ref name=Tribute>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oktatabyebye.com/travelogues/805-KarnatakaslashTribute_to_Pepper_Queen_Mirjan_Fort.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612235752/http://www.oktatabyebye.com/travelogues/805-KarnatakaslashTribute_to_Pepper_Queen_Mirjan_Fort.html|url-status=dead|title= Tribute to Pepper Queen Mirjan Fort|accessdate=2010-05-25|publisher=Travelogues : oktatabyebye|date=2009-06-11|archive-date=12 June 2009 }}</ref><ref name=Queen>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/itihas/gersoppa_queen.htm|title= Queen of Gersoppa: Chennabhairadevi, Brave Ruler of Gersoppa (1552-1606 C.E)|accessdate=2010-05-25|publisher=Kamatpotporri|author=Jyotsna Kamat|date=2010-05-07}}</ref> During her reign, the port at Mirjan, which is {{convert|32|km|mi}} to the southeast of [[Karwar]], was used for shipping [[Black pepper|pepper]], [[Potassium nitrate|saltpetre]] and [[betel nut]] to [[Surat]]. Gersoppa, a district annexed to [[Bednur]], was famous for the pepper exported from this region. Consequently, the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] gave Chennabhairadevi the epithet "Rani, the Pepper queen" ("Rainha de Pimenta" in [[Portuguese Language|Portuguese]]).<ref name=Sarkar/><ref name=Tribute/><ref name=Queen/><ref name=Ramaswamy>{{cite news|last1=Ramaswamy|first1=Chitra|title=Where the pepper queen ruled|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/399154/where-pepper-queen-ruled.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=15 April 2014}}</ref>

==History==
There are many versions to the dating of this fort.
The first historical version the Mirjan Fort was built initially by a [[Nawayath]] asper Ibn_Battuta book this fort was first built by [[Nawayath Sultanate]]s early 1200, then it came under the Vijayanagara Empire. Then the fort was refurbished in 1608 ([[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) refers to its building over a period of 1608–1640) on the south east coastal part of the Tadri Creek.<ref name= ASI/><ref name=Deccan/><ref name = Naravane>{{Cite book|last= Naravane|first= M. S|title= The maritime and coastal forts of India|work= Mirjan|page=91|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k59aVCIlFB8C&dq=Suvarnadurg+Fort&pg=PP21|accessdate=2010-05-24|publisher= APH Publishing|year= 1998|isbn=81-7024-910-4}}</ref>

Another version that is traced to the period 1552–1606 is that the Mirjan Fort was built initially by Queen Chennabhairadevi. She was from the [[Tuluva]]-[[Saluva Dynasty|Saluva]] clan and ruled for a long period (for 54 years) under the protection of the Vijayanagara Empire (the queen preferred to be subordinate (''mahamandaleshwara'') of Vijayanagar rulers), as the queen of Gersoppa (a small town on the northern banks of the [[Sharavati River]]). She was given the epithet "the Pepper Queen or Raina da Pimenta'. She devoutly practiced [[Jainism]] and during her rule constructed many [[Jain]] [[basadi]]s. She ruled "in conformity with the doctrine of succession ''Aliyasantana'' or [[Matriarchal]], a tradition followed in coastal belt of [[Konkan]] and [[Kerala]]". Her domain covered North and South Kanara districts and south [[Goa]], which had important ports such as [[Malpe]], Bidnoor, Mirjan, [[Honnavar]], [[Ankola]] and [[Karwar]] from where the pepper, the most important produce of the region, was shipped to [[Continental Europe|Europe]]. However, she suffered reverses after the [[Battle of Talikota|Talikota war]] in which the Vijayanagar Empire was routed. She then shifted from Mirjan Fort to a safe location in an island in the middle of the [[Sharavathi River]].<ref name="Tribute"/><ref name="Queen"/>

According to another version, a [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]] noble Sherif-ul Mulk built this fort as a first line of defence to protect [[Kumta]] town and the Kumta fort located to its south. The fort was built or refurbished in 1608 ([[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) refers to its building over a period of 1608–1640) on the south east coastal part of the Tadri Creek.<ref name= ASI/><ref name=Deccan/><ref name="Naravane"/>

One more version is that the fort was under the rulers of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. After the fall of this empire, [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur sultans]] are stated to have captured the fort and Sharief-ul-mulk, the then governor of [[Goa]], is credited to have either built or refurbished the fort.<ref name=Deccan/> Mirjan was the location of their palace. In the 17th century, the [[Keladi]] dynasty, an independent principality then ruled the territory of [[Kanara]], south of Mirjan with their capital at Bednur. In 1676, Keladi queen Chennamma had captured this territory up to Mirjan.<ref name=Sarkar/>

In 1757, the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] had seized the Mirjan Fort. The event that led to the capture of the fort was due to the death of Basappa Naik, the last ruler of Bednur, in 1755. His wife had taken control, representing her 17-year-old adopted son, Chanbasaviah. Since her adopted son opposed her taking a "paramour", she got him murdered. This had resulted in a revolt by the agitated local people, and taking advantage of the situation the Marathas had captured the fort.<ref name=Duff>{{Cite book|last=Buff|first= James Grant|title=History of the Mahrattas|work=Conquest of Bednur|page=xii|accessdate=2010-05-25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AyPSHqAGa4C&dq=Mirjan+fort&pg=RA1-PR12|publisher= Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd|year=1971|isbn=81-7020-958-7}}</ref>

In the period between May 1783 and March 1784, the [[United Kingdom|British]], under the command of Major Torriano had captured the fort before proceeding to [[Honnavar]].<ref name=Karnatak>{{Cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ka'nara (2 pts.)|page=313|accessdate=2010-05-25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ug8IAQAAIAAJ&q=Mirjan+Fort|publisher= Govt. Central Press|year=1883}}</ref>

Chroniclers of History like De Barros, [[Duarte Barbosa|Barbosa]], Hamilton and Buchanan have recorded the history of the fort under the rule of [[Vijayanagara]] kings, under the name of Mergan. In 1720, Hamilton refers to its importance as a minor port that was used for export of pepper, [[Cinnamomum aromaticum|cassia]], saltpetre, and wild [[nutmeg]]. In 1801, Buchanan called the place a "Midijoy".<ref name=Deccan/>

==Geography==
The fort is located on the banks of the Aganashini River. The mouth of the river is {{convert|12|km|mi}} from the Mirjan village. It is in a creek on a bend of the river, known as the Tadri Creek. The fort is approached through a series of wide steps that lead to the interior of the fort.<ref name=Deccan/><ref name = Naravane/> Its location in Kumta taluk is {{convert|8|km|mi}} to the north of the [[Kumta|Kumta town]].<ref name=Sarkar/><ref name=Bhat>{{Cite book|last=Bhat|first=L.S.|author2=Chandrashekhar Dhundiraj Deshpande|title= Strategy for integrated area development: case study of North Kanara…|work=Note 8|page=28|accessdate=2010-05-25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WBsOcB0wtkIC&dq=Topography+of+Mirjan&pg=PA28| publisher= Concept Publishing Company|year=1988|isbn= 81-7022-198-6}}</ref>

The fort is located in the precincts of the Mirjan village (area {{convert|653.92|ha|acre}}), which is bounded between ({{coord|14.4687|N|74.4191|E}}) and ({{coord|14.5052|N|74.4446|E}}), near Kumta. The reported climatic conditions of the village reflect the conditions in the fort precincts as well. The area experiences a high humid climate all through the year. The recorded mean annual rainfall of {{convert|3521.7|mm|in}} is very high. The maximum temperature reported is {{convert|32.4|C|F}} in May and the minimum temperature recorded is {{convert|20.9|C|F}} during January. Laterite topography dominates the region.<ref name=village>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259493107|title=A Remote Sensing Approach for Establishing the Soil Physiographic Relationship in the Coastal Agro Eco system of North Karnataka|accessdate=2018-02-01}}</ref> Further, Mirjan has also been identified by "Forbes, 1783 (or. Mem. IV. 109), and by Renel, 1788 (Map of Hindustan", as Muziris of Ptolemy (150 A.D.) and Periplus (247 A.D.), then an important trading port on the west coast of India.<ref name=Muzuris>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/RATNAGIRI/places_Masure.html|title=Masure|accessdate=2010-05-26|publisher=Maharashtra Government}}</ref>

Mirjan, however, was spelt differently by the Portuguese chroniclers and in the maps of the 16th century, and the river flowing nearby was also then called the Ganghwali River; Barbosa spelt it as ''Mjrgeu'', in Renel's map of c.1517 it is spelt as ''Mergueo'' and in c.1518 and subsequent maps spelt as ''Mergeo.''<ref name= Pires>{{Cite book|last= Pires|first= Tomé |author2=Armando Cortesão |author3=Francisco Rodrigues|title= The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to ...|page=60|accessdate=2010-05-26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&dq=Mirjan+Fort+layout&pg=PA60|publisher= Asian Educational Services|year=1990|isbn= 81-206-0535-7}}</ref>

==Structure==
{{multiple image|right
| image1 = Main entrance to the Mirjan fort.jpg
| width1 = 110
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Main entrance to the Mirjan Fort with wide steps
| image2 = Southern ramparts of the Mirjan fort.jpg
| width2 = 195
| alt2 =
| caption2 = View of southern ramparts from inside the Mirjan Fort
| image3 = Idol of Mahishasuramardhini in Mirjan fort.jpg
| width3 = 195
| alt3 =
| caption3 = Images of Hindu Goddess [[Mahishasuramardini]] and other deities under a tree
}}
The fort is built over an area of about {{convert|4.1|ha|acre}}. It is built with [[laterite]] stones.<ref name=Deccan/> It was built with high walls and bastions.<ref name= ASI/> The fort has four entrances (one main and three subsidiary entrances) and many wells, which are interlinked and with access channels leading to the circular moat (used as a defence measure to protect the fort) that once fully surrounded the fort, and leading to the canal works outside the fort's limits. At each entrance, there are wide steps to enter the fort. The fort is double-walled and has high turrets on the bastions. It is now seen mostly in ruins but is being restored by ASI to some extent. The ruins have been inferred as remnants of a secret passage, entry doors, a [[Durbar (court)|darbar]] hall and a market place. Stone images of Hindu gods and goddesses are also seen under a large tree.<ref name=Deccan/><ref name= Gazetteer>{{Cite book|title= Karnataka State gazetteer, Volume 16|page=947|accessdate=2010-05-25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIwBAAAAMAAJ&q=Mirjan+fort|publisher= The Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Govt. Press|year= 1965}}</ref>

;Restoration works
The fort was maintained by the [[United Kingdom|British]] with grant funds till India got independence in August 1947. Thereafter, ASI has taken over its maintenance. Refurbishing of the ruins of the northern bastion fortification of the fort has been done with stones found in the area. The wild forest growth inside the fort and on the fort walls has been cleared. In the restoration works carried out during 2000–2001, initially, the debris that had accumulated due to collapse of the bastions was removed. The damaged portions of the fort walls were redone with dressed laterite stones. A waterproof coating was provided to the excavated structures, along with pointing of the joints with "combination mortor".<ref name=Mirjan>{{Cite web|url=http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&q=Mir%20Jan%20Fort&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbo=u&tbs=bks:1&source=og&sa=N&tab=wp|title= Indian archaeology: a review|accessdate=2010-05-25|publisher= Archaeological Survey of India|year=1998}}</ref><ref name=restore>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%202000-2001%20A%20Review.pdf|title=Indian Archaeology: A review|page=260|work=194. Fort Mirjan, Uttarakannada|accessdate=2010-05-25|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|year=2001}}</ref>

==Archaeological excavations==
During the year 2000–01, [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] carried out excavations in the precincts of the fort. These excavations have unearthed laterite structures of medieval period in the form of: a U-shaped structure with a "cloister all around" with a circular soakage pit adjoining it; and a water tank connected with channels. Antiquarian findings also included a gold coin minted in 1652 with inscriptions that attribute it to the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Viceroy]] Conde De Sarzedas during the reign of [[Joao IV]], cannonballs, [[Chinese art|Chinese]] [[Porcelain]], [[clay tablet]]s with [[Islamic]] inscriptions.<ref name= ASI/> Further details provided by an official of the ASI indicate that "seven dumb-bells, 50 iron bullets, coins and designed earth pots belonging to Sarpamallika dynasty" were also found during the excavations at the fort.<ref name=Dhar>{{Cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/20000205/ina05064.html|title= Iron bullets excavated in Karnataka|accessdate=2010-05-26|publisher=Express India}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="160" heights="140" mode="packed">
File:Watch tower cum flag hoisting tower of Mirjan fort.jpg|Watch tower cum flag hoisting tower of Mirjan Fort
File:West View of Mijan fort.jpg|West view of Mirjan Fort from inside the fort
File:The Mirjan fort bastion and watch tower1.jpg|The Mirjan fort bastion and watch tower
File:Steps to a well in the Mirjan Fort.jpg|Steps to a well in the Mirjan Fort
File:Another deep well in Mirjan fort.jpg|A deep well in Mirjan fort
File:A well and some ruins inside the Mirjan fort.jpg|A well and some ruins inside the Mirjan fort
File:Prayer hall and the Mihrab at the Mirjan fort.jpg|Prayer hall and the Mihrab at the Mirjan fort
File:Mirjan fort 3.jpg|Mirjan Fort in rainy season
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Chaturmukha Basadi, Gerusoppa]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://wikimapia.org/483974/Mirjan-Fort Coordinates of Mirjan Fort]
* [http://maps.google.co.in/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Mirjan,+Karnataka&aq=0&sll=14.489227,74.417723&sspn=0.002358,0.003439&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Mirjan,+Uttara+Kannada,+Karnataka&ll=14.488936,74.417707&spn=0.002358,0.003439&t=h&z=18 Mirjan Fort on Google Maps]

{{Forts in Karnataka}}
{{Forts in India}}

[[Category:Forts in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Uttara Kannada district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Uttara Kannada district]]

Cooum River

2025-05-30T20:54:05Z

DellCarone401: Done

{{Short description|River in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Cooum
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other = Triplicane
| name_etymology =

| image = File:Chennai (6708362581).jpg
| image_size = 250
| image_caption = Cooum River as viewed from the bridge connecting the [[The Island, Chennai|Island Ground]]
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = City
| subdivision_name5 = [[Chennai]]

| length_mi = 40
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location= [[Chepauk]], Chennai
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 =
| source1_location = Kesavaram Anaicut, [[Ranipet district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = Cooum delta
| mouth_location = [[Chennai District|Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|ft|abbr=on}}
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

{{Coord|13.068107|N|80.28585|E|display=title}}

The '''Cooum River''', or simply '''Koovam''', is one of the shortest classified rivers draining into the [[Bay of Bengal]]. This river is about {{convert|72|km|abbr=on}} in length, flowing {{convert|32|km|abbr=on}} in the [[city of Chennai]] (urban part) and the rest in rural part. The river is highly polluted in the urban area (Chennai). Along with the [[Adyar River]] running parallel to the south and the [[Kosasthalaiyar River]], the river trifurcates the city of Chennai and separates Northern Chennai from Central Chennai. It is also sometimes known as '''Thiruvallikenni river'''

Its source is in a place by the Kesavaram Anaicut built across [[Kallar river]] in [[Vellore district]] adjoining [[Chennai district]]. From its origin in the [[Kesavaram|Kesavaram village]] to [[Thandurai]] ([[Pattabiram]]), [[Avadi]], [[Thiruverkadu]] Anaikat, the river remains unpolluted. Beyond this point, the river is highly polluted till its mouth on the Bay of Bengal.<ref name="ProjectKeepsHopesAfloat">{{cite news
| last = Ramakrishnan
| first = T.
| title = Cooum project keeps hopes afloat
| location = Chennai
| date = 9 December 2009
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/09/stories/2009120959430300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091212234318/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/09/stories/2009120959430300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 12 December 2009
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 1 September 2012}}</ref> In Chennai district, the river flows through three corporation zones—[[Kilpauk]], [[Nungambakkam]] and [[Triplicane]]—for a total length of {{convert|16|km|mi|0}}.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Lopez
| first = Aloysius Xavier
| title = Bottlenecks removed for free flow of Cooum
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 18 May 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2027256.ece
| access-date = 1 September 2012}}</ref>

Owing to the intensive use of surface water upstream for agriculture, indiscriminate pumping of groundwater leading to reduced base flow in the river, formation of a sand bar at the mouth of the river, discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents, and encroachment along the banks, the river, especially downstream, has been highly polluted.<ref name="ProjectKeepsHopesAfloat"/> In 2018 alone, about 21,665 tonnes of waste were removed from the river.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ramakrishnan
| first = Deepa H.
| title = A mountain of trash fished out of Cooum
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 29 January 2019
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-mountain-of-trash-fished-out-of-cooum/article26115438.ece
| access-date = 3 February 2019}}</ref>

==History==
The Cooum was earlier known as the Triplicane river. The name of ''Cooum'' appears to be derived from Tamil literature. The name may have been derived from the Tamil term ''coopam'' meaning 'well' or 'deep pit'.<ref name="TimesOfIndia_ARiverForAllSeasons">{{cite news
| last = Suresh
| first = S.
| title = A River for All Seasons
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 14 July 2012
| url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2012/07/14&PageLabel=49&EntityId=Ar04900&ViewMode=HTML
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092102/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2012/07/14&PageLabel=49&EntityId=Ar04900&ViewMode=HTML
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| access-date = 14 July 2012}}</ref> The word ''coovalan'' denotes a person who is well versed in the science of ground water, well water and stagnant water.

Once this river was said to have its origin in [[Dharmapuri district]], but now due to some earth table changes, it has shortened its course to [[Thiruvallur district]].{{citation needed|date=March 2012}} Ancient documents from the nearby temples states about one 'reaching salvation' on having a dip in the Cooum. The Cooum river was then clean and unpolluted.

For centuries, Cooum has been an integral part of the socio-economic and cultural life of the city. Till the early twentieth century, it was a clean river, most suitable for navigation. In ancient times, it played a pivotal part in the far-flung maritime trade between the [[Roman Empire]], [[South India]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. Cooum's proximity to the ancient port of Manarpha or [[Mylapore]] added to the river's strategic importance. Manarpha was frequented by Roman merchants who came here to buy Indian textiles, gemstones and spices. In return, India procured gold, silver, copper and high-quality wine from the Romans. Archaeologists have discovered ancient Roman wine jars, and Roman and Chinese coins, on the banks of the river. In the late eighteenth century, [[Pachaiyappa Mudaliar]], a philanthropist, bathed in this river before offering prayers at the Komaleeswarar Temple in Komaleeswaranpet.<ref name="TimesOfIndia_ARiverForAllSeasons"/>

Cooum River and the nearby Elambore River (or North River), which flows into the Cooum at its mouth, were running very close to each other near the former [[Central Jail, Chennai|Central Jail]] area opposite [[Chennai Central]]. During floods, both the watercourses inundated the whole area. In the 1700s, the two rivers were linked by a cut to equalise the floods in both the rivers and a bridge was constructed between these rivers in 1710 across the cut.<ref name="CMDA_StructureOfChennai">{{cite web
|title=Structure of Chennai
|work=Chapter 1
|publisher=CMDA
|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter01_Structure%20of%20Chennai.pdf
|access-date=24 February 2013
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826201439/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter01_Structure%20of%20Chennai.pdf
|archive-date=26 August 2013
}}</ref>

Polluted part of the Cooum is presently spoiled by filth and pollution, and the water quality has considered to be highly toxic and completely non-potable. The 2004 tsunami cleaned the mouth of the river; however, the river returned to its usual polluted self within a short period. Nevertheless, the river is still being used for drinking water needs of many villages in the banks of the unpolluted part of the river.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

==Origin and course==
[[File:Causeway at the Cooum Delta, Chennai.jpg|thumb|190px|Causeway at the mouth of Cooum in the Bay of Bengal]]
[[File:Cooum Delta with sand dunes and tidal barrier.jpg|left|thumb|190px|Tidal barriers at the Cooum Delta]]
The Cooum River originates in a village of the same name in [[Kadambathur]] union in Tiruvallur district, about {{convert|70|km|mi}} from Chennai, although starting its main course at Sattarai village, around {{convert|65|km|mi}} from Chennai. Flowing through [[Thiruverkadu]], it enters the [[Chennai District]] at [[Arumbakkam]] after meandering for about {{convert|54|km|mi}}. It then passes through some of the oldest residential areas for another {{convert|18|km|mi|0}} such as [[Choolaimedu]], [[Chetpet]], [[Egmore]] and [[Chintadripet]], where the river channel is about {{convert|30|m|ft}} wide.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Aishwarya
| first = S.
| title = Slew of beautification plans ready
| location = Chennai
| date = 14 December 2009
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/14/stories/2009121459120300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091217174806/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/14/stories/2009121459120300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 17 December 2009
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 1 September 2012}}</ref> Close to Egmore, the river forks into two—the northern and the southern arms—both of which join again near the [[Napier bridge]], thus forming an island, known as the Island Grounds. The northern part of the [[Buckingham Canal]] joins the Cooum near the old Central Jail while the southern part of the same canal emerges from the river, just behind the [[University of Madras]] campus. The river finally joins the [[Bay of Bengal]] south of the [[Fort St George]], just below the Napier Bridge.<ref name="TimesOfIndia_ARiverForAllSeasons"/> Once a fresh water source, it is today a drainage course inside the city of Chennai. The total length of the river is about {{convert|65|km|mi}}. The river flows to a length of {{convert|40|km|mi}} in the Chennai Metropolitan Area, of which {{convert|16|km|mi|0}} fall within the Chennai district limits. The total catchment area of the river is about {{convert|400|km2|mi2}}, and the bed width ranges from {{convert|40|to|120|m|ft}}. The capacity of the river is {{convert|19500|m3/s|cuft/s}}, and the anticipated flood discharge is around {{convert|22000|m3/s|cuft/s}}.<ref name="RiverDrainageSystemInCMA"/> Once a fishing river, it has borne the brunt of the city's unplanned developmental explosion. The Kesavaram dam diverts the river into the [[Chembarambakkam Lake]] from which water is used for the supply of drinking water to the city of Chennai. Thereafter, the flow of water in the river is much reduced.

Three ancient [[Shiva]] temples are located at the source of the river. The first is [[Tiruvirkolam]], in Cooum village, and the other is at Ilambaiyankottur. The third is Thiruverkadu Shiva temple. Koyambedu temple is also in its banks. These temples have been featured in the [[Thevaram]] sung by the [[Saivite]] saint [[Sambandar|Thirugnana Sambandar]]. There is one more temple called the Veerebathrasami temple. The god in the temple is otherwise known as "Akoramoorthy". This temple is at Pillayarkuppam, {{convert|2|km|mi}} from Cooum village. In ancient Tamil Nadu, under the Chola Empire, the river Cooum was referred to as ''Kashtabudhyotpathihi''. They all form a group of villages called ''Padhinaru Nattham''. The river drains into the Bay of Bengal at [[Chepauk]] in Chennai marking the northernmost boundary of the [[Marina Beach]]. The delta also marks the southern boundary of the [[Port of Chennai]].
[[File:01Chennai&Chepauk&NearNapierBridge.jpg|thumb|Coovum river as seen from the [[Napier Bridge]]]]

The width of the river course varies all along from {{convert|35|to|150|m|ft}}, which includes the area occupied by the slums.

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%" width=align=
|+ '''Variations in river course width within city limits''' (Source: HSCTC feasibility report)
|-
! Stretch||colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Original (survey) width (m) ||colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Existing width (m)
|-
!||Minimum||Maximum||Minimum||Maximum
|-
|River mouth–Napier Bridge||151||151||151||151
|-
|Napier Bridge–Periyar Bridge||126||146||45||60
|-
|Periyar Bridge–Coolways Bridge||126||135||51||58
|-
|Coolways Bridge–St. Andrew Bridge||94||131||60||62
|-
|St. Andrew Bridge (Arunachala Street)–Harris Bridge||87||93||49||58
|-
|Harris Bridge–Ethiraj Bridge||82||98||46||51
|-
|Ethiraj Bridge–College Bridge||97||173||40||52
|-
|College Bridge–Mc. Nicholas Road||99||118||47||53
|-
|Mc. Nicholas Road–Choolaimedu Bridge||68||95||37||53
|-
|Poonamallee High Road–Anna Arch Road||71||102||43||45
|-
|Anna Arch Road–Anna Nagar 8th Main Road||79||150||62||64
|-
|Anna Nagar 8th Main Road–Inner Ring Road||71||95||44||101
|-
|Inner Ring Road–Mogappair Estate Road||89||144||46||101
|-
|Mogappair Estate Road–Vanagaram Ambattur Road||76||110||46||92
|}

==Islets and the river mouth==
[[File:Island Grounds - Chennai.JPG|thumb|Annual trade fair held at the Island Grounds]]
The major islet in the course of the river is the [[The Island, Chennai|Island Grounds]] in Chennai less than a kilometre from the mouth. The river splits into two near Chinthadripet and encircles a piece of land isolating it from the surrounding land before draining into the eastern sea. However, the mouth of the river is not too wide and does not have any islet. The river mouth has groynes running to a total length of nearly {{convert|250|m|ft}}. The opening between the groynes is about {{convert|170|m|ft}} to facilitate tidal action. The impact of high tide bringing in sea water is felt for nearly {{convert|3|km|mi|0}} in the river. At present, the river has to be periodically cleaned to prevent sand deposits near the river mouth, close to the Napier bridge, which are removed at frequent intervals using at least two machines to facilitate tidal action and avoid flooding. About {{convert|80000|m3|cuft}} of sand were removed in 2010–11.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = WRD plans groynes
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 3 December 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2683597.ece
| access-date = 4 December 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Cooum River joining the Bay of Bengal.jpg|alt=Cooum River joining the Bay of Bengal|thumb|Cooum River joining the Bay of Bengal]]
The river basin spans an area of 505.88 square kilometers.<ref name="Hindu_DemolitionGathersPace"/>

==Bridges==
[[File:Periyar Bridge Chennai.jpg|thumb|left|Periyar Bridge Chennai]]
There are nine major bridges built over the urban part of the river. These are the Napier Bridge, the Wallajah Bridge, the Periamet Bridge, the Chintradripet Bridge or the St Andrew's Bridge, Harris Bridge, Commander-in-Chief Road Bridge, College Road Bridge, Spur Tank Bridge and the Aminjikarai Bridge.<ref name="TimesOfIndia_ARiverForAllSeasons"/> Apart from these there are several smaller bridges built across the river. The Corporation of Chennai maintains about 13 of these bridges.<ref name="CC_Bridges_AboutDept">{{cite web
| title = Departments—Bridges
| publisher = Corporation of Chennai
| url = http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/departments/bridges/aboutBridges.htm
| access-date = 29 December 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130118000056/http://chennaicorporation.gov.in/departments/bridges/aboutBridges.htm
| archive-date = 18 January 2013
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

A new bridge across the river connecting Golden George Nagar in [[Mogappair]] with [[Nerkundram]] is being constructed by the state highways department at a cost of {{INR}} 113 million. Work started in August 2010 and is expected to be completed by March 2013. The bridge with 10 spans measures about {{convert|110|m|ft}} long and nearly {{convert|24|m|ft}} wide, accommodating six-lane traffic, with space provisions for bicycles and pedestrians.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = Mogappair residents await lifeline over Cooum
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 17 December 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/mogappair-residents-await-lifeline-over-cooum/article4207077.ece
| access-date = 27 December 2012}}</ref>

==Flora and fauna==
According to scientists, around 1950, Cooum had 49 species of fish,<ref name="TimesOfIndia_ARiverForAllSeasons"/> and by the late 1970s, this was reduced to 21 species.<ref name="CityAwashWithDreams"/> However, on date, there are no fish in the river, owing to highly toxic pollutants found in the river water.

==Pollution==
[[File:Cooum River.jpg|thumb|200px|The river is one of the [[List of most-polluted rivers|most polluted waterbodies]] in the country]]
The river is narrow, placid, slow and meandering. The river is primarily fed by discharge from tank and water bodies and has seen a steady drop in freshwater over the years, a primary reason for its present-day condition.<ref name="JudgmentDay"/> However, the core problem of the Cooum has been that due to the sand bar, the river mouth near the Napier Bridge gets blocked for most of the time, preventing the river water from draining into the sea. This has, eventually, made the river, in its 18-km-long stretch in the central district, a stinking cesspool.<ref name="CityAwashWithDreams"/>

Tests of water samples reveals almost zero dissolved [[oxygen]] and substantial presence of [[Fecal coliform|faecal coliform bacteria]], besides heavy metals such as [[lead]], [[zinc]] and [[cadmium]].<ref name="Hindu_DemolitionGathersPace">{{cite news
| last = Lopez
| first = Aloysius Xavier
| title = Demolition along Cooum gathers pace
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 4 July 2018
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/demolition-along-cooum-gathers-pace/article24325061.ece
| access-date = 15 July 2018}}</ref>

The study of the river was undertaken as part of a [[World Bank]]-funded project and shows that it is 80 per cent more polluted than treated sewer. Fish were able to survive in the water for only 3 to 5 hours even after samples were diluted. There are traces of heavy metals like copper and pesticides like [[endosulphan]] and [[lindane]] in it. Public Works Department sources said government agencies like [[Chennai Corporation]] and business units and retail outlets on the banks of the river were responsible for the pollution. The water has almost no dissolved oxygen, and instead there are traces of heavy metals like copper, besides sewage and sludge. Due to its narrowness and about 3,500 illegal hutments along its banks, it has not been recently [[silt|desilted]], which has closed it to river traffic. Per 2003 enumeration, about 9,000 families live along the river, in addition to 450 shops and commercial buildings.<ref name="CityAwashWithDreams"/> There are 700-odd points in the river bank where sewage flows straight into the river.<ref name="JudgmentDay"/> There are 127 identified sewage outfalls into the river, out of which 85 are in use.<ref name="CityAwashWithDreams"/>

Nearly 30 per cent of the estimated {{convert|55|e6l|USgal}} of untreated sewage being let into the waterways of Chennai daily, including by Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board, gets into the Cooum river. About 60 per cent of the untreated sewage gets into the [[Buckingham Canal]] and the [[Adyar River]] takes the rest. In 2010, about 340 sewage outfalls into the waterways were identified. Of them, more than 130 sewage outfalls were in the Cooum River and a majority of them were between Aminjikarai and Nungambakkam.<ref name="UntreatedSewagePollutesWaterways">{{Cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
|author2=Deepa H. Ramakrishnan
| title = Untreated sewage pollutes waterways
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 29 September 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2495513.ece
| access-date = 2 October 2011}}</ref> In some of the spots in areas such as [[Maduravoyal]], more than 7 tonnes of [[municipal solid waste]] is being dumped in the river every day.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Lopez
| first = Aloysius Xavier
| title = Survey of waste-tainted spots along Cooum
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 1 December 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2677102.ece
| access-date = 2 December 2011}}</ref>

Fortunately, there is another 42 km of this river which is still not polluted (as of the year 2015), which can be used to transport the water into Chennai and to store drinking water for Chennai's needs. There is a huge amount of sand deposits in the banks of the unpolluted part of the Cooum river that could rejuvenate the ground water level of numerous villages in the banks of this river.

==Cleanup==
According to the records available with the state public department, efforts to restore the waterway first began back in 1872 under the British. The earliest recorded proposal was mooted in 1890. After Independence, the then chief minister C. N. Annadurai launched a Cooum Improvement Scheme at a cost of {{INR}} 19 million in September 1967, six months after the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) party came to power for the first time in the state, when M. Karunanidhi was PWD minister. The project comprised installation of a regulator and a sand pump at the river mouth, protecting the sides of the river with cement concrete slabs from the Chetput bridge to the Napier Bridge, provision of a walkway on either side of the river, removal of encroachments on the banks of the river and, more importantly, the diversion of sewage. In addition, seven boat jetties were built. In February 1973, when Karunanidhi was chief minister, he launched a pleasure boat service at a cost of {{INR}} 22 million, and roving boats, powered boats and paddle boats were made available at a nominal charge. However, the efforts went futile when the sand pump developed snags.<ref name="CityAwashWithDreams">{{cite news
| last = Ramakrishnan
| first = T.
| title = City awash with dreams of a clean Cooum
| location = Chennai
| date = 14 December 2009
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/14/stories/2009121458650300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091217174740/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/14/stories/2009121458650300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 17 December 2009
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 1 September 2012}}</ref> Incidentally, the jetties built for the purpose still dot the riverfront.<ref name="JudgmentDay">{{Cite news
| last = Umachandran
| first = Shalini
| author2 = A. Prathap
| title = Judgment Day for Cooum
| newspaper = The Times of India, epaper
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 8 December 2009
| url = http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=2&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOICH&mydateHid=08-12-2009&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Chennai&edname=&articleid=Ar00200&publabel=TOI
| access-date = 1 September 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090706210636/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes
| archive-date = 6 July 2009
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

In 1996, when the DMK returned to power, the government made another bid—this time covering all important watercourses, including the Buckingham Canal and the Adyar. This resulted in the implementation of the {{INR}} 12,000-million Chennai City River Conservation Project (CCRCP) in January 2001, which was substantially supported by the Union Environment and Forests Ministry. This time, the new project aimed at arresting the sewage outfalls and strengthening the sewer network. However, this too did not yield the desired results since the project did not cover Tiruvallur district, which accounts for {{convert|54|km|mi}} of the river stretch.<ref name="CityAwashWithDreams"/>

After the DMK took charge again in May 2006, the eco-restoration of the Cooum again came to the fore. To facilitate the implementation of the project, the Chennai River Authority, headed by the Deputy Chief Minister, was formed in December 2009 to clean up the entire stretch of the river within 10 years.<ref name="CRZReminder">{{Cite news
| last = Kumar
| first = K. Praveen
| title = CRZ reminder as restoration loses flow along Cooum
| location = Chennai
| date = 10 January 2011
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-10/chennai/28361650_1_cooum-river-chennai-river-authority-sewage
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120606143809/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-10/chennai/28361650_1_cooum-river-chennai-river-authority-sewage
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 6 June 2012
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 1 September 2012}}</ref> This aimed at coordinating the implementation of various projects.

In 2010, the Tamil Nadu government signed an MoU with Singapore Cooperation Enterprise (SEC), a Singapore agency for the restoration project. The agency prepared a preliminary report after discussions with various stake holders of the project including Chennai Corporation, municipal administrations, Metrowater, Pollution Control Board, Slum Clearance Board and the public works department.

There is currently the World Bank–funded Irrigated Agriculture Modernisation and Water Bodies Restoration and Management Project to clean up the river, under which the upper reaches of the river are proposed to be covered.<ref name="CityAwashWithDreams"/> The World Bank has approved {{INR}} 224.1 million for the Cooum restoration project towards development of its irrigation potential.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Janardhanan
| first = Arun
| title = Cooum project gets Rs 22 c World Bank aid
| location = Chennai
| date = 22 March 2011
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-22/chennai/29174132_1_cooum-banks-cooperation-enterprise-singapore-agency
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120606143802/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-22/chennai/29174132_1_cooum-banks-cooperation-enterprise-singapore-agency
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 6 June 2012
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 1 September 2012}}</ref> Improving the irrigation efficiency of Cooum upstream is one of the main objectives of the project. The upper region of the river, mainly Kancheepuram, Chengalpattu and Thiruvallur districts, will be benefiting from this special fund.

A team from Chennai has visited [[San Antonio]] in [[Texas]] to see how they successfully did the clean-up of a polluted river. The team comprised former Deputy Chief Minister [[M. K. Stalin]], former Chennai Mayor [[M. Subramaniam]] and other senior officers. One of the city's dream projects is to clean up this river on or before 2020. The initiative has been taken up by the Central and State governments to clean up the river and rediscover the pleasures of traditional boat racing. The Chennai Rivers Restoration Trust (CRRT) has asked the Chennai Corporation to chalk out an action plan to remove [[construction waste|construction debris]] dumped on the banks of the river.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Lopez
| first = Aloysius Xavier
| title = Remove debris from Cooum
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 4 May 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article1989174.ece
| access-date = 1 September 2012}}</ref>

The Water Resources Department (WRD) started flushing a {{convert|30|km|mi|adj=on}} stretch of the Cooum in December 2010, initially discharging about {{convert|200|cuft/s|m3/s|order=flip}} of surplus water from the [[Poondi reservoir]] into the river.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = Cooum flushing from today
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 16 December 2010
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article954844.ece
| access-date = 2 October 2011}}</ref>

In September 2011, the WRD began cleaning the river at a cost of {{INR}} 10.2 million and the work is expected to be completed within a fortnight.<ref name="UntreatedSewagePollutesWaterways"/>

In 2012, the government allotted {{INR}} 3,000 million towards construction of 337 sewage cleaning systems in the waterways in the city, including 105 locations in the Cooum river. Others include 49 points in Adyar river and 183 locations in the Buckingham Canal.<ref>{{Cite news
| title = நீர்வழி தடங்களை சுத்திகரிக்க ரூ.300 கோடி நிதி: கூவம் ஆற்றில் நீச்சல் சாத்தியமாகும்?
| newspaper = தினமலர் (Dina Malar)
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Dina Malar
| date = 26 July 2012
| url = http://www.dinamalar.com/News_Detail.asp?Id=516350
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120728061535/http://www.dinamalar.com/News_Detail.asp?Id=516350
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 28 July 2012
| access-date = 28 July 2012}}</ref>

==Other developments==
[[File:Coast Guard building on the banks of Cooum.jpg|thumb|190px|Coast Guard building on the banks of Cooum]]
A visitor centre near the mouth of the river on the [[Marina Beach]], similar to the [[Marina Barrage]] Visitor Centre in Singapore and [[San Antonio]] Visitor Center in the United States, has been planned as part of an initiative to create awareness of the need for clean waterways.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Lopez
| first = Aloysius Xavier
| title = Visitor centre proposed near Cooum river mouth
| location = Chennai
| date = 20 February 2011
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/20/stories/2011022063310300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110223104837/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/20/stories/2011022063310300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 23 February 2011
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 2 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2011, the Tamil Nadu Sailing Association planned to build a marina at the mouth of the Cooum river along the southern bank, where yachts and pleasure boats could dock. The {{INR}} 300-million project involves first building a breakwater in the sea so that the waters at the marina are placid and the boats do not keep bobbing up and down with the incursion of waves. However, the by-catch is a more important function—the breakwater will prevent silting and clogging of the river's mouth, allowing for structures such as a boat repair facility, a base for the Tamil Nadu Coastal Police, and sailing academy to be put up on the bank.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Ramesh
| first = M.
| title = Chennai to get a marina
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| date = 27 September 2011
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article2490902.ece?homepage=true&ref=wl_home
| access-date = 2 October 2011}}</ref> By 2013, the estimate for the setting up of a sailing centre and marina to accommodate 24 yachts has increased to {{INR}} 450 million.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Senthil
| first = Anjana
| title = Boost to Sport, Tourism: Cooum mouth may get sailing centre
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 8 October 2013
| url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2013/10/08&PageLabel=1&EntityId=Ar00104&ViewMode=HTML
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131021183102/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2013/10/08&PageLabel=1&EntityId=Ar00104&ViewMode=HTML
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 21 October 2013
| access-date = 19 October 2013}}</ref>

A nature trail along the river has been proposed for which a draft ecological plan has been prepared by the Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure and Financial Services Limited (TNUIFSL). The project is planned from College Road bridge to Chetpet bridge by the Chennai River Restoration Trust in view of the biological diversity of the area which was undisturbed for decades. According to the draft ecological plan, floral species such as [[Indian almond]], [[black wattle]], [[sacred fig]], [[madras thorn]], [[Indian mulberry]], [[neem]], [[banyan]], ''magizham'', [[Millingtonia|Indian cork tree]], ''punnai'', ''sirukkambil'', ''karumugai'', ''shenbagam'', [[bayur tree]], ''kadamba'', ''pavazha malli'', [[vetiver]] grass, [[palmarosa]], [[agave]], [[lemon grass]] and [[subabul]] would be part of species along the nature trail which would play a role in erosion management. The nature trail would be based on an "elevated boardwalk" model with "uncompressed natural wood" and "fibre reinforced plastic". The entry and exit would be on College Road near the DPI complex. Apart from the parking facilities on the DPI premises, a stretch along the road between the entry point and the College Road Bridge would be demarcated for additional parking. Five points located at {{convert|200|m|ft|adj=on}} intervals along the trail have been selected for erecting break-out areas including one for a canopy walk. The facility has been planned without electrical fittings and has been designed as a "day trail".<ref name="NatureTrailAlongCooum">{{Cite news
| last = Lopez
| first = Aloysius Xavier
| title = Draft plan ready for nature trail along Cooum
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 6 November 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2601815.ece
| access-date = 8 November 2011}}</ref>

It is proposed that [[Chennai Metro|Chennai Metro rails]] are to be built about {{convert|30|m|ft}} under the bed of the river. The line that comes from the [[Madras High Court]] area reaches the metro's [[Chennai Central|Central station]] in front of [[Ripon Building]], crosses the river and passes underneath the neighbourhoods of [[Chintadripet]] to reach the underground station at the new [[Chennai secretariat|secretariat]] on [[Anna Salai]]. The tunnels for the metro rail are to be made without cutting open the ground, with giant machines boring the tunnels as the river flows above. Custom-made tunnel boring machines costing {{INR}} 600 million each have been imported from Germany for the purpose.<ref name="metrorailbelowCooum">{{cite news
| last = Ayyappan
| title = Metro dips under historic Cooum
| location = Chennai
| date = 22 May 2012
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Metro-dips-under-historic-Cooum/articleshow/12366911.cms
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130429231954/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-22/chennai/31224488_1_tunnels-chennai-metro-rail-earth-pressure-balancing-machine
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 29 April 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 30 July 2012}}</ref>

==Eco restoration and nature trail==
Key aspects of the Cooum river eco-restoration plan includes 11 maintenance ways of 9.6 km, 22 walkways of 24 km, and 17 cycle tracks of 19 km, in addition to 24 parks and riverfront vegetation. The total budget for the eco-restoration is {{INR}} 19,340 million.<ref name="Hindu_DemolitionGathersPace"/>

As part of the eco-restoration, in July 2018, the corporation began work on the 1.5-km nature trail between the College Road bridge in Nungambakkam and the Munroe bridge in Chetput. Modelled on the San Antonio River Walk in the United States, the trail is being built in two phases at a cost of {{INR}} 98.2 million and includes a butterfly park in a 5000 square meter area. Given the raise in the maximum flood level in the past years being 70% to 5.94 meters, the boardwalk has been increased from 3.5 meters to more than 6 meters using corrosion-resistant steel. The boardwalk will measure 1.65 meters and will be covered with greenery, with a provision to park 70 vehicles. The butterfly park will be built in the second phase.<ref name="Hindu_CorpBeginsWorkOnTrail">{{cite news
| last = Lopez
| first = Aloysius Xavier
| title = Corporation begins work on nature trail along Cooum
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 15 July 2018
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/corporation-begins-work-on-nature-trail-along-cooum/article24422974.ece
| access-date = 15 July 2018}}</ref>

==Occasional water flows==
During the [[Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on India|Indian Ocean tsunami]] of 2004, the empty waterway enabled it to take in much of the incoming ocean water. Disaster Management Analysts this would not have been possible if the river had been in full flow.

In November 2005, [[2005 Chennai floods|three days of torrential rains]] flushed out the waste and cleaned up the river, and the river looked clear for a brief period. Egrets and cormorants too were cited flocking the river to feast on fish.<ref name="CRZReminder"/> The river discharged the floodwater at a rate of about {{convert|21500|m3/s|cuft/s}}.<ref name="RiverDrainageSystemInCMA">{{cite web
| title = Session-3 River and Drainage System in CMA
| publisher = CMDA
| url = http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/SeminarOnWaterways/5.pdf
| access-date = 1 September 2012}}</ref>

==Legacy==
A 1928 poem by V. H. Shipley describes the river as follows:<blockquote>Of dirt and smell your sources wake... And near the sea where one would think Your water might be cleaner, It forms a cesspit by the bridge, Adjoining the Marina. Oh viscid stream! Oh smelling flood. Oh green and beastly river!<ref>{{Cite news|last=Umachandran|first=Shalini|date=18 August 2009|title=Madras in its many moods|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Madras-in-its-many-moods/articleshow/4904372.cms|access-date=17 June 2021}}</ref></blockquote>

==See also==
*[[Adyar river]]
*[[Kosasthalaiyar river]]
*[[Water management in Chennai]]
*[[List of most-polluted rivers]]
{{Portal bar|India|Geography|Environment|Water}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090409220657/http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/chndistprof.htm#geog District Profile – Rivers]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121021173611/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-20/pollution/27924588_1_cooum-river-clean-rivers-sewage-water Cooum River Pollution]
* [http://www.eubios.info/india/BII74.HTM History of Cooum River]
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090808115651/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fr/2004/08/20/stories/2004082002350400.htm The Cooum associated with sanctity]}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Hydrography of Chennai}}
{{Hydrography of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Geography of Chennai]]
[[Category:Rivers of Tamil Nadu]]

A. P. Balachandran

2025-05-25T09:06:47Z

DellCarone401:

{{Short description|Indian theoretical physicist (1938–2025)|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{original research|date=July 2011}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = A. P. Balachandran
| image = A. P. Balachandran.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Balachandran in 2008
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1938|01|25}}
| birth_place = [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], Madras Province, [[British India]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2025|04|18|1938|01|25}}
| death_place = [[Coimbatore]], Tamil Nadu, India
| citizenship = Indian
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]] (Ph.D)
| nationality =
| ethnicity =
| field =
| work_institution = [[Syracuse University]]
| thesis_title = Some topics in the strong and weak interactions of elementary particles
| thesis_url = https://www.imsc.res.in/xmlui/handle/123456789/20
| thesis_year = 1962
| doctoral_advisor = [[Alladi Ramakrishnan]]
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students = [[Pierre Ramond]]
| known_for = [[topology|Topological methods in quantum physics]], [[Noncommutative geometry|Works on noncommutative geometry]]
| prizes =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Aiyalam Parameswaran Balachandran''' (25 January 1938 – 18 April 2025) was an Indian theoretical physicist known for his extensive contributions to the role of classical topology in quantum physics. He was an [[Emeritus|emeritus professor]] in the Department of Physics, [[Syracuse University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thecollege.syr.edu/people/faculty/aiyalam-balachandran/|title=Aiyalam Balachandran
|publisher=Syracuse University, College of Arts and Sciences}}</ref> where he was previously the [[Joel Dorman Steele]] Professor of Physics between 1999 and 2012.<ref name="sr">{{cite news |title=Balachandran named Steele Professor of Physics|newspaper=Syracuse Record|page=7|date=6 December 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Enslin |first1=Rob |title=SU's Mark Bowick to Be Honored as New Steele Professor Oct. 31 |url=https://news.syr.edu/blog/2013/10/18/sus-mark-bowick-to-be-honored-as-new-steele-professor-oct-31-82904/ |accessdate=16 May 2019 |work=SU News |publisher=[[Syracuse University]] |date=18 October 2013}}</ref> He was also a [[fellow]] of the [[American Physical Society]] since 1988 and was awarded a prize by the U.S. Chapter of the Indian Physics Association in recognition of his outstanding scientific contributions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm?initial=&year=&unit_id=&institution=Syracuse+University|title=APS Fellow Archive|website=www.aps.org|publisher=[[American Physical Society]]|language=en|accessdate=3 July 2019}}</ref>

In 1990, Syracuse University honoured him with a Chancellor's Citation for Exceptional Academic Achievement.

==Background==
Balachandran was born on 25 January 1938 in Salem, now in Tamil Nadu, India. His father, Aiyalam Sundaram Parameswaran, was a chartered accountant in Pierce Leslie and Company in Cochin. Balachandran had a gifted poet, [[Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon]], as his teacher. Balachandran completed his first two college years in [[Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College|Guruvayurappan College]], [[Kozhikode]], specialising in physics, chemistry and mathematics and passing the 'Intermediate Examination' with all-State distinction in 1953. He joined BSc (Hons) in Physics at the [[Madras Christian College]], Tambaram, Chennai. Balachandran graduated from MCC in 1958.

Balachandran died on 18 April 2025, at the age of 87.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/physicist-and-teacher-ap-balachandran-passes-away/article69471463.ece Physicist and teacher A.P. Balachandran passes away]</ref>

==Research==
Balachandran received his PhD degree under Professor [[Alladi Ramakrishnan]] at the [[University of Madras]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imsc.res.in/xmlui/handle/123456789/20|title=Some topics in the strong and weak interactions of elementary particles|publisher=DSpace@IMSc|date=10 July 2010|last1=Balachandran |first1=A. P. }}</ref> Then he joined Theoretisch Physics{{clarify|date=April 2025}}, University at Vienna as a postdoctoral fellow under Professor [[Walter Thirring]], subsequently at the [[Enrico Fermi Institute]] likewise as a postdoctoral fellow. In 1964, he joined the [[Syracuse University]] faculty. Balachandran's key scientific works to date include the revival of the [[Skyrmion|Skyrme]] model, which successfully describes baryons as topological solitons of [[meson]] fields and mathematical concepts such as homotopy groups and fibre bundles to problems in quantum physics. Latterly, Balachandran's research was focused on the formulation of quantum field theories on noncommutative spacetimes and investigating the emergent significance of [[Hopf algebra]]s in quantum physics as generalisations of symmetry groups.

==Books==
*A. P. Balachandran, S. G. Jo, G. Marmo, ''Group Theory and Hopf Algebras: Lectures for Physicists'', [[World Scientific]] Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., 2010. {{ISBN|978-981-4322-20-1}}.
*A. P. Balachandran, G. Marmo, B. S. Skagerstam, A. Stern, ''Classical Topology and Quantum States'', [[World Scientific]] Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Singapore, 1991. {{ISBN|981-02-0329-2}} --{{ISBN|981-02-0330-6}} (pbk.)
*A. P. Balachandran, G. Marmo, B. S. Skagerstam, A. Stern, ''Gauge Symmetries and Fibre Bundles : Applications to Particle Dynamics'', [[Springer Verlag]], 1983. {{ISBN|0-387-12724-0}}.
*A. P. Balachandran (editor), A. P. Balachandran, E. Ercolessi, G. Morandi, A.M. Srivastava, ''Hubbard Model and Anyon Superconductivity'', [[World Scientific]] Publishing Co. 1990. {{ISBN|981-02-0348-9}}.
*A. P. Balachandran, S. Kurkcuoglu, S. Vaidya, ''Lectures on Fuzzy and Fuzzy Susy Physics'', [[World Scientific]] Publishing Co. 2007. {{ISBN|981-270-466-3}}.
*A. P. Balachandran, G.C. Trahern, ''Lectures on Group Theory for Physicists'', Brill Academic Publishing, 1986. {{ISBN|88-7088-088-5}}.
*A. P. Balachandran (editor), ''Hubbard Model and Anyon Superconductivity'', [[World Scientific]] Publishing Co. 1991. {{ISBN|981-02-0349-7}}.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balachandran, A. P.}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Syracuse University faculty]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian theoretical physicists]]
[[Category:People from Salem, Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]

C. M. Whish

2025-05-08T16:05:37Z

DellCarone401: added structure based on references and improved wording based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2015}}
'''Charles Matthew Whish''' (1794–1833) was an English [[civil servant]] in the Madras Establishment of the [[East India Company]]. Whish was the first to bring to the notice of the western mathematical scholarship the achievements of the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]]. Whish wrote in his historical paper:<ref>{{cite journal |last=Whish |first=Charles M. |author-link=C. M. Whish |year=1834 |title=XXXIII. On the Hindú Quadrature of the Circle, and the infinite Series of the proportion of the circumference to the diameter exhibited in the four S'ástras, the Tantra Sangraham, the Yucti Bháshá, Carana Padhati, and Sadratnamáka |journal=[[Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society]] |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=509–523 |url=https://archive.org/details/transactionsofro03asia/page/509/ |doi=10.1017/S0950473700001221 |jstor=25581775 |jstor-access=free }}</ref> Kerala mathematicians had ''... laid the foundation for a complete system of [[Differential calculus|fluxion]]s ...'' and their works ''... abound with fluxional forms and series to be found in no work of foreign countries''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/Indian_mathematics.html|title=An overview of Indian mathematics|last=J J O'Connor and E F Robertson|date=November 2000 |publisher= School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland |accessdate=19 December 2009}}</ref>
Whish was also a [[linguist]] and had prepared a grammar and a dictionary of the [[Malayalam]] language.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/02/18/stories/2002021800210300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030627194813/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/02/18/stories/2002021800210300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 June 2003|title=The college on College Road |last=S. Muthiah |date=18 February 2002|work=The Hindu|accessdate=19 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Madras Tercentenary Celebration Committee|title=Madras Tercentenary Commemoration Volume|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1939|pages=401}}</ref>

C.M. Whish was a collector of palm-leaf [[manuscript]]s in [[Sanskrit]] and other languages. After his premature death in 1833 at the age of thirty-eight years, Whish's brother, J.L. Whish, who was also employed in the service of [[East India Company]] deposited these manuscripts in the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]] in July 1836. A catalogue of these manuscripts list 195 items.<ref>{{cite book|title=A catalogue of south Indian Sanskrit manuscripts : especially those of the Whish collection belonging to the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1902)|editor=Compiled by Dr. M. Winternitz, Professor in the German University of Prague|publisher=The Royal Asiatic Society|year=1902|url=https://archive.org/details/catalogueofsouth00roya|accessdate=20 December 2009}}</ref> Though the manuscripts collected by Whish are not distinguished
by great age, there are many rare and valuable ones among them. Perhaps the most important of all are the
[[Mahabharata]] manuscripts which represent a distinct recension of the great epic. These manuscripts were related a wide range of subjects: [[vedic literature]], ancient [[epic poetry]], [[classical Sanskrit]] Literature, and technical and scientific literature.

He joined the service of [[East India Company]] in 1812 as Register of Zillah Court in South [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] and rose up the judicial ladder to become finally a Criminal Judge at [[Cuddapah]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Joseph|first=George Gheverghese|year=1995|title=Cognitive encounters in India during the age of imperialism|journal=Race & Class|volume=36|issue=3|pages=39–56|doi=10.1177/030639689503600303|s2cid=143453617}}</ref> Cuddapah Town Cemetery had a tomb in the name of C.M. Whish with the inscription "Sacred to the memory of C.M. Whish, Esquire of the Civil Service, who departed this life on the 14th April 1833, aged 38 years".<ref>{{cite book|title=List of European tombs in the district of Cuddapah with inscriptions therein compiled by C.H. Mounsey|year=1893|url=https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/blewis/www/Cuddaph_tombs.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=John J. |last2=Robertson |first2=Edmund F. |author2-link=Edmund F. Robertson |title=Charles Matthew Whish |year=2016 |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Whish/ |website=MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive |publisher=University of St. Andrews |accessdate=2020-09-21 }}

{{Indian mathematics}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Whish, C. M.}}
[[Category:1794 births]]
[[Category:1833 deaths]]
[[Category:British orientalists]]

Pipar City

2025-04-12T10:25:13Z

DellCarone401: added location

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pipar City
| other_name = Pipar
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.3880|N|73.5300|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pipar City tehsil|Pipar City]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 269
| population_total = 36816
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 342601
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pipar City''' is a town and a [[municipality]] in [[Jodhpur district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Rajasthan]]. [[Jojari River]], the tributary of Luni River, passes through this town.

==Legend==
Pipar City, located in the Jodhpur district of Rajasthan, India, is traditionally believed to have been founded by a Paliwal Brahmin named Pipa. According to local legend, Pipa was a devout worshiper of a serpent deity, thought to be of the Takshaka or Naga lineage, whose sacred dwelling was situated by a tranquil lake on the town’s periphery.

Each day, Pipa offered milk to the serpent as a ritual of reverence. In return, the deity is said to have left two gold coins at the lake’s edge as a token of gratitude. When Pipa was called away to Nagaur, he entrusted the daily ritual to his young son. However, the boy, driven by greed, attempted to seize the serpent’s treasure. As the serpent emerged for its offering, the boy struck it with a stick, wounding but not killing the deity. The serpent withdrew in anger, and the boy, overcome with fear, confessed to his mother. Concerned for her son’s safety, she planned to send him away to his father the following day.

The next morning, tragedy struck. The boy was found dead, replaced in his bed by the coiled form of the massive serpent. Upon his return, Pipa was devastated by the loss of his son. Nonetheless, he continued his daily offerings at the lake, seeking forgiveness and atonement for the transgression.

Over time, Pipa’s unwavering devotion moved the serpent deity. The serpent eventually revealed its hidden treasury of gold and instructed Pipa to construct a monument to commemorate the events. It is from this act of devotion and reconciliation that the town of Pipar is believed to have originated.

The lake associated with the legend is known as Sampu, named in honor of the serpent. It continues to exist on the outskirts of Pipar, regarded as a symbol of divine mercy and spiritual faith.
<ref>{{cite book|title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers Jodhpur}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan Or the Central and Western Rajput States of India}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Piparcity had a population of 36,810. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Piparcity has an average literacy rate of 52%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 66%, and female literacy is 36%. In Piparcity, 18% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Education==
It has a government women's college, Smt. Sita Dewi Chunni Lal Bardiya Mahila Mahavidyalay and three senior secondary level government schools along with other private colleges and schools.
Additionally, there is the Government College, Pipar City, located near the Pipar City railway station, which offers a Bachelor of Arts education.
The government college pipar City New building is ready to use and located on the jawasiya road

==Tourist attractions==
[[File:Khejarla_Fort.jpg|thumb|khejarla fort]]
The local historical tale has it that "Shri Dadosa baoji", who used to rule the area, sacrificed his life in a battle with enemies. His head fell near the "Kot". But he still kept fighting, and his body fell almost a kilometer away after killing many more enemy soldiers. There are two temples devoted to him. Shri Mahaldhani Dadosa baoji Temple, inside the "Kot", where his head fell, and the second, the smaller temple near the "Sapasar talav" (a pond), where his body fell.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

Fort khejarla is an old heritage fort which is now converted into hotel. It is located in Khejarla Village.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

Pipar Fort dates back to the medieval period.

Pipar Lake has boating facilities.

Shri Piparleshwar Mahadev Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, attracting devotees from across the region.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jodhpur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jodhpur district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Chhota Bheem: Dholakpur to Kathmandu

2024-12-20T01:04:16Z

DellCarone401: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Chhota_Bheem#Films]]

[[Category:Chhota Bheem]]

Dayalpur Gram Panchayat

2024-05-24T05:30:20Z

DellCarone401: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =Daualpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =Gram Panchayat
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|42|43.9|N|85|19|07.7|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[vaishali district|vaishali]]
| subdivision_type3
=Assembly Constituency
| subdivision_name3
=[[Hajipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|hajipur assembly constituency (AC.123)]]<ref>[http://ceobihar.nic.in/map/include/AC123.pdf The Chief Electoral Officer of Bihar official,hajipur pdf ]</ref>
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dayalpur''' is a Gram Panchayat in Gajipur, [[Vaishali District]], [[Bihar]], India.

==Nearest City/Town==
[[Hajipur]] (distance 10 km)<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/(S(3ird4ricndfyzx45tkdber3h))/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/View_data/Village_Profile.aspx village profile census government official website ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108114001/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/View_data/Village_Profile.aspx |date=8 January 2008 }} State - Bihar, District- vaishali, Sub District - Hajipur</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tirhut Division}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Bihar]]
[[Category:Villages in Vaishali district]]
[[Category:Vaishali district]]
[[Category:Hajipur]]