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List of Israeli strikes and Palestinian casualties in the 2014 Gaza War

2026-05-31T23:20:19Z

Deidre67J44: Adding New Post W/ Refs

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This is a list of individual [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF)/[[Israeli Air Force]] (IAF) operations in [[Operation Protective Edge]], which began on 8 July 2014, naming the targets and casualties.

In March 2015, according to [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|UN OCHA]], 2,220 Palestinians had been killed, of whom 1,492 civilians (551 children, 299 women), 605 militants and 123 of unknown status.<ref name="OCHA2015">[http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/annual_humanitarian_overview_2014_english_final.pdf ''Fragmented Lives: Humanitarian Overview, 2014''], [[OCHA]], March 2015.</ref> The IDF calculates 2,127 killed claiming 55% were civilians and 45% militants.<ref name="Booth">William Booth, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/09/03/heres-what-really-happened-in-the-gaza-war-according-to-the-israelis "Here's what really happened in the Gaza war (according to the Israelis)"], ''[[Washington Post]]'', 3 September 2014</ref><ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Report-3-prisoners-captured-in-Operation-Protective-Edge-released-371252 Report: 3 prisoners captured in Operation Protective Edge released] [[Jerusalem Post]], 16 August 2014</ref> Israeli casualties consisted of 6 civilians (including 1 Thai national) and 66 soldiers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/home/0,7340,L-11584,00.html |title=Operation Protective Edge, Casualties, Ynet|accessdate=28 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="OCHA">{{cite web|url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_sitrep_04_09_2014.pdf|title=Occupied Palestinian Territory: Gaza Emergency|date=4 September 2014|accessdate=4 September 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913014525/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_sitrep_04_09_2014.pdf|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> 5 of whom reportedly died from [[friendly fire]].<ref>Elie Leshem, Lazar Berman and Marissa Newman, [http://www.timesofisrael.com/day-41-hamas-rejects-egypt-ceasefire-terms-vows-continued-struggle "Serious tank-on-tank friendly fire incident under review"], ''[[The Times of Israel]]'', 17 August 2014.</ref> The [[Associated Press]], examining 247 airstrikes that hit residential compounds, out of the some 5,000 Israeli bombing raids, determined that of the 844 killed, 60% or 508 were presumed civilian children (280, of whom 19 were babies and 108 preschoolers between the ages of 1 and 5), women and older men. 98 or 11% were confirmed or suspected Hamas militants.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150214134647/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.642397 "Report finds high civilian death toll during Gaza war"], [[Haaretz]], 14 February 2015.</ref> Israel's Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center ([[Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center|ITIC]]) has alleged that Hamas uses children in their operations in the Gaza Strip, and that some militants killed in action were "falsely reported" as civilians or children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/article/20713|title=The War of Casualties: During Operation Protective Edge children and teenagers were exploited by terrorists as auxiliaries and operatives. The extent of the phenomenon is still unclear.|work=terrorism-info|date=17 September 2014|quote=An examination of about a third of the names of Palestinians killed in Operation Protective Edge revealed several instances of children and teenagers serving as military operatives in the terrorist organizations. The examination also revealed instances in which the ages of Palestinian casualties were falsified by Gaza's Hamas-controlled ministry of health. For example, boys aged 15 and 17 were integrated into the terrorist operative networks; the age of a nine year-old terrorist auxiliary was listed as 24; and a terrorist operative in his twenties was listed as 13 years of age.|accessdate=1 August 2015}}</ref>

==Day 1: Monday night–Tuesday 8 July 2014==
By day's end Israel had struck 220 targets in Gaza and 24 people had died. 157 Gazan rockets were fired at Israel, with no casualties.<ref name="Yourkell">Karen Yourish, Josh Keller, [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/07/15/world/middleeast/toll-israel-gaza-conflict.html "The Toll in Gaza and Israel, Day by Day"], ''[[New York Times]]'', 16 July 2014.</ref> A lull as Israel mulled the pros and cons of an invasion<ref name="Tait"/> was broken when Mohammed Shaaban (24), senior commander of Hamas's military wing, was killed with two companions, Amjad Shabaan (30) and Khader al-Bashliqi (45),<ref name="Ma'anlist">[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711484 "List of the victims of Gaza"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031203051/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711484 |date=2014-10-31 }}, 10 July 2014.</ref> when his car was struck by an Israeli missile near Wehada Street in Gaza City.<ref name="Tait">Robert Tait, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/10954758/Thirteen-killed-by-Israeli-airstrikes-on-Gaza-Strip.html "Thirteen killed by Israeli airstrikes on the Gaza Strip"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 8 July 2014.</ref>

* In a strike on [[Sheikh Radwan|Sheikh Radwan neighborhood]] in Gaza City, Ahmad Nael Mahdi (16) was killed, while two friends were wounded.<ref name=Weaver9>Matthew Weaver, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/09/israel-intercepts-gaza-rockets-heading-for-tel-aviv-live-updates "Children killed in Israeli air raids against Gaza – live updates"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 9 July 2014.</ref><ref name="Ma'an2"/>
* In a strike at [[al-Qarara]], north of [[Khan Younis]], Suleiman Salman Abu al-Sawaween (age unclear) was killed, and another man critically injured.<ref name="Ma'anlist"/><ref name="Ma'an2">[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx%3FID%3D711071 "Death toll reaches 17 as Israel targets northern Gaza"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711033034/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711071 |date=2014-07-11 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]], 9 July 2014.</ref>
* An airstrike [[Targeted killing|targeted]] a [[Auto rickshaw|tuk-tuk]] vehicle in the [[al-Shujaiyeh]] neighborhood in Gaza City, killing Ahmad Moussa Habib (16) and his cousin, Mohammad Habib (22).<ref name="Ma'an2"/><ref>Ishaan Tharoor,[https://www.washingtonpost.com/these-are-the-names-of-13-children-killed-in-gaza/2014/07/09/5ac4c611-a5b2-4891-9ac2-14525a957fa3_story.html "These are the names of 21 children killed in Gaza"], ''[[Washington Post]]'', 10 July 2014.</ref>
* An airstrike targeted a motorcycle near Abraj al-Sheikh Zayed, [[Jabalia]], killing Fakhri Saleh Ajjouri (aka Saqie Ayesh al-Jaouri; believed to be around 22 years of age).<ref name="Ma'anlist"/><ref name="Ma'an2"/>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:8%;"|Date
! style="width:8%;"|Place
! style="width:18%;"|Target
! style="width:20%;"|Description
!Action
! style="width:12%;"|Origin of missile
|-
|8 July 2014, 15:00
|[[Khan Younis]]
|Odeh Ahmad Mohammad Kaware?
|Hamas activist.
|A missile launched by an IAF F-16 jet hit the al-Kaware (Kaware') family home. The target was a member of a family who was a Hamas activist.<ref name="ELevy"/> 8 people were killed, including 6 children. Another 28 people were wounded. It was the first of 59 incidents in which a family house was bombed.<ref name="B'tselemBombed Fam" >[[B'tselem]], [http://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/201407_families 'Families bombed at home, Gaza, July 2014 (initial figures)'], 10 August 2014.</ref> Initial accounts varied of the incident. The strike was preceded by a drone-fired warning flare, a "Knock on the roof" procedure, involving a small mortar shot or unarmed missile at the target.<ref name="ELevy"/> Relatives and neighbours gathered at the home to form a human shield, according to one source.<ref name="Ma'an2"/> Five families were evacuated after a warning missile was fired, but neighbours gathered on the roof to try and hinder the operation,<ref name="Weaver9"/> In the past strikes were often aborted if civilians crowded rooftops.<ref name="Frenkel"/> A third account indicated that neighbours had gathered after an initial strike to prevent a further one.<ref name="ELevy"/> The official assessment was that it was a "tragic mistake" based upon the belief that the home was empty.<ref name="Frenkel">Sheera Frenkel,[https://www.buzzfeed.com/sheerafrenkel/israel-says-death-of-eight-members-of-the-kaware-family-is-a "Israel Says Death Of Eight Members Of The Kaware Family Is A 'Tragic Mistake'"], [[BuzzFeed]], 10 July 2014.</ref> A [[B'tselem]] investigation determined that, the family was contacted by the Israeli military to leave the premises at 13:30, and they evacuated, gathering outside. At 14:50, a drone missile struck the solar water tank on the roof, and after several minutes, the family went back inside, four staying on the roof, while several were in a stairwell or courtyard when the 15:00 missile struck.<ref name="B'tselem">[http://www.btselem.org/press_releases/20140709_bobming_of_houses_in_gaza "Bombing family homes of activists in armed Palestinian groups violates international humanitarian law"], [[B'tselem]], 9 July 2014.</ref> After the incident, the IDF changed its initial explanation from targeting the homes of Hamas activists who carry out "high-trajectory fire towards Israel" to "homes of senior activists that function as command and control headquarters".<ref name="B'tselem"/>
*Siraj Iyad Abd al-Al (8), died later from injuries sustained)
*Bassem Salim Kaware (10)
*Hussein Yusef Kaware (13)
*Muhammad Ali Kaware (13)
*Abdallah Muhammad Kaware (12)
*Qassem Kaware (12)
*Amar Muhammad Judah (20)
*Ibrahim Kaware (29)
*Muhammad Ibrahim Kaware (50)<ref name="Ma'anlist"/><ref name="B'tselemBombed Fam"/>
|[[Israeli Air Force|IAF]]
|}
* An airstrike destroyed a house in central Gaza, and Rashad Yassin (27),<ref name="Ma'anlist"/> from the al-Nuseirat refugee camp, was later found dead under the rubble.<ref name="Ma'an2"/>
* A missile strike on the [[Beit Hanoun]] home of Hamas military commander [[Raed al Atar]] killed al-Atar along with five other people.<ref name="ELevy">Elior Levy, [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4539668,00.html "Palestinian report: Islamic Jihad commander, 5 others killed in IAF attack in Beit Hanoun"], [[Ynet]], 9 July 2014.</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:8%;"|Date
! style="width:8%;"|Place
! style="width:18%;"|Target
! style="width:20%;"|Description
!Action
! style="width:12%;"|Origin of missile
|-
|8 July 2014, 23:40
|[[Beit Hanoun]]
|Abd al-Hafiz Hamad (30), believed to be responsible for attacks on [[Sderot]].
|[[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Islamic Jihad]]
|In a joint [[Israel Securities Authority|ISA]]-IDF operation, an airstrike hit a yard by Hafiz Hamad's home.(30), killing the target and five members of his family, and injuring two children. According to [[B'tselem]], which has collected an eyewitness account by the grandfather,<ref>[http://www.btselem.org/testimonies/20140709_gaza_protective_edge_muhammad_hamad "Muhammad Hamad, 75, resident of Beit Hanun, relates how bombing killed his family members in their yard"], [[B'tselem]], 10 July 2014.</ref> no warning was received.<ref name="B'tselem"/> Four children survived unharmed after the mother placed them in the safest room, but the last was injured before it could be relocated and was taken to the [[Intensive care unit|ICU]].<ref name="maannews.net">[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711730 "Gaza mother dies shielding children from Israeli attack"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916005731/http://www.maannews.net/eng/viewdetails.aspx?id=711730 |date=2014-09-16 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]], 11 July 2014.</ref> It was the 2nd in 59 incidents in which whole families were bombed.<ref name="B'tselemBombed Fam"/>
*Dunia/Dinah Mahdi Hamad (16) (granddaughter)
*Mahdi Muhammad Hamad (46) (son)
*Fawziya Khalil Hamad (62) (mother)
*Abd al-Hafez Hamad (30) (son)
*Suha Hamad (wife of Hafez) (25) (daughter-in-law)
*Ibrahim Muhammad Hamad (26)(son)<ref name="maannews.net"/><ref name="Ma'an3a">[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711173 "Jihad leader, 5 relatives killed as Israel attacks family home"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408154452/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711173 |date=2016-04-08 }}, [[Ma'an News]], 9 July 2014.</ref>
|[[Israeli Air Force|IAF]]
|}
* Abdul Halim al-Eshra (55) was killed on his farm in [[Deir al-Balah]]; a civil defense crew discovered the body four days later.<ref name="PCHR2">[http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10475:a&catid=145:in-focus "On the 5th Day of the Offensive on the Gaza Strip, Israeli Warplanes Attack Civilian Facilities, Including Charities, Parks, Disabilities Rehabilitation Centers, Sport Clubs and Mosque, and Increasingly Target Houses"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924070056/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10475:a&catid=145:in-focus |date=2015-09-24 }}, [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]], 12 July 2014.</ref>

==Day 2: Wednesday 9 July 2014==
By day's end, Israel had struck 326 targets in Gaza, resulting in eight deaths, according to the ''[[New York Times]]''. Gaza launched 130 rockets towards Israel, with no casualties,<ref name="Yourkell"/> bringing the death toll to 61 later that day.<ref name="Ma'anlist"/><ref name="Ma'an7"/> Casualties were estimated to range from 300–450.<ref name="Ma'an3">[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711391 "12 dead in Gaza airstrikes"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111232904/http://maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711391 |date=2014-11-11 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]], 9 July 2014.</ref><ref name="Ma'an6">[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711489 "52 Palestinians killed, over 450 injured in Gaza assault"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031073238/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711489 |date=2014-10-31 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]], 9 July 2014.</ref><ref name="Carlstrom">Gregg Carlstrom,[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/israeli-bombardment-gaza-escalates-20147973229699830.html "Israel kills dozens in two days of Gaza raids"], ''[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al-Jazeera]]'', 9 July 2014.</ref> 6 women and 9 children figured among the 22 dead.<ref name="Ma'an6"/> The IAF struck some 160 targets overnight,<ref name="Ma'an3"/> and totalled 430 strikes in two days, including 120 concealed rocket launchers, tunnels and 10 Hamas command and control centres.<ref name="Ma'an4">[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711222 "Israel strikes 160 targets in Gaza overnight"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031040318/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711222 |date=2014-10-31 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]], 9 July 2014.</ref> 82 Gaza rockets were fired at Israel, 21 of which were intercepted.<ref name="Ma'an7"/>

* An airstrike on [[Rafah]]'s al-Shouka neighborhood killed a militant, AbdulHadi Juma al-Soufi (24).<ref>[http://www.hlrn.org/~hlrnnew/arabic/activitydetails.php?id=o29sYw== "Jihad leader ... killed as Israel attacks family home"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304173802/http://hlrn.org/~hlrnnew/arabic/activitydetails.php?id=o29syw== |date=2016-03-04 }}, hlrn.org; accessed 25 July 2014.</ref>
* At dawn, an Israeli drone missile struck Rafiq al-Kafarne (30) while he rode a motorcycle at [[Beit Lahiya]], and severely wounded another man.<ref name="Weaver9"/><ref>[http://gulfnews.com/news/world/usa/ban-ki-moon-urges-restraint-1.1357686 "Ban Ki-moon urges restraint"], ''[[Gulf News]]'', 9 July 2014.</ref>
* At 10:20, an IAF missile struck an agricultural plot in [[Al-Mughraqa|al-Mughraqa village]], killing an elderly woman, Naifa Mohammed Zaher Farajallah (82), who had been either passing by or was buried under the rubble of her home.<ref name="Weaver9"/><ref name="PCHR3"/>
* At 10:30, a drone missile killed two people in a field near their home in the [[Nuseirat Camp|al-Nussairat refugee camp]]: Abdul Nasser Saleem Abu Kwaik (54 or 60) and his son Khaled (30 or 31) were killed. Abu Kwaik's wife and daughter were wounded.<ref name="Weaver9"/><ref name="PCHR3"/>
* An Israeli airstrike killed Muhammad Khalid al-Nimrah (22) in the [[Sabra, Gaza|Sabra neighborhood]] of Gaza City.<ref name="Ma'anlist"/><ref name="Ma'an3"/>
* At 11:30, an IAF missile hit Mustafa Jamal Malaka's house southeast of Gaza City, killing Hana Mohammed Fu'ad Malaka (28) and her child, Mohammed Mustafa Malaka (2), and wounding three other family members.<ref name="PCHR3"/>
* 11:55 an IAF missile struck several people near their home in [[Beit Hanoun]], killing four people: Sahar Hassan al-Masri (aged 35 or 40), Mohammed Ibrahim al-Masri (14 or 15), Aseel (16), and Amjad Zaher Hamdan (23 or 24) a nephew, who allegedly was a member of Islamic Jihad.<ref name="PCHR3">[http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10465:israeli-offensive-on-gaza-continues-69-palestinians-killed-of-whom-60-are-civilians-including-22-children-and-13-women-and-469-others-wounded-mostly-civilians-including-166-children-and-85-women-driver-of-press-vehicle-killed-70-houses-destroyed&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194 "Israeli Offensive on Gaza Continues: 69 Palestinians Killed, of Whom 60 Are Civilians, Including 22 Children and 13 Women, and 469 Others Wounded, Mostly Civilians, Including 166 Children and 85 Women; Driver of Press Vehicle Killed; 70 Houses Destroyed"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621232236/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10465:israeli-offensive-on-gaza-continues-69-palestinians-killed-of-whom-60-are-civilians-including-22-children-and-13-women-and-469-others-wounded-mostly-civilians-including-166-children-and-85-women-driver-of-press-vehicle-killed-70-houses-destroyed&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194 |date=2015-06-21 }}, [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]], 10 July 2014.</ref><ref name="Ma'an5"/>
* At 12:10, an IAF missile struck civilians in al-Nazzaz Street, [[Shuja'iyya|al-Shuja'iya, Gaza City]], killing two children, Eyad Salem Oraif (12), and his brother, Mohammed (10).<ref name="PCHR3"/>
* At 12:40, a mother, Amal Youseg Abdul Ghafour (al-Abadla; aged 33) and her son, Ranin (1), died in an IAF strike on a house opposite their own in [[al-Qarara]].<ref name="PCHR3"/>
* At 14:10, an IAF missile struck an open are near Bahloul gas station, east of Gaza City, killing a man described as a passer-by, Hatem Mohammed Sa'id Abu Salem (26).<ref name="PCHR3"/>
* At 18:55 an IAF missile hit a farm in Zimmu Street, [[Beit Hanoun]], killing three civilians: Hani Saleh Hamad (58), his son, Ibrahim (19), and his daughter, Asmaa (26).<ref name="PCHR3"/>
* At 15:00, the IAF bombed Awadh Hussein al-Nawasra's 2-storey house in [[Maghazi (camp)|al-Maghazi refugee camp]], killing Aesha Shubib (Sumud) al-Nawasra (23; four months pregnant); her husband, Salah Awadh al-Nawasra (24); and their children, Mohammed Khalaf Awadh al-Nawasra (2) and Nidal Khalaf Awadh al-Nawasra (4),<ref name="PCHR3"/><ref name="Ma'an5">[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711391 "Israeli airstrike kills family of 3, <nowiki>[sic]</nowiki> death toll reaches 39"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111232904/http://maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711391 |date=2014-11-11 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]], 9 July 2014.</ref> as well as Ra'ed Mohammed Abu Shalat (35), whose wife and five children were wounded.<ref name="PCHR3"/>
* At 20:15, an IAF strike bombed an agricultural plot in Gaza Old Street, damaging Mohammed Yousef al-Mautawaq's house and killing his daughter, Yasmin (3).<ref name="PCHR3"/>
* At 20:20, an IAF strike in the Rafah area killed Miriam Atiya al-Arja (9) and Silmiya Hassan al-Arja (60), adjacent to a targeted field near their home.<ref name="PCHR3"/>
* At 21:15, an IAF missile struck Jameel Abu Ghazal's house at an agricultural plot of the Murtaja family, east of Quliabu Hill; his son, Abdullah (4) was killed and another son, Mohammed (7), was seriously wounded.<ref name="PCHR3"/>
* At 22:35, a driver for the Gaza news agency Media 24, Hamed Abdullah Mohammed Shihab (33), was killed when an IAF missile struck his car marked with “TV”, in al-Remal, Gaza City; three civilians were wounded.<ref name="Ma'an7"/><ref name="PCHR3"/>
* At 23:00 An Israeli airstrike hit the ''Waqt al-Marah'' (''Fun Time Beach Cafe'')<ref name="Ma'an8">[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711864 "World Cup fans killed as Israel raid hits Gaza cafe"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113233523/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711864 |date=2014-11-13 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]], 10 July 2014.</ref> coffee bar on the seafront in [[Khan Younis]], killing nine  and wounding another 10 people reportedly watching the Netherlands-Argentina match in a [[2014 FIFA World Cup]] semi-final, which they could not see in Khan Younis because due to a power outage.<ref name="Ma'an7"/> Among the victims, mostly in their twenties,<ref name="Ma'an8"/> were: Muhammad Qannan (26) and Ibrahim Qannan (24), brothers; Suleiman al-Astal (17), Ahmed Saleem Mousa al-Astal (18) and Mousa Mohammed Taher al-Astal (15), brothers; Hamdi (20), Ibrahim (28) and Saleem Sawali (23), brothers; and Mohammed Ihsan Farawana (18).<ref name="Ma'an7"/><ref name="PCHR3"/>
* At 23:40, an IAF missile struck Ra'ed Mohammed Abu Shalat's house in the al-Sawarha area west of [[Nuseirat Camp|al-Nussairat]] refugee camp. Variously reported as occurring (with different casualty figures) at [[az-Zawayda]] village, west of the [[Maghazi (camp)|Maghazi]] refugee camp.<ref name="Ma'an7"/>
* Aminah Malaka (27), her son Muhammad Malaka (18 months old), and Hatim Abu Salim (28) were killed in an Israeli airstrike on a house in [[Zeitoun, Gaza|al-Zeytoun, Gaza City]].<ref name="Ma'an3"/> Mustafa Malaka, a Hamas security officer, was blown away yards from his house, but survived.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Beaumont |first1=Peter |title=Israel's missiles strike out of the blue, but rockets still rain down |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/09/israel-offensive-intensifies-hamas-gaza-missiles-rockets |work=The Guardian |date=9 July 2014}}</ref>
* Two brothers, Muhammad Arif (13) and Amir Arif (12), were killed in an air strike east of Gaza City,<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/733506/full-blown-war-22-dead-as-israel-pummels-gaza "Full-blown war: 22 dead as Israel pummels Gaza"], ''[[The Express Tribune]]'', 10 July 2014.</ref><ref>''Note'': the second does not appear on the Ma'an list, and therefore source contamination might double what is one casualty.</ref>
* In an air strike, Rafah Samia al-Arja (65) was killed; eight others were injured.
According to the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights statistics, between 10 am Wednesday and 10 am Thursday, 9–10 July, the casualties consisted of 47 Palestinians, of whom 43 were adjudged to be civilians, and, of the latter category, 16 were children and 10 women. 214 Palestinians were wounded and 41 houses destroyed.<ref name="PCHR1">[http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10466:israeli-offensive-on-gaza-continues-69-palestinians-killed-of-whom-60-are-civilians-including-22-children-and-13-women-and-469-others-wounded-mostly-civilians-including-166-children-and-85-women-driver-of-press-vehicle-killed-70-houses-destroyed&catid=145:in-focus "Israeli Offensive on Gaza Continues: 69 Palestinians killed, of whom 60 are civilians, including 22 children and 13 women, and 469 others wounded, mostly civilians, including 166 children and 85 women; Driver of Press Vehicle Killed; 70 Houses Destroyed"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924070042/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10466:israeli-offensive-on-gaza-continues-69-palestinians-killed-of-whom-60-are-civilians-including-22-children-and-13-women-and-469-others-wounded-mostly-civilians-including-166-children-and-85-women-driver-of-press-vehicle-killed-70-houses-destroyed&catid=145:in-focus |date=2015-09-24 }}, [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]] 10 July 2014.</ref>

==Day 3: Thursday 10 July 2014==
By day's end, Israel struck 201 targets In Gaza, resulting in 23 deaths. Gaza fired 197 rockets towards Israel, with no fatalities.<ref name="Yourkell"/> The homes of more than 40 Hamas commanders were targeted, bringing the total for three days to 785 strikes.<ref name="YZitun1">Yoav Zitun, [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4540910,00.html Ynet], 10 July 2014.</ref> 31 Palestinians were killed, bringing the overnight death count to 82. The dead included at least 10 women and 18 children, according to a count based on medical reports.<ref name="Ma'an7">[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711567 "Israeli airstrikes kill 31 Palestinians"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914021346/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711567 |date=2014-09-14 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]] 10 July 2014.</ref> By nightfall, at least 350 rockets had been fired at Israel, 90% of which were intercepted, while the IAF had made almost 900 airstrikes.<ref name="RiLaGur">Ricky Ben-David, Lazar Berman and Haviv Rettig Gur.</ref><ref>
[http://www.timesofisrael.com/operation-protective-edge-israel-hamas-day-4 "Rockets fired from Lebanon as attacks from Gaza continue"], ''The Times of Israel'', 11 July 2014.</ref>
* At 02:00, 3 IAF missiles targeted a site in the Central Gaza Strip where militants were known to be active. Ra'ed Olayan al-Zawaw'a (27) was killed by shrapnel to the head.<ref name="PCHR3"/>
* At 02:00 IAF warplanes targeted a house in the [[Khan Yunis Camp|Khan Yunis refugee camp]] reportedly killing eight members of the al-Hajj family. Roughly 30 people in the vicinity were injured. Palestininian sources claimed that no [[Roof knocking|Israeli warning]] was given before the strike. Those killed were: Mahmoud Lutfi al-Hajj (57); his wife, Bassema Abdul Qader Mohammed al-Hajj (48 or 57) and 6 of their children, Omar (20), Sa'ad (17), Tariq (18), Asmaa (22), Najlaa (29) and Fatema (12).<ref name="Ma'an7"/><ref name="PCHR3"/>
* At 07:30, IAF targeted three members of the [[al-Quds Brigades]] in al-Nafaq Street, [[Gaza City]], killing Baha Mohammed Zakaria Abu al-Lail (35 or 38), Aamer Sa'id Salama al-Fayoumi (39) and Salem Hassan Qandil (31); four other people were injured.<ref name="Ma'an7"/><ref name="PCHR3"/>
* At 10:50, an artillery shell hit fencing on Hamad Hassan Abu Jame's house roof in [[Khan Yunis]]; Hassan Eid Abu Jame (60) and his son, Ismail (18), were killed while unloading goods from a motor cart. Two teenage members of the family were wounded.<ref name="Ma'an7"/><ref name="PCHR4"/>
* At 12:15, a drone missile struck a car with a militant, Mahmoud Talee Waloud (21), and two (2) civilians, Hazem Ibrahim Ba'lousha (33) and Odai Rafiq al-Sultan (21), in the vicinity of the Civil Defense headquarters in Jabaliya, killing all three.<ref name="Ma'an7"/><ref name="PCHR4">[http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10469:a&catid=145:in-focus "Another Family Killed under Debris of Their Targeted House in Rafah"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714135733/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10469:a&catid=145:in-focus |date=2014-07-14 }}, [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]], 11 July 2014.</ref>
* At 15:00, 2 drone missiles targeted 2 motorbikes in the [[al-Zaytun|al-Zaytoun neighborhood]], southeast of Gaza City, killing a militant, Sami Adnan Shaldan (25), and wounding two other people.<ref name="Ma'an7"/><ref name="PCHR4"/>
* At 18:30, a drone missile struck Bassam Khatab's house in al-Hakar, [[Deir al-Balah]], severing the knees of Khatab's son, Abdul Rahman Bassam (5), who died shortly afterwards. The missile was fired as father and son were feeding sheep in a pen outside, waiting for the muezzin's call to break the Ramadan fast.<ref name="Ma'an7"/><ref name="PCHR4"/><ref>[http://www.btselem.org/testimonies/20140716_khatab "Bassam Khatab on the missile that killed his 5-year-old son, Abd a-Rahman, at home, in Deir al-Balah"], [[B'tselem]], 16 July 2014.</ref>
* At 20:00, a drone missile fired at a man riding a motorbike in [[Deir al-Balah]]'s al-Nakheel Street killed a militant, Abdullah Mustafa Abu Mahrouq (22).<ref name="PCHR4"/>
* A girl, Yasmin Muhammad al-Mutawwaq (4), died of her wounds after an Israeli missile struck a site in Khan Younis.<ref name="Ma'an7"/>
* Abdullah Ramadan Abu Ghazal (5) was killed in a missile strike at [[Beit Lahiya]].<ref name="Ma'an7"/>
* IDF soldiers were injured by mortar shrapnel; one suffered serious injuries requiring surgical treatments.<ref name="Haaretz1">[https://www.haaretz.com/2014-07-12/ty-article/operation-protective-edge-day-4/0000017f-dbff-d856-a37f-ffff8bef0000 "LIVE UPDATES: Three lightly hurt after rocket hits Be'er Sheva; Gaza death toll over 100"], ''[[Haaretz]]'', 11 July 2014.
: "Projectiles launched by Gaza militants are largely inaccurate."</ref>

==Day 4: Friday 11 July 2014==
By day's end, Israel struck 235 targets in Gaza, resulting in 23 deaths. 137 rockets were fired from Gaza without causing fatalities.<ref name="Yourkell"/>

By dawn, Israel radio reported the death total for Palestinians to be 92.<ref name="Sky News"/> An elderly Israeli woman died of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] while rushing to a shelter during a siren alert in [[Haifa]].<ref name="ToIDay4"/> Palestinian sources stated at around midday that 11 people had been killed since midnight, bringing the number of Palestinian deaths to 100.<ref name="Ma'an9">[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711990 "Gaza death toll hits 100 as Israel continues assault"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112005854/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711990 |date=2014-11-12 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]], 11 July 2014.</ref> As of that hour Gazan rocket salvos had caused no Israeli fatalities, although a strike on a petrol station in Ashdod hit a fuel tanker and injured between three<ref name="ABC"/> and eight Israelis, one seriously.<ref name="NidalOri"/> Israeli strikes on Gazan targets passed 1,000.<ref name="ABC">Aron Heller,[https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/israel-escalates-aerial-offensive-gaza-24503822 "Gaza Rockets Strike Gas Station as Fighting Intensifies"], ''[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]'', 11 July 2014.</ref>
* At 04:35, an IAF missile strike on tunnels in the Sha'ath neighborhood of Rafah hit collaterally the al-Nidji family in their home; daughter Nour Marwan al-Nijdi (10) died from shrapnel wounds. Her brother, Abdul Rahman (15) and their mother, Salwa Ahmed al-Nijdi (49), were wounded.<ref name="Ma'an9"/><ref name="Hass"/>
* At 10:30, Sofian Ahmed al-Bal'awi (39) died from wounds sustained in an IAF missile strike that hit a garden plot near his house.<ref name="PCHR2"/>
* Anas Abu al-Kass (33), whose parents had apparently been killed due to a targeting error in [[Operation Cast Lead]], was killed when a missile strike, reportedly aimed at a Hamas institution in the building, struck his 5th story clinic instead in the [[Tel al-Hawa]] neighbourhood in Gaza City.<ref name="Sky News">[http://www.skynews.com.au/news/world/mideast/2014/07/11/gaza-bloodshed-spirals-despite-truce-calls.html "Gaza bloodshed spirals despite truce calls"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714171511/http://www.skynews.com.au/news/world/mideast/2014/07/11/gaza-bloodshed-spirals-despite-truce-calls.html |date=July 14, 2014 }}, ''[[Sky News]]'', 11 July 2014.</ref><ref name="ToIDay4">{{cite news|last=Ben-David|first=Ricky|title=Israel masses forces on Gaza border, ahead of possible ground offensive|date=11 July 2014|accessdate=11 July 2014|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/operation-protective-edge-israel-hamas-day-4|newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref><ref name="Ma'an9"/><ref name="Hass">[[Amira Hass]], [https://www.haaretz.com/2014-07-13/ty-article/.premium/gaza-civilians-waiting-for-the-slaughterhouse/0000017f-dc0a-db22-a17f-fcbb87b20000 "Gaza civilians waiting 'for the slaughterhouse'"], ''[[Haaretz]]'', 11 July 2014.</ref>
* An Israeli airstrike, consisting of three missiles, targeting the Ghannam family home in [[Rafah]] blew it apart and damaged several other properties. Five family members were killed; one, Hussan (20), survived the injuries he sustained. Seven neighbours were injured. One member of the family {{Which|date=July 2014}} was an Islamic Jihad member.<ref name="Ma'an9"/><ref name="Hass"/> The dead were: Abdul Raziq Hassan al-Ghannam (58), Ghalia Deeb al-Ghannam (57), Kifah Shaker al-Ghannam (33), Wissam Abdulraziq Hassan Ghannam (31), and Mahmoud Abdul Raziq al-Ghannam (28).<ref name="Ma'an9"/><ref name="Hass"/>
* An airstrike in the vicinity of the al-Nuseirat refugee camp killed Adnan al-Ashhab (40).<ref name="Ma'an9"/>
* A Gaza city airstrike killed a man described by Palestinian sources as a doctor and/or pharmacist.<ref name="NidalOri">Nidal al-Mughrabi and Ori Lewis,
[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-israel-idUSKBN0FC0JP20140711 "Israeli strikes kill more Palestinians; rocket causes huge blaze in Israel"], [[Reuters]], 11 July 2014.</ref>
* At 12:00, Mazen Mustafa Aslan (51) and Sharayan Ismail Abu al-Kas (41) were killed while driving in the al-Boreij municipality was struck by a drone missile. Local sources identified them as Hamas municipality employees. Three local residents were injured, and one, Shahad Helmi al-Qurainawi (a 5-year old girl), died shortly afterwards in hospital.<ref name="PCHR2"/><ref name="Ma'an9"/>
* At 12:20, an IAF warplane missile hit and heavily damaged Shadi al-Arini's flat in [[Beit Lahiya]]; five people were wounded.<ref name="PCHR2"/>
* At 14:05, Mohammed Rabee Abu Hmaidan (64) was killed, and three (3) others wounded when a drone missile targeted an area near Hammouda gas station, outside Beit Hanoun.<ref name="PCHR2"/><ref name="Ma'an9"/>
* At 16:45, IAF warplanes targeting a militants' site near the Dar al-Salam Mosque in the al-Zeitoun neighborhood fired a missile that wounded eight people leaving the mosque, reportedly civilians, one of whom, Nasser Mohammed Esmamiya (49), died several hours later.<ref name="PCHR2"/><ref name="Ma'an9"/>
* At around 17:00, Saher Abu Namous (3 or 4 years old) died when a drone missile flying outside their homes, reportedly targeting a home in Jabaliya, killed him.<ref name="PCHR2"/><ref name="Ma'an9"/>
* At 19:45, Mohammed Saber Mustafa Sukkar (72 or 80) and Hussein Mohammed al-Mamlouk (49) died when an IAF missile was fired, together with shelling, on an area where several Palestinians, reportedly, civilians were on their way to a mosque in the al-Nizar neighborhood of [[Shuja'iyya]], east Gaza City. A third man, Fadi Ya'qoub Sukkar (25), sustained severe wounds, and died an hour later. Three others suffered injuries.<ref name="Haaretz1"/><ref name="PCHR2"/><ref name="Ma'an9"/>
* At 22:20, Rami Saleh Mohammed Abu Musa'ed (26) and Mohammed Ahmed al-Suamairi (24), both militants, died when a drone missile struck them in a field in Deir al-Balah.<ref name="PCHR2"/>
* At 22:00, an IAF bombing demolished Yousef Mohammed al-Baik's 2-storey house in al-Nafaq Street, Gaza City, and artillery shells destroyed Sa'id Salem Abdul Aal's home; two civilians were wounded.<ref name="PCHR2"/>
* Raed Abu Hani (50) died in an airstrike on eastern Rafah.<ref name="Ma'an9"/>
* An 80-year-old woman in [[Beersheva|Be'er Sheva]] suffered moderate injuries from a Gazan rocket late in the evening, and two other Israelis were injured.<ref name="Haaretz1"/>
* Two IDF soldiers were lightly injured by an anti-tank missile that damaged their jeep.<ref name="Haaretz1"/>
* In Israel's southern region 78 people have sought hospital care since the beginning of Operation Protective Cliff, 21 for shock, and 57 from minor injuries sustained en route to bomb shelters.<ref name="Haaretz1"/>
As the death count edged over the 100 figure, the [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] issued a calculation 20%, 21 of 101, of the fatalities so far were children, 11 women, and 58 civilians. It added that the number of injured exceeded 700.<ref name="JoelG">Joel Greenberg,[http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/07/11/233078/gaza-death-toll-climbs-as-israel.html "Gaza death toll climbs as Israeli strikes level houses; 21 of 101 dead are children"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714131233/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/07/11/233078/gaza-death-toll-climbs-as-israel.html |date=2014-07-14 }}, [[The McClatchy Company|McClatchy]], 11 July 2014.</ref><ref name="Ma'an9"/> Israel had struck over 1,000 targets with over 2,000 tons/tonnes of explosives, several health facilities had been damaged, 70 homes had been completely destroyed, 342 housing units destroyed or damaged, and some 2,000 people were believed to have been displaced.<ref name="JoelG"/>

==Day 5: Saturday 12 July 2014==
By day's end, Israel had struck 180 targets In Gaza 180 targets, resulting in 51 deaths. Gazan militants fired 125 rockets towards Israel, with no fatalities.<ref name="Yourkell"/>
* At 01:20, after his wife was phoned with a warning, two drone missiles struck the house of a member of the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]], Ghaleb Kamel Mansour, in al-Junaina, Rafah; a follow-up IAF strike destroyed the house.<ref name="PCHR2"/>
* At 01:30, a strike on al-Nasr Street<ref name="PCHR2"/> killed Yousif and Anas Qandil, father and son, who reportedly had fled their home, hoping to avoid collateral damage from shrapnel when their neighbours received an [[Roof knocking|Israeli warning]] of an imminent strike on a nearby house. With others, they took shelter under a tree, where they were killed.<ref name="PCHR2"/><ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=712373 "Family who fled after 'warning call' killed outside home"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101162426/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=712373 |date=2015-01-01 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]], 12 July 2014.</ref>
* At 01:35 (var. 00:35), a drone missile hit a site, described variously as either the yard of Anwar Aziz Mosque or Martyr Anwar Aziz Square<ref name="Ma'an10">[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=712231 "Israeli Airstrikes kill over 20 in Gaza"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031143815/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=712231 |date=2014-10-31 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]], 12 July 2014.</ref> in [[Jabaliya Camp|Jabaliya]], killing four people: Hissab Deeb Razaina (39), Abdul Rahman Saleh al-Khatib (38), Yousef Mohammed Mandil (39), and Mohammed Edris Abu Swailem, as well as wounding five others.
* At 01:45, an IAF strike destroyed Mohammed and Shawqi Afana's 2-storey house, with collateral damage to a nearby home; seven civilians wounded.<ref name="PCHR2"/>
* At 2:15 a.m, an IAF airstrike demolished the al-Farouq Mosque in Nuseirat refugee camp.<ref name="PCHR2"/><ref name="Ma'an10"/>
* At 04:55 (or about 04:30, coinciding with the muezzin's prayer): warning missiles, not heard by the hostel patients, were fired, but the disabled had no means to evacuate in time.<ref>[http://www.btselem.org/testimonies/20140714_diabled_center_hamada "May Hamadah, 33, who is fully paralyzed, describes the bombing of the hostel she lives in, which killed two and injured four"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721111108/http://www.btselem.org/testimonies/20140714_diabled_center_hamada |date=2014-07-21 }}, [[B'tselem]], 17 July 2014.</ref> Two mentally and physically disabled women, Ola Washahi (aka Ola Hussein Enshassi; aged 30 or 31) and Suha Musbah Abu Sa'da (aged 39 or 47) were killed, while several other people sustained injuries when the IAF struck a charitable care home for the handicapped in [[Beit Lahiya]].<ref name="PCHR2"/><ref name="Ma'an10"/><ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=712476 "Horror as Gaza handicapped care facility bombed"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031203502/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=712476 |date=2014-10-31 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]], 12 July 2014.</ref> A caregiver was hospitalized for burns.
* At 05:05, an IAF strike demolished a Wassef Charity office in al-Maghazi.<ref name="PCHR2"/>
* At 05:30, 3 drone-launched missiles partially destroyed Ahmed Ezzat Abu Ahmed's 2-storey in Rafah's al-Shaboura refugee camp, wounding Mohammed al-Houbi (12).<ref name="PCHR2"/>
* At 05:45, an IAF missile destroyed the Rafah office of the Ministry of Labor.<ref name="PCHR2"/>
* At 06:45, an IAF airstrike struck militants belonging to the [[Mujahideen|al-Mujahidin Brigades]] near the al-Katiba Mosque in Ansar, Gaza City, killing three: Mohammed Rif'at al-Syouti (20), Mohammed Bassem al-Halabi (25) and Nabil As'ad Bassal (29).<ref name="PCHR2"/><ref name="Ma'an10"/>
* At 07:10, an IAF airstrike killed three police officers in a park in [[Tuffah|al-Tuffah]]: Ibrahim Nabil Hamada (22), Hassan Ahmed Abu Ghoush (28), and Ahmed Mahmoud al-Bal'awi (23).<ref name="PCHR2"/>
* At 07:30, 2 drone-launched missiles hit the home of Islamic Jihadist Mohammed Jamal Timraz, in the [[Tel al-Sultan]] refugee camp, west of Rafah. A neighbour was phoned to evacuate the house beforehand. Shortly thereafter, an IAF missile destroyed it.<ref name="PCHR2"/><ref name="Ma'an10"/>
* At 13:00, [[Al-Shifa Hospital]] staff in Gaza City announced the death of Safaa Mustafa Malaka (16), who had been wounded on 9 July in an attack on the family home in [[al-Zaytun|al-Zaytoun]].<ref name="PCHR5"/>
* At 13:40, an IAF missile struck a site where several civilians reportedly seated under the al-Malash family apartment building in the [[Sheikh Radwan]] neighborhood of Gaza City, killing six people: Nidal Mohammed Ibrahim al-Malash (22), Azmi Mahmoud Taha Obaid (51), Suleiman Sa'id Younis Obaid (56), Mustafa Mohammed Taha Enaya (58), Ghassaan Ahmed al-Masri (25), and Rateb Subhi Yousef al-Saifi (22).<ref name="PCHR5"/>
* At 15:30, 2 drone-launched missiles hit No'man Wa'el al-Nahhal's house in Rafah's western al-Mawasi area, wounding his wife, Samar Fat'hi al-Nahhal (36); five minutes later, an IAF missile demolished the house.<ref name="PCHR5"/>
* At 16:30, an IAF missile was fired at a group of militants at the Doula intersection in [[al-Zaytun|al-Zaytoun, Gaza City]], killing Ahmed Yousef Dalloul (37) and wounding three people.<ref name="PCHR5"/>
* At 17:30, an IAF bombing of a garden plot in al-Nazzaz Street in al-Shuja'iya neighborhood killed Ghazi Mohammed Mustafa Oraif (62) and his son, Mohammed (35), while they were reportedly tilling the earth.<ref name="PCHR5"/>
* At 17:30, a drone missile struck Jum'a Saber Khalifa's 3-storey house, where 29 people resided, in the [[Nuseirat Camp|al-Nussairat refugee camp]], followed shortly after by an IAF missile strike, killing a neighbor, Khawla Mohmmed Sarhan al-Hawajri (aged 25).<ref name="PCHR5"/>
* At 17:30 (19:30?), a drone-launched missile damaged the office of the [[Deir Yassin|Deir Yassin Cultural Association]] in al-Tannour, east of Rafah.<ref name="PCHR5"/>
* At 18:10, a drone missile fired at a group of militants, killing one person, Mohammed Abdullah Mohammed al-Sharatha (28), and wounding another east of Jabaliya.<ref name="PCHR5"/>
* At 19:30, a drone-launched missile struck the 2-storey house of Mohammed al-Bawab, an [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]] operative, south of Rafah; an IAF strike demolished it 10 minutes later.<ref name="PCHR5"/>
* At 22:25, a drone-launched missile targeted two members of the [[al-Quds Brigades]] in the al-Zohour neighborhood north of Rafah, killing Muhannad Yousef Dubahir (21) and mortally wounding Izziddin Na'im Bulbul (27), who died in hospital three hours later.<ref name="PCHR5"/>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:8%;"|Date
! style="width:8%;"|Place
! style="width:18%;"|Target
! style="width:20%;"|Description
!Action
! style="width:12%;"|Origin of missile
|}
* At 22:30, in [[Tuffah|al-Tuffah]], 2 IAF missiles, following a Hamas barrage of missiles towards Israeli cities, [[List of Israeli assassinations|targeted]] the head of Gaza's Hamas police, Gen. Tayseer al-Batsh. Initial accounts vary: either he was targeted as he was leaving a mosque in [[Tuffah|al-Tuffah, Gaza City]], or the house where he was sheltering was hit by two bombs. In the latter case, he was injured while taking shelter in the house of his cousin, Majid al-Batsh, and the bombs demolished the house, and killed 21 or 22 members of the family inside.<ref name="PBeaumont">Peter Beaumont, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/13/israeli-commandos-gaza-beach-palestinians "Israeli commandos raid Gaza beach as deadly air assault continues"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 13 July 2014.</ref> The attack killed 21 or 22 people and wounded between 35 and 45 people, including the general.<ref name="IKershner">[[Isabel Kershner]], [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/14/world/middleeast/israel-gaza.html "No Support for Cease-Fire seen among Israel's Leaders and Palestinian Militants"], ''[[New York Times]]'', 13 July 2014.</ref> It marked the single deadliest assault since the outbreak of hostilities.<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=712537 "Gaza death toll at 167 as deadly Israeli strikes continue"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110204629/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=712537 |date=2014-11-10 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]], 13 July 2014.</ref> [[Ynet]] reported that the mosque was the primary target, that several militants, some intending to launch rockets, were among the 21 dead, and that the IDF "does not view the incident as a work accident".<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4542857,00.html "IAF Pilot calls off strike on Gaza target after spotting children nearby"], [[Ynet]], 13 July 2014. This article reports the strike as occurring at [[Shuja'iyya|al-Shuja'iya]] on Thursday, and not, as other sources report, in [[Tuffah|al-Tuffah]] on Saturday.</ref> The attack, reportedly without [[Roof knocking|prior warning]]<ref>[http://www.btselem.org/testimonies/20140716_al_batsh "Sa'eed al-Hadad relates bombing of al-Batsh home in Gaza City with no prior warning, which killed 17 family members"], [[B'tselem]], 16 July 2014.</ref> struck Majed Subhi al-Batsh's 2-storey house, home to two families, close by the al-Haramain Mosque in [[Tuffah|al-Tuffah]], killing 11 family members:
** Majed Subhi al-Batsh (50),
** Bahaa Maj al-Batsh (28) his son,
** Amal Hassan Mohammed al-Batsh (49), his wife,
** Samah Alaa Subhi al-Batta (20), eight-months pregnant, daughter-in-law,
** Amal Bahaa al-Batsh (2), his grandchild,
** Jalal Majed al-Batsh (26), his son,
** Khaled Majed al-Batsh (20), his son,
** Mahmoud Majed al-Batsh (22), his son,
** Ibrahim Majed al-Batsh (18), his son,<ref>Saud Abu Ramadan, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160204230458/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2014-07/16/c_133486297.htm "Israel's war on Gaza deprives students of celebrating graduation"], [[Xinhuanet]], 15 July 2014.</ref>
** Marwa (25), his daughter,
** Manar Majed al-Batsh (13), his child.<ref name="PCHR5"/>
* Several nearby houses owned by Majed al-Batsh's brothers suffered considerable damage; the following were killed: Nahid Na'im Subhi al-Batsh (41), Qusai Issam Subhi al-Batsh (12), Mohammed Issam al-Batsh 17), Aziza Yousef Ahmed al-Batsh (59), Yihya Alaa Subhi al-Batsh (18), and Anas Alaa Subhi al-Batsh (7). 15 other al-Batsh family members were wounded, 6 seriously.<ref name="PCHR5"/>
* At 23:05, a drone-launched missile struck a vehicle belonging to the Coastal Municipalities Water Utility, in Abu Bakr Street, western Rafah, seriously wounding Ziad Mahmoud al-Shawi (42).<ref name="PCHR5"/>
* At 23:40, a drone-launched missile successfully targeted a member of the [[al-Quds Brigades]], Emad Bassam Zo'rob (23), in al-Siamat Street, northern Rafah. Two people who came to his assistance were struck by another missile, killing one, Fadi Mohammed Zo'rob (23), instantly. The other, Haitham Ashraf Zo'rob (20), died five hours later in hospital.<ref name="PCHR5"/>



B'tselem estimated by noon on Saturday, 12 July, that of the 114 Palestinians killed, 27 had been killed while engaged in combat. Of the remainder, 26 were minors, 13 were women (under age 60) and 5 were senior citizens.<ref>[http://www.btselem.org/initial-figures-114-people-killed-gaza-strip-date-12-july-2014-noon "Initial figures: 114 People killed in Gaza Strip to date" (12 July 2014, noon)], [[B'tselem]], 13 July 2014.</ref> From 10 a.m. Saturday to 10 a.m. Sunday, Palestinian sources stated that 43 people, including 39 civilians, while 139 were wounded. 23 houses were demolished in air attacks.<ref name="PCHR5">[http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10478:156-palestinians-killed-of-whom-132-are-civilians-including-35-children-and-26-women-and-934-others-wounded-mostly-civilians-including-280-children-and-194-women&catid=145:in-focus "156 Palestinians Killed, of whom 132 are civilians, including 34 children and 27 women, and 938 others wounded, mostly civilians, including 280 children and 194 women"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715004958/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10478:156-palestinians-killed-of-whom-132-are-civilians-including-35-children-and-26-women-and-934-others-wounded-mostly-civilians-including-280-children-and-194-women&catid=145:in-focus |date=2014-07-15 }}, [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]], 13 July 2014.</ref>

==Day 6: Sunday 13 July 2014==
By the end of day 5 (12 July), Israeli forces had struck 173 targets in Gaza, resulting in 13 deaths. Gaza had fired 130 rockets towards Israel, with no fatalities.<ref name="Yourkell"/> By early Sunday morning, according to Gaza's Ministry of Health, the death toll and casualty figures in the Gaza Strip had risen to 165 Palestinians killed with over 1,000 injured.<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=712537 "Gaza death toll at 165 as deadly Israeli strikes continue"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110204629/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=712537 |date=2014-11-10 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]], 13 July 2014.</ref> On 13 July, an Israeli spokesman said Israel had so far launched over 1,300 air strikes, while Hamas had launched some 800 rockets towards Israeli. Several Israelis have been wounded.<ref name="PBeaumont"/> Israel dropped leaflets warning around 100,000 Gazan residents of Beit Latiya and Attatra to evacuate the area, where Israel proposes to "strike with might" late Sunday. Most residents appeared to have decided to stay,<ref>Peter Beaumont, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/13/thousands-flee-gaza-israel-bombing "Thousands flee Gaza homes after Israel warns of large-scale bombing"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 13 July 2014.</ref> although by late Sunday 17,000 had packed up and left.<ref>[http://www.timesofisrael.com/as-hamas-war-goes-into-sixth-day-israel-steps-up-air-strikes-after-rocket-barrage-on-central-israel "Gazan rocket cuts power to Strip; IDF hits Syria after mortar strike: Live blog, 22.30"], ''[[The Times of Israel]]'', 13 July 2014.</ref>

* At 12:00, a drone missile targeted a group of militants, killing one man, Qassem Talal Hamdan (24).<ref name="PCHR6"/>
* At 12:15, a drone-launched missile damaged Khamis Abdul Wahab al-Salhi's 3-storey house in the [[Nuseirat Camp|al-Nussairat refugee camp]], and three people, reportedly civilians, were wounded.<ref name="PCHR6"/>
* At 17:00, a drone-launched missile struck the house of [[al-Quds Brigades]] member Ra'fat Saleh al-Zamli, after a warning phone-call to his brother, in the al-Salam neighborhood, southern Rafah; five minutes later an IAF missile destroyed the property.<ref name="PCHR6"/>
* At 17:40, a drone-fired missile struck the house of [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]] leader Faisal Ahmed al-Qadhi, home to nine people, opposite the Rab'a al-Adawiya School in the west of Rafah, and it was destroyed by a follow-up strike. Prior to the attack the IDF had phoned al-Qadhi's sister-in-law telling her to evacuate the house.<ref name="PCHR6"/>
* At 21:20, a drone-launched missile struck [[Al-Nasser Salah al-Deen Brigades]]'s member Ussama Thabet Abu Mour's house in al-Nasser village, northeast of Rafah, killing one member of the brigade, Maher Thabet Abu Mour (23).<ref name="PCHR6"/>
* At 21:55, a drone-launched missile struck the garden of a house rented by Hazem Mousa Abu Mo'ammar in al-Nasser village, northeast of Rafah, killing three people: Abu Mo'ammar's father (56),; his brother, Saddam (24), and his sister-in-law, Hanadi Hamdan Abu Mo'ammar (26). Three others were injured.<ref name="PCHR6"/>
* At 22:20, an IAF warplane launched a missile at an agricultural plot in [[Wadi as-Salqa|Wadi as-Salqa village]], east of [[Deir al-Balah]] either killing or injuring {{citation needed|date=July 2014}} the owner, Mohammed Salem Brais (79).<ref name="PCHR6"/>
* At 23:35, 3 drone-launched missiles hit Basheer al-Tabatibi's 2-storey house east of Jabaliya; it was destroyed shortly afterwards by an IAF strike.<ref name="PCHR6">[http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10484:ongoing-israeli-offensive-on-gaza-162-palestinians-killed-of-whom-137-are-civilians-including-34-children-and-28-women-and-1058-others-wounded-mostly-civilians-including-332-children-and-212-women&catid=145:in-focus "Ongoing Israeli Offensive on Gaza: 162 Palestinians killed, of whom 137 are civilians, including 34 children and 28 women, and 1,058 others wounded, mostly civilians, including 332 children and 212 women"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924070100/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10484:ongoing-israeli-offensive-on-gaza-162-palestinians-killed-of-whom-137-are-civilians-including-34-children-and-28-women-and-1058-others-wounded-mostly-civilians-including-332-children-and-212-women&catid=145:in-focus |date=2015-09-24 }}, Palestinian Centre for Human Rights website, 14 July 2014; accessed 22 August 2014.</ref>

==Day 7: Monday 14 July 2014==
By day's end, Israel had struck 163 targets in Gaza, resulting in six deaths. Gazan militants had fired 115 rockets towards Israel, resulting in no fatalities.<ref name="Yourkell"/>
As the strike entered its seventh day, Palestinian fatalities had risen to 172 dead, with an estimated 1,230 wounded, as two (2) more men were killed in night strikes, and more than 60 Palestinians suffered injuries. According to calculations by the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights, 130 of the dead (among them 35 children and 26 women) were civilians. The Al-Noor Mosque in [[Deir al-Balah]] was demolished in a bombing sortie.<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=712807 "Israeli airstrikes on Gaza kill 2 overnight"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129081002/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=712807 |date=2014-11-29 }}, 14 July 2014.</ref> According to the Israeli Human Rights [[NGO]], [[B'tselem]], by 13 July, of 52 Palestinians killed in 10 distinct strikes on homes, 19 were minors and 12 were women. The assessment excludes figures from another incident, in which six family members died in an operation the IDF defined as a [[Targeted killings by Israel Defense Forces|targeted killing]].<ref>[http://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/20140713_palestinians_killed_in_illegal_attacks_on_houses "B'Tselem info sheet: 52 Palestinians killed in bombings of homes in Gaza Strip, which are unlawful"], [[B'tselem]], 13 July 2014.</ref>
* At 00:45, Adham Mohammed Abdul Fattah Abdul Aal (29) died of wounds sustained in an earlier {{When|date=July 2014}} IAF attack on his family's house.<ref name="PCHR6"/>
* At 03:30, 2 drone-launched missiles struck Jamal Hassouna Shamallakh's 3-storey house, home to 17 people live, in the Sheikh Ejlin neighborhood southwest of Gaza City, and a follow-up IAF strike destroyed it, wounding three children.<ref name="PCHR3"/>
* At 03:30, 2 drone-launched missiles struck Matar Mohammed Abduat's 3-storey house, home to 10 people, and a follow-up IAF strike destroyed it, leaving five children wounded.<ref name="PCHR6"/>
* At 05:00, a drone-launched missile, after an IDF alert to a neighbour to evacuate the house, partially destroyed the house of an [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]] activist, Suleiman Mohammed Abu Sha'ar, near the al-Farouq Mosque at [[Rafah Camp|al-Shaboura]].<ref name="PCHR6"/>


* Adham Muhammad Abdul-Fattah al-Abdul died of his wounds in Gaza City.<ref name="Ma'an11"/>{{When|date=August 2014}}
* Hanadi Hamdi Muammar (27) was killed in Israeli airstrikes on [[Khan Younis]].<ref name="Ma'an11">[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=712807 "Deadly airstrikes on seventh day of Gaza assault"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129081002/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=712807 |date=2014-11-29 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]], 14 July 2014.</ref>{{When|date=August 2014}}
* Hmeid Suleiman Abu al-Araj (60) was killed in an airstrike on [[Deir al-Balah]].<ref name="Ma'an11"/>{{When|date=August 2014}}
* Three people killed in [[Khan Younis]] by an Israeli airstrike: Abdullah Baraka, Abasan al-Jadida, and Tamir Salim Qudeih (37).<ref name="Ma'an11"/>{{When|date=August 2014}}
* Mohammad Taysir Hamdan (24) was killed in an airstrike.<ref name="Ma'an11"/>{{Where|date=July 2014}}{{When|date=August 2014}}
* Ziyad Salim al-Shawi (25) died of wounds received in an earlier attack.<ref name="Ma'an11"/>{{Where|date=July 2014}}{{When|date=August 2014}}
* Ziyad al-Najjar (16) died when his motorbike was targeted by an airstrike in Khan Younis.<ref name="Ma'an11"/>{{When|date=August 2014}}

==Day 8: Tuesday 15 July 2014==
By day's end, Israel had struck 96 targets in Gaza, resulting in 16 deaths. Gazan militants fired 156 rockets towards Israel, resulting in 1 death. In the 8 days since the outbreak of hostilities, Israel had struck 1,603 targets in Gaza, resulting in 194 deaths. Gaza launched 1147 rockets, resulting in one death in Israel.<ref name="Yourkell"/>

By early Tuesday morning, the ''[[Ma'an News Agency]]'' reported that casualties rose overnight to 192 fatalities, and over 1,400 injured.<ref name="Ma'an12">[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=713144 Ma'an News Agency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101123324/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=713144 |date=2014-11-01 }}, 15 July 2014.</ref>
* At 15:00, an IAF strike hit a shed on an agricultural plot northwest of Khan Yunis, destroying it, killing Subhi Abdul Hamid Hussein Mousa (78).<ref name="PCHR7">[http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10492:on-the-9th-day-of-the-offensive-on-the-gaza-strip-israeli-warplanes-escalate-attacks-on-houses-especially-those-of-political-leaders&catid=145:in-focus "On the 9th Day of the Offensive on the Gaza Strip, Israeli Warplanes Escalate Attacks on Houses, Especially Those of Political Leaders"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924070107/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10492:on-the-9th-day-of-the-offensive-on-the-gaza-strip-israeli-warplanes-escalate-attacks-on-houses-especially-those-of-political-leaders&catid=145:in-focus |date=2015-09-24 }}, [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]], 16 July 2014.</ref>
* At 18:30, an IAF missile critically wounded Ismail Fatouh (24), who had reportedly been irrigating crops on his plot of land in Zeitoun, Gaza; he died later in a hospital.<ref name="PCHR7"/>
* At 22:10, a drone-launched missile killed a militant, Khalil Ibrahim al-Sha'afi (41), who was en route to a mosque in the village of Juhor ad-Dik.<ref name="PCHR7"/>
* At 22:50 a drone-launched missile hit a taxi with six (6) passengers in al-Junaina, Rafah, killing two and wounding four, one of whom, the taxi driver, died four hours later. The dead were: Mousa Sa'id Dahliz (30), Yasser Ali al-Mahmoum (18), and taxi driver Ahmed Aadel al-Nawajha (23).<ref name="PCHR7"/>

* Ismail Salim al-Najjar (46) and Muhammad Ahmad Ibrahim al-Najjar (49) were killed in an airstrike near former Israeli settlements which had been evacuated in 2005.<ref name="Ma'an12"/>
* An airstrike in Khan Younis killed three people: Suleiman Abu Luli (33), Ata al-Umour (58), and Bushra Khalil Zurub (53).<ref name="Ma'an12"/>
* The home of Basim Naim, adviser to Hamas leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]], was destroyed in an airstrike.<ref name="Ma'an12"/>

==Day 9: Wednesday 16 July 2014==
By day's end, Israel had struck 50 targets in Gaza, resulting in 17 deaths. Gaza had fired 94 rockets towards Israel, resulting in no fatalities.<ref name="Yourkell"/>

* At 00:20 IAF warplanes destroyed the 4-storey house of a member of the [[Palestinian Legislative Council]], Ismail al-Ashqar, in [[Jabaliya]].<ref name="PCHR7"/>
* At 01:00, a drone-launched missile struck the vicinity of Asqalan School in the al-Fakhari area southeast of [[Khan Yunis]], killing Fareed Mahmoud Abu Daqqa (33).<ref name="PCHR7"/>
* At 01:40, a drone-launched missile at the 5-storey house of former Interior Minister Fathi Hammad in [[Beit Lahiya]].<ref name="PCHR7"/>
* At 02:20 a drone-launched missile struck and killed two militants, Mohammed Abdullah al-Zahouq (25) and Mohammed Ismail Abu Ouda (28), in Swedish Village, southwest of [[Rafah]], and injured a third.<ref name="PCHR7"/>
* At 02:35, a drone-launched missile killed Mohammed Sabri al-Dibari (21) near his home in al-Shouka, southeast of [[Rafah]].<ref name="PCHR7"/>
* At 03:00, a drone-launched missile killed a man, Mohammed Tayseer Yousef Shurrab (23), returning home to Gizan Abu Rashwan, southeast of [[Khan Yunis]].<ref name="PCHR7"/>
* At 03:10, a drone-launched missile struck Mohammed Abdullah Salam al-Arjani's house, home to 20 people, in the Gizan Abu Rashwan area, reportedly without prior warning, killing al-Arjani's son, Abdullah (19), and wounding six others.<ref name="PCHR7"/>
* At 06:40, a drone-launched missile killed a man, Ashraf Fares Abu Shanab (26), working his land east of [[Rafah]].<ref name="PCHR7"/>
*In Gaza City, four children were killed by Israeli rockets while playing soccer just outside the [[Al Deira Hotel]]. Staff from the hotel brought wounded to the restaurant. Several foreign journalists staying at the hotel became eyewitnesses to the killing.<ref>''[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/17/world/middleeast/gaza-strip-beach-explosion-kills-children.html?_r=0 "Boys Drawn to Gaza Beach, and Into Center of Mideast Strife"]'', nytimes.com, 17 July 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/middle-east-unrest/palestinians-mourn-four-children-killed-gaza-beach-n157536 Palestinians Mourn Four Children Killed on Gaza Beach], nbcnews.com; accessed 12 July 2015.</ref><ref>''[https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/07/16/what-happened-when-palestinian-children-were-killed-in-front-of-a-hotel-full-of-journalists What happened when Palestinian children were killed in front of a hotel full of journalists"]'', washingtonpost.com, 16 July 2014.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/16/witness-gaza-shelling-first-hand-account "Witness to a shelling: first-hand account of deadly strike on Gaza port"], theguardian.com, 16 July 2014.</ref>

==Day 10: Thursday 17 July 2014==
* On Thursday morning, IAF warplanes bombed the residence of the French Consul in Gaza, Dr. Majdi Jameel Shaqqura, {{Why|date=July 2014}} his two-storey home near al-Nawras Resort, southwest of [[Beit Lahiya]], was demolished.<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
* At 17:10, a drone-launched missile hit the roof of Marzouq Mohammed Shuhaiber's son's home, where five children were reportedly feeding birds, killing three, and seriously wounding the other two. The dead were: Wissam Essam Marzouq Shuhaiber (8) and Afnan Wissam Marzouq Shuhaiber (8), and a third child whose surname was not released, Jihad (10).<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
* At 18:00, IAF warplanes dropped flyers warning the inhabitants of [[Khuza'a, Khan Yunis|Khuza'a]], [[Abasan al-Kabera|Abassan]] and [[Bani Suheila]] to abandon their homes and concentrate in the town centre.<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
* At 18:15, a drone-launched missile struck the al-Abadla family home in [[Qarara|al-Qarara]], killing a militant, Hamza Hassan Ali al-Abadla (29).<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
* At 18:20, a drone-launched missile struck two children in their backyard, al-Manara neighborhood, south of Khan Yunis, killing one person, Rahaf Khalil Hamada al-Jbour (4), and wounding another.<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
* At 18:55, an Israeli drone fired a missile at a house belonging to Ussama Abu Taha in the [[Al-Brazil]] neighborhood, south of Rafah. A few minutes later, an Israeli warplane launched a missile at the house and destroyed it; Mukhles Jaber al-Loulahi (aged 4) was wounded.<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
* At 19:00, Hayel Abdul Hamid School was shelled in [[Beit Hanoun]], fire burned the third floor and the site was damaged.<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718">[http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10510:on-the-11th-day-of-the-israeli-offensive-israeli-forces-launch-ground-operation-in-the-gaza-strip-covered-by-unprecedented-shelling-dozens-of-palestinian-civilians-killed-or-wounded&catid=145:in-focus "On the 11th Day of the Israeli Offensive: Israeli Forces Launch Ground Operation in the Gaza Strip Covered by Unprecedented Shelling; Dozens of Palestinian Civilians Killed or Wounded"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924070109/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10510:on-the-11th-day-of-the-israeli-offensive-israeli-forces-launch-ground-operation-in-the-gaza-strip-covered-by-unprecedented-shelling-dozens-of-palestinian-civilians-killed-or-wounded&catid=145:in-focus |date=2015-09-24 }}, [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights|PCHR]], 18 July 2014.</ref>
* At 19:20, after a phone alert to the owner's son, a drone missile struck Salem Shihda Siam's house, home to 10 people, in Rafah's al-Shaboura refugee camp; it was demolished minutes later by an IAF missile.<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
* At 19:50, a drone-launched missile struck Musallam Abdul Karim Eissa's house, home to 20 people, in [[Juhor ad-Dik]]; minutes later an IAF missile destroyed it, killing Eissa's son, Hussam, and seriously injuring one of Eissa's brothers.<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
* At 20:00, Israeli tanks fired dozens of shells at the east of the central Gaza Strip. A number of civilians were wounded and some houses were damaged.<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
* At 20:00, six people were wounded when Israeli tank fire shelled Khan Yunis.<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
* At 20:40, Israeli tank fire laid a barrage down on the al-Sha'af neighborhood, east of Gaza City, striking Abed Ali Abdul Aal Entaiz's house, killing three family members and wounding four others. The dead were: Abed Ali Abdul Aal Entaiz (24), Mohammed Ibrahim Entaiz (13), and Mohammed Salem Ibrahim Entaiz (2).<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
* At 20:45 the house of the Antez family, home to around 60 people from three families, in Sha'af was shelled, killing a father and son, Abed Ali (24) and Mohammad (2), as well as another adult, Mohammad Ibrahim (13).<ref name="BeaumontFri18">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/18/father-gathers-body-dead-son-two-plastic-bag-gaza-shelling "A father opens a plastic bag: 'This is my son', he says, killed by an Israeli shell"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 18 July 2014.</ref>
* At 22:00, Yousef Ahmed Mughassib's house in [[Wadi as-Salqa]], east of [[Deir al-Balah]], was hit by an artillery shell, wounding 4 family members (2 children and 2 women).<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
* At 22:20, an IAF missile damaged extensively Khaled al-Sinwar's house in [[al-Qarara]] village, northwest of [[Khan Yunis]]. Fifteen minutes later, an IAF missile struck the University College of Applied Sciences campus west of Khan Yunis, killing one service worker, Salah Saleh Ramadan al-Shaf'ei (24), and wounding another service worker.<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
* At 22:40, Hamdi Khader Obaid's house north of [[Beit Hanoun]] was shelled; wounding 21 family members (7 seriously).<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
* At 23:55, the bodies of three civilians killed and 20 othera wounded by tank shelling of houses near the Gaza International Airport, in al-Shouka and al-Nasser villages, east and north of Rafah, were retrieved by medical crews. Two hours later an elderly man's body was recovered from the vicinity of the airport. The dead were: Majdi Suleiman Jebara (22), Fares Jum'a al-Tarabin (3 months old), Omar Eid al-Mahmoum (17), and Selmiya Suleiman Abu Ghayad (70).<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
* Three children of the Musallem family died when a bedroom in their home in Al Nada Tawas was struck by an artillery shell: Mohammad (15), Walla (13) and Ahad (11).<ref name="BeaumontFri18"/>

==Day 11: Friday 18 July 2014==
By Friday evening into the 11th day of the war, 298 Palestinians had been killed and over 2,200 injured. 26 died by Friday evening after breaking their Ramadan fast, bringing the tally of dead from late Thursday to late Friday to 63.<ref name="Ma'anFri18">[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=714213 "26 Gazans killed by Israel since sunset, bringing Friday total to 63"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724212702/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=714213 |date=2014-07-24 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]], 18 July 2014.</ref>

From 10:00 on Friday, 18 July 2014 to 10:00 on Saturday, 19 July 2014, 53 Palestinians, 43 of whom civilians, including 17 children and a woman, were killed. 332 Palestinians, were wounded (including 89 children and 57 women). IAF strikes destroyed 26 houses.<ref name="PCHRFrSat1819">[http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10515:on-the-12th-day-of-the-israeli-offensive-israeli-forces-continue-ground-operation-in-the-gaza-strip-covered-by-unprecedented-shelling-israeli-forces-use-flechette-shells--50000-palestinians-forcibly-displaced-in-border-areas&catid=145:in-focus "On the 12th Day of the Israeli Offensive ..."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924070111/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10515:on-the-12th-day-of-the-israeli-offensive-israeli-forces-continue-ground-operation-in-the-gaza-strip-covered-by-unprecedented-shelling-israeli-forces-use-flechette-shells--50000-palestinians-forcibly-displaced-in-border-areas&catid=145:in-focus |date=2015-09-24 }}, [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]], 19 July 2014.</ref>
* At 01:00, Mahmoud Hussein Nussair's house north of Beit Hanoun was shelled, killing two of his sons, Nassim (32) and Karam (31), and wounding a third, Mohammed (26).<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
* At 03:00, IAF struck the Abu Radwan quarter of al-Zanna, [[Bani Suheila]], with several missiles, seriously wounded four members of the Radwan family, who died in the absence of medical care because medical crews could not arrive timely. The dead were: Ahmed Radwan (23), Mahmoud Fawzi Radwan (24), Bilal Mahmoud Radwan (23), and Munther Nabil Radwan (22).<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
* From 03:30 to past 07:00, 15 IAF strikes hit the al-Zanna area in Bani Suhaila and al-Qarara villages, as artillery shelled the zone, killing five people and wounding 29 others. The dead were: Hammad Abdul Karim Hammad Abu Lihya (23), Mohammed Abdul Fattah Rashad Fayad (26), Mahmoud Mohammed Fayad (25), Hani As'ad Abdul Karim al-Shami (35), and Mohammed Hamdan Abdul Karim al-Shami (35).<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
* At 04:00, an Israeli artillery shell struck Saqer Mansour Abu Tawila's house in the al-Shuja'iya neighborhood of Gaza City, killing the owner's son, Rami (47), and wounding three other family members.<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
* At 04:05, an IAF missile hit the home of Mohammed Ibrahim Zo'rob (45) in al-Nasser village, north of Rafah, killing a child, Siham Zo'rob (11), and wounding eleven other family members.<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
* At 06:10, the body of a militant, Yasser Mohammed Madhi (22), was recovered in Kherbat al-Adas.<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
* At 07:00, an IAF missile struck the Abu Ras family's engineering office in the al-Jawhara building, which houses 13 media institutions, damaging it beyond repair;<ref>{{cite web |title=Ruinene fra Gazas kriger får nytt liv |url=https://www.tu.no/artikler/ruinene-fra-gazas-kriger-far-nytt-liv/516498 |website=Tu.no |publisher=[[Teknisk Ukeblad]] |language=no |date=15 January 2022 }}</ref> a journalist, Mohammed Ahmed Shabat (45), was injured.<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
* At 11:00, Israeli tanks fired into Beit Hanoun, and a shell struck Na'im Mohammed Abu Musallam's flat, killing three of his children: Mohammed (15), Ahmed (11) and Walaa (14).<ref name="PCHRFrSat1819"/>
* At 12:30, a drone missile struck militants in Um al-Nasser village, killing Ahmed Abdullah al-Bahnasawi (23).<ref name="PCHRFrSat1819"/>
* At 14:25 medical crews recovered a body in al-Qarara village after it had been struck, leaving Abdullah Jum'a al-Sumairi (17) dead, and his father and four brothers wounded.<ref name="PCHRFrSat1819"/>
* At 14:40, medical crews recovered the bodies of two men, Saleh Suleim al-Zughaibi (22) and Alaa Mohammed Abu Shabab (23), killed by a tank shell near a mosque in al-Shouka.<ref name="PCHRFrSat1819"/>
* At 15:30, an IAF missile struck the al-Batrawi family house west of [[Nuseirat Camp|al-Nussairat refugee camp]], killing one militant, Mahmoud Ali Darwish (40), and wounding three civilians.<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
* At 16:00, a drone missile wounded five militants, one of whom, Ra'fat Ali Bahloul (27), later died.<ref name="PCHRFrSat1819"/>
* At 16:15, a drone missile killed two militants, Hamada Abdullah Mohammed al-Bashiti (21) and Ahmed Hassan Saleh al-Ghalban (22) in al-Fukhari village, southeast of Khan Yunis.<ref name="PCHRFrSat1819"/>
* At 16:25, a drone missile was allegedly fired at Beit Lahiya cemetery, killing Mohammed Awadh Matar Matar (38).<ref name="PCHRFrSat1819"/>
* At 16:50, a drone missile struck militants east of Khan Yunis, killing Walaa Jihad Mohammed al-Qarra (26).<ref name="PCHRFrSat1819"/>
* At 17:30, an IAF missile struck former Minister of Interior Fathi Hammad's 5-storey house in Beit Lahiya, furthering damage made by an earlier strike.<ref name="PCHRFrSat1819"/>
* At 19:00, a drone missile wounded a militant, Mohammed Sa'ad Abu Sa'ada (23), in al-Zanna, east of Khan Yunis; he later died from his injuries.<ref name="PCHRFrSat1819"/>
* At 19:40, Israeli tanks shelled houses in al-Nasser village, northeast of Rafah, killing Hamza Mohammed Abu al-Hussain (27).<ref name="PCHRFrSat1819"/>
* At 19:50, Israeli artillery shelling wounded five civilians at al-Fukhari, southeast of Khan Yunis.<ref name="PCHRFrSat1819"/>
* At 20:00, Yousef Ibrahim Hassan al-Astal (23), a militant, died of his injuries, sustained one day earlier, on 14 July, in an airstrike on al-Mawasi, west of Khan Yunis.<ref name="PCHRFrSat1819"/>
* At 20:00, Israeli tank shells struck targets in Wadi al-Salqa village, east of Deir al-Balah, killing one person, Sa'ad Ali Ahmed Abu Eissa, and wounding two others.<ref name="PHCRThuFri1718"/>
: At 20:15, Israeli tanks fired into east of Gaza City, with two shells hitting Ahmed Adnan al-Hayek's house in al-Tuffah, killing one of his sons, Rezeq al-Hayek (4), and wounding another, Malak al-Hayek (14).<ref name="PCHRFrSat1819"/>
* At 20:30, two Israeli artillery shells hit Hamed Fa'eq Olwan's house in al-Tuffah, Gaza City, killing two of his children, Qassem (4) and Emad (7), and wounding a third, Abdullah (14).<ref name="PCHRFrSat1819"/>
* At 21:15, a drone missile hit an area in al-Manara, south of Khan Yunis, killing Ghassan Mousa Abu Azab (28) and injuring his brother.<ref name="PCHRFrSat1819"/>
* At 21:25, Israeli tank fire shelled Abdul Rahman Mousa Khalil Abu Jarad's house, killing him, his wife and five others. The dead were: Abdul Rahman Mousa Khalil Abu Jarad (32), Rajaa Olayan Khalil Abu Jarad (28), Mousa Abu Jarad (8 months), Sameeh Abu Jarad (18 months), Haniya Abu Jarad (2), Ahlam Mousa Abu Jarad (16), Na'im Mousa Khalil Abu Jarad (23), and Samar Mousa Abu Jarad.<ref name="PCHRFrSat1819"/>
* At 21:45, an IAF missile struck Abdul Hakim Asfour's 3-storey house in Abassan village, east of Kahn Yunis; medical crews took away one body, that of Bilal Ismail Abu Daqqa (32).<ref name="PCHRFrSat1819"/>
* At 21:55, a drone missile targeted members of the al-Loulahi and Abu Sneineh families in al-Nasser, northeast of Rafah, killing four people: Ismail Ramadan al-Loulahi (21), Nizar Fayez Abu Snaima (38 or 39), Emad Faisal Abu Snaima (18 or 20) and Mustafa Ouda Abu Snaima (32)<ref name="Ma'anFri18"/><ref name="PCHRFrSat1819"/> Faisal Ouda Abu Snaima (42) and Riad (23), Faisal Ouda Abu Snaima's son, were wounded.<ref name="PCHRFrSat1819"/>
* At 22:30, 2 drone-fired missiles hit several civilians near al-Huda Mosque in al-Manara, south of Khan Yunis, killing three brothers: Ahmed (22), Mohammed (20) and Amjad Salem Khamis Sha'ath (15). Four others, believed to be civilians, were injured.<ref name="PCHRFrSat1819"/>
* At 23:00, the body of Mohammed Talal al-Sane (21), killed by Israeli tank shelling, was recovered in al-Shouka village, southeast of Rafah.<ref name="PCHRFrSat1819"/>
* A missile struck the Abu Jrad family home in Beit Hanoun killing eight people, including four children: Naim Musa Abu Jrad (23), Abd Musa Abu Jrad (30), Siham Musa Abu Jrad (26), Rija Aliyan Abu Jrad, Haniyah Abd al-Rahman Abu Jrad, Samih Naim Abu Jrad, Musa Abd al-Rahman Abu Jrad and Ahlam Musa Abu Jrad.<ref name="Ma'anFri18"/>
* At 22.30 an airstrike on the home of the Shaath family in al-Manara, Khan Yunis, killed four people and injured four others.<ref name="Ma'anFri18"/>
* At 22.30 Muhammad Talal al-Saneh (20) died following an Israeli attack.<ref name="Ma'anFri18"/>


* Ismail Ramadan Salmi (23) was dead on arrival at a hospital in Gaza.<ref name="Ma'anFri18"/> {{When|date=August 2014}}
* An Israeli strike in Khan Yunis killed two brothers, Ghassan Salem Abu Musa Abu Azzab (28) and Muhammad Salam Abu Musa Abu Azzab (19), from Hayy al-Manara.<ref name="Ma'anFri18"/> {{When|date=August 2014}}
* Muhammad Saad Mahmoud Abu Saadeh died in an airstrike on Khan Yunis.<ref name="Ma'anFri18"/> {{When|date=August 2014}}
* Hamza Mohammad Abu Hussein (27) died in an airstrike on Rafah.<ref name="Ma'anFri18"/> {{When|date=August 2014}}
* Mohammad Abu Sa'da was killed in Khan Yunis from artillery shelling.<ref name="Ma'anFri18"/> {{When|date=August 2014}}
* Two children, Imad Alwan and Qassim Alwan, died in eastern Gaza City from an artillery barrage.<ref name="Ma'anFri18"/> {{When|date=August 2014}}
* An airstrike on Shawwa Square in Gaza City resulted in the death of Rizk Ahmad al-Hayk (2).<ref name="Ma'anFri18"/> {{When|date=August 2014}}
* A strike in the Hayy al-Tuffah area of Gaza City resulted in the death of a teenager, Sarah Muhammad Bustan (13).<ref name="Ma'anFri18"/> {{When|date=August 2014}}
* After a week in hospital, Yusif Ibrahim Hasan al-Astal (23), died of his wounds Friday night.<ref name="Ma'anFri18"/> {{When|date=August 2014}}

==Day 12 Saturday 19 July==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:8%;"|Date
! style="width:8%;"|Place
! style="width:18%;"|Target
! style="width:20%;"|Description
!Action
! style="width:12%;"|Origin of missile
|-
|19 July 2014, 01:00
|[[Bani Suheila|Al-Reqeb, Bani Suheila]]
|A group of Palestinians
|unspecified
| Eyad Ismail Suleiman al-Raeqb (26), militant, killed.
|[[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]]
|-
|8 July 2014, 01:10
|[[Khan Yunis|Khan Yunis fishing harbour]]
|2 IAF-launched missiles
|unspecified
|extensive damage; one injury
|[[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]]
|-
|19 July 2014, 02:30
|[[Gaza Strip]]
| Ahmed Mahmoud Hussein Aziz's flat in al-Nada building
|An artillery shell hit the flat
|Ahmed Aziz was killed
|[[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]]
|-
|8 July 2014, 03:35
|[[Khan Yunis|al-Amal, Khan Yunis]]
|Hussein Mansi al-Tartouri's house, home to 17 people
|unreported
|The family had been phoned to evacuate. An IAF missile destroyed the house, killing a neighbour, Ra'ed Waleed Ali Laqqn (32); a disabled woman was wounded.
|[[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]]
|-
|19 July 2014, 09:30
|[[Maghazi (camp)|Maghazi refugee camp]]
|Homes in the district
|unspecified
|4,000 residences had to leave their homes for shelters in the central Gaza Strip
|[[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]]
|-
|19 July 2014, 01:55
|[[Khan Yunis|Khan Yunis refugee camp]]
|2 drone-launched missiles
|A group of Palestinians seated near their house
|Nine civilians, including three children, killed
* Yahia Bassam al-Sir (20)
* Mohammed Bassam al-Sir (17)
* Mohammed Mustafa Darwish Slahiya (32)
* Mohammed Salhiya (22)
* Mustafa Salhiya (21)
* Wassim Rida Salhiya (15)
* Ibrahim Jamal Kamal Nasser (13)
* Mohammed Awadh Fares Nasser (25)
* Rushdi Khaled Fares Nasser (25)
|[[Israeli Air Force|IAF]].<ref name="Ma'an19Sat">[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=714299 "22 killed in Israeli air strikes Saturday morning as toll rises to 314"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724014710/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=714299 |date=2014-07-24 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]], 19 July 2014.</ref>
|-
|19 July 2014, 06:50
|[[Gaza Strip|Abassan village]]
|Missile strike by a drone
|Two men dead
| Mohammed Jihad al-Qarra (29) died of wounds sustained hours earlier after a missile strike; his brother died earlier on Friday, 18 July.
|[[Israeli Air Force|IAF]]
|-
|?8 July 2014, 08:30
|[[Gaza Strip|al-Zanna area]]
|Missile strike by a drone
|One man killed, another man wounded
| Mohammed Ismail Sammour (21) killed
|[[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]]
|}

* A child, Muhammad Ziad al-Ruhhal, was killed in a house bombing, while dozens of others were injured.<ref name="Ma'an19Sat"/>
* A strike on Gaza City's Abraj al-Mukhabarat killed Muhammad Abu Zaanouna and injured five other people.<ref name="Ma'an19Sat"/>
* An IAF strike on the Tartouri family home in Khan Yunis killed one person, Raed Walid Laqan (27).<ref name="Ma'an19Sat"/>
* Khalid al-Qarra died of wounds sustained during a raid earlier the same day.<ref name="Ma'an19Sat"/>
* Iyad Ismail al-Ruqab (26) died following an Israeli strike at [[Bani Suheila]].<ref name="Ma'an19Sat"/>
* A third member of the Shaath family, Amjad Salim Shaath (15), who had been wounded in a strike which killed two of his brothers on Friday, 19 July, in the Moraj neighborhood in Khan Younis, died.<ref name="Ma'an19Sat"/>
* Said Ali Issa (30) was killed in [[Juhor ad-Dik]] neighborhood near [[Bureij|al-Bureij]].<ref name="Ma'an19Sat"/>
* Ahmad Mahmoud Hasan Aziz (34) was killed when a missile struck his home in Abraj al-Nada, northern Gaza.<ref name="Ma'an19Sat"/>

==Day 13 Sunday 20 July==
100 Gazan Palestinians were killed by nightfall. The casualties included 66 people killed [[Battle of Shuja'iyya (2014)|in a single area]], [[Shuja'iyya|the Shuja'iyya neighbourhood of Gaza City]]<ref name="Ma'an 20July">[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=714820 "100 Palestinians killed in Israeli assault on Sunday alone"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730054343/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=714820 |date=2014-07-30 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]], 20 July 2014.</ref> A total of 9 separate families, numbering 73 people, were killed overall by the IDF this day.<ref>[[Amira Hass]], [https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2014-08-16/ty-article/.premium/why-i-returned-the-medal/0000017f-e6b1-da9b-a1ff-eeffcaab0000 "Holding this medal insults my relatives, slain in Gaza by Israel"], ''[[Haaretz]]'', 19 August 2014.</ref>
*1. Ibrahim Salem Jom'a as-Sahbani (20 or 22) Shuja'iyya,<ref name="IMEMC21">[http://imemc.org/article/68551 "Names of 72 Palestinians Killed Sunday in Shuja'iyya, Gaza"], [[International Middle East Media Center]], 21 July 2014.</ref> a paramedic of the Palestinian Civil Defense, was killed by an Israeli artillery shell while attempting to rescue the wounded.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju1">[http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10520:another-bloody-day-on-the-14th-day-of-the-israeli-offensive-complete-families-attack-while-inside-their-homes-rescue-crews-to-search-for-victims-in-al-shujaiya-neighborhood-more-palestinians-forcibly-displaced-in-border-areas&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194 "Another Bloody Day On the 14th Day of the Israeli Offensive"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821074348/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10520:another-bloody-day-on-the-14th-day-of-the-israeli-offensive-complete-families-attack-while-inside-their-homes-rescue-crews-to-search-for-victims-in-al-shujaiya-neighborhood-more-palestinians-forcibly-displaced-in-border-areas&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194 |date=2014-08-21 }}, [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]], Monday, 21 July 2014.</ref>
*2. Aref Ibrahim al-Ghalyeeni (26), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*3 Rebhi Shehta Ayyad (31), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*4. Yasser Ateyya Hamdiyya (28), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*5. Esra Ateyya Hamdiyya (28), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*6. Eman Khalil Abed Ammar (9), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*7 At 09:25, Iman Mohammad Ibrahim Hamada (40), of Shuja'iyya, was killed when an IAF missile hit Rushid Omar Hamada's home near [[Haidar Abdel-Shafi|Haidar Abdul Shafi Square, western Gaza City]].<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="PCHRRef91">[http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10517:worst-and-bloodiest-day-since-the-beginning-of-the-offensive&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194 "Worst and Bloodiest Day Since the Beginning of the Offensive"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003051425/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10517:worst-and-bloodiest-day-since-the-beginning-of-the-offensive&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194 |date=2014-10-03 }}, [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]], Sunday, 20 July 2014; Ref: 91/2014.</ref>
*8. Ahmad Ishaq Yousef Ramlawy (33), of Shuja'iyya, was killed when a drone missile hit civilians fleeing from the al-Sha'af neighbourhood, together with Ibrahim Aaref al-Ghalayini, 30; Esleem Abu al-Khair.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="PCHRRef91"/>
*9. Ahmed Suleiman Akram al-Atawai (65), and his grandchild, Tala Akram al-Atawi (7 or 10 years old), were killed as they were hit by Israeli artillery shells while running away from the area.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*10. Tawfiq Barawi Salem Marshoud, (52 or 53), hit by an artillery shell on his house in Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="PCHRRef91"/>
*11. Hatem Ziad Ali Za’bout (24), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*12. Khaled Riyadh Mohammad Hamad (25), killed in Shuja'iyya, while reporting as a photojournalist for Continue News Agency.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="PCHRRef91"/>
*13. Khadija Ali Mousa Shihada (50 or 62), died in artillery shelling of her home in [[Zeitoun, Gaza|Zeitoun]].<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:8%;"|Date
! style="width:8%;"|Place
! style="width:18%;"|Target
! style="width:20%;"|Description
!Action
! style="width:12%;"|Origin of missile
|-
|20 July 2014
|[[Shuja'iyya|Shuja'iyya neighbourhood]]
|unknown
|unknown
|An IAF missile destroyed the al-Hayya home in al-Nassar Street, killing a woman and one other adult and three children.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="PCHRRef91"/> It was the 16th of 59 families killing by the IDF according to B'tselem.<ref name="B'tselemBombed Fam"/>
*(1) Osama Khalil Ismael al-Hayya (30)
*(2) Halah Abu Hin (26)
*(3) Umama Osama Khalil al-Hayya(8)
*(4) Khalil Osama Khalil al-Hayya (5)
*(5) Hamzah al-Hayah (4)
|[[Israeli Air Force|IAF]]
|}
*20. Khalil Salem Ibrahim Mosbeh (53), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*21. Adel Abdullah Eslayyem (2), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*22. Dina Roshdi Abdullah Eslayyem (2), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*23. Rahaf Akram Ismael Abu Jom'a (4), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*24. Shadi Ziad Hasan Eslayyem (15 or 16; aka Shadi Hassan Esleem), Shuja'iyya, killed by artillery shelling on al-Mansour Street.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*25. Ala Ziad Hasan Eslayyem (10/11= Fadi Diab Hassan Esleem?), Shuja'iyya. Killed by artillery shelling on al-Mansour Street.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*26. Sherin Fathi Othman Ayyad (18; aka Fathi Ayad) Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*27. Ghada Sobhi Sa'adi Ayyad (13; aka Ghada Subhi Ayad)<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*28. Adel Abdullah Salem Eslayyem (29), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*29. Asem Khalil Abed Ammar (4), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*30. Ahed Sa'ad Mousa Sarsak (30), Shuja'iyya, drone missile attack on his house.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="PCHRRef91"/>
*31. Aisha Ali Mahmoud Zayed (54), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:8%;"|Date
! style="width:8%;"|Place
! style="width:18%;"|Target
! style="width:20%;"|Description
!Action
! style="width:12%;"|Origin of missile
|-
|20 July 2014
|[[Shuja'iyya|Shuja'iyya neighbourhood]]
|unknown
|unknown
|A missile strike on Abdul-Rahman Akram Sheikh Khalil's house in al-Mansour Street killed him and four members of his family, including one minor.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/> It was the 17th of 59 bombed families according to B'tselem.<ref name="B'tselemBombed Fam"/>
*1. Abdul-Rahman Akram Sheikh Khalil (50; aka Abdul Rahman Mohammed al-Sheikh Khalil)
*2. Yusuf Habib (60)
*3. Muna Suleiman Ahmad Sheikh Khalil (44).<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*4. Hiba Hamed Mohammad Sheikh Khalil (14).<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*5. Ayidah Sheikh Khalil (45)
|[[Israeli Air Force|IAF]]
|}
*35. Aaida Mohammed al-Sheikh Khalil (45)
*36. Yousef Salem Hamattu Habib (60) was killed as he was passing near the al-Sheikh Khalil house.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*37. Abdullah Mansour Radwan Amara (23), Shuja'iyya, militant.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*38. Abed-Rabbo Ahmad Zayed (58), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*39 Issam Atiyya Sa'id Skafy (25 or 26), Shuja'iyya, killed reportedly with six (6) others in the Eskafi family in al-Nazzaz Street.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*40. Ali Mohammad Hasan Skafy (27 or 29), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*41. Mohammad Hasan Skafy (49 or 53), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*42. Mos’ab el-Kheir Salah ed-Din Skafi (27 or 28), Shuja'iyya – Gaza.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*43. Akram Mohammad Shkafy, Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*44. Ala Jamal ed-Deen Barda (35), Shuja'iyya, artillery shell on his house.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*45. Omar Jamil Sobhi Hammouda (10), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*46. Ghada Jamil Sobhi Hammouda (10), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*47. Ghada Ibrahim Suleiman Adwan (39), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*48. Fatima Abdul-Rahim Abu Ammouna (55), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*49. Fahmi Abdul-Aziz Abu Sa'id (29), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*50. Maisa Abdul-Rahman Sarsawy (35 or 37), Shuja'iyya, an IAF missile hit the house of mother and child.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="PCHRRef91"/>
*51. Marwa Salman Ahmad Sarsawy (12 or 13), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*52. Mohammad Ashraf Rafiq Ayyad (3<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/> or 6), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*53. Mohammad Ra'ed Ehsan Ayyad (6), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*54. Mohammad Rami Fathi Ayyad, (2 or 3),<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/> Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*55. Halla Sobhi Sa'dy Ayyad (25; pregnant), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*56 Ahmad Sami Diab Ayyad (27 or 28), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="PCHRRef91"/>
*57. Fida Rafiq Diab Ayyad (24), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*58. Mona Abdul-Rahman Ayyad, Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="PCHRRef91"/>
*59. Narmin Rafiw Diab Ayyad (20), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*60. Mohammad Ra'ed Ehsan Akeela (19), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*61. Mohammad Ziad Ali Za'bout (23), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*62. Mohammad Ali Mohared Jundiyya (26), Shuja'iyya, killed by an Israeli artillery shell that hit his house.,<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*63. Marah Shaker Ahmad al-Jammal (2), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*64. Marwan Monir Saleh Qonfid/Khalaf (23), Shuja'iyya, killed in the shelling of al-Mansour Street.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*65. Ahmad Mohammad Ahmad Abu Za'nouna (28).<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*66. Hallah Saqer Hasan al-Hayya (29), Shuja'iyya.<ref name="IMEMC21"/>
*67. At 04:15, Younis Ahmad Younis Mustafa (61 or 62), Shuja'iyya, killed by drone missile while walking to a local mosque for dawn prayer.<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 10:30, a drone missile in [[Bani Suheila]], east of Khan Yunis, killed a militant, Suleiman Mohammed Abu Fsaifes (33).<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 11:20, a drone missile killed one militant, Wissam Majdi Mohammed Hammouda (29), in Jabaliya.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 12:00, an IAF missile destroyed Salah Saleh al-Sha'er‘s 2-storey house, killing the owner and three family members, and wounding another nine (9) people. The dead were: Salah Saleh al-Sha'er (55), Leila Hassan al-Sha'er (30), Mohammed Ayman al-Sha'er (5) and Hiba Akram Saleh al-Sha'er (15).<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 12:30, Sunday, 20 July 2014, Israeli tanks positioned at the border between the Gaza Strip and Israel, east of Rafah, fired 2 shells at a flat rented by Fusion Internet Company on the 6th floor of al-Tahreer building near al-Awda Square in the center of Rafah, about 5,000 meters away from the border. The flat was partially destroyed.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 12:35, a missile strike wounded a militant on a motorbike in Beit Lahiya, as well as a woman and four children.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 12:50, 2 IAF missiles struck without a prior warning Abdul Jabbar Khalil Darraji's house in Rafah's al-Junaina neighborhood, killing the owner's wife, Najah Sa'duddin Darraji (49), and a child, Abdullah Yousef Darraji (2), as well as wounding 11 members of the family.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* Between 13:00 and 14:00, 2 drone missiles fired at Abassan and Bani Suheila villages killed two civilians, Suleiman Ahmed Abu Jame (14) and Mohammed Buhdar al-Daghma (25), and wounded four (4) others.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:8%;"|Date
! style="width:8%;"|Place
! style="width:18%;"|Target
! style="width:20%;"|Description
!Action
! style="width:12%;"|Origin of missile
|-
|20 July 2014, 14:00
|[[Bureij|al-Bureij refugee camp]] [[Deir al-Balah]]
|Muhammad al-Maqadmeh (30)
|Hamas militant
|The missile struck the 4 storey-house of Khaled (Abu Suhayb) Ziadah/Ziyadah, home to 20 people, targeting one Hamas militant inside. He was killed, as were, collaterally, 6 members of the Ziadah family. This is the 19th bombing of an entire family in B'tselem's list of 59 such incidents.<ref name="B'tselemBombed Fam"/>
*1. Muhammad al-Maqadmeh (30), described as a guest.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*2. Muftiyah Ziadah (70) matriarch
*3. Jamil Ziadah (53), husband of Bayan, father of Sha'ban
*4. Yusef Ziadah (43)
*5. Bayan Ziadah (39)
*6. Omar Ziadah (32)
*7. Sha'ban Ziadah (12)
The incident led to the renunciation by Dutch citizen Henk Zanoli (then aged 91) of the medals awarded to him and his mother as [[Righteous Among the Nations|righteous gentiles]] in recognition of their successful effort to save a Jewish child, 12-year-old boy, Elhanan Pinto, from the [[Holocaust]]. He is related to the Palestinian family through his niece's husband.<ref>[[Amira Hass]] [https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2014-08-16/ty-article/.premium/why-i-returned-the-medal/0000017f-e6b1-da9b-a1ff-eeffcaab0000 'Holding this medal insults my relatives, slain in Gaza by Israel'], haaretz.com, 19 August 2014.</ref>
|[[Israeli Air Force|IAF]] missile strike
|}

* At 14:15, Turkiya al-Abed Mohammed al-Bis (77) of Um al-Nasser village was removed from her house with injuries from being hit by shrapnel to the face.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 15:00, Israeli tanks fired a number of shells at houses in al-Nasser village, northeast of Rafah. As a result, fire broke out in house belonging to Jawad Abu al-Hussain.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 15:00, Israeli tanks fired a number of shells at houses in al-Salam neighborhood in the south of Rafah. Mohammed Raja Mohammed Handam (15) was killed, and his father (43) was seriously wounded.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 15:20, a drone missile struck militants in the al-Twam neighborhood, west of Jabaliya, killing one, Ashraf Ahmed Mousa al-Silawi (36), and wounding another.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 15:30, four IAF strikes at Abassan and at al-Zanna, killing two militants, Bassem Mohammed al-Buraim (24) and Ahmed Abdul Rahman Abu Tayem (27), and wounded four other people.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 16:00, a drone missile at a flat on the third floor of Abdul Azizi Abdul Hamid al-Kurd's house in the Bureij al-Boreij refugee camp, killing the owner's son, Ismail (21), a Hamas militant.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 16:20, the bodies of two militants, Mustafa Khamis Mustafa Elwan (22) and Abdul Rahman Mustafa Diab al-Faqih (27), were recovered from a Jabaliya house from the debris of an IAF bombing.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 17:00, a drone missile killed a couple, Abed Rabbu Ahmed Mohammed Zayed (58) and Aa'esha Ali Mohammed Zayed (54), in their garden.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 18:00, a drone missile struck the house of the Officer in Charge of Mobilization and Organization in the Ministry of Interior, Bahjat Hassan Mohammed Abu Sultan, in Beit Lahiya, killing his child and wounding four family members.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:8%;"|Date
! style="width:8%;"|Place
! style="width:18%;"|Target
! style="width:20%;"|Description
!Action
! style="width:12%;"|Origin of missile
|-
|20 July 2014, 19:20
|[[Rimal|al-Remal neighborhood]] [[Gaza City]]
|unknown
|unknown
|Two missiles struck the Cordoba building's al-Hajj house, home to the al-Halak and 'Amar families, killing 11 members of both. It was the 20th incident of 59 in which families were killed in B'tselem's list.<ref name="B'tselemBombed Fam"/>
*1. Ibrahim Khalil Abed Ammar (12/13)<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*2. Kenan Hasan Akram al-Halaq (6).<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*3. Saje Hasan Akram al-Hallaq (4).<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*4. Mohammad Hani Mohammad al-Hallaq (2)<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*5. Su'ad Mohammad Abdul-Razeq al-Hallaq (60/62).<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*6. Samar Osama Khalil al-Hallaq (29/30; 9 months pregnant).<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*7. Hani Mohammad Ahmad al-Hallaq (50).<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*8. Hala Akram Hasan al-Hallaq (26/27).<ref name="IMEMC21"/><ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
*9. Aassem Khalil Ammar (4)
*10. Iman Khalil Ammar (9)
*11. Rahaf Akram Abu Jum'a (4)<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
|[[Israeli Air Force|IAF]] missile strike
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:8%;"|Date
! style="width:8%;"|Place
! style="width:18%;"|Target
! style="width:20%;"|Description
!Action
! style="width:12%;"|Origin of missile
|-
|20 July 2014, 19:00/19:50
|[[Bani Suheila]]
|Ahmad Suliman Sahmoud (34).
|Hamas militant
|According to [[B'tselem]], Hamas militant Sahmoud was visiting a member of the Abu Jame family in their home. 26 bodies were retrieved from the rubble, including that of the target of the strike; three (3) family members wounded. 7 adults were killed and 19 minors. According to B'tselem, it was the 21st of 59 family killed by Israeli bombing.<ref name="B'tselemBombed Fam"/>
*1. Fatmeh Ahmad Abu Jame (60), the family matriarch.
*2. Sabah Abu Jame (35), Fatmeh's daughter-in-law and her family
*3. Razan Tawfiq Ahmad Abu Jame (14)
*4. Jawdat Tawfiq Ahmad Abu Jame (13)
*5. Aya Tawfiq Ahmad Abu Jame (12)
*6. Haifaa Tawfiq Ahmad Abu Jame (9)
*7. Ahmad Tawfiq Ahmad Abu Jame (8)
*8. Maysaa Tawfiq Ahmad Abu Jame (7)
*9. Tawfiq Ahmad Abu Jame (4)
*10. Shahinaz Walid Muhammad Abu Jame (29), Fatmeh's pregnant daughter-in-law and family
*11. Fatmeh Taysir Ahmad Abu Jame (12)
*12. Ayub Taysir Ahmad Abu Jame (10)
*13. Rayan Taysir Ahmad Abu Jame (5)
*14. Rinat Taysir Ahmad Abu Jame (2)
*15. Nujud Taysir Ahmad Abu Jame (4 months)
*16. Yasmin Ahmad Salameh Abu Jame (25), Fatmeh's pregnant daughter-in-law and her family:
*17. Bitul Bassam Ahmad Abu Jame (4)
*18. Soheila Bassam Ahmad Abu Jame(3)
*19. Bisan Bassam Ahmad Abu Jame (6 months)
*20. Yasser Ahmad Muhammad Abu Jame (27), Fatmeh's son and daughter-in-law
*21. Fatmeh Riad Abu Jame (26), pregnant
*22. Sajedah Yasser Ahmad Abu Jame (7)
*23. Siraj Yasser Ahmad Abu Jame (4)
*24. Nur Yasser Ahmad Abu Jame (2)
*25. Husam Husam Abu Qeins (7; Fatmeh's grandson)
*26. Ahmad Suliman Sahmoud (34; targeted Hamas operative)
|[[Israeli Air Force|IAF]]<ref name="SunMon2021Ju">[http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10520:another-bloody-day-on-the-14th-day-of-the-israeli-offensive-complete-families-attack-while-inside-their-homes-rescue-crews-to-search-for-victims-in-al-shujaiya-neighborhood-more-palestinians-forcibly-displaced-in-border-areas&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194 "Another Bloody Day On the 14th Day of the Israeli Offensive: Complete Families Attack While inside Their Homes; Rescue Crews to Search for Victims in al-Shuja'iya Neighborhood; More Palestinians Forcibly Displaced in Border Areas"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821074348/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10520:another-bloody-day-on-the-14th-day-of-the-israeli-offensive-complete-families-attack-while-inside-their-homes-rescue-crews-to-search-for-victims-in-al-shujaiya-neighborhood-more-palestinians-forcibly-displaced-in-border-areas&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194 |date=2014-08-21 }}, [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]], 21 July 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.btselem.org/press_releases/20140721_killing_of_abu_jame_family "Initial findings: 25 members of a single family killed when their house was bombed, apparently without warning"], btselem.org; accessed 24 July 2014.
[[B'tselem]] 21 July 2014.</ref>
|}
* At 22:00, Fatema Abdul Rahim Abdul Qader Abu Ammouna (a 55-year-old woman), died when a nearby house was bombed by the IAF in the Tel al-Hawa neighbourhood.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* A woman from Abassan, Rajaa Hammad Mohammed al-Daghma (38), who had been struck on 18 July, died in an Egyptian hospital that same evening.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>

==Day 14 Monday 21 July==
* At 01:30, Manwa Abdul Basset Ahmed al-Bo (30), died of chest wounds she suffered two days earlier, on 19 July, after being shot while returning to her home near [[Beit Hanoun]].<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 03:20, three drone missiles targeted a group of militants near Rafah's old fishing harbor, killing Ra'ed Ismail al-Bardawil (26), and wounding two other people.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 03:50 a drone missile killed two militants, Bilal Jaber Mohammed al-Ashab (22) and Abdul Rahman Faraj al-Toum (22), in al-Mughraqa.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 04:30, Zkaria Mas'oud al-Ashqar (24) was killed when the Tafesh family home was struck by a missile in al-Zaytoun.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 06:00, a drone missile struck Talal Hassan al-Masri's house in Beit Hanoun, killing his son, Kamal al-Masri (23).<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 06:00, the Azzam house was hit by artillery in al-Zaytoun, killing Ahmed Mohammed Hassan Azzam (22).<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 06:30, 5 drone missiles hit the al-Siamat neighborhood, north of Rafah, striking a park, the Zo'rob family home, and Ahmed Salman Abu Snaima's home, wounding him. The 5th struck near Mahrous Salam Siam's home as the family was leaving, killing nine (9) people and wounding another nine people, including seven children. The dead were: Shireen Mohammed Siam (31), Dalal Siam (9 months), Bader Siam (4), Ghaida Siam (7), Mustafa Siam (9), Mohammed Mahrous Siam (27), Somoud Siam (26), Kamal Mahrous Siam (31), and Ahmed Ayman Siam (15).<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 07:00, a drone missile targeted and killed a militant, Yousef Ahmed al-Zamli (24), near his house in al-Shouka, southeast of Rafah.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 07:30, a drone missile killed a teenager, Abdullah Trad Abu Hujayer (16), on his motorbike at the entrance to the al-Nussairat refugee camp.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 09:00, shelling killed a young man, Ahmed Fayeq Jum'a Yassin (22) in al-Zaytoun, Gaza.<ref name="SunMon2021Ju"/>
* At 16:55 Maghazi Prep School A & B, where approximately 1,000 people were sheltering, was struck by explosive ordnance, resulting in an injury to one child.<ref name="JaMcPo">Raya Jalabi, Tom McCarthy and Nadja Popovich, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/08/-sp-gaza-israeli-strikes-unrwa-schools "Gaza crisis: a closer look at Israeli strikes on UNRWA schools"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 8 August 2014.
</ref>

==Day 15 Tuesday 22 July==
In the late morning, ''[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]'' stated their office was currently under attack by the IDF.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/gunshots-fired-at-al-jazeera-bureau-gaza-2014722829152765.html|title=Gunshots fired at Al Jazeera bureau in Gaza|publisher=Al Jazeera English|accessdate=22 July 2014}}</ref> The IDF denied this, but could not rule out indirect damage from nearby targets.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jeremy|first=Yonah|url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/IDF-denies-any-direct-attack-on-Al-Jazeera-or-other-press-offices-in-Gaza-368432|title=IDF denies any direct attack on Al Jazeera or other press offices in Gaza|date=22 July 2014 |publisher=JPost|accessdate=23 July 2014}}</ref>

==Day 16 Wednesday 23 July==
During the night, a number of reports began circulating that the IDF was shelling the Al-Wafa hospital. The IDF later commented that, on several occasions, they were under direct fire from the hospital, a violation of international law; they stated that they had been warning the hospital for several days to move the patients.<ref>[http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/hospital-abused-by-hamas-terrorists-struck-by-idf/2014/07/23 "Hospital struck by IDF"], jewishpress.com; accessed 23 July 2014.</ref> A doctor from the hospital, Dr. Basman Alashi, confirmed that the hospital had been evacuated prior to the strike.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/07/22/in-the-fight-between-israel-and-hamas-gazas-hospitals-are-in-the-middle "Gaza's hospitals in the middle between Israel and Hamas"], washingtonpost.com; accessed 23 July 2014.</ref>

The IDF released a video showing fire shot from the hospital, IDF's warning calls and finally the airstrike which triggered secondary explosions from weapons cached inside the hospital.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8O9AHzUKYk8 "Warning Call to Wafa Hospital Before IDF Targets Site"], IDF Official [[YouTube]] Channel, 23 July 2014.</ref>
* At 7:47 the Deir al-Balah Preparatory Girls School C, sheltering 1,500 refugees, was hit by a strike, wounding five people.<ref name="JaMcPo"/>

==Day 17 Thursday 24 July==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:8%;"|Date
! style="width:8%;"|Place
! style="width:18%;"|Target
! style="width:20%;"|Description
!Action
! style="width:12%;"|Origin of missile
|-
|14:50
|[[Beit Hanoun|Beit Hanoun UNRWA Elementary Co-Ed School A D]]
|unknown
|unknown
|According to Palestinian accounts, Israeli tanks in Beit Hanoun fired 5 shells at the school, one shell landing in the playground and several others striking the upper stories of the school, at the time a shelter to 800/1,500, wounding some 200 mainly women and children<ref name="JaMcPo"/> war refugees. The IDF said it had told UNRWA to evacuate the site days earlier. UNRWA officials say they had problems obtaining a safety corridor through the fighting. Original reports spoke of 16/17 dead. Israel and Hamas blamed each other. An [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] inquiry cleared itself of any blame for the deaths: it found that only one IDF mortar shell landed inside the school courtyard, but that no children were present on the scene.<ref>[http://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-mortar-round-landed-in-empty-unrwa-yard-did-not-kill-gazans "IDF: Mortar round landed in empty UNRWA yard, did not kill Gazans"], ''[[The Times of Israel]]'', 27 July 2014.</ref> 11 Palestinians died, including 7 children and 2 women, and 110 civilians, including 55 children and 31 women, were wounded.<ref name="ThurFri24-25Ju">[http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10536:on-the-18th-day-of-the-israeli-offensive-on-gaza-israeli-warplane-attack-shelter-of-displaced-civilians-killing-11-and-wounding-dozens-israeli-forces-attack-medical-crews-and-ambulances-israeli-forces-attack-gaza-from-the-air-the-sea-and-the-ground-m&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194 'On the 18th Day of the Israeli Offensive on Gaza: Israeli Warplane Attack Shelter of Displaced Civilians Killing 11 and Wounding Dozens; Israeli Forces Attack Medical Crews and Ambulances; Israeli Forces Attack Gaza from the Air, the Sea and the Ground"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910065354/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10536:on-the-18th-day-of-the-israeli-offensive-on-gaza-israeli-warplane-attack-shelter-of-displaced-civilians-killing-11-and-wounding-dozens-israeli-forces-attack-medical-crews-and-ambulances-israeli-forces-attack-gaza-from-the-air-the-sea-and-the-ground-m&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194 |date=2014-09-10 }}, [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]], 25 July 2014.</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/25/world/middleeast/despite-talk-of-a-cease-fire-no-lull-in-gaza-fighting.html "Despite talk of a ceasefire, no lull in fighting"], nytimes.com; accessed 24 July 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/israeli-shells-hits-un-shelter-gaza-201472413198190287.html "Israeli shells hit UN shelter in Gaza"], aljazeera.com, 24 July 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.dw.de/idf-shelling-kills-several-at-un-school-in-gaza/a-17807286 "Shelling kills several at UN school in Gaza"], dw.de; accessed 24 July 2014. {{in lang|de}}</ref>
* (1) Awadh Abdul Majid Hassan Abu Ouda (39)
* (2) Bilal Ahmed Tawfiq al-Shanbari (21)
* (3) Abed Rabbu Jamal Ayoub al-Shanbari (17)
* (4) Suha Abed Rabbu Mohammed Mosleh (2)
* (5) Mohammed Akram Abdul Aziz al-Kafarna (15)
* (6) Fatema Mohammed Ayoub al-Shanbari (47)
* (7) Abed Rabbu Shaiboub Ahmed al-Shanbari (16)
* (8) Palestine Hussein Hassan al-Shanbari (40)
* (9) Miriam Shaiboub Ahmed al-Shanbari (11)
* (10) Ali Shaiboub Ahmed al-Shanbari (9)
* (11) Hassan Abdullah Mustafa al-Athamna (59)
|[[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] mortar or Hamas mortar is subject of dispute
|}

==Day 19 Saturday 26 July==
By the time a 12-hour humanitarian truce came into effect at 8 am, the death toll from Israeli strikes had risen to 940, and the number of injured had gone to 5,700.<ref name="Ma'an26Ju"/>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:8%;"|Date
! style="width:8%;"|Place
! style="width:18%;"|Target
! style="width:20%;"|Description
!Action
! style="width:12%;"|Origin of missile

|-
|Around 03:00<ref name="AHass">[[Amira Hass]], [https://www.haaretz.com/2014-07-27/ty-article/.premium/some-150-bodies-recovered-in-gaza/0000017f-e5b8-da9b-a1ff-edffd2f00000 Some 150 bodies recovered in Gaza as death toll exceeds 1,000"], [[Haaretz]], 27 July 2014.</ref><ref name="FriSat25-26Ju"/> (Some Palestinian sources first placed it close to the hour the truce came into effect, at 08:00.)
|[[Khan Yunis Camp|Khan Yunis Refugee Camp]]
|unknown
|unknown
|An airstrike killed 21 members of Samir Hussein Muhammed al-Najjar’s family, including 11 children and 5 women, who had fled from their home when their village [[Khuza'a, Khan Yunis|Khuza'a]] came under artillery fire, and sought shelter further from the border in a 2<ref name="AHass"/>-storey building in the Sheikh Nasser east of Khan Yunis, reportedly belonging to Samir al-Najjar.
* (1) Samir Hussein Mohammed al-Najjar (58)
* (2) Ghalia Mohammed al-Najjar (56)
* (3) Majid Samir Al-Najjar 19)
* (4) Kifah Samir al-Najjar (24)
* (5) Samar (26)
* (6) Amir (2)
* (7) Islam Hammoudeh Abu Shahla (3)
* (8) Amira Hammouda Hussein al-Najjar (8 months)
* (9) Riham Fayez al-Najjar (19/25, pregnant)
* (10) Ulfat Hussein al-Najjar (4)
* (11) Samir Hussein al-Najjar (2)
* (12) Mutaz Hussein al-Najjar (6)
* (13) Husam Hussein al-Najjar (7)
* (14) Iman Salah Mahmoud al-Najjar (23, pregnant)
* (15) Ghalia Mohammed Samir al-Najjar (1)
* (16) Bara'a Salah Mahmoud al-Reqeb (11)
* (17) Khalil Mohmammed al-Najjar (60)
* (18) Rawan Khaled al-Najjar (17)
* (19) Ahmed Khaled Mohammed al-Najjar (14)
* (20) Sumaya Harb al-Najjar (50)
* (21) Hani Suleiman Mohammed al-Najjar (7).<ref name="Ma'an26Ju">[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=716306 "Entire Gaza family killed prior to ceasefire, as death toll tops 940"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730124119/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=716306 |date=2014-07-30 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]], 26 July 2014.</ref><ref name="FriSat25-26Ju">[http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D10539:on-the-19th-day-of-the-israeli-offensive-on-gaza-before-declaration-of-humanitarian-truce-israeli-forces-escalated-attacks-against-palestinian-civilian20-members-of-one-family-including-11-children-and-5-women-killedisraeli-forces-attack-medical-cre%26catid%3D36:pchrpressreleases%26Itemid%3D194 "On the 19th Day of the Israeli Offensive on Gaza: Before Declaration of Humanitarian Truce, Israeli Forces Escalated Attacks against Palestinian Civilian; 20 Members of One Family, Including 11 Children and 5 Women, Killed;Israeli Forces Attack Medical Care"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726235703/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10539%3Aon-the-19th-day-of-the-israeli-offensive-on-gaza-before-declaration-of-humanitarian-truce-israeli-forces-escalated-attacks-against-palestinian-civilian20-members-of-one-family-including-11-children-and-5-women-killedisraeli-forces-attack-medical-cre&catid=36%3Apchrpressreleases&Itemid=194 |date=July 26, 2014 }}, [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]], 26 July 2014.</ref>
|[[Israeli Air Force|IAF]] missile strike
|}

==Day 20 Sunday 27 July==
{{Empty section|date=August 2014}}

==Day 21 Monday 28 July==
{{Empty section|date=August 2014}}

==Day 22 Tuesday 29 July==
* Zaitoun Preparatory Girls School B, sheltering approximately 2,200 people was struck, wounding eight people.<ref name="JaMcPo"/>

==Day 23 Wednesday 30 July==
*04:40-04:45. Jabaliya Elementary Girls School A & B, sheltering about 3,200 internally displaced people, was hit by 10 155-millimeter artillery shells, two of which struck the roof of the room where children and women were sleeping and one striking the courtyard where men were at prayer,<ref name="HubRo"/> killing 21 and wounding more than 100. Ban Ki-Moon stated that all available evidence pointed to Israeli artillery.<ref name="JaMcPo"/> ''[[The New York Times]]'' investigation noted that the ID produced no evidence of militants presence in the school; militants were active 200 yards away, and the strike was due to artillery use without precision use.<ref name="HubRo" >Ben Hubbard, Jodi Rudoren,[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/04/world/middleeast/international-scrutiny-after-israeli-barrage-strike-in-jabaliya-where-united-nations-school-shelters-palestinians-in-gaza.html?_r=0 'Questions of Weapons and Warnings in Past Barrage on a Gaza Shelter,'] [[New York Times]] 3 August 2014: "an examination ... ''suggests'' that Israeli troops paid little heed to warnings to safeguard such sites and may have unleashed weapons inappropriate for urban areas despite rising alarm over civilian deaths."</ref>

==Day 24 Thursday 31 July==
{{Empty section|date=August 2014}}

==Day 25 Friday 1 August==
A ceasefire had been brokered to begin at 08:00. 3 IDF soldiers and at least 130 Palestinians were killed in Rafah during an operation to impede the successful abduction of an Israeli lieutenant. According to Israeli sources, the incidents occurred when Hamas broke the ceasefire by shooting three soldier around 09:16. According to Hamas, Israel broke the ceasefire, and the operations referred to occurred around 07:30. The casualties were in large part a result of Israel's use of the [[Hannibal Directive]].<ref>Amos Harel, Gili Cohen, [https://www.haaretz.com/2014-08-08/ty-article/.premium/what-happened-in-rafah-on-black-friday/0000017f-e572-d62c-a1ff-fd7b3f4a0000 "What happened in Gaza's Rafah on 'Black Friday'?"] , [[Haaretz]], 8 August 2014: "in this incident, many civilians were killed because of the heavy fire the IDF laid to thwart the abduction. Under the Hannibal procedure, there was no time to warn them to leave their homes."</ref> According to interviews of survivors of the carpet-bombing in Rafah, they had returned to their homes in anticipation of the cease-fire, only to hear loud explosions around 07:30 near Abu Rous, close to the ruins of the [[Yasser Arafat International Airport]].<ref>[[Max Blumenthal]], [https://archive.today/20140909203410/http://www.alternet.org/print/hannibal-directive-how-israels-secret-military-doctrine-deliberately-killed-soldiers-and-massacred 'The Hannibal Directive: How Israel Killed Its Own Troops and Massacred Palestinians to Prevent Soldier's Capture] [[AlterNet]], 2 September 2014.</ref>

==Day 26 Saturday 2 August==
{{Empty section|date=August 2014}}

==Day 27 Sunday 3 August==
*10:50 a projectile, from either a drone or shelling struck 8–10 metres outside the open gates of the Rafah Boys Preparatory School A, killing 11, of which 5 children between 3–15 years old, and wounding 27. The IDF said the strike had neutralized 3 Islamic jihad militants riding on a motorbike outside the school.<ref name="JaMcPo"/>

==Tuesday 19 August 2023==
{{main| Deif family killings}}{{expand section|date=August 2024}}

==Day 28 Thursday 21 August==
* On or around 21 August, Hamas killed 18 males, alleged to have been informers, following the assassination of three high-ranking Hamas militants by the Israelis forces. Israelis killed more than 2,000 Palestinians in total since July–August.<ref>[https://nypost.com/2014/08/22/hamas-kills-11-suspected-israeli-informers-gaza-official "Hamas kills 18 suspected Israel informers: Gaza official"], Associated Press, 22 August 2014.</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Damage in Gaza Strip during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict}}
* [[List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel, 2014]]
* [[Targeted killings by Israel Defense Forces]]{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140711134308/http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/victims-gaza-list-palestinians-killed-israels-ongoing-assault The victims of Gaza: A list of Palestinians killed in Israel's ongoing assault], al-akhbar.com.
* [http://www.imemc.org/article/68429 Regularly updated list of the casualties of Operation Protective Edge] - by the [[International Middle East Media Center]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141031203051/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711484 List of the victims of Gaza], maannews.net
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/10984259/Revealed-the-Palestinian-children-killed-by-Israeli-forces.html Graphic: the Palestinian children killed by Israeli forces], telegraph.co.uk
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151224081841/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/ Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR)]{{clarify|reason=specific link?|date=May 2015}}
* {{cite web|url=http://justsecurity.org/22392/legal-operational-assessment-israels-targeting-practices/#more-22392|title=A Legal and Operational Assessment of Israel's Targeting Practices|last=[[Michael N Schmitt|Michael Schmitt]]|author2=John Merriam|date=April 24, 2015|publisher=justsecurity.org|accessdate=2 May 2015}}

{{2014 Israel–Gaza conflict}}
{{Gaza–Israel conflict}}
{{Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Israeli strikes and Palestinian casualties in the 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict}}
[[Category:Palestinian war casualties]]
[[Category:Israeli–Palestinian conflict-related lists]]
[[Category:2014 Gaza War]]

Melur Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T19:49:47Z

Deidre67J44: put up basic pg v1...

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{distinguish|Melur North Assembly constituency|Melur South Assembly constituency}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 188
| map_image = Constitution-Melur.svg

| established = 1951
| district = [[Madurai district|Madurai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency|Madurai]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Color box|{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} [[TVK-led Alliance|TVK+]]
| mla = [[P. Viswanathan]]
| latest_election_year = 2026
| name = Melur
| electors = 229,821
| reservation = None
}}

'''Melur''' is a [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu|legislative assembly]] constituency in [[Madurai district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. Elections and winners from this constituency are listed below.
Most successful party: INC (seven times).

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[S. Chinnakaruppa Thevar]] and [[P. Sivapirakasam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[M. Periyakaruppan Ambalam]] and [[P. Kakkan]]
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[M. Sivaramanambalam]]
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Member
!colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| A. M. Paramasivan
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan=2|K. V. Veeranambalam
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (I)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|rowspan=3|[[K. V. V. Rajamanickam]]
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan=3|[[R. Samy]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|rowspan=2|[[P. Selvam|Periyapullan @ P. Selvam]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| [[P. Viswanathan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.82}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.54}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.74}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.32}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.32}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|62.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|72.33}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|60.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.60}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|36.07}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.19}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|22.18}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|27.28}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Melur<ref name="2026 Tamilnadu Assembly Elections Results - Melur">{{cite news |title=2026 Tamilnadu Assembly Elections Results - Melur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S22188.htm |access-date=5 May 2026 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260505092750/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S22188.htm |archive-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Viswanathan]]|party=Indian National Congress |votes=60,080 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= A. Madurai Veeran|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes=57,356 |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Selvam|Periyapullan @ P. Selvam]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=56,744 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Kottai Kumar|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=9,570 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2724 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =227789|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress|loser=AIADMK |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Melur<ref>{{cite web |title=melur Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a188|access-date= 25 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Selvam|Periyapullan @ P. Selvam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=83,344 |percentage=45.82% |change=-5.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Ravichandran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,182 |percentage=26.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Selvaraj |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,262 |percentage=18.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Karuppusamy |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=10,669 |percentage=5.87% |change=+5.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kathiresan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=2,176 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=884 |percentage=0.49% |change=+0.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,162 |percentage=19.33% |change=7.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=181,898 |percentage=74.25% |change= 0.04% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 244,996 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.72% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Melur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date= 30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Selvam|Periyapullan @ P. Selvam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=88,909 |percentage=51.54% |change=-4.2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. P. Ragupthy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,186 |percentage=40.11% |change=+0.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. N. Bharath Natchiyappan |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=4,579 |percentage=2.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. V. Boopathikakkan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,921 |percentage=1.11% |change=+0.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. T. Seeman |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,339 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rishi Kapoor |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=828 |percentage=0.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kalaimani |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=773 |percentage=0.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=757 |percentage=0.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,723 |percentage=11.43% |change=-4.45% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=172,501 |percentage=74.20% |change= -3.35% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 232,476 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.20% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Melur<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Samy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=85,869 |percentage=55.74% |change=+8.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rani |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,407 |percentage=39.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. V. Dharmalingam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,608 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sarasukumar Vaira |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,080 |percentage=0.70% |change=-0.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Gopalakrishnan |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=856 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Vetrivel |party=Independent politician |votes=836 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,462 |percentage=15.88% |change=13.53% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=198,652 |percentage=77.55% |change= 6.39% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,050 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.42% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Melur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Samy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,013 |percentage=47.32% |change=+1 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. V. V. Ravichandran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=60,840 |percentage=44.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. T. Rajaram |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=5,269 |percentage=3.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Panneer Selvam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,292 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Vairavan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,143 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=O. Subramanian |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=1,018 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,173 |percentage=2.35% |change=-19.08% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=135,283 |percentage=71.16% |change= 4.83% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 190,114 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.00% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Melur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Samy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,010 |percentage=46.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Samayanallur Selavarasu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,172 |percentage=24.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. V. V. Rajamanickam]] |party=Independent politician |votes=26,428 |percentage=21.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Veera Elavarasan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,914 |percentage=3.13% |change=-5.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rajakili |party=Independent politician |votes=1,798 |percentage=1.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Dharmar Ambalam |party=Janata Party |votes=1,208 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. K. Karuppanan |party=Democratic Forward Bloc |votes=1,158 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Elango |party=Independent politician |votes=734 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,838 |percentage=21.43% |change=-16.18% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=125,241 |percentage=66.33% |change= 0.11% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,821 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -15.89% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Melur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. V. V. Rajamanickam]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=73,999 |percentage=62.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. R. Sundararajan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,258 |percentage=24.60% |change=-47.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Veera Ilavarasan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,363 |percentage=8.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Puyal Ponniah |party=Janata Party |votes=3,864 |percentage=3.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=44,741 |percentage=37.61% |change=-9.89% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=118,949 |percentage=66.21% |change= 0.87% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 189,179 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -10.12% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Melur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. V. V. Rajamanickam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=80,348 |percentage=72.33% |change=+35.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Palanisamy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=27,576 |percentage=24.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Manickam |party=Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam |votes=1,038 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=52,772 |percentage=47.51% |change=39.86% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=111,082 |percentage=65.34% |change= -7.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 175,149 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 35.93% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Melur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. V. V. Rajamanickam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=41,158 |percentage=36.41% |change=-23.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Thiagarajan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,508 |percentage=28.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. M. Paramasivan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,470 |percentage=27.84% |change=-5.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Dharmar Abmalam |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=3,675 |percentage=3.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. R. Posalan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,176 |percentage=1.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,650 |percentage=7.65% |change=-19.09% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=113,054 |percentage=72.50% |change= -3.83% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,210 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -23.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Melur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Veeranambalam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=60,794 |percentage=60.11% |change=+5.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Thiyagarajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,748 |percentage=33.37% |change=-8.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. M. Paramasivan |party=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes=5,302 |percentage=5.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=821 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,046 |percentage=26.74% |change=14.45% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=101,143 |percentage=76.33% |change= 3.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,154 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 5.51% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Melur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Veeranambalam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=54,003 |percentage=54.60% |change=+18.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. M. Paramasivan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,849 |percentage=42.31% |change=+6.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. S. Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,356 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Ramu |party=Independent politician |votes=686 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ayyavu |party=Independent politician |votes=516 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ramamurthy |party=Independent politician |votes=502 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,154 |percentage=12.29% |change= 12.12% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=98,912 |percentage=72.90% |change= 1.75% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 137,381 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 18.53% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Melur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. M. Paramasivan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,111 |percentage=36.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Veernanamablam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,955 |percentage=35.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Malaichamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,337 |percentage=24.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=O. Sethuraman |party=Janata Party |votes=3,396 |percentage=3.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=156 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,799 |percentage=71.15% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,502 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Melur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sivaraman Ambalam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,986 |percentage=43.19% |change=+21.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. V. N. Natarajan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,985 |percentage=31.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Poonnuchamy Ambalam |party=Swatantra Party |votes=11,279 |percentage=16.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Veeranam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,867 |percentage=8.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,001 |percentage=11.92% |change= 10.81% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,117 |percentage=74.55% |change= -13.14% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,071 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 21.01% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Melur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Kakkan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,123 |percentage=22.18% |change=-5.11 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Periya Karuppan Ambalam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,461 |percentage=21.06% |change=-6.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Paramasamy Ambalam |party=Independent politician |votes=25,583 |percentage=17.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Vadivel (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=20,804 |percentage=13.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Samadharman (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=14,575 |percentage=9.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. S. P. Karuppiha Chettiar |party=Independent politician |votes=13,672 |percentage=9.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Velusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=10,150 |percentage=6.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,662 |percentage=1.11% |change= -4.85% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=149,368 |percentage=87.69% |change= -3.69% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 170,331 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -5.11% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Melur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Chinnakaruppa Thavar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=40,032 |percentage=27.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sivaparakasam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,277 |percentage=21.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Ponachami Ambalan |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=22,437 |percentage=15.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Veerana Veduvan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=14,930 |percentage=10.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chellathayammal |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=14,156 |percentage=9.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Aiyannan |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=10,367 |percentage=7.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. V. Sahadevan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,898 |percentage=3.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chinna Periyambillai |party=Independent politician |votes=4,736 |percentage=3.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sethuramakrishna Iyer |party=Independent politician |votes=3,908 |percentage=2.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,755 |percentage=5.97% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=146,741 |percentage=91.38% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,580 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|10.05|N|78.33|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Madurai district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madurai]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Dudh Kumar Mondal

2026-05-06T16:44:23Z

Deidre67J44:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dudh Kumar Mondal
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Mayureswar Assembly constituency|Mayureswar]]
| predecessor = Abhijit Roy
| term_start = 2026
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Dudh Kumar Mondal''' is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Mayureswar Assembly constituency|Mayureswar]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dudh Kumar Mondal(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MAYURESWAR(BIRBHUM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=475 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Mondal won the [[Mayureswar Assembly constituency|Mayureswar]] seat in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He received 1,07,056 votes and defeats Abhijit Roy of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] by a margin of 21,002 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dudh Kumar Mondal (BJP) Candidate from MAYURESWAR Constituency, Dudh Kumar Mondal Political Career, Age, Education, Election Result 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/west-bengal/candidate-dudh-kumar-mondal-7902 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S25290.htm Assembly Constituency 290 - MAYURESWAR (West Bengal)]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mondal, Dudh Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

List of Indian summiteers of Mount Everest

2026-05-06T15:17:06Z

Deidre67J44: put up some stub w/ refs...

{{Short description|none}}
{{copy edit|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}

The first attempt to summit Mount Everest by [[Indian people|Indians]] occurred in 1960, led by Brig. Gyan Singh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Gyan |date=1960 |editor-last=Biswas |editor-first=K. |title=Indians on Mount Everest, 1960 |url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/22/2/indians-on-mount-everest-1960/ |website=The Himalayan Journal |series=Vol. 22}}</ref> The first Indians to reach the summit were a group led by [[Mohan Singh Kohli|Captain M.S. Kohli]] in the [[1965 Indian Everest Expedition]]. A total of 422 Indians made 465 attempts to summit from 1965–2018, including 43 repeat attempts by 29 climbers. There have been 81 attempts by 74 Indian women, including seven repeat attempts by four female climbers.

==Notable ascents==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date/year
!Name
!Notation
!Details
!Ref.
|-
|20 May 1965
|[[Avtar Singh Cheema|Avtar S. Cheema]]
|The first Indian to summit Mount Everest.
|Capt. Avtar S. Cheema and [[Nawang Gombu Sherpa]] climbed Mount Everest, Cheema was the first Indian to achieve this feat.
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nawang Gombu: Mountain guide who became the first man to climb Everest|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/nawang-gombu-mountain-guide-who-became-the-first-man-to-climb-everest-twice-2276270.html|date=2011-04-29|website=The Independent|access-date=2020-04-05}}</ref>
|-
|23 May 1984
|[[Bachendri Pal]]
|The first Indian woman to summit Mount Everest.
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bachendri Pal - Indian mountaineer|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bachendri-Pal|website=britannica.com}}</ref>
|-
|10 May 1993
|[[Santosh Yadav]]
|The first woman in the world to summit Mount Everest twice.
|Her first summit in 1992 was part of the Indo-Tibetan Border Police Expedition. Her second summit was the Indo-Nepalese Women's expedition in 1993.
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhatt |first=Apurva |date=2002-02-04 |title=Santosh Yadav: On top of the world... twice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/santosh-yadav-on-top-of-the-world-twice/articleshow/2001629201.cms |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=A Story of Mountaineer: Santosh Yadav|url=https://santoshyadavmountaineer.com/|website=santoshyadavmountaineer.com|date=2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805162842/https://santoshyadavmountaineer.com/|archive-date=2018-08-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|19 May 2013
|[[Tashi and Nungshi Malik]]
|The first twins to scale Mount Everest.
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tashi and Nungshi Malik, Passionate Mountaineers and Guinness World Record Holders|url=https://armadillomerino.com/blogs/champions/005-tashi-and-nungshi-malik-passionate-mountaineers-and-guinness-world-record-holders|website=armadillomerino.com|date=23 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
|21 May 2013
|[[Arunima Sinha]]
|The first female amputee to scale Mount Everest.
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Arunima Sinha: Indian is first woman amputee to climb Everest|work=BBC News |date=12 June 2013 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-22751294|last=Khare|first=Vineet}}</ref>
|-
|25 May 2014
|[[Malavath Purna]]
|The youngest girl to summit Mount Everest.
|Purna summitted the mountain at the age of 13 years and 11 months.
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Girl, 13, Becomes the Youngest Person to Climb Mount Everest|url=https://people.com/celebrity/indian-girl-13-becomes-the-youngest-person-to-climb-mount-everest/|website=People|date=2014-06-07|last=Billups|first=Andrea}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Youngest girl on Everest wants to be role model for tribal children|work=BBC News |date=28 May 2014 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-27599570|last=Bhuyan|first=Anoo}}</ref>
|-
|16 - 21 May 2017
|[[Anshu Jamsenpa]]
|First woman in the world to summit twice in a season, and the fastest double summiter to do so within five days.
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arunachal's Anshu Jamsenpa Becomes The First Woman To Scale Mt Everest Twice In 5 Days|url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/arunachals-anshu-jamsenpa-becomes-the-first-woman-to-scale-mt-e_in_5c11f4f4e4b0295df1fa5a10|website=Huffington Post|date=21 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anshu Jamsenpa: The first woman to climb Mount Everest twice in 5 days|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/09/11/asia/her-india-anshu-jamsenpa/index.html|work=CNN|date=12 September 2017|last=Lo|first=Andrea}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arunachal's Anshu Jamsenpa creates history, climbs Mount Everest twice in five days|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/anshu-jamsenpa-arunachal-pradesh-mount-everest-fifth-time-978321-2017-05-21|website=India Today|date=21 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
|16 May 2018
|[[Ajeet Bajaj]] and Dia Susanna Bajaj
|The first Indian father and daughter to summit Everest together.
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gurugram duo scale Mt Everest, first Indian father-daughter team to do so|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/gurugram-duo-scale-mt-everest-first-indian-father-daughter-team-to-do-so/articleshow/64200339.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arunachal's Anshu Jamsenpa creates history, climbs Mount Everest twice in five days|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/adventure-is-a-way-of-life-indias-first-father-daughter-duo-who-climbed-mount-everest-1856863|website=NDTV|date=2018-05-24|last=Sethi|first=Nidhi}}</ref>
|-
|20 May 2018
|[[Love Raj Singh Dharmshaktu]]
|The first Indian to climb Everest seven times.
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top of the world: BSF soldier scales Everest for seventh time|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/top-of-the-world-bsf-soldier-scales-everest-for-seventh-time-1238420-2018-05-22|website=India Today|date=22 May 2018|last=Kaur Sandhu|first=Kamaljit}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|[[Sangeeta Sindhi Bahl]]
|The oldest Indian woman to climb Everest.
|She climbed the summit at the age of 53.
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did You Know the Oldest Woman to Climb Everest Is a Former Air Hostess and Miss India Finalist?|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/did-you-know-the-oldest-woman-to-climb-everest-also-runs-her-business-is-a-former-air-hostess-and-miss-india-finalist-1773459.html|website=News18|date=9 June 2018|last=Bose|first=Rakhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Who is Sangeeta Sindhi Bahl? Oldest Indian lady to scale Mount Everest, she was once denied mountaineering course over ‘old age’|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/who-is-sangeeta-sindhi-bahl-oldest-indian-lady-to-scale-mount-everest-she-was-once-denied-mountaineering-course-over-old-age/1177889/|website=Financial Express|date=23 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
|23 May 2019
|Ravindra Kumar
|The first [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer to climb Everest
|Kumar scaled Everest twice.
|<ref>{{Cite web | title= UP cadre IAS officer scales Mt Everest for second time, dedicates it to Swachh Bharat mission | work=Hindustan Times| date=7 June 2019| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/up-cadre-ias-officer-scales-mt-everest-for-second-time-dedicates-it-to-swacch-bharat-mission/story-t4ONb1TcpIVNajc2Utfp1H.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | title=IAS officer scales Mount Everest, again | website=[[The Times of India]]| date=26 May 2019| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ias-officer-scales-mount-everest-again/articleshow/69499202.cms}}</ref>
|-
|21-22 May 2024
|[[Reena Bhatti]]
|The fastest Indian woman to summit.
|In May 2024, Bhatti summited Mount Everest and Mount Lhotse within 20.5 hours. She is reportedly the fastest Indian woman to climb both peaks consecutively.
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-18 |title=Now, woman mountaineer seeks govt job, financial aid after Haryana offered Rs 4 crore to Vinesh Phogat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/mountaineer-govt-job-financial-aid-haryana-4-crore-vinesh-phogat-9950797/lite/ |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=The Indian Express|last=Siwach|first=Sukhbir|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|-
|18 May 2025
|Safrina Latheef
|First Women from Kerala to Summit Mount Everest
|Summited Kilimanjaro, Aconcagua, Elbrus and Everest Base Camp Previously.
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title='On Top Of The World': Kerala Woman's Journey To Peak Of Mount Everest |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/banker-baker-mountaineer-first-kerala-woman-safrina-latheef-to-climb-mount-everest-peak-8490617 |website=NDTV}}</ref>
|}

== List by decade - 1960s ==
=== 1960 ===
The first Indian expedition to attempt to scale Everest was in 1960 by an [[Indian Army]] team led by Brigadier Gyan Singh and was unsuccessful. Climbers [[Narendra Kumar (mountaineer)|Colonel Narendra Kumar]], [[Sonam Gyatso (mountaineer)|Sonam Gyatso]], and Sherpa [[Nawang Gombu]] reached {{convert|28,300|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} but turned back due to bad weather.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="ehist1">{{Cite web|url= http://www.everesthistory.com/time3.htm|title= Time Line|website= EverestHistory.com|access-date= 2019-09-02|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100526185812/http://www.everesthistory.com/time3.htm|archive-date= 2010-05-26|url-status= dead}}</ref>

=== 1962 ===
The second Indian expedition to attempt to scale Everest was in 1962 by an [[Indian Army]] team led by Major John Dias and was also unsuccessful. Climbers [[Mohan Singh Kohli|Captain M.S. Kohli]], [[Sonam Gyatso (mountaineer)|Sonam Gyatso]], and [[Hari Dang]] reached {{convert|28,600|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} but turned back due to bad weather.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/24/4/everest-1962/|title= Everest; 1962|website= Himalayan Journal|date=1963|last=Dubey|first=Suman|series=Vol. 24}}</ref><ref name="ehist1"/>

=== 1965 ===
The [[1965 Indian Everest Expedition|third Indian expedition]] by the Indian Army, led by M.S. Kohli, included 21 core members and 50 Sherpas. The initial attempt was in late April and, due to bad weather, they went back to base camp and waited two weeks for better weather. By the end of May, they succeeded by scaling the mountain in four successive attempts. Colonel Narendra "Bull" Kumar was the deputy leader of the team. India became the fourth country to scale Mount Everest.

*On 20 May 1965, [[Avtar Singh Cheema|Avtar S. Cheema]] became the first Indian to summit Mount Everest, with [[Nawang Gombu Sherpa]]. This was the second time Nawang Gombu Sherpa climbed Mount Everest. The first was with the American Expedition in 1963. [[Tenzing Norgay]], the first man to climb Mount Everest (with [[Edmund Hillary]]), was his uncle.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}
*Two days later, on 22 May, [[Sonam Gyatso (mountaineer)|Sonam Gyatso]] and [[Sonam Wangyal]] reached the summit and became the first siblings to climb Mount Everest together.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}
*On 24 May, [[Chandra Prakash Vohra|C. P. Vohra]] (a civilian and a geologist from the [[Geological Survey of India]]) and [[Ang Kami Sherpa]] reached the summit.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}
*On 29 May, Major [[H. P. S. Ahluwalia]], [[Harish Chandra Singh Rawat|H. C. S. Rawat]], and [[Phu Dorjee Sherpa]] made the fourth and last summit. This was the first time three climbers stood on the summit together.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.istampgallery.com/indian-mount-everest-expedition/|
title=Indian Mount Everest Expedition 1965|website= www.istampgallery.com|
date=22 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/25939/did-you-know-that-50-years-ago-9-indians-held-a-record-for-climbing-mount-everest/|title=Did you know that 50 Years ago 9 Indians Held a Record for Climbing Mount Everest?|website= www.thebetterindia.com|date=17 June 2015|last=Ahuja|first=Sharath}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/26/2/nine-atop-everest/|title= Nine Atop Everest|website= The Himalayan Journal|date=1965|last=Kohli|first=M.S.|series=Vol. 26}}</ref>

'''Records of the expedition'''

* First Indian team to successfully climb Mount Everest.
* First Indian leader to successfully lead an Everest expedition - M. S. Kohli.
* First time three climbers stood on the summit together.
* First time nine climbers reached the summit, setting a world record, which India held for 17 years
* First man in the world to climb Everest twice - Nawang Gombu Sherpa
* First time that siblings climbed Everest together.

== 1970s ==
There were no Indian ascents for 17 years, between 1966 and 1983.<ref name=":10">{{cite web|url= http://www.everesthistory.com/everestsummits/summits70.htm|title=Everest Summits in the 1970's|work=EverestHistory.com |access-date=2017-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021016211953/http://www.everesthistory.com/everestsummits/summits70.htm|archive-date=2002-10-16}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Everest Summits in the 1980-1985 |url=http://www.everesthistory.com/everestsummits/summits80.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102235245/http://www.everesthistory.com/everestsummits/summits80.htm |archive-date=2007-11-02 |website=EverestHistory.com}}</ref>

== 1980s ==
=== 1984 ===
In 1984, the fourth Indian expedition was led by [[D. K. Khullar|Darshan Kumar Khullar]] and recorded a total of five ascents, including that of [[Bachendri Pal]], the first Indian woman summiteer - all from the [[South Col|south side]] (Nepal). Lieutenant Colonel Prem Chand was the deputy leader.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/41/4/indian-everest-expedition-1984/|title= Indian Everest Expedition, 1984|website=The Himalayan Journal|date=1985|last=Khullar|first=D.K.|series=Vol. 41|editor-last=Kapadia|editor-first=Harish}}</ref>

'''South Col side summiteers'''

#[[Phu Dorjee Sherpa]] - the first Indian to summit without oxygen<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.indianbookofrecords.com/first-man-to-climb-mount-everest-without-oxygen.html|title= First Man to Climb Mount Everest Without Oxygen|website= Indian Book of Records|access-date= 27 August 2019|archive-date= 27 August 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190827094449/https://www.indianbookofrecords.com/first-man-to-climb-mount-everest-without-oxygen.html|url-status= dead}}</ref>
#[[Bachendri Pal]]
# Dorjee Lhatoo Sherpa
# Sonam Palzor Sherpa
# [[Ang Dorje Sherpa]]

== 1990s ==

=== 1992 ===
The 1992 expedition to Mount Everest by [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] was led by Major Hukam Singh and recorded a total of eight ascents by Indians, including [[Santosh Yadav]].<ref name=":1" /> Senior medical officer Chittaranjan R. Pattanayak was the deputy leader.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.everesthistory.com/everestsummits/summits92.htm|title= Everest Summits 1992|website= EverestHistory.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021070303/https://everesthistory.com/everestsummits/summits92.htm|archive-date=2010-10-21|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/49/21/indian-itbp-everest-expedition-1992/|title= Indian (IBTP) Everest Expedition, 1992|website= Himalayan Journal|date=1993|last=Singh|first=Hukam|series=Vol. 49|editor-last=Kapadia|editor-first=Harish}}</ref>

'''South Col side summiteers'''

# Sunil Dutta Sharma
# Prem Singh
# [[Kanhaya Lal Pokhriyal]]
# [[Mohan Singh Gunjyal]]
# [[Santosh Yadav]]
# Lobsang (Deepak) Sherpa Tsering
# Sange Muktuk Sherpa
# Wangchuk Sherpa

=== 1993 ===
The 1993 Indo-Nepalese Everest expedition was the first all-woman expedition by the [[Indian Mountaineering Foundation]] and funded by the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]. The 21-member team was led by [[Bachendri Pal]]. The expedition set several world records, including the largest number of persons (18) on a single expedition to climb Mount Everest, and largest number of women (7) from a single country to climb Mount Everest.

[[Santosh Yadav]] became the first woman in the world to climb Mount Everest twice while [[Dicky Dolma]] became the youngest woman (19 years old) in the world to climb Everest. [[Santosh Yadav]] and Rita Gombu Marwah were the deputy leaders.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web| url=https://www.everesthistory.com/everestsummits/summits93.htm|title= Everest Summits 1993|website= EverestHistory.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319223915/https://everesthistory.com/everestsummits/summits93.htm|archive-date=2017-03-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1541894|title= Col. Rajyavardhan Rathore flags off an all-women expedition to Mt. Manirang|website=Government of India, Press Information Bureau|date=2018-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.snmiasacademy.com/hasca/women-everest-expedition/| title=Women Everest Expedition| website=S.N.M IAS Study Group| access-date=27 August 2019| archive-date=27 August 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827112310/https://www.snmiasacademy.com/hasca/women-everest-expedition/| url-status=dead}}</ref> Eighteen ascents took place - 11 of them by Indians and seven by women.

'''South Col side summiteers'''

# [[Santosh Yadav]]
# [[Dicky Dolma]]
# Kunga Bhutia
# Dal Dev (Baldev) Kunwar
# Nima Norbu Dolma
# Suman Kutiyal
# Savita Martolia
# Deepu Sharma
# Rajiv Sharma
# Radha Devi Thakur
# Kusang Dorje Sherpa
# [[Lopsang Jangbu Sherpa]]
# Dorje Sherpa
# Ngatemba Sherpa
# Ngatemba Sherpa
# Nima Dorje I Sherpa
# Ongada Chiring Sherpa
# Tenzing Sherpa

[[Lobsang Tshering|Lobsang Tshering Bhotia]], the nephew of [[Tenzing Norgay]], was a member of the 1993 Australian–Macedonian Everest Expedition led by Tashi Wangchuk Tenzing. He reached the top, but died from a fall during the descent.<ref name=":3" />

=== 1996 ===
The second [[1996 Indo-Tibetan Border Police expedition to Mount Everest]] by the Indo-Tibetan Border Police was led by Mohinder Singh, and coincided with the [[1996 Mount Everest disaster]]; in three summiteers on the expedition died on the mountain. The expedition is credited as being the first Indian ascent of Everest from the North Side, and a total of 8 persons reached the summit.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.everesthistory.com/everestsummits/summits96.htm|title= Everest Summits 1996|website= EverestHistory.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226100220/https://everesthistory.com/everestsummits/summits96.htm|archive-date=2012-02-26|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/53/7/the-indian-ascent-of-qomolungma-by-the-north-ridge/|title= The Indian Ascent of Qomolungma by the North Ridge|website= Himalayan Journal|date=1997|last=Das|first=P.M.|series=Vol. 53}}</ref> Indo-Tibetan Border Police personnel, Parash Mani Das and Harbhajan Singh were the deputy leaders.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

'''[[North Col]] side summiteers'''

# [[Tsewang Paljor]]
# [[Dorje Morup]]
# [[Tsewang Samanla]]
# Tashi Ram Negi
# Hira Ram Singh
# Kusang Dorjee Sherpa
# Nadre Sherpa
# Sange Muktuk Sherpa

=== 1998 ===
In 1998, an expedition to Mount Everest was led by Hrishikesh Yadav as part of the Indian Independence Golden Jubilee celebration. During this expedition, a total of 8 persons reached the summit, two Indians and six sherpas. This was the first successful Indian civilian expedition over any 8000m peak. Abhijit Burman was the youngest climber on the expedition, who summitted when he was 30.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/esum901-1050.htm|title= Everest summits 901 - 1050|website= AdventureStats.com|access-date= 27 August 2019|archive-date= 24 June 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160624214826/http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/esum901-1050.htm|url-status= usurped}}</ref>

'''North Col side summiteers'''

# Surendra Chavan
#[[Love Raj Singh Dharmshaktu]]
# Dawa Tashi Sherpa
# Dawa Norbu II Sherpa
# Tamtin Sherpa
# Nawang Tenzing Sherpa I
# Phinzo Norbu Sherpa
# Niam Gyalzen Sherpa

Another Indian, Kusang Dorjee Sherpa, reached the top as a hired member of the Himalayan Kingdom expedition led by David Walsh.

=== 1999 ===
The 1999 Indian Everest Millennium Expedition was led by [[Santosh Yadav]]. During this expedition, a total of 4 ascents were by Indians.

'''South Col side summiteers'''

# Amar Prakash Dogra
# Kusang Dorjee Sherpa
# Sange Muktuk Sherpa
# Dinesh Kumar

== 2000s ==
=== 2001 ===
The 2001 Indian Army Mount Everest Expedition was led by Colonel Krishan Kumar. During this expedition, 15 people reached the summit - 7 of them were Indians and 8 were sherpas. Satish Chander Sharma was the deputy leader.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.everestnews.com/sim.htm|title= 2001 Indian Army Mount Everest Expedition led by Krishan Kumar -|website= www.everestnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.istampgallery.com/indian-army-everest-expedition-2001/|title= 2001 Indian Army Mount Everest Expedition led by Krishan Kumar-|website= www.istampgallery.com|date= 18 May 2018|author1= Admin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=i4SkM6hi+OcxQ3MdIh+r6Q==&ParentID=ucuaAT1JukRFqwfmFdg9Pg==|title= 2001 Indian Army Mount Everest Expedition led by Krishan Kumar-|website= www.indianarmy.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/esum1351-1500.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020423123748/http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/esum1351-1500.htm| url-status=usurped| archive-date=23 April 2002|title= 2001 Indian Army Mount Everest Expedition led by Krishan Kumar-|website= wwww.adventurestats.com}}</ref>

'''South Col side summiteers'''

# Chanchal Singh Dhasila
# Neel Chand Dogra
# Mohinder Singh Negi
# Palden Giachho Negi
# Amar Prakash Dogra
#[[Saurabh Singh Shekhawat]]
# [[Chhering Norbu Bodh]]
# Til Bikram Budhathoki
# Dendi Sherpa
# Lhakpa Nuru Sherpa
# Mingma Tshering Sherpa
# Nga Temba Sherpa
# Pasang Gelu Sherpa
# Pasang Rinji Sherpa
# Pasang Tendi Sherpa

=== 2002 ===
No ascents were made by Indians in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.everestnews.com/2002summits.htm|title=Summit list 2002|website=himalayandatabase.com}}</ref>

=== 2003 ===
The 2003 Indo-Nepal Army on Everest and [[Lhotse]] Expedition, led by Colonel Ashok Abbey, recorded a total of 16 persons reaching the summit - 9 of them were Indians and 7 were sherpas. Major Chandra Shekhar Manda was the deputy leader.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.k2news.com/everestnews3/indianarmy.htm|title= 2003 Indo-Nepal Army on Everest and Lhotse Expedition-|website= www.k2news.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/60/8/indian-army-on-everest-and-lhotse/|title= I2003 Indo-Nepal Army on Everest and Lhotse Expedition-|website= www.himalayanclub.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=i4SkM6hi+OcxQ3MdIh+r6Q==&ParentID=ucuaAT1JukRFqwfmFdg9Pg==|title= 2003 Indo-Nepal Army on Everest and Lhotse Expedition-|website= www.indianarmy.nic.in}}</ref>

'''South Col side summiteers'''

# Angchuk Chhering
# Tashi Gyapo
# Rajendra Singh Jalal
# Jagat Singh Negi
# Lalit Kumar Negi
# Kunwar Singh Rawat
#[[Saurabh Singh Shekhawat]]
# Abhijeet Singh
# Lal Singh Thapa
# Damai Chhiri Sherpa
# Dendi Sherpa
# Pasang Sherpa
# Pasang Rinji Sherpa
# Pasang Rita Sherpa
# Pemba Rinzi/Rinji Sherpa
# Pemba Tshering (Pemba Chhiri) Sherpa

Also, the 2003 Himalayan Mountaineering Institute Everest Expedition led by the principal of [[Himalayan Mountaineering Institute]] [[Colonel]], Vijay Singh Thakur, recorded a total of 2 ascents by Indians. Kulwant Singh Dhami was the deputy leader.

'''North Col side summiteers'''

# Kusang Dorjee Sherpa
# Nadre Sherpa

=== 2004 ===
The first 2004 Indian Navy Mount Everest North Face Expedition by [[Indian Navy]] led by Satyabrata Dam recorded a total of 12 persons reaching the summit - 5 of them were Indians and 7 sherpas. Lieutenant Amit Pande was the deputy leader.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.everestnews2004.com/everest2004/indiaeverestdis4.htm|title= The First Indian Navy Mount Everest North Face Expedition 2004 -|website= www.everestnews2004.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.everestnews.com/everest2004/indiaeverestdis1-2004.htm|title= The First Indian Navy Mount Everest North Face Expedition 2004 -|website= www.everestnews2004.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2004%20Season%20Lists/2004%20Spring%20A3.html|title= The First Indian Navy Mount Everest North Face Expedition -|website= www.himalayandatabase.com}}</ref>

'''North Col side summiteers'''

# Satyabrata Dam
# Dr Viking Bhanoo
# Abhishek Kankan
# Rakesh Kumar Lagwal
# Vikas Kumar Mehra

=== 2005 ===
The 2005 Indian Army Women Everest Expedition, led by [[Major (rank)|Major]] [[Saurabh Singh Shekhawat]], recorded a total of 15 persons to reach the summit - 9 of them were Indians and 6 were sherpas. The deputy leader was lieutenant colonel Anand Swaroop.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.everestnews.com/everest2005/indianarmyeverest2005.htm|title= 2005 Indian Army Women Everest Expedition -|website= www.everestnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2005%20Season%20Lists/2005%20Spring%20A2.html|title= 2005 Indian Army Women Everest Expedition -|website= www.himalayandatabase.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=i4SkM6hi+OcxQ3MdIh+r6Q==&ParentID=ucuaAT1JukRFqwfmFdg9Pg==|title= 2005 Indian Army Women Everest Expedition -|website= www.indianarmy.nic.in}}</ref>

'''North Col side summiteers'''

#[[Saurabh Singh Shekhawat]]
# Topgay Bhutia
# Tsering Ladol
# Dachen Lhamo
#[[Shipra Mazumdar|Sipra Majumdar]]
# Jagat Singh Negi
# Ashwini Ajitshing Sadekar Pawar
# Kaman Singh
# Surjeet Singh

The 2005 Indian Air Force Everest Expedition by [[Indian Air Force]] led by Air Force wing commander Amit Chowdhury recorded a total of 7 persons reach the summit - 3 of them were Indians and 4 were sherpas.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.everestnews.com/everest2005/airforceeverest2005.htm|title= The First 2005 Indian Air Force Everest Expedition-|website= www.everestnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2005%20Season%20Lists/2005%20Spring%20A2.html|title= Indian Air Force Everest Expedition 2005-|website= www.himalayandatabase.com}}</ref>

'''North Col side summiteers'''

# Sirigereshiva Shankarappa Chaitanya<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.everestnews.com/everest2005/airforceeverest2005u06012005.htm|title= Sirigereshiva Shankarappa Chaitanya missing-|website= www.everestnews.com}}</ref>
# Niku Ram Chowdhary
# Ramesh Chandra Tripathi

=== 2006 ===

The First [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) Everest Expedition 2006, led by Major Sharab Chandub Negi, recorded a total of 16 persons reaching the summit - 7 of them were Indians and 9 were sherpas,.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2006%20Season%20Lists/2006%20Spring%20A4.html|title= Indian Border Security Force(BSF) Everest Expedition 2006-|website= www.himalayandatabase.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.everestnews.com/everest2006/23more05242006.htm|title= Indian Border Security Force(BSF) Everest Expedition 2006-|website= www.everestnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.everestnews.com/everest2006/summits05202006.htm|title= Indian Border Security Force(BSF) Everest Expedition 2006-|website= www.everestnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Season Lists: Ascents - Spring 2006|url=http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2006%20Season%20Lists/2006%20Spring%20A4.html|work=The Himalayan Database|access-date=2017-06-05}}</ref>

'''South Col side summiteers'''

# Sharab Chandub Negi
#[[Love Raj Singh Dharmshaktu|Loveraj Singh Dharmshaktu]]
# Kamlash Kumar Bounthiyal
# Manoj Dahal
# Kedar Singh Koranga
# Parveen Singh Lohia
# Bhagat Singh Rawat
#Mastan Babu Malli (expedition led by Arnold Coster)

The third 2006 [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] expedition to Mount Everest, led by Harbhajan Singh, recorded a total of 14 persons reaching the summit -12 of them were Indians and 2 were sherpas. Prem Singh was the deputy leader.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2006%20Season%20Lists/2006%20Spring%20A4.html|title= Third Indo-Tibetan Border Police Everest expedition 2006 -|website= www.himalayandatabase.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.everestnews.com/everest2006/indiaeverest2006.htm|title= Third Indo-Tibetan Border Police Everest expedition 2006 -|website= www.everestnews.com}}</ref>

'''North Col side summiteers'''

# Prem Singh
# Nawang Dorjey
# Mohammad Ali Khan
# Sri Kishan
# Pradeep Kumar
# Vishal Mani Maithani
# Hira Ram Singh
# Pasang Tenzing Sherpa
# Wangchuk Sherpa
# Jot (Jyoti) Singh Bhandari
# Ongda Gyalzen Sherpa
# Sangay Furi Sherpa

=== 2007 ===
The [[2007 Indian Army Everest Expedition]] led by Lt. Colonel Ishwar Singh Thapa recorded a total of 24 persons reaching the summit - 12 of them was Indians and 12 were sherpas.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=i4SkM6hi+OcxQ3MdIh+r6Q==&ParentID=ucuaAT1JukRFqwfmFdg9Pg==|title= 2007 Indian Army Everest Expedition-|website= www.indianarmy.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.everestnews.com/everest2007/indarmy05152007.htm|title= 2007 Indian Army Summits 12 on Everest -|website= www.everestnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.everestnews.com/everest2007/indarmy2007.htm|title= 2007 Indian Army Everest Expedition-|website= www.everestnews.com}}</ref>

'''North Col side summiteers'''

# Tsering Angchok
# Amar Dev Bhatt
# Maruti Khandagle
# Sachin Raosaheb Patil
# Dharmjot Singh
# Balwant Singh Negi
# Khem Chand Thakur
# Narendra Singh Chandel
# Dayanand Dhali
# Nandkumar Jagtap
# Ram Bahadur Mall
# Tejpal Singh Negi

13. Shekhar Babu Bachinepally reached the summit in a separate two-men expedition.

'''South Col side summiteers'''

Ongda Gyalzen Sherpa reached the summit as a Sherpa in the Caudweel Xtreem Everest led by Michael Patrick William (Mike) Grocott.

=== 2008 ===
The 2008 Indian Army Snow Lion Everest Expedition, led by Army officer Ashok Abbey, recorded a total of 18 persons reaching the summit - 9 of them were Indians and 9 were sherpas.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/65/7/the-everest-olympic/|title= 2008 Indian Army Snow Lion Everest Expedition-|website= www.himalayanclub.org}}</ref><ref name="enewsmay">{{Cite web| url=http://www.everestnews.com/cor/may2008.htm|title= 2008 Indian Army summits 20 climbers plus Sherpas and help with rescues!-|website= www.himalayanclub.org}}</ref>

'''South Col side summiteers'''

# Sonam Gurmey
# Pasang Tenzin Lektso
# Dechen Lhamo
# Thupten Lobsang
# Jigmey Namgyal
# Tashi Phuntsok
# Tenzin Rigden
# Kumchok Tenpa
# Champa Younten

The 2008 Gyamtsho Tshering Bhutia Everest Expedition recorded a total of 22 persons reaching the summit - 10 of them were Indians and 12 were Sherpa.<ref name="enewsmay"/>

'''South Col side summiteers'''

# Dawa Dhendup Bhutia
# Kunzang Gyatso Bhutia
# Atul Karwal
# Yaduram Sharma
# Nima Wangchuk Sherpa
# Yangdi Sherpa
# Ashish Kumar Singh
# N. Suraj Singh
# Ram Singh
# Phul Maya Tamang

With he help of 3 sherpas, [[Kalpana Dash]], an Indian lawyer and mountaineer, reached the top. She had attempted to climb Mount Everest twice before, once in 2004 and once in 2006, but failed due to bad weather and health conditions.

=== 2009 ===
The 2009 Nehru Institute of Mountaineering Everest Expedition, led by Brig. Mangal Murti Masur, VSM, recorded a total of 17 persons reaching the summit - 10 of them were Indians and 7 were sherpas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Season Lists: Ascents - Spring 2009|url=http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2009%20Season%20Lists/2009%20Spring%20A3.html|work=The Himalayan Database|access-date=2017-06-05}}</ref>

'''South Col side summiteers'''

# Pratap Singh Bisht
# Kavita Burathoki
#[[Love Raj Singh Dharmshaktu|Loveraj Singh Dharmshaktu]]
# Vinod Gusain
# Satal Singh Panwar
# Khushal Singh Rana
# Dashrath Singh Rawat
# Dinesh Singh Rawat
# Vishveshvar Semwal
# Surendra Singh Bodh

On 21 May 2009, [[Krushnaa Patil]] climbs the summit and became the youngest woman (16 years and 7 months years old) in the world to climb the highest peak in the world.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/interview-krushnaa-patil-is-the-youngest-woman-in-india-to-climb-mount-everest-1352015|title=Krushnaa Patil - The youngest Indian woman in the world to climb Mount Everest-|website= www.dnaindia.com}}</ref> Gaurav Sharma and [[Tapi Mra]] also reached the summit as part of two separate expeditions.

== 2010s ==

=== 2010 ===
2010 recorded a total of 4 ascents by Indians through separate excursions - all from the South side (Nepal).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2010%20Season%20Lists/2010%20Spring%20A3.html|title=Season Lists: Ascents - Spring 2010|work=The Himalayan Database|access-date=2017-06-05}}</ref>

On 22 May 2010, [[Arjun Vajpai]] became the youngest Indian to reach the summit at the age of 16 years, 11 months, and 18 days.

'''South Col side summiteers'''
# Basanta Kumar Singha Roy
# Debasish Biswas
# [[Arjun Vajpai]]
# [[Mamta Sodha]]

=== 2011 ===
2011 recorded a total of 20 ascents by 19 Indians (double ascent [[Anshu Jamsenpa]]) from the South side (Nepal).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2011%20Season%20Lists/2011%20Spring%20A2.html|title=Season Lists: Ascents - Spring 2011|work=The Himalayan Database|access-date=2017-06-05}}</ref>

[[Premlata Agarwal]] became the oldest Indian woman to have scaled Mount Everest at the age of 48. [[Anshu Jamsenpa]] summited twice on 12 May and 21 May.

'''South Col side summiteers'''
#[[Tine Mena]] (first woman from [[Arunachal Pradesh]])
# Jogabyasa Bhoi
#[[Ganesh Jena|Ganesh Chandra Jena]]
# Dipankar Ghosh
# Rajib Bhattacharya
# Sunita Singh Choken
#[[Premlata Agarwal]] (became the oldest Indian woman to have scaled Mount Everest)
# Sushma Kaushik
# Vikas Kaushik
# Narinder Singh
# Pawan Grewal
'''2011 Indian Air Force Women Everest Expedition'''

The 2011 Indian Air Force Women Everest Expedition led by [[Lt. Colonel]] Narender Kumar Dahiya recorded a total of 19 persons reaching the summit, 7 of them were Indians and 12 sherpas.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/163059/indian-air-force-team-conquers.html|title= 2011 Indian Air Force Women Everest Expedition -|website= www.deccanherald.com|date= 21 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=72301|title= 2011 Indian Air Force Women Everest Expedition -|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.everestnews.com/cor/may-dec2011.htm|title= Indian Air Force Summits Everest -|website= www.everestnews.com}}</ref>

'''South Col side summiteers'''
# Nivedita Chaudhary
# Devidutta Panda
# [[Nirupama Pandey]]
# Ganesh Singh Pokhariya
# Rajika Sharma
# Raju Sindhu
# Jasbir Singh

In 2013 Wansuk Myrthong the first Women from the state of Meghalaya-India climbed the Mt. Everest Summit on 18 May 2013.

=== 2012 ===
2012 recorded a total of 52 ascents by Indians, 10 of them was women - 7 from the North side (China/ Tibet) and 45 from South side (Nepal).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2012%20Season%20Lists/2012%20Spring%20A3.html|title=Season Lists: Ascents - Spring 2012|work=The Himalayan Database|access-date=2017-05-29}}</ref>

===2012 Indo-Tibetan Border Police expedition to Mount Everest===
The fourth 2012 Indo-Tibetan Border Police expedition to Mount Everest led by Prem Singh recorded a total of eight persons reach on the summit, seven of them were Indian and one was a sherpa.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/indo-tibetan-border-police-personnel-ski-down-mount-everest-104705-2012-06-06|title= 2012 Indo-Tibetan Border Police expedition to Mount Everest-|website= www.indiatoday.in|date= 6 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://itbpolice.nic.in/itbpwebsite/PRO_new/Pro/Pro_doc/ITBP%20%20Team%20%20Skied%20down%20from%20Mt%20Everest-%20created%20a%20record%20and%20%20%20arrives%20in%20Delhi.pdf|title= 2012 Indo-Tibetan Border Police expedition to Mount Everest-|website= www.itbpolice.nic.in}}</ref>

====North Col side summiteers====
# Krishna Prasad Gurung
# Pradeep Kumar Negi
# Pasang Tenzing Sherpa (2nd time of 2)
# Devendra Singh
# Virender Singh
# Ratan Singh Sonal
# Mingma Dorchi Sherpa

===2012 Indian Army Women Everest Expedition===
The 2012 Indian Army Women Everest Expedition led by [[Lt. Colonel]] [[Ajay Kothiyal]] recorded a total of 28 persons reach on the summit, 15 of them was Indians and 13 sherpas,<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=i4SkM6hi+OcxQ3MdIh+r6Q==&ParentID=ucuaAT1JukRFqwfmFdg9Pg==|title= 2012 Indian Army Women Everest Expedition -|website= www.indianarmy.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Women-officers-of-Indian-Army-scale-Everest/articleshow/14801943.cms|title= 2012 Indian Army Women Everest Expedition -|website=[[The Times of India]]|date= 10 July 2012}}</ref>

====South Col side summiteers====
# Neha Bhatnagar
# Prabhu Dayal Bisht
# Prachi Ramesh Gole
# Rajendra Singh Jalal (2nd time of 3)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.biharprabha.com/2012/07/rajendra-singh-jalal-become-first-soldier-to-scale-mt-everest-without-oxygen/|title=Rajendra Singh Jalal become first Soldier to scale Mt Everest without Oxygen|work=Biharprabha.com|access-date=2017-06-11}}</ref>
# [[Ranveer Singh Jamwal]](1st time of 3)
# Gary Jarman Lamare
# Smitha Laxman (first woman from [[Karnataka]])<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://karnatakafirst.in/?p=367|title= First Woman from Karnataka to Climb on Top – Mount Everest-|website= karnatakafirst.in|date= 14 October 2014}}</ref>
# Neikhrietuonuo Linyu (1st Naga to Summit Mt Everest)
# Sherab Palden
# Deepika Rathore (first time of 2)
# Namrata Rathore
# Poonam Sangwan
# Sudhir Singh (first time of 2)
# Tejpal Singh Negi (2nd time of 2)
# Praveen Thapa
# Satyadeep Gupta( 2 times)

===2012 Indian Army Snow lion Everest Expedition ===
The 2012 Indian Army Snow lion Everest Expedition led by [[Lt. Colonel]] Bhupesh Hada recorded a total of 11 persons reach on the summit, seven of them were Indian and four were sherpas.

====South Col side summiteers====
# Bhupesh Hada
# Chokyi
# Chomphel
# Thupten Lobsang (2nd time of 2)
(first Indian army to scale mounteverest summit without supplementary oxygen on 5 May 2012)
# Tenpa Tashi
# Thakpa Tenzing
# Tamding Tsewang

===2012 Himalayan Mountaineering Institute Everest Expedition ===
The 2012 Himalayan Mountaineering Institute Everest Expedition by [[Himalayan Mountaineering Institute]] on 2012 led by [[Lt. Colonel]] Neeraj Rana recorded a total of 10 persons reach on the summit, 6 of them was Indians and 4 sherpas.

====South Col side summiteers====
# Ngodup Bhutia
# Kamal Nayan
# Yamuna Prasad Paneru
# Pawel Sharma
# Phuchung Sherpa
# Mahavir Singh

=== Other summiteers of 2012===
# Kazi Sherpa (first time of 2)
# Shrihari Ashok Tapkir
# Sagar Sanjay Palkar
# Anand Ashok Bansode
# Toolika Rani
# [[Ashish Mane|Ashish Sharad Mane]]
# Prasad Narendra Joshi
# Krishna Sukhadev Dhokale
# Chetan Shirish Ketkar
# Rupesh Bharat Khopade
# Surendra Ravindra Jalihal
# Rahul Balu Yelange
# Kapil Ruhil Singh
# [[Love Raj Singh Dharmshaktu|Loveraj Singh Dharmshaktu]] (4th time of 7)
# Rajendra Singh Pal
# Meghlal Mahato
# [[Binita Soren]]
<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.everestnews.com/everest2012/asiantrekkingc05262012.htm|title= Lovraj Dharmashaktu from India-|website= www.everesthistory.com}}</ref>

=== 2013 ===
2013 recorded a total of 67 ascents by Indians. 11 of them were women - all from the South side (Nepal).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2013%20Season%20Lists/2013%20Spring%20A2.html|title=Season Lists: Ascents - Spring 2013|work=The Himalayan Database|access-date=2017-05-29}}</ref>

===Ravindra Kumar, the only IAS officer to have climbed the Everest, a native of begusarai===
On 19 May 2013, Ravindra Kumar became the first Indian Administrative Officer to climb the Mt. Everest.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ias-officer-honoured-for-climbing-mt-everest/1159430/|title= IAS officer honoured for climbing Mt Everest -|website= www.indianexpress.com}}</ref>
On 23 May 2019, Kumar became the first Indian Administrative Officer to climb the Mt. Everest twice.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ias-officer-scales-mount-everest-again/articleshow/69499202.cms/|title= IAS Officer Scales Mount Everest Again -|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

# Ravindra Kumar

===Arunima Sinha - first female amputee===
On 21 May 2013, [[Arunima Sinha]] became the first female amputee to scale Mount Everest.

# Arunima Sinha

===Tashi and Nungshi Malik - first siblings and first twins===
[[Tashi and Nungshi Malik|Nungshi Malik and Tashi Malik]], the first twins to climb Mount Everest together, summited.

# Nungshi Malik
# Tashi Malik

===2013 Indo Nepal Joint Army Everest Expedition===
The 2013 Indo Nepal Joint Army Everest Expedition led by [[Colonel]] [[Ranveer Singh Jamwal]] recorded a total of 43 persons reach on the summit, 11 of them was Indians and 32 sherpas.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://corecommunique.com/joint-indo-nepal-army-everest-expedition/|title= 2013 Joint Indian Army Everest Expedition-|website=corecommunique.com}}</ref>

====South Col side summiteers====
# [[Ranveer Singh Jamwal]] (2nd time of 3)
# [[Unnikannan A. P. Veetil]] (first time of 2), first man from [[Kerala]]
# Mingmar Gurung
# Rajendra Singh Jalal (3rd time of 3)
# Manoj Joshi
# Hajari Lal (first time of 2)
# Chatter Singh
# Shivraj Singh
# Sudhir Singh (2nd time of 2)
# Sukhvir Singh
# Sonam Thinlas

===2013 National Cadet Corp (NCC) Everest Expedition===
The 2013 [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] NCC Everest Expedition led by Satish Chander Sharma recorded a total of 25 persons reach on the summit, 11 of them was Indians and 14 sherpas.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/my-everest-diary/first-successful-ncc-everest-expedition/|title= 2013 National Cadet Corp (NCC) Everest Expedition -|website=[[The Times of India]]|date= 22 May 2013}}</ref>

====South Col side summiteers====
# Rajat Boktapa
# Raghuveer Chand
# Shankar Singh Chirom
# Ashwani Kumar
# Rafiq Ahmed Malik
# Jagat Singh Negi (3rd time of 3)
# Bidyachand Singh Phairembam
# Sandeep Rai
# Khimi Ram Thakur
# [[Arvind Raturi]]
# Karma Dawa Thakur

===2013 Special Service Bureau (SSB) Everest Expedition===
The 2013 Special Service Bureau (SSB) Everest Expedition by [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] led by Somit Joshi recorded a total of 11 persons reach on the summit, 5 of them was Indians and 6 sherpas,.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://ssb.nic.in/index1.aspx?langid=1&lev=3&lsid=3036&pid=1808&Cid=0&lid=2786| title=2013 Special Service Bureau (SSB) Everest Expedition -| website=ssb.nic.in}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ssb-men-flagged-off-for-first-mt-everest-expedition-600385.html|title= 2013 Special Service Bureau (SSB) Everest Expedition -|website=news18.com|date= 2 April 2013}}</ref>

====South Col side summiteers====
# Somit Joshi
# Tame (Man) Bagang
# Subodh Kumar Chandola
# Vinod Singh Negi
# Rahul Kumar Tyagi

===2013 North East India Everest Expedition===
The 2013 North East India Everest Expedition led by Surjit Singh Leishangthem recorded a total of 21 persons reach on the summit, 11 of them was Indians and 10 sherpas.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/northeast/story/wansuk-myrthong-becomes-first-meghalaya-woman-to-scale-mount-everest-163549-2013-05-18|title= The First 2013 North East India Everest Expedition -|website= www.indiatoday.in|date= 18 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=announcements.Ann_2012.First_North_East_India_on_top_of_the_world_Mt_Everest_Expedition_2013_20120801|title= The First 2013 North East India Everest Expedition -|website= www.e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2013.1st_North_East_India_Mt_Everest_Expedition_2013_Final_Summit_20130515|title= The First 2013 North East India Everest Expedition -|website= www.e-pao.net}}</ref>

====South Col side summiteers====
# Manish Kumar Deka
# Anand Gurung
# [[Anshu Jamsenpa]] (3rd time of 5)
# Nima Lama
# Chinekheinganba Nameirakpam
# Bidyapati Devi Ningthoutam
# Mohon Puyamcha
# [[Tarun Saikia]]
# Kazi Sherpa (2nd time of 2)
# Myrthong Wansuk (first woman from [[Meghalaya]])
# David Zohmangaiha

=== 2013 The Lawrence School, Sanawar Everest Expedition===
The Lawrence School, Sanawar Everest Expedition led by Neeraj Rana recorded a total of 13 persons reach on the summit, 7 of them was Indians and 6 sherpas,<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/six-sanawar-school-boys-scale-mount-everest-163919-2013-05-21|title= 2013 The Lawrence School, Sanawar Lawrence School Climb Everest -|website= www.indiatoday.in|date= 21 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://hillpost.in/2013/04/lawrence-school-sanawar-team-at-camp-3-on-mt-everest-ascent/70477/|title= 2013 The Lawrence School, Sanawar Lawrence School Climb Everest -|website= www.hillpost.in|date= 22 April 2013}}</ref>

====South Col side summiteers====
# Fateh Singh Brar
# Prithvi Singh Chahal
# [[Raghav Joneja]]
# Shubham Kaushik
# Guribadat Singh Somal
# Ajay Sohal

===Other summiteers of 2013===
====South Col side summiteers====
# Bhushan Uday Harshe
# Anand Shivling Mali
# Ganesh Krishna More
# Ravindra Kumar
# Prem Kumar Singh
# Tusi Das
# [[Chhanda Gayen]]
# Ujjal Ray
# Debdas Nandy
# Anita Devi (first time of 2)
# Sushen Mahato
# Kanta Manu Devi
# [[Love Raj Singh Dharmshaktu|Loveraj Singh Dharmshaktu]] (5th time of 7)
# Hemant Sachdev
# Ramlal Sharma
# Sanjay Kodain Sanzu
# Satyabrata Dam (2nd time of 2)
# Murad Lala

=== 2014 ===
2014 recorded a total of 5 ascents by Indians and one of them woman - all from the North side (China/ Tibet).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2014%20Season%20Lists/2014%20Spring%20A2.html|title=Season Lists: Ascents - Spring 2014|work=The Himalayan Database|access-date=2017-05-29}}</ref>

===Malavath Poorna - youngest girl to conquer Mount Everest===
The 2014 Transcend Adventures Everest Expedition led by Shekhar Babu Bachinepally created a new history, [[Malavath Purna|Malavath Poorna]] On 25 May 2014, at the age of 13 years and 11 months, became the youngest girl in the world to have reached the summit.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://people.com/celebrity/indian-girl-13-becomes-the-youngest-person-to-climb-mount-everest/|title= Indian Girl, 13, Becomes the Youngest Person to Climb Mount Everest-|website= www.people.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/11263/13-year-old-youngest-girl-to-climb-mount-everest-poorna-malavath/|title= Indian Girl, 13, Becomes the Youngest Person to Climb Mount Everest-|website= wwww.thebetterindia.com|date= 9 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-27599570|title= Indian Girl, 13, Becomes the Youngest Person to Climb Mount Everest-|work= BBC News|date= 28 May 2014}}</ref>

===North Col side summiteers===
# [[Malavath Purna|Malavath Poorna]] (Youngest girl in the world to climb Mount Everest )
# Sadhanapalli Anand Kumar
# Kishor Dattatraya Dhankude (first time of 2)
# Biplab Baidya
# Debabrata Mukherjee

=== 2015 ===
No ascents were made by Indians in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2015%20Season%20Lists/2015%20Spring%20A1.html|title=Season Lists: Ascents - Spring 2015|work=The Himalayan Database|access-date=2017-05-29}}</ref>

=== 2016 ===
2016 recorded a total of 50 ascents by Indians, 15 of them women. One died. Six were from the north side (China/ Tibet) and 44 from south side (Nepal).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2016%20Season%20Lists/2016%20Spring%20A2.html|title=Season Lists: Ascents - Spring 2016|work=The Himalayan Database|access-date=2017-05-29}}</ref>

===2016 Transcend Adventures Everest Expedition ===
The 2016 Transcend Adventures Everest Expedition led by Shekhar Babu Bachinepally recorded a total of 13 persons reach on the summit, 5 of them was Indians and 8 sherpas,.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://transadventures.com/mt-everest-expedition-2016/|title= 2016 Transcend Adventurous Everest Expedition -|website= www.transadventures.com|access-date= 2 September 2019|archive-date= 2 September 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190902171507/https://www.transadventures.com/mt-everest-expedition-2016/|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/koya-youth-climbs-everest-creates-record/article8627798.ece|title= first tribal lad from Andhra Pradesh climb Mount Everest -|newspaper= The Hindu|date= 20 May 2016|last1= Bhaskar|first1= B. v s.}}</ref>

====North Col side summiteers====
# Suhail Sharma
# Dhubi Bhadraiah
# S. Prabakaran
# Balan Shivaraman
# Gollapalli Ramamurthy Radhika
# [[Aparna Kumar]]

===2016 Indian Army Everest Massif Expedition ===
The 2016 [[Indian Army]] Everest Massif Expedition led by Colonel [[Ranveer Singh Jamwal]] recorded a total of 27 persons reach on the summit, 10 of them was Indians and 17 sherpas,.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=138387|title= 2016 Indian Army Everest Massif Expedition-|website= www.pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/indian-army-mountaineers-successfully-summit-mount-everest/|title= 2016 Indian Army Everest Massif Expedition-|website= www.indianexpress.com|date= 19 May 2016}}</ref>

====South Col side summiteers====
# [[Ranveer Singh Jamwal]] (3rd time of 3)
# K. Siva Kumar (first person from [[Tamil Nadu]])<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Havildar-makes-T.N.-proud-atop-Everest/article14419043.ece|title= The first person from Tamil Nadu -|newspaper= The Hindu|date= 13 June 2016|last1= Peri|first1= Dinakar}}</ref>
# Hajari Lal (2nd Time of 2)
# Ankur Rawat
# [[Unnikannan A. P. Veetil]] (2nd time of 2), first [[Malayali|Keralite]] to climb Everest twice
# Mirza Zahid Baig
# Umesh Rai
# Pratap Singh
# Rinzin Dorje Bodh
# Dorjey Gyalson

===2016 National Cadet Corp (NCC) Girls Everest Expedition===
The 2016 [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] (NCC) Girls Everest Expedition led by Guarav Karki recorded a total of 28 persons reach on the summit, 14 of them was Indians and 14 sherpas,<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=144622|title= 2016 National Cadet Corps (NCC) Girls Everest Expedition-|website= www.pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=137550|title= 2016 National Cadet Corps (NCC) Girls Everest Expedition-|website= www.pib.gov.in}}</ref>

====South Col side summiteers====
# Guarav Karki
# Rigzen Dolker
# Lalrintluangi
# Tashi Laskit
# Pooja Mehra
# Deepika Rathore (2nd time of 2)
# Balkar Singh
# Sulaxchana Tamang
# Tsering Angmo
# Trishala Gurung
# Stanzin Laskit
# Vishal Ahlawat
# Dolyne Kharbhih
# Kumari Nutan

=== 2016 Satori Adventurous International Everest Expedition ===
2016 Satori Adventurous International Everest Expedition led by Jitesh Popatial Mody recorded a total of 16 persons reach on the summit, 6 of them was Indians and 10 sherpas.

====South Col side summiteers====
# Debraj Dutta
# [[Kuntal Joisher|Kuntal Ajit Joisher]]
# Bhagwan Singh Kushwah
# Chetna Sahoo
# Pradeep Chandra Sahoo
# Rafik Taher Shaikh

===2016 Seven Summit Trecks Everest Expedition ===
The 2016 Seven Summit Trecks Everest Expedition led by [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] [[Azim Gheychisaz]] recorded a total of 25 persons reaching the summit, 7 of them Indians.

====South Col side summiteers====
# Naba Kumar Phukon
# Narender yadav
# Seema Rani
# Rudra Prasad Halder
# Malay Mukherjee
# Ramesh Chandra Roy
# [[Satyarup Siddhanta]] (first from [[Karnataka]]){{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

=== Another summiteers in 2016===
====South Col side summiteers====
# Nanda Dulal Das
# Henry David Teran
# Khorsing Terang
# Ankur Bahl
# [[Subhash Pal]] (died from exhaustion)
# [[Ratnesh Pandey]]
# Harshad Kamalaksha Rao

=== 2017 ===
2017 recorded a total of 49 ascents by 48 Indians (double ascent [[Anshu Jamsenpa]]), 7 accents by 6 women- One die - 18 from the North side (China/ Tibet) and 31 from South side (Nepal).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2017%20Season%20Lists/2017%20Spring%20A18.html|title=Season Lists: Ascents - Spring 2017|work=The Himalayan Database|access-date=2018-07-09}}</ref>

=== Anshu Jamsenpa - fastest double summit, most times (5) by Indian woman ===
[[Anshu Jamsenpa]] created a new history. The first woman in the world to scale the summit of Mount Everest twice in a season (and the first to do so within 5 days). It is also the fastest double ascents of the tallest crest by a woman. This was her fifth summit and thus she became the most time climbed Indian woman.
====South Col side summiteers====
# [[Anshu Jamsenpa]] on 16 May 2017, 4th time of 5
# [[Anshu Jamsenpa]] on 21 May 2017, 5th time of 5

===2017 Transcend Adventures Everest Expedition ===
The 2017 Transcend Adventures Everest Expedition led by Shekhar Babu Bachinepally recorded a total of 37 persons reach on the summit, 16 of them was Indians and 21 sherpas.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.alanarnette.com/blog/2017/05/13/everest-2017-first-team-summits-transcend-adventures-north/|title= 2017 Transcend Adventurous Everest Expedition -|website= www.alanarnette.com}}</ref>

====North Col side summiteers====
# Bharath Thammineni
# Dharma Teja Mothukuri
# Suresh Babu Gullamarusu
# Nagaraju Sundarana
# Satya Rao Kare
# Krishna Rao Vooyaka
# Durga Rao Kunja
# Sagar Bodla
# Chenna Rao Gajavelli
# Eswaraiah Seelam
# Hari Prasad Ganugapenta
# Sunda Raju Repalle
# Rani Boddu
# Asha Singh
# Sandhya Bai Vadithe
# Aparna Arvind Prabhudesai

====North Col side summiteers====

# Anita Devi (second time of two) became the first Indian woman to climb the peak from both sides, she climbed the peak from the South side in 2013.
<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/haryana-s-anita-kundu-first-indian-woman-to-scale-mt-everest-from-china-side/410524.html|title= Haryana's Anita Kundu first Indian woman to scale Mt Everest from China side|website= www.tribuneindia.com|access-date= 2 September 2019|archive-date= 2 September 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190902120351/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/haryana-s-anita-kundu-first-indian-woman-to-scale-mt-everest-from-china-side/410524.html|url-status= dead}}</ref>

===2017 Indian Navy Everest-Lhotse Expedition===
The 2017 Indian Navy Everest-Lhotse Expedition by [[Indian Navy]] led by [[Lieutenant Commander]] Sanjay K. Kulkarni recorded a total of 20 persons reach on the summit, 9 of them was Indians and 11 sherpas. [[Lieutenant Commander]] Vinit Doshi was the deputy leader.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/indian-navy-mount-everest-expedition-2017 |title= 2017 Indian Navy Everest-Lhotse Expedition -|website= www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/indian-navy-mount-everest-expedition-2017-0|title= 2017 Indian Navy Everest-Lhotse Expedition -|website= www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref>

====South Col side summiteers====
# Shashank Tewari
# Chandraveer Singh Yadav
# Anant Kukreti
# Bikas Maharana
# Avinash Kalyan Bawane, NM
# Hari Om
# Nagarajan Hari Prasath
# Ashish Gupta
# Sandeep Singh

===2017 Indian Army Snow Lion Everest Expedition===
The 2017 Indian Army Snow Lion Everest Expedition led by Vishal Dubey recorded a total of 13 persons reach on the summit, 7 of them was Indians and 6 sherpas.<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/indian-army-men-create-history-by-climbing-mt-everest-without-using-oxygen-cylinders-323110.html |title= 2017 Indian Army Snow Lion Everest Expedition -|website= www.indiatimes.com |date= 5 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-army-men-climb-everest-without-using-oxygen-cylinders/story-EVZnqZaOPPSYHtoFo1XuIO.html|title= 2017 Indian Army Snow Lion Everest Expedition -|website= www.hindustantimes.com |date= 3 June 2017}}</ref>

====South Col side summiteers====
# Karma Zopa
# Kalden Panjur
# Sonam Phuntsok
# Urgen Topgye
# Kunchok Tenpa (2nd time of 2)
# Ngawang Gelek
# Kelsang Dorjee Bhutia

===2017 Asian Trekking ONGC Eco Everest Expedition ===
The 2017 Asian Trekking ONGC Eco Everest Expedition by [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] led by Satendra K. Sangwan recorded a total of 16 persons reach on the summit, 7 of them was Indians and 9 sherpas.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.ongcindia.com/wps/wcm/connect/en/career/why-work-with-ongc/mount-everest-expedition/|title= The First Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Mount Everest North Face Expedition 2004 -|website= www.ongcindia.com}}</ref>

====South Col side summiteers====
# [[Love Raj Singh Dharmshaktu]] (6th time of 7)
# Yogendar Garbiyal
# Ngayaising Jagoi
# [[Rahul Jarngal]]
# Prabhat Gaurav
# Nirmal Kumar
# Santosh Kumar Singh
Another [[South Col]] side summiteers in 2017

====South Col side summiteers====
# Kishor Dattatraya Dhankude (2nd time of 2)
# Brij Mohan Sharma
# Ravi Kumar (Died)
# Hemant Gupta
# Kuntal Kanrar
# Mohammed Sahabuddin

=== 2018 ===
2018 recorded a total of 69 ascents by Indians - 8 of them women - 18 from the North Col and 51 from South Col.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2018%20Season%20Lists/2018%20Spring%20A2.html|title=Season Lists: Ascents - Spring 2018|work=The Himalayan Database|access-date=2018-07-09}}</ref> [[Ajeet Bajaj]] and Dia Susanna Bajaj, a father-daughter duo from [[Delhi]], made history by conquering Mount Everest on 16 May. [[Sangeeta Sindhi Bahl]] became the oldest Indian woman to have scaled the world's tallest peak at the age of 53 years.

The second [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) Everest Expedition 2018, led by [[Love Raj Singh Dharmshaktu]], recorded a total of 30 persons to reach the summit.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179780|title= The Second Indian Border Security Force(BSF) Everest Expedition 2018-|website= www.pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/bsf-team-set-for-2nd-everest-triumph/articleshow/62953348.cms|title= The Second Indian Border Security Force(BSF) Everest Expedition 2018-|newspaper= The Times of India|date= 17 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/bsf-expedition-six-jawans-from-himachal-scale-mt-everest-1502640113.html|title= The Second Indian Border Security Force(BSF) Everest Expedition 2018-|website= www.everestnews.com|date= 24 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OE-nEnVyNEY|title= he Second Indian Border Security Force(BSF) Everest Expedition 2018 -|website= www.youtube.com|date= 6 March 2018}}</ref>

'''South Col side summiteers'''
#[[Love Raj Singh Dharmshaktu]]<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/top-of-the-world-bsf-soldier-scales-everest-for-seventh-time-1238420-2018-05-22|title= BSF soldier conquered the highest peak for a record 7th time. -|website= www.indiatoday.in|date= 22 May 2018}}</ref>
# Pritam Chand
# Anwar Hussain
# Aasif Jaan
# Praveen Kumar
# Parveen Singh
# Vikash Singh Rawat
# Suresh Chhetri
# Manoj Dahal
# Ravi Kant Negi
# Kamlesh Kumar
# Suneel Kumar
# Avinash Negi
# Kedar Singh
# Darshan Tamang

The 2018 Uttarakhand State Police Everest Expedition led by Sanjay Kumar Gunjyal recorded a total of 16 persons reaching the summit - 8 of them was Indians and 8 sherpas.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/uttarakhand-police-team-scale-mount-everest-cm-lauds-effort-1502638611.html|title= 2018 Uttarakhand State Police Everest Expedition -|website= www.thestatesman.com|date= 20 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/cm-lauds-state-police-team-for-scaling-everest-says-it-kissed-matha-of-sagarmatha/story-dCrMOf1aOAylThhszZmRVI.html|title= 2018 Uttarakhand State Police Everest Expedition -|website= www.thestatesman.com|date= 8 June 2018}}</ref>

'''South Col side summiteers'''
# Manoj Kumar Joshi
# Vijendra Kuriyal
# Praveen Singh
# Yogesh Singh
# Suryakant Uniyal
# Ravi Chauhan
# Virendra Prasad
# Sanjay Kumar Upreti

===2018 NIMAS India Everest Expedition ===
The 2018 NIMAS India Everest Expedition by [[National Institute of Mountaineering and Allied Sports]] led by Colonel Sarfraz Singh recorded a total of 13 persons reach on the summit, 8 of them was Indians and 5 sherpas.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.uniindia.com/arunachal-governor-felicitates-nimas-team-for-climbing-mt-everest/states/news/1263466.html|title= 2018 NIMAS India Everest Expedition-|website= www.uniindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2018/05/24/8-member-nimas-team-reach-mt-everest/|title= 2018 NIMAS India Everest Expedition-|website= www.arunachaltimes.in|date= 24 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179831|title= 2018 NIMAS India Everest Expedition-|website= www.pib.gov.in}}</ref>

====South Col side summiteers====
# Sarfraz Singh Kular
# Dorjee Khandu
# Gajur Man Rai
# Hem Singh
# Pravendra Kumar
# Sanjay Kumar
# Tongchen Nimsonga
# Ram Singh Rawat

The 2018 Force Motors Everest Expedition led by Sauraj Jhingan recorded a total of 4 persons reaching the summit - 2 of them were Indians and 2 were sherpas.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.forcemotors.com/themes/frontend/docs/media-page/press-release/2018/Press%20release_Force%20Motors%20Everest%20Expedition%202018.pdf|title= 2018 Force Motors Everest Expedition 2004 -|website= www.forcemotors.com|access-date= 3 September 2019|archive-date= 9 April 2025|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250409162123/https://forcemotors.com/themes/frontend/docs/media-page/press-release/2018/Press%20release_Force%20Motors%20Everest%20Expedition%202018.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.indiapages.in/force-motors-felicitates-everest-expedition-mountaineers-14479.html|title= 2018 Force Motors Everest Expedition 2004 -|website= www.indiapages.in|access-date= 3 September 2019|archive-date= 3 September 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190903113343/https://www.indiapages.in/force-motors-felicitates-everest-expedition-mountaineers-14479.html|url-status= dead}}</ref>

'''South Col side summiteers'''
# Sauraj Jhingan
# Samir Nicholas Patham

18 other people reached the summit as part of different expeditions. They were:
# Bhagwan Bhikoba Chawale
# Prajit Rasiklal Pardeshi
# [[Sangeeta Sindhi Bahl]]<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/did-you-know-the-oldest-woman-to-climb-everest-also-runs-her-business-is-a-former-air-hostess-and-miss-india-finalist-1773459.html|title= the oldest Indian woman climb Everest-|website= www.news18.com|date= 9 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/who-is-sangeeta-sindhi-bahl-oldest-indian-lady-to-scale-mount-everest-she-was-once-denied-mountaineering-course-over-old-age/1177889/|title= the oldest Indian woman climb Everest-|website=financialexpress.com|date= 23 May 2018}}</ref>
# Tamut Taka
# Kishon Tekseng
# Amit Kumar
# Sandeep Mansukhani
# Sandeep Toliya
# Navdeep Bittu
# Swarnalata Dalai
# Manisha Jaykrishna Waghmare
# Poonam
# Rahul Gupta
# Muri Linggi
# Rohtash Khileri
# [[Shivangi Pathak]]
# Vikas Shambhu Prasad Dimri (Vikas Dimri)

The 2018 Transcend Adventurous Everest Expedition led by Shekhar Babu Bachinepally recorded a total of 40 persons reaching the summit - 18 of them were Indians and 22 were sherpas.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.dreamwanderlust.com/news/36-indian-climbers-from-transcend-adventure-are-preparing-for-summit-bid-on-everest-from-tibet-side|title= 2018 Transcend Adventurous Everest Expedition -|website= www.dreamwanderlust.com|date= 5 May 2018}}</ref>

'''North Col side summiteers'''
# Himamsa Shaik
# Raja Kojja
# Kavidas Pandurang Katmode
# Umakant Suresh Madavi
# Pramesh Sitaram Ale
# Manisha Dharma Dhurve
# Mehul Pravinchandra Joshi<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/gujarati-businessman-conquers-mt-everest/articleshow/64196916.cms|title= Gujarati businessman conquers Mt Everest -|website= www.ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
# Venkata Surya Prakash Korikala
# [[Ajeet Bajaj]]<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/gurugram-duo-scale-mt-everest-first-indian-father-daughter-team-to-do-so/articleshow/64200339.cms|title= First Indian Father and Daughter climb Everest -|newspaper= The Times of India|date= 17 May 2018}}</ref>
# [[Deeya Suzannah Bajaj]]<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/adventure-is-a-way-of-life-indias-first-father-daughter-duo-who-climbed-mount-everest-1856863|title= First Indian Father and Daughter climb Everest -|website= www.ndtv.com}}</ref>
# Asha Kiran Rani Koyyi
# Praveen Kumar Jujjavarapu
# Raju Gosala
# Borage Prasanna Kumar
# Bhanu Surya Prakash Podudolu
# Vikas Mahadeo Soyam
# Vikram Chandra Naik
# Venkatesh Maheshwari

=== 2019 ===
2019 recorded a total of 77 ascents by Indians - 18 of them women - from both South Col and North Col side.

'''South Col side summiteers'''
#Milind Raskar
#Megha Parmar
#Aditya Gupta
#[[Romil Barthwal]]
#[[Bhawna Dehariya]]
#Abdul Nassar P
# Keval Kakka
# Aditi Vaidya
# Anuja Vaidya<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/surat-sister-duo-on-top-of-the-world-literally/articleshow/69467597.cms|title= First Gujarati sisters summit |newspaper= The Times of India|date= 24 May 2019}}</ref>
# Vivek Thakur
'''North Col side summiteers'''

1. # [[Ravindra Kumar (IAS 2011)|Ravindra Kumar]] became the first Indian Administrative Officer to climb the Mt. Everest twice on 23 May 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/ias-officer-summits-everest-with-gangajal-to-spread-awareness-on-swachh-ganga20190605015505|title=IAS officer summits Everest with gangajal to spread awareness on 'Swachh Ganga'}}</ref>

2. # [[Kuntal Joisher]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-24 |title=Mumbai climber becomes first vegan to summit Everest on two routes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-climber-becomes-first-vegan-to-summit-everest-on-two-routes/story-CKhZbiUXeqMvlSRJ3oTeOL.html |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

3. # Parth Upadhyay

==2020s==
There were no summit attempts in 2020 as Nepal and Tibet, both sides were closed during the mountaineer[[COVID-19 pandemic]].

=== 2021 manita pradhan from Sikkim ===
#[[Harshvardhan Joshi]]
#Col. Amit Bisht
#[[Manish Kashniyal]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.globalgovernancenews.com/two-young-indian-mountaineers-led-by-ace-mountaineer-manish-kashniyal-from-the-kashni-village-of-pithoragarh-district-succeed-in-climbing-mt-everest/ | title=Two young Indian mountaineers, led by ace mountaineer Manish Kashniyal, from the Kashni village of Pithoragarh district, succeed in climbing Mt. Everest. | date=June 2021 | access-date=17 June 2022 | archive-date=30 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130063312/https://www.globalgovernancenews.com/two-young-indian-mountaineers-led-by-ace-mountaineer-manish-kashniyal-from-the-kashni-village-of-pithoragarh-district-succeed-in-climbing-mt-everest/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.icrc.org/new-delhi/2021/06/18/red-cross-reaches-the-highest-point-on-earth/ |title=Red Cross reaches the highest point on Earth |date=18 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tourismdepartment.gov.np/files/statistics/46.pdf|title=Wayback Machine|website=www.tourismdepartment.gov.np}}</ref>
#[[Neeraj Choudhary]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2021 |title=IIT Delhi Alumnus Scales Mount Everest Within 7 Weeks Of Recovering From Covid |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/iit-delhi-alumnus-neeraj-chaudhary-scales-mount-everest-within-7-weeks-of-recovering-from-covid-2484096 |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-11 |title=IIT Delhi Alumnus Neeraj Chaudhary scales Mt Everest post Covid recovery |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/iit-delhi-alumnus-neeraj-chaudhary-scales-mt-everest-post-covid-recovery-1826702-2021-07-11 |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2021-07-18 |title=IIT Delhi Alumnus Scales Mount Everest 7 Weeks After Recovering From COVID |url=https://www.thequint.com/good-news/iit-delhi-alumus-neeraj-chaudhary-climbed-mount-everest-in-may-after-recovering-from-covid-19 |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=TheQuint}}</ref>

=== 2022 ===
#Piyali Basak<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengal-chandernagore-teacher-piyali-basak-climbs-everest-to-attempt-lhotse/articleshow/91731102.cms |title=West Bengal: Chandernagore teacher Piyali Basak climbs Everest, to attempt Lhotse | Kolkata News |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 May 2022}}</ref>
#Savita Kanswal summited on 12 May 2022.
#Shaikh Hassan Khan Ali Shahida<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mountaineer-has-lofty-plans-for-the-tricolour/article65493887.ece|title=Mountaineer has lofty plans for the tricolour|website=The Hindu|date=4 June 2022 |access-date=17 April 2023 |last1=Hiran |first1=U.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2022/05/19/shaikh-hassan-conquers-everest-huge-tricolour-flag.html|title=Huge Tricolour on Mount Everest to commemorate 75th year of India's Independence|website=online manorama|access-date=17 April 2023}}</ref>
#Sidharth Routray from Odisha Indian on 15 May 2022
#Praveen Singh Rana from Uttarkashi Uttarakhand summited on 21 May 2022, also climbed Mt Kilimanjaro, Mt Elbrus, Mt Kosciusko and became first person of the world who climbed four continents highest peaks on a specified day. This record has been recorded in India Book of Records. He climbed Mt. Aconcagua twice in 2025(On 22nd Feb and 25th Feb 2025 base camp to base camp 28 hrs).
#Prakriti Varshney summited in May 2022

=== 2023 ===
1. '''Yaashi Jain'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/double-delight-25-year-old-from-chhattisgarh-climbs-everest-mt-lhotse-8619132/|title=Double delight: 24-year-old from Chhattisgarh climbs Everest, Mt Lhotse|date=20 May 2023}}</ref>
She has completed the Basic Mountaineering Course and Advanced Mountaineering Course. She is a Chhattisgarh-based mountaineer, who summited Mount Everest on 17 May 2023 and Mount Lhotse on 18 May within 26 hrs. of time span becoming the youngest woman mountaineer to summit both. She has also climbed 4/7 continents' highest peaks.

2. '''Muthamilselvi Narayanan'''<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Ganesh |first=Sanjana |date=2023-06-14 |title=Interview {{!}} Muthamizh Selvi, the first woman from TN to summit Mount Everest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/interview-muthamizh-selvi-the-first-woman-from-tn-to-summit-mount-everest/article66949408.ece |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Online |date=2023-05-11 |title=Muthamizh Selvi : First Tamil woman to climb Mount Everest |url=https://www.dtnext.in/videos/2023/05/11/muthamizh-selvi-first-tamil-woman-to-climb-mount-everest |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=www.dtnext.in}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-27 |title=56 days to the top of the world: In a first, Tamil Nadu woman scales Mount Everest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/56-days-to-the-top-of-the-world-in-a-first-tamil-nadu-woman-scales-mount-everest/articleshow/100540504.cms |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-31 |title=Muthamizh Selvi, first Tamil Nadu woman to scale Mt Everest, reaches Chennai; felicitated by Udhayanidhi Stalin |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/muthamizh-selvi-first-tamil-nadu-woman-mt-everest-chennai-felicitated-udhayanidhi-stalin-8638972/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/life-style/1029413-lioness-who-reached-the-peak-is-muthamilselvi.html|title=சிகரம் தொட்ட சிங்கப் பெண் முத்தமிழ்ச்செல்வி|date=28 June 2023|website=Hindu Tamil Thisai}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=25 September 2023 |title=vikatan article about first woman-to-climb-everest-from-tamil-nadu-muthamizh-selvi |url=https://www.vikatan.com/lifestyle/motivation/first-woman-to-climb-everest-from-tamil-nadu-muthamizh-selvi}}</ref>

A Tamil Nadu-based, 34 years old, a mother of two daughters is the '''First Tamil Woman''' to scale the world's highest peak [[Mount Everest]] (2023) and as a '''First Tamil Woman''' to scale '''[[Seven Summits|Five Summits]],''' '''the Five highest continental peaks of the world''' within short duration within 267 days (May 2023~March 2024''')'''. She has received the '''"Kalpana Chawla - 2023"''' Tamil Nadu government state award for successfully done the Mt. Everest summit. Also, she has received the popular media Aval Vikatan's award "Singappen 2023".

3. '''Ashish Singh'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/satna/ashish-singh-hoisted-the-tricolor-on-everest-satna-became-the-7th-mountaineer-of-madhya-pradesh-776837.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KNRNyy-3TOc}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://happenings.lpu.in/lpu-verto-ashish-singh-conquered-mount-everest/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=194T7oge1MQ}}</ref>
He is an '''Indian mountaineer''', '''entrepreneur''', and '''author'''. A '''certified mountaineer''', he has climbed 20+ Himalayan peaks, including Mount Everest, which he summited on his first attempt on 23 May 2023. He has also completed the first ascent of a 6,105-meter virgin peak and summited Lobuche East (6,119 m). Singh is also the author of the book '''Life with Uncertainties'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.in/Life-Uncertainties-Journey-Village-Highest/dp/B0GPCCPJX1/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2UL5ZJME9IH78&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.VXwkxdVvxrdQlls3tYLLA2knwfinyKwa3HojeWWG9MkFPq8_k7tedXuTb7AjdRvC4wqRFFv9kgPLZhgJc3emftgrU2lkG94rf_li0tRPETmcYmy9-PNToDMmR_WrtTQ5i-Owpk-LtVw8L8OfpmZQN8iwoAYl4b3e48FkP2LfXVOtmqoyU0y9-bP9fS6AkFvHamRloD_R5cvwVjAVLpzIE1VFTPSbXYkNF1q8an0e-Y8.SKuxOLWdleN0cm35eAda1ikCMThU8vDn_hxsOjFd_jw&dib_tag=se&keywords=life+with+uncertainties&qid=1773070339&sprefix=%2Caps%2C385&sr=8-1}}</ref>, where he shares reflections on resilience, challenges, and personal growth.

=== 2024 ===
1. [[Kaamya Karthikeyan]] is an Indian climber who lives in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. Kaamya had earlier summited [[Mount Everest]] on 20 May 2024, becoming the youngest Indian and the second youngest female in the world to climb the peak from Nepal side.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai's 16-yr-old Kaamya Karthikeyan becomes youngest girl to scale seven highest peaks in the world |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/mumbais-16-yr-old-kaamya-karthikeyan-becomes-youngest-girl-to-scale-seven-highest-peaks-in-the-world-3334855 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-10 |title=Mumbai girl becomes youngest in world to climb South America's highest peak |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-girl-becomes-youngest-girl-in-world-to-climb-south-america-highest-peak-6259969-6259969/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=Mumbai girl Kaamya Karthikeyan becomes youngest Indian to summit Mt Everest |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kaamya-karthikeyan-youngest-indian-mt-everest-9346883/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

2. [[Jyoti Ratre]] is an Indian mountaineer from Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. In May 2024, she became the oldest Indian woman to summit [[Mount Everest]], the highest peak in the world, at the age of 55, breaking the previous national record of 53 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sameeksha |date=2024-05-29 |title=Bhopal-Based Jyoti Ratre Becomes Oldest Indian Woman To Climb Everest At 55 |url=https://news.abplive.com/lifestyle/travel/bhopal-based-jyoti-ratre-becomes-oldest-indian-woman-to-conquer-everest-1690285 |access-date= |website=news.abplive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Priya |title=Meet Jyoti Ratre, Oldest Indian Woman To Conquer Mt. Everest At 55 |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/womens-firsts/jyoti-ratre-oldest-indian-woman-to-conquer-mount-everest-4595183 |access-date= |website=www.shethepeople.tv |language=bn}}</ref>

3. Satyadeep Gupta- created world record by dual Everest and Lhotse climb in less than 12 hours.

'''2025'''

1. The largest expeditionary force to reach the summit of Mount Everest consisted of 49 climbers from the Indian Army Adventure Wing, including 22 members of the [[Indian Army]] and 27 Sherpas, who successfully summited on 27 May 2025 as part of the Indian Army's Silver Jubilee Everest Expedition, led by Lieutenant Colonel [[Manoj Joshi]], marking one of the largest coordinated summit efforts by a single organized team on the world's highest mountain, having a [[Guinness World Records]] Title.<ref>https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/63825-mt-everest-success-expedition</ref><ref>https://headlinesindia.mapsofindia.com/news/indian-army-sets-guinness-world-record-on-mount-everest/</ref><ref>https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/nainital-indian-army-everest-summit-enters-guinness-world-record-40136059.html</ref><ref>https://thetourismtimes.com/news/climbing/indian-army-sets-everest-world-record-with-largest-single-day-summit-push</ref>

2. The [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] (NCC) expedition team successfully summited Mount Everest (8,848 m) on 18 May 2025, marking a significant milestone for the organization. The expedition comprised 10 NCC cadets, including five boys and five girls, along with four officers, two Junior Commissioned Officers, one Girl Cadet Instructor, and 10 Non-Commissioned Officers, reflecting a structured and gender-balanced representation within the team.<ref>https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/NCC-expedition-team-successfully-scales-Mt-Everest_0.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=February 2026}}</ref><ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2129728&reg=3&lang=2</ref><ref>https://garhwalpost.in/governor-felicitates-army-personnel-ncc-cadets-who-scaled-mount-everest/</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/5-climbers-including-3-students-from-uttarakhand-scale-mount-everest-with-ncc-expedition-team/articleshow/121531312.cms</ref><ref>https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/air-chief-marshal-ap-singh-felicitates-ncc-cadets-who-scaled-mt-everest20250610233825/</ref>

See also
*[[List of Mount Everest records of India]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records]]
*[[List of Mount Everest summiteers by frequency]]
*[[Sports in India]] – Overview of 'sports in India'.
*[https://gyankibaatein.in/what-is-the-height-of-mount-everest/ Height of Mount Everest]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}178. [https://nypost.com/2024/05/25/us-news/mt-everest-lethal-traffic-jams-at-the-top-signal-danger-for-climbers/ Mt. Everest: Lethal traffic jams at the top signal danger for climbers]

179. [https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2024/05/27/watch-trekkers-queuing-up-on-mt-everest-goes-viral-sparking-concerns-fears.html Trekkers queuing up on Mt Everest goes viral sparking concerns, fears- The Week]

180. [https://www.linkedin.com/posts/rajandwivedi_nepal-himalayas-everest-activity-7199350867983032321-G--t?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop Rajan Dwivedi summits Mt. Everest on May 19, 2024]

181. [https://www.yahoo.com/news/mount-everest-claims-another-life-131719313.html Mount Everest Claims Another Life as Search Goes on for Missing 'Death Zone' Climbers]

182. [https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/american-chinese-polish-climbers-scale-everest American, Chinese, Polish climbers scale Everest - The Himalayan Times]{{Indian mountaineers}}

[[Category:Indian summiteers of Mount Everest| ]]
[[Category:Climbing and mountaineering-related lists|Indian]]
[[Category:Mountaineering in India|Everest]]

Dattatreya Rama Rao Parvatikar

2026-04-21T12:00:40Z

Deidre67J44: put up new bio.

{{Infobox person
| name = Dattatreya Rama Rao Parvatikar
| image = File:Swami parvatikar praying (14170870658).jpg
| alt = Parvatikar praying
| caption = Parvatikar
| birth_place = [[Guledgudda]], Dist Bagalkot, Karnataka
| birth_date = 1916
| death_date = 1990
| other_names = veena baba, nadayogi, veenamaharaj
}}

'''Dattatreya Rama Rao Parvatikar''' ({{langx|sa|दत्तात्रेय राम राव् पर्वतिकर्}}, {{IPA|sa|dɐttaːtɽeːjɐ ɽaːmɐ ɽaːʋ pɐɽʋɐtɪkaːɽ|IPA}}) [1916-1990], was a [[Hindu]] [[saint]] and [[Sannyasa|sanyasi]] in [[India]].

==Spiritual life==
Dattatreya Parvatikar is a [[Deshastha Madhva Brahmin]] and follower of [[Madhva Sampradaya]]. He lived in the premises of [[Badrinath Temple]] of [[Himalayas|The Himalayas]]. He was fondly called ''veena baaba'' by his spiritual followers.<ref name="veenababa">{{cite web|title=Nada Yoga Centre|url=http://www.nadyoga.org/about-us/|accessdate=2014-06-06}}</ref>

==Music==
[[File:Swami parvatikar playing rudra veena (14170870218).jpg|thumb|250px|Dattatreya Parvatikar playing Rudra Veena]]
Parvatikar, an exponent of [[Nāda yoga|nada yoga]], tried to spread spirituality through music.

He was keenly interested in [[Indian classical music]] and played the [[rudra veena]]. [[Alain Daniélou]] made recordings of his performances between 1950 and 1955. They are now part of a [[UNESCO]] project - ''UNESCO Collection of Traditional Music of the World''.<ref>{{cite web|title= UNESCO Collection of Traditional Music of the World|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00123|accessdate=2014-06-06}}</ref> As a tribute to [[Alain Daniélou]], UNESCO re-issued the album on 1997 as ''[[Anthology of Indian Classical Music – A Tribute to Alain Daniélou]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anthology Of Indian Classical Music - A Tribute To Alain Daniélou|url=http://www.discogs.com/Various-Anthology-Of-Indian-Classical-Music-A-Tribute-To-Alain-Dani%C3%A9lou/release/1593182|year=1997|accessdate=2014-06-06}}</ref>

He started the Nada Yoga School in [[Rishikesh]] in 1950.<ref name="veenababa" />

==Raghavendra mission==
In 1975, Dattatreya Parvatikar founded the Shri Raghavendra Mission in [[Bangalore]]. In his memory, a music concert is held every year at Gayan Samaj Bangalore.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.discogs.com/artist/1513956-Swami-DR-Parvatikar veenababa's music]
*[http://raghavendramissioninr.org/ Shri Raghavendra Mission]
*[http://www.nadyoga.org/about-us/ Nada Yoga School]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parvatikar, Dattatreya Rama Rao}}
[[Category:Rudra veena players]]
[[Category:Indian sitar players]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Vichitra veena players]]
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]

Sanjay Yadav (Bihar politician)

2026-04-21T04:20:55Z

Deidre67J44: new

{{Short description|Member of Rajya Sabha from Bihar (born 1984)}}
{{Distinguish|Sanjay Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)}}
{{Other uses|Sanjay Yadav (disambiguation){{!}}Sanjay Yadav}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]]
| term_start = 3 April 2024
| predecessor = [[Ashfaque Karim]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|02|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Nangal Sirohi]], [[Haryana]], India
| education = [[MBA]]
| alma_mater = [[Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism and Communication]] ([[M.Sc]])
| occupation = Politician, advisor
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (since 2012)
| children = 3 (1 son & 2 daughters)
| birth_name =
| citizenship =
| partner = Sunishtha Yadav
}}

''' Sanjay Yadav''' (born 24 February 1984) is an Indian politician from Haryana, who has been serving as [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from [[Bihar]] since 2024. He is a member of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD), and known as a senior political advisor to its leader [[Tejashwi Yadav]], son of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]].

== Early life ==
Yadav was born on 24 February 1984 at [[Nangal Sirohi]] village of [[Mahendragarh]] in [[Haryana]]. His father's name is Prabhati Lal and mother is Basanti Devi. In 2007, he completed his studies by earning a [[Master of Science]] degree in [[Computer Science]] at [[Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism and Communication]] in Bhopal, [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Yadav(RJD):(BIHAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/rajsab09aff/candidate.php?candidate_id=1090 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

Yadav worked with three multinational corporations in [[Delhi]] until 2010. He devotes the majority of his time to data analysis and analyzing the state's political and social equation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Bhelari |first=Amit |date=2024-02-14 |title=Tejashwi Yadav's political adviser Sanjay Yadav gets Rajya Sabha ticket |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tejashwi-yadavs-political-adviser-sanjay-yadav-gets-rajya-sabha-ticket/article67845488.ece |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Yadav met Tejashwi when the latter was an Indian Premier League player from Delhi Daredevils team. He had also closely associated working with [[Samajwadi Party]] leader [[Akhilesh Yadav]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-25 |title=Explained: Who is Sanjay Yadav? |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/sanjay-yadav-tejashwi-bihar-elections-rjd-6880753/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He joined RJD in 2012. He helped the party to rise during 2015 and 2020 election in Bihar and closed associate of Tejashwi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Dipak |date=2024-02-17 |title=MBA, reluctant politician & Tejashwi's billiards partner — who is RJD's Rajya Sabha pick Sanjay Yadav |url=https://theprint.in/politics/mba-reluctant-politician-tejashwis-billiards-partner-who-is-rjds-rajya-sabha-pick-sanjay-yadav/1969471/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2021, Tejaswi's brother [[Tej Pratap Yadav|Tej Pratap]] had called him an NRI, which sparked controversy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-21 |title=Tej Pratap lashes out at Tejashwi Prasad Yadav's aide, to meet Lalu Prasad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/tej-pratap-lashes-out-at-tejashwis-aide-to-meet-lalu/articleshow/85497333.cms |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Ramashankar |date=2022-08-19 |title=Tej Pratap courts controversy after he takes his brother-in-law to official meeting |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/Aug/19/tej-pratap-courts-controversy-after-he-takes-his-brother-in-law-to-official-meeting-2489218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Yadav was summoned by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) to ask questions related to [[Fodder Scam|Bihar land scam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar: CBI summons Tejashwi Yadav's private secretary for questioning in land-for-job scam case |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/bihar-cbi-summons-tejashwi-yadavs-private-secretary-for-questioning-in-land-for-job-scam-case |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> He was elected to Rajya Sabha in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-14 |title=RJD fields Manoj Jha, Sanjay Yadav for Rajya Sabha elections from Bihar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rjd-manoj-kumar-jha-sanjay-yadav-rajya-sabha-elections-bihar-2502291-2024-02-14 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Yadav is married to Sunishtha since 20 June 2014 and they have a son and 2 daughter Miraya Rao and Tanya Rao.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Sanjay}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]

Rupinder Singh Kooner

2026-04-21T02:44:13Z

Deidre67J44: Stub.

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Rupinder Singh Kooner
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 8 January 2024
| term_end =
| successor =
| predecessor = [[Gurmeet Singh Kooner]]
| constituency = [[Karanpur Assembly constituency|Karanpur]]
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency2 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1980|01|03}}
| birth_place = 25 BB, [[Padampur, Rajasthan|Padampur]], [[Sri Ganganagar district]], Rajasthan
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| parents = [[Gurmeet Singh Kooner]] (father) Balwinder Kaur (mother)
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = kushaldeep Kaur
| partner =
| children =
| relations =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| education =
| other_party =
| profession = Business, agriculture
| district =
}}

'''Rupinder Singh Kooner''' (born 3 January 1980) is an Indian politician currently serving as the [[16th Rajasthan Assembly|16th Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]. He represents [[Karanpur Assembly constituency|Karanpur]] and is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-08 |title=Congress’s Rupinder Kooner wins Karanpur Assembly poll in Rajasthan defeating BJP minister Surenderpal Singh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/congresss-rupinder-kooner-wins-karanpur-assembly-poll-in-rajasthan-defeating-bjp-minister-surenderpal-singh-9099849/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The election for [[Karanpur Assembly constituency|Karanpur]] seat was postponed due to the death of the Congress candidate and the then MLA [[Gurmeet Singh Kooner]]. The Congress has fielded Kooner's son, Rupinder Singh from the [[Karanpur Assembly constituency|Karanpur]] seat in by-election which was held on 5 January 2024. The counting was held on 8 January and the Congress candidate Rupinder Singh Kooner defeated Bharatiya Janata Party candidate [[Surender Pal Singh|Surendra Pal Singh]], then was a minister with over a margin of 11,283 votes.<ref name="Days after his induction, BJP minister loses election in Rajasthan">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |date=8 January 2024 |title=Days after his induction, BJP minister loses election in Rajasthan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/congresss-rupinder-kooner-wins-karanpur-assembly-poll-in-rajasthan-defeating-bjp-minister-surenderpal-singh-9099849/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109044241/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/congresss-rupinder-kooner-wins-karanpur-assembly-poll-in-rajasthan-defeating-bjp-minister-surenderpal-singh-9099849/ |archivedate=9 January 2024 |accessdate=9 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karanpur Bypoll: Congress's Rupinder beats Rajasthan minister Surenderpal">{{cite news |last1=Mint |date=8 January 2024 |title=Karanpur Bypoll: Congress's Rupinder beats Rajasthan minister Surenderpal |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/karanpur-bypoll-congresss-rupinder-beats-rajasthan-minister-surenderpal-shashi-tharoor-says-voters-don-t-like-11704709119544.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109044436/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/karanpur-bypoll-congresss-rupinder-beats-rajasthan-minister-surenderpal-shashi-tharoor-says-voters-don-t-like-11704709119544.html |archivedate=9 January 2024 |accessdate=9 January 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kooner, Rupinder Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Sri Ganganagar district]]
[[Category:1981 births]]

{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

Saundatti Yellamma Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:34:43Z

Deidre67J44: creating

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Saundatti Yellamma
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 17
| map_image = 17-Saundatti Yellamma constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Vishwas Vasant Vaidya]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Anand Mamani]]
| district = [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Belagavi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Belagavi]]
| established = 2008
| electors = 
| reservation = None
}}
'''Saundatti Yellamma Assembly constituency''' (also spelt Savadatti), is one of 224 assembly constituencies in [[Karnataka]] in India. It is one of the eight constituencies which make up [[Belagavi Lok Sabha constituency]]. The constituency came into existence when the assembly map was redrawn in 2008. Prior to that most of its area was under the now-defunct [[Parasgad Assembly constituency]].<ref>https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Parasgad-in-Karnataka Previous Year's Election Results in Parasgad, Karnataka</ref>

[[Anand Mamani|Anand Chandrashekhar Mamani]] won this seat in 2018 election. Chandrashekhar Mamani, Anand's father, was elected to Assembly as Janata Dal candidate from Parasgad in 1994. Anand Mamani was elected Deputy Speaker of Karnataka Assembly in March 2020.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="3" | [[Anand Mamani]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Vishwas Vaidya]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Saundatti Yellamma <ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vishwas Vaidya]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 71,224 |percentage = 43.61% |change = {{increase}}24.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Anand Mamani]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 56,529 |percentage = 34.61% |change = {{decrease}}6.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chopra Saurav Anand |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 30,857 |percentage = 18.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bapugouda Siddanagouda Patil |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,596 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 586 |percentage = 0.36% |change = {{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,695 |percentage = 9.00% |change = {{increase}}4.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 163,486 |percentage = 81.81% |change = {{increase}}1.64 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 163,317}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 199,847 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.23 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Saundatti Yellamma <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=karCeoResults2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Anand Mamani]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 62,480 |percentage = 40.65% |change = {{increase}}5.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anand Chopra |party = Independent politician |votes = 56,189 |percentage = 36.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vishwas Vaidya]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,018 |percentage = 19.53% |change = {{decrease}}3.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shameer Karimbeg Jamadar |party = All India Mahila Empowerment Party |votes = 970 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 960 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,291 |percentage = 4.09% |change = {{decrease}}7.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 153,725 |percentage = 80.17% |change = {{increase}}1.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 153,707}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 191,740 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}5.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Saundatti Yellamma <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Anand Mamani]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,434 |percentage = 34.87% |change = {{decrease}}9.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravindra Bhupalappa Yaligar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,392 |percentage = 22.83% |change = {{decrease}}17.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anandkumar Chopra |party = Independent politician |votes = 29,851 |percentage = 22.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vishwanath Karabasappa Mamani |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 18,391 |percentage = 13.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. B. Naik |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,630 |percentage = 1.98% |change = {{decrease}}8.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallikarjun Channappa Melagiri |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,990 |percentage = 1.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Angadi Mahesh Gurappa |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 1,036 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Desaigouda Rudragouda Patil |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 969 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanamantappa Virupaxappa Kallur |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 897 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,042 |percentage = 12.05% |change = {{increase}}7.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 133,218 |percentage = 78.96% |change = {{increase}}4.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 133,145}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,709 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.88 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}9.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Saundatti Yellamma <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Anand Mamani]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 48,255 |percentage = 44.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Koujalagi Subhash Shidramappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 43,678 |percentage = 40.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dyamanagoudar Panchanagouda Basanagouda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 11,780 |percentage = 10.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramachandra Mareppa Toragall (Chalawadi) |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,724 |percentage = 1.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramanagouda Siddanagouda Patil |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,219 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallikarjun Channappa Melagiri |party = Independent politician |votes = 839 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gudusab Nabisab Mulla |party = Independent politician |votes = 797 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,577 |percentage = 4.19% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 109,158 |percentage = 74.33% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 109,145}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 146,862 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Belagavi District]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|15.76|75.13|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Asif Sait

2026-04-18T22:41:23Z

Deidre67J44: creating a post!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Cleanup|reason=Infobox|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Asif Sait
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Belgaum Uttar Assembly constituency|Belgaum Uttar]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Anil S Benake]]
| party = [[File:Hand INC.svg|25px]] [[Indian National Congress]]
| image =
| alma_mater = Gogte College Of Commerce
| occupation = Business
| birth_date = 1959,
| education = [[Pre-university course|PUC]]
| birth_place = [[Belagavi]]
}}

'''Asif Sait''' is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]] who is a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Belgaum Uttar Assembly constituency|Belgaum Uttar]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India.
|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1011.htm?ac=11 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2023-05-13 |title=Belgaum election result 2023 Live: Congress bags Belgaum Uttar, Belgaum Rural |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka-election-result-2023-live-belgaum-assembly-election-results-belgaum-dakshin-belgaum-uttar-belgaum-rural-11683912511967.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asif (Raju) Sait in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/undefined-undefined-candidate-undefined/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asif Raju Sait Election Results 2023: News, Votes, Results of Karnataka Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/asif-raju-sait-10011-2 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka elections: Congress wins majority of seats in Belagavi district">{{cite news|last1=The Hindu|first1=|title=Karnataka elections: Congress wins majority of seats in Belagavi district|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/karnataka-elections-congress-wins-majority-of-seats-in-belagavi-district/article66847503.ece|accessdate=19 November 2024|date=13 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524144310/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/karnataka-elections-congress-wins-majority-of-seats-in-belagavi-district/article66847503.ece|archivedate=24 May 2023|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sait, Asif}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}

Arvind Singh Bhadoria

2026-04-18T22:34:36Z

Deidre67J44: creating new biography!

{{Short description|Cabinet Minister of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arvind Singh Bhadoria
| term_start = 2 July 2020
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1968|10|02}}
| birth_place = [[Bhind]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| alma_mater = [[Jiwaji University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]] [[LLB]] PhD (Military Science))
| term_end = 2023
| term_start2 = {{Start date|2018|12|10|df=yes}}
| term_end2 = 2023
| constituency2 = [[Ater Assembly constituency|Ater constituency]]
| office2 = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = {{Start date|2008|12|10|df=yes}}
| successor2 = Hemant Katare
| office = Cabinet Minister of Madhya Pradesh
| governor = [[Anandiben Patel]] {{small|''(Additional Charge)''}} [[Mangubhai C. Patel]]
| term_end3 = 25 November 2013
| successor3 = [[Satyadev Katare]]
| constituency3 = [[Ater Assembly constituency|Ater constituency]]
| spouse = Archana Bhadoria
| children = 1
| predecessor = [[Govind Singh]]
| website = {{URL|arvindbhadoria.org}}
}}

'''Arvind Singh Bhadoria''' is an Indian politician and leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} He has served as the Minister of Cooperative and Public Service Management in the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] since 2 July 2020. He was elected as a Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] for a second term for the [[Ater Assembly constituency|Ater constituency]] of [[Bhind district]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

== Early life ==
Arvind Singh Bhadoria was born on 2 October 1969 in Gyanpura village of [[Bhind district]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], the third child of Kamala Devi and Shivnath Singh Bhadoria. His mother was a housewife and his father served in the [[Indian Police Service|police department]]. At a young age, he joined the [[Shakha]] of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] with which he remained associated for a long time. He also joined the student organization [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP). In 2007, he married Archana Bhadoria.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

== Political career ==
{{Cleanup section|reason=Unclear wording, several ambiguous titles or positions|date=July 2023}}
Bhadoria became involved in student politics when he joined ABVP in 1984. In 1986, he became the [[Mantri]] of ABVP's Bhind branch. In 1987 he became the [[Chairperson|Convener]] of the Bhind branch, and then contested the student union election of MJS College in Bhind. In 1989, he became the Department Coordinator.{{Which|date=July 2023}} He became a full-time ABVP member in 1990. From 1990 to 1994, two divisions were the Organization Secretary of the [[Bhopal district|Bhopal]] and [[Gwalior district|Gwalior]] joint division. In 1994 he became the Provincial Secretary of the [[Madhya Bharat]] province. From 1995 to 2003, he was the Provincial Organization Minister of Madhya Bharat. After this, he was the Organization Secretary of Yuva Morcha until 2003{{Endash}}2004. He led the [[2003 elections in India|2003 assembly election]] management team. In 2004, he was made the National Vice President of [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]], and in 2005 he was made the State Secretary of the Madhya Pradesh [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], which he remained for 5 consecutive terms until 2011. From 2011 to 2014, he was the National Vice President and National General Secretary of BJP and Kisan Morcha respectively. From 2014 to 2016, he was the General Secretary of the Madhya Pradesh BJP. In 2015, he was elected State Managing Committee member of the [[Indian Red Cross Society]], later becoming the Vice President of the Madhya Pradesh BJP from 2016 to 2019. In 2018 he also became the State Vice President of the Indian Red Cross Society in Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arvind Singh Bhadoria-अरविंद भदौरिया Bjp Candidate Ater Election Result 2018 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/madhya-pradesh/candidates/arvind-singh-bhadoria-bjp-2018-ater-9 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== As representative ==
Bhadoria became a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] for the first time in 2008 for the [[Ater Assembly constituency|Ater constituency]] by defeating [[Indian National Congress]] leader, former Home Minister and former Leader of the Opposition [[Satyadev Katare]]. In 2018 he was reelected as MLA for Ater. The role of Arvind Singh Bhadoria was very significant to the [[2020 Madhya Pradesh political crisis]]. He became the Minister of Cooperative and Public Service Management after the re-formation of the [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan|Shivraj]] government in 2020.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

== References ==
<ref>{{Cite web |title=रायसेन में मंत्री अरविंद सिंह भदौरिया ने किया झंडावंदन, कहा- देश में जनसंख्या वृद्धि सबसे बड़ी चुनौती |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/raisen/minister-arvind-singh-bhadauria-did-flag-hoisting-in-raisen-says-population-growth-is-biggest-challenge-in-country/videoshow/85345993.cms |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सारंग के बाद भदौरिया के निशाने पर नेहरू, बोले- ''गरीबी हटाने के लिए कांग्रेस ने सिर्फ और सिर्फ नारे दिए'' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/madhya-pradesh-chhattisgarh/trending-news/minister-arvind-bhadauria-blamed-jawaharlal-nehru-and-congress-for-inflation-indian-economy-mpap/956640 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=भिंड में बाढ़ पीड़ितों के बीच पहुंचे सहकारिता मंत्री अरविंद भदौरिया, मदद का दिया भरोसा |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/bhind/mp-cooperation-minister-arvind-bhadauria-reached-among-flood-victims-in-bhind-assured-of-help/videoshow/85180202.cms |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-28 |title=अमाह गांव के अनाथ बच्चों के लिए सहकारिता मंत्री अपने खर्च से बनवाएंगे घर |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/bhind-bhind-news-7016552 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dwari |first=Anurag |date=28 August 2021 |title=मध्य प्रदेश : कोरोना से अनाथ 5 बच्चों की परवरिश करेंगे BJP के मंत्री, NDTV की खबर के बाद किया वादा |trans-title=Madhya Pradesh: BJP minister will raise 5 children orphaned by Corona, promised after NDTV news |url=https://ndtv.in/india-news/madhya-pradesh-bjp-ministers-will-take-care-of-5-children-orphaned-by-corona-promised-after-ndtv-news-2521494 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=NDTVIndia |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=मंत्री ने कहा कि पीएम मोदी के नेतृत्व में खड़ा हो रहा है देश, कांग्रेस ने पूछा- पहले कुछ नहीं हुआ? |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/raisen/mp-minister-arvind-bhadauria-says-country-is-standing-under-leadership-of-pm-modi-congress-asked-nothing-happened-earlier/videoshow/85362195.cms |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-25 |title=Tokyo Paralympics: पैरा खिलाड़ी प्राची यादव और कोच मयंक ठाकुर को सहकारिता मंत्री ने किया सम्मानित |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-tokyo-paraolympics-cooperation-minister-honored-para-player-prachi-yadav-and-coach-mayank-thakur-7010844 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jagat |first1=Krishak |last2=App |first2=Krishak Jagat-Hindi News |date=2021-08-26 |title=सहकारी बैकों में गडबड़ी करने वालों पर होगी कड़ी कार्यवाही : मंत्री डॉ. भदौरिया |url=https://www.krishakjagat.org/news/strict-action-will-be-taken-against-those-who-disturb-cooperative-banks-minister-dr-bhadauria/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Krishak Jagat (कृषक जगत) |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://mpbreakingnews.in/featured/transfer-officer-employee-arrived-with-recommendation-ministers-bluntly-transfers-will-not-canceled-mkt/ | title=Transfer : सिफारिश लेकर पहुंचे अधिकारी-कर्मचारी, मंत्री की दो टूक- नहीं निरस्त होंगे तबादले | date=25 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=तिवारी |first=अरविन्द |title=शिवराज सिंह के संकटमोचक बने अरविन्द भदौरिया |url=https://hindi.webdunia.com/my-blog/arvind-bhadauria-became-the-troubleshooter-of-shivraj-singh-121062300110_1.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=hindi.webdunia.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2021 |title=शिवराज के मंत्री का बड़ा बयान, जनसंख्या नियंत्रण होना चाहिए, ये होगा तभी देश आगे बढ़ेगा |trans-title=Shivraj's minister's big statement, there should be population control, only then the country will progress |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/madhya-pradesh-chhattisgarh/trending-news/minister-arvind-bhadauria-statement-there-should-be-population-control-in-india-mpap/940770 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harpreet |date=13 April 2021 |title=जबलपुर : मंत्री अरविंद भदौरिया ने की समीक्षा बैठक, कई मुद्दों पर की चर्चा |trans-title=Jabalpur: Minister Arvind Bhadoria held a review meeting, discussed many issues |url=https://mpbreakingnews.in/madhya-pradesh/jabalpur/jabalpur-arvind-bhadoria-review-meeting-corona-update-jabalpur-news-msm/ |website=mpbreakingnews.in |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://mpbreakingnews.in/breaking-news/minister-arvind-singh-bhadorias-big-statement-in-public-interest/ | title=जनता हित में मंत्री अरविंद भदौरिया का बड़ा बयान, कहा- तय हुई जवाबदेही | date=3 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=एमपी के सहकारिता मंत्री बोले, 'पूर्व पीएम नेहरू की वजह से संस्कृत नहीं है अनिवार्य भाषा' |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/bhind/former-pm-nehru-did-not-allow-sanskrit-to-become-a-compulsory-language-mp-cooperative-minister-arvind-bhadauria-says/videoshow/81619206.cms |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=मंत्री अरविंद भदौरिया का बड़ा बयान, पूर्व कांग्रेस प्रदेश अध्यक्ष को बताया |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/madhya-pradesh-chhattisgarh/big-statement-by-minister-arvind-bhadoria-insults-former-congress-state-president-madhya-pradesh/750882 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-24 |title=किसान विरोधी हैं कृषि कानूनों का विरोध करने वालेः मंत्री भदौरिया |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/bhind-farmers-are-opposed-to-agricultural-laws-minister-bhadoria-6629512 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-26 |title=ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों के विकास से ही प्रदेश और देश का विकास होगाः मंत्री डा.अरविंद भदौरिया |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/bhind-development-of-rural-areas-will-lead-to-development-of-state-and-country-6631331 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=आने वाले हर व्यक्ति को 5 महीने का राशन फ्री मिलेगा: मंत्री अरविंद भदौरिया - MP NEWS |url=https://www.bhopalsamachar.com/2021/05/5-mp-news.html |access-date=2023-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arvind Singh Bhadoria(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- ATER(BHIND) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/madhyapradesh2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=2999 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arvind Singh Bhadoriya Biography - About family, political life, awards won, history |url=https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/arvind-singh-bhadoriya.html/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arvind Singh Bhadoriya, BJP MLA from - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/arvind-singh-bhadoriya/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |language=en}}</ref>
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhadoria, Arvind}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:People from Bhind district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]

Idar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:56Z

Deidre67J44: made pg...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Idar
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Sabarkantha district|Sabarkantha]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = SC
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 28
| mla = [[Ramanlal Vora]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:287336}}<ref name=election2022/>{{update after|2028|2}}
}}
'''Idar''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Sabarkantha district|Sabarkantha]] district, numbered as 28-Idar and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].

==List of segments==

This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Vadali Taluka
# Idar Taluka

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Govindbhai Manabhai Bhambhi
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Manabhai R. Bhambhi
|
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Manabhai R. Bhambhi
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1975]]
|Karsandas Hirabhai Soneri
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
|[[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|L. D. Parmar
|
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=1|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Karsandas Hirabhai Soneri
|
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Karsandas Hirabhai Soneri
|
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|rowspan=5|[[Ramanlal Vora]] ||rowspan=5|[[file:Ramanlal Vora thumbnail.jpg|75px]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Hitu Kanodia]]<ref name=election2017/>
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Ramanlal Vora]] || [[file:Ramanlal Vora thumbnail.jpg|75px]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Idar<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ramanlal Vora]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=113,921|percentage=55.16|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ramabhai Virchandbhai Solanki|party=Indian National Congress|votes=74,481|percentage=36.06|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jayantbhai Parnami<ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarat Assembly elections 2022: AAP releases list of 12 candidates. Read here |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/gujarat-assembly-elections-2022-aap-releases-list-of-12-candidates-read-here-11665913787737.html |access-date=16 October 2022 |work=mint |date=16 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=14,568|percentage=7.05|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=3,568|percentage=1.73|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=39,440|percentage=19.1|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:286816}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser =
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Idar<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Hitu Kanodia]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 98,815
|percentage = 50.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Manilal Vaghela]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=84,002|percentage=42.67|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=196,868|percentage=75.74|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser =
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ramanlal Vora]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=90,279|percentage=49.28|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ramabhai Solanki|party=Indian National Congress|votes=78,899|percentage=43.07|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=11,380|percentage=6.21|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=183,205|percentage=79.34|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Sabarkantha district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{coord|23.84|73|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Sabarkantha district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]

Maval North Mulshi Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:29:25Z

Deidre67J44: put up first info more to come...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Maval North Mulshi
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1951 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 58,972
| mla = Dabhade Veedharval Yeshwantrao
| party = {{Party index link|Independent politician}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Maval North Mulshi Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After the 1955 Delimitation act, it was merged into [[Maval Assembly constituency|Maval]] constituency.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Dabhade Veedharval Yeshwantrao || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Maval North Mulshi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dabhade Veedharval Yeshwantrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,407 |percentage = 54.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gupe Gajanan Maheshwar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,288 |percentage = 25.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baware Moreshwar Gopal |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 3,726 |percentage = 13.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Soman Moreshwar Chintaman |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 904 |percentage = 3.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhamale Shankarrao Vithalrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 899 |percentage = 3.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,119 |percentage = 28.77% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 28,224 |percentage = 47.86% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,224}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,972 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Hardoi Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:18Z

Deidre67J44: made stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hardoi
| constituency_no = 156
| map_image = 156-Hardoi.svg
| mla = [[Nitin Agrawal]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 340,302 (2012)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Hardoi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Hardoi Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1952 after the "DPACO (1951)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1951.<ref name="DPACO (1951)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1951)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-51.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 156.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 12 Jul 2016|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/hardoi.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Hardoi Assembly constituency is KCs Hardoi, Bawan, Sharah Daxin & Hardoi MB of Hardoi Tehsil.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Hardoi Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/hardoi.html |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Kinder Lal
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|Chandra Has
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Bulaqi Ram
|-
|Mahesh Singh
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Mahesh Singh
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Dharmgaj Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Asha Singh
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Shrish Chandra
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Dharmgaj Singh
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Naresh Chandra Agrawal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Uma Tripathi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Naresh Chandra Agrawal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Nitin Agrawal]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Hardoi<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Nitin Agarwal
|votes = {{formatnum:126750}}
|percentage = 53.19
|change = {{increase}}12.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Anil Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:84339}}
|percentage = 35.39
|change = {{decrease}}7.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shobhit Pathak
|votes = {{formatnum:20573}}
|percentage = 8.63
|change = {{decrease}}4.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1740}}
|percentage = 0.73
|change = {{decrease}}0.24
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:42411}}
|percentage = 17.8
|change = {{increase}}15.58
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:238295}}
|percentage = 57.52
|change = {{decrease}}1.01
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Hardoi<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Nitin Agarwal
|votes = {{formatnum:97735}}
|percentage = 42.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Raja Bux Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:92626}}
|percentage = 40.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dharmveer Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:30628}}
|percentage = 13.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2203}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5109}}
|percentage = 2.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:230361}}
|percentage = 58.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
16th Vidhan Sabha
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Hardoi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Nitin Agrawal]]
|votes = 110,063
|percentage = 54.6
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Raja Bux Singh
|votes = 66,381
|percentage = 32.93
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sukh Sagar Mishra
|votes = 16,011
|percentage = 7.94
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 10 candidates
|votes = 9,131
|percentage = 4.53
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 43,682
|percentage = 21.67
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 201,586
|percentage = 59.24
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=12 Jul 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Hardoi district]]
*[[Hardoi Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hardoi]]
[[Category:Politics of Hardoi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2023

2026-04-11T10:30:27Z

Deidre67J44: Adding Basic Article Basic Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox Film festival
|name=MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2023
|image=
|caption=
|opening=''[[The Buckingham Murders]]'' by [[Hansal Mehta]]
|closing=''[[Priscilla (film)|Priscilla]]'' by [[Sofia Coppola]]
|location=[[Mumbai]], India
|founded=
|awards=Golden Gateway Award: ''Against the Tide'' by Sarvnik Kaur
|host=
|artistic_director=Deepti Dcunha
|directors=[[Anupama Chopra]]
|number=
|date=Opening: {{Start date|2023|10|27|df=y}} Closing: {{End date|2023|11|5|df=y}}
|website={{URL|https://www.mumbaifilmfestival.com/}}
|main=[[MAMI Mumbai Film Festival]]
|previous=[[MAMI 21st Mumbai Film Festival|21st]] 22nd (''cancelled'')
|next=[[MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2024|2024]]}}
The '''MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2023''' took place between 27 October and 5 November 2023 in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |date=2023-10-13 |title=The return of MAMI: What to expect from the 2023 Mumbai Film Festival |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-return-of-mami-what-to-expect-from-the-2023-mumbai-film-festival/article67407828.ece |access-date=2024-08-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was the first in-person edition of the MAMI Mumbai Film Festival since the outbreak of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], and it was also the final edition with [[Anupama Chopra]] serving as the Festival Director. Indian-American filmmaker [[Mira Nair]] was named the Head of Jury for the South Asia Competition.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2023-11-04 |title='Against The Tide,' 'The Monk And The Gun' Among Mumbai Film Festival Winners |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/against-the-tide-the-monk-and-the-gun-mumbai-film-festival-winners-2023-1235780019/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

Over 250 films were screened during this edition of the festival, with the [[Nita Mukesh Ambani Cultural Centre]] serving as the festival hub, and [[PVR INOX]] and [[Regal Cinema]] serving as the screening venue partners.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=Akhil |date=2023-10-13 |title=MAMI 2023: 26 movies to watch at Mumbai Film Festival • Akhil Arora |url=https://akhilarora.com/2023/10/mami-movies-mumbai-film-festival-to-watch/ |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=Akhil Arora |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2023-08-25 |title=Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival Sets Hub, Revives Market: 'We Are Coming Back Bigger and With an Expanded Vision' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/jio-mami-mumbai-film-festival-hub-market-1235704545/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

The documentary ''Against the Tide'', directed by filmmaker Sarvnik Kaur, won the Golden Gateway Award, while the feature film ''Bahadur: The Brave'' by Diwa Shah won the Silver Gateway Award in the South Asia Competition at the festival.<ref name=":1" />

== Background ==
Following the [[MAMI 21st Mumbai Film Festival|21st edition of the festival]] ("Jio MAMI 21st Mumbai Film Festival with Star"), the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]] prevented the in-person hosting of the 22nd Mumbai Film Festival in 2020. The in-person event was postponed to 2021, then March 2022, and was eventually cancelled due to 'logistical and financial challenges'.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2022-02-05 |title=Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival cancels upcoming edition, cites 'logistical and financial challenges' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1016721/jio-mami-mumbai-film-festival-cancels-upcoming-edition-cites-logistical-and-financial-challenges |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

A number of filmmakers whose films had been chosen for the 22nd edition of the festival protested the cancellation of the event and demanded in-person screenings of their films.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2022-02-25 |title=Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival: Filmmakers protest scrapping of physical screenings in open letter |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1018263/jio-mami-mumbai-film-festival-filmmakers-protest-scrapping-of-physical-screenings-in-open-letter |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> However, films from the official selection for this edition of the Mumbai Film Festival were eventually screened online from 24 February to 16 March 2022, in partnership with [[Shift72]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Arushi |date=2022-02-25 |title=What to watch at this year's Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/what-to-watch-jio-mami-mumbai-film-festival-2022 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In February 2023, it was announced that the film festival would be returning as an in-person event later that year, backed by long-standing title partner [[Jio]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shackleton |first=Liz |date=2023-02-16 |title=Mumbai Film Festival Confirms Dates, Team For Return As In-Person Event In 2023 |url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/mumbai-film-festival-mami-reliance-jio-dates-2023-1235261542/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> This was notably the first edition of the festival not to have the edition number in its title, using the year of the festival instead.

The main competition for this year was limited to filmmakers from [[South Asia]]n countries (excluding [[Pakistan]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-05-16 |title=Mumbai Film Festival slammed for excluding Pakistani talent |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2417053/mumbai-film-festival-slammed-for-excluding-pakistan-amidst-calls-for-south-asian-talent |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>) and the [[South Asian diaspora]].<ref name=":0" />

This edition of the festival, which spanned 10 days, also featured more screening venues than previous editions of the festival, expanding from mainstay venues in [[Andheri]], [[Juhu]], [[Bandra]], and [[Colaba]], to multiplexes in [[Ghatkopar]], [[Malad]], and [[Goregaon]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=bijayajena |date=2023-11-06 |title=MAMI 2023 |url=https://cinematicillusions.com/festival-circuit/mami-2023/ |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=Cinematic Illusions |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Opening and closing ceremonies ==
The festival's opening ceremony took place on 27 October at the Nita Mukesh Ambani Cultural Centre. It was attended by stars from across [[Indian film|Indian film industries]], including [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image|MAMI]] chairperson [[Priyanka Chopra Jonas]], who presented the Excellence in Cinema Award (International) award to Italian filmmaker [[Luca Guadagnino]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Shackleton |first=Liz |date=2023-10-27 |title=Mumbai Opening Night: Priyanka Chopra Jonas Presents Award To Luca Guadagnino; Mani Ratnam & Kamal Haasan Announce Collaboration |url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/mumbai-film-festival-priyanka-chopra-luca-guadagnino-mani-ratnam-amp-kamal-haasan-1235585476/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> Indian director [[Mani Ratnam]] received the Excellence in Cinema (South Asia) award.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2023-10-25 |title=Luca Guadagnino, Mani Ratnam to Receive Excellence in Cinema Awards at Mumbai Film Festival |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/luca-guadagnino-mani-ratnam-mumbai-film-festival-awards-1235767849/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the opening ceremony, Chopra Jonas championed female filmmakers, describing their contribution to cinema as "unparalleled". ''[[The Buckingham Murders]]'' by [[Hansal Mehta]] was screened during the opening ceremony.<ref name=":2" />

The closing ceremony was held on 3 November, and was hosted by India-based French actor [[Kalki Koechlin]]. The South Asia Competition Jury awarded the Golden Gateway Award to ''Against the Tide'' by Sarvnik Kaur, a documentary about the [[Koli people|Koli]] fishing community in Mumbai. The jury also awarded the Silver Gateway Award to ''Bahadur: The Brave'' by Diwa Shah, a feature film about [[Nepal]]i migrant workers in India; and the Special Jury Award was given to ''[[Agra (2023 film)|Agra]]'' by [[Kanu Behl]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2023-11-04 |title=MAMI 2023 closing ceremony highlights: 'Against The Tide', 'Agra' win honours |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mami-2023-closing-ceremony-highlights-against-the-tide-agra-win-honours/article67497125.ece |access-date=2024-08-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

''[[Priscilla (film)|Priscilla]]'' by [[Sofia Coppola]] was screened during the closing ceremony. Although the closing ceremony marked the end of the festival's main programming, the most popular titles of the festival continued to be screened on 4 and 5 November.<ref name=":3" />

== Juries ==
The following juries were constituted for this edition of the festival:<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Festival Catalogue {{!}} MAMI Mumbai Film Festival |url=https://mami.mumbaifilmfestival.com/festival-catalogue/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=mami.mumbaifilmfestival.com}}</ref>

=== South Asia Competition ===

* [[Mira Nair]], Indian-American filmmaker (Head of Jury)
* [[David Michôd]], Australian film director
* Edouard Waintrop, French film critic
* [[Isabel Sandoval]], Filipino filmmaker and actress

=== Dimensions Mumbai ===

* [[Anvita Dutt]], Indian filmmaker
* [[Shahana Goswami]], Indian actress
* [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]], Indian actress

=== Royal Stag Barrel Select Large Short Films ===

* [[Anurag Kashyap]], Indian filmmaker
* Paolo Bertolin, Italian film critic and festival programmer
* [[Sobhita Dhulipala]], Indian actress

=== NETPAC Award ===

* Gulnara Abikeyeva, Kazakh film critic (Head of Jury)
* Latika Padgaonkar, Indian writer, editor, and translator
* Nashen Moodley, Australian-South African film festival director

=== Film Critics Guild Gender Sensitivity Award ===

* Bharathi Pradhan, Indian film critic and author (Head of Jury)
* Aditya Shrikrishna, Indian film critic and journalist
* [[Stutee Ghosh]], Indian film critic and radio jockey

== Programmes ==
The Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2023 was organised into the following sections:<ref name=":4" />

* South Asia Competition – Films from South Asia and the South Asian diaspora, competing for the Golden Gateway Award, amongst other awards.
* Focus South Asia – Films from South Asia and the South Asian diaspora, not in competition.
* Icons: South Asia – Films from South Asia and the South Asian diaspora, from established filmmakers.
* Gala Premieres – Films from South Asia and the South Asian diaspora, that are expected to see wider, mainstream release in the future.
* World Cinema – Films from across the world.
* Filmmakers' Programme – Debut and second international films, screened exclusively to filmmakers participating in the festival, at the [[Nita Mukesh Ambani Cultural Centre]].
* After Dark – Independent genre films from across the world.
* Dimensions Mumbai – Short films set in the city of Mumbai, competing for the Dimensions Mumbai Gold and Silver Awards.
* Royal Stag Barrel Select Large Short Films – Short films, competing for the associated Best Film and Best Actor awards.
* Play – Premieres of series from streaming services.
* Marathi Talkies – Feature-length and short films in the [[Marathi language]].
* Restored Classics – [[Film preservation|Restored]] classic films from across the world.
* Retrospective – Dedicated in 2023 to select films starring Indian actor [[Bharat Gopy]], and to films directed by French filmmaker duo [[Straub–Huillet|Jean-Marie Straub and Danièle Huillet]].
* Tributes – Films associated with filmmakers, actors, and other film-related individuals who died in 2022 or 2023.
* Recap – Films selected for the 2020 and 2022 editions of the festival, which did not see theatre screening due to festival cancellation or online screening.

== Awards ==

=== South Asia Competition ===

* Golden Gateway Award: ''[[Against the Tide (2023 film)|Against the Tide]]'' by Sarvnik Kaur
* Silver Gateway Award: ''Bahadur: The Brave'' by Diwa Shah
* Special Jury Prize: ''[[Agra (2023 film)|Agra]]'' by [[Kanu Behl]]
* Rashid Irani Young Critics Choice Award: ''Kayo Kayo Colour?'' (''Which Colour?'') by Shahrukhkhan Chavada
* NETPAC Award: ''Rimdogittanga'' (''Rapture'') by [[Dominic Sangma]]<ref name=":3" />

=== Royal Stag Barrel Select Large Short Film ===

* Royal Stag Barrel Select Large Short Film for Best Film: ''Summer of Soul'' by Sanjib Gogoi
* Royal Stag Barrel Select Large Short Film for Best Actor: James Elia, for ''Vakuppu'' (''The Clause'') by Jayaraj R<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Stag Barrel Select Large Short Films Partners With Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2023 to Celebrate Cinematic Excellence in Short-Format Films |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/royal-stag-barrel-select-large-short-films-partners-with-jio-mami-mumbai-film-festival-2023-to-celebrate-cinematic-excellence-in-short-format-films20231103174417/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

=== Dimensions Mumbai ===

* Dimensions Mumbai Gold Award: ''Nightingales in the Cocoon'' by Praveen Giri
* Dimensions Mumbai Silver Award: ''Halfway'' by Kumar Chheda<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-10-28 |title=Kamal Haasan, Mani Ratnam, Priyanka Chopra Jonas light up grand opening of Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kamal-haasan-mani-ratnam-priyanka-chopra-jonas-light-up-grand-opening-of-jio-mami-mumbai-film-festival/article67469389.ece |access-date=2024-08-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Film Critics Guild Gender Sensitivity Award ===

* ''Barir Naam Shahana'' (''[[A House Named Shahana]]'') by [[Leesa Gazi]]<ref name=":3" />

=== IMDb Audience Choice Award ===

* ''[[The Monk and the Gun]]'' by [[Pawo Choyning Dorji]]<ref name=":3" />

=== Best Book on Cinema Award ===

* ''The Mahatma on Celluloid: A Cinematic Biography'' by [[Prakash Magdum]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Books On Cinema Award {{!}} MAMI Year Round Programme |url=https://www.mumbaifilmfestival.com/yrp/books-on-cinema/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=www.mumbaifilmfestival.com}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.mumbaifilmfestival.com/ Official website]
* [https://www.imdb.com/mami/ MAMI Mumbai Film Festival at IMDb]

[[Category:2023 festivals in Asia]]
[[Category:2023 film festivals]]
[[Category:October 2023 in India]]
[[Category:November 2023 in India]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:MAMI Mumbai Film Festival]]

Asura kingdom

2026-04-10T20:51:43Z

Deidre67J44: creating stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox former country
|conventional_long_name = Asura kingdom
|common_name = Sonitpura kingdom
|capital =
|era =
|status = Mythical
}}
{{Assam History}}

'''Asura kingdom''', or Sonitpura kingdom, is a mythological kingdom that is mentioned in a multiple of [[Indian epic poetry|Hindu epics]]{{sfn|Caudhurī|1985|p=67}} which later came to be associated with modern-day [[Tezpur]] in central [[Assam]] and [[Banasura Hill]] in [[Kerala]]. The kingdom was contemporary of [[Pragjyotisha kingdom|Pragjyotisha]]. In [[Puranas|Puranic literature]], Pragjyotisha and Sonitpura were located to the north-west of the [[Indian subcontinent]] in what is modern-day [[Punjab]] and [[Sindh]].<ref>{{harvp|Shin|2018b|p=36}}</ref> In Assam, the name of the legendary kingdom might be applied to the local inhabitants who were outside of the Hindu fold.<ref>{{harvp|Shin|2018a|p=321}}:"These accounts show the Puranic perception of the Saiva cult in early medieval Kamarupa, which consisted largely of popular cults of local inhabitants or people out of the Brahmanical ambit."</ref> In [[Kalika purana]], [[Banasura]], the last ruler of the asura kingdom is represented as an anti-Brahminical character.<ref>{{harvp|Shin|2018a|p=321}}: "(H)e was imagined or represented as an anti-Brahminical character in the ''Kalika Purana''.."</ref>

==Dynasty==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:25%;" align="center"
|-
! !! Name
|-
| 1 || [[Marichi]]
|-
| 2 || [[Kashyapa|Kashyap]]
|-
| 3 || [[Hiranyakashipu]]
|-
| 4 || [[Prahlad]]
|-
| 5 || [[Virochana]]
|-
| 6 || [[Mahabali]]
|-
| 7 || [[Banasura|Bana]]
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Pragjyotisha Kingdom]]
*[[Mahabharata]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Caudhurī |first=Niśipada |title=Historical archaeology of central Assam |year=1985 |publisher=B.R. Publishing}}
* {{citation|last=Shin|first=Jae-Eun|contribution = Redefining Divine Presence: A Study of Hidden Lingas in the Mid-Brahmaputra Valley|year=2018a |title=
Early Indian History and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Professor B.D Chattopadhyaya| editor-last = Bopearachchi| editor-first = Osmund|editor2-last=Ghosh |editor2-first=Suchandra |pages = 313–34| place =Delhi|publisher = Primus Books}}
* {{Citation| last = Shin| first = Jae-Eun| contribution = Region Formed and Imagined: Reconsidering temporal, spatial and social context of Kamarupa| year = 2018b | title = Modern Practices in North East India: History, Culture, Representation| editor-last = Dzüvichü| editor-first = Lipokmar |editor2-last=Baruah |editor2-first=Manjeet |pages = 23–55| place = London & New York| publisher = Routledge}}
{{refend}}

{{Assam}}

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Himalayan kingdoms (Puranas)]]
[[Category:Mythological kingdoms, empires, and countries]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Assam]]

Kurma Venkata Reddi Naidu

2026-04-06T04:37:00Z

Deidre67J44: made a post

{{Short description|Indian lawyer, diplomat, and politician (1875–1942)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Rao Bahadur]]
| name = Sir Kurma Venkatareddi Naidu
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]]
| image = Kurma Venkata Reddi Naidu 1928.jpg
| caption = Naidu in 1928
| image_size = 200px
| order1 = 7th
| office1 = Premier of Madras Presidency
| term_start1 = 1 April 1937
| term_end1 = 14 July 1937
| governor1 = [[John Erskine, Lord Erskine]]
| monarch1 =
| prime_minister1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Raja of Bobbili]] (as First Minister)
| successor1 = [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]]
| order2 = [[Governors of Madras|Governor of Madras Presidency]] (Acting)
| term_start2 = 18 June 1936
| term_end2 = 1 October 1936
| monarch2 =
| premier2 = [[Raja of Bobbili]], [[P. T. Rajan]]
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| order3 = Member of Viceroy's Executive Council
| term_start3 = 1934
| term_end3 = 1937
| monarch3 =
| governor-general3 = [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon]], [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow]]
| prime_minister3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| order4 = Agent to the [[Union of South Africa]]
| term_start4 = 1929
| term_end4 = 1932
| monarch4 = [[George V of the United Kingdom]]
| governor-general4 = [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax]], [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon]]
| prime_minister4 =
| predecessor4 = [[V. S. Srinivasa Sastri]]
| successor4 = Kunwar Maharaj Singh
| order5 = Minister of Development
| term_start5 = 1920
| term_end5 = 1923
| monarch5 =
| premier5 = [[A. Subbarayalu Reddiar]], [[Raja of Panagal]]
| governor5 = [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon]]
| predecessor5 = None
| successor5 = T. N. Sivagnanam Pillai
| birth_date = 15 May 1875
| birth_place = [[Rajahmundry]], [[Godavari District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1942|9|10|1875|5|15}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], Madras Presidency, [[British Raj]]
| party = [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = [[Politician]]
| spouse = Lakshmi Kanthamma
| children = KV Gopala Swamy Naidu, KV Raja Gopal Swamy Naidu, KV Madana Gopala Swamy Naidu, Kamala, Vimala
}}

[[Rao Bahadur]] '''Sir Kurma Venkatareddi Naidu''' [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] (1875–1942), also known as '''K. V. Reddi Naidu''', was an Indian politician, lawyer, diplomat, and academic. He served as the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Premier of Madras Presidency]] and was one of only two Indians to hold the position of [[List of colonial governors and presidents of Madras Presidency|Governor of Madras Presidency]], making him the only individual in history to have served as both Premier and Governor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muthiah |first=S. |author-link=S. Muthiah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C&dq=Kurma+Naidu&pg=PA336 |title=Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India |date=2008 |publisher=Palaniappa Brothers |isbn=978-81-8379-468-8 |pages=336 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Randor Guy |author-link=Randor Guy |date=1-15 July 2009 |title=Justice Party policies owed much to him |url=https://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%206/justice_party_owed_him_that_much.html |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=[[Madras Musings]] |volume=XIX}}</ref> As a prominent leader of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]], Naidu was known for his efforts to promote social equality, the abolition of untouchability, and social reforms. He was instrumental in the establishment of the first women's college in the Andhra region, located in [[Eluru]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2017 |title=భారతీయ కవితా కోకిల (ప్రపంచ తెలుగు మహాసభలు) |url=http://andhrabhoomi.net/content/sub-feature-759 |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=[[Andhra Bhoomi]] |language=te}}</ref>

Born into a prominent [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]] family from the [[Godavari District|Godavari district]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Satyanarayana |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GultAAAAMAAJ&q=kv+reddy+naidu+kapu |title=Dalits and Upper Castes: Essays in Social History |date=2005 |publisher=Kanishka Publishers, Distributors |isbn=978-81-7391-703-5 |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref> Naidu pursued his education at [[Madras Christian College]] and [[Madras Law College]]. Before his legal career, he served as a professor of physics at the [[Government College, Rajahmundry|Government Arts College]], [[Rajahmundry]]. He was called to the [[Bar (law)|bar]] in 1900 and practiced law in Rajahmundry and Eluru. His political career began with his involvement in local and district boards between 1901 and 1919, after which he joined the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]. Naidu played a key role in [[T. M. Nair]]'s delegation to the [[United Kingdom]] in 1918. He later served in the cabinets of [[A. Subbarayalu Reddiar]] and the [[Raja of Panagal]] as Minister of Development and Minister of Industries from 1920 to 1923.<ref name=":0" />

Naidu also held several diplomatic positions, including representing India at the [[League of Nations]] in [[Geneva]] in 1928 and serving as India's Agent to the [[Union of South Africa]] from 1929 to 1932.<ref name=":0" /> He was also a member of the Indian delegation at the Second Round Table Conference in [[Cape Town]] in 1932.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shridevi |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m4wBAAAAMAAJ&q=Round+Table+Conference |title=Luminaries of Andhra Pradesh |date=1976 |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi |pages=98 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nicholls |first=George Heaton |author-link=George Heaton Nicholls |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6nUhAAAAMAAJ&q=Kurma |title=South Africa in My Time |date=1961 |publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]] |pages=303 |language=en}}</ref> After returning to India, Naidu served as a Law Member of the [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]] from 1933 to 1934 and as a member of the Governor's Executive Council of Madras from 1934 to 1937.<ref name=":0" /> Between June and October 1936, he acted as the [[List of colonial governors and presidents of Madras Presidency|Governor of Madras Presidency]]. In April 1937, Naidu was appointed [[Premier of Madras Presidency]], a role he held until July 1937.<ref name="listofmadrasgovernors" />

In addition to his political and diplomatic contributions, Naidu held academic leadership roles, including serving as the Governor and ex-officio Chancellor of [[Andhra University]] and later as the Vice-Chancellor of [[Annamalai University]] in 1940. He died on 10 September 1942; the Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu Prize is awarded annually at Annamalai University in his honour.<ref name=":0" />

==Early life==

Kurma Venkatareddi Naidu was born in The [[British Raj]] on 15 May 1875 in [[Rajahmundry]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=K. Sreeranjani Subba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8BAAAAAMAAJ&q=K.V.+Reddy+Naidu |title=Struggle for Freedom: Case Study of the East Godavari District, 1905-1947 |date=1989 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-176-2 |pages=91 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Gummidithala Venkata Subba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKw9AAAAIAAJ&q=rajahmundry |title=Life and Times of Sir K.V. Reddi Naidu |date=1957 |publisher=Addepally |pages=4 |language=en}}</ref> in [[Godavari District|Godavari district]] and belonged to a [[Telaga]] [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]] family.{{Refn|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Gummidithala Venkata Subba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKw9AAAAIAAJ&q=Telaga |title=Life and Times of Sir K.V. Reddi Naidu |date=1957 |publisher=Addepally |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=After Series of 'Outsiders', Sasikala to be first Tamil CM in 29 Years |work=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/blogs/politics/vvp-sharma/after-series-of-outsider-chief-ministers-sasikala-to-be-first-tamil-cm-after-29-years-14329-1345645.html |access-date=2017-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC&q=kapu |title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India |date=2003 |publisher=[[C. Hurst & Co.]] |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |pages=174 |language=en |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Seshadri |first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tJ1AAAAAMAAJ&q=kv+reddy+naidu+kapu |title=Social Ethos of South India |date=1991 |publisher=Arihant Publishers |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Irschick |first=Eugene F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLY7v3tbM8kC&dq=kv+reddi+naidu+kapu&pg=PA175 |title=Politics and Social Conflict in South India |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |pages=175 |language=en |author-link=Eugene F. Irschick}}</ref>}} His father was [[Inspector|Police Inspector]] Kurma Bapanna Naidu, and his mother was Venkata Ratnamma.<ref name=":1" />

Naidu's ancestors were rich, and reportedly owned two villages, [[Gangavaram, Konaseema district|Gangavaram]] and Kurmapuram in the [[Ramachandrapuram mandal, Konaseema district|Ramachandrapuram]] mandal of Godavari district.<ref name=":1" /> One of his paternal ancestors, Sambhanna Naidu, served as a military officer on the side of the [[East India Company|English]] against the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] in the late eighteenth century, and earned the title of ''Kumandan'' ([[Commandant]]) which became a family appellation.<ref name=":1" />

== Education ==
He completed his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] degree from [[Madras Christian College]] in 1894 and later attended [[Madras Law College]].<ref name=":0" /> Before being called to the [[Bar (law)|bar]] in 1900, he was a professor of [[Physics]] at the [[Government College, Rajahmundry|Government Arts College]], Rajahmundry. He started his practice as an advocate in Rajahmundry and then shifted to [[Eluru]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Gummidithala Venkata Subba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKw9AAAAIAAJ&q=rajahmundry |title=Life and Times of Sir K.V. Reddi Naidu |date=1957 |publisher=Addepally |pages=5 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early political career==
Naidu served on local and district boards in Rajahmundry and Eluru between 1901 and 1919.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Irschick |first=Eugene F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLY7v3tbM8kC&dq=ellore&pg=PA175 |title=Politics and Social Conflict in South India |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |pages=179 |language=en |author-link=Eugene F. Irschick}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] right from its inception. He was a part of the Justice Party delegation to [[England]] along with [[T. M. Nair|Dr. T. M. Nair]] and [[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar]] in July 1918.<ref name="encyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp69">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], p. 69</ref> In 1919, he led the non-Brahmin deputation to the Joint Parliamentary Committee on Constitutional Reforms. Naidu was an active partyman and when the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] were passed in 1919, Naidu formulated a set of activities that the Justice Party should follow.

{{blockquote|Social legislation has to be undertaken and inequitious laws that, for ages, maintained an invidious distinction between Brahmins and non-Brahmins, with regard to marriage, adoption and inheritance and the like, must be altered. Outside the sphere of politics, the work before us is equally onerous. Social reconstruction must be taken in hand at once. Social equality must be established. The strain of untouchability shall be removed. The dictates of priestcraft must be silenced. ''Paracheries'' must be purified. ''Agraharams'' must be humanized. The hold of humiliating customs and rituals must be unloosed. The portals of temples must be thrown broad open. The contents of sealed scriptures should be brought to light.<ref name="encyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp172">Encyclopedia of Political Parties, p. 172</ref>}}

== Minister in Justice Party Cabinet ==
In December 1920, when the Justice Party was elected to power in [[Madras Presidency]], Naidu won a seat in the [[Madras Legislative Council]] and served as the Minister of Development.<ref name="encyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp182">Encyclopedia of Political Parties, Pg 182</ref> He also served as the Minister of Industries in the government of the [[Raja of Panagal]] from 1921 to 1923,<ref name="encyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp71">Encyclopedia of Political Parties, p. 71</ref><ref name="encyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp177">Encyclopedia of Political Parties, p. 177</ref> when he was dropped in favour of [[T. N. Sivagnanam Pillai]].<ref name="encyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp184">Encyclopedia of Political Parties, p. 184</ref> He remained neutral when a vote of no-confidence was passed against the government of the Raja of Panagal.<ref name="encyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp186">Encyclopedia of Political Parties, p. 186</ref>

In 1924, when the Muddiman Committee came to India to assess the implementation and progress of [[dyarchy]], K. V. Reddi Naidu explained its progress thus:

{{blockquote|I was a Minister of Development without the forests. I was a Minister of Agriculture minus Irrigation. As a Minister of Agriculture I had nothing to do with the Madras Agriculturists Loan Act or the Madras Land Improvement Loans Act. The efficacy and efficiency of a Minister of Agriculture without having anything to do with irrigation, agricultural loans, land improvement loans and famine relief, may better be imagined than described. Then again, I was Minister of Industries without factories, boilers, electricity and water power, mines or labor, all of which are reserved subjects.<ref name="encyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp177" />}}

Naidu also lent his support to reduction of economic inequality in villages. A speech delivered by him in 1924 emphasised the dangers of colonial forms of property rights. In Naidu's view, "the English and Scotch land systems were based upon the Roman conception of [[Dominium]]. According to these systems, the landlord is the absolute owner of the soil. The tenant has no proprietary interest in it and has no rights whatsoever."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nath |first=Maanik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EEPGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 |title=Capital Shortage: Credit and Indian Economic Development, 1920–1960 |date=2023-07-31 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-35907-8 |pages=115 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1928, Naidu was a member of the Indian delegation to the [[League of Nations]], [[Geneva]].<ref name="leagueofnations">{{cite book | title=Searching for Solace: A Biography of Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Interpreter of the Qur'an| last=Sherif| first=M. A.| year=1994| isbn=978-983-9154-00-9| page=89}}</ref>

==Agent to South Africa==

In January 1929, Naidu succeeded [[V. S. Srinivasa Sastri]] as [[British India]]'s Agent to the [[Union of South Africa]].<ref name="southafricachronology1915">{{Cite web|url=http://www.south-african-hotels.com/history-part2text.php|title=Chronology of South Africa 1915-1930|access-date=2008-10-24|publisher=Southy African Hotels|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725045040/http://www.south-african-hotels.com/history-part2text.php|archive-date=25 July 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 1930, he came under severe criticism from the [[South African Indian Congress]] (SAIC) for not having done enough to protect the interests of the Indians migrants.<ref name="southafricachronology1915" /> In February 1930, the first reading of the TALT (Amendment) Bill was passed. The South African Indian Congress was severely opposed to the Bill and Naidu spoke at a meeting of the SAIC in October 1930 expressing his outrage.<ref name="southafricachronology1915" /> He was a member of the Indian delegation which participated in the Second Round Table Conference with the representatives of the South African Government on 4 January 1932.<ref name="southafricachronology1930">{{Cite web |title=Chronology of South Africa 1930-1945 |url=http://www.south-african-hotels.com/history-part3text.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725043821/http://www.south-african-hotels.com/history-part3text.php |archive-date=25 July 2008 |access-date=2008-10-24 |publisher=South African Hotels}}</ref> Naidu's term came to an end on 3 August 1932 and he was succeeded by Kunwar Maharaj Singh.<ref name="southafricachronology1930" />

== Acting Governor of Madras Presidency ==
On leaving South Africa, he took up various positions in the Indian Government. He became a member of the [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]] from 1933 to 1934, and a member of the Governor's Executive Council, Madras, 1934 -1937. In between, he was the acting [[List of colonial governors and presidents of Madras Presidency|Governor of Madras Presidency]] from June–October 1936.<ref name="listofmadrasgovernors">{{Cite ODNB |title=Colonial administrators and post-independence leaders in India (1616–2000) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/93241}}</ref>

==Prime Minister of Madras Presidency==
[[File:KVReddyNaidu.JPG|thumb|Naidu in 1940–1941]]
Naidu was the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Prime Minister of Madras Presidency]] from 1 April 1937 to 14 July 1937.<ref name="listofmadrasgovernors" /><ref name="listofchiefministers">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/cmlist-1920.htm |title=Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu since 1920 |access-date=2008-10-24 |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423150027/http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/cmlist-1920.htm |archive-date=23 April 2013 }}</ref> The [[1937 Madras Presidency legislative assembly election|1937 assembly elections]] were held and the results declared in February 1937. Despite being the majority party in the assembly and the council, the [[Indian National Congress]] was hesitant to form a Government because of the veto powers given to the governor. The Governor of Madras, [[John Erskine, Lord Erskine|Lord Erskine]], decided to form an interim provisional Government with non-members and opposition members of the Legislative Assembly. [[V. S. Srinivasa Sastri]] was first offered the Prime Ministership of the interim government but he refused to accept it.

Then Erskine formed an interim government with Kurma Venkata Reddi Naidu as prime minister on 1 April 1937. However the ministry was short lived as the Congress was persuaded to form the government. On 14 July, Naidu resigned and [[Rajaji]] became prime minister.<ref name="ramanathan">{{Cite book| last =Ramanathan| first =K. V.| title =The Satyamurti letters: the Indian freedom struggle through the eyes of a parliamentarian, Volume 1| publisher =Pearson Education India| year = 2008| pages =301–5| isbn =978-81-317-1488-1| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NY_XjIE6sVUC&pg=PA301 |id= {{ISBN|978-81-317-1488-1}}}}</ref><ref name="menon">{{Cite book| last =Menon| first =Visalakshi| title =From movement to government: the Congress in the United Provinces, 1937-42| publisher =Sage| year = 2003| pages =75| isbn =0-7619-9620-6| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=UO-OxAoL4YIC&pg=PT38 |id= {{ISBN|978-0-7619-9620-0}}}}</ref><ref name="nagarajan">{{Cite book| last =Nagarajan| first =Krishnaswami| title =Dr. Rajah Sir Muthiah Chettiar: a biography| publisher =Annamalai University| year = 1989| pages =63–70| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=0AMcAAAAIAAJ&q=erskine}}</ref> Naidu remains the shortest-serving prime minister of the Presidency era and (factoring in the Presidency's successor states of Madras and Tamil Nadu), remained the shortest-serving ever until [[V. N. Janaki]] overtook his record in 1988 - almost five decades later.

Council of ministers in K. V. Reddi Naidu's interim provisional cabinet (1 April - 14 July 1937):<ref>{{cite book | title=Justice Party Golden Jubilee Souvenir, 1968}}</ref>
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! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Minister
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Portfolio
|---
|Kurma Venkata Reddi Naidu
|Prime Minister, Public, Revenue and Legal
|---
|[[A. T. Panneerselvam]]
|Home and Finance
|---
|[[M. A. Muthiah Chettiar]]
|Local self-government
|---
|[[P. Khalifulla Sahib|P. Kalifulla Sahib Bahadur]]
|Public Works
|---
|[[M. C. Rajah]]
|Development
|---
|[[R. M. Palat]]
|Education and Public health
|}

== Academia ==
Before being called to the [[Bar (law)|bar]] in 1900, Naidu was a professor of [[Physics]] at the [[Government College, Rajahmundry|Government Arts College]], Rajahmundry.<ref name=":0" /> [[Andhra University]] was inaugurated in temporary premises at Bezawada in the year 1926 by [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen|Lord Goschen]], the first Chancellor. Goschen was the [[List of colonial governors and presidents of Madras Presidency|Governor of Madras Presidency]] from April 1924 to June 1929. He was succeeded by Lord Erskine who was in the chair up to March 1940 except for a brief interregnum from 18 June 1936 to 1 October 1936. During this period, Kurma Venkata Reddi Naidu was the Governor and ex-officio Chancellor of Andhra University. He also served as the Vice-Chancellor of [[Annamalai University]] in 1940. Annamalai University offers a prize every year in his name, the Kurma Venkata Reddi Naidu Prize.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narayanaswamy |first=B. V. |url=http://archive.org/details/rajahsirannamala030779mbp |title=Rajah Sir Annamalai Chettiar Commemoration Volume |date=1941-09-28 |publisher=Annamalai University Press |others=Osmania University, Digital Library Of India}}</ref><ref>[http://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/scholorship.htm Welcome to Annamalai University] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721014126/http://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/scholorship.htm|date=21 July 2008}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Naidu lived in Madras in a palatial mansion on Boag Road, [[T. Nagar]]. The house later came under the ownership of film star [[Sivaji Ganesan]].<ref name=":0" /> As a tribute to Naidu's exalted status and the high offices he held, the then European-owned [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway|Madras Southern Mahratta Railway]] allotted him, under instructions from the Government of India, a special salon exuding luxury whenever he travelled. This privilege was extended to very few Indians and he was the only one in the Madras Presidency to receive it. He died on 10 September 1942.<ref name=":0" />

Naidu's son, [[Kurma Venu Gopalaswamy]] was an advocate, [[playwright]] and administrator. Venu Gopalaswamy was the first professor of law at Andhra University and the first honorary professor of theatre arts and chairman of the Faculty of Arts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Theatre Arts Profile |url=http://www.andhrauniversity.info/arts/theatrearts/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301053412/http://www.andhrauniversity.info/arts/theatrearts/index.html |archive-date=1 March 2009 |access-date=30 July 2009}}</ref> In April 1942, Venu Gopalaswamy was appointed the Registrar of Andhra University which he held till his retirement in February 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Registrars of Andhra University at AU website. |url=http://www.andhrauniversity.info/reglist.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620090836/http://www.andhrauniversity.info/reglist.html |archive-date=20 June 2009 |access-date=30 July 2009}}</ref> [[Nalla Reddi Naidu]], son of one of Venkatareddi Naidu's cousins, served as the first [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] of [[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency|Rajahmundry]] from 1952 to 1957.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite web|url=http://telugu.co.za/AMSSA_Formation.htm |title=The Andhra Maha of South Africa -- Formation and Growth |access-date=2008-10-24 |publisher=AMSSA |work=AMSSA 70th Anniversary 1931-2001 Souvenir Brochure |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221010333/http://telugu.co.za/AMSSA_Formation.htm |archive-date=21 December 2007 }}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before= [[Ramakrishna Ranga Rao|Raja of Bobbili]] | title=[[List of Prime Ministers of Madras Presidency#Madras Presidency|Prime Minister of Madras Presidency]] | after= [[C. Rajagopalachari]] | years=1 April 1937 – 14 July 1937}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkata Reddi, Kurma Naidu}}
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:Justice Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Annamalai University]]
[[Category:People from Eluru]]
[[Category:Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India]]
[[Category:Rai Bahadurs]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]]
[[Category:Andhra movement]]
[[Category:Lawyers from British India]]

Rock edicts of Khalsi

2026-04-05T22:28:46Z

Deidre67J44: Done.

{{Short description|Circa 250 BCE Indian works by Ashoka}}
{{Coord|30.5180|77.8482|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox artifact
| image = Kalsi01.jpg
| name = Rock edicts of Kalsi
| image_caption = Rock edicts of Kalsi (Edicts N°1 to 12 and beginning of Edit N°13 of [[Ashoka]] on the main face of Kalsi rock).
| material = Rock
| size =
| writing = [[Pali]] in [[Brahmi script]]
| created = circa 250 BCE
| period = [[Maurya Empire]]
| place =
| discovered =
| discovered_coords =
| location = [[Khalsi, Dehradun|Kalsi]], [[Dehradun District]], Uttarakhand, India
| map = {{Location map
| India
| float = center
| relief = yes
| label = Kālsi
| position = bottom
| lat_deg = 30.5180
| lon_deg = 77.8482
}}
| id =
| registration =
}}
[[File:Khalsi rock edict of Ashoka with names of the Greek kings.jpg|thumb|Edict No13 of Ashoka, Kalsi inscription, with the identification of Hellenistic kings [[Antiochos II]], [[Ptolemy II]], [[Antigonos II Gonatas]], [[Magas of Cyrene]] and [[Alexander II of Epirus]]<ref name = "VY"/>]]
[[File:AiKhanoumAndIndia.jpg|thumb|The Kalsi inscription is one of many [[Edicts of Ashoka]], which ultimately cover almost all of his territory.]]
The '''Rock edicts of''' '''Kālsi''' '''(कालसी)''', is a group of an Indian rock inscriptions written by the Indian Emperor [[Ashoka]] around 250 BCE. They contain some of the most important of the [[Edicts of Ashoka]]. The inscription in Khalsi contains all the [[Major Rock Edicts]], from 1 to 14. They were discovered in [[Khalsi, Dehradun|Khalsi]], a village in [[Uttarakhand]], northern [[India]], by [[Alexander Cunningham]] about 1850.

==The inscription==
The Rock edicts of Kalsi are among the many inscriptions of Ashoka, the first being the [[Bilingual inscription of Kandahar]], written in [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] and in [[Aramaic]], in the year 10 of his reign.<ref name =" VY ">Yailenko 1990, pp.239-256</ref> The other inscriptions of Ashoka are in Indian language (various forms of [[Prakrit]]s) with the exception of the [[Kandahar Greek Edict of Ashoka]], and were only published from around 3 to 4 years later, and until 27 years after his coronation.<ref name = "VY"/>

The Kalsi edicts, placed in North-Western India, were located near the Hellenistic world represented by the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]] and its capital [[Ai Khanoum]].<ref name = "VY"/> The language of these edicts is Pali and the script is Brahmi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archaeological Survey of India Dehradun Circle -Dehradun |url=https://www.asidehraduncircle.in/dehradun.html |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=www.asidehraduncircle.in}}</ref>

The inscriptions were written on a solid [[quartz]] rock.<ref name = "MC">Inscriptions of Asoka by Alexander Cunningham, Eugen Hultzsch, 1877 [https://archive.org/stream/inscriptionsaso00hultgoog pp.15-16]</ref> The main face (east face) of the rock contains Edicts 1 to 12 and the first part of Edict 13. On the right side (north face) is the drawing of an elephant with the word in [[Brahmi]] ''Gajatama'', of uncertain meaning,<ref name = "MC"/> possibly "Supreme Elephant".<ref name="RS66">{{cite book |last1=Sukumar |first1=Raman |title=The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behaviour, and Conservation |date=11 September 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-802673-0 |pages=66–67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jr_jm23lJq4C&pg=PA67 |language=en}}</ref> On the left side (south face) is the continuation of the inscription started on the main face, with the second part of Edict 13 and Edict 14.<ref>S.Dhammika, The Edicts of Ashoka King [https://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html The Fourteen Rock Edicts / 13]</ref>

This last edict, Edict No.13, is particularly important in that it mentions the main Hellenistic kings of the time, as well as their precise geographical location, suggesting that Ashoka had a very good understanding of the Greek world of the time.<ref name = "VY"/> It is also this inscription which made it possible to date the reign of Ashoka with a certain precision, between 260 and 230 BCE.<ref name = "VY"/> This Edict also appears, although in a less well preserved form, in the [[Girnar]] inscription,<ref>Inscriptions Of Asoka, E.Hultzsch, 1925 [https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n161/mode/2up p.25]</ref> and very damaged in the [[Mansehra]] inscription.<ref>Inscriptions Of Asoka, E. Hultzsch, 1925 [https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n231/mode/2up p.83]</ref>

<gallery>
File: Kalsi04.jpg|Shelter of the inscription nowadays.
Ashoka edict khalsi1.png|The edicts from 1 to 12, and beginning of edict N°13.
Khalsi rock edict of Ashoka.jpg|The Elephant motif, and continuation of edict N°13.
Khalsi Edict 13.jpg|Continuation of Edict No13 of the Kalsi inscription.
</gallery>

Edict 13 refers in particular to contemporary rulers of the [[Hellenistic period]], who had inherited the conquests of [[Alexander the Great]]. Its mentions [[Antiochos II]], [[Ptolemy II]], [[Antigonos II Gonatas]], [[Magas of Cyrene]] and [[Alexander II of Epirus]].<ref>[http://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1990_num_16_1_1467 VP Yailenko, "Aï Khanoum's Delphic Maxims and the Formation of Asoka's Dharma Doctrine", in: ''Ancient History Dialogues'', 1990, volume 16, number 1, pp.239-256]</ref>

{{Blockquote | Now, it is the conquest by the [[Dharma]] that the [[Devanampriya|Beloved of the Gods]] considers as the best conquest. And this one (the conquest by the Dharma) was won here, on the borders, and even 600 [[yojana|leagues]] from here, where the king [[Antiochos II|Antiochos]] reigns, and beyond where reign the four kings [[Ptolemy II|Ptolemy]], [[Antigonos II Gonatas|Antigonos]], [[Magas of Cyrene|Magas]] and [[Alexander II of Epirus|Alexander]], likewise in the south, where live the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], the [[Pandyas]], and as far as [[Tamraparni]]
|Extract from Edict No.13.<ref>S.Dhammika, The Edicts of King Ashoka [https://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html The Fourteen Rock Edicts/13]</ref>}}

Some scholars believe that Buddhist communities have emerged in the Hellenistic world following Ashoka's reign, notably in [[Alexandria]] (this community being mentioned four centuries later by [[Clement of Alexandria]]). Given Ashoka's particularly moral definition of "[[Dharma]]" it is possible that he simply wants to say that virtue and piety now exist from the Mediterranean to the south of India. An expansion of Buddhism to the West is not fully confirmed historically (see [[Berenike Buddha]] and [[Helgö Buddha]]). In other inscriptions, Ashoka also states that he sent emissaries to the West to transmit medical care and medicinal plants ([[Major Rock Edicts|Major Rock Edict No.2]]). We do not know what the influence of these emissaries was on the Greek world.

==Stamping==
The inscriptions have been remarkably stamped and published by E. Hultzsch in "Inscriptions Of Asoka", the full text of which is available online.<ref>Inscriptions Of Asoka, E.Hultzsch, 1925 [https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable Full text]</ref>

<gallery>
Kalsi inscription East face.jpg|Stamping of the inscription: Edicts from 1 to 12, and beginning of 13.
Kalsi inscription south face.jpg|Stamping of the south portion of the inscription. Continuation of Edict 13, and Edict 14.
Kalsi inscription north face.jpg|The Elephant.
</gallery>

==Relation to Greek philosophy==
According to Valeri Yailenko, the Kineas inscription of [[Ai Khanoum]], dated about 300 BCE, probably influenced the writing of the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] a few decades later, around 260 BCE (see also [[Hellenistic influence on Indian art]]).<ref name = "VY"/> The edicts put forward moral rules which are extremely close to the Kinéas inscription of [[Ai Khanoum]], both in terms of content and formulation.<ref name = "VY"/> Short, aphoristic expressions, the subjects being discussed, the vocabulary itself, are all elements of similarity with the inscription of Kineas.<ref name = "VY"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* Valeri P. Yailenko, Aï Khanoum's delphic maxims and the formation of the Asoka dharma doctrine, Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, volume 16, number 1, 1990, [https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1990_num_16_1_1467 239-256]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ashoka Major Rock Edict, Khalsi}}
* [http://www2.hf.uio.no/common/apps/permlink/permlink.php?app=polyglotta&context=volume&uid=a06f918e-ecf2-11e3-942f-001cc4ddf0f4 Full text of the inscription of Kalsi]

{{Portal|Ancient Greece|History|India}}

[[Category:Rock art in India]]
[[Category:Inscribed rocks]]
[[Category:Edicts of Ashoka]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Uttarakhand]]

Neoserica fusiforceps

2026-04-03T12:33:38Z

Deidre67J44: Put Up.

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Neoserica_fusiforceps.jpg
| image_caption =
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| genus= Neoserica
| species = fusiforceps
| authority = [[Dirk Ahrens|Ahrens]] & [[Silvia Fabrizi|Fabrizi]], 2016<ref>[https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1674472/ BioLib]</ref>
| synonyms =
}}
'''''Neoserica fusiforceps''''' is a species of [[beetle]] of the family [[Scarabaeidae]]. It is found in India (Assam).<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1= Fabrizi |first1= Silvia|last2= Ahrens |first2= Dirk|date= 2016|title= A monograph of Sericini of India (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).|url= http://www.zoologicalbulletin.de/articles/bzb-2016|journal= Bonn Zoological Bulletin Supplementum|volume= 65|issue= |publisher= |pages= 1–355|doi= |access-date= October 28, 2025}} {{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4}}</ref>

==Description==
Adults reach a length of about 5.8 mm. They have a yellowish brown, oval body. The ventral surface, disc of the [[pronotum]], scutellum, and dots on the [[elytra]] are all dark. The dorsal surface is moderately shiny and glabrous.<ref name=":0" />

==Etymology==
The species name is derived from Latin ''fusus'' (meaning ''fused'') and ''forceps'' and refers to the parameres being fused with the aedeagus.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q28801460}}

[[Category:Beetles described in 2016]]
[[Category:Beetles of India]]
[[Category:Neoserica|fusiforceps]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Dirk Ahrens]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Silvia Fabrizi]]

{{Neoserica-stub}}

Murali Krishna (director)

2026-03-30T19:34:56Z

Deidre67J44: put up some bio nd citations...

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Murali Krishna
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Director
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2001{{endash}}present
| spouse =
| parents =
}}

'''Murali Krishna''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] film director who has worked on Tamil language films. He is best known for making romantic films in the early 2000s, and gained acclaim for ''[[Paarvai Ondre Podhume]]'' (2001).

==Career==
Murali Krishna made his directorial debut with the romantic film ''[[Paarvai Ondre Pothume]]'' (2001) featuring [[Kunal (actor)|Kunal]] (the lead actor of film ''[[Kadhalar Dhinam]]'') and [[Monal (actress)|Monal]] (the younger sister of actress [[Simran (actress)|Simran]]). The success of this film prompted the trio to reunite for another film titled ''[[Pesadha Kannum Pesume]]'' (2002). The second film received negative reviews, with a critic stating it "continues long after it should have ended. There is not much by way of performances either".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=23 May 2002 |title=Pesadha Kannum Pesume |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov189.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406033016/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov189.asp |archive-date=6 April 2005 |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=Chennai Online |language=en}}</ref> In 2002, he began production on a project titled ''Endrum Unnai Nesippen'' starring [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] and Haripriya in the lead roles. The film eventually failed to materialise owing to Karthik's off-screen problems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/ntamil.asp |title=New Tamil films in the making |website=Chennai Online |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030225172319/http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/ntamil.asp |archive-date=25 February 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His third film, ''[[Thirudiya Idhayathai]]'' (2005) featured Kunal in the lead role again with newcomers Rohan and [[Shubha Poonja]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=21 October 2005 |title=Lacking on several fronts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/lacking-on-several-fronts/article28587143.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512072822/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/lacking-on-several-fronts/article28587143.ece |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

He then worked on the romance film, ''[[Balam (2009 film)|Balam]]'' (2009) with a lead pair of newcomers, which opened to negative reviews. A critic from [[Rediff]].com criticised the director for failing to make use of experienced artistes like [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Suhasini Mani Ratnam|Suhasini]] and [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]] in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/dec/28/south-review-balam.htm|title=Review: Balam's screenplay lets it down}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/full-of-challenges/article3023446.ece|title = Full of challenges|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 17 October 2008}}</ref> Murali Krishna then worked as the director and music composer on a film titled ''Karvam'' and then on ''Thuttu'' featuring [[Aryan Rajesh]] and despite having an audio release function in April 2013, the films remain unreleased.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-thuttu/article4084835.ece|title = Audio Beat: Thuttu|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 10 November 2012|last1 = Kumar|first1 = S. R. Ashok}}</ref>

In 2015, Murali Krishna was revealed to be working on a project titled ''Mirantavan'' starring [[Prajin]] and [[Manochitra]], a tale on blackmail featuring seven actresses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php?newsid=13150|title = Ayngaran International}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Paarvai Ondre Podhume]]'' ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Pesadha Kannum Pesume]]'' ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Thirudiya Idhayathai]]'' ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Balam (2009 film)|Balam]]'' || Cameo appearance<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumat |first=S. R. Ashok |date=October 17, 2008 |title=Full of challenges |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/full-of-challenges/article3023446.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427124421/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/full-of-challenges/article3023446.ece |archive-date=2025-04-27 |access-date=2026-03-28 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Ner Mugam]]'' || Also music director
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna, Murali}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sprinklr

2026-03-30T10:36:32Z

Deidre67J44: Adding Basic Entry V1

{{Short description|Social media marketing software company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Sprinklr, Inc.
| logo = Sprinklr Logo.png
| type = [[Public company]]
| traded_as = {{NYSE|CXM}} [[S&P 600]] Component
| location_city = [[New York, New York]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2009|09}}
| key_people = Rory Read, CEO
| industry = [[Customer experience#Management|Customer experience management]]
| products = Sprinklr
| revenue = {{Increase}} $618.2 million (FYE 2023)<ref name=8K_2023>{{cite web |title=Sprinklr 8K 2023 |url=https://investors.sprinklr.com/financial-information/all-sec-filings/content/0001569345-23-000014/0001569345-23-000014.pdf}}</ref>
| revenue_year =
| operating_income =
| income_year =
| net_income =
| net_income_year =
| assets =
| assets_year =
| equity =
| equity_year =
| num_employees = 3245<ref name=10K_2022>{{cite web |title=Sprinklr 10K 2022 |url=https://investors.sprinklr.com/financial-information/all-sec-filings/content/0001569345-22-000006/0001569345-22-000006.pdf}}</ref>
| website = {{url|sprinklr.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sprinklr''' is an American software company that develops a [[software as a service]] (SaaS) [[Customer experience#Management|customer experience management]] (CXM) platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/11/sprinklr-launches-major-push-into-customer-experience/|title=Sprinklr launches major push into customer experience |website=Techcrunch|date=2017-04-11 |accessdate=2020-01-07}}</ref> The company's software, also called Sprinklr, combines different applications for [[social media marketing]], [[social advertising (social relationships)|social advertising]], [[content management]], [[collaboration]], [[employee advocacy]], customer care, social media research, and [[social media monitoring]].

Sprinklr was founded in 2009 by technology executive Ragy Thomas.<ref name=wsj3/> On June 23, 2021, the company went public on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol CXM, pricing 16.6 million shares at $16 each and raising approximately $266 million, valuing the company at roughly $4 billion.<ref name=bloomberg1>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-23/sprinklr-climbs-back-in-debut-after-downsized-266-million-ipo |title=Sprinklr Rebounds in Debut After Downsized $266 Million IPO |website=Bloomberg |date=June 23, 2021 |access-date=July 26, 2021}}</ref>

==History==
In 2009, Sprinklr was founded by Ragy Thomas, a technology marketing executive previously with email marketing company [[Bigfoot International]]. Thomas initially funded the company himself, with servers operating out of the basement of his home.<ref name=forbes1>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexkonrad/2016/01/20/meet-sprinklr-the-startup-that-cracked-social/#4b6a9cc1a23e |title=Meet Sprinklr, The Billion-Dollar Startup That Cracked Social Advertising |website=Forbes|date=2018-05-18|accessdate=2020-01-07 |first=Alex |last=Konrad }}</ref> The company's name came from the metaphor of a brand carefully watering its social media presence. Early customers included [[Cisco]], [[Dell]], and [[Virgin America]].<ref name=forbes1/>

In March 2015, the company announced the launch of its Experience Cloud platform, a way for companies to manage interactions over 23 social media channels and websites.<ref name=martechtoday1>{{cite web|title=Why Sprinklr is Pouring Money into the Influencer and Advocacy Space| first=Mark|last=Fidelman|url=https://martechtoday.com/sprinklr-emerges-as-customer-experience-cloud-197398|website=Martech Today|date=2017-04-13|accessdate=2020-01-07}}</ref>

In April 2017, the company expanded from social media management to customer experience management, with the launch of new products for its Experience Cloud platform, ranging from social listening tools to content marketing.<ref name=research>{{Cite web|url=https://www.research-live.com/article/news/sprinklr-simplifies-ux-with-new-products/id/5028682|title=Sprinklr simplifies UX with new products|website=Research Live|date=2017-10-05|accessdate=2020-01-07}}</ref>

In October 2017, the company added eight additional products integrated with Experience Cloud.<ref name=research/>

In April 2018, Sprinklr released artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities called Sprinklr Intuition, allowing the automatic collection and analysis of social media data.<ref name=martech2>{{cite web|url=https://martechtoday.com/sprinklr-adds-ai-to-its-customer-experience-platform-214395 |title=Sprinklr adds AI to its customer experience platform |website=Martech Today |date=2018-04-26 |accessdate=2020-01-09}}</ref>

As of October 2018, it was reported that the company had over 1,500 customers.<ref name=profile1>{{cite web|title="People never forget the way you make them feel."|url=https://profilemagazine.com/2018/diane-adams-richard-byrd-sprinklr/| website=Profile Magazine |date=2018-10-29 |accessdate=2020-01-09}}</ref>

In May 2019, the company released Product Insights, an AI capability that automatically categorizes customer comments across social media and review sites about product feedback related to design, packaging, performance or features.<ref name=martech1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.martechadvisor.com/news/social-media-marketing-2/sprinklr-releases-product-insights-to-expand-research-capabilities/|title=Sprinklr Releases AI-driven Product Insights to Expand Research Capabilities|website=Martech Advisor|date=2019-05-02|accessdate=2020-01-09|archive-date=2021-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308143804/https://www.martechadvisor.com/news/social-media-marketing-2/sprinklr-releases-product-insights-to-expand-research-capabilities/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As of December 2019, the company reported over 1,500 employees, and 25 offices in 15 countries, located across North America, South America, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region.<ref name=sprinklr1>{{cite web|title=Sprinklr Facts |url=https://www.sprinklr.com/our-story/| website=Sprinklr|date=|accessdate=2020-01-09}}</ref><ref name=craft1>{{cite web|title=Sprinklr headquarters and office locations| url=https://craft.co/sprinklr/locations| website=Craft |date=|accessdate=2020-01-09}}</ref>

In 2020, Sprinklr offered case tracking services to the Kerala government in India, as part of an app to assist with managing the COVID-19 outbreak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala backs out of Sprinklr deal, cancels controversial pact over privacy issues |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-sprinklr-deal-covid-19-pinarayi-vijayan-high-court-1680484-2020-05-21 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In April 2020, the opposition party to the government accused the company of compromising patient data related to COVID-19 patients, and criticized the services for being awarded without following proper procedures. The company denied the charges, claiming that the data used in its platform is owned and controlled by the government and stored in India, in compliance with India's data privacy regulations.<ref name=Manoramao>{{cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2020/04/13/covid-19-health-data-breach-kerala-govt-sprinklr.html |title=Sprinklr accused of compromising COVID-19 data of Kerala people |website=Manorama online |date=2020-04-13 |accessdate=2020-04-13}}</ref> The government confirmed with the [[Kerala High Court]] through an affidavit that the Covid-related data was managed by Kerala's [[Centre for Development of Imaging Technology]] (C-DIT) in the Amazon Web Services cloud, and that no Sprinklr employees had any access to the data.<ref name=Indianexpress>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/may/22/sprinklr-out-data-now-in-c-dit-cloud-kerala-govt-to-hc-2146379.html |title=Sprinklr out, data now in C-DIT cloud: Kerala govt to HC |website=New Indian Express |date=2020-05-22 |accessdate=2020-05-22}}</ref>

On June 23, 2021, Sprinklr began trading as a public company on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] under the symbol CXM.<ref name=bloomberg1/>

===Funding===
In March 2012, the company received its first outside funding.<ref name=venture1>{{cite web|title=Meet Sprinklr, the biggest social media management biz you’ve never heard of| first=Sean|last=Ludwig|url=https://venturebeat.com/2012/04/12/sprinklr/|website=Venturebeat|date=2012-04-12|accessdate=2020-01-07}}</ref>

In May 2014, the company announced a US$40 million funding round, bringing it to a US$500 million valuation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adweek.com/digital/sprinklr-showered-money-plans-ipo-157414/ |title=Sprinklr, Showered In Money, Plans IPO |website=Adweek |date=2014-05-01 |accessdate=2020-01-07}}</ref>

In March 2015, a $46 million series E funding round gave the company a value of $1.17 billion.<ref name=Fortune1>{{cite web|title=Sprinklr raises $46 million to become latest billion-dollar unicorn|first=Erin|last=Griffith|url=http://fortune.com/2015/03/31/sprinklr-unicorn-valuation/ |website=Fortune|date=2015-03-31|accessdate=2020-01-08}}</ref>

In July 2016, the company announced a $105 million funding round for a valuation of $1.8 billion.<ref name=wsj2>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/sprinklr-raises-105-million-to-grow-social-media-management-software-1469016062 |title=Sprinklr Raises $105 Million to Grow Social Media Management Software|website=Wall Street Journal |date=2016-07-21 |accessdate=2020-01-07}}</ref>

In September 2020, Sprinklr raised $200 million from private-equity firm Hellman & Friedman in a deal that valued the customer experience management company at $2.7 billion.<ref name=wsj3>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/private-equity-investment-values-sprinklr-at-2-7-billion-11599645600 |title=Private-Equity Investment Values Sprinklr at $2.7 Billion |website=Wall Street Journal |date=2020-09-09 |accessdate=2020-09-22}}</ref>

===Partnerships and sponsorships===
Beginning in 2017,<ref>{{cite web |title=Forbes Releases 2017 World's Most Influential CMOs Report |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2017/06/22/forbes-releases-2017-worlds-most-influential-cmos-report/?sh=41e1ce2c3239 |publisher=Forbes}}</ref> Sprinklr partnered with [[Forbes]] to create their "Most Influential CMO" lists, sourcing data from [[LinkedIn]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Forbes World’s Most Influential CMOs List: 2022 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/sethmatlins/2022/06/23/the-forbes-worlds-most-influential-cmos-list-2022/?sh=3b336f8a1b8a |publisher=Forbes}}</ref>

In April 2020, Sprinklr became the first advertising partner of [[TikTok]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Weissbrot |first=Alison |title=Sprinklr Becomes TikTok’s First Advertising API Partner |url=https://www.adexchanger.com/platforms/sprinklr-becomes-tiktoks-first-advertising-api-partner/ |date=2020-04-28}}</ref> and expanded the partnership to organic content in May 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last=Frederick |first=Brian |title=TikTok Brings Account Management To Third-Party Tools |url=https://www.searchenginejournal.com/tiktok-brings-account-management-to-third-party-tools/451947/ |date=2022-05-26}}</ref>

In 2022, Sprinklr announced partnerships with [[Amazon Connect]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Radlovacki |first=Sandra |title=Sprinklr Integrates with Amazon Connect |url=https://www.cxtoday.com/contact-centre/sprinklr-integrates-with-amazon-connect/ |date=2022-04-26 }}</ref> and Twilio, integrating its customer care products.<ref>{{cite web |last=Daily |first=Ryan |title=Sprinklr Reveals Twilio Integration; Google to Release AI-Based Meeting Features |url=https://www.nojitter.com/contact-center-customer-experience/sprinklr-reveals-twilio-integration-google-release-ai-based |date=2022-05-26}}</ref>

During the 2022 season, Sprinklr became a sponsor for the [[Formula One|BWT F1 Alpine team]].<ref>{{cite web |title=F1 2022: List Of Partners/Sponsors For Each Of The 10 Teams |url=https://formularapida.net/f1-2022-list-of-partners-sponsors-for-each-of-the-10-teams/ |date=2022-03-16}}</ref>

In November 2024, Rory Read was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer. Founder Ragy Thomas transitioned to an advisory role and continued as Chairman of the Board.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://investors.sprinklr.com/news/press-releases/detail/213/sprinklr-appoints-rory-read-as-president-chief-executive|title=Sprinklr Appoints Rory Read as President & Chief Executive Officer; Founder Ragy Thomas Continues as Chairman of the Board|date=November 5, 2024|publisher=Sprinklr|access-date=2026-03-30}}</ref>

==Acquisition strategy==
Sprinklr uses its funding to acquire smaller firms that have the tools Sprinklr wants to build itself. To facilitate integration, Sprinklr deprecates the purchased technology and has the acquired company's employees redevelop a native Sprinklr version of the acquired software.<ref name=forbes1/>

===Acquisitions===
In March 2014, Sprinklr acquired Dachis Group, adding abilities for employee advocacy, [[competitive intelligence]], social business [[consulting services]], and [[content marketing]].<ref name="AdWeek">{{cite web|title=Sprinklr Buys Dachis Group to Boost Social Marketing Services| first=Garett|last=Sloane|url=https://www.adweek.com/digital/sprinklr-buys-dachis-group-boost-social-marketing-services-155809/|website=Adweek |date=2018-05-18 |accessdate=2020-01-07}}</ref>

In August 2014, Sprinklr acquired TBG Digital, one of Facebook's largest ad buying clients, to improve its paid social advertising capability.<ref name="Business Insider">{{cite web|title=Sprinklr Acquired TBG Digital Ahead of its IPO| first=Jim|last=Edwards|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/sprinklr-acquired-tbg-digital-ahead-of-its-ipo-2014-8|website=Business Insider |date=2014-08-14 |accessdate=2020-01-07}}</ref>

In September 2014, Sprinklr acquired brand advocacy company Branderati.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chapman |first=Lizette |title=Sprinklr Acquires Branderati as Social Media Tools Consolidate |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-VCDB-15388 |date=2014-09-03}}</ref>

In April 2015, Sprinklr acquired [[Get Satisfaction]], a customer community software platform to bolster its customer care product offering.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sprinklr Acquires Get Satisfaction to Extend Experience Cloud™ into Multi-Channel Customer Care |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150408005267/en/Sprinklr-Acquires-Get-Satisfaction-to-Extend-Experience-Cloud%E2%84%A2-into-Multi-Channel-Customer-Care |website=Business Wire |publisher=Business Wire |access-date=2024-05-11}}</ref>

In June 2015, Sprinklr bought text analytics vendor NewBrand.<ref name=cmo1>{{cite web|url=https://www.cmo.com.au/article/576512/sprinklr-makes-7th-acquisition-social-media-management-space/|title=Sprinklr acquires text predictive analytics player, NewBrand|website=CMO |date=2015-06-03 |accessdate=2019-12-04}}</ref>

In November 2015, the company acquired data segmentation firm Booshaka.<ref name=tech1>{{cite web|title=Sprinklr Acquires Booshaka For Smarter Audience Targeting| url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/11/02/sprinklr-acquires-booshaka/|website=Techcrunch|date=2015-11-02|accessdate=2020-01-07}}</ref>

In April 2016, the company acquired social analytics startup Postano.<ref name=fortune1>{{cite web|title=Billion-Dollar Social Marketing Startup Sprinklr Extends Reach| url=https://fortune.com/2016/04/20/sprinklr-extends-reach/|website=Fortune|date=2016-04-20|accessdate=2020-01-07}}</ref>

In December 2019, the company acquired the social advertising business from ad management company Nanigans.<ref name=mobile1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mobilemarketer.com/news/sprinklr-acquires-nanigans-social-ad-business-amid-ad-tech-consolidation/568405/|title=Sprinklr acquires Nanigans' social ad business amid ad tech consolidation|website=Mobile Marketer|date=2019-12-04|accessdate=2020-01-09}}</ref>

In September 2021, the company acquired AI voice-to-text transcription service platform operator VoiceN.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VoiceN 2026 Company Profile: Valuation, Investors, Acquisition {{!}} PitchBook |url=https://pitchbook.com/profiles/company/481435-48 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=pitchbook.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Portal bar|Business|Companies|Economics|Internet|New York (state)|Society|United States}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sprinklr}}
[[Category:Marketing companies established in 2009]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Search engine optimization]]
[[Category:Software companies based in New York City]]
[[Category:Social software]]
[[Category:2021 initial public offerings]]
[[Category:Software companies established in 2009]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in New York City]]

Ain (film)

2026-03-24T14:01:13Z

Deidre67J44:

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ain
| image = AinOfficialPoster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Sidhartha Siva]]
| producer = 
| writer = Sidhartha Siva
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = [[Musthafa]] [[Rachana Narayanankutty]]
| narrator = 
| music = [[Rahul Raj]]
| cinematography = Prabhath
| editing = Vineeb Krishnan
| studio = 1:1.3 Entertainments
| distributor = 
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2015|9|25|[[Kerala]]}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross = 
}}

'''''Ain''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film written and directed by [[Sidhartha Siva]] and starring [[Musthafa]] and [[Rachana Narayanankutty]].<ref>Meera Suresh (20 March 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402211552/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/A-Realistic-Viewfinder/2015/03/20/article2721883.ece "A Realistic Viewfinder"]. ''The New Indian Express''. Retrieved 24 March 2015.</ref> Set in a Muslim household in [[North Kerala|Malabar]], the film revolves around a lazy but innocent and vulnerable youth who happens to witness a murder and escapes to [[Mangalore]].<ref>Radhika C Pillai (24 March 2015). [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-love-to-wear-Purdah-Rachana-Narayanankutty/articleshow/46663925.cms "I love to wear Purdah: Rachana Narayanankutty"]. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 24 March 2015.</ref> The film released in selected theatres in [[Kerala]] on 25 September 2015.

The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]], while Musthafa got a [[National Film Award – Special Mention (Feature Film)|Special Jury Mention]] for acting.<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/62nd-national-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners/535920-8-66.html "62nd National Film Awards: Complete list of winners"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716231202/https://www.news18.com/ |date=16 July 2023 }}. IBN Live. 24 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.</ref> The film also won the [[Padmarajan Award]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/padmarajan-award-for-ain/article7203944.ece "Padmarajan award for Ain"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 14 May 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2015.</ref> The [[film score|original musical score]] was composed, arranged, programmed and produced by [[Rahul Raj]] & the song penned by Vishal Johnson.

==Plot==
Maanu is a naïve, lazy and aimless youngster who doesn't have a steady job with a steady income. Although time has come for him to shoulder the responsibility of providing for his family, he runs away from it and is least concerned about what life means to him. Maanu flees his native place to Mangalore in fear of his life, after witnessing the gruesome murder of a local politician. The interaction he has with Saira following a chance meeting with her influences him to change his outlook towards life.<ref>[http://www.yentha.com/news/view/features/movie-review-ain-malayalam-kudos-sidhartha-siva-job-well-done "Movie Review - Ain: Malayalam: Kudos Sidhartha Siva; Job Well Done!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205041749/http://www.yentha.com/news/view/features/movie-review-ain-malayalam-kudos-sidhartha-siva-job-well-done |date=5 December 2015 }}. ''Yentha''. 28 September 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Musthafa]] as Maanu
* [[Rachana Narayanankutty]] as Saira Banu
* [[Sudheesh]]
* Sudhakaran Nair as Saira's father

==Release==
''Ain'' released in theatres in [[Kerala]] on 25 September 2015. The film was scheduled to be screened in theatres across the state but released finally in 3 theatres in Trivandrum, Thrissur and Calicut. The film industry came out together against this move by theatres including appeals by actors such as [[Kunchako Boban]] and [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] appealing directly to audience to watch ''Ain''.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/sidharth-sivas-ain-hits-theatres-celebs-ask-fans-watch-national-award-winning-film-647986 "Sidhartha Siva's 'Ain' hits theatres; celebs ask fans to watch National Award-winning film"]. ''IB Times''. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.</ref>

==Awards==
; [[2014 Kerala State Film Awards]]<ref>[http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/state-film-awards-mammootty-nivin-pauly-dulquer-manju-.html "State Awards: Nazriya, Nivin, Sudev bag top honours"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813003515/http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/state-film-awards-mammootty-nivin-pauly-dulquer-manju-.html |date=13 August 2015 }}. ''Malayala Manorama''. 10 August 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.</ref>

* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story]] - [[Sidhartha Siva]]

; [[62nd National Film Awards|62nd National Film Awards-2015 ]]

* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam Language]]
* [[62nd National Film Awards|National Film Award - Special Jury Mention for acting]]- [[Musthafa]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mustafas-performance-took-Ain-to-a-new-level/articleshow/46698247.cms|title=Mustafa's performance took Ain to a new level - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=26 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.ndtv.com/regional/national-awards-malayalam-films-fail-impress-bag-four-awards-only-749277|title=National Awards: Malayalam Films Fail Impress, Bag Four Awards Only - NDTV Movies|website=NDTVMovies.com}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Malayalam}}

==External links==
{{IMDb title|4557064}}

[[Category:2015 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Best Malayalam Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rahul Raj]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sidhartha Siva]]

Gujarati diaspora

2026-03-21T17:13:04Z

Deidre67J44: put up a post.

{{Short description|Ethnic Gujaratis and their descendants living outside of India and Pakistan}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Gujarati diaspora
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| regions = [[United States]],<ref name="globalguj"/><ref name="usagujarati">{{Cite web|url=http://www2.census.gov/library/data/tables/2008/demo/language-use/2009-2013-acs-lang-tables-nation.xls|title=US Census Bureau ''American Community Survey (2009-2013)'' See Row #62|website=2.census.gov}}</ref> [[United Kingdom|Britain]],<ref name="globalguj"/> [[Canada]],<ref name="gujaraticanada2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-08-17 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Canada [Country] |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=,15,13,18,12,16,14,17&SearchText=Canada |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> [[East Africa]],<ref name="globalguj"/> [[Caribbean]],<ref name="globalguj"/> [[Fiji]]<ref name="fiji">{{cite web |url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0094513 |title=The Gujaratis of Fiji, 1900-1945 : a study of an indian immigrant trader community |author= Prasad, Kamal Kant |year=1978 |accessdate=30 May 2024 |website=The University of British Columbia }}</ref>
| langs = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[English language|English]] ([[Indian English|Indian dialect]] or [[Pakistani English|Pakistani dialect]]), [[Memoni language|Memon]]
| religions = '''Majority''': [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] 
'''Minority''': {{hlist|[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]|[[File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg|12px]] [[Jainism]]|[[File:Faravahar.svg|20px]] [[Zoroastrianism]]}}
| related_groups =
}}

The '''Gujarati diaspora''' refers to the descendants of the [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indian]] [[ethnolinguistic group]] known as [[Gujaratis]] who emigrated out of [[Gujarat]] and adjacent areas in the [[Indian subcontinent]] to the rest of the world.

Gujaratis have a long tradition of seafaring and a history of overseas migration to foreign lands, to [[Yemen]]<ref>{{cite book|author1=Pedro Machado|title=Ocean of Trade: South Asian merchants, Africa and the Indian Ocean, {{circa|1750 - 1850}}|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-07026-4|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ODfJBAAAQBAJ&q=gujaratis,+kuwait&pg=PA20|access-date=4 February 2015|quote=Hindu Vaniya networks from Kathiawar, in particular, operated prominently in the region, and directed their trade primarily to Yemen, and Hadramawt. They were also active in the early eighteenth century in the southern Red Sea, where Mocha and other ports such as Aden provided them with their principal markets}}</ref> [[Oman]]<ref>{{cite book|author1=Cordell Crownover|title=Ultimate Handbook Guide to Muscat : (Oman) Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRDGBAAAQBAJ&q=Oman,+gujaratis&pg=PP6|access-date=4 February 2015|quote=As an important port-town in the Gulf of Oman, Muscat attracted foreign tradesman and settlers, such as the Persians, the Balochs and Gujaratis.|date=2014-10-05}}</ref> [[Bahrain]],<ref>{{cite book|author1=Andrew Gardner|title=City of Strangers: Gulf Migration and the Indian Community in Bahrain|date=1969|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-7602-0|page=77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5QTI_GG8cB0C&q=gujaratis,+in+bahrain&pg=PA77|access-date=4 February 2015|quote=Other Indian groups with a long-standing presence in Bahrain include the Gujarati businessmen whose enterprises historically centered on the trade of gold; the Bohra community, an Indian Muslim sect with a belief system particularly configured around business...}}</ref> Kuwait, [[Zanzibar]]<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ababu Minda Yimene|title=An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change|date=2004|isbn=978-3-86537-206-2|pages=66, 67|publisher=Cuvillier Verlag |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C&q=gujaratis+in+england,+19th+century&pg=PA67|access-date=4 February 2015|quote=Some centuries later, the Gujarati merchants established permanent trading posts in Zanzibar, consolidating their influence in the Indian Ocean... Gujarati Muslims, and their Omani partners, engaged in a network of mercantile activities among Oman, Zanzibar and Bombay. Thanks to those mercantile Gujarati, India remained by far the principal trading partner of Zanzibar.}}</ref> and other countries in the [[Persian Gulf]]<ref>{{cite book|author1=Irfan Habib|title=Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500|isbn=978-81-317-2791-1|page=166|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&q=gujarati+merchants,+Iran&pg=PA166|access-date=4 February 2015|quote=In the Persian Gulf, Hurmuz (Hormuz), was the most important entrepot for the international exchange for goods which were either bartered or purchased with money. The rise of Hurmuz in the thirteenth century followed the decline of the neighbouring entrepot of Qays, where there was a community of Gujarati Bohra merchants|year=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India }}</ref> since a mercantile culture resulted naturally from the state's proximity to the Arabian Sea.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul R. Magocsi|title=Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-2938-6|page=631|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC&q=mercantile,+gujaratis&pg=PA631|access-date=4 February 2015|quote=Gujarat's proximity to the Arabian Sea has been responsible for the ceaseless mercantile and maritime activities of its people. Through the ports of Gujarat, some of which date back to the dawn of history, trade and commerce flourished, and colonizers left for distant lands.|year=1999}}</ref> The countries with the largest Gujarati populations are Pakistan, United Kingdom, United States,<ref name="usagujarati"/> Canada,<ref name="gujaraticanada2021"/> the Caribbean, Fiji<ref name="fiji"/> and many countries in Southern and East Africa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gujaratis in the West : evolving identities in contemporary society|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Pub|others=Mukadam, Anjoom A., Mawani, Sharmina.|isbn=9781847183682|location=Newcastle, UK|oclc=233491089}}</ref> Globally, Gujaratis are estimated to constitute around 33% of the Indian diaspora worldwide and can be found in 129 of 190 countries listed as sovereign nations by the [[United Nations]].<ref name="globalguj">{{cite web|author1=Chidanand Rajghatta|title=Global Gujaratis: Now in 129 nations|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/nris-in-news/global-gujaratis-now-in-129-nations/articleshow/45748322.cms |website=The economic times|access-date=21 October 2015|quote=A lot of the spread worldwide took place after a pit-stop in East Africa, right across the sea from Gujarat. When Idi Amin turfed out some 100,000 Indians (mostly Gujaratis) from Uganda in 1972, most of them descended on Britain before peeling off elsewhere.}}</ref> [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non Resident Gujaratis]] (NRGs) maintain active links with the homeland in the form of business, [[remittances|remittance]], [[philanthropy]], and through their political contribution to state governed domestic affairs.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Premal Balan & Kalpesh Damor|title=Thanks to NRIs, 3 small Gujarat villages each have Rs 2,000cr bank deposits|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Thanks-to-NRIs-3-small-Gujarat-villages-each-have-Rs-2000cr-bank-deposits/articleshow/47698445.cms|website=the times of india|date=17 June 2015 |access-date=26 October 2015|quote=No wonder bank hoardings flashing interest rates for NRI deposits (up to 10%) is a common sight in these villages. "Some villages in Kutch like Madhapar and Baladia have very high NRI deposits. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest in the country," said K C Chippa, former convener of the State Level Banker's Committee (SLBC) Gujarat. Between them, Madhapar, Baladia and Kera have 30 bank branches and 24 ATMs.}}</ref><ref name=piyush>{{cite news|author1=Piyush Mishra|title=NRI deposits in Gujarat cross Rs 50K crore mark|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NRI-deposits-in-Gujarat-cross-Rs-50K-crore-mark/articleshow/47889249.cms|website=the times of India|date=July 2015 |access-date=26 October 2015|quote=Gujaratis form 33% of the Indian diaspora and Gujarat is among the top five states in the country in terms of NRI deposits. RBI data shows there was a little over $115 billion (about Rs 7 lakh crore) in NRI accounts in India in 2014-15, with Gujarat accounting for 7.78% of the kitty.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Fernandez-Kelly|editor1-first=Patricia|editor2-last=Portes|editor2-first=Alejandro|title=The State and the Grassroots: Immigrant Transnational Organizations in Four Continents|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=9781782387350|page=99|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zyjfCQAAQBAJ&q=gujaratis,+NRGs,+politics&pg=PA99|access-date=26 October 2015|date=2015-07-01}}</ref>

Gujaratis in the diaspora are prominent [[entrepreneurs]] and industrialists and maintain high [[social capital]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Malik|first1=Ashish|last2=Pereira|first2=Vijay|title=Indian Culture and Work Organisations in Transition|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317232025|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCUFDAAAQBAJ&q=gujarati,+society&pg=PA190|language=en|date=2016-04-20}}</ref> Gujarati parents in the diaspora are not comfortable with the possibility of [[Gujarati language|their language]] not surviving them.<ref name=lang>{{cite book|title=Language in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA531|page=531|first1=Braj B.|last1=Kachru|first2=Yamuna|last2=Kachru|first3=S. N.|last3=Sridhar|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2008|isbn=9781139465502}}</ref> In a study, 80% of [[Malayali]] parents felt that "children would be better off with English", compared to 36% of [[Kannada people|Kannada]] parents and only 19% of Gujarati parents.<ref name=lang/>

==Notable people==
[[File:Kash Patel, official FBI portrait.jpg|thumb|[[Kash Patel]] Director of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI)]]
* [[Aliza Vellani]], born in [[Vancouver, Canada]], Canadian actress
* [[Arun Manilal Gandhi]], born in [[Durban]], American activist and author
* [[Ben Kingsley]], born in [[Snainton]], British actor
* [[Bharat Desai]], born in [[Kenya]], American businessman and billionaire
* [[Charli XCX]], born in [[Cambridge]], British singer and songwriter
* [[Dev Patel]], born in [[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]], British actor
* [[Freddie Mercury]], born in [[Zanzibar]], British singer, lead vocalist of [[Queen (band)|Queen]]
* [[Kantilal Jivan|Kantilal Jivan Shah]], Seychellois conservationist
* [[Kal Penn]] , American actor, author & Former Civi Servant
* [[Kash Patel]], born in [[Garden City, New York|Garden City]], American lawyer, politician, and Director of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI)
* [[Khursheed Jeejeebhoy]], born in [[Rangoon]], Canadian gastroenterologist
* [[Mahmood Mamdani]], born in [[Bombay]], Ugandan academic
* [[Naheed Nenshi]], born in [[Toronto]], Canadian politician and former mayor
* [[Nimisha Mehta]], born in [[Ahmedabad]], British actress and model
* [[Raj Bhavsar]], born in [[Houston]], American Olympic gymnast
* [[Rizwan Manji]], born in [[Toronto]], Canadian actor
* [[Salim Kara]], born in [[Zanzibar]], Canadian inventor and entrepreneur
* [[Shabir Ally]], born in [[Guyana]], Canadian Islamic preacher
* [[Shekhar Mehta]], born in [[Uganda]], Kenyan rally driver
* Baroness [[Shriti Vadera, Baroness Vadera|Shriti Vadera]], born in [[Uganda]], British businesswoman and politician
* [[Zohran Mamdani]], born in [[Kampala]], American politician and [[mayor of New York City]]

==See also==
* [[Gujarati people]]
* [[Gujarati language]]
* [[Indian diaspora]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{notelist}}

{{Gujarati diaspora}}
{{Overseas Asians}}
{{overseas Pakistani}}
{{Indian diaspora}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujarati Diaspora}}
[[Category:Gujarati diaspora| ]]
[[Category:Pakistani diaspora]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]

Dravida kingdom

2026-03-19T20:25:16Z

Deidre67J44: put up post.

{{Short description|Place in Sanskirt epic}}
{{primary sources|date=May 2020}}

'''Dravida''' is mentioned as one of the kingdoms in the southern part of present-day mainland India during the time of the [[Mahabharata]].

== Dravida in the Mahabharata ==
Dravida is listed among the ancient Indian (Bharata Varsha) kingdoms:

"In the south, are the Dravidas, the Keralas, the Mushikas, and the Vanavashikas; the Karanatakas, the Mahishakas, the Vikalpas, and also the Mushakas; the Jhillikas, the Kuntalas. (6,9)"

=== Origin ===
The [[Mahabharata]] links the origin of Dravidas with sage [[Vasishtha]]. Vishvamitra, a king in the Chandravamshi Amavasu clan, attacked the cow of Vasishtha. Then many armies emerged for the protection of that cow and they attacked the armies of Vishvamitra.

Other kingdoms that were mentioned along with the Dravidas in this incident were [[Scythians in the Mahabharata|Sakas]], [[Yavana kingdom|Yavanas]], [[Sora people|Savaras]], [[Kanchi kingdom|Kanchis]], [[Pundra kingdom|Paundras]] and [[Kirata kingdom|Kiratas]], [[Nishada kingdom|Nishada]], and [[Sinhala kingdom|Sinhalas]], and the barbarous kingdoms of [[Khasas (Mahabharata)|Khasas]], Chivukas, Pulindas, [[China in the Mahābhārata|Chinas]] [[Huna kingdom|Hunas]] with Keralas, and [[Mleccha|Mleecchas]].

=== Sahadeva's conquests ===
''[[Pandava]] [[Sahadeva]] reached the Dravida country during his southern military campaign.''

Sahadeva brought under his subjection and exacted tributes from the Paundrayas, the Dravidas along with the Udrakeralas and the [[Andhra kingdom|Andhras]] and the Talavanas. He also vanquished the [[Karnata kingdom|Karnatas]], Pashandas, the town of Sanjayanti, the [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]], the Ustrakarnikas, the city of Atavi and the city of Yavanas. (2,30)

=== Yudhishthira's Rajasuya ===
Dravidas are mentioned along with other kings who attended [[Pandava]] king [[Yudhishthira]]'s [[Rajasuya]] sacrifice.

The kings of the Dravidas and the [[Sinhala kingdom|Sinhalas]] were present in the sacrifice (2,33). On another occasion, the [[Chera Dynasty|Cheras]], [[Chola kingdom|Cholas]] and Dravidas (3,51).

=== Pandavas visited Dravida land during their pilgrimage ===
[[Pandavas]] reached the sea in the '''Dravida land''', and visited the holy spot passing under [[Agastya]]’s name, which was exceedingly sacred and exceptionally pure. And the valiant king visited the feminine sacred spots. They visited one by one those holy places on the coast of the sea and many other sacred spots and came to the holiest of all known by the name of [[Surparaka kingdom|Surparaka]]. (3,118)

=== Arjuna's conquests ===
''Arjuna in his military campaign after the [[Kurukshetra War]], visited the Dravida country''

[[Arjuna]] proceeded towards the southern ocean. In those regions battle took place between him and the Dravidas and Andhras and the fierce Mahishakas and the hillmen of Kolwa. (14,83)

=== Dravidas in Kurukshetra war ===

====On the side of Pandavas ====
{{see also|Akshauhini}}
*[[Arjuna]] converted the people of the Dravida land to be a portion of his own army (5,22)
*The Kuntalas, the Andhras, and the Talacharas, and the Shuchupas, and the Venupas were described as allies of [[Pandavas]] (5,140)
*The Pandyas, the Cholas, the Keralas and the Andhras supported [[Dhristadyumna]], [[Sikhandi]] and [[Satyaki]]. (8,12)
*The Andhaka, and the Nishada foot-soldiers, urged on by [[Satyaki]], once more rushed towards Karna in that battle (8,49)

====On the side of Kauravas ====
*The Kamvojas, the Sakas, the Khasas, the Salwas, the Mlechchhas, the Pulindas, the Dravidas, the Andhras, and the Kanchis were described as allied to the [[Kauravas]] (5-161,162)
*The Kaikeyas, the Malavas, the Madrakas the Dravidas of fierce prowess, the Yaudheyas, the Lalittyas, the chander, the Usinaras, the Tundikeras, the Savitriputras who supported [[Karna]] were slain by [[Arjuna]] (8,5)

==Dravida kingdom in the Pallava era==
Dravida was conquered twice during the [[Pallava dynasty]], first by [[Dhruvaniti]] around 400 CE, and again by [[Kongani-varma]] III in the late 6th and early 7th Century.<ref>Foulkes, Thomas. “The Pallavas.” The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 17, no. 2, 1885, pp. 183–220. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25197020. Accessed 27 May 2020.</ref><ref>Charles Philip Brown, 1863, [https://books.google.com/books?id=maDsA5MagHgC&dq=Dhruvaniti&pg=PA41 Carnatic Chronology: The Hindu and Mahomedan methods of reckoning time explained: with essays on the systems; symbols used for numerals, a new titular method of memory, etc.], London, Bernard Quaritch, pg.41</ref>

== [[Jana Gana Mana]] ==
In Jana Gana Mana, the national anthem of India, the line about Dravid is found as follows:
:Dravida Utkala Banga (द्राविड़ उत्कल बंग)

== See also ==
*[[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]

== References ==
<references />

*[[Mahabharata]] of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa]], translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:History of South India]]
[[Category:Dravidian studies]]

Parikshit Tamaliya

2026-03-19T04:35:24Z

Deidre67J44: Put Up.

{{short description|Indian theater and film actor (born 1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Parikshit Tamaliya
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|06|23}}
| birth_place = [[Surendranagar]], [[Gujarat]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2017–present|
}}

'''Parikshit Tamaliya''' (born 23 June 1996) is an Indian theater and film actor from [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. He is one of the rising Gujarati film actors. He is known for his role in [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati films]] [[Duniyadari (2017 film)]] (2017). He later starred in films like ''[[Saheb (2019 film)|Saheb (film)]]'' (2019), ''Prem Prakran'' (2022) and ''[[Saatam Aatham]]'' (2022).

==Career==
Parikshit debuted in [[Gujarati cinema]] in 2017 with ''[[Duniyadari (2017 film)]]'' directed by [[Shital Shah]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-the-makers-of-duniyadari/articleshow/55023187.cms|title=It's a wrap for the makers of 'Duniyadari'|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2022-07-17|date=13 January 2017}}</ref> Later he acted in ''[[Saheb (2019 film)|Saheb (film)]]'' (2019), ''Prem Prakran'' (2022).

In 2022, He appeared as lead actor in [[Saatam Aatham]] directed by [[Shital Shah]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/parikshit-tamaliya-and-denisha-ghumras-saatam-aatham-motion-poster-is-out/articleshow/91957960.cms|title=Parikshit Tamaliya and Denisha Ghumra's 'Saatam Aatham' motion poster is out!|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2022-07-17|date=2 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/saatam-aatham-trailer-denisha-ghumra-and-parikshit-tamaliya-starrer-will-keep-you-glued-to-your-seats/articleshow/92062682.cms?from=mdr|title='Saatam Aatham' trailer: Denisha Ghumra and Parikshit Tamaliya starrer will keep you glued to your seats|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2022-07-18|date=7 June 2022}}</ref> which received a lot of attention from netizens.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/shital-shah-is-overwhelmed-by-the-audiences-response-to-saatam-aatham-exclusive/articleshow/92742166.cms|title=Shital Shah is overwhelmed by the audience's response to 'Saatam Aatham'- Exclusive!|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2022-07-18|date=8 June 2022}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Duniyadari (2017 film)|Duniyadari]]'' || Krunal Zaveri
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Saheb (2019 film)|Saheb]]'' || Chintu
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Saatam Aatham]]'' || Munna
|-
| 2022 || ''Prem Prakran'' ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Hu ane Tu]]'' || Tejas
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Vaar Tahevaar]]'' || Shubh
|-
|2025
|''Auntypreneur''
|-
| 2026 || ''Parijaat'' ||
|-
| 2026 ||''[[Vaanki Chuki Love Story]]'' || Dev
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm8718978}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Gujarati theatre]]
[[Category:Gujarati actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1996 births]]

Swadeshabhimani (newspaper)

2026-03-15T08:44:03Z

Deidre67J44: cleanup

#REDIRECT [[Svadeshabhimani (newspaper)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Chiman Singh

2026-03-06T14:59:46Z

Deidre67J44: put up new bio.

{{Short description|Indian Navy sailor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Petty Officer]]
| name = Chiman Singh Yadav
| honorific_suffix = [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = New_Diving_Facility_at_Diving_School,_Kochi_named_in_honour_of_Naval_war_hero_Chiman_Singh_03.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| alma_mater =BS Ahir High School, [[Rewari]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1945|06|01}}
| nickname =
| birth_place = Gokulgarh [[Gurgaon]] [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]], Now [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| serviceyears =
| rank =[[File:PO_Indian_Navy.svg|30px]] [[Petty Officer]]
| servicenumber = CDI-87600
| unit = {{navy|India}}
| commands =
| battles = [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] [[Meghna Heli Bridge|Operation Cactus Lily]]
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Maha_Vir_Chakra_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Maha Vir Chakra]]
| spouse = Vidya Yadav
| relations = Shashi Yadav Reena Yadav (Daughters)
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| memorials =
| module =
}}
Petty Officer '''Chiman Singh''', [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]] (born 1 June 1945) was a sailor in the [[Indian Navy]]. He participated in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-25 |title=Choking Pakistan's artery: A naval commando story |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/50-years-freedom/choking-pakistans-artery-naval-commando-story-222142 |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> and for his actions was awarded the [[Maha Vir Chakra]], India's second highest gallantry award, and the Friends of Liberation War Award by Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-02 |title=Sailor who set a new bar in bravery |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/sailor-who-set-a-new-bar-in-bravery/articleshow/84966035.cms |access-date=2023-05-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Singh was born on 1 June 1945 in Gokal Garh Village, Gurgaon District, Haryana to Shri Rao Nand Kishore Yadav.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryanatribune/chiman-yadav-the-sea-warrior-from-rewari-620390|title=Chiman Yadav — the sea warrior from Rewari|last=Dabas|first=Col. Dilbas|date=14 Jul 2018|work=The Tribune|access-date=1 June 2023
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609095320/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryanatribune/chiman-yadav-the-sea-warrior-from-rewari-620390|archive-date=9 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> He is married to Vidya Yadav. They have two daughters Shashi Yadav and Reena Yadav.<ref>{{Cite web |title=P/O Chiman Singh, MVC (retd) @ TWDI |url=http://twdi.in/node/1123 |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=twdi.in}}</ref>

=== Military career ===
Singh passed matriculation from BS Ahir High School Rewari and joined the [[Indian Navy]] as a sailor at the age of just 16 and rose to the rank of Leading Seaman in 7 years of service. Singh trained East Pakistan's Mukti Bahini fighters as the Bangladesh Naval Command, and is considered one of the founders of the Bangladesh Navy.During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], he was appointed as an instructor at the Indian Navy's Diving School in Kochi, Kerala. In the Indo-Pak War of 1971, he was sent to the East Pakistan Front and his team was tasked to attack enemy positions at Khulna and Mangla, his crew bravely executed their mission from 9 to 11 December . During the operation, his ship was attacked by enemy Air force, which sank his ship.The enemy shore defences opened fire on the overboard crew in which Singh was seriously wounded but Singh rescued his crew members and then attacked the enemy again to rescue two of his fellow sailors from enemy captivity . During this action, Singh was wounded and came under enemy fire and was captured by the enemy navy.After the independence of Bangladesh, he was admitted to the hospital and then [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Indira Gandhi]] visited him in the hospital.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-02 |title=Sailor who set a new bar in bravery |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/sailor-who-set-a-new-bar-in-bravery/articleshow/84966035.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> For the amazing courage and bravery of Chiman Singh in the Indo-Pakistan war, he was awarded the [[Maha Vir Chakra]], India's second highest military gallantry award. He is the first and Only seaman (jawan) of the Indian Navy to be awarded the coveted [[Maha Vir Chakra]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryanatribune/chiman-yadav-the-sea-warrior-from-rewari-620390|title=Chiman Yadav — the sea warrior from Rewari|last=Dabas|first=Col. Dilbas|date=14 Jul 2018|work=The Tribune|access-date=1 June 2023
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609095320/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryanatribune/chiman-yadav-the-sea-warrior-from-rewari-620390|archive-date=9 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Maha Vir Chakra===
The citation for the [[Maha Vir Chakra]] reads as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahavir Chakra (MVC), Awardee: P/O Chiman Singh, MVC (retd) @ TWDI |url=http://twdi.in/node/1344 |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=twdi.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallantry Awards {{!}} Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4212 |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|Gazette Notification: 18 Pres/72,12-2-72
Operation: 1971 Cactus Lily
Date of Award: 8 Dec 1971}}

{{center|'''CITATION''' 
'''Leading Seaman C. Singh(OD 2), Service No.CDI 87600''' 
'''(Indian Navy)'''}}
Leading Seaman C. Singh(OD2), No.87600 was member of a ship which attacked enemy targets in the Mongla and Khulna area during the period 8 to 11 December 1971. While operating off Khulna his boat was sunk. He was very badly wounded by shrapnel. Enemy shore defences opened fire at the survivors in the water. Leading Seaman Singh noticed that two survivors, including an injured officer, were finding it difficult to keep afloat. In spite of the injuries and unmindful of his personal safety he went to their rescue and escorted them to the shore through heavy enemy fire. On reaching the shore, in spite of his wound he rushed at the enemy exposing himself to the enemy fire, thereby malung it possible for his two colleagues to escape from being captured by the enemy. Leading Seaman Singh was eventually overpowered and taken prisoner by the enemy. On the liberation of Bangladesh, he was recovered and admitted to hospital. Throughout, Leading Seaman C. Singh displayed conspicuous gallantry and determination.

=== Friends of Liberation War Honor ===
In 2013, [[President of Bangladesh]] [[Zillur Rahman]] and [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]] [[Sheikh Hasina]] awarded the Friends of Liberation War Honor to him for his contribution to the independence of Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Diving Facility in Honour of Naval War Hero at Diving School, Kochi {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/new-diving-facility-honour-naval-war-hero-diving-school-kochi |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-25 |title=Foreign friends of Bangladesh |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/foreign-friends-of-bangladesh |access-date=2023-06-02 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Indian Navy personnel]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Rajgir Zoo Safari

2026-03-06T03:00:09Z

Deidre67J44: improve structure also and updated info

{{Distinguish|text=Rajgir Nature Safari}}
{{moresources|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox zoo
|name = Rajgir Zoo Safari
|image =
|image_caption =
|date_opened = 16 February 2022
|location = [[Rajgir]], [[Nalanda district]], [[Bihar]], India
|coordinates =
|area = 191.12 hectares (472.26 acres)
|num_animals = over 250
|num_species =
|owner = Department of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, [[Government of Bihar]]
|publictransit = [[Rajgir railway station]], [[Gaya International Airport]], [[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport|Jay Prakash Narayan Airport (Patna)]]
|website = https://rajgirsafari.bihar.gov.in
}}

The '''Rajgir Zoo Safari''' or '''Rajgir Wildlife Safari''' is a [[Wildlife safari]] located in [[Rajgir]], [[Bihar]], India, that opened to public on 16 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathak |first=Shubh Narayan |date=19 February 2022 |title=राजगीर में खुल गया उत्तर भारत का पहला जू-सफारी; बाघ, शेर, भालू, तेंदुआ और हिरण भी दिखेंगे यहां |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-first-zoo-safari-in-north-india-opened-at-rajgir-nalanda-bihar-you-can-see-here-tiger-lion-bear-leopard-and-deer-22479612.html |website=Jagran Prakashan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadim |first=Farrukh |date=17 February 2022 |title=Bihar CM Nitish Kumar inaugurated this Rajgir zoo safari, on 16th February 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cm-opens-rajgir-zoo-safari-thanks-pm-for-gujarat-lions/articleshow/89627655.cms |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

The zoo safari has been developed by the Department of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Govt of Bihar at a cost of nearly {{INRConvert|177|c|lk=on}}. The zoo safari is spread over {{Convert|191|ha|acre}} and has five zones namely Herbivore Safari, Bear Safari, Leopard Safari, Tiger Safari and Lion Safari which accommodate over 250 herbivores and carnivores. The main wild animal species includes [[Chital]], [[Sambar deer|Sambar]], [[Blackbuck|Black buck]], Hog Deer, Barking Deer, [[Wild Boar]], [[Sloth Bear]], [[Indian Leopard]], [[Bengal tiger|Royal Bengal Tiger]] and [[Asiatic Lion]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sopam |first=Reena |date=16 February 2022 |title=Rajgir zoo safari opens for public, Nitish says one of its kind in eastern India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/rajgir-zoo-safari-opens-for-public-nitish-says-one-of-its-kind-in-eastern-india-101645029800188.html |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Considered to be one of its kind, the Zoo Safari has natural forest varying from large grasslands and bamboo thickets to dense Sal Forest. Visitors can also enjoy seeing variety of bird and butterfly species here. One can see different water birds like [[kingfisher]]s, [[cormorant]]s in the natural ponds present in the safari. Apart from watching wild animals in forest, efforts has been taken to sensitise the visitors about wildlife and their conservation. One of its main attraction is a selfie point with life-size wild animal statues. It has an interpretation centre with videos of wild animals. It also has a painting series showing Wildlife in their habitat, challenges faced by Wildlife for survival and role of forest department in Forest and wildlife Conservation. It also has a digital butterfly zone, an orientation centre, and a 180 degree 3D theatre.

==Location==
The zoo is located in the [[Nalanda]] district, around 85 km southeast of Patna.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/bihar-to-get-its-first-nature-safari/cid/1437493|title=Bihar to get its first nature safari|last=Verma|first=Sanjeev Kumar|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]]|date=27 February 2019|accessdate=24 July 2019}}</ref> It is surrounded by the Vaibhargiri and Swarnagiri hills on both side. It is about half a kilometre from the Rajgir-Gaya road in Rajgir Wildlife Sanctuary.

It is 101 km (approx) from the Bihar Capital City, Patna by Road. The nearest airport to the safari is Gaya Airport which is 71 km from the safari by road. The safari is also accessible through the Railway Station. The nearest Railway Station is Rajgir Railway station. Gaya Railway station is 60 km away from the Safari by Road.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2022 |title=Rajgir Zoo Safari » Prepare For Exams |url=https://bpscpreparation.online/rajgir-zoo-safari/ |access-date=17 December 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Features==
The zoo has a fence for keeping the fawns, cubs, and sick animals safe, feeding areas for both the herbivores and carnivores, and another fence to rule out any possibility of the safari animals escaping to the adjoining forest areas. There are also ponds of water for the safari animals to drink from and a security arrangement with watch towers.

==Attractions==
It would be carved out of the existing forest area and would be divided into five broad zones one each for lion, tiger, leopard, bear, herbivores, aviary zone for birds and a small butterfly park and a microtelescope will be install on Vulture peak mountain to watch sky view of Zoo Safari.

==See also==
* [[Etawah Safari Park]]
* [[Sanjay Gandhi Biological Park]]

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Protected areas of Bihar}}
{{coord missing|Bihar}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Zoos in India]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rajgir]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nalanda district]]
[[Category:Nitish Kumar]]

Proloy (film)

2026-03-04T00:25:44Z

Deidre67J44: Done.

{{Short description|2013 Indian Bengali-language film}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Proloy
| image = Proloy poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Raj Chakraborty]]
| producer = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| writer = [[Raj Chakraborty]]
| starring = [[Saswata Chatterjee]] [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] [[Mimi Chakraborty]] [[Paran Bandyopadhyay]]
| music = [[Indraadip Das Gupta]]
| cinematography = [[Supriyo Dutta]]
| editing = [[Bodhaditya Banerjee]]
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|8|9}}
| country = India
| runtime =
| language = Bengali
}}

'''''Proloy''''' ({{langx|bn|প্রলয়}}; English: ''Disaster'') is a 2013 Indian [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali language]] [[Social film|socio-political]] [[Action film|action-crime thriller]] film co-written and directed by [[Raj Chakraborty]], produced by [[Shree Venkatesh Films]], starring [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Paran Bandopadhyay]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Supriyo Dutta]] and [[Mimi Chakraborty]] in lead roles. This movie is inspired on the life of [[Barun Biswas]], a social activist and teacher.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did you know Abir was first choice to play Barun Biswas in Raj Chakraborty's 'Proloy' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-abir-was-first-choice-to-play-barun-biswas-in-raj-chakrabortys-proloy/articleshow/82425328.cms|access-date=2022-01-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The film's music is by [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] in his second collaboration with Banerjee, with 2 additional tracks by Nilesh Dasgupta. The film was critically and commercially well received and the performances along with the direction was praised. Due to multiple creative differences, this was Sonali Banerjee's last film with [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]. Sonali Banerjee named the film Roshni after her sister who was raped and killed and said that the movie was a tribute to her. Throughout the years, the film has gained a cult status and is often regarded as Raj Chakraborty's best film.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |title=7 years of 'Proloy': Why Raj Chakraborty's political thriller packs a punch even today |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/7-years-of-proloy-why-raj-chakrabortys-political-thriller-packs-a-punch-even-today/articleshow/77456138.cms |date=10 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A gang of criminals terrorize the village of Dukhia in rural Bengal, where gang rapes have become common. Both children and aged females are victims. Complicit police authorities refuse to take action against the barbaric criminals because they enjoy an unholy patronage of a local political leader who takes his power and clout for granted. Overcome by a sense of social responsibility, idealist local teacher, Barun Biswas stands up and confronts the scourge and forms an activist group named 'Jagaran Mancha'. They agitate against political patronage the criminals enjoy and demand their immediate arrest. The criminals murder Barun while he was returning from school. Binod Bihari Dutta, who met Barun before his death and was inspired by his idealistic, socially responsible thinking, is shocked to know of Barun's death and rushes to Dukhia to give justice to his memory. He learns of the menace and depravity, the criminals have subjected the village to and the fact that after Barun's death, the criminals were released by the corrupt police officers. Binod Dutta tries to motivate villagers like Barun had done before to continue their fight against this malaise. Special Branch Officer, badass no-nonsense cop Animesh Dutta's posting at Dukhia comes as sweet serendipity, almost divine intervention. He learns of Barun Biswas and his murder from Binod Dutta but friction develops between Binod's idealistic struggle and Animesh' unconventional and semi-legal ways. Mysteriously, the criminals are being murdered one after the other. Rumors float in the village that Barun has returned from the dead to punish his killers. Animesh suspects 'Jagaran Mancha' and believes these killings to be revenge for Barun's murder. He vows to Binod Dutta that he will protect the last criminal as it his duty as a police officer and a public servant. It is revealed that Binod Dutta has been killing the criminals all along in ingenious ways with the help of a few 'Jagaran Mancha' members. After Binod kills the last criminal by ripping his stomach open, Animesh rescues him from the scene, and drops him off outside the village. Animesh has a Machiavellian perspective at the whole thing and decides to bury the case. In the last scene Animesh says he's just become a father and he's going to name his son, "BARUN".<ref name="The Times of India"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Real life woman abuse incident taken up in Bengali film |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/real-life-woman-abuse-incident-taken-up-in-bengali-film-113070800915_1.html |work=Business Standard India |date=8 July 2013}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Parambrata Chatterjee]] as [[Barun Biswas]]<ref>{{cite news |title='Proloy', 'Praktan' – 5 must watch Bengali films |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bengali_cinema/proloy-praktan-5-must-watch-bengali-films-1502543771.html |work=The Statesman |date=12 December 2017}}</ref>
*[[Paran Bandopadhyay]] as Binod Behari Dutta<ref>{{cite news |title=I can still give young actors a run for their money: Paran Bandopadhyay |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/i-can-still-give-young-actors-a-run-for-their-money-paran-bandopadhyay/articleshow/21103044.cms |date=11 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Saswata Chatterjee]] as Inspector Animesh Dutta<ref name="b">{{cite news |title=Raj Chakraborty shares a throwback picture from the sets of 2013 hit 'Proloy' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/raj-chakraborty-shares-a-throwback-picture-from-the-sets-of-2013-hit-proloy/articleshow/65164103.cms |date=27 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Mimi Chakraborty]] as Durga<ref name="b"/>
*[[Rudranil Ghosh]] as Prashanta Mondal <ref name="c">{{cite web |title=Proloy (2013) Cast – Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/proloy-35484/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716043210/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/proloy-35484/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=16 July 2021 |website=Cinestaan |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref>
*Padmanabha Dasgupta as Arun Biswas, Barun Biswas's brother
*[[Koushik Roy]] as Nikhil<ref name="c"/>
*Siddhartha Mondal
*Dwaipayan Das as Sujoy
*Diya Mukherjee as Minister's daughter
*Rupa Bhattacharjee
*[[Supriyo Dutta]] as Minister Asim Mondal
*[[Pooja Bose]] as Special Dancer in "Kala Koi Geli" Item Song<ref>{{cite news |title=Hotness alert! Puja Banerjee sizzles in 'Bibaho Obhijaan' item song teaser |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/hotness-alert-puja-banerjee-sizzles-in-bibaho-obhijaan-item-song-teaser/articleshow/69058778.cms |date=26 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack is composed by [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]. Two additional tracks were composed by debut composer [[Nilesh Dasgupta]]. Singers [[Nandini Sarkar]] and Rajat Taneja were introduced in this film as well as [[Antara Ganguly]].
The songs were all runaway hits with Hath Dhoreche and Kala Koi Geli being the biggest chartbusters. The making of the song Hath Dhoreche was also released later by [[Sangeet Bangla]]. Director [[Raj Chakraborty]] stated that the entire song was shot in a situation when the atmospheric temperature was about 35 °C, resulting in quite a hardship for the entire cast and crew. For this song, Shreya Ghoshal won Best Female Vocalist.

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Aaye Re
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Antara Ganguly]]
| length1 = 04.37
| title2 = Haath Dhoreche
| lyrics2 = [[Srijato]]
| music2 = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 04:09
| title3 = Kala Koi Geli
| lyrics3 = Prasen
| music3 = Indraadip Dasgupta
| extra3 = [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
| length3 = 04.41
| title4 = Baje Bina
| extra4 = [[Nandini Sarkar]], [[Rajat Taneja]]
| length4 = 05.15
| title5 = Roshni Elo
| lyrics5 = Prasen
| music5 = Indraadip Dasgupta
| extra5 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Anweshaa]], Sayani, Palit, Indradeep Dasgupta
| length5 = 04:13
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Additional Tracks
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title8 = Ghum Paranir Gaan (Based on the main theme by Sonali Banerjee)
| lyrics8 = [[Srijato]]
| music8 = Indraadip Dasgupta
| extra8 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| length8 = 03:18
| title9 = Ghum Bhanganor Gaan
| lyrics9 = [[Angshuman]]
| music9 = Indraadip Dasgupta
| extra9 = [[K. Mohan]]
| length9 = 02:25

}}

== Spinoff ==
A spinoff named as ''[[Abar Proloy]]'' was streamed online on [[ZEE5|Zee5]] OTT platform on 11 August 2023. With return of characters from its film, the plot is based on rise of Human Trafficking's incidents in [[Sundarbans|Sundarban]] region in district of [[South 24 Parganas]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2881034|Proloy}}
{{Raj Chakraborty}}
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raj Chakraborty]]
[[Category:2013 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Indradeep Dasgupta]]

Guwahati railway station

2026-03-03T08:39:48Z

Deidre67J44: minor edit

{{Short description|Railway station in Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|Guwahati}}
| type = [[Regional Rail]] & [[Commuter Rail]] Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Ghy_Railway.jpg
| image_caption = Guwahati Railway station
| address = Station Road, Gopinath Bordoloi Road, Paltan Bazaar, [[Guwahati]]-781001, [[Assam]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.1821|N|91.7504|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|56.22|m|ft}}<ref name="travelkhana">{{cite web|url= https://www.travelkhana.com/rail-inforailway-stations-guwahati/|title= Railway Stations in Guwahati|date= September 30, 2014|website= www.travelkhana.com|publisher= Travelkhana}}</ref>
| line = * [[Barauni–Guwahati line]]
* [[Guwahati–Lumding section]]
* [[New Bongaigaon–Guwahati section]]
| other = [[File:Aiga taxi.svg|20px|Taxi]] [[Taxi|Cabs]],
[[File:Bus.svg|20px|Bus]] [[Assam State Transport Corporation|ASTC]] Bus Terminal,Auto, E-rickshaw
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 7
| tracks = 24
| parking = {{rint|park}} Available
| bicycle = {{rint|bicycle}} Available
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|1900}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = [[File:Electric.svg|40px|Electrified]]Yes (October 2021)
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}} Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = GHY
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier]]
| division = {{rwd|Lumding}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railways]]
| status = Functioning
| former = [[Assam Bengal Railway]]
| passengers = 800K/Day
| pass_year = 300M/Year
| pass_percent =
| pass_system = {{increase}} {{colour|#fc5|high}}
| services = [[File:Waiting_Room_-_The_Noun_Project.svg|20px|Waiting Room]] [[File:AB-Autobahnkiosk.svg|20px|Food & Drink]] [[File:BSicon_REST.svg|20px|Food Plaza]] [[File:Elevator_(AIGA_based).svg|15px|Lifts]] [[File:Surveillance_camera.svg|40px|CCTV]] [[File:Aiga_escalator_down_mirror.svg|20px|Escalators]] [[File:Wifiservice.svg|20px|Railwire Free Wifi]] [[File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_bed.svg|20px|Retiring Rooms]]
| map_type =
| map_dot_label = Guwahati railway station
| map_caption = Location in Guwahati
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
}}

'''Guwahati Railway Station''' (Station code: '''GHY''') is located in the heart of the city of [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]. It is the first fully solar-operated railway station in India. It has been rated as A1-category station. The [[Assam State Transport Corporation|ASTC]] (Assam State Transport Corporation) bus terminal is located at the rear-end of the station.

An [[ISO]]-certified railway station, Guwahati Railway Station has been ranked 21 in cleanliness among the A1-category railway stations in India.<ref>{{cite news|date= November 19, 2019|title= Guwahati Railway Station Ranked 21 Among A1 Category Stations in India|url= https://www.guwahatiplus.com/daily-news/guwahati-railway-station-ranked-21-among-a1-category-stations-in-india|work= Gplus|location= Guwahati}}</ref>

To reduce the traffic on the Guwahati junction, there is another railway station in the city at [[Maligaon]], the [[Kamakhya railway station]]. Almost all newly introduced trains run from the Kamakhya Jn. railway station only. Plans had been made to make a new railway station at [[Beltola]] (in the southern part of Guwahati) to introduce trains towards [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]. Those plans have not been finalized and are still in progress.

==History==

In 2021, Guwahati railway station claimed to have become the first railway station to run entirely on solar power.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smriti |first1=Jain |title=Guwahati railway station is the first in North-East to run completely on solar power! Beautiful pics |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/1167181/guwahati-railway-station-is-the-first-in-north-east-to-run-completely-on-solar-power-beautiful-pics/ |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=The Financial Express |publisher=Financial Express |date=14 May 2018}}</ref> The solar panel installation project was commissioned in April 2017,<ref>{{cite news|date= May 15, 2018|title= Guwahati Railway Station to completely run on Solar Power|url= https://www.guwahatiplus.com/article-detail/guwahati-railway-station-to-completely-run-on-solar-power|location= Guwahati}}</ref> but an on-the-spot assessment by ''G Plus'' in February 2023 revealed that the solar power generated by the railway station covered only 15 per cent of its power requirements.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/exclusive-news/dark-side-of-guwahati-railway-stations-100-solar-power-claim| title=Dark Side Of Guwahati Railway Station’s 100% Solar Power Claim |work=Gplus |author-last=Chanda |author-first=Rahul |date=6 February 2023 |access-date=17 June 2023 }}</ref>

In recent years the railway station has received a 100 feet-high tricolour.<ref>{{cite news |title=100 ft high Tricolour at Guwahati Railway station |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/100-ft-high-tricolour-at-guwahati-railway-station-119011601260_1.html |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=Business Standard India |publisher=Business Standard |date=16 January 2019}}</ref> It is the tallest tricolour among any railway station in northeast India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Guwahati Railway station gets tallest flag in NE Railway stations |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/guwahati-railway-station-gets-tallest-flag-in-ne-railway-stations/ |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=Pratidin Time |publisher=Pratidin |date=16 January 2019}}</ref>

==Station facilities==

The station is the divisional headquarters for the Northeast Frontier Railway. It became the first ever Railway station in the Indian Railways to get an ISO certification from the National Green Tribunal for "providing passenger amenities in a clean and green environment".<ref>{{cite news |title=Guwahati Railway Station first to get ISO certification in India |url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/daily-news/guwahati-railway-station-first-to-get-iso-certification-in-india |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=G Plus |publisher=GPlus |date=3 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

===Platforms ===

The station has seven platforms. It serves the long-distance trains of NFR.
[[Google]] along with RailWire provided Free high speed Wifi until 2020.<ref>{{cite news|date= February 21, 2020|title= Google ends its free WiFi service at Indian railway stations|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/google-ends-its-free-wifi-service-at-indian-railway-stations/article30878776.ece|work= The Hindu|location= New Delhi}}</ref> However, RailTel (RailWire's parent company) has confirmed that it will continue to provide free Wifi Internet services.<ref>{{cite news|date= February 18, 2020|title= RailTel to continue free WiFi service at railway stations after Google will stop Project Station|url= https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/no-more-free-wifi-from-google-at-415-indian-railway-stations-11582011130305.html|work= Livemint}}</ref>

===Rest and recuperation===
The following services are available at Guwahati Railway Station:

* 03 (02 Bedded) Delux AC Retiring Rooms with Free Wi-Fi/TV/Locker/Charging point [[File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_bed.svg|20px]]
* 02 (02 Bedded) AC Retiring Rooms with Free Wi-Fi/TV/Locker [[File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_bed.svg|20px]]
* 02 (05 Bedded) Non-AC Retiring Rooms with Free Wi-Fi/TV/Locker [[File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_bed.svg|20px]]
* 02 (02 Bedded) Non-Ac Retiring Rooms with Free Wi-Fi/TV/Locker [[File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_bed.svg|20px]]
* 01 (12 Bedded) Non-AC Dormitory with Free Wi-Fi/TV/Locker [[File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_bed.svg|20px]]
* Reserve VIP Lounge
* Upper Class/Lower Class Waiting Rooms having Free Wi-Fi/AC/TV/Charging points/Drinking water & separate Ladies/Gents Washrooms [[File:Waiting_Room_-_The Noun_Project.svg|20px]]
* Cloak Room [[File:Baggage claim ecomo.svg|25px]]

===Food and beverage ===

* Veg/Non-Veg Food Court [[File:BSicon_REST.svg|20px]]
* Cafeteria [[File:AB-Autobahnkiosk.svg|25px]]

===Others===

* Chemist Stall [[File:Add.svg|20px]]
* High-Speed Google Railwire Free Wi-Fi service [[File:Wifiservice.svg|20px]]
* FOB with 10X [[File:Aiga_escalator_up_mirror.svg|25px]]Escalators/Elevators [[File:Elevator_(AIGA_based).svg|15px]] 4X
* CCTV Surveillance [[File:Surveillance_camera.svg|35px]]

==Rolling stock==

===Major trains===
* [[New Jalpaiguri - Guwahati Vande Bharat Express|Guwahati-NJP Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Agartala–Anand Vihar Terminal Rajdhani Express|Agartala Rajdhani Express]]
* [[Dibrugarh Rajdhani Express]]
* [[Dibrugarh-Kanyakumari Vivek Express]]
* [[Avadh Assam Express]]
* [[SMVT Bengaluru–Agartala Humsafar Express|SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express]]
* [[Aronai Express]]
* [[Naharlagun−Guwahati Shatabdi Express|Naharlagun Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Guwahati−Dibrugarh Shatabdi Express|Dibrugarh Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Saraighat Express]]
* [[Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Express]]
* [[Tripura Sundari Express]]
* [[Kamrup Express]]
* [[Guwahati–Jorhat Town Jan Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Amarnath Express]]
* [[Kaziranga Superfast Express]]

* [[Lohit Express]]
* [[Silchar–Secunderabad Express]]
* [[Bikaner-Guwahati Express]]
* [[Silchar-Coimbatore Express]]
* [[Dibrugarh-Chandigarh Express]]
* [[New Tinsukia–Amritsar Express]]
* [[Sealdah–Silchar Kanchanjungha Express|Kanchanjungha Express]]
* [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Dibrugarh Express|Dibrugarh - Mumbai LTT Express]]
* [[Barmer–Guwahati Express]]
* [[New Tinsukia–Bengaluru Weekly Express|New Tinsukia SMVT Bengaluru Express]]
* [[Dibrugarh–Rajendra Nagar Weekly Express]]
* [[Deoghar–Agartala Weekly Express|Agartala Deoghar Express]]
* [[Nagaon Express]]
* [[Guwahati–Dullabcherra Express]]

===Services for rolling stock===
The station has a diesel locomotive shed with room for 80 locomotives. The sheds accommodate [[WDM-3D]], [[WDG-4D]], [[WDG-4]] and [[Locomotives of India#Diesel|WDS]] class locomotives. The shed now also accommodates [[WDP-4D]] locomotives. The station has a coach maintenance complex.

== Diesel Loco Shed, New Guwahati City ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Serial No.
!Locomotive Class
!Horsepower
!Holding
|-
|1.
|[[Indian locomotive class WDM-3D|WDM-3D]]
|3300
|15
|-
|2.
|[[Indian locomotive class WDG-4|WDG-4/4D]]
|4000/4500
|37
|-
|3.
|[[Indian locomotive class WDP-4|WDP-4/4B/4D]]
|4000/4500
|72
|-
|4.
|[[WAP-7]]
|6350
|23
|-
|5.
|[[WAG-9]]
|6120
|42
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total Locomotives Active as of February 2026'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Railways (Railway Board) |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,541,710,717 |access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Electric Loco Holding |url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding.html |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=Railnet}}</ref>
|189
|}

==Railway in Assam==
{{anchor | Railway}}

===Existing ===

* North bank of [[Brahmaputra River]].

** [[Barauni–Guwahati line|Guwahati–Dibrugarh line]] (part of the Delhi–Dibrugarh route), operational.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam's Lifeline: Guwahati-Dibrugarh Railway |work=The Times of India |date=2021-05-12 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
*** [[New Bongaigaon–Guwahati section|New Bongaigaon–Rangiya-Agthori line]], parallel to the above,<ref>{{cite news |title=Doubling of Railway Lines in Assam |work=The Hindu |date=2023-02-10 |url=https://www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

** [[Rangiya–Murkongselek section]], 450 km (280 mi)-long operational line.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rangiya-Murkongselek Railway Line |url=https://www.nfr.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=North East Frontier Railway}}</ref>

** [[Bogibeel Bridge|Bogibeel Bridge–Dhemaji rail line]], completed 2025, connects rail network on north and south bank of [[Brahmaputra River]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bogibeel Bridge Project |url=https://www.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of Railways}}</ref>

* South bank of Brahmaputra River.

** [[Lumding–Dibrugarh section]], 376-kilometre (234 mi)-long operational line from Guwahati to [[Barak Valley]] in [[Regions_of_Assam|South Assam]].<ref>{{cite web |title=North East Frontier Railway |url=https://www.nfr.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=Indian Railways}}</ref>

===Proposed===

* North bank of Brahmaputra River.

** [[Naharlagun railway station# Pasighat|Murkongselek–Pasighat line]] (Arunachal-Assam connectivity), proposed, survey stage.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Rail Link to Connect Assam and Arunachal |work=Economic Times |date=2022-11-15 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

** '''[[Guwahati–North Lakhimpur line]]''', proposed, feasibility study ongoing in July 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Assam Rail Development Plan |url=https://www.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=Indian Railways}}</ref>

* South bank of Brahmaputra River.

** '''[[East-West Dedicated Freight Corridor|Silchar–Saurashtra line]]''' ([[East-West Dedicated Freight Corridor]] expansion), proposed, under consideration by Rail Ministry in January 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=East-West Rail Corridor Expansion |work=The Telegraph |date=2023-01-20 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

==See also ==

* [[North Eastern Railway Connectivity Project]]
* [[North Western Railway zone]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikivoyage|Guwahati}}
* {{IndiaRailInfo|546}}

{{Railway stations in Assam}}
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways
|line=Northeast Frontier Railway zone|left=Kamakhya Junction|right=|type=[[Barauni–Guwahati line]]
|line2=Northeast Frontier Railway zone|left2=|right2=Lumding Junction|type2=[[Guwahati–Lumding section]]}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Assam]]
[[Category:Lumding railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1900]]
[[Category:1900 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Indian Railway A1 Category Stations]]

Sagar (community development block)

2026-03-02T16:01:35Z

Deidre67J44: updated page

{{Short description|Community Development Block in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sagar
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Community development block|Community Development Block]]
| image_skyline =
| image_map = Sagar in South 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption = Location of Sagar community development block in South 24 Parganas district
| coordinates = {{coord|21.6528|N|88.0753|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Kakdwip subdivision|Kakdwip]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Rudranagar]]
| leader_title = [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]]
| leader_name = Dhablat, Dhaspara Sumatinagar-I, Dhaspara Sumatinagar-II, Gangasagar, Ghoramara, Muriganga-I, Muriganga-II, Ramkarchar, Rudranagar
| leader_title1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mathurapur]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Sagar, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Sagar]]
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 282.11
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 212,037
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 84.21 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 937 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://s24pgs.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Sagar''' is a [[community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Kakdwip subdivision]] of [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
===Tebhaga movement===
{{Main|Tebhaga movement}}
During the [[Bengal Famine of 1943]], the [[Communist Party of India]] provided relief to the peasantry of the [[Sundarbans]] area. In September 1946 Bangiya Pradeshik Kisan Sabha decided to launch the [[Tebhaga movement]]. The peasant movement broke out in [[Kakdwip]], [[Sonarpur]], [[Bhangar Raghunathpur|Bhangar]] and [[Canning, South 24 Parganas|Canning]]. [[Kakdwip]] and [[Namkhana]] were the storm centres of the movement. The movement aimed at improving the share of the peasant engaged as sharecroppers. The prominent leaders of the movement were: [[Kansari Halder]], Ashoke Bose and Rash Behari Ghosh. Peasant leaders like Gajen Malik, Manik Hazra, Jatin Maity, Bijoy Mondal and others rose to prominence. The movement continued till 1950, when the Bargadari Act was enacted. The Act recognised the right of the sharecropper to two-thirds of the produce when he provided the inputs.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 17 April 2016 | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Land reforms===
During 1946-1950, the Tebhaga movement in several parts of the [[24 Parganas]] district led to the enactment of the Bargadari Act. Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. In 1967, West Bengal witnessed a peasant uprising, against non-implementation of land reforms legislation, starting from [[Kheadaha]] gram panchayat in [[Sonarpur (community development block)|Sonarpur]] CD block. From 1977 on wards major land reforms took place in West Bengal under the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] government. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed among the peasants. Subsequently, ''[[Operation Barga]]'' was aimed at securing tenancy rights for the peasants. In Sagar CD block 7,926.42 acres of land was acquired and vested. Out of this 5,680.89 acres or 71.67% of the vested land was distributed among the peasants. The total number of patta (document) holders was 13,350.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 17 April 2016 | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:South 24 Parganas Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]
Sagar CD block is located at {{coord|21.6528|N|88.0753|E|format=dms|}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|4|m}}.

Sagar CD block is bounded by [[Kakdwip (community development block)|Kakdwip]] CD block, across the [[Muri Ganga River|Muri Ganga]], in the north, [[Namkhana (community development block)|Namkhana]] CD block, across the [[Muri Ganga River|Muri Ganga]], in the east, [[Bay of Bengal]] in the south and [[Khejuri II]] CD block in [[Purba Medinipur district]], across the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]], in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1917_PART_B_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: South 24 Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of South 24 Parganas with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/south-24-parganas.html|title = South Twenty-four Parganas | work= CD block/ tehsil map|publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref>

[[South 24 Parganas district]] is divided into two distinct physiographic zones: the marine-riverine delta in the north and the marine delta zone in the south. As the sea receded southwards, in the sub-recent [[Period (geology)|geological period]], a large low-lying plain got exposed. Both [[Tide|tidal]] inflows and the rivers have been depositing sediments in this plain. The periodical collapse of both the natural [[levee]]s and man-made embankments speed up the process of filling up of the depressions containing [[brackish water]] wetlands. The marine delta in the south is formed of interlacing tidal channels. As non-saline water for irrigation is scarce, agriculture is [[monsoon]] dominated. Some parts of the wetlands are still preserved for raising fish.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 1 South 24 Parganas: An Overview, p 9-12 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 1 April 2016 | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Sagar CD block has an area of 282.11 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 9 [[gram panchayat]]s, 147 gram sansads (village councils), 47 [[mouza]]s and 42 inhabited villages, as per District Statistical Handbook South Twenty-four Parganas. [[Rudranagar#Police station|Sagar]] and [[Gangasagar#Police station|Gangasagar Coastal]] police stations serve this CD Block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Rudranagar]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | title = BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-date = 3 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003083629/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Sagar CD block has 85 km of embankments. Breaches in these embankments ranged between 6 and 7 km annually. Embankments raised along rivers are of critical importance for the safety of lives and protection of crops, against daily tides and tidal surges.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Intro: pp 218-221, Chapter 7.4: Vulnerability to Natural Disasters | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Sagar CD block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Dhablat, Dhaspara Sumatinagar-I, Dhaspara Sumatinagar-II, Gangasagar, Ghoramara, Muriganga-I, Muriganga-II, Ramkarchar and Rudranagar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://s24pgs.gov.in/s24p/page.php?nm=Blocks |title= Blocks and Gram Panchayats in South 24 Parganas| publisher = South 24 Parganas District Administration |access-date = 1 April 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Sagar CD block had a total population of 212,037, all of which were rural. There were 109,468 (52%) males and 102,569 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 26,212. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 56,261 (26.53%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 854 (0.40%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 23 March 2016}}</ref>

As per the [[2001 Census of India]], Sagar CD block had a total population of 206,890, out of which 95,572 were males and 90,058 were females. Sagar CD block registered a population growth of 20.38 per cent during the 2001-2011 decade. Decadal growth for [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 20.89 per cent. Decadal growth in [[West Bengal]] was 17.84 per cent. [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes]] at 52,597 formed around one-fourth the population. [[Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 1,743.<ref name=handbook>{{cite web | url =http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title =District Statistical Handbook – 2010-11 – South 24 Parganas | work =South 24 Parganas at a glance, Tables 2.2, 2.4 (b), 4.5 | publisher =Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 April 2016 | archive-date =21 January 2019 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 – South 24 Parganas |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719041523/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Sagar CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Ghoramara]] (5,193), Sapkhali (6,738), Kachubaria (7,727), Companir Char (5,262), Dhaspara (5,525), Bamankhali (4,151), Mandirtala (6,135), Phuldubi (5,731), Mahendraganj (4,559), Narendraganj (4,556), Haradhanpur (8,998), Sumatinagara (4,699), Manasadwip (2nd portion) (6,206), Kamalpur (6,602), [[Rudranagar]] (7,132), Khan Saheber Abad (6,082), Khas Ramkarer Char (7,556), Krishnanagar (8,105), [[Harinbari]] (5,455), Radha Krishnapur (5,082), Bishnupur (6,349), Beguakhali (5,683), [[Gangasagar]] (10,340), Purusattompur (6,753), Chemagari (6,564), Sibpur (9,344) and Dhablat (6,778).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Sagar CD block was 156,476 (84.21% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 87,052 (90.56% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 69,424 (77.39% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 13.17%.<ref name=census2011/>

As per the [[2011 Census of India]], literacy in [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 77.51<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |title = District Census 2011 |publisher= Population Census 2011 | access-date = 24 January 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[West Bengal]] was 77.08% in 2011.<ref name=literacy>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_progresstables.pdf | title= Provisional population tables and annexures| work= Census 2011:Table 2(3) Literates and Literacy rates by sex |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 9 February 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[India]] in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name=literacy/>

As per the [[2001 Census of India]], Sagar CD block had a total literacy of 77.87 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 87.96 per cent female literacy was 67.12 per cent. [[South 24 Parganas district]] had a total literacy of 69.45 per cent, male literacy being 79.19 per cent and female literacy being 59.01 per cent.<ref name=handbook/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of South 24 Parganas district|collapsible=y}}

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Sagar CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 99.74 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 0.23 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 0.02 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.01 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 99.74% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 0.23% [[Hindi]] and 0.02% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Sagar CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|87.88}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|11.73}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.39}}
}}

In the [[2011 Census of India]], Hindus numbered 186,346 and formed 87.88% of the population in Sagar CD block. Muslims numbered 24,879 and formed 11.73% of the population. Others numbered 812 and formed 0.39% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> In 2001, Hindus and Muslims made up 88.96% and 10.91% of the population respectively.

The proportion of Hindus in South Twenty-four Parganas district has declined from 76.0% in 1961 to 63.2% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in South Twenty-four Parganas district has increased from 23.4% to 35.6% during the same period. Christians formed 0.8% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 52-53: Religion| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 5 October 2018}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per the ''[[Human Development Report]]'' for South 24 Parganas district, published in 2009, in Sagar CD block the percentage of households [[Below Poverty Line|below poverty line]] was 44.46%. The poverty rates were very high in the [[Sundarbans settlements]] with all thirteen CD blocks registering poverty ratios above 30% and eight CD blocks had more than 40% of the population in the BPL category. The Sundarban region remains the most backward region in terms of quality of life. As per rural household survey in 2005, the proportion of households in South 24 Parganas with poverty rates below poverty line was 34.11%, way above the state and national poverty ratios.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 42-43, Chapter 3.8: Poverty Scenario in South 24 Parganas | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Sagar CD block'''
|value1 = 24.46
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 43.72
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 4.18
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 27.63
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Sagar CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 20,766 and formed 24.46%, agricultural labourers numbered 37,110 and formed 43.72%, household industry workers numbered 3,550 and formed 4.18% and other workers numbered 25,455 and formed 27.63%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref> Total workers numbered 84,881 and formed 40.03% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 127,156 and formed 59.97% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref>

The ''District Human Development Report'' points out that in the blocks of region situated in the close proximity of the Kolkata metropolis, overwhelming majority are involved in the non-agricultural sector for their livelihood. On the other hand, in the Sundarban region, overwhelming majority are dependent on agriculture. In the intermediate region, there is again predominance of the non-agricultural sector. Though the region is not very close to Kolkata, many places are well connected and some industrial/ economic development has taken place.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Page 69 , Chapter 4.3: Occupational Diversification | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 42 inhabited villages in Sagar CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', South Twenty-four Parganas, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 39 villages (92.86%) have drinking water supply. 31 villages (73.81%) have post offices. 36 villages (85.71%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 12 villages (28.57%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 22 villages (52.38%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 7 villages (16.67%) have agricultural credit societies and 7 villages (16.67%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 111, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
According to the ''District Human Development Report'', agriculture is an important source of livelihood in South Twentyfour Parganas district. The amount of cultivable land per agricultural worker is only 0.41 hectare in the district. Moreover, the irrigation facilities have not been extended to a satisfactory scale. Agriculture mostly remains a mono-cropped activity.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 28-30 , Chapter 3.2: Sectoral Composition of Output | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

As per the ''District Census Handbook'', the saline soil of the district is unfit for cultivation, but the non-salty lands are very fertile. While rice is the main food crop, jute is the main cash crop.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 21: Agriculture | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>

In 2013-14, there were 170 fertiliser depots, 23 seed stores and 33 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in Sagar CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 September 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, Sagar CD block produced 80,605 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 29,616 hectares, 614 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 199 hectares, 1,365 tonnes of potatoes from 42 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Pisciculture===
In Sagar CD block, in 2013-14, net area under effective pisciculture was 3,106 hectares, engaging 5,977 persons in the profession, and with an approximate annual production of 73,856 quintals.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Pisciculture is an important source of employment in South 24 Parganas district. As of 2001, more than 4.5 lakh people were engaged in Pisciculture. Out of this 2.57 lakhs were from the 13 blocks in the Sundarbans.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 76 , Chapter 4.5.2: Non-agriculture, (i) Pisciculture | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Sagar CD block had offices of 3 commercial banks and 3 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
South 24 Parganas district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
Sagar CD block has 4 ferry services and 1 originating/ terminating bus route. The nearest railway station is 30 km from the block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Education==
In 2013-14, Sagar had 125 primary schools with 12,138 students, 8 middle schools with 626 students, 15 high schools with 6,032 students and 16 higher secondary schools with 11,369 students. Sagar CD block had 1 general degree college with 1,700 students, 433 institutions for special and non-formal education with 15,353 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

See also – [[Education in India]]

As per the 2011 census, in Sagar CD block, amongst the 42 inhabited villages, all villages had schools, 37 villages had two or more primary schools, 32 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 25 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, South 24 Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 931-932, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 2 October 2019}}</ref>

[[Sagar Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Harinbari]] in 1998.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sagarmv.ac.in/ | title = Sagar Mahavidyalaya | publisher = SM | access-date = 30 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.collegesearch.in/colleges/sagar-mahavidyalaya/admission | title = Sagar Mahavidyala | publisher = College Search | access-date = 30 October 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Sagar CD block had 1 rural hospital, 3 primary health centres and 1 NGO/ private nursing home with total 83 beds and 10 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 42 family welfare subcentres. 6,619 patients were treated indoor and 99,162 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per 2011 census, in Sagar CD block, 2 villages had community health centres, 4 villages had primary health centres, 33 villages had primary health subcentres, 2 villages had maternity and child welfare centres, 2 villages had veterinary hospitals, 9 villages had medicine shops and out of the 42 inhabited villages 4 villages had no medical facilities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 927-929, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – C.D.Block level | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 October 2019}}</ref>

Sagar Rural Hospital at [[Rudranagar]], with 30 beds, is the major government medical facility in the Sagar CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at [[Gangasagar]] (with 6 beds), Mahendraganj (with 6 beds) and Muriganga (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 November 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 November 2019 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 November 2019 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Sundarbans CD Blocks}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Sagar Island]]

Tungkhungia Ahom kings

2026-02-27T10:03:03Z

Deidre67J44: done

{{Ahom Dynasty}}
The '''Tungkhungia''' were a sub-branch of the [[Ahom dynasty]]. These kings ruled the [[Ahom kingdom]] from 1681 till the end in the beginning of the 19th century.

==Genealogy==
The genealogy of the Tungkhungia Ahom kings, adapted from Baruah 1993.<ref>{{harv|Baruah|1993|pp=286–287}}</ref>
{{chart top|width=100%|Tungkhungia Ahom kings}}
{{tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |SM| | | | SM=[[Suhungmung]] (1497–1539)|boxstyle_SM=border: 2px solid red;}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |ST| | | | ST=Suteng (Tungkhungiya)|boxstyle_ST=border: 2px solid black;}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |SR| | | | SR=Saranga|boxstyle_SR=border: 2px solid black;}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |GR| | | | GR=[[Gobar Roja|Gobar]] (1675–1675)|boxstyle_GR=border: 2px solid red;}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |GS| |EPTY| |JB| GS=[[Gadadhar Singha]] (1681–1696)|boxstyle_GS=border: 2px solid red;|EPTY=|boxstyle_EPTY=border: 0px; |JB=Jambor Gohain Charing Raja|boxstyle_JB=border: 2px solid black;}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |!}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |RS| |LN| |SR| | |RS=[[Rudra Singha]] (1696–1714)|boxstyle_RS=border: 2px solid red;| LN=Lechai|boxstyle_LN=border: 2px solid black;| SR=Sriram|boxstyle_SR=border: 2px solid black;}}
{{tree chart| | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| | | |!| | | |!}}
{{tree chart| | | |SS| |PS| |RJS| |LS| |AS| |LL| SS=[[Siva Singha]] (1714–1744) |boxstyle_SS=border: 2px solid red;| PS=[[Pramatta Singha]] (1744–1751)|boxstyle_PS=border: 2px solid red;| RJS=[[Rajeswar Singha]] (1751–1769)|boxstyle_RJS=border: 2px solid red;| LS=[[Lakshmi Singha]] (1769–1780)|boxstyle_LS=border: 2px solid red;| AS=Ayusut|boxstyle_AS=border: 2px solid black;| LL=Langal|boxstyle_LL=border: 2px solid black; }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |RW| |GNS| |KD| |PK| RW=Ratneswar|boxstyle_RW=border: 2px solid black;| GNS=[[Gaurinath Singha]] (1780–1795)|boxstyle_GNS=border: 2px solid red;| KD=Kadamdighala|boxstyle_KD=border: 2px solid black;| PK=Pirika|boxstyle_PK=border: 2px solid black;}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |!| | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |BB| |KS| |CKS| |BK| | BB=Bijoy Bormura|boxstyle_BB=border: 2px solid black;| KS=[[Kamaleswar Singha]] (1795–1811)|boxstyle_KS=border: 2px solid red; | CKS=[[Chandrakanta Singha]] (1811–1818) (1819–1821)|boxstyle_CKS=border: 2px solid red;| BK=Baga Konwar Tipam Raja|boxstyle_BK=border: 2px solid black;}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |BN| | | | | | | | | |JS1| BN=Brajanath|boxstyle_BN=border: 2px solid black;|JS1=[[Jogeswar Singha]] (1821–1822)|boxstyle_JS1=border: 2px solid red;}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |PS| | | | | | | | PS=[[Purandar Singha]] (1818–1819) (1833–1838)|boxstyle_PS=border: 2px solid red;}}
{{tree chart/end}}
|-
|style="text-align: left;"|'''Notes:'''
{{notelist-lr}}
{{chart bottom}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baruah | given=S. L. | title=Last Days of Ahom Monarchy | publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd, New Delhi | year=1993 |ISBN=978-812-1-50462-1 }}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Ahom kingdom]]
[[Category:18th century in India]]
[[Category:19th century in India]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Assam]]

IIT Bhubaneswar

2026-02-25T00:41:27Z

Deidre67J44: quick corrected content based on references also and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Research institute in Odisha, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| motto =
| name = Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
| image_name = Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar Logo.svg
| caption =
| logo =
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[technical university]]
| established = {{start date and age|df=y|2008|7|22}}
| chairman = Rajendra Prasad Singh<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 September 2022|title=Rajendra Prasad Singh is new chairman of IIT-Bhubaneswar|work=updateodisha.com|url=https://updateodisha.com/2020/09/01/rajendra-prasad-singh-is-new-chairman-of-iit-bhubaneswar-68746/}}</ref>
| director = Shreepad Karmalkar<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2022 |title=President Droupadi Murmu approves appointment of new directors at 8 IITs: Education ministry |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]] 10:54 PM |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/president-droupadi-murmu-approves-appointment-of-new-directors-at-8-iits-education-ministry/cid/1887612 |access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref>
| academic_affiliations = [[Institute of National Importance]]
| coor = {{Coord|20|18|10.9434|N|85|49|26.45|E|type:edu|display= title, inline}}
| mapframe = yes
| free_label =
| free =
| academic_staff = 204<ref name=nirf_data_2024>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Engineering/IR-E-U-0355.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref>
| students = 2,912<ref name=nirf_data_2024/>
| undergrad = 2,147<ref name=nirf_data_2024/>
| postgrad = 366<ref name=nirf_data_2024/>
| doctoral = 399<ref name=nirf_data_2024/>
| city = [[Jatani|Jatni]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| country = [[India]]
| colors =
| nickname =
| campus = [[Rural]] {{convert|936|acre|km2}}
| website = {{url|http://www.iitbbs.ac.in}}
}}
'''Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar''' ('''IIT Bhubaneswar or IITBbs''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[technical university]] established by the [[government of India]] in 2008, located at Kansapada village, Khordha district, [[Odisha]], [[India]]. It is located 24 km south of [[Bhubaneswar]] and 4 km from [[Jatani|Jatni]], but is named after Bhubaneswar.

The institute admits students for bachelor's and master's programs via [[JEE Advanced]] and [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering]] respectively.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/getahead/2008/may/12iycu1.htm IIT Bhubaneswar M. Tech notice]/</ref> The permanent campus at Kansapada, [[Khordha District]] was inaugurated by prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 24 December 2018. The area of research are science, engineering and humanities.

== History and Establishment ==

=== Demand and Political Movement for IIT in Odisha ===
Establishing an [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]] in [[Odisha]] was a long-standing demand for several decades. As the state ranked at the bottom in terms of centrally funded academic and research institutions, there were strong allegations of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] led central government neglect.<ref name="h1">{{cite web|last1=Sahoo|first1=Niranjan|last2=Sahoo|first2=Pravakar|date=9 January 2006|title=Central institutions and regional disparity|url=http://www.blonnet.com/2006/01/09/stories/2006010900080900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929110844/http://www.blonnet.com/2006/01/09/stories/2006010900080900.htm|archive-date=29 September 2007|access-date=11 September 2009|website=[[The Hindu Business Line]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Baral|first=Chitta|date=1 July 2006|title=Bias against Bhubaneswar|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/7592.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929123852/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/7592.html|archive-date=29 September 2007|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> There were several incidents of protest, both locally in [[Odisha]],<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.indiaedunews.net/Andhra_Pradesh/Vehicular_movement_hit_over_protests_on_proposed_IIT_372/
| title=Vehicular movement hit over protests on proposed IIT
| date=2 February 2007
| access-date=11 September 2009
| archive-date=17 May 2013
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517144714/http://www.indiaedunews.net/Andhra_Pradesh/Vehicular_movement_hit_over_protests_on_proposed_IIT_372/
| url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.indiaedunews.net/Orissa/Political%5Factivists%2C%5Fstudents%5Fdemand%5FIIT%5Ffor%5FOrissa%5F1034/
| title=Political activists, students demand IIT for Orissa
| date=11 May 2007
| access-date=11 September 2009
| archive-date=17 May 2013
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517144245/http://www.indiaedunews.net/Orissa/Political%5Factivists%2C%5Fstudents%5Fdemand%5FIIT%5Ffor%5FOrissa%5F1034/
| url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sahoo|first=Himansu S.|date=8 April 2007|title=Child prodigy Budhia rallies for IIT in Orissa|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=fe37dd51-f859-46db-9435-73bea785d720&&Headline=Child+prodigy+Budhia+rallies+for+IIT+in+Orissa|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930050103/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=fe37dd51-f859-46db-9435-73bea785d720&&Headline=Child+prodigy+Budhia+rallies+for+IIT+in+Orissa|archive-date=30 September 2007|website=Hindustan Times}} </ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEQ20070524024501&Title=ORISSA&rLink=0
|title = Janashakti to launch stir against Centre's apathy
|date = April 2007
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092319/http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEQ20070524024501&Title=ORISSA&rLink=0
|archive-date = 29 September 2007}}</ref><ref name="kalingatimes.com">{{cite web|year=2007|title=Agami Odisha members demand IIT for Orissa|url=http://kalingatimes.com/orissa_news/news/20070408_Agami_Odisha_members_demand_IIT_for_Orissa.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911003711/http://www.kalingatimes.com/orissa_news/news/20070408_Agami_Odisha_members_demand_IIT_for_Orissa.htm|archive-date=11 September 2007|website=Kalinga Times}}</ref><ref name="tathya.in">{{cite web
|url = http://www.tathya.in/story.asp?sno=833
|title = Intellectuals to hit streets for IIT
|date = 3 April 2017
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014246/http://www.tathya.in/story.asp?sno=833
|archive-date = 28 September 2007
}} </ref> the National Students Union of India (NSUI),<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEQ20070523014356&Page=Q&Title=ORISSA&Topic=0&
|title = IIT: NSUI plans stir
|date = 23 May 2007
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103337/http://newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEQ20070523014356&Page=Q&Title=ORISSA&Topic=0&
|archive-date = 29 September 2007
}} </ref> and eminent nonresident Indian academics. An organization called Agamee Odisha was formed, that spearheaded mass agitation throughout the state.<ref name="kalingatimes.com"/><ref name="tathya.in"/> There also have been stray incidents of violence related to the issue of Odisha's neglect.<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070515/asp/jamshedpur/story_7777391.asp
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930044808/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070515/asp/jamshedpur/story_7777391.asp
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=30 September 2007
| title=Youths of BJD picks up fight
| date=15 May 2007
| location=Calcutta, India
| work=The Telegraph
}}</ref> Politicians including the Chief Minister of Odisha, [[Naveen Patnaik]], cast this festering issue as a sign of severe neglect of the state by the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] government in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEQ20070516004725&Page=Q&Title=ORISSA&Topic=0
|title = IIT must for Orissa: Naveen
|date = 16 May 2007
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103251/http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEQ20070516004725&Page=Q&Title=ORISSA&Topic=0
|archive-date = 29 September 2007
}} </ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://kalingatimes.com/orissa_news/news/20070511_Orissa_CM_writes_to_Centre_for_IIT.htm
|title = Orissa CM writes to Centre for IIT in the State
|url-status = usurped
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613105552/http://www.kalingatimes.com/orissa_news/news/20070511_Orissa_CM_writes_to_Centre_for_IIT.htm
|archive-date = 13 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://orissadiary.com/Shownews.asp?id=4754
|title = Union Govt's neglect towards Orissa must be corrected: Naveen
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212449/http://orissadiary.com/Shownews.asp?id=4754
|archive-date = 27 September 2007
}} </ref><ref>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.organiser.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=186&page=12
| title=UPA discrimination on Orissa
| date=3 June 2007
| access-date=25 September 2009
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716022600/http://www.organiser.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=186&page=12
| archive-date=16 July 2011
| url-status=dead }}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/poverty-orissas-enemy-number-1naveen/40961-3.html
| title=Naveen slams Centre for ignoring Orissa
| date=20 May 2007
| access-date=25 September 2009
| archive-date=30 September 2007
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184540/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/poverty-orissas-enemy-number-1naveen/40961-3.html
| url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.tathya.in/story.asp?sno=925
|title = Rejection enrage Naveen
|date = 9 May 2007
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070513180011/http://www.tathya.in/story.asp?sno=925
|archive-date = 13 May 2007
}} </ref> In May 2007, this became a major issue in the Indian parliament.<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/09/stories/2007050913260300.htm
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023214116/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/09/stories/2007050913260300.htm
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=23 October 2012
| title=IIT issue echoes in LS
| date=3 June 2007
| work=[[The Hindu]]
| location=Chennai, India
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.tathya.in/story.asp?sno=922
|title = IIT Orissa hits Central wall
|date = 3 June 2007
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070513180312/http://www.tathya.in/story.asp?sno=922
|archive-date = 13 May 2007
}} </ref><ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/11/stories/2007051112490300.htm
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513065237/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/11/stories/2007051112490300.htm
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=13 May 2007
| title=Naveen takes up IIT issue with Manmohan
| date=11 May 2007
| work=[[The Hindu]]
| location=Chennai, India
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070516/asp/jamshedpur/story_7782711.asp
| title=Naveen calls for IIT cause
| date=15 May 2007
| location=Calcutta, India
| work=The Telegraph
| access-date=25 September 2009
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709101400/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1070516/asp/jamshedpur/story_7782711.asp
| archive-date=9 July 2017
| url-status=dead }}
</ref> The opposition [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] staged a walk-out in the Indian parliament, accusing the ruling [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] of neglecting the state's economic development.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.indianexpress.com/story/30436.html
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130127011537/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/30436.html
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 27 January 2013
|title = IIT for Orissa: NDA stages walkout
|date = 9 May 2007
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.kalingatimes.com/orissa_news/news/20070508_Orissa_MPs_stage_walkout_over_IIT_issue.htm
|title = Orissa MPs stage walkout over IIT issue
|year = 2007
|url-status = usurped
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070610092651/http://www.kalingatimes.com/orissa_news/news/20070508_Orissa_MPs_stage_walkout_over_IIT_issue.htm
|archive-date = 10 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/28/stories/2007052804950300.htm
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001065001/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/28/stories/2007052804950300.htm
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=1 October 2007
| title=Naveen kicks off movement against UPA Government
| date=28 May 2007
| work=[[The Hindu]]
| location=Chennai, India
}}</ref> Sections of the media reported that the Congress party led UPA government had been embarrassed by this issue.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.tathya.in/story.asp?sno=971
|title = IIT issue to hit Congress: Congress leaders have no face to save
|date = May 2007
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014313/http://www.tathya.in/story.asp?sno=971
|archive-date = 28 September 2007
}} </ref> Eventually, the HRD minister Mr. Arjun Singh relented, leading to the inception of IIT Bhubaneswar.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://kalingatimes.com/orissa_news/news/20070516_Centre_will_consider.htm
|title = Centre will consider IIT for Orissa: Arjun Singh
|url-status = usurped
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070618045743/http://kalingatimes.com/orissa_news/news/20070516_Centre_will_consider.htm
|archive-date = 18 June 2007}}</ref>

=== Announcement and Approval ===
The birth of the Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, came on the 60th anniversary of the country's Independence on 15 August 2007 when [[Manmohan Singh]], Prime Minister of India at that time, made the announcement about the expansion of IIT system in the country.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://phodubanda.com/iit-bhubaneswar
|title=IITBBS – IIT BHUBANESWAR – Bhubaneswar
|access-date=9 January 2012
|archive-date=4 December 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204145613/http://phodubanda.com/iit-bhubaneswar
|url-status=dead
}} </ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PDATOI/articleshow/11407737.cms
|title=Beating the convention
|website=[[The Times of India]]
|date=8 January 2012
}}</ref> Further, the [[National Development Council (India)|National Development Council]] of the Planning Commission, in its 54th meeting held on 19 December 2007, approved the proposal as part of the approval process of the 11th Five Year Plan (2007–12).<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://hpplanning.nic.in/55th%20NDC%20meeting%20CM%20Speech.pdf
|title=55th Meeting of the National Development Council
|date=19 December 2007
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://webcast.gov.in/ndc/2007/index.html
|title=National Development Council Meeting, New Delhi 2007
|date=19 December 2007
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://pmindia.nic.in/speech/content.asp?id=630
|title=PM's opening remarks at the 54th meeting of the National Development Council
|date=19 December 2007
}}</ref>

=== Mentorship and Initial Administration ===
The actual birth of the institute was announced by the Minister of [[Human Resource Development]] Shri. [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]] in a press conference on 28 March 2008.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://news.oneindia.in/2020/02/11/arjun-singh-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-iit-bhubaneswar-tomo.html
|title=Arjun Singh to lay foundation stone of IIT, Bhubaneswar tomorrow
|date=11 February 2009
|access-date=9 January 2012
|archive-date=24 May 2013
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524174521/http://news.oneindia.in/2009/02/11/arjun-singh-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-iit-bhubaneswar-tomo.html
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> The Ministry of [[Human Resource Development]], Department of Higher Education, [[Government of India]], vide its Order dated 9 May 2008 decided that [[IIT Kharagpur]] would mentor the setting up of this new IIT for 2–3 years.<ref>[http://iitbbsr.orissalinks.com/iitbbsr-faq.html Unofficial FAQ on IIT Bhubaneswar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317035149/http://iitbbsr.orissalinks.com/iitbbsr-faq.html |date=17 March 2012 }}/</ref> It was further decided that the Director of the mentor IIT i.e. IIT Kharagpur, would be the mentor Director of the new IIT<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110220/jsp/nation/story_13608488.jsp
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220025655/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110220/jsp/nation/story_13608488.jsp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=20 February 2011
|title=Teacher scan on Orissa IIT
|date= 20 February 2019
| location=Calcutta, India
|work=The Telegraph
}}</ref> pending selection of regular Director and the chairman, Board of Governors (BOG) of [[IIT Kharagpur]] would also be the Chairman of the BOG of this new mentored IIT Bhubaneswar.

=== Government Approval and Legal Formation ===
The [[Union Cabinet]], at its meeting held on 17 July 2008 approved setting up eight new IITs including IIT Bhubaneswar at a cost of {{INRConvert|760|c}} per IIT.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=40461
|title=Setting up of eight new Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and conversion of IT-BHU into in IIT
|date=17 July 2008
}}</ref> The Cabinet also approved creation of the post of Director and Registrar along with 30 Faculty per year for each of the new IITs. It was also decided that pending amendment of the Institute of Technology Act, 1961 for inclusion of IIT Bhubaneswar as an Institute of National Importance,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.studyguideindia.com/Colleges/IIT/indian-institute-of-technology-bhubaneswar.html
|title=Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Bhubaneswar
}}</ref> the Institute would start functioning under aegis of Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar Society to be registered under the Societies' Registration Act, 1860 (Act XXI of 1860).<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://education.nic.in/tech/tech_if-cit.asp
|title=Technical Education — Central Institutions in Technology
|access-date=10 January 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114120409/http://www.education.nic.in/tech/tech_if-cit.asp
|archive-date=14 January 2012
|url-status=dead
}} </ref> Papers were filed on 19 July 2008 with the Registrar of Societies Odisha, [[Cuttack]] for registration of IIT Bhubaneswar Society and the society was registered on 22 July 2018.<ref>[http://www.iitbbs.ac.in/pdf/Newsletter_Rhythm_4-9-2011.pdf From the Director's In This Issue – IIT Bhubaneswar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422040701/http://www.iitbbs.ac.in/pdf/Newsletter_Rhythm_4-9-2011.pdf |date=22 April 2012 }}/</ref>

=== Inauguration and National Importance Status ===
IIT Bhubaneswar became the first amongst the eight new IITs to become operational with a sanctioned intake of 40 students each in the disciplines of Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. Classes for the first batch of students started from the campus of IIT Kharagpur at Kharagpur, the mentor Institute for IIT Bhubaneswar on 23 July 2008 with admission of 95 students.<ref>[http://iitbbsr.orissalinks.com/ Info about IIT Bhubaneswar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209143927/http://iitbbsr.orissalinks.com/ |date=9 December 2011 }}/</ref> IIT BHUBANESWAR became an Institute of National Importance from 29 June 2012 with notification of Amendment in the Institutes' of Technology Act, 1961 by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, (Department of Higher Education) Government of India published in the Gazette of India dated 2 July 2012.

The process of selection of Faculty and the Registrar were initiated through an issue of advertisement on all India basis. Shri Bata Kishore Ray from [[MHRD]] Govt. of India joined as the first employee and first Registrar of the institute on 31 December 2008.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.orissalinks.com/archives/2004
|title=Bata Kishore Ray joins as IIT Bhubaneswar registrar
|date=1 January 2009
}}</ref><ref>[http://iitbbs.gov.in/register_info.php Registrar IIT Bhubaneswar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214041133/http://www.iitbbs.gov.in/register_info.php |date=14 December 2011 }}/</ref>

=== Campus Selection and Operational Relocation ===
To finalise the site for the permanent campus of IIT Bhubaneswar, the [[MHRD]] had set up a Site Identification Committee under the Chairmanship of Shri Ashok Takhur, Additional Secretary to the [[Government of India]] which visited Odisha during 24–25 December 2008.<ref>[http://www.odishatoday.com/orissa/Central_team_gives_its_nod_to_Argul_261208-51759359385.html Central team gives its nod to Argul for IIT-Bhubaneswar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104151633/http://odishatoday.com/orissa/Central_team_gives_its_nod_to_Argul_261208-51759359385.html |date=4 January 2010 }}/</ref> After visiting four sites proposed by the [[Government of Odisha]] i.e. Banki, Ramdaspur in [[Cuttack]] district and Gayabandh and Jatni in Khordha district, the Committee recommended the site at Jatni.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/26/stories/2008122650930200.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223175905/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/26/stories/2008122650930200.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=23 February 2009
|title=IIT Bhubaneswar to come up at Aragul
|date=26 December 2018
|work=[[The Hindu]]
| location=Chennai, India
}}</ref> The recommendation of the committee was approved by the [[Government of India]] on 13 January 2009. The Government of Odisha agreed to provide {{convert|936|acre|km2}}<ref>[http://iitbbs.gov.in/campus.php Campus – IIT Bhubaneswar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214041005/http://www.iitbbs.gov.in/campus.php |date=14 December 2011 }}/</ref> of land free of cost out of which {{convert|518|acre|km2}} had been given physical possession on 10 February 2009.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.orissalinks.com/archives/category/marquee-institutions/bbsr-ctc-puri-area-2/iit-bhubaneswar
|title=Excerpts from the April–September 2011 IIT Bhubaneswar Newsletter
|date=19 November 2011
}}</ref> The State Government also agreed to provide other facilities including a four-lane road from National Highway No.5 (Kolkata-Chennai) to the IIT.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://incredibleorissa.com/en/iit-bhubaneswar-construction-started-by-naveen-patnaik/
|title=IIT Bhubaneswar Construction Started by Naveen Patnaik
|date=15 August 2011
}}</ref><ref>[http://www.winentrance.com/indian_institute_of_technology/bhubaneswar/bhubaneswar.html Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125023425/http://www.winentrance.com/indian_institute_of_technology/bhubaneswar/bhubaneswar.html |date=25 January 2012 }}/</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.orissalinks.com/archives/6836
|title=Status of IIT Bhubaneswar three years after its inception – excerpts from its Director Prof. Madhusudan Chakraborty's address on its 4th institute day celebration on 22nd July 2011
|date=28 July 2011
}}</ref><ref>[http://www.visioninfinity.com/iit/bhubaneshwar.aspx About IIT Bhubaneshwar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905215113/http://www.visioninfinity.com/iit/bhubaneshwar.aspx |date=5 September 2011 }}/</ref> Prof M Chakraborty, deputy director, IIT Kharagpur joined as the Director of IIT Bhubaneswar on 19 May 2009. He took over the rein from Prof D. Acharya, the earlier Director of the institute. IIT Bhubaneswar became operational in the city of Bhubaneswar on 22 July 2009 with shifting 2008 batch of students from IIT Kharagpur and admission of 117 new students in 2009. The Institute started functioning at IIT Kharagpur's Extension Centre built in 1998 in Bhubaneswar.<ref>[http://www.iitbbs.ac.in/workshop/IWM-2011-1_files/Location.htm Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar]/</ref>

==Campus and location==

===Permanent Campus===
The [[Government of Odisha]] has allotted about 936 acres of Government land for permanent campus of the institute. In addition, the State Government is acquiring about 16 acres of private land at its own cost to make the land contiguous. The Foundation Stone of the permanent campus at [[Education in Odisha|Arugul]], on the outskirts of [[Jatani|Jatni]] and 24 km from Bhubaneswar was laid on 12 February 2009. Provision of water and electric supply to the campus by the State Government have made considerable progress.
[[File:Iitbbs.jpg|thumb|Administrative Building of IIT Bhubaneswar]]
<ref>{{cite web
| title=IIT Bhubaneswar to come up at Aragul
| url=http://indiaedunews.net/IIT/IIT_Bhubaneswar_to_come_up_at_Aragul_6989/
}}</ref> The site near Jatni Railway Station on the East Coast Railway is 35 kilometres from Biju Patnaik Airport Bhubaneswar. The land is picturesque with Barunai Hill on one side and a reserve forest nearby. The site is at 20° 10' N and 85° 42' E. A total of {{convert|936|acre|km2}} of land has been allocated towards the self-contained campus for nearly 10,000 students and 1,100 faculty. A science park is being set up as a part of this institution to support industry oriented research activities.<ref>{{cite web
| title=IIT Bhubaneswar starts taking shape
| url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article36070.ece
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211804/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article36070.ece
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=4 March 2016
|date=13 February 2009
|author=Express News Service
}}</ref> The institute has started operating in its new campus at Arugul from academic year 2015–16. The campus construction began on 14 August 2011, Chief minister Naveen Patnaik laid the foundation stone of the IIT campus at Aragul village near Jatni.<ref>{{cite web
| title=IIT Bhubaneswar new campus by 2013-end
| url=http://orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=28062
| access-date=29 July 2011
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001075008/http://orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=28062
| archive-date=1 October 2011
| url-status=dead
}} </ref> The campus master plan has been prepared by Vastunidhi Architects, Noida.
<ref>{{cite news
| title=CM lays foundation for IIT campus construction
| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-15/bhubaneswar/29888833_1_niser-campus-innovation-centre
| archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126155857/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-15/bhubaneswar/29888833_1_niser-campus-innovation-centre
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=26 January 2013
| work=[[The Times of India]]
| date=15 August 2011
}}</ref>
[[File:Main Gate of iitbbs.jpg|thumb|Main Gate of IIT Bhubaneswar ]]

====Marine Campus====
IIT Bhubaneswar is the first IIT to set up a separate marine campus in 2011 for conducting research in rising sea levels, ecology, disaster management, marine ecosystems, fishery development, and other areas. This campus, which will be a part of the School of Earth, Ocean and Environment Sciences, will be set up near [[Chilka lake]]. It will have educational facilities for undergraduate and postgraduate students.<ref>{{cite news
| title=Maiden marine campus awaits IIT
| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100320/jsp/nation/story_12237265.jsp
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119084312/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100320/jsp/nation/story_12237265.jsp
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=19 November 2010
| date=20 March 2010
| author=The Telegraph
| location=Calcutta, India
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.orissalinks.com/archives/4036
|title=Some future plans of IIT Bhubaneswar
|date=20 March 2010
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-09/bhubaneswar/29524417_1_campus-master-plan-marine
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616114943/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-09/bhubaneswar/29524417_1_campus-master-plan-marine
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=16 June 2013
|title=IIT plans marine campus in state
|date=9 May 2011
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|author=The Times of India
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/19/stories/2010031959940300.htm
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125072145/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/19/stories/2010031959940300.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=25 January 2013
|title=IIT Bhubaneswar plans to set up marine campus|date=19 March 2010
|author=The Hindu
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|location=Chennai, India
}}</ref>

===Temporary Campuses===
The institute used to operate from a number of locations within the city of [[Bhubaneswar]] which included Extension Centre of IIT Kharagpur, Toshali Bhawan and Workshop cum Laboratory Complex near IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre for laboratory facilities, particularly of 3rd and 4th year students. Besides, the Institute had also received tremendous support from other institutes viz. [[Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology]] and [[Central Tool Room & Training Centre]] for laboratory and workshop facilities, respectively.

===Hostel & Housing===
Hostel facilities to students have been provided through a 200 capacity Dr. [[Ajudhia Nath Khosla|A. N. Khosla]] Hall of Residence of IIT Kharagpur near its Extension Center. In addition, the institute has two hostels (started in July 2015) at its permanent campus, Mahanadi Hall of residence(MHR) of 800 capacity for boys and Subarnarekha Hall of Residence(SHR) for girls of 200 capacity. The institute has also provided housing facility for the Faculty members and the staff members at its campus, Faculty Quarter(FQ) and Staff Quarter(SQ).

===Education Hub===
Several other universities and research institutions are either present or being established in a little far away area, including [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar|AIIMS Bhubaneswar]], [[NISER Bhubaneswar|NISER]], [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Bhubaneswar|IIIT]], [[XIMB]], one of the Indian government's proposed National Universities of international calibre, and the [[Institute of Physics]]. [[NISER]]'s campus is 2 km away from the IIT. Other institutions, such as [[Sri Sri University]], premier law school [[National Law University Odisha]], as well as the world's biggest academic institution, [[Vedanta University]], will be in the neighbouring places of [[Cuttack]] and [[Puri]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Bhubaneswar-Cuttack Urban Complex
|url = http://orissagov.nic.in/housing&urban/Vision-2030/Concept%20Paper-VISION-2030.pdf
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091007203757/http://orissagov.nic.in/housing%26urban/Vision-2030/Concept%20Paper-VISION-2030.pdf
|archive-date = 7 October 2009
}} </ref><ref>{{cite news
| title=Plan to develop Bhubaneswar, Cuttack
| url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/plan-to-develop-bhubaneswar-cuttack/278171/
| author=Nirmalya Mukherjee, Business Standard
| newspaper=Business Standard India
| date=19 March 2007
}}</ref> An advantage of this IIT is its location at Bhubaneswar, an emerging education hub, that is being promoted as an Information Technology Investment Region (ITIR) by the government.<ref>{{cite web
| title=IL&FS to prepare DPR for Bhubaneswar ITIR
| date= 11 July 2008
| url= http://www.financialexpress.com/news/il&fs-to-prepare-dpr-for-bhubaneswar-itir/334253/
}}</ref> A total of 40 km2 of land has been allocated for the purpose, out of which about 60% will be devoted to research and development.<ref>{{cite news
| title=IL&FS-IDC submits final report on IT investment region
| newspaper=Business Standard India
| date=29 July 2009
| url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/ilfs-idc-submits-final-reportit-investment-region/365196/
| last1=Dash
| first1=Jayajit
}}</ref> An estimated {{INRConvert|780|c}} will be invested by the Indian government within the next few years in order to develop the institute.

===Connectivity===
The Old National Highway 5 (part of Golden Quadrilateral) is 8 km from this new IIT, so it has good connectivity. Khurda Rd railway station is 4 km away from the campus, and the Biju Patnaik airport is 35 km away.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://iitbbsr.orissalinks.com/
|title=Information about IIT-Bhubaneswar
|date=2 May 2010
|access-date=26 October 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209143927/http://iitbbsr.orissalinks.com/
|archive-date=9 December 2011
|url-status=dead
}} </ref>

==Organization and administration==
===Governance===
{{See also|Indian Institutes of Technology#Organisational structure}}
All IITs follow the same organization structure which has [[President of India]] as visitor at the top of the hierarchy. Directly under the president is the IIT Council. Under the IIT Council is the board of governors of each IIT.
Under the board of governors is the director, who is the chief academic and executive officer of the IIT. Under the director, in the organizational structure, comes the deputy director. Under the director and the deputy director, come the [[Dean (education)|deans]], heads of departments, registrar.

===Schools===
The institute has adopted the concept of Schools rather than Departments for promoting inter-disciplinary research. At present the following Schools offer academic programmes:<ref>{{cite news
| title=IIT-Bhubaneswar to set up three schools
| newspaper=Business Standard India
| date=24 July 2009
| url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/iit-bhubaneswar-to-setthree-schools/364723/
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ASEAN Fellowship Program {{!}} Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar|url=https://www.iitbbs.ac.in/ASEAN/|access-date=2021-09-11|website=www.iitbbs.ac.in}}</ref>

* School of Basic Sciences ([[Physics]], [[Chemistry]], [[Biology|Bio Science]] & [[Mathematics]])
* School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Management ([[Economics]], [[English studies|English]] & [[Psychology]])
* School of Mechanical Sciences ([[Mechanical engineering|Mechanical Engineering]])
* School of Infrastructure ([[Civil engineering|Civil Engineering]])
* School of Electrical and Computer Sciences ([[Computer science and engineering|CSE]], [[Electronic engineering|ECE]] & [[Electrical engineering|Electrical Engineering]])
* School of Mineral, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering ([[Metallurgy]] & [[Materials science|Material Engineering]])
* School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences ([[Geology]], [[Atmospheric science|Atmospheric]] & [[Oceanography|Ocean Science]])

=== Research Centres ===

* [[Virtual reality|Virtual]] & [[Augmented reality|Augmented Reality]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Center of Excellence in Virtual and Augmented Reality (VARCoE) {{!}} Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar|url=https://www.iitbbs.ac.in/VARCoE/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=www.iitbbs.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETHealthworld.com |title=AIIMS Bhubaneswar signs MoU with IIT Bhubaneswar on Artificial Intelligence, focus on integrating medical science with technology - ET HealthWorld |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/health-it/aiims-bhubaneswar-signs-mou-with-iit-bhubaneswar-on-artificial-intelligence-focus-on-integrating-medical-science-with-technology/99453509 |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=ETHealthworld.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Industrial design|Design]] & [[Innovation]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar|url=http://www.diciitbbs.com/|access-date=2021-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Design Innovation Centre-IIT Bhubaneswar|url=http://webapps.iitbbs.ac.in/dic/index.php|access-date=2021-07-10|website=webapps.iitbbs.ac.in}}</ref>
* [[Probiotic]]s & [[Human microbiome|Human Microbiome]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=S. K. Dash Center Of Excellence Of Biosciences and Engineering & Technology (SKBET) :: IIT Bhubaneswar|url=https://www.iitbbs.ac.in/skbet/index.php|access-date=2021-07-10|website=www.iitbbs.ac.in}}</ref>
*[[Materials science|Material Science]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Center of Excellence for Novel Energy Materials (CENEMA)|url=https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/review_COEs/fast/IIT_BHUBANESWAR.pdf}}</ref>
*[[Artificial intelligence|AI]] & [[Mechatronics]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Artificial Intelligence and Mechatronics Laboratory|url=https://airoboiitbbs.wixsite.com/aiml}}</ref>
*[[Human–computer interaction|Human-Computer Interface]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Human-Machine Systems Research Group|url=https://sites.google.com/iitbbs.ac.in/hmsrg}}</ref>
*[[Quantum chemistry|Quantum Chemistry]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Quantum Lab|url=https://kousik.wordpress.com/}}</ref>
*[[Molecular biophysics|Protein Biophysics]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Protein Chemistry Lab|url=https://biswaslab.wordpress.com/}}</ref>
*Synthetic [[Organic chemistry|Organic Chemistry]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=About S Pal|url=https://spalgroup.wixsite.com/iitbbsr/about-s-pal|access-date=2021-08-28|website=iitbbsr|language=en}}</ref>
*Coastal Observatory<ref>{{Cite web |title=School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences :: Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar |url=https://www.iitbbs.ac.in/researches.php?code=oc |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=www.iitbbs.ac.in}}</ref>
*Chips 2 Startup<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2022 |first=Hemanta |last=Pradhan |title=Iit Bbs Gets Centre's Nod For Chip Design, Production |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/iit-bbs-gets-centres-nod-for-chip-design-production/articleshow/93097408.cms |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Cyber Security]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT Bhubaneswar inks MoU to set up CoE in cyber security |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bhubaneswar/2023/sep/02/iit-bhubaneswar-inks-mou-to-set-up-coe-in-cyber-security-2610957.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=The New Indian Express|date=2 September 2023 }}</ref>
*[[Artificial intelligence|AI]] & High Performance Computing<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT Bhubaneswar sets up new AI and High Performance Computing research centre |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/iit-bhubaneswar-sets-up-new-ai-and-high-performance-computing-research-centre/cid/1989783 |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Structure===
<gallery>
File:IIT-Organisational-structure.svg|Structure of IITs
</gallery>

==Academics==

The academic programmes of Institute include [[Bachelor of Technology|BTech (Hons.)]] in [[Computer Science and Engineering|Computer Science]], [[Civil engineering|Civil]], [[Electrical engineering|Electrical]], [[Electronics & Communication Engineering|ECE]] and [[Mechanical engineering|Mechanical Engineering]] with an intake capacity of 50 each at the undergraduate level. [[Bachelor of Technology|BTech (Hons.)]] in [[Metallurgical and Materials Engineering]] is with intake capacity of 20. The institute also started Dual degree courses in [[Mechanism (engineering)|Mechanical]] and [[civil engineering|Civil]] with intake of 10 from academic year 2016–17, which has been increased to 15 for Mechanical and 13 for Civil as of 2020–21. The Institute started the Doctoral programme from the academic session 2009–2010 and will offer admission to the joint [[Master of Engineering|MTech]]-[[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] Programme from July 2012. The institute has broadly adopted the course curricula, syllabi and other academic regulations of [[IIT Kharagpur]], the mentor institute.

===Academic year===
The academic year is divided into two semesters, a spring semester and an autumn semester. Between these two regular semesters, the academic year also includes a shorter summer quarter, during which some courses are offered. The institution follows the credit-based system of performance evaluation. The credits allocated to each course depends on the total number of contact hours, including lectures, tutorials and laboratory sessions. Each course is usually worth three credits. The typical course load per semester is 21–24 credits for undergraduate students.

===Undergraduate programs===
IIT Bhubaneswar offers undergraduate degrees in six technical disciplines and integrated five-year programs for undergraduate students leading to MTech degrees.

The BTech degree is based on a four-year program comprising eight semesters. The first year of the BTech curriculum has common courses from various departments. At the end of the first year, an option to change departments is given to meritorious students on the basis of their performance in the first two semesters. From the second year onwards, the students take courses offered exclusively by their departments that are known as "electives". In addition to these, the students takes inter-disciplinary courses known as "Lateral courses" and ''breadth courses'' for courses in humanities and social sciences, and management and information technology.
During the 7th & 8th semester, undergraduate students undergo co-curricular practical training in Indian industry and undertake a Research project.

====Admission====
{{See also|Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination}}
Admission to these programs is through the Joint Entrance Examination ([[Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination|JEE]]), taken by students seeking admission into the IITs after completing 12 years of schooling. As of 2016, the total undergraduate student intake every year is 260, with 40 students in each of the above-mentioned disciplines and 20 in Metallurgical and Materials Engineering.Each Dual degree courses has an intake of 10 students. The plan is to have 2,500 students within 3–4 years, which will expand to 10,000 students within 15 years.<ref name=intv>{{cite news
| title=Our aim is to encourage product designing, product creation
| newspaper=Business Standard India
| date=20 July 2009
| url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/our-aim-is-to-encourage-product-designing-product-creation/364381/
| last1=Mukherjee
| first1=Pradipta
}}</ref>

===Postgraduate programs===
The MTech degree is based on a two-year program comprising four semesters. Research is included as a component in the MTech level.

Institute offers Joint MTech — PhD programs in all its schools except for the Schools of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Social Sciences & Management.

===Doctorate programs===

Institute has been admitting students into PhD programs since 2009.

=== Rankings ===
{{Infobox India university ranking
|type=University
| NIRF_E_2022 = 36
| NIRF_O_2022 = 65
| IT_E_2022 = 11
| THE_W_2023 = 1001–1200
| THES_A_2022 = 301-350
| THES_E_2022 = 351-400
| QS_W_2022 = 701–750 }}
IIT Bhubaneswar was ranked at 701–750 in the world by the [[QS World University Rankings]] 2022 list.<ref name=Rankings_QS_W_2022/>

Among engineering colleges, IIT Bhubaneswar ranked 11 by ''[[India Today]]'' in 2022.<ref name=Rankings_IT_E_2022/> It ranked 36 among engineering colleges by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2022<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_E_2022/>

It was ranked 1001–1200 in the world by the ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]'' of 2023,<ref name=Rankings_THE_W_2023/> 301-350 in Asia<ref name=Rankings_THES_A_2022/> and 351-400 among Emerging Economies in 2022.<ref name=Rankings_THES_E_2022/>

===Library===
The central library, which started functioning in January 2010, is a {{convert|300|ft2}} room with a collection of 23000, text books. In addition, the mentor institute, IIT Kharagpur, provides IIT Bhubaneswar with access to its online resources such as e-databases, e-journals and abstract indexing services.<ref>[http://www.iitbbs.ac.in/Library.php IIT Bhubaneswar Library]</ref>

== Collaborations ==

=== Foreign ===
Sources:<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Collaboration :: Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar|url=https://www.iitbbs.ac.in/international-collaboration.php|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.iitbbs.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ASEAN Fellowship Program {{!}} Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar|url=https://www.iitbbs.ac.in/ASEAN/|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.iitbbs.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://josaa.admissions.nic.in/seatinfo/root/InstProfile.aspx?instcd=101 |title= Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar |access-date=2021-07-19 |website=josaa.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT-BBS signs MoUs with international varsities |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/jan/09/iit-bbs-signs-mous-with-international-varsities-2649388.html |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=The New Indian Express|date=9 January 2024 }}</ref>
* [[Université du Québec|University of Quebec, Canada]]
* [[University of Waterloo|University of Waterloo, Canada]]
* [[York University|York University, Canada]]
* [[Texas A&M University System|Texas A&M University, US]]
* [[Warwick Manufacturing Group|Warwick Manufacturing Group, UK]]
*[[University at Buffalo|University at Buffalo, US]]
*[[McGill University|McGill University, Canada]]
* [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University|Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China]]
* [[University of Edinburgh|University of Edinburg, UK]]
* [[University of Western Ontario|University of Western Ontario, Canada]]
* [[University of North Texas|University of North Texas, US]]
* [[University of Warwick|University of Warwick, UK]]
* [[University of Massachusetts Dartmouth|University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, US]]
* [[Washington University in St. Louis|Washington University in St. Louis, US]]
* [[University of Southampton|University of Southampton, UK]]
* [[National Oceanography Centre, Southampton|National Oceanography Centre, UK]]
* [[University of Concepción|University of Concepción, Chile]]
* [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution|Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US]]
* [[University of Surrey|University of Surrey, UK]]
* [[University of Manchester|University of Manchester, UK]]
* [[University of British Columbia|University of British Columbia, Canada]]
* Association for Overseas Technical Co-operation and Sustainable Partnership, [[Japan]]<ref>{{Cite web|first=Amarjeet |last=Kaur|date=2019-04-11|title=IIT Bhubaneswar partners with AOTS Japan|url=https://www.theindianwire.com/education/iit-bhubaneswar-partners-with-aots-japan-118817/|access-date=2021-07-18|website=The Indian Wire|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[Plovdiv University "Paisii Hilendarski"]]
* [[Jahangirnagar University]]
* [[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology]]

=== National ===

* [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=DRDO to tie up with IIT Bhubaneswar on research|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/drdo-to-tie-up-with-iit-bhubaneswar-on-research/cid/1806496|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
* OPTCL<ref>{{Cite web|title=OPTCL signs MoU with IIT, Bhubaneswar for power sector development - ET EnergyWorld|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/optcl-signs-mou-with-iit-bhubaneswar-for-power-sector-development/80608984|access-date=2021-07-19|website=ETEnergyworld.com|language=en}}</ref>
* [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar|AIIMS BBSR]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=IIT-BBS inks pact with AIIMS for research|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/jan/07/iit-bbs-inks-pact-with-aiims-for-research-2086186.html|access-date=2021-07-19|website=The New Indian Express|date=7 January 2020 }}</ref>
* [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=IIT-BBS inks pact with BHEL for energy research|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2016/aug/18/iit-bbs-inks-pact-with-bhel-for-energy-research-1510522.html|access-date=2021-07-19|website=The New Indian Express|date=18 August 2016 }}</ref>
* [[National Aluminium Company|NALCO]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Signing of MoU with NALCO {{!}} Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar|url=https://www.iitbbs.ac.in/old/news.php?id=588|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.iitbbs.ac.in}}</ref>
*[[National Mineral Development Corporation|NMDC]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Signing of Research Cooperation Agreement between IIT BBS and NMDC Ltd. {{!}} Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar|url=https://www.iitbbs.ac.in/old/news.php?id=645|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.iitbbs.ac.in}}</ref>
*WHEEBOX<ref>{{Cite news|title=Wheebox Partners with IIT Bhubaneswar to develop technology for conducting online Examination|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/wheebox-partners-with-iit-bhubaneswar-to-develop-technology-for-conducting-online-examination/articleshow/76175944.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-07-19}}</ref>
*[[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=IIT Bhubaneswar signed MoU with NHAI {{!}} Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar|url=https://www.iitbbs.ac.in/old/news.php?id=1234|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.iitbbs.ac.in}}</ref>
*[[Ministry of Earth Sciences|MOES]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=IIT Bhubaneswar signs MoU with MOES on Ocean Observatory {{!}} Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar|url=https://www.iitbbs.ac.in/old/news.php?id=303|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.iitbbs.ac.in}}</ref>
*[[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=IIT Bhubaneswar signs MOU with AICTE to provide research internship|url=http://www.uniindia.com/iit-bhubaneswar-signs-mou-with-aicte-to-provide-research-internship/east/news/1898975.html}}</ref>
*[[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar :: electrical-research-collaborations|url=https://www.iitbbs.ac.in/electrical-research-collaborations.php?code=es#:~:text=A%20MoU%20was%20signed%20between,in%20MoU%20for%20research%20collaboration.|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.iitbbs.ac.in}}</ref>
*SDI BBSR<ref>{{Cite web|title=IIT Bhubaneswar signs pact with Skill Development Institute|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/iit-bhubaneswar-signs-pact-with-skill-development-institute/cid/1827345|access-date=2021-08-25|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
*[[Oil India|Oil India Ltd]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-17 |title=Oil India Limited and IIT Bhubaneswar signed major Research Collaboration agreement in the IIT Bhubaneswar campus |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/oil-india-limited-and-iit-bhubaneswar-signed-major-research-collaboration-agreement-in-the-iit-bhubaneswar-campus/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Institute of Life Sciences|ILS, Bhubaneswar]]<ref>{{cite news |title=IIT Bhubaneswar and ILS Join Forces for Technical Education and Research |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/iit-bhubaneswar-and-ils-join-forces-for-technical-education-and-research/articleshow/110599317.cms |work=The Times of India |date=31 May 2024}}</ref>

==Student life==
[[File:PT._Vishwa_Mohan_Bhatt_performing_at_AF_2010,_IIT_Bhubaneswar.jpg|thumb|[[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]] performing at Alma Fiesta 2010]]

===Festivals===
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2021}}
* [[Alma Fiesta]]: Alma Fiesta is the annual socio-cultural festival of Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar. It is a three-day festival. Usually launched during the mid weeks of January, Alma Fiesta offers a number of events that range from cultural performances like Odissi, Gotipua to clay modeling workshops, Euphony (War of rock bands), Spotlight (Stage play competition). The events organized also include modern dance forms like hip-hop, vocals, duets, karaoke, single minute extempore, spelling bee, pencil sketching as well as a youth marathon. Alma Fiesta also maintain a social drive named Prayatna.<ref>{{cite web |title=- Naveen Patnaik inaugurates Alma Fiesta cultural fest of IIT Bhubaneswar |url=http://naveenpatnaik.com/news/Naveen-Patnaik-inaugurates-Alma-Fiesta-cultural-fest-of-IIT-Bhubaneswar/215.html |date=26 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426042243/http://naveenpatnaik.com/news/Naveen-Patnaik-inaugurates-Alma-Fiesta-cultural-fest-of-IIT-Bhubaneswar/215.html |archive-date=26 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) {{!}} Orissa {{!}} Alma Fiesta kicks off in capital |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110115/jsp/orissa/story_13442051.jsp |date=3 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903113847/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110115/jsp/orissa/story_13442051.jsp |archive-date=3 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Hindu : Other States / Orissa News : IIT Bhubaneswar plans biggest cultural fest |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/22/stories/2010032256410300.htm |date=30 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430145105/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/22/stories/2010032256410300.htm |archive-date=30 April 2012 }}</ref>
* [[Wissenaire]]: Wissenaire is the annual techno-management festival of Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar which is held in its permanent campus located in Argul, Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pradhan|first=Hemanta|date=2021-04-03|title=IIT BBS's Techno Management Fest 'Wissenaire-2021' begins - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/iit-bbss-techno-management-fest-wissenaire-2021-begins/articleshow/81881828.cms|access-date=2021-06-22|website=The Times of India}}</ref> It is a three-day- long event usually held in the month of January every year. Wissenaire encompasses various sectors of technology, science and management. These include quizzing, coding, designing, robotics, planning and testing the creativity and innovative spirit of the young, intelligent minds.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}
* [[Entrepreneurship]] Summit: E-Summit, organized by the E-Cell hosts a number of panel discussions, workshops, competitions, and start-ups with the presence of personalities from industries, academia, and government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=E-Cell :: Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar|url=https://www.iitbbs.ac.in/e-cell.php|access-date=2021-08-25|website=www.iitbbs.ac.in}}</ref>

===Societies===
The student societies are:
* [[Robotics]] and Intelligent Systems Club (R.I.S.C)
* [[FEBS]] - The Society of Finance, Economics and Business of IIT Bhubaneswar. The society deals with domain like Finance, Economics, Business, Product management, Consulting, Data Science and Machine Learning.
* [[Web Design]] Society. (WebnD)
* [[Astronomy]] Society.(Nakshatra)
* [[Computer programming|Programming]] Society. (Neuromancers)
* [[Dance]] Society.(D-Groovers)
* [[Dramatics]] Society. (The Fourth Wall)
* [[Entrepreneurship]] Cell.(E-Cell)
* [[Film Making]] Society. (Cinewave)
* [[Fine Arts]] Society. (Kalakriti)
* [[Literary]] Societies. (Panacea, Abhivyakti)
* [[Music]] Society.(Aaroh)
* [[Photography]] Society. (Clix)
* [[Social Welfare]] Society. (Souls for Solace)
* [[Quizzing]] Society. (Quiz Society)

=== Startup Incubation===
The [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science & Technology]] and the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]], [[Government of India]] sanctioned Rs.1.50 Crore for establishing a Startup Centre at IIT Bhubaneswar. The then Director of IIT Bhubaneswar inaugurated the center on 20 June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=startup-centre :: Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar|url=https://www.iitbbs.ac.in/startup-centre.php|access-date=2021-08-25|website=www.iitbbs.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IIT Bhubaneswar received license to run Research and Entrepreneurship Park {{!}} Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar|url=https://www.iitbbs.ac.in/old/news.php?id=643|access-date=2021-08-25|website=www.iitbbs.ac.in}}</ref> The Startup Centre is envisioned to have enrollment minimum of 10 startups in the 1st year of its commencement. This facility is going to be made available to all budding entrepreneurs of the region. Additionally, the Institute established an in-house technology incubator, as a part of well-thought-of incubation-cum-entrepreneurial eco-system with the objective of encouraging students to take up entrepreneurship. This facility would be made available to the outgoing students and to the faculty of the institute. In 2017, the institute received license and incorporation certificate from Registrar of companies to run IIT Bhubaneswar Research and Entrepreneurship Park, a [[Nonprofit organization|not for profit]] company which will act as a nodal center for promoting entrepreneurship, research, and startup activities.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-17|title=IIT Bhubaneswar Gets License For Research & Entrepreneurship Park|url=https://mycitylinks.in/iit-bhubaneswar-gets-license-for-research-entrepreneurship-park/|access-date=2021-08-25|website=My City Links|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Dance as a B tech Subject ===
In 2015, IIT Bhubaneswar introduced [[Odissi|Odissi dance]] as a [[Bachelor of Technology|BTech]] subject becoming the first IIT in the country to introduce any dance form in its curriculum. Noted Odissi exponents Kum Kum Mohanty, [[Ileana Citaristi|Iliana Citaristi]] along with other experts in the field have been roped in to design the curriculum and the exam pattern for the course. Any student who continues it until the final year will get a diploma in dance as well.<ref>{{Cite news|title=IIT Bhubaneswar becomes first IIT in country to introduce dance as BTech subject - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/iit-bhubaneswar-becomes-first-iit-in-country-to-introduce-dance-as-btech-subject/articleshow/48911403.cms|access-date=2021-08-25|website=The Times of India|date=11 September 2015 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IITs)
* [[National Institutes of Technology]] (NITs)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|IIT Bhubaneswar}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Indian Institutes of Technology}}
{{Universities in Odisha}}
{{Department of Higher Education, Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneshwar}}
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology|Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Education in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2008]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Orissa]]

East Bengal Club

2026-02-22T06:50:08Z

Deidre67J44:

{{Short description|Indian multi-sports club based in Kolkata}}
{{About|the multi-sports club|the men's football team|East Bengal FC|the women's football team|East Bengal FC (women)|the men's field hockey team|East Bengal Club field hockey team|the men's cricket team|East Bengal cricket team}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox sports team
| clubname = East Bengal Club
| image = Official East Bengal FC Logo.svg
| upright = 0.85
| fullname = East Bengal Club
| nickname = Lal Holud Brigade Bangal Brigade Torch Bearers
| founded = {{start date and age|1920|8|1}}
| president = Murari Lal Lohia
| website = {{official URL}}
}}

{{East Bengal Club departments}}

'''East Bengal Club''', commonly referred to as '''East Bengal''' ({{IPA|bn|ˈi:st ˌbenˈɡɔːl|ইস্ট বেঙ্গল}}), is an Indian professional [[multi-sports club]] based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. It is best known for its professional men's [[association football|football]] [[East Bengal FC|team]] that competes in the [[Indian Super League]] (ISL), the top flight of the [[Indian football league system]].<ref>{{cite web|title=FOOTBALL IN BENGAL|url=http://ifawb.com/archives.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306042849/http://www.ifawb.com/archives.php|archive-date=6 March 2016|access-date=14 January 2021|website=ifawb.com|publisher=The [[Indian Football Association]] (West Bengal)}}</ref> It is [[List of Indian football champions#Total titles won|one of the most successful football clubs]] in the country. The club has other departments for [[East Bengal Club (women)|women's football]], [[East Bengal Club (cricket)|men's]] and [[women's cricket]], [[East Bengal Club (field hockey)|field hockey]], [[Sport of athletics|athletics]] and [[Esports|eSports]].

East Bengal was founded on 1 August 1920. It first started with just its men's football department but soon expanded into other sports such as hockey after 1947 and cricket in the 1970s. The women's football team was started in 2001.

East Bengal is one of the most widely supported sports clubs in [[Asia]]. The club is mainly supported by the [[Bangal]]s, i.e., the immigrant population from the eastern region of Bengal, who were forced to leave their homes (modern-day [[Bangladesh]]) during the [[Partition of India|partition of 1947]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Majumdar |first1=Boria |last2=Bandyopadhyay |first2=Kausik |date=1 February 2006 |title=Goalless: The Story of a Unique Footballing Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i55oAAAACAAJ |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin India]] |isbn=9780670058747 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408140616/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Goalless_the_Story_of_a_Unique_Footballi.html?id=i55oAAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y |archive-date=8 April 2022}}</ref> For those people, East Bengal Club became a source of identity and hope. The huge influx of dispossessed into the state led to a socio-economic crisis.<ref>{{cite web |first=Arjun |last=Wadwha |url=http://www.thesportscampus.com/200805197/introduction-to-football/history-indian-football |title=History of Football in India |website=thesportscampus.com |publisher=TheSportsCampus |date=19 May 2008 |access-date=15 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825015957/http://www.thesportscampus.com/200805197/introduction-to-football/history-indian-football |archive-date=2012-08-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This led to rivalries among the immigrant and native population of West Bengal, popularly named as Bangal (বাঙ্গাল) in every sphere of life, from jobs to schools and even on football, cricket and hockey pitches. As a result, East Bengal has a long-standing rivalry with its cross-town competitors [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]], which is mainly supported by the native population, ghotis (ঘটি) and biharis (বিহারী), with whom it competes in the [[Kolkata derby]], Asia's biggest sports rivalry. East Bengal also shares a local rivalry with another Kolkata club, [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]. The club dons the iconic red and golden yellow colours, which give it the nickname of "Red and Gold Brigade" and "Lal Holud" ([[Bengali language|Bangla]]: লাল হলুদ). The fans of the club are also collectively called the Torchbearers

==History==
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 160
| image1 = Suresh Chandra Chowdhury.png
| alt1 = Portrait of Suresh Chandra Chowdhury
| caption1 = Suresh Chandra Chaudhari (founder)
| image2 = Sailesh Bose.png
| alt2 = Portrait of Sailesh Bose
| caption2 = Sailesh Bose
| image3 = Professor Sarada Ranjan Roy.png
| alt3 = Side profile of Sarada Ranjan Roy
| caption3 = Sarada Ranjan Roy (First president)
}}On 28 July 1920, Jorabagan Club was scheduled to play against [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] in the Coochbehar Cup. Jorabagan Club sent out their starting eleven but with the notable exclusion of [[Defender (association football)|defender]] Sailesh Bose, who was dropped from the squad for undisclosed reasons. The then vice-president of Jorabagan Club, Suresh Chandra Chaudhuri, asked in vain for Bose to be included in the line-up. When his request was not welcomed, Chaudhuri left the club along with Raja Manmatha Nath Chaudhuri, Ramesh Chandra Sen, and Aurobinda Ghosh. They formed East Bengal Club as a Sports and Cultural Association in the neighbourhood of [[Jorabagan]] on 1 August 1920. The name East Bengal was chosen for the newly formed club as the founders hailed from the eastern region of Bengal.<ref name="RiseofEastBengal">{{cite web |title=The Rise of East Bengal Club |url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818124203/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php|archive-date=18 August 2012 |access-date=10 August 2012 |work=East Bengal Football Club}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2010 |title=History of East Bengal |url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/an-eventful-journey-through-red-gold-trails-the-east-bengal-story-part-1/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608132423/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/an-eventful-journey-through-red-gold-trails-the-east-bengal-story-part-1/|archive-date=8 June 2020|access-date=6 June 2020 |website=Thehardtackle.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Club Day: East Bengal – The History|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2008/09/17/869244/club-day-east-bengal-the-history#:~:text=Chaudhary%20alongwith%20Raja%20Manmatha%20Nath,of%20Bengal%20(present%20Bangladesh).&text=Soon%20after%20its%20inception,%20the,have%20red%20and%20gold%20jerseys.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608074539/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2008/09/17/869244/club-day-east-bengal-the-history#:~:text=Chaudhary%20alongwith%20Raja%20Manmatha%20Nath,of%20Bengal%20(present%20Bangladesh).&text=Soon%20after%20its%20inception,%20the,have%20red%20and%20gold%20jerseys.|archive-date=8 June 2020|access-date=8 June 2020|website=Goal.com}}</ref> [[Sarada Ranjan Ray]] took on the role of becoming the first president of this newly formed club while Suresh Chandra Chowdhury and Tarit Bhusan Roy were declared to be the first joint secretaries of the club.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |title=100 years of East Bengal: A timeline |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/east-bengal-100-years-indian-football-ifa-shield-cfl-calcutta-football-league-mohun-bagan-kolkata-derby/article32241569.ece |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=Sportstar |date=August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629224925/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/east-bengal-100-years-indian-football-ifa-shield-cfl-calcutta-football-league-mohun-bagan-kolkata-derby/article32241569.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Soon after, Nagen Kali, M. Talukdar, B. Sen, N. Gossain, Goshto Paul (on loan from Mohun Bagan)'','' P. Bardhan, S. Das, S. Tagore, J. Mukherjee, Ramesh Chandra Sen, S. Bose, C. Bose, A. Roy, and A. Bannerjee were announced to be the members of the first team squad by the board.<ref>{{cite web|first=Hans|last=Schöggl|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiafound.html|title=India - List of Foundation Dates|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023194819/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiafound.html|archive-date=23 October 2021}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Team Archives of Quess East Bengal FC {{!}} Official Website|url=https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/team-archives.php|access-date=29 August 2019|website=eastbengalfootballclub.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609144422/https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/team-archives.php|archive-date=9 June 2019|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Crest, colours and kits==
===Crest===
In 1930, [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Satyagraha]] swept over India and affected football. Indian clubs boycotted the ongoing Calcutta Football League midway through the season. Amidst much confusion, Royal Regiment was declared the winner in the first division. However, East Bengal was not allowed to be promoted to the First Division. Thousands of East Bengal fans and officials decided to hold a protest march at the [[East Bengal Ground]]. It was at this march that flaming torches were carried by the protesters. And the hand holding [[Torch|flame torch]] ''(known as 'Mawshal' or '[[:bn:মশাল|মশাল]]' in [[Bangla Language|Bangla]])'' became the club emblem, which has remained to this day.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Armband |date=9 November 2019 |title=East Bengal Football Club : History and Emergence |url=https://www.sports-nova.com/2019/11/09/east-bengal-football-club-history-and-emergence-as-indian-superpower/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609193043/https://www.sports-nova.com/2019/11/09/east-bengal-football-club-history-and-emergence-as-indian-superpower/ |archive-date=9 June 2020 |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=Sports-nova |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=1930s: The Dark Decade|url=http://www.eastbengaltherealpower.com/east-bengal-football-club-history-details/id/32/1930s:-The-Dark-Decade|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425053122/http://www.eastbengaltherealpower.com/east-bengal-football-club-history-details/id/32/1930s:-The-Dark-Decade|archive-date=25 April 2012|access-date=4 December 2011|website=eastbengaltherealpower.com}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/history.php |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609144426/https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/history.php |archive-date=9 June 2019 |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=eastbengalfootballclub.com}}</ref> In the year 2020 East Bengal released a special Centenary Crest to celebrate 100 years of its existence.
{{gallery
|title=East Bengal crests
|width=150
|height=120
|align=center
|File:East Bengal first logo.png|First logo<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 Dec 2020|title=More Than A Club: Stories Behind Our Red-and-Gold Colours and Torch Emblem|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/more-than-a-club-stories-behind-our-red-and-gold-colours-and-torch-emblem|access-date=4 Jan 2021|website=SC East Bengal|language=en|archive-date=23 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223124158/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/more-than-a-club-stories-behind-our-red-and-gold-colours-and-torch-emblem|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
}}

===Colours===
[[File:A_Department_Store_(BOND_0089).jpeg|alt=Black and white photograph of facade of Whiteaway, Laidlaw & Co. department store|left|thumb|200px|Whiteaway, Laidlaw & Co. department store in 1945]]The primary and secondary colors of East Bengal are red and yellow respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/east-bengal-beat-tollygunge-agragami-1.189948|title=উপচে পড়া গ্যালারি রঙিন করলেন খাবরা|trans-title=Khabra colored the overflowing gallery|language=bn|first=Debanjan|last=Banerjee|date=9 August 2015|access-date=2 March 2023|website=anandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114162740/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/east-bengal-beat-tollygunge-agragami-1.189948|archive-date=14 November 2022}}</ref> Traditionally, the home kit consists of a red and yellow jersey with black shorts, while the away kit colors vary every year.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Nilesh |date=27 July 2019 |title=East Bengal unveil centenary jersey Football News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/east-bengal-unveil-centenary-jersey/articleshow/70414212.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706123229/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/east-bengal-unveil-centenary-jersey/articleshow/70414212.cms |archive-date=6 July 2021 |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> These colors came about after the club was formed when the founders debated over them for the club jersey. At that time, the jerseys used to come from England. The founders, while searching, came across the red and gold color shirt hanging at the [[Whiteaway Laidlaw|Whiteaway, Laidlaw & Co.]] department store in [[Chowringhee]], Kolkata. It attracted them, and they finalized the colors and jersey. It cost ₹80 in 1920, four times higher than the average.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archive|url=https://eastbengalclub.com/archive|access-date=26 September 2020|website=eastbengalclub.com|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918094050/https://eastbengalclub.com/archive|url-status=live}}</ref> These colours permanently integrated with the club.<ref name="RiseofEastBengal" />
{|
|{{Football kit box
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_Home_Trad
|pattern_so = _goldtop
|leftarm = ED1C24
|body = FFDF00
|rightarm = FFC90E
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = Traditional kit
}}
|
|
|{{Football kit box
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_19_20
|pattern_la = _EastBengal_19_20
|pattern_ra = _EastBengal_19_20
|leftarm = ff0000
|rightarm = ffff00
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = Centenary year kit
}}
|}
{{clear}}

==Departments==

=== Men's football ===
{{Main|East Bengal FC}}

The men's football team is the most distinguished and revered department of East Bengal Club. It was the original department with which the club was founded in 1920. East Bengal FC is one of the most successful football clubs in the country having won 39 state leagues (effectively top-tier before the foundation of [[National Football League (India)|NFL]]) and 3 national titles amongst numerous Durand Cups, Federation Cups and other premier Cup competitions. East Bengal is also the only Indian club to have ever won a FIFA recognized international tournament in 2003 which was the ASEAN Club Championship. East Bengal is the joint most successful team in that competition.

===Women's football===
{{Main|East Bengal FC (women)}}

The women's football team was formed in 2001. It won the [[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League]] title in its inaugural season and was runners-up in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India – List of Women Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-womchamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205054139/http://rsssf.com/tablesi/india-womchamp.html |archive-date=5 February 2010 |access-date=12 June 2020 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> In the centenary year, the women's team was relaunched.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=East Bengal forms women's team; Mohun Bagan 'not enthusiastic' enough |url=https://thebridge.in/football/after-several-years-east-bengal-forms-womens-team-mohun-bagan-not-enthusiastic-enough/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612171934/https://thebridge.in/football/after-several-years-east-bengal-forms-womens-team-mohun-bagan-not-enthusiastic-enough/ |archive-date=12 June 2020 |access-date=12 June 2020 |website=The Bridge |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=BADGEB |date=28 December 2019 |title=Exclusive: East Bengal women's team officially signs! |url=http://www.badgeb.com/exclusive-east-bengal-womens-team-officially-signs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230094957/http://www.badgeb.com/exclusive-east-bengal-womens-team-officially-signs/ |archive-date=30 December 2019 |access-date=12 June 2020 |website=Badgeb |language=en-GB}}</ref> In the first year of relaunch, the East Bengal women's team became runner's up of the [[2020 Calcutta Women's Football League season|2020 Kanyashree Cup]].<ref name="kc2020">{{cite web |title=SSB beats SC East Bengal to lift Women's Kanyashree Cup! |url=http://www.arunfoot.com/ssb-beats-sc-east-bengal-to-lift-womens-kanyashree-cup/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230180455/http://www.arunfoot.com/ssb-beats-sc-east-bengal-to-lift-womens-kanyashree-cup/ |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=4 January 2020 |work=Arunfoot.com}}</ref>

===Reserves team and Academy===
{{Main|East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy{{!}}East Bengal Club Reserves and Academy}}

'''East Bengal Club Reserves''' is the reserve team of East Bengal Club. It is the most senior level beneath the first team. The team generally consists of younger players but at times senior players also play. Reserve side currently plays in the [[Calcutta Football League]].

'''East Bengal Academy''' are the club's under-21, under-18, under-15 and under-13 sections. The under-21 team is the last stage for promotion of youth players into the first team. The youth teams participate in the [[Reliance Foundation Development League]] and the [[Youth League (India)|Youth League]] of various age groups.

===Cricket===
{{Main|East Bengal cricket team}}

The East Bengal Club Cricket team participates in various tournaments for varying age groups conducted by the [[Cricket Association of Bengal]]. Currently, it participates in the CAB First Division League, CAB Senior Knockout, CAB Super League, and JC Mukherjee Trophy. The team plays its home matches mostly at the Eden Gardens and [[Jadavpur University Campus Ground]]. They have won around 60 major state-level trophies so far.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2018 |title=Cricket honours |url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/crickethonours.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018052311/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/crickethonours.html |archive-date=18 October 2018 |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref> [[Kapil Dev]], [[Sachin Tendulkar]], [[Ajay Jadeja]], [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] and [[Sourav Ganguly]] have played on the team.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2017 |title=Legacy-History |url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=1970s-to-1990s |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823202630/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=1970s-to-1990s |archive-date=23 August 2017 |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=eastbengalfootballclub.com}}</ref>

===Hockey===
{{Main|East Bengal field hockey team}}

This department started after the [[Independence of India]]. The club is affiliated with the Bengal Hockey Association and participated in the BHA First Division hockey league and the [[Beighton Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Schedule |url=https://www.hockeybengal.org/schedule-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024100541/https://www.hockeybengal.org/schedule-1 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022 |work=Hockey Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 March 2022 |title=Calcutta Hockey League Competition — Fixtures of 1st Division Group B 2022 |url=https://www.hockeybengal.org/post/fixtures-of-1st-division-group-b-2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118125355/https://www.hockeybengal.org/post/fixtures-of-1st-division-group-b-2022 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=hockeybengal.org |publisher=The Hockey Bengal |location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 February 2022 |title=Calcutta Hockey League Competition — Fixtures of 1st Division Group A 2022 |url=https://9476a252-c6e6-45a1-9e56-d69f3bf4f39e.usrfiles.com/ugd/9476a2_788612ea4f5b4a18b7dbc55f5d86439e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024100550/https://9476a252-c6e6-45a1-9e56-d69f3bf4f39e.usrfiles.com/ugd/9476a2_788612ea4f5b4a18b7dbc55f5d86439e.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=hockeybengal.org |publisher=The Hockey Bengal |location=Kolkata}}</ref> They won 13 trophies. The team was disbanded in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2018 |title=Hockey |url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/hockey.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018025827/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/hockey.html |archive-date=18 October 2018 |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=eastbengalclub.co.in}}</ref> The hockey department was restarted in 2021 with [[Calcutta Hockey League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=১৯ বছর পর হকি টিম তৈরি করল ইস্টবেঙ্গল |url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/sports/other-sports/east-bengal-formed-hockey-team-after-19-years/articleshow/80787219.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516061014/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/sports/other-sports/east-bengal-formed-hockey-team-after-19-years/articleshow/80787219.cms |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=2021-02-12 |website=Ei Samay |language=bn}}</ref>

===Athletics===
East Bengal has an [[Sport of athletics|athletics]] team, which is affiliated with the West Bengal Athletic Association, and participates in various tournaments of West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2018 |title=Athletics – Team |url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/athleticsteam.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001020433/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/athleticsteam.html |archive-date=1 October 2018 |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=eastbengalclub.co.in}}</ref> The club also organizes Annual Athletic meets at the club ground.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2018 |title=Annual Athletic meet |url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/annualmeet.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018052305/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/annualmeet.html |archive-date=18 October 2018 |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=eastbengalclub.co.in}}</ref>

===E-Sports===
East Bengal also took part in the inaugural season of [https://www.e-isl.in/ e-ISL] where the ISL teams competed to play the video game [[FIFA 22]]. The club was represented by 2 youngsters, Ankit Gupta and Shayantan Mondal.

==Ownership==
East Bengal is mainly organized as a registered society under the [[Societies Registration Act, 1860]], which means one can avail of membership in the club. There are around 12,000 members.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Arkamoy Dutta |date=9 July 2018 |title=Kolkata football: East Bengal cedes control in Quess for funds |url=https://www.livemint.com/Sports/nsLFUmkI2aUHEabVl2TRvM/Kolkata-football-East-Bengal-cedes-control-in-Quess-for-fun.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420173245/https://www.livemint.com/Sports/nsLFUmkI2aUHEabVl2TRvM/Kolkata-football-East-Bengal-cedes-control-in-Quess-for-fun.html |archive-date=20 April 2020 |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=Livemint |language=en}}</ref> Although, a [[limited company]], named East Bengal Club Pvt. Ltd., was later formed, and both are governed by the club parallelly. Sponsorships and investments happen via this [[Corporation|corporate]] company.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 Nov 2014|title=East Bengal knocks on ED door|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/East-Bengal-knocks-on-ED-door/articleshow/45115801.cms|access-date=11 Oct 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=15 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115011903/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/East-Bengal-knocks-on-ED-door/articleshow/45115801.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The club is governed by its own set of rules and regulations. [[Constitutional amendment|Amendments]] and resolutions are passed via [[Extraordinary general meeting|extraordinary]] or [[annual general meeting]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Mukherjee|first=Soham|date=21 Sep 2020|title=Transfer of sporting rights to Shree Cement East Bengal Foundation on agenda in EGM|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/shree-cement-east-bengal-sporting-rights-indian-football/uzwzf8x4r6qi1uc69r56oa816|access-date=12 Oct 2020|website=Goal.com|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005111805/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/shree-cement-east-bengal-sporting-rights-indian-football/uzwzf8x4r6qi1uc69r56oa816|url-status=live}}</ref>

Currently the football rights are with a new merged entity, Emami East Bengal FC Pvt. Ltd. jointly owned by East Bengal and [[Emami|Emami Group]] who owns 77% stake of the whole club.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paperwork done between Emami and East Bengal, it's time for football |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/paperwork-done-between-emami-and-east-bengal-its-time-for-football/cid/1877951 |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803210631/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/paperwork-done-between-emami-and-east-bengal-its-time-for-football/cid/1877951 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Stadiums==
The club has used several stadiums at Kolkata, [[Howrah]] and [[Barasat]], including the [[Eden Gardens]], which has been reserved for cricket since Salt Lake Stadium opened in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccerlens.com/largest-football-stadiums/36427/|title=The 10 largest football stadiums in the world: #2 – Salt Lake Stadium (Kolkata, India)|website=soccerlens.com|publisher=Sports Lens|date=24 November 2009|access-date=24 November 2009|archive-date=26 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126003534/http://soccerlens.com/largest-football-stadiums/36427/|first=Chris|last=Mann}}</ref> The first ground used by the club was Kumartuli Park in north Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[VIDEO] Bhaichung Bhutia kickstarts East Bengal FC's centenary celebrations with grand torch rally in Kolkata |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/article/video-bhaichung-bhutia-kickstarts-east-bengal-fcs-centenary-celebrations-with-grand-torch-rally-in-kolkata/460428|access-date=8 June 2020 |website=www.timesnownews.com |date=29 July 2019 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608130841/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/article/video-bhaichung-bhutia-kickstarts-east-bengal-fcs-centenary-celebrations-with-grand-torch-rally-in-kolkata/460428|archive-date=8 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Nilesh|date=29 July 2019|title=Sea of red and gold floods Kolkata as East Bengal launch centenary gala|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/sea-of-red-and-gold-floods-kolkata-as-east-bengal-launch-centenary-gala/articleshow/70426266.cms|access-date=17 Oct 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706123257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/sea-of-red-and-gold-floods-kolkata-as-east-bengal-launch-centenary-gala/articleshow/70426266.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Salt Lake Stadium===
{{Main|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan}}
[[File:Yuva Bharati Krirangan.png|alt=|thumb|Salt Lake Stadium]]
The Salt Lake Stadium, also known as ''Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan'' (VYBK), is a multi-purpose [[stadium]] in Kolkata, built in 1984. The stadium is the largest non-auto racing in India. It is currently used mainly for football matches. The stadium includes a unique running track, long jump track, electronic scoreboard, natural turf, floodlighting arrangement, conference hall, medical room, and a doping control Room. The Salt Lake Stadium hosts the home games of East Bengal in the Indian Super League and AFC competitions. The total capacity of the stadium was 85,000, before it was changed to 68,000.<ref name="EastBengalStadiums">{{cite web |title=East Bengal Ground |url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/stadium.php|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526131313/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/stadium.php|archive-date=26 May 2012 |access-date=29 May 2012 |work=eastbengalfootballclub.com}}</ref>

===East Bengal Ground===
[[File:EB-Ground.png|thumb|225x225px|East Bengal Ground|alt=]]
{{Main|East Bengal Ground}}

The East Bengal Ground is located in Kolkata and is the club's historical home ground. The stadium lies in the [[Maidan (Kolkata)]] area on the northern side of [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] and near the Eden Gardens. This stadium is used mostly for Calcutta Football League matches and by the academy, women's, and hockey teams.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/sports/east-bengal-fc-looking-forward-to-back-in-winning-ways-against-eastern-rail-in-cfl-today-rrc-1208225.html|title=ইস্টবেঙ্গল আজ নিজেদের মাঠে খেলবে প্রথম ম্যাচ, জয় ফিরতে মরিয়া মশাল ব্রিগেড|first=Rohan|last=Roy Chowdhury|trans-title=East Bengal will play the first match at their own ground today, Mashal Brigade is desperate to return the win|website=bengali.news18.com|location=Kolkata|publisher=News18 Bangla|language=bn|date=27 July 2023|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727141048/https://bengali.news18.com/news/sports/east-bengal-fc-looking-forward-to-back-in-winning-ways-against-eastern-rail-in-cfl-today-rrc-1208225.html|archive-date=27 July 2023}}</ref> The total capacity of the stadium is 23,500.<ref name=EastBengalStadiums/>

=== Eden Gardens ===
{{Main|Eden Gardens}}
The Eden Gardens is the second largest cricket stadium in India. The stadium currently has a capacity of 68,000 and formerly had a capacity of around 100,000. East Bengal has used this stadium on several occasions. For many games and seasons Eden Gardens served as the Home ground of the men's football team before the construction of Salt Lake Stadium. After its construction the club continued to use the stadium for its cricket teams.

===Other grounds===
[[Barasat Stadium]] is also used by the club for some regional matches, especially in cases where the Salt Lake Stadium or East Bengal Ground cannot be used.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://khelnow.com/news/article/ifa-shield-2018-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-report |title=East Bengal edge Mohun Bagan to IFA Sheild title after thrilling penalty shootout |last=Now |first=Khel |website=khelnow.com |date=19 July 2018 |language=en|access-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826122721/https://khelnow.com/news/article/ifa-shield-2018-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-report|archive-date=26 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kanchenjunga Stadium]], a multipurpose stadium based in [[Siliguri]], has also been used several times to host club football matches.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/i-league-mohun-bagan-gear-up-to-take-on-arch-rivals-east-bengal-1224177.html |title=I-League: Mohun Bagan gear up to take on arch-rivals East Bengal |website=News18|date=April 2016 |access-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826122718/https://www.news18.com/news/football/i-league-mohun-bagan-gear-up-to-take-on-arch-rivals-east-bengal-1224177.html|archive-date=26 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> It also hosted the [[2012 Indian Federation Cup|2012 Federation Cup]]. [[Kalyani Stadium]], situated on the outskirts of Kolkata at [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], was used by East Bengal as their home turf during the 2019–20 I-League.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2019 |title=East Bengal Announce Kalyani Stadium as Their Home Venue for I-League 2019–20 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/east-bengal-announce-kalyani-stadium-as-their-home-venue-for-i-league-2019-20-2391773.html|access-date=9 June 2020 |website=News18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609122700/https://www.news18.com/news/football/east-bengal-announce-kalyani-stadium-as-their-home-venue-for-i-league-2019-20-2391773.html|archive-date=9 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

The team also trains at one of the VYBK practice grounds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2019 |title=Surface Tension in Kolkata: The Pain of Football in the Rain |url=https://www.newsclick.in/surface-tension-kolkata-pain-football-rain|access-date=9 June 2020 |website=NewsClick |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609122815/https://www.newsclick.in/surface-tension-kolkata-pain-football-rain|archive-date=9 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Management==
{{updated|November 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2024|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/business-leader-lohia-becomes-east-bengal-president-aims-to-take-it-among-the-best-clubs-of-asia-3063996|title=Business leader Lohia becomes East Bengal president, aims to take it among the 'best clubs of Asia'|work=Deccan Herald|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref>

===East Bengal Club===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1" style="background:Red; color:Gold; text-align:center;" | Role
!colspan="1" style="background:Gold; color:Red; text-align:center;" | Name
|-
|President
|{{flagicon|IND}} Murari Lal Lohia
|-
|Chief advisor
|{{flagicon|IND}} Pronab Dasgupta
|-
|Vice-presidents
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ajoy Krishna Chatterjee {{flagicon|IND}} Shankar Bagri {{flagicon|IND}} Subhasish Chakraborty {{flagicon|IND}} Kalyan Majumdar
|-
|General secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rupak Saha
|-
|Assistant general secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Santi Ranjan Dasgupta
|-
|Finance secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sadananda Mukherjee
|-
|Treasurer
|{{flagicon|IND}} Debdas Samajdar
|-
|Football secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Saikat Ganguly
|-
|Cricket secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sanjib Acharya
|-
|Hockey secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Prabir Kumar Dafaddar
|-
|Athletic secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Partha Pratim Roy
|-
|Tennis secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Indranil Ghosh
|-
|Ground secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rajat Guha
|-
|Executive committee members
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jhulan Goswami]] {{flagicon|IND}} Molly Ganguly {{flagicon|IND}} Sri Subir Ganguly {{flagicon|IND}} Santosh Bhattacharya {{flagicon|IND}} Diptendu Mohan Bose {{flagicon|IND}} Siddharta Sarkar {{flagicon|IND}} Debabrata Sarkar {{flagicon|IND}} Birendra Kumar Saha {{flagicon|IND}} Dipankar Chakraborty {{flagicon|IND}} Biswajit Mazumdar {{flagicon|IND}} Tapan Roy {{flagicon|IND}} Suman Dasgupta {{flagicon|IND}} Aritra Roy Chowdhury {{flagicon|IND}} Beni Madhab Bhattacharya {{flagicon|IND}} Manab Paul {{flagicon|IND}} Subhasish Dasgupta {{flagicon|IND}} Saroj Bhattacharjee {{flagicon|IND}} Debasish Bose {{flagicon|IND}} Bikash Dutta {{flagicon|IND}} Biplab Paul
|-
|}

== Honours ==

=== Football ===
{{further|List of East Bengal FC records and statistics}}

Major trophies of East Bengal FC include the following:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trophy Room |url=https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/trophy-room.php|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609144419/https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/trophy-room.php|archive-date=9 June 2019|access-date=10 June 2020 |website=eastbengalfootballclub.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=East Bengal Club|url=https://eastbengalclub.com/honours/football|access-date=2020-10-12|website=eastbengalclub.com|language=en|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010151354/https://eastbengalclub.com/honours/football|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/airlinesgoldcup.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Airlines Gold Cup|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=28 February 2021|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024223328/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/airlinesgoldcup.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |title=Calcutta Football League: East Bengal kings of Asia's oldest league competition — full winners list |website=olympics.com |publisher=The Olympics Football |last1=Nag |first1=Utathya |date=19 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505071647/https://olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |archive-date=5 May 2023 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;"
!style="width: 1%;"|Type
!style="width: 5%;"|Competition
!style="width: 1%;"|Titles
!style="width: 21%;"|Seasons
|-
| rowspan="1" |'''International'''
![[ASEAN Club Championship]]
|bgcolor="gold"|'''1'''{{sup|S}}
|align="left"|[[2003 ASEAN Club Championship|2003]]
|-
|rowspan="7" |'''Domestic'''
! scope=col|[[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]
|align="center"|3
|align="left"|[[2000–01 National Football League (India)|2000–01]], [[2002–03 National Football League (India)|2002–03]], [[2003–04 National Football League (India)|2003–04]]
|-
! scope=col|[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]
|align="center"|8
|align="left"|1978, 1980, 1985, 1996, 2007, [[2009–10 Indian Federation Cup|2009–10]], [[2010 Indian Federation Cup|2010]], [[2012 Indian Federation Cup|2012]]
|-
! scope=col|[[Indian Super Cup (1997-2011)|Indian Super Cup]]
|bgcolor="gold"|'''3'''
|align="left"|1997, 2006, [[2011 Indian Super Cup|2011]]
|-
! scope=col|[[IFA Shield]]
|bgcolor="gold"|'''29'''
|align="left"|1943, 1945, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1958, 1961, 1965, 1966, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002, [[2012 IFA Shield|2012]], [[2018 IFA Shield|2018]]
|-
! scope=col|[[Durand Cup]]
|align="center"|16
|align="left"|1951, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1967, 1970, 1972, 1978, 1982, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1995, 2002, 2004
|-
! scope=col|[[Calcutta Football League]]
|bgcolor="gold"|'''41'''
|align="left"|1942, 1945, 1946, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1961, 1966, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2011, 2012–13, 2013–14, [[2014 CFL Premier Division|2014–15]], 2015–16, [[2016 CFL Premier Division|2016–17]], [[2017 CFL Premier Division|2017–18]],
2024-25,
2025
|-
! scope=col|[[Rovers Cup]]
|10
|align="left"|1949, 1962, 1967, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1980, 1990, 1994
|}
* {{legend|gold|Record}}
* {{sup|S}} Shared record

=== Cricket ===
{{Further|East Bengal cricket team#Honours}}
* '''CAB First Division League'''

:: Champions '''(16):''' 1974-75, 1977-78, 1978-79, 1980-81, 1983-84, 1993-94, 1994-95, 1998-99, 2000-01, 2001-02, 2005-06, 2006-07, 2009-10, 2011-12, 2013-14, 2016-17

* '''CAB Senior Knockout'''

:: Champions '''(13):''' 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1982-83, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1997-98, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2010-11, 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15

* '''J. C. Mukherjee Trophy'''

:: Champions '''(12):''' 1977-78, 1983-84, 1986-87, 1987- 88, 1993-94, 1997-98, 1998-99, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2005-06, 2009-10, 2016-17

* '''P. Sen Memorial Invitation Trophy'''

:: Champions '''(10):''' 1976-77, 1978-79, 1993-94, 1997-98, 1999-2000, 2001-02, 2003-04, 2011-12, 2013-14, 2016-17

* '''A. N. Ghosh Memorial Trophy'''

:: Champions '''(8):''' 1992-93, 1996-97, 1997-98, 1998-99, 2000-01, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16

* '''CAB Super League'''

:: Champions '''(1):''' 2016-17

=== Hockey ===
{{Further|East Bengal Club (field hockey)#Honours}}
*[[Calcutta Hockey League]]

:: Champions ('''10'''): 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1968, 1973, 1976, 1979, 1989, 2022

*[[Beighton Cup]]

:: Champions ('''4'''): 1957, 1962, 1964, 1967
:: Runners-up ('''3'''): 1963, 1970, 1987

===Awards===
*[[Banga Bibhushan]]: 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/3-iconic-city-football-clubs-to-receive-banga-bibhushan-486861|title=3 iconic city football clubs to receive Banga Bibhushan|website=www.millenniumpost.in|publisher=Millennium Post|location=Kolkata, West Bengal|date=22 July 2022|access-date=24 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724070753/http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/3-iconic-city-football-clubs-to-receive-banga-bibhushan-486861|archive-date=24 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/not-clubs-but-institutions-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-mohammedan-receive-banga-bibhushan-award-from-west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-from-bengal-govt-184984|title='Not clubs but institutions': Mohun Bagan, East Bengal, Mohammedan receive Banga Bibhushan award|website=www.news9live.com|publisher=News Nine|location=Kolkata, West Bengal|first=Sayan|last=Mukherjee|date=25 July 2022|access-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725162640/https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/not-clubs-but-institutions-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-mohammedan-receive-banga-bibhushan-award-from-west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-from-bengal-govt-184984|archive-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>

==Affiliated clubs==

The following club was formerly affiliated with East Bengal:
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Leicester City FC|Leicester City]] (2002–2003)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Football: ISL and I-League clubs and their tie-ups with foreign clubs|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/indian-football-isl-i-league-clubs-tie-ups-foreign-clubs/1pw2yk8hdfo6oz5draur8lrex#h77q76xqpgqh1hawjr8gud77t|website=www.goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124094432/https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/indian-football-isl-i-league-clubs-tie-ups-foreign-clubs/1pw2yk8hdfo6oz5draur8lrex#h77q76xqpgqh1hawjr8gud77t|date=14 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://footballexpress.in/isl-and-i-league-clubs-their-tie-ups-with-foreign-sides/|title=FEATUREDISL and I-League Clubs, Their Tie-ups With Foreign Sides|date=3 February 2021|access-date=26 January 2022|website=footballexpress.in|publisher=Football Express|first=Manas Ranjan|last=Pandab|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117005759/https://footballexpress.in/isl-and-i-league-clubs-their-tie-ups-with-foreign-sides/|archive-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
The following club is currently affiliated with East Bengal:
* {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Sheikh Russel KC]] (2022–present)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/football-east-bengal-join-hands-with-sekh-russel-of-bangladesh-dgtl/cid/1334004|title=East Bengal: ফুটবলের উন্নয়নে শেখ রাসেল ক্রীড়াচক্রের সঙ্গে কাজ করবে ইস্টবেঙ্গল|website=www.anandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|date=16 March 2022|access-date=17 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316161247/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/football-east-bengal-join-hands-with-sekh-russel-of-bangladesh-dgtl/cid/1334004|archive-date=16 March 2022|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-indian-super-league-east-bengal-sheikh-russel-kc-announce-partnership|title=East Bengal sign strategic partnership with Bangladesh side Sheikh Russel|website=Khel Now|first=Swapnomoy|last=Chakraborty|date=16 March 2022|access-date=21 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316153529/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-indian-super-league-east-bengal-sheikh-russel-kc-announce-partnership|archive-date=16 March 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[East Bengal Club in international football]]
* [[East Bengal Club league record by opponent]]
* [[List of East Bengal Club wins against Foreign teams]]
* [[List of foreign players for East Bengal Club]]
* [[List of East Bengal Club records and statistics]]
* [[Indian football clubs in Asian competitions]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|title=East Bengal 100|publisher=Allsport Foundation|date=1 January 2021|first=Gautam|last=Roy|isbn=978-8194763109}}
*{{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017|title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Martinez| first1=Dolores |last2=Mukharji |first2=Projit B|year=2009|title=Football: From England to the World: The Many Lives of Indian Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&q=kerala+footballer+in+Burma |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-88353-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702174505/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&dq=kerala+footballer+in+Burma&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=2 July 2022 }}
*{{cite book|title=Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora|year=2001|publisher=Frank Cass Publishers|location=[[London]], United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-7146-8170-2|page=33|last1=Dineo|first1=Paul|last2=Mills|first2=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71JHZiiP3hoC|archive-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725072732/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Soccer_in_South_Asia.html?id=71JHZiiP3hoC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y}}
*[[Partha Chatterjee (scholar)|Chatterjee, Partha]]. ''The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Post-colonial Histories'' (Calcutta: [[Oxford University Press]], 1995).
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ|title=History of Indian Football: Upto 2009–10|first=Nirmal|last=Nath|year=2011|publisher=Readers Service|isbn=9788187891963|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172604/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/History_of_Indian_Football.html?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=22 July 2022}}
*Goswami, Ramesh Chandra (1963). ''East Bengal Cluber Itihas'' {{in lang|bn}}. [[Kolkata]]: Book Garden.
*Bandyopadhyay, Santipriya (1979). ''Cluber Naam East Bengal'' {{in lang|bn}}. [[Kolkata]]: New Bengal Press.
*Chattopadhyay, Hariprasad (2017). ''Mohun Bagan–East Bengal'' {{in lang|bn}}. [[Kolkata]]: Parul Prakashan.
*{{cite book |title=Portrait Of Indian Sport |url=https://archive.org/details/portraitofinidan00anth |publisher= P R Macmillan Limited, London |last1=D'Mello |first1=Anthony |date=1959 }}
*{{Cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Somnath|title=Tactical Evolution Of Indian Football (Part One): Profiling Three Great 2-3-5 Teams|url=https://thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-one-profiling-three-great-2-3-5-teams/|location=Kolkata|date=29 July 2011|access-date=2021-03-16|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|language=en-US|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009112727/https://thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-one-profiling-three-great-2-3-5-teams/}}
*{{cite book|first1=Boria|last1=Majumdar|first2=Kausik|last2=Bandyopadhyay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|title=A Social History Of Indian Football: Striving To Score|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629140637/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|archive-date=29 June 2021|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2006|isbn=9780415348355}}
*{{cite book|first1=Jaydeep|last1=Basu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeovtKLi-1sC|title=Stories from Indian Football|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011131939/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Stories_from_Indian_Football.html?id=QeovtKLi-1sC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=11 October 2022|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors|date=2003|isbn=9788174764546}}
*{{Cite journal |url=http://www.jhsr.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/01-07-JHSRVOL-2NO-2A.-SHIL.pdf |title=Football Culture in Princely State of Cooch Behar |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416171622/http://www.jhsr.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/01-07-JHSRVOL-2NO-2A.-SHIL.pdf |first=Amrita |last=Kumar Shil |journal=JHSR Journal of Historical Study and Search |date=15 May 2022 |issn=2583-0198 |volume=2 }}
*{{Cite web |title=India's football past gasping for survival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html |date=25 March 2018 |website=hindustantimes.com |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |last=Sarkar |first=Dhiman |location=Kolkata |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106201153/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150117/jsp/sports/story_19347595.jsp#.VxdCgvl97IV|title=Time to regain lost glory|date=17 January 2015|first=Hariprasad|last=Chattopadhyay|website=telegraphindia.com|publisher=The Telegraph India|location=Kolkata|access-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505102054/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150117/jsp/sports/story_19347595.jsp#.VxdCgvl97IV|archive-date=5 May 2016}}
*{{cite web|url=https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|title=Chronology of Important Sports Events — West Bengal|website=wbsportsandyouth.gov.in|publisher=Government of West Bengal – Department of youth services and sports|date=2017|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013092944/https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|archive-date=13 October 2022|location=Kolkata}}
*{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mad-about-football/articleshow/102933485.cms|title=Mad about football|access-date=22 February 2024|date=22 August 2023|agency=TNN|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|location=Kolkata|first1=Nilesh|last1=Bhattacharya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823180930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mad-about-football/articleshow/102933485.cms|archive-date=23 August 2023}}

==External links==
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{{Commons category|East Bengal FC}}{{Commons|East Bengal FC kits}}
* [https://eastbengalclub.com/ Official club website]
* [https://emamieastbengal.com/ Official football club website]
* [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1102-sc-east-bengal-profile Club profile] in ISL website

{{East Bengal F.C.}}
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{{Coord|22|33|34.06|N|88|20|35.65|E|display=title}}

[[Category:East Bengal Club]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams established in 1920]]
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[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Kolkata]]
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Khirsu

2026-02-19T05:39:24Z

Deidre67J44: expanded content

#REDIRECT [[Pauri Garhwal district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Kamla Jaan

2026-02-18T06:24:45Z

Deidre67J44: made new stub...

{{Short description|Indian politician (c. 1954–2019)}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}

'''Kamla Jaan''' ({{Circa|1954}} – 14 November 2019)<ref name=":2">{{cite web|access-date=9 October 2024 |title=Kamla Bua, First Eunuch Mayor Of Madhya Pradesh's Sagar, Dies |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kamla-bua-first-eunuch-mayor-of-madhya-pradeshs-sagar-dies-2132683 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> was an Indian [[Hijra (South Asia)|hijra]] politician. Jaan was elected mayor of [[Katni]] in 2000, becoming the first [[eunuch]] mayor in the [[history of India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Haviland |first=Charles |date=29 August 2002 |title=India's first eunuch mayor unseated |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2224164.stm |access-date=14 March 2025 |work=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2002, a judge ruled that Jaan was ineligible to serve as mayor, as the position was reserved for a woman and Jaan was registered as a man. After an appeal, Jaan was removed from office in 2003.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Telegraph" />

== Identity ==
Jaan was a [[Hijra (South Asia)|hijra]], a person of a [[third gender]], and referred to herself with feminine [[pronoun]]s.<ref name=":0" /> She has also been described as [[Transgender|trans]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Pushpesh |last2=Datta |first2=Sayantan |date=June 2024 |title=Caste Concerns in Transgender Communities in India: Contesting Cohesiveness, Broadening Horizon(s) |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00490857241248989 |journal=Social Change |language=en |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=257–272 |doi=10.1177/00490857241248989 |issn=0049-0857|url-access=subscription |quote =…Kamla Jaan became the first trans Mayor of Katni,…}}</ref> Most hijras identify as feminine, though because they are generally [[Assigned male at birth|born male]] and later [[Castration|castrated]], they are often described as [[eunuch]]s.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Bearak |first=Barry |date=19 January 2001 |title=Katni Journal; A Pox on Politicians. A Eunuch You Can Trust. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/19/world/katni-journal-a-pox-on-politicians-a-eunuch-you-can-trust.html |access-date=14 March 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Hijras were traditionally regarded as auspicious and respected for their role in guarding [[harem]]s. However, in recent times hijras have often been treated with contempt.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Hijras mostly earn a living through ritualistic begging, such as by performing at and blessing weddings and childbirths, or through sex work.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> Hijras of marginalized [[Caste system in India|castes]], though, are prevented from performing in auspicious ceremonies. Described by scholars as a "highly stigmatised gender minority group", hijras have limited government recognition or support, despite being the most visible queer community in India.<ref name=":3" />

Early hijra political engagement in the 1980s aimed to win government guarantees of their civil rights; this resulted in the government giving hijras the right to vote in 1994. Hijras were not initially active in protests against [[Section 377]], which criminalized homosexuality, despite this affecting one of their primary occupations.<ref name=":3" />

At the time of Jaan's entry into politics, hijras were gaining prominence as political candidates due to voter frustration with the two major political parties, the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]. As hijras live in communes and have no family or heirs, they were perceived as independent of special interests and better able to represent the people.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Tenure as mayor ==
Before running for mayor, Jaan was not a politician. She was [[Draft (politics)|drafted]] as an [[Independent politician|independent candidate]] by prominent citizens of Katni as "a way to snub the major parties"; her low social status as a hijra was used to "express contempt for the political establishment".<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Indranil |url=http://tuleoffice.com/images/editor/File/pdf/book/IMPOTENCY/5%20(3).pdf |title=Gender Issues and Sexuality: Essential Primary Sources |date=23 June 2004 |pages=195 |chapter=Hijras Are Women: Third Gender Rights in India |access-date=21 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313131518/http://tuleoffice.com/images/editor/File/pdf/book/IMPOTENCY/5%20(3).pdf |archive-date=13 March 2022 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

Katni typically saw strong support for the [[Indian National Congress]], but at the time there was great dissatisfaction with the mainstream political parties, which were perceived as nepotistic, corrupt, and incompetent. A group of merchants, lawyers, and others sought to draft another candidate to compete with that of the Congress Party in the 2000 mayoral race. Under a quota system, the position of mayor of Katni was reserved for a woman that year. The group discovered that Jaan was listed as female on the voter rolls,{{efn|It was later reported that she was registered as male.<ref name=Telegraph>{{Cite web |last=Kidwai |first=Rasheed |date=3 February 2003 |title=Women seat topples genderless Kamla- Jabalpur High Court asks eunuch mayor to step down immediately |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/women-seat-topples-genderless-kamla-jabalpur-high-court-asks-eunuch-mayor-to-step-down-immediately/cid/837805 |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>}} whereupon a reporter in the group named Gopal Singhania asked Jaan to run for mayor. Singhania described her as "nothing special"; the group simply sought a hijra candidate due to the reputation of hijras. Jaan assented, provided the group seeking to draft her paid for her campaign expenses.<ref name=":1" />

As a candidate, Jaan drew large crowds. Though at first her candidacy seemed like a "mere prank", it became apparent that she had a chance at victory, which prompted the group of patrons supporting her to draft a manifesto and promise that she would be guided by advisors were she to take office.<ref name=":1" />

Jaan won the election by 1,897 votes and took office as mayor of Katni in January 2000.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> She berated and dismissed the advisors her patrons had arranged for her. Her manner of speech was described by ''[[The New York Times]]'' as "foul-mouthed", "gruff", and "vulgar". Both led to her being criticized as "unpredictable" and "abusive" by her former patrons, though her supporters saw this as evidence of her independence and strength. Among Jaan's achievements were sinking new [[Tube well|tube wells]], fixing drains, and renovating the main bus station. As she was illiterate, others had to interpret documents for her.<ref name=":1" />

At the time, state law in [[Madhya Pradesh]] was unclear, defining some hijra as male and others as female. A judge ruled in August 2002 that Jaan was male, which made her ineligible to be mayor of Katni, a position reserved for women in the 2000 election under a quota system.<ref name=":0" /> On appeal, the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]] granted a temporary [[Stay of execution|stay]] on the decision, before ruling on 3 February 2003 to uphold the lower court ruling, removing Jaan from office.<ref name="Telegraph" />

[[Shabnam Mausi]], another prominent hijra politician, pointed out that the court did not rule that hijras are male or decide the broader issue of the legal sex of hijras.<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Ambreesh Mishra |date=23 July 2007 |title=First Eunuch Mayor of India – Kamala Jaan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/20070723-government-to-plan-gender-test-for-the-eunuchs-to-identify-the-genuine-ones-748129-2007-07-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102052911/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/20070723-government-to-plan-gender-test-for-the-eunuchs-to-identify-the-genuine-ones-748129-2007-07-23 |archive-date=2 November 2019 |access-date=2 November 2019 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Jaan was ruled ineligible for mayor because she was registered as a male on the electoral rolls, not because she was a hijra. As such, Mausi encouraged hijra candidates seeking to run for seats reserved for women to register as women, to prevent them from being similarly deemed ineligible.<ref name="Telegraph" /><ref name="West 2010">Barbara A. West, ''Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania'' (2010, {{ISBN|1438119135}}), pp. 277-278</ref>

== Legacy ==
After Jaan's victory in 2000, five other hijras were elected in Madhya Pradesh within a year, mostly to local posts, such as a city councillor in [[Jabalpur]], but with one, [[Shabnam Mausi]], serving as a state legislator. In December 2000, three hijras were elected in the neighbouring state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], including a mayor of [[Gorakhpur]].<ref name=":1" />

Jaan's election came near the beginning of a period of dissatisfaction with both the ruling [[Indian National Congress]] and the main opposition [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Over more than a decade, this spurred the success of outsiders, including the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] and hijra candidates. What began as "a creative way of expressing disdain" for the two main parties resulted in several hijras winning elections, especially in seats reserved by quotas for women and [[Reserved political positions in India|reserved castes]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barry |first=Ellen |date=4 December 2013 |title=A Eunuch in India Campaigns as a Political 'None of the Above' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/04/world/asia/a-eunuch-in-india-campaigns-as-a-political-none-of-the-above.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207232130/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/04/world/asia/a-eunuch-in-india-campaigns-as-a-political-none-of-the-above.html |archive-date=7 December 2013 |access-date=8 June 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaan, Kamla}}
[[Category:Hijra (South Asia) people]]
[[Category:Mayors of places in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:People from Katni]]
[[Category:Transgender history]]
[[Category:LGBTQ history in India]]
[[Category:Indian transgender politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:2000 in LGBTQ history]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:Indian transgender women]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women mayors of places in India]]
[[Category:LGBTQ mayors of places in India]]

Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha

2026-02-13T21:50:18Z

Deidre67J44: minor cleanup

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{short description|North Indian branch of Kayastha caste}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox caste
|caste_name=Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha
|subdivisions=[[Srivastava]], [[Mathur (name)|Mathur]], [[Saxena]], [[Nigam]], Kulshreshtha, [[Bhatnagar]], [[Ambashtha]], Asthana, Suryadhwaj, Gaur, Karna, Valmik
|languages=[[Hindi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Angika]]
|religions=[[Hinduism]]|image=King Chitragupta.png|caption=King Chitragupta (Sri Chitragupta Ji Maharaj) and his 12 sons.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hayden J. Bellenoit|title=The Formation of the Colonial State in India: Scribes, Paper and Taxes, 1760–1860|date=2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-134-49429-3| quote= The north Indian Kayasthas are divided into 12 subgroups, reflecting King Chitragupta's marriage to Devi Nandini and Devi Shobhavati}}</ref>|region=[[Hindi Belt]] and [[Nepal]]|image_size=280}}
'''Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha,''' also referred to as '''North-Indian Kayastha''', is a subgroup of [[Hindus]] of the [[Kayastha]] community that are mainly concentrated in the [[Hindi Belt]] of [[North India]].

In [[Hindus|Hindu]] texts and traditions, they are described to have descended from the Hindu god [[Chitragupta]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Davidson|first=Ronald M|title=Tibetan renaissance: Tantric Buddhism in the rebirth of Tibetan culture|date=2005|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-50889-6|location=New York|pages=179|language=English|oclc=808346313}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Stout|first=Lucy Carol|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K15KAQAAMAAJ|title=The Hindustani Kayasthas: The Kayastha Pathshala, and the Kayastha Conference, 1873–1914|date=1976|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|pages=14|language=en}}</ref><ref name="FrontiersMandal">{{cite book|author=R. B. Mandal|title=Frontiers in Migration Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcvhwD5QZKEC&q=Kayastha+and+chitragupta&pg=PA175|year=1981|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-03-91-02471-7|page=175}}</ref> who is usually depicted carrying "a flowing notebook, a pen and an inkpot" engaged in writing down human deeds.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Srivastava |first=Vinay Kumar |date=2016 |title=Speaking of Caste: Merit of the Principle of Segmentation |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0038022920160302 |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=317–338 |doi=10.1177/0038022920160302 |s2cid=158426264 |issn=0038-0229 |quote=Chitragupta is generally identified with a long, flowing notebook (bahi)...His assistant has temples that the Kayastha have built to venerate him, for he is their ancestor. On the day of his annual worship...|url-access=subscription }}</ref> They are further divided into twelve {{section link||Subgroups}}, each of which is claimed to be the progeny of Chitragupta's two consorts.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hayden J. Bellenoit|title=The Formation of the Colonial State in India: Scribes, Paper and Taxes, 1760–1860|date=17 February 2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-134-49429-3| quote= The north Indian Kayasthas are divided into 12 subgroups, reflecting King Chitragupta's marriage to Devi Nandini and Devi Shobhavati}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADs_AAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80|author=Rajnī Kānt Śāstrī|title=Hindū jati kā utthān aur patan|year=1949|publisher=Kitab Mahal| quote=अब चित्रगुप्त के विवाह संबंध की वार्ता सुनिए। इनकी दो स्त्रियां थीं–(१)सुशर्मा ब्राह्मण की कन्या शुभावती (ब्राह्मणी) जिसके आठ पुत्र हुए श्रौर (२)श्राद्धदेव मनु की पुत्री नन्दिनी (चत्रिया) जिसके चार पुत्र हुए।}}</ref>

The earliest recorded history of these groups goes to the early medieval period of [[History of India|Indian history]],<ref name=":1" /> while the word "''Kayastha''" itself dates to the third-century CE.<ref name="Visvanat 2014">{{Cite journal |last=Visvanathan |first=Meera |date=2014 |title=From the 'lekhaka' to the Kāyastha: Scribes in Early Historic Court and Society (200 BCE–200 CE) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158358 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=75 |pages=34–40 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44158358}}</ref> The North Indian Kayasthas were powerful components of the upper-bureaucracy and made highly influential urban elites under [[Hindu king]]s.<ref name=":2" /> They are mentioned in several [[Sanskrit]] literary, religious and epigraphical texts.<ref name=":322" />

Following [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic invasions of India]], they became some of the first Indian groups to learn [[Persian language|Persian]] regularly<ref name=":9" /> and eventually became integrated into an Indo-Muslim governing community<ref name=":12" /> gaining hereditary control over the position of ''Qanungo'' ({{Translation|"Registrar"}})<ref name=":3" /> but rarely converting to [[Islam]].<ref name=":4" />

Under the colonial rule, many Kayastha families became early beneficiaries of the British power and success in the subcontinent.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Bellenoit |first=H. J. A. |title=The formation of the colonial state in India : scribes, paper and taxes, 1760–1860 |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-134-49429-3 |location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon |page=155 |oclc=973222959}}</ref> In 1919, Kayasthas accounted for two-thirds of all Indian Government law members across north India, with most of them in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Bellenoit |first=H. J. A. |title=The formation of the colonial state in India : scribes, paper and taxes, 1760–1860 |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-134-49429-3 |location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon |pages=163 |oclc=973222959}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
According to [[Merriam-Webster]], the word ''Kāyastha'' is probably formed from the [[Sanskrit]] ''kāya'' (body), and the suffix ''-stha'' (standing, being in).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Kayasth|title=Kayastha|website=Merriam-Webster.com|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref> The suffix ''vanshi'' is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''vansh'' (वंश) which translates to belonging to a particular family dynasty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?tran_input=vaMza&direct=se&script=hk&link=yes&mode=3|title=vaMza|website=Spokensanskrit.org}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Early North India ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
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| image_style = border:none;
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| image1 = Garhwa_fort_temple.jpg
| image2 = Ajaygrah Rock Inscription.jpg
| footer = '''(Top):''' A temple in the [[Garhwa Fort]] complex at [[Allahabad|Prayagraj]] commissioned by a Vastavya-Kayastha Thakkura in 1142 CE. ''' (Bottom):''' Ajaygarh inscription of [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]], recording the genealogy of Vastavya-Kayastha family that served in their kingdom as administrators.
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From the eleventh-century onwards, epigraphical texts mention various regional lineages belonging to the North Indian branch of the Kayasthas,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=O'Hanlon|first=Rosalind|date=2010|title=The social worth of scribes: Brahmins, Kāyasthas and the social order in early modern India|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001946461004700406|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|language=en|volume=47|issue=4|pages=564|doi=10.1177/001946461004700406|s2cid=145071541|issn=0019-4646|quote=By the start of the twelfth century, and probably much earlier, northern India's Kayasthas were divided into regional lineage groupings. These were to become the sub-castes of more recent Kayastha history. Later, and as part of social processes examined in this article, the same communities came to be identified as Chitragupta Kayasthas|url-access=subscription|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":322">{{Cite journal|last=SHAH|first=K.K.|date=1993|title=SELF LEGITIMATION AND SOCIAL PRIMACY: A Case Study of Some Kayastha Inscriptions From Central India|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44143088|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=54|pages=859|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44143088|quote=By the 11th–12th centuries AD it appears various subcastes of the Kayasthas and consolidated because from contemporary inscriptions we learn of epithets such as Mathura, Saksena, Naigama Katariya qualifying their Kayastha identity in various parts of northern India}}</ref> which were identified with their common occupational specialisation<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stout|first=Lucy Carol|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K15KAQAAMAAJ|title=The Hindustani Kayasthas: The Kayastha Pathshala, and the Kayastha Conference, 1873–1914|date=1976|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|pages=20|language=en|quote=A functional class, fulfilling the clerical and administrative requirements of the time, might have well evolved, not into a caste but a collection of castes which were distinguished by their common occupation.}}</ref> and whose members had become particularly influential in the administration of mediaeval kingdoms.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thapar|first=Romila|title=The Past Before Us : Historical traditions of early north India|publisher=|year=2013|isbn=978-0-674-72651-2|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=575|oclc=859536567|quote=This may have been partly conditioned by the many branches of the kayastha caste that had become powerful in the administration of contemporary kingdoms.}}</ref> Some Kayasthas even had [[Vassal|feudatory]] status; some had received the title of [[Pandit]]a for their extensive knowledge, while others, who were financially well-off, commissioned construction of temples.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kumar|first=Saurabh|date=2015|title=Rural Society and Rural Economy in the Ganga Valley during the Gahadavalas|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24642345|journal=Social Scientist|volume=43|issue=5/6|pages=29–45|issn=0970-0293|jstor=24642345|quote=One thing is clear that by this time, kayasthas had come to acquire prominent places in the court and officialdom and some were financially well-off to commission the construction of temples, while others were well-versed in the requisite fields of Vedic lore to earn the title of pandita for themselves. In our study, the epigraphic sources do not indicate the oppressive nature of kayastha officials...Like the contemporary brahmanas and ksatriyas, some kayasthas and karanikas enjoyed the status of thakkura.}}</ref> The earliest epigraphic mention of [[Chitragupta]] having any connection with the Chitraguptavanshi Kayasthas appears around the same period from a royal [[charter]] (dated 1115 CE) written by a [[Srivastava]] feudatory of [[Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)|Govindachandra]] of [[Kannauj]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ghosh|first1=Jogendra Chandra|last2=Ghosh|first2=Jogesh Chandra|date=1931|title=Gleanings from the Udayasundarī-Kathā|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41688244|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|volume=13|issue=3/4|pages=202|issn=0378-1143|jstor=41688244|quote=The earliest epigraphic mention of Citragupta having any connection with the Kayasthas is found in a charter of Govindacandradeva of Kannauj, dated 1115 AD. This plate was written by a Vãstavya-Kãyastha Thakkura named Jalhana.}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite book|last=Mazumdar|first=Bhakat Prasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUt3wgEACAAJ|title=Socio-economic History of Northern India: (1030–1194 A.D.)|date=1960|publisher=Mukhopadhyay|isbn=|location=|pages=101–103|language=en|chapter=Castes and Professions|quote=Members of Vastavya community rose to very high positions. They enjoyed the feudatory status of Thakkura under the Gahadavala Kings under Govindachandra and Jayachandra, and the Chandela King Bhojavarman...}}</ref> Similar epigraphic records mention [[Mathur (subcaste)|Mathur]] feudatory of [[Udayasimha]],<ref name=":522">{{Cite book|last=Mazumdar|first=Bhakat Prasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUt3wgEACAAJ|title=Socio-economic History of Northern India: (1030–1194 A.D.)|date=1960|publisher=Mukhopadhyay|isbn=|location=|pages=102–103|language=en|chapter=Castes and Professions|quote=Another sub-caste of the Kayasthas was the Mathur-anvaya Kayasthas, who probably...as a feudal vassal, with the title of Thakkura, the name of one Udayasiha is mentioned in the...}}</ref> and members of other Kayastha branches holding important administrative positions under different mediaeval kingdoms.<ref name=":82">{{Cite journal|last=SHARMA|first=KRISHNA GOPAL|date=1991|title=Light on Social Set-Up and Social Life from the Early Jaina Inscriptions from Rajasthan (Upto 1200 A.D.): Summary|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44142598|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=52|pages=199–200|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44142598|quote=Our inscriptions mention Kayasthas as a separate caste, though they are seen associated with their hereditary profession. Two families of the Kayasthas emerge prominently, the family of the Naigamas and the Valabha family. One Kayastha is shown as holding the coveted position of a Sandhivigrahi.}}</ref>

Kayasthas, according to [[Romila Thapar]], had become a "powerful component of the upper-bureaucracy" and were on occasion "highly respected as royal biographers" and composers of inscriptions. Inviting them as professional scribes was considered an indicator of an established kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thapar|first=Romila|title=The Past Before Us : Historical traditions of early north India|publisher=|year=2013|isbn=978-0-674-72651-2|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=525, 539, 565|oclc=859536567}}</ref> Thapar also notes that "as recipients of office and holders of grants of land, ''brahmanas'', ''kayasthas'', and ''sreshtins'' (wealthy merchants)" were moving into a cultural circle which "attempted to diffuse a Sanskritic culture" <ref>{{Cite book|last=Thapar|first=Romila|title=The Past Before Us : Historical traditions of early north India|publisher=|year=2013|isbn=978-0-674-72651-2|edition=|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=578|oclc=859536567}}</ref>

According to Chitrarekha Gupta, Kayasthas became "king-makers and the most influential urban elites".<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Chitrarekha |date=1983 |title=The writers' class of ancient India— a case study in social mobility |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/001946468302000203?journalCode=iera |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=204 |doi=10.1177/001946468302000203 |s2cid=144941948 |issn=0019-4646 |quote=In spite of attempts by the Brahmanas to derogate them, their actual status in society gradually improved. They became king-makers and the most influential urban elites. |via=Sage Journals|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Indo-Islamic Era ===
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The rise of [[Timurid Empire|Timuri]] political power after the sixteenth century had the effect of opening new roles for Kayasthas''.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bellenoit |first=Hayden|date=2014|title=Between qanungos and clerks: the cultural and service worlds of Hindustan's pensmen, c. 1750–1850|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24494608|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=48|issue=4|pages=878|doi=10.1017/S0026749X13000218|jstor=24494608|s2cid=145013312|issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The North-Indian Kayasthas were some of the first groups to learn [[Persian language|Persian]] regularly even before it became the court language.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Bellenoit|first=Hayden |date=2014|title=Between qanungos and clerks: the cultural and service worlds of Hindustan's pensmen, c. 1750–1850|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24494608|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=48|issue=4|pages=879|doi=10.1017/S0026749X13000218|jstor=24494608|s2cid=145013312|issn=0026-749X|quote=With the expansion of Mughal power into north, east and central India, Kayasthas were some of the first groups to learn Persian more regularly; some had been loosely exposed to it under the Delhi Sultanates. In Bulandshahr and the Punjab, for example, Kayasthas started learning Persian before the formal establishment of Mughal power, whilst in Meerut they were amongst the very first Hindus to learn the new language of India's conquerors.|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kayasthas were a major demographic block in ''maktabs'' (equivalent of primary school) where they acquired skills of copying and writing, which were necessary for working in various [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] departments.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bellenoit |first=Hayden |date=2014|title=Between qanungos and clerks: the cultural and service worlds of Hindustan's pensmen, c. 1750–1850|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24494608|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=48|issue=4|pages=882|doi=10.1017/S0026749X13000218|jstor=24494608|s2cid=145013312|issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Thus, Kayasthas became conversant with and literate in wider Perso-Arabic fiscal lexicon<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|last=Bellenoit|first=Hayden J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iEMlDgAAQBAJ|title=The Formation of the Colonial State in India: Scribes, Paper and Taxes, 1760–1860|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=978-1-134-49436-1|pages=15|language=en|chapter=Revenue administration and scribal skills in late Mughal India, c. 1650–1750}}</ref> and started to fulfil requirements of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] administration as ''qanungos'' ({{Translation|"Registrar"}}) and ''patwaris'' ({{Translation|"Accountant"}}).<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Bellenoit |first=Hayden |date=2014|title=Between qanungos and clerks: the cultural and service worlds of Hindustan's pensmen, c. 1750–1850|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24494608|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=48|issue=4|pages=872–910|doi=10.1017/S0026749X13000218|jstor=24494608|s2cid=145013312|issn=0026-749X|quote=It also examines the Kayastha pensmen who became an exponentially significant component of an Indo-Muslim revenue administration. They assisted the extension of Mughal revenue collection capabilities as qanungos (registrars) and patwaris (accountants).|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kayasthas, according to [[Irfan Habib]], were the "second layer" of revenue management in Mughal India, dealing with rudiments of revenue collection, land records, and paper management, where their basic [[Persian language|Persian]] literacy and copying skills were put to use.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bellenoit |first=Hayden |date=2014|title=Between qanungos and clerks: the cultural and service worlds of Hindustan's pensmen, c. 1750–1850|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24494608|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=48|issue=4|pages=884|doi=10.1017/S0026749X13000218|jstor=24494608|s2cid=145013312|issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

By the eighteenth century, Kayasthas' control of the ''qanungo'' position had essentially become hereditary.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Bellenoit|first=Hayden J.|title=The formation of the colonial state in India: scribes, paper and taxes, 1760–1860|date=2017|isbn=978-1-134-49429-3|pages=57|publisher=Taylor & Francis |language=English|oclc=973222959|quote=Kayasthas, as we have seen, had positioned themselves as indispensable paper managers for the Mughals, most acutely under Emperor Aurangzeb, by 1700. We can discern a few trends in their patterns of employment. For one, Kayasthas' dominance of the qanungo position had largely become hereditary by the eighteenth century. Most Kayastha qanungos were appointed 'in the time of Akbar'.}}</ref>

Some Kayasthas were elevated to high ranking positions, such as [[Raghunath Ray Kayastha]] (d. 1664)—the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Empire's]] "acting ''wazir''" ({{Translation|"Prime Minister"}}) and finance minister, whom Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] regarded as the greatest administrator he had ever met, and [[Chandar Bhan Brahman]] referred to as the "frontispiece in the book of the men of the pen of Hindustan".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kinra|first=Rajeev|url=https://www.luminosoa.org/site/books/m/10.1525/luminos.3/|title=Writing Self, Writing Empire|publisher=University of California Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-520-96168-5|pages=53, 82|language=en|doi=10.1525/luminos.3|quote=Later in life, Aurangzeb wrote fondly of Raja Raghunath in letters to others, praising the raja's abilities and even quoting his sage advice on how to appoint good administrators.}}</ref> Emperor [[Akbar|Akbar's]] finance minister, [[Todar Mal|Raja Todar Mal]] (born in [[Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh]]), is often referred to as a Kayastha.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bellenoit|first=Hayden J.|title=The formation of the colonial state in India: scribes, paper and taxes, 1760–1860|date=2017|isbn=978-1-134-49429-3|pages=46|publisher=Taylor & Francis |language=English|oclc=973222959|quote=The joust over whether Akbar's eagle-eyed financial reformer, Todar Mal ('that paragon of Hindu wazirs) was either a Kayastha or Khattri....}}</ref> In fact, it was under Akbar's reign and Todar Mal's encouragement that most Kayasthas learnt Persian and were appointed as ''qanungos'' in the first place''.''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bellenoit|first=Hayden J.|title=The formation of the colonial state in India: scribes, paper and taxes, 1760–1860|date=2017|isbn=978-1-134-49429-3|pages=40, 57|publisher=Taylor & Francis |language=English|oclc=973222959|quote=It was really after Emperor Akbar, and perhaps due to the influence of Raja Todar Mal, that Kayasthas became more heavily invested as subordinate stakeholders in the Mughal revenue administration.... Many Kayasthas learnt the Persian language from their Iranian tutors under Akbar's and Todar Mal's encouragement.}}</ref>

As their participation in Indo-Persian cultural forms grew, so did their interactions with [[Muslims]], and the Kayasthas gradually became loosely integrated into an Indo-Muslim governing community.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Bellenoit |first=Hayden |date=2014|title=Between qanungos and clerks: the cultural and service worlds of Hindustan's pensmen, c. 1750–1850|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24494608|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=48|issue=4|pages=886|doi=10.1017/S0026749X13000218|jstor=24494608|s2cid=145013312|issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The North Indian Kayasthas, in contrast to [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu|CKPs]] and [[Bengali Kayastha]]s, became known for adopting an Indo-Muslim lifestyle, which was reflected in their attire, mannerism, and a common affinity for ''sharab'' ({{Translation|wine}}) with Muslim aristocracy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bellenoit |first=Hayden |date=2014|title=Between qanungos and clerks: the cultural and service worlds of Hindustan's pensmen, c. 1750–1850|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24494608|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=48|issue=4|pages=880|doi=10.1017/S0026749X13000218|jstor=24494608|s2cid=145013312|issn=0026-749X|quote=Yet Kayastha lifestyles could also vary regionally. Bengali Kayasthas were far more 'Brahmanical in their lifestyles and customs with regard to diet, whereas Bihari and Awadhi Kayasthas took on much more of an Indo-Muslim dress, mannerisms and a shared affinity for sharab with the scions of Muslim nobility.|url-access=subscription}}</ref> To navigate the Indo-Muslim circle of service and literacy, many adopted Perso-Arabic pennames.<ref name=":12" />

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+Table 1. Some Perso-Arabic pennames and titles adopted by North Indian Kayasthas
!Name
!Meaning
|-
|Raizada
|Son of a king (Rais), or boss
|-
|Malik
|Chief
|-
|Bakshi
|Paymaster
|-
|Inamdar
|The rewarded one
|-
|Qanungo
|Of the law/custom/registrar
|-
|Daftri
|Office-person
|-
|Daulatzada
|Son of authority
|-
|Umid
|Hope
|-
|Gulab
|Rosewater
|-
|Daulat
|Wealth
|-
|Fateh
|Victory
|-
|Farhad
|Happiness
|}

The [[ulama]], Muslim aristocracy, and Persian poets, on the other hand, looked down on Kayasthas for wielding influence, labelling them "disloyal, cruel, cheats, and extortionists". According to [[Ayesha Jalal]], unless it was a full-fledged conversion some Muslims kept [[Hindus]] 'at a figurative and literal arm's length'. One Muslim commentator noted that the Hindu pensman who spoke Persian was a 'neo-Muslim, but still retained [sic] the smell of ''kufr'' [infidelity] and discord in his heart'.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bellenoit|first=Hayden J.|title=The formation of the colonial state in India : scribes, paper and taxes, 1760–1860|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2017|isbn=978-1-134-49429-3|location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon|pages=41|chapter=The pensmen and scribal communities of Hindustan|oclc=973222959}}</ref> The Muslim reformer [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi|Shah Waliullah]] once complained that 'all [of India's] accountants and clerks [are] Hindus...they control [sic] the country's wealth'. Kayasthas had to try and convince Muslims that they did not represent infidelity in Islam, as ulama claimed.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bellenoit|first=Hayden J.|title=The formation of the colonial state in India : scribes, paper and taxes, 1760–1860|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2017|isbn=978-1-134-49429-3|location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon|pages=49|chapter=The pensmen and scribal communities of Hindustan|oclc=973222959}}</ref> Many Kayasthas left their sacred thread ([[Upanayana|suta]]) at home when Emperor Aurangzeb made it illegal to wear it at court.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bellenoit|first=Hayden J.|title=The formation of the colonial state in India: scribes, paper and taxes, 1760–1860|year=2017|isbn=978-1-134-49429-3|pages=48|publisher=Taylor & Francis |language=English|oclc=973222959}}</ref>

Most Kayasthas remained pragmatic and vocationally oriented towards their Persian language skills,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bellenoit|first=Hayden J.|title=The formation of the colonial state in India: scribes, paper and taxes, 1760–1860|date=2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-134-49429-3|language=English|oclc=973222959|quote=Kayasthas received some exposure to the great Persian works, but their Persian language experience seems to have been much more pragmatic. They engaged with the Indo-Islamic world of learning on their own, more vocationally oriented, terms, gaining rudimentary skills in accountancy, reading and basic writing.}}</ref> probably with the exception of [[Hargopal Tufta|Munshi Hargopal Tufta]] (d. 1879), the chief ''shagird (''{{Translation|"disciple"}}) of [[Ghalib|Mirza Ghalib]].<ref name=":18">{{Cite book|last=Varma|first=Pavan K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zxtqXcZ9ZTEC|title=Ghalib|date=2008|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306481-7|page=107|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan Ghalib|first=Mirza Asadullah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ivd8T02BQmAC|title=Mirza Ghalib: Selected Lyrics and Letters|date=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-61-4|pages=509|translator-last=Kanda|translator-first=K. C.}}</ref> They also remained largely reluctant and rarely converted to [[Islam]] which, according to H. Bellenoit, limited their "administrative worth".<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Bellenoit|first=H. J. A.|title=The formation of the colonial state in India : scribes, paper and taxes, 1760–1860|date=2017|isbn=978-1-134-49429-3|location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon|pages=38, 41, 50, 195|oclc=973222959|quote=Most did not convert to Islam, and combined with their lack of landed, military and religious prowess this naturally limited their administrative worth...Some Kayasthas converted to Islam, but this was very rare...But they were never full members, largely due to their reluctance to convert.}}</ref> Those who did convert maintained traditions of accountancy and paper-management, and are known as [[Muslim Kayasths|Muslim Kayasthas]], a numerically small community of northern India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bellenoit|first=H. J. A|title=The formation of the colonial state in India: scribes, paper and taxes, 1760–1860|date=2017|isbn=978-1-134-49429-3|pages=46|publisher=Taylor & Francis |language=English|oclc=973222959}}</ref>

==== Under Nawabs of Awadh ====
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The Kayastha's association with the Nawab's began early with Nawal Ray (d. 1750), a [[Saxena]] Kayastha from [[Etawah]]. In 1748, [[Safdar Jang]] made him deputy governor over [[Allahabad]] and he was awarded the title of first [[Raja]] and then of [[Maharaja]]. Nawal died on the battlefield fighting against [[Pashtuns|Pathans]] on behalf of Safdar <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alam |first1=Muzaffar |last2=Subrahmanyam |first2=Sanjay |date=2010 |title=Witnesses and Agents of Empire: Eighteenth-Century Historiography and the World of the Mughal Munshī |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25651223 |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=53 |issue=1/2 |pages=396 |jstor=25651223 |issn=0022-4995}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Veer |first=Peter van der |date=1987 |title='God must be Liberated!' A Hindu Liberation Movement in Ayodhya |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/god-must-be-liberated-a-hindu-liberation-movement-in-ayodhya/71C014B46A804AD002CC05330879BF31 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=288 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00013810 |s2cid=69004346 |issn=1469-8099 |quote=The diwan of Nawab Safdar Jang, the Saksena Kayasth Nawal Ray, built and repaired several temples in Ayodhya.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Under the reign of [[Asaf-ud-Daula]], the Kayastha [[Raja Tikait Rai]] who served as a [[Dewan|''Diwan'']] ({{Translation|"Finance Minister"}}) became an important figure in the region's administration.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raja Tikait Rai: Keeper of the Nawab's Treasury|url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/snapshort-histories/2020/11/05/raja-tikait-rai|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2021|website=www.livehistoryindia.com|language=en|quote=Tikait Rai was born into a middle-class Hindu family in Dalmau town in Rae Bareili district in Uttar Pradesh. He belonged to the Kayastha clan, and most of the men from his community formed the core of accountancy in the courts of the Mughals and the Nawabs....Jhao Lal hailed from the same community as Tikait Rai did.....Tikait Rai was dismissed from service and the Nawab wanted to appoint Jhao Lal in his place.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105055238/https://www.livehistoryindia.com/snapshort-histories/2020/11/05/raja-tikait-rai |archive-date=5 November 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bayly|first=C. A.|title=Empire and information : intelligence gathering and social communication in India, 1780–1870|date=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-511-00203-3|location=Cambridge|pages=33|oclc=48138767|quote=The Kayastha patriot, Raja Jhau Lal, remodeled the intelligence services to outface his British enemies. Sir John Shore, visiting Lucknow as Governor-General in 1797, wrote, 'The Dauk, an intelligence department was very extensive under Jao Lal...Jhau Lal had amalgamated the offices of revenue manager (diwan) and head of intelligence. He also controlled the Lucknow city police chief and used key men in the army as informers...}}</ref> After him a number of Kayastha administrators such as Raja Jhau Lal, Raja Gulab Rai, Munshi Hardayal, Trilok Chand Bakshi, Raja Jiya Lal and several others made important contributions in administration and cultural activities of Awadh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasnain |first=Nadeem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjO6DQAAQBAJ&q=chitragupta+kayastha |title=The Other Lucknow |date=2016 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5229-420-6 |page=65 |language=en}}</ref>

In some areas, Kayasthas were more willing to embrace outward signs of a spiritual orientation that was almost [[Islam]]ic. Many were active members of [[Sufism|Sufi]] shrines and frequently attended in [[Shia Islam|Shia]] spiritual months of [[Muharram]] and [[Ashura]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bellenoit|first=Hayden J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iEMlDgAAQBAJ|title=The Formation of the Colonial State in India: Scribes, Paper and Taxes, 1760–1860|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-49436-1|pages=43|language=en}}</ref> In 1780s [[Lucknow]], thousands of Kayastha worked as [[Calligraphy|calligraphers]] who had mastered the Persian works of [[Hafez]] and [[Saadi Shirazi|Sadi]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bellenoit|first=Hayden J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iEMlDgAAQBAJ|title=The Formation of the Colonial State in India: Scribes, Paper and Taxes, 1760–1860|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-49436-1|pages=46|language=en}}</ref>

Shiva Dasa 'Lakhnavi', a ''Kayastha'' from [[Awadh]], authored his monumental work ''Shahnama Munawar Kalam'' in Persian, which provides account of events, political upheavals and factional struggles from the time of Emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]] (1712 CE) to Emperor [[Muhammad Shah|Muhammad Shah's]] fourth regnal year (1723 CE).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jaffer|first=Mehru|title=Wandering In The Lanes of History|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/14/16529/Wandering-In-The-Lanes-of-History|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2021|website=The Citizen|date=22 March 2019 |language=en-US|quote=Kayasthas were promoted to a critical link in society's multiple relationships. They were made equal participants with the elite in matters of language, diet, dress, mannerisms, lifestyle and etiquette. While they never intermarried or converted to Islam, they shared many common experiences such as primary education, and qawwali at the sufi dargha with Muslims. Shiva Das Lakhnawi, author of the well known Shahnama Munawwar Kalam, was an active member of the Chishti Sufi circle.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518003823/https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/14/16529/Wandering-In-The-Lanes-of-History |archive-date=18 May 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Peabody|first=Norbert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YZvuz6EGgcC|title=Hindu Kingship and Polity in Precolonial India|date=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-46548-9|pages=29–30|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lakhnawi|first=Shiv Das|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.130317|title=Shahnama Munawwar Kalam|date=1980|pages=7|quote=A striking fact about the historical works of the Hindus is that they were produced in large numbers in an age of political disintegration when Mughal politics had degenerated into a series of political vendetta and factional struggles between rival groups of designing Court nobles and provincial satraps....}}</ref>

==== Bhakti movement ====
The Kayasthas also became a part of the larger [[Bhakti movement]] in northern India.

''Dhruvadasa'' (d. 1643), a Kayastha from [[Deoband|Deoband (Uttar Pradesh)]], whose family served as government servants, is considered one of the [[Radha-vallabha|Radhavallabh]] sect's foremost poets.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|last=Datta|first=Amaresh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti|date=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|pages=1005–1006|language=en}}</ref> Another Kayastha ''Ghanananda'' (d. 1739), who served as the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Muhammad Shah|Muhammad Shah's]] Mir Munshi ({{Translation|"Chief Scribe"}}), renounced his worldly life and remained in [[Vrindavan]] until he was killed by soldiers of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah Abdali]]. He is regarded as one of the finest [[Braj Bhasha]] poets.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Datta|first=Amaresh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti|date=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|pages=1385, 1386|language=en}}</ref> The most important contribution came from ''Lalach Kavi'', a Kayastha from [[Raebareli]], who in 1530 CE wrote the first ever Hindi ''vernacular'' adaptation of the [[Sanskrit]] text [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavata Purana's]] "Dasam Skandha".<ref>{{Citation|last=Orsini|first=Francesca|title=Inflected Kathas: Sufis and Krishna Bhaktas in Awadh|date=2014|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/19887/|work=Religious Interactions in Mughal India|pages=200|editor-last=Dalmia|editor-first=Vasudha|place=New Delhi|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|isbn=978-0-19-808167-8|editor2-last=Faruqui|editor2-first=Munis}}</ref>

=== British Raj ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
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| footer_align = center
| image_style = border:none;
| total_width = 180
| image1 = Raja_Girdhari_Prasad.jpg
| footer_background = rgba(0, 123, 255, 0.125)
| footer = Raja Girdhari Pershad c. 1890: A Kayastha who supervised household and military units for [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]
}}

By the 1820s, the [[East India Company|East India company's]] agrarian taxation had built upon a network of paper-managers that reached back into the [[Mughal Empire#Decline (1707–1857)|Late Mughal]] era. The registrars and accountants provided important information on "rents, assessments and methods of negotiating rent rates".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bellenoit |first=H. J. A. |title=The formation of the colonial state in India : scribes, paper and taxes, 1760–1860 |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-134-49429-3 |location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon |pages=67–75 |oclc=973222959}}</ref> In the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Great rebellion]] triggered by the [[Oudh State#British annexation|annexation of Awadh]] in 1856, many old ''Nawabi'' fiscal records were destroyed in [[Lucknow]] and [[Faizabad]]. Kayastha ''qanungos'' and scribes proved to be of great help in achieving fiscal consolidation and integration of the region into north Indian administration.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bellenoit |first=H. J. A. |title=The formation of the colonial state in India : scribes, paper and taxes, 1760–1860 |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-134-49429-3 |location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon |page=157 |oclc=973222959}}</ref> And in this sense, Kayasthas became well-known in the colonial officialdom and it was observed that:

{{Cquote|quote=Hindoos of the Kyut [Kayastha] caste are always to be preferred for this duty...generally speaking [they] are respectable, well-dressed and intelligent, and carry much weight with them on entering a village, assuming great consequence, and summoning the village authorities to attend with a great deal of parade and show...he never appears without a bearer holding a chattah (umbrella) over his head.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bellenoit |first=H. J. A. |title=The formation of the colonial state in India : scribes, paper and taxes, 1760–1860 |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-134-49429-3 |location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon |page=159 |oclc=973222959}}</ref>}}

The early colonial administration, thus, came to be shaped by influential ''Kayastha'' families who became early beneficiaries of the British power and success. In 1919, at the cusp of Congress's launch of Civil Disobedience, Kayasthas accounted for two-thirds of all Indian Government law members across north India, with most of them in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]].<ref name=":6" /> One famous Gaur Kayastha, Brij Bhukhan Lal, became the first Indian to hold the post of Registrar Judicial in [[Oudh State|Oudh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bellenoit |first=H. J. A. |title=The formation of the colonial state in India : scribes, paper and taxes, 1760–1860 |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-134-49429-3 |location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon |pages=161 |oclc=973222959}}</ref>

==== Kayastha Samachar ====
Munshi Kali Prasad, who also founded the Kayastha Pathshala, commenced the publication of an [[Urdu]] journal – the ''Kayastha Samachar''. It gained recognition among Indian periodicals and was invited to the [[Delhi Durbar|Delhi Darbar]] in 1903. Its language was subsequently changed to [[English language|English]] whereas name to ''Hindustan Review and Kayastha Samachar'' and later ''Hindustan Review''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindustan Review {{!}} Ideas of India |url=https://www.ideasofindia.org/project/hindustan-review-2/ |access-date=8 January 2023 |website=www.ideasofindia.org}}</ref> By 1904, the circulation of the Hindustan Review and Kayastha Samachar was the largest of any Indian monthly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carroll |first=Lucy |date=1973 |title=Kayastha Samachar: from a Caste—to a National Newspaper |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001946467301000305 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=280–292 |doi=10.1177/001946467301000305 |s2cid=143855786 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==== Controversies ====
In the 1880s, [[Allan Octavian Hume]] called<ref name=":5" /> for the colonial government to:{{Cquote|quote=tax the... Kayasths... who, while growing rich by the pen, oust their betters from their ancestral holdings, and then are too great cowards to wield a sword either to protect their own acquisitions or to aid the Government which has fostered their success.|[[Allan Octavian Hume]], founder of the [[Indian National Congress]]}}

As part of the British [[divide and rule]] strategy, in 1901, the Principal of Queens College received a directive from the Commissioner of [[Varanasi|Benares]] and its District Collector that candidates for the Collector's office should "belong to castes other than ''Kayasthas''." Thus, making room for [[Brahmin]]s and other castes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellenoit |first=Hayden |date=2022 |title=Flesh, booze and (contested) lineages: Kayasthas, caste and colonial ethnography 1870–1930 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19472498.2022.2067637 |journal=South Asian History and Culture |volume=13 |issue=2 |page=161 |doi=10.1080/19472498.2022.2067637 |s2cid=248329363 |issn=1947-2498|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==== Census of India (1931) ====
According to census of India of 1931, Chitraguptavanshi Kayasthas were the most literate caste group in [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]. Around 70% of Kayastha males aged 7 years and over and 19% females were literate.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=United Provinces of Agra and Oudh – Census 1931 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32524 |page=460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellenoit |first=Hayden |date=2022 |title=Flesh, booze and (contested) lineages: Kayasthas, caste and colonial ethnography 1870–1930 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19472498.2022.2067637 |journal=South Asian History and Culture |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=172–173 |doi=10.1080/19472498.2022.2067637 |s2cid=248329363 |issn=1947-2498|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+Table 2. Approximate literacy rates of different caste groups according to 1931 census of India in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]].<ref name=":7" />
!Caste
!Male literacy (%)
!Female literacy (%)
|-
|Kayastha
|70
|19
|-
|Vaishya
|38
|6
|-
|Sayyid
|38
|9
|-
|Bhumihar
|31
|3
|-
|Brahmin
|29
|3
|-
|Mughal
|26
|5
|-
|Pathan
|15
|2
|}

=== Modern India ===

Modern scholars categorise them among Indian communities that were traditionally described as "urban-oriented", "upper caste" and part of the "well-educated" pan-Indian elite, alongside [[Khatri]]s, [[Kashmiri Pandit]]s, [[Parsis]], [[Nagar Brahmin]]s of Gujarat, South-Indian [[Brahmin]]s, [[Deshastha Brahmin]]s, [[Chitpavan|Chitpavan Brahmin]], [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu|Prabhu Kayasthas]], [[Bhadralok]] Bengalis and upper echelons of the [[Muslims|Muslim]] and [[Christians|Christian]] communities that made up the [[middle class]] at the time of [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]] in 1947.<ref>{{cite book|author=Pavan K. Varma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbgMy8KfD74C&pg=PA28|title=The Great Indian Middle class|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2007|isbn=9780143103257|page=28|quote=...its main adherents came from those in government service, qualified professionals such as doctors, engineers and lawyers, business entrepreneurs, teachers in schools in the bigger cities and in the institutes of higher education, journalists [etc]...The upper castes dominated the Indian middle class. Prominent among its members were Punjabi Khatris, Kashmiri Pandits and South Indian brahmins. Then there were the 'traditional urban-oriented professional castes such as the Nagars of Gujarat, the Chitpawans and the Ckps (Chandrasenya Kayastha Prabhus)s of Maharashtra and the Kayasthas of North India. Also included were the old elite groups that emerged during the colonial rule: the Probasi and the Bhadralok Bengalis, the Parsis and the upper crusts of Muslim and Christian communities. Education was a common thread that bound together this pan Indian elite... But almost all its members spoke and wrote English and had had some education beyond school}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul Wallace|title=Region and nation in India|author2=Richard Leonard Park|publisher=Oxford & IBH Pub. Co.|year=1985|quote=During much of the 19th century, Maratha Brahman Desasthas had held a position of such strength throughout South India that their position can only be compared with that of the Kayasthas and Khatris of North India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bellenoit|first=Hayden J.|title=The formation of the colonial state in India : scribes, paper and taxes, 1760–1860|year=2017|isbn=978-1-134-49429-3|location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon|pages=155|chapter=Kayasthas, 'caste' and administration under the Raj, c.1860–1900|oclc=973222959|quote=They were broadly considered by various Indian, British and missionary observers to be the most learned and influential of the "service castes".}}</ref>

==Varna status==
The functionality of the Kayasthas, who identified themselves with "Chitragupta and paper-oriented service", was more significant before the 1870s, and historically, their caste status have been ambiguous.<ref name="Bellenoit2017">{{cite book|last=Bellenoit|first=Hayden J.|title=The Formation of the Colonial State in India: Scribes, Paper and Taxes, 1760–1860|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TElDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|year=2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-134-49429-3|page=42}}</ref><ref name="Bellenoit2017N">{{cite book|last=Bellenoit|first=Hayden J.|title=The Formation of the Colonial State in India: Scribes, Paper and Taxes, 1760–1860|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TElDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196|year=2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-134-49429-3|page=196}}</ref> Kayasthas of northern India regard themselves as a de facto ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'' that arose to keep records of the four ''varnas'' that came before them. Traditions and occupations associated with them, and their belief in the mythical roles assigned to [[Chitragupta]], their [[progenitor]], partly support this claim.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sinha|first1=Gopal Sharan|last2=Sinha|first2=Ramesh Chandra|date=1967|title=Exploration in Caste Stereotypes|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2575319|journal=Social Forces|volume=46|issue=1|pages=42–47|doi=10.2307/2575319|jstor=2575319|issn=0037-7732|quote=The Kayastha were not included in the original four divisions of Hindu society, viz., Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Sudra, but they claim to be one of the most important functionary and ancient castes of Hindu society. Traditions and occupations associated with the Kayastha partly support this contention....The Kayasthas' strong belief in the story of the causation of Shri Chitragupta Maharaj and mythical roles assigned to Him at least corroborate the above contention.|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Davidson|first=Ronald M.|title=Tibetan renaissance : Tantric Buddhism in the Rebirth of Tibetan culture|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-231-50889-6|location=New York|pages=178–180|oclc=808346313|quote=This North Indian branch regards itself as really a fifth varna, different from the creator Brahma's mouth (Brahmans), his arms (Kshatriyas), his thighs (Vaishyas) or his feet (Sudras), North Indian Kayasthas maintain that they were formed from the body of the creator and therefore are grounded (''stha'') in Brahma's body (''kaya'')}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Leonard|first=Karen|title=Encyclopedia of India|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|year=2006|isbn=0-684-31349-9|editor-last=Wolpert|editor-first=Stanley|location=Detroit|pages=22|oclc=60856154|quote=The most common Kayastha myth of origin avoided this problem of varna classification by cleverly postulating the creation of a fifth varna, the Kayasthas, to keep records concerning the other four. Brahma, they say, after creating the four varnas, created the first Kayastha, pen and inkpot in hand.}}</ref>

== Social status ==
By 1900, the [[Kayastha]]s became so dominant as a 'service caste' that "their ability to mould north India's governance led to numerous calls from [[British Empire|British]] officialdom to cut their numbers down".<ref name="Bellenoit2017N1">{{cite book|last=Bellenoit|first=Hayden J.|title=The Formation of the Colonial State in India: Scribes, Paper and Taxes, 1760–1860|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TElDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA197|year=2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-134-49429-3|page=197}}</ref> The late-nineteenth-century ethnographers and observers unanimously agreed on the [[Kayastha|Kayastha's]] high social status in the Hindu society.<ref name=":19">{{Cite book|last=Stout|first=Lucy Carol|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K15KAQAAMAAJ|title=The Hindustani Kayasthas: The Kayastha Pathshala, and the Kayastha Conference, 1873–1914|date=1976|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|page=25|language=en}}</ref>

They are recognised as a [[Forward Caste]], as they do not qualify for any of the [[Reservation in India|reservation benefits]] allotted to [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] and [[Other Backward Class]]es that are administered by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Srinivasan|first1=K.|last2=Kumar|first2=Sanjay|date=16–23 October 1999|title=Economic and Caste Criteria in Definition of Backwardness|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=34|issue=42/43|page=3052|jstor=4408536}}</ref>

==Society and culture==

Chitraguptavanshi Kayasthas are primarily divided into twelve subgroups. These subgroups have traditionally practised [[endogamy]] within their subgroup. H. Bellenoit has shown that these subgroups tended to reside in certain geographic areas of [[Hindustan]].

=== Subgroups ===
{{Lineage|1|46=3|34=3|35=Chitracharu|36=Karna|37=10|38=3|55=Matiman|56=Saxena|41=11|42=3|43=Sucharu|44=Gaur|45=12|47=Charusta|32=Mathur|48=Ashthana|49=13|50=3|51=Himvan|52=Ambashtha|53=14|54=3|39=Chitraksha|40=Bhatnagar|57=15|58=3|59=Atindaya|33=9|31=Charu|-1|15=Bhanu|Chitragupta|progenitor|2|1|Nandini|wife|3|1|Shobhavati|wife|4|2|16=Srivastava|30=3|17=5|18=2|19=Vibhanu|20=Suryadhwaj|21=6|22=2|23=Vishavbhanu|24=Nigam|25=7|26=2|27=Viryavan|28=Kulshrestha|29=8|60=Valmik}}

=== Writing system ===
{{Main|Kaithi}}
{{multiple image
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| footer_background = rgba(255, 248, 220)
| footer = Top: [[Kaithi]] script (left side bottom most line) on the coins of [[Sher Shah Suri]]; Bottom: Chitragupta Puja rituals that involve venerating the pen and paper.
}}

[[Kaithi]] is a historical [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic script]] that was used widely in parts of Northern India especially [[Awadh]] and [[Bihar]]. The script derives its name from the word "Kayastha".<ref>Grierson, George A. 1899. ''A Handbook to the Kaithi Character.'' Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co.</ref> Documents in [[Kaithi]] are traceable to at least the 16th century. The script was widely used during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period.

Under the [[British Raj]], the script was recognised as the official script of the law courts in some provinces. [[John Nesfield]] in Oudh, [[George Campbell of Inverneill|George Campbell]] in [[Bihar]] and a committee in [[Bengal]] all advocated for the use of the script in education.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rai |first1=Alok |title=Hindi Nationalism |date=2007 |publisher=Sangam Books |location=London |isbn=978-81-250-1979-4 |page=51 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>

=== Women ===
Traditionally, the North Indian Kayastha women were allowed to attend school and receive education, but were kept in "far more seclusion than the [[Rajput]] women," according to a Colonial era census report.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R_8IAAAAQAAJ&dq=they+are+however+kept+in+much+greater+seclusion+than+women+of+the+rajputs&pg=RA1-PA171 |title=Report of the Census of Bengal, 1872 |last2=Beverley |first2=H. |date=1872 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press |pages=170–172 |language=en |quote=...they are however kept in much greater seclusion than women of the rajputs...}}</ref> Some patriarchs of the caste also seemed to have kept concubines.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KaZjAAAAcAAJ&dq=the+rajputs,+khatris+and+kayasthas+openly+kept&pg=PA186 |title=Behar (Patna City) And Shahabad |date=1838 |pages=186 |language=en |quote=The Rajputs, Khatris and Kayasthas....openly keep women slaves....|last1=Martin |first1=Robert Montgomery }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Madan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnrRDwAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6&pg=PT60 |title=Kalam Ka Majdoor : Premchand |date=1 February 2020 |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan |isbn=978-93-88933-48-3 |language=en |quote=प्रेमचन्द की रखैल शायद....}}</ref>

A 2015 survey at a District Court revealed that the [[Kayastha]] caste appeared to have produced the most female [[lawyer]]s overall. The [[Kayastha]] caste, unlike the majority of other castes in Indian society, typically relies on employment rather than land, hence both men and women in this caste marry after obtaining professional qualifications. The [[Kayastha]] women consequently marry at an older-than-average age.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mishra |first=Saurabh Kumar |date=2015 |title=Women in Indian Courts of Law: A Study of Women Legal Professionals in the District Court of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eces/1976 |journal=E-cadernos CES |language=en |issue=24 |doi=10.4000/eces.1976 |issn=1647-0737|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Festivals ===
Beside celebrating all major Hindu festivals, Kayasthas also celebrate Chitragupta Puja around the festival of [[Diwali]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Sahay |first=Gaurang R. |title=Caste, Economy and Power: Changing Rural Bihar |date=2019 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-13-0387-6_6 |work=Understanding Social Dynamics in South Asia |pages=83–106 |editor-last=Mukherji |editor-first=Partha Nath |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Singapore |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-0387-6_6 |isbn=978-981-13-0386-9 |s2cid=159238433 |quote=In villages, the castes publicly proclaim their belief in separate origin tales by worshiping their originators or the primary representatives of their castes in the form of deities. The organisation and celebration of the Govardhan Puja by the Yadavs, the Chitragupta Puja by the Kayasthas... |editor2-last=Jayaram |editor2-first=N. |editor3-last=Ghosh |editor3-first=Bhola Nath|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=R.P |title=Hinduism and tribal religions |publisher=Springer |others=Jeffery D. Long, Rita DasGupta Sherma, Pankaj Jain, Madhu Khanna |year=2022 |isbn=978-94-024-1188-1 |location=Dordrecht, The Netherlands |oclc=1295270024}}</ref> The rituals symbolise veneration towards the pen, paper, ink-pot and [[Chitragupta]] that are considered indispensable part of the Kayastha heritage.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bellenoit |first=H. J. A. |title=The formation of the colonial state in India : scribes, paper and taxes, 1760–1860 |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-134-49429-3 |location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon |pages=48 |oclc=973222959 |quote=One example is the 'pen and inkpot prayer' (qalam dawat puja). This puja, a veneration of the pen, inkpot and Chitragupta, was symbolic not only of their heritage...}}</ref>

=== Diet and cuisine ===
Kayasth cuisine focuses a great deal on meat – in fact, most vegetables in the Kayastha menu are prepared the same way as meat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhuri |first=Zinnia Ray |title=A history of Kayasth cuisine brings back memories of winter afternoons |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/821320/a-history-of-kayasth-cuisine-brings-back-memories-of-winter-afternoons |access-date=22 January 2023 |website=Scroll.in |date=17 November 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref> Yet traditionally meat eating is often limited to public sphere as Kayasthas tend to consume vegetarian cuisine at home.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bellenoit |first=H. J. A. |title=The formation of the colonial state in India : scribes, paper and taxes, 1760–1860 |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-134-49429-3 |location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon |pages=42 |oclc=973222959 |quote=Kayasthas took quickly to meat eating...Yet, it must be stressed that...}}</ref>

=== Education and Literacy ===
According to the last completed census of India of 1931, Chitraguptavanshi Kayasthas were the most literate caste group in [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]. Around 70% of Kayastha males aged 7 years and over and 19% females were literate.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=United Provinces of Agra and Oudh – Census 1931 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32524 |page=460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellenoit |first=Hayden |date=2022 |title=Flesh, booze and (contested) lineages: Kayasthas, caste and colonial ethnography 1870–1930 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19472498.2022.2067637 |journal=South Asian History and Culture |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=172–173 |doi=10.1080/19472498.2022.2067637 |s2cid=248329363 |issn=1947-2498|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+Table 2. Approximate literacy rates of different caste groups according to 1931 census of India in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]].<ref name=":7" />
!Caste
!Male literacy (%)
!Female literacy (%)
|-
|Kayastha
|70
|19
|-
|Vaishya
|38
|6
|-
|Sayyid
|38
|9
|-
|Bhumihar
|31
|3
|-
|Brahmin
|29
|3
|-
|Mughal
|26
|5
|-
|Pathan
|15
|2
|}

== Notables ==
{{multiple image
| image1 = Lal Bahadur Shastri 1966 stamp of India.jpg
| alt1 = Green herb with a few tiny yellow-white flowers
| image2 = Rajendra Prasad (Indian President), signed image for Walter Nash (NZ Prime Minister), 1958 (16017609534).jpg
| alt2 = Three small white and yellow flowers before green-leaf background
| image3 =
| alt3 = Leaves of a plant, in groups of three each with three lobes
| footer_background = rgba(0, 123, 255, 0.125)
| footer_align = center
| footer = (From Left to Right) [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Munshi Premchand|Premchand]], [[Lala Har Dayal]], [[Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar]]
| align = center
| total_width = 700
| image4 = Lala Har Dayal 1987 stamp of India.jpg
| image5 = Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar 1994 stamp of India.jpg
| header = Prominent Kayastha Figures
| header_background = rgba(0, 123, 255, 0.125)
}}

=== Politicians and revolutionaries ===
* [[Yashwant Sinha]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/escaping-the-baton/story-KGuUpZazbRhkUvfEQsgNgO.html|title = Escaping the baton|date = 16 February 2007}}</ref>
* [[Krishna Ballabh Sahay]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Navneeth|date=1968|title=Congress Debacle in Bihar: Voting Pattern in 1967|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4358969|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=3|issue=34|pages=1311–1317|jstor=4358969|issn=0012-9976}}
</ref>
* [[Chandipat Sahay]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://discover.23andme.com/last-name/Sahai|title=Sahai surname}}</ref>
* [[Mahamaya Prasad Sinha]]<ref name="Verma 1991 1142–1144">{{Cite journal|last=Verma|first=Ravindra Kumar|date=1991|title=Caste and Bihar Politics|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41498247|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=26|issue=18|pages=1142–1144|jstor=41498247|issn=0012-9976}}</ref>
* [[Sachchidananda Sinha]]<ref name="Verma 1991 1142–1144"/>
* [[Subodh Kant Sahay]]<ref name="Verma 1991 1142–1144"/>
* [[Jayaprakash Narayan]]<ref name="Verma 1991 1142–1144"/>
* [[Rajendra Prasad]]<ref name="Verma 1991 1142–1144"/>
* [[Shyam Nandan Sahay]]<ref name="Verma 1991 1142–1144"/>
* [[Shailendra Nath Shrivastava]]<ref name="Verma 1991 1142–1144"/>
* [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/the-office-of-prime-minister-a-largely-north-indian-upper-caste-hindu-affair-114050700846_1.html|title = The office of Prime Minister: A largely north Indian upper-caste, Hindu affair|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 7 May 2014|last1 = Ghai|first1 = Rajat}}</ref>
* [[Shiv Charan Mathur]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/a-great-fighter-shiv-charan-mathur-won-many-a-political-battle/articleshow/4708835.cms|title = A great fighter, Shiv Charan Mathur won many a political battle | Jaipur News – Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=27 June 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1998/nov/29math.htm|title = Rediff on the NeT: The Rajasthan assembly election results}}</ref>
* [[Sampurnanand]]
* [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=22 April 2019|title=A battle of Kayasthas in Patna Sahib|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/a-battle-of-kayasthas-in-patna-sahib/article26906710.ece|access-date=28 August 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Nitin Nabin]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shahnawaz tipped for Bihar finance|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/feb/09/shahnawaz-tipped-for-bihar-finance-2261532.html|access-date=28 August 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=9 February 2021 }}</ref>
* [[Jayant Sinha]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sinha|first=Yashwant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALyiDwAAQBAJ|title=Relentless: An Autobiography|date=22 July 2019|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-93-86950-36-9|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Har Dayal]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=He turned down the Indian Civil Service (ICS) to participate in the freedom struggle|url=http://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?30|access-date=28 August 2021|website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Pandey Ganpat Rai]]<ref>Harivansh Rai Bachchan. kya bhulun kya yaad karu. pp. 11–12.</ref>
* [[Sidharth Nath Singh]]
* [[Hari Krishna Shastri]]
* [[Sunil Shastri]]

=== Literature ===
* [[Premchand]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Premchand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJ1IDwAAQBAJ&q=premchand+munshi+kayastha&pg=PT11|title=The Complete Short Stories: Vol. 4|date=2018|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-87326-53-8|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/vivacity/bachchan-reveals-how-he-got-his-surname.html|title=Bachchan reveals how he got his surname}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/is-big-b-the-reincarnation-of-his-grand-father-/758373/|title=Is Big B the reincarnation of his grand father? – Indian Express}}</ref>
* [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]]<ref>{{Citation|last=Kidwai|first=Saleem|title="Firaq" Gorakhpuri: Poet vs. "Critic" (Urdu)|date=2000|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-05480-7_37|work=Same-Sex Love in India: Readings from Literature and History|pages=264–266|editor-last=Vanita|editor-first=Ruth|place=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-137-05480-7_37|isbn=978-1-137-05480-7|access-date=27 August 2021|editor2-last=Kidwai|editor2-first=Saleem|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* [[Mahadevi Varma]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3CgKqpJmBcC&q=mahadevi+varma+kayastha&pg=PP1|title=Mahadevi Varma|publisher=Cambria Press|isbn=978-1-62196-880-1|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bhagwati Charan Verma]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.theprint.in/culture/bhagwati-charan-verma/33990/|title = हम दीवानों की क्या हस्ती, आज यहां कल वहां चले|date = 5 October 2018}}</ref>
* [[Dharamvir Bharati]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 June 2018|title=Gunahon Ka Devta – Indian Novels Collective|url=https://indiannovelscollective.com/book/gunahon-ka-devta/|access-date=27 August 2021|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Ramkumar Verma]]<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{Cite web|title=The Tribune – Windows – Slice of history|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010224/windows/slice.htm|access-date=27 August 2021|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
* [[Saumitra Saxena]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saxena surname|url=https://www.geni.com/surnames/saxena|access-date=27 August 2021|website=geni_family_tree|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Parichay Das]] (Professor, Nava Nalanda Mahavihar University, Nalanda)

=== Science and Technology ===
* [[Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar]]<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/>
* [[Vinod Dham]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vinod Dham – Leaders Biographies|url=http://www.leaders-biographies.com/vinod-dham/|access-date=27 August 2021|language=en}}</ref>
* [[H. C. Verma|Harish Chandra Verma]]
* [[Ganesh Prasad]]

=== Actors and artists ===
* [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nitin Mukesh looks back at his late father Mukesh's illustrious journey!|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nitin-mukesh-looks-back-at-his-late-father-mukeshs-illustrious-journey-28972.html|access-date=28 August 2021|website=filmfare.com|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Raju Srivastav]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Satish Chand |date=17 July 2021 |title=कायस्‍थों को एक मंच पर लाने का काम शुरू, राजू श्रीवास्तव से शुरू हुआ सदस्यता अभियान – Work started to bring Kayasthas on one platform |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-city-work-started-to-bring-kayasthas-on-one-platform-21839107.html |work=Jagran |language=hi |access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref>
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=I am proud of my surname: Amitabh Bachchan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/i-am-proud-of-my-surname-amitabh-bachchan/articleshow/9393354.cms |work=The Times of India |date=28 July 2011 |access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref>
* [[Mini Mathur]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 March 2018|title=Why ask about religion, questions Mini Mathur|url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/why-ask-about-religion-questions-mini-mathur-2094388.html|access-date=29 August 2021|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sonu Nigam]]
* [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]

== See also ==
* [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]]
* [[Karan Kayastha]]
* [[Bengali Kayastha]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

# {{Cite book|last=Sinha|first=Ranjit K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2IX5oQEACAAJ|title=The Kayastha Caste of India: Antiquity, Tradition and Modernity|publisher=Indo books|year=2014|isbn=9789350741139|location=[[Patna]], [[Bihar]]}}
# {{Cite book|last1=Prasad|first1=K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jxbTvgEACAAJ|title=The Kayastha Ethnology, an Enquiry Into the Origin of the Chitraguptavansi and Chandrasenavansi Kayasthas|last2=LLC|first2=Books|publisher=Creative Media Partners|year=2018|isbn=9780343919894|pages=34–69, 75–78|author-link2=Books LLC}}

[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Kayastha]]

Nischayananda

2026-02-09T04:57:28Z

Deidre67J44: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Swami
| name = Nischayananda
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name = Suraj Rao
| image = Swami Nischayananda.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Nischayananda, the direct monastic disciple of Vivekananda
| birth_name = Suraj Rao
| birth_date = 11 May 1865
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]]
| death_date = {{Death date|df=yes|1934|10|22|1865|5|11}}
| death_place = [[Haridwar]]
| citizenship = [[India]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Monk
| years_active =
| known_for = Spiritual work
| notable_works =
| style =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| awards =
}}

'''Nischayananda''' (11 May 1865 – 22 October 1934) was an Indian monk who worked to help the poor and needy. He was a direct monastic disciple of [[Vivekananda]]. He, together with [[Kalyanananda]] was responsible for setting up and running the [[Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama, Kankhal]]. He was inspired by Vivekananda's philosophy of serving man as God and dedicated his life to serve poor and downtrodden in the remote areas where no healthcare facility existed.<ref name="Monastic Disciple of Swami Vivekananda p. 255">{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|date=2003 |publisher=Advaita Ashrama|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=255}}</ref> He worked in military service before joining the [[Ramakrishna Order]] as a direct monastic disciple of Vivekananda. He met Vivekananda in Madras and decided to become his disciple. After Vivekananda's death, he went for pilgrimage and by chance came to Haridwar where he met his brother disciple Kalyanananda and joined him in carrying out the works of Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama Kankhal.

==Pre Monastic Life==
Nischayananda was born in 1865 in a small village near Janjira in Maharashtra. His pre monastic name was Suraj Rao. He was known as Raoji.<ref name="Monastic Disciple of Swami Vivekananda p. 255"/> He studied for a few years in an English school, but could not complete his study owing to family poverty. He knew several South Indian languages and in later life could also speak fluently in Bengali.<ref name="Monastic Disciple of Swami Vivekananda p. 256">{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|date=2003 |publisher=Advaita Ashrama|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=256}}</ref>
After leaving school and not finding any suitable vocation, he joined military service in South Karnataka regiment.<ref name="Monastic Disciple of Swami Vivekananda p. 256"/> As part of his job, he traveled to many places, esp. pilgrimage spots in India. He also traveled abroad to Burma, Siam (Thailand), Gibraltar, Malta etc. He went to Andaman and studied the life of the tribals residing there and collected many information about their way of life.<ref name="Monastic Disciple of Swami Vivekananda p. 256"/> He was a first class shot and secured high rank in shooting competition in the military. He was promoted to the rank of lance corporal.<ref name="Monastic Disciple of Swami Vivekananda p. 256"/>
Once, while he was in Raipur, he met Niranjananda, a direct disciple of [[Ramakrishna]]. Niranjananda introduced him to spiritual life and instilled in him a desire to meet Vivekananda, who was in West at that time. Suraj Rao went through all news and information that appeared about Vivekananda.<ref name="Monastic Disciple of Swami Vivekananda p. 257">{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|date=2003 |publisher=Advaita Ashrama|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=257}}</ref>
In January 1897 when Vivekananda returned to India and was traveling through South India. Suraj Rao was one of the large crowd of villagers who had stopped the train carrying Vivekananda to Madras, to have a glimpse of him.<ref name="Monastic Disciple of Swami Vivekananda p. 258">{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|date=2003 |publisher=Advaita Ashrama|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=258}}</ref> He traveled by foot to Madras and met Vivekananda in [[Castle Kernan]].
Because he wanted to renounce the world and follow the footsteps of Vivekananda, which was hindered by his service commitment, Suraj Rao feigned insanity and was discharged from the military service. Immediately upon discharge he traveled to Calcutta and met Vivekananda in 1901.<ref name="Monastic Disciple of Vivekananda p. 259">{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|date=2003 |publisher=Advaita Ashrama|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=259}}</ref>
He was subsequently initiated by Vivekananda into monastic life, who gave him the name Nischayananda (Nischaya - determination).
[[File:Swami Nischayananda along with Swami Vivekananda.jpg|thumb|right|Nischayananda, sitting in the front most row. Vivekananda is sitting in the middle row]]

==Monastic life==
Swami Nischayananda was assigned the responsibility of looking after Swami Vivekananda as his attendant. He discharged his duties and responsibilities as a worship. He used to daily fetch drinking water in a huge vessel for Swami Vivekananda from a tube well from Baranagar on the other side of Ganga. Once when [[Josephine MacLeod]], an American friend of Swami Vivekananda, had advised Swami Nischayananda to assign this task to a servant, the latter was annoyed. Swami Vivekananda, who understood the reason for the dedicated labour, explained to Ms. MacLeod that she had offended the sense of devotion of his disciple because in India it was imperative for a disciple to serve his master in every possible way.<ref name="Abiswasya Vivekananda p. 283">{{cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Manishankar (Shankar)|title=Abiswasya Vivekananda|publisher=Sahityam|location=Kolkata|isbn=8172670486|page=283}}</ref>
On another occasion he was sent to purchase a milch cow for [[Belur Math]] and Swami Vivekananda had instructed him not to let go of the rope to which the cow would be tethered. While crossing the river Ganga, the cow had jumped into the river and Nischayananda, in order to not let it go, jumped into the water and dragged the cow to the other bank, risking his own life in the process, but never letting go of the rope.<ref name="Abiswasya Vivekananda p. 286">{{cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Manishankar (Shankar)|title=Abiswasya Vivekananda|publisher=Sahityam|location=Kolkata|isbn=8172670486|page=286}}</ref>
Swami Nischayananda was deeply influenced by both [[Shivaji]] and [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], the two Maharashtrian icons. Tilak had visited Belur Math and met Swami Vivekananda in 1901. Swami Nischayananda affirmed that Tilak was deeply influenced by Swami Vivekananda's point of view about serving the poor with a view to uplift them.<ref name="Monastic Disciple of Swami Vivekananda p. 264">{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=264}}</ref>

Swami Nischayananda left Belur Math within a month of passing away of Swami Vivekananda. As per his testimony to [[Swami Saradananda]] in this regard, he came to Belur Math to work for Vivekananda and therefore had no further desire to stay after the latter's death.<ref name="Monastic Disciple of Swami Vivekananda p. 264"/>
He became a wandering monk and visited various holy places, and spent his days in spiritual practices. He arrived in Haridwar to participate in [[Haridwar Kumbha Mela|Haridwar]] in 1903. There he met [[Swami Kalyanananda]], another direct monastic disciple of Swami Vivekananda, who had already established the Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama in Kankhal, near Haridwar. Swami Vivekananda had explicitly instructed Swami Nischayananda not to accept food without providing some kind of service to the community. Therefore, the latter joined Swami Kalyanananda in serving the poor and the sick in that region.
The orthodox monks used to deride this spirit of service since according to traditional customs a monk should not indulge in any form of actions. However Kalyanananda and Nischayananda got strong backing from [[Dhanraj Giri]], a very senior and well respected head of Kailash Math and a reputed scholar of [[Vedanta]]. Dhanraj Giri's strong support resulted in acceptance of the two disciples of Swami Vivekananda and their work among the community of monks in Northern India.<ref name="Monastic Disciple of Swami Vivekananda p. 266">{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=266}}</ref> He was very austere in his spiritual practices and continued spiritual practices like meditation at night, despite a hard toil during the day.<ref name="Monastic Disciple of Swami Vivekananda p. 268">{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=268}}</ref>

==Contribution==
Swami Nischayananda worked with his brother disciple to develop the Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama Kankhal into a hospital for the treatment of poor and needy. He himself nursed the patients, cleaned their bedpans and lavatories, prepared food and washed them. If a patient died they also carried the body to the river to immerse it as per the customs.<ref name="Abiswasya Vivekananda p. 289">{{cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Manishankar (Shankar)|title=Abiswasya Vivekananda|publisher=Sahityam|location=Kolkata|isbn=8172670486|page=289}}</ref> His daily routine consisted in waking up early in the morning, carrying a medicine box and a bundle of other necessary articles, and walking to Rishikesh which was twenty-eight kilometres up the hill. There he would go from place to place inquiring about the well-being of the monks and other itinerants, treat the sick and feed the disabled. In the evening he would walk all the way back to Kankhal.<ref name="Abiswasya Vivekananda p. 289"/> At noon, he would go for begging his food. In the evening he would at times bring patients from Rishikesh to the Sevashrama. This he did for many years at a stretch.<ref name="Vedanta Kesari June 2011">{{cite journal|last=Umeshwarananda|title=Seeing Through A Living Legend An Overview of Ramakrishna Movement in Haridwar vis-à-vis Kumbha Mela|journal=Vedanta Kesari|date=June 2011|page=223}}</ref>

For three decades, both the brother-monks, Kalyanananda and Nischayananda tirelessly kept serving pilgrims and local people in the [[Kumbha Mela]] by providing medical care and assistance. They served the pilgrims and monks in all the three Purna Kumbha Melas held in 1903, 1915 and 1927.<ref name="Vedanta Kesari May 2011">{{cite journal|last=Umeshwarananda|title=Seeing Through A Living Legend An Overview of Ramakrishna Movement in Haridwar vis-à-vis Kumbha Mela|journal=Vedanta Kesari|date=May 2011|page=223}}</ref>

==Last Days==
Swami Nischayananda fell ill with a gastric ulcer,<ref name="Monastic Disciple of Swami Vivekananda p. 269">{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|date=2003 |publisher=Advaita Ashrama|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=269}}</ref> and died on 22 October 1934 while sitting in the lotus posture.<ref name="Monastic Disciple of Swami Vivekananda p. 271">{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|date=2003 |publisher=Advaita Ashrama|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=271}}</ref>

==Legacy==
The Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama Kankhal (http://www.rkmkankhal.org/index.html) still stands. According to Abjajananda the spirit of worshiping God in every human being as ideal was finally accepted by the orthodox monks of the region when they saw the work of the two monks of Ramakrishna Order.<ref name="Monastic Disciple of Swami Vivekananda p. 271"/>

==External sources==
*''Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda'', by Swami Abjajananda, Advaita Ashrama, Mayavati, 2003, {{ISBN|9788175052468}}
*''Abiswasya (Incredible) Vivekananda'', by Manishankar Mukherjee (Shankar) (Bengali), Sahityam, Kolkata 2010, {{ISBN|8172670486}}

==See also==
*[[Swami Achalananda]]
*Swami Atmananda
*Swami Bodhananda
*[[Swami Kalyanananda]]
*Swami Prakashananda
*[[Swami Sadananda]]
*[[Swami Shuddhananda]]
*[[Swami Swarupananda]]
*[[Swami Vimalananda]]
*[[Swami Virajananda]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Category==
{{Swami Vivekananda}}

[[Category:Disciples and friends of Swami Vivekananda]]
[[Category:Monastic disciples of Swami Vivekananda]]
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:Rishis]]
[[Category:Monks of the Ramakrishna Mission]]

Marcuise Marak

2026-02-06T07:37:49Z

Deidre67J44: put up first details nd citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Marcuise N. Marak''' (born 3 April 1968)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://megassembly.gov.in/storage/Biodata/MarcuiseN._Marak.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229180752/https://megassembly.gov.in/storage/Biodata/MarcuiseN._Marak.pdf | archive-date=2024-12-29}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Meghalaya]]. He is a member of the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] from [[Williamnagar Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[East Garo Hills district]]. He won the [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[National People's Party (India)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-03 |title=Meghalaya Assembly elections results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/meghalaya/meghalaya-assembly-elections-results-2023-winners-list-https-indianexpress-com-article-opinion-columns-supreme-court-censure-on-renaming-games-8473818/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meghalaya Winning Candidates |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/meghalaya/winning-candidates-2023 |access-date=29 December 2024 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> He is serving as Minister of Housing Department, Public Health Engineering Department and Soil & Water Conservation Department in [[Second Conrad Sangma ministry|Conrad Sangma ministry]] from 7 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MARCUISE N MARAK Cabinet Minister|url=https://meghalaya.gov.in/council-of-ministers/44320 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=meghalaya.gov.in}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Marak is from Balsrigittim, [[Williamnagar]], East Garo Hills district, Meghalaya.<ref name=":0" /> He is the son of late Subendra Marak. He studied Class 12 and passed the Pre University examinations in 1991 at [[Tura Government College]] which is affiliated with [[North-Eastern Hill University|North Eastern Hill University]]. His wife is a government school teacher.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marcuise N Marak(NPP):Constituency- WILLIAM NAGAR (ST)(EAST GARO HILLS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Meghalaya2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6767 |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Marak won from [[Williamnagar Assembly constituency]], representing National People's Party (India) in the 2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election. He polled 10,976 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Deborah Marak|Deborah C. Marak]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 3,843 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marcuise N Marak in Meghalaya Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/meghalaya/marcuise-n-marak-william-nagar-candidate-s15a043c004/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS1543.htm?ac=43 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401175023/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS1543.htm?ac=43 |archive-date=1 April 2023 |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marak, Marcuise}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National People's Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from East Garo Hills district]]

Global Vision Cancer Care NGO

2026-02-05T04:23:52Z

Deidre67J44: put up a post

{{Short description|Indian non-governmental organization}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2023}}

'''Global Vision''' is a non-governmental organization (NGO) that supports poor cancer patients in India. Based in Thane, it helps needy cancer patients medically and financially. It was founded in 2009.<ref name=hin>{{cite news |title=KLE students go green to celebrate ‘Bendre House Day' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/kle-students-go-green-to-celebrate-bendre-house-day/article4207820.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 December 2012 }}</ref>

==Activities==
===Cancer Awareness Rally===
On the occasion of World Cancer day, they conducted a cancer awareness rally that took place in the city of Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cityplus.jagran.com/city-buzz/cancer-awareness-rally-inspires-many_1361005505.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703011110/http://cityplus.jagran.com/city-buzz/cancer-awareness-rally-inspires-many_1361005505.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 3, 2015 |title= Cancer Awareness Rally Inspires Many }}</ref>

===Fund Raising===
They organized an event “UMEED – 5 “A BETTER HOPE FOR TOMORROW” to raise funds for cancer patients. The donation of '35 lakhs were distributed to the patients. During the event, Global Vision awarded the successes of people from various fields.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.mid-day.com/articles/hey-bro-cast-and-crew-come-together-for-a-cause/15932171 |title= 'Hey Bro' cast and crew come together for a cause }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://globalvisionngo.org/ Global Vision NGO, website]

[[Category:Cancer organisations based in India]]

Bhullu Sahni

2026-02-02T14:25:33Z

Deidre67J44: creating a post!

{{Short description|Indian humanitarian, swimmer and lifesaver}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2025}}

'''Bhullu Sahni''' is an Indian humanitarian, swimmer and lifesaver. He predominantly serves as a vocal advocate for the rights and inclusion of the visually impaired people in his village. He was well known for his bravery for saving the lives of 13 individuals from drowning.

== Early life ==
He lost his eyesight at a young age during his childhood. He resides in Dumduma village in [[Samastipur]] and he was raised up around water reservoirs. It was his father Kailu Sahni who taught him the basics of swimming and also taught him the aspect of fishing while Bhullu was in his childhood.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-31 |title=Blind since childhood, Bihar's 'Water Warrior' Bhullu Sahni has saved 13 people from drowning |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/blind-since-childhood-bihars-water-warrior-bhullu-sahni-has-saved-13-people-from-drowning/articleshow/116816201.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Visually Impaired Swimmer From Bihar Known For His Courage, Has Saved 13 Lives |url=https://www.news18.com/amp/viral/visually-impaired-swimmer-from-bihar-known-for-his-courage-has-saved-13-lives-9172892.html |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Work ==
He has frequently organised various awareness campaigns to educate people about the impact of blindness.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhullu Sahni: A Story of Unbreakable Will and Boundless Inspiration |url=https://blindwelfaresociety.in/blogs/bhullu-sahni-a-story-of-unbreakable-will-and-boundless-inspiration |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=blindwelfaresociety.in}}</ref> He has been dubbed and hailed as man of the crisis by many in his community highlighting his generous efforts to rescue people from water related accidents despite his blindness.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-07 |title=અંધ હોવા છતાં પણ આંખોથી કરે છે 'ચમત્કાર'; 13 લોકોને નદીમાં ડૂબતા બચાવ્યા |url=https://gujarati.news18.com/news/eye-catcher/amazing-facts-bhullu-sahni-blind-but-can-see-underwater-sb-2071038.html |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=News18 ગુજરાતી |language=gu}}</ref> He was also heaped praise for his swimming abilities as he mastered the craft of swimming to help rescue people from drowning in water. He was also affectionately nicknamed as the "Water Warrior" in his community.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-01 |title=‘Water warrior’: This blind Good Samaritan has saved 13 people from drowning in Bihar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/samastipurs-blind-water-warrior-who-saves-drowning-people/articleshow/116835811.cms |access-date=2025-01-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He also apparently receives financial assistance for his voluntary generous efforts from Panchayat leaders and from the family members of the deceased individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=जन्म से अंधे हैं भुल्लू साहनी, लेकिन कई लोगों को डूबने से बचाया, नदी से निकाल चुके हैं करीब 14 शव |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/samastipur/blind-since-childhood-water-warrior-bhullu-sahni-saves-drowning-people-in-samastipur/2583205 |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahni, Bhullu}}
[[Category:Indian male swimmers]]
[[Category:Indian blind people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Doon School Ground

2026-01-31T19:50:31Z

Deidre67J44: enhanced references for consistency and cleaned formatting

#REDIRECT [[The Doon School]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Radio Nasha

2026-01-24T14:38:29Z

Deidre67J44: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian radio station}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}

'''Radio Nasha''' (Hindi: रेडियो नशा) is an Indian regional [[Radio broadcasting|radio station]] under the [[HT Media|HT Media Group]] based in [[New Delhi|New Delhi, India]]. It broadcasts Indian [[Retro (music)|retro music]], predominantly from the 1970s to the 1990s. It also broadcasts [[talk show]]s featuring various [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] [[celebrities]]. Radio Nasha 107.2 FM was originally launched in [[Delhi]] in March 2016, and expanded to [[Mumbai]] with Radio Nasha 91.9 FM in [[April 04,]] of the same [[year]]. After few years later Radio Nasha became available in Kolkata as 94.3 FM Radio Nasha instead of 94.3 FM Radio One.

== Content ==

* "[[Mast Mast Morning]]" with RJ Rangeeli Ruchi at 7 am (Mon-Fri).
* "[https://www.radionasha.com/?shows=the-g9-show#:~:text=Every%20week%20the%20G9%20Show,'%20movies%2C%20songs%20and%20stories! The G9 Show]" with RJ Divya Solgama at 2 pm (Mon-Fri).
* "[[Dhak Dhak Evening]]" with RJ Sheetal at 5 pm (Mon-Fri).

==External links==
*[https://www.radionasha.com/ Radio Nasha official site]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Radio stations in India]]

{{India-radio-station-stub}}

Bhairavi Aavigalukku Priyamanaval

2026-01-24T05:27:31Z

Deidre67J44:

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language soap opera}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image = Bhairavi Tamil Serial.jpg
| caption = 
| genre = 
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = {{plainlist|
*[[Saregama]]}}
'''Dialogues by'''
{{plainlist|
*Selva Pandiyan
*V.Saravana Raja
*Iyyappan Maharajan
*V.Saravanan
*Joegeorge
*M.P.Karthikayan
*Jagan Mohan
*D.K.S.Nimesh
}}
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
*R.Selva Pandiyan
*V.Saravana Raja
*V.Saravanan
*Joegeorge
*M.P.Karthikayan
*Jagan Mohan
*D.K.S.Nimesh
}}
| creative_director = {{plainlist|
*Prince Immanuels
*B.R.Vijayalakshmi
}}
| director = {{plainlist|
*Venkat.G
*K.Shanmugam
*P.S. Dharan
*S.Selvakumar
*Sai Marudhu
*Kuruvidurai K.J.Thangapandian
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*K.R.Vijaya
* [[Radha (Sundhara Travels actress)|Radha]]
* [[Sujitha]]
* [[Nithya Das]]
* [[Mahalakshmi]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 4
| num_episodes = 1289
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[Saregama India Ltd]]
| company = [[Saregama]]
| theme_music_composer = X.Paulraj
| opentheme = {{plainlist|
*"Ival Oru Athisiya" [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
*[[Priyadharshini]]
*[[Anitha (singer)|Anitha]] (vocals)
*[[Dr.Kiruthiya]] (lyrics)
}}
| music =
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
*P.S.Dharan
*M.V.Kalyan
*K.S.Udhaya Shankar
}}
| editor = {{plainlist|
*K.Shankar
*Muralikrishnan
*Co.Parathaman
}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 37-45 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2012|1|29}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2017|9|10}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Tamil}}

'''''Bhairavi: Aavigalukku Priyamanaval''''' ({{Translation| Bhairavi: The One beloved to spirits}}) is a 2012-2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language supernatural horror mystery television series that aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] from 29 January 2012 to 10 September 2017 for 1289 episodes.which airs only on Sunday at 10 PM.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/sundra-travels-radha-new-television-serial-153980.html|title=Bhairavi: Aavigalukku Priyamanaval new on SUN TV|website=tamil.filmibeat.com|date=14 May 2012 }}</ref>

The series follows the life of [[Nithya Das]]/Mahalakshmi (Bhairavi), who has the ability to see and communicate with [[ghost]]s. The show is produced by [[Saregama]] and director by P.S Dharan and S. Selvakumar. .<ref>[http://sunnetwork.in/program-details.aspx?IProgramID=CS|EeWgizM4=&ShowType=Category Bhairavi Serial Page]</ref>

==Plot==
The plot revolves around a young woman Bhairavi (Nitya Das/Sujitha/Radha), an antique shop owner who has had the ability since childhood to see ghosts. She uses her special abilities as a psychic medium to help the ghosts cross over to the Light (afterlife). Suddenly her life turns into some mysterious events where she is identified as goddess Madhura kaali, Kannagi reincarnation and is expected by demon to take revenge for destroyed him in the past. But however, she destroyed him again in the present and moves on her life again. Meanwhile, Madhura, a soft and a devotee of Madhura kaali and selliyamman started her journey to find goddess selliyamman's original statue. There, she faces a lot of struggle simultaneously, bhairavi is doing her work normally. At last, Bhairavi married Vijay, influential Zamindhar's heir but a sudden twist was happened in the story by Introducing character thamini, an evil soul who is Zamindhar's lover in the past and waits for marrying Zamindhar in the present who is actually in the same appearance of vijay at present. Amidst a lot of struggles bhairavi saved her husband.

==Cast==

===Main cast===
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Chinthamani<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/39320/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/K.R.Vijaya-returns-to-acting.htm|title= K.R.Vijaya returns to acting|date= November 2015|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref>
**
* [[Radha (Sundhara Travels actress)|Radha]] / [[Sujitha]]/[[Nithya Das]] /Mahalakshmi (after face change by goddess) as Bhairavi
** Baby Rakshana as Bhairavi
* Vibhu Raman as Abhimanyu, Bhairavi's husband
* Kausalya Senthamarai as Abhimanyu's grandmother
** Anjali Devi as Abhimanyu's grand Mother (flashback)
* Nanjil Nalini as Chinna ponnu
** Sumathi Sri as Chinna ponnu: housemaid
* K. S. Jayalakshmi as Latha
* Dev Anand Sharma as
* Shilpa Mary Teresa as Anitha
* Vasavi as Suganya
* Nila gracy as
* [[Jeeva Ravi|R. Raveendran]] "R. Ravi" ([[Jeeva Ravi]]) as Bhairavi's father
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Komalla bhairavi's Mother
* Suhashini as Poonkodi
* Aishwarya as Madhura
* Neha as Goddess Selli Amman
* Koli Ramya as Vilasini (Abimanyus love interest)
* [[K. Sivasankar]] as Vilasini's Mother
* [[Anuradha Krishnamurthi]] as Kaali's devotee
* Krithika Laddu as Jeeva & Jeeva's Mother

===Recurring cast===
* Akila as Sukanthi
* Abser as Sudhakar
* [[Y. G. Mahendra]] as Namboothiri
* [[O. A. K. Sundar]] as Maya Asura
* [[Mohan Vaidya (singer)|Mohan Vaidya]] as Mathura's father
* Sumangali as Madhura's mother
* [[Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]]
*[[Priya (actress)|Priya]] as Saraswathi

===Guest stars===
{{cast listing|
* Karthi as Sivaraman
* [[V. S. Raghavan]]
* Varalaxmi
* Rajkanth
* [[Rajkamal (actor)|Raj Kamal]]
* Swapna
* Kavyavarshini
* Meenakumari
* Prasad
* [[Poovilangu Mohan]]
* [[Delhi Ganesh]]
* [[Indraja]]
* Kutty Pooja
* Venkat
* Shyam
* [[Ammu Abhirami|Ammu]]
* Shyam Ganesh
* [[Santhoshi]]
* T. R. Latha
* Raghavi
* Minnal Deepa
* [[Shreekumar]]
* Soodhu Kavvum Sivakumar
* [[Sindhu Shyam|Sindhu Shyam Ganesh]]
* Nisha
* Uday
* Revathy Sankar
* [[Vatsala Rajagopal]]
* Kritheeka
* Apsara
* Sathish
* Raja Shri
* Kavya
* Suhasini
* Shree
* Revathy Shankar
* Getha Ravisankar
}}

==Original soundtrack==

===Title song===
It was written by [[Dr. Kiruthiya]]
. It was sung by [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]] and [[Anita (singer)|Anita]].

===Soundtrack===
{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ival Oru Athishaya Rakasiya Vellai Kayitham (இவள் ஒரு அதிசய ரகசிய வெள்ளை காகிதம்)
| lyrics1 = [[Dr. Kiruthiya]]
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]], [[Anita (singer)|Anita]]
| length1 = 1:40
}}

==See also==
* [[List of programs broadcast by Sun TV]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt8836830}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language horror fiction television series]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language mystery television series]]
[[Category:Television series by Saregama]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Dhanunjay Seepana

2026-01-23T10:56:39Z

Deidre67J44:

{{coi|date=December 2024}}
{{Short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Dhanunjay Seepana
| image = Dhanunjay Seepana.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Dhanunjay Seepana
| landscape = 
| birth_place = [[Srikakulam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1986|5|24}}
| years_active = 2012–present
| occupation = [[playback singer]]
| instrument = {{Flat list|
* Vocals
}}
| spouse = {{marriage| Priyanka Sampathi Rao |2013}}

| label =
| website =
| module =
}}

'''Dhanunjay Seepana'''<ref name="'RRR' team's dedication and hard work have paid off: Singer Dhanunjay Seepana">{{cite news|title='RRR' team's dedication and hard work have paid off: Singer Dhanunjay Seepana|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-teams-dedication-and-hard-work-have-paid-off-singer-dhanunjay-seepana/articleshow/98599250.cms|accessdate=24 May 2025|work=The Times of India|date=13 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524063231/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-teams-dedication-and-hard-work-have-paid-off-singer-dhanunjay-seepana/articleshow/98599250.cms|archivedate=24 May 2025}}</ref> is an Indian [[playback singer]], primarily associated with [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadagiri |first=Shyam |date=2016-12-28 |title='You are my MLA' voice set to regale us again |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/hyderabad/2016/Dec/28/you-are-my-mla--voice-set-to-regale-us-again-1553665.html |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dhanunjay began his career in playback singing through reality shows<ref name="Singer Dhanunjay interview: Classical roots and folksy strengths">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Singer Dhanunjay interview: Classical roots and folksy strengths|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/singer-dhanunjay-interview-classical-roots-and-folksy-strengths/article17637564.ece|accessdate=24 May 2025|work=The Hindu|date=24 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524063458/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/singer-dhanunjay-interview-classical-roots-and-folksy-strengths/article17637564.ece|archivedate=24 May 2025|language=en-IN}}</ref> and chorus work, gaining initial recognition with [[Ramana Gogula|Ramana Gogula’s]] ''[[1000 Abaddalu]]''. Over the years, he has worked with music directors like [[Anup Rubens]], [[Thaman S|S Thaman]], and [[Mani Sharma]], contributing to many tracks.

Dhanunjay worked with composers across the [[Telugu cinema]] industry. He has had classical training.<ref name="Singer Dhanunjay interview: Classical roots and folksy strengths" />

== Filmfare Award nominations ==
Dhanunjay has been nominated for prestigious Filmfare Awards South in the Best Male Playback Singer category:
* 2015 nominee for [[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|Gopala Gopala]] – "Bhaje Bhaje"<ref> {{Cite news
|date= 2016-06-08
|title=Full list of Filmfare Awards nominees: Baahubali, Srimanthudu and Ok Kanmani top
|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/full-list-filmfare-awards-nominees-baahubali-srimanthudu-and-ok-kanmani-top-44535
|access-date=2024-09-14
|work=The News minute
}} </ref>

* 2016 nominee for [[Sarrainodu]] – "You Are My MLA"<ref> {{Cite news
|date= 2017-06-17
|title=64th Filmfare Awards South 2017: Here is the full nominations' list
|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/64th-filmfare-awards-south-2017-full-nominations-list-983224-2017-06-17
|access-date=2024-09-14
|work=India Today
|issn=0254-8399 }} </ref>

== Discography ==
*''Note: '''(D)''' indicates dubbed version.''
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Composer !! Notes
|-
| 2012 || ''Oka Romantic Crime Katha'' || "Chesuko Majaa Jalsa" || Praveen Immadi
|<ref name="O"/>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2013 || ''[[Sukumarudu]]'' || "Sukumarudu" || [[Anup Rubens]] ||
|-
|''[[1000 Abaddalu]]'' || "Abaddalu" "Aggipulla Vaithe" "Konte Konte" || [[Ramana Gogula]] || <ref name="O"/>
|-
| ''[[Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde]]'' || "Ding Ding Ding" || [[Anup Rubens]] || <ref name="O">{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/dhanunjay-seepana-on-completing-a-decade-as-a-telugu-film-singer-adapting-to-trends-and-the-road-ahead-exclusive/cfb83ac37b695 | title=Dhanunjay Seepana on completing a decade as a Telugu film singer, adapting to trends and the road ahead | Exclusive }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari|Raghuvaran B.Tech]]'' '''(D)''' || "Po Pove Yekantham" || [[Anirudh Ravichander]]||<ref name="O"/>
|-
| ''[[Loukyam]]'' || "Soodu Soodu" || rowspan="3"|[[Anup Rubens]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Temper (soundtrack)|Temper]]'' || "Ittage Rechchipodam"||
|-
| ''[[Gopala Gopala (soundtrack)|Gopala Gopala]]'' || "Bhaje Bhaje" ||
|-
| rowspan="11" | 2016 || ''[[Krishnashtami]]'' || "Bava Bava Panneeru" || Dinesh ||
|-
| ''[[Sarrainodu]]'' || "You Are My MLA" || [[Thaman S]] || |
|-
| ''[[Soggade Chinni Nayana]]'' || "Dikka Dikka Dum Dum" "Nee Navve" || [[Anup Rubens]] ||
|-
| ''[[Babu Bangaram]]'' || "Dillunna Vade" || [[Ghibran]] ||
|-
| ''[[Ekkadiki Pothavu Chinnavada]]'' || "Vandha Speed Lo" || [[Shekar Chandra]] ||
|-
| ''[[Hyper (2016 film)|Hyper]]'' || "Ompula Dhaniya" "Hypere Hypere" || [[Ghibran]] ||
|-
| ''[[Intlo Deyyam Nakem Bhayam]]'' || "Paddanu Indumati" || [[Sai Karthik]] ||
|-
| ''[[Ism (film)|ISM]]'' || "Yey Yey Yeyra" || [[Anup Rubens]] ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Cheyyi Vesthe]]'' || "Kottu Kottu" || [[Sai Karthik]] ||
|-
| ''Naga Bharanam'' || "Siva Shankaraavvam" || [[Gurukiran]] ||
|-
| ''C/O Godavari'' || "Padara" || [[Raghu Kunche]] ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2017 || ''[[Next Nuvve]]'' || "Arey Life Ante" || [[Sai Karthik]] ||
|-
| ''[[Ungarala Rambabu]]'' || "Allari Pillagada" || [[Ghibran]] ||
|-
| ''[[Rarandoi Veduka Chudham]]'' || "Break Up" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] ||
|-
| ''[[Om Namo Venkatesaya]]'' || "Govinda Hari Govinda" || [[MM Keeravani]] ||
|-
| ''[[Darsakudu]]'' || "Thikkalo Screenplay" || [[Sai Karthik]] ||
|-
| ''[[Andhhagadu]]'' || "Debbaki Poye Poye" || [[Shekar Chandra]] ||
|-
| ''[[Katamarayudu]]'' || "Yelo Yedarilo" "Jivvu Jivvu" || [[Anup Rubens]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018 || ''[[Subrahmanyapuram]]'' || "Friendship" || [[Shekar Chandra]] ||
|-
| ''[[Srinivasa Kalyanam (2018 film)|Srinivasa Kalyanam]]'' || "Ekkada Nuvvunte" || [[Mickey J. Meyer]] ||
|-
| ''[[Happy Wedding (2018 film)|Happy Wedding]]'' || "It’s a Beautiful Day" || Shakthikanth Karthick ||
|-
| ''[[Achari America Yatra]]'' || "Aachari America Yatra" || [[Thaman S]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019 || ''[[Tenali Ramakrishna BA. BL]]'' || "Kurnoolu Katthiva" || [[Sai Karthik]] ||
|-
| ''Burra Katha'' || "Anaganaga" || [[Sai Karthik]] ||
|-
| ''Lovers Day'' || "Forever Friend" || Shaan Rehman ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020 || ''[[Bheeshma (2020 film)|Bheeshma]]'' || "Whattey Beauty" || Mahathi Swarasagar ||
|-
| ''[[30 Rojullo Preminchadam Ela]]'' || "Neko Dhandam" || [[Anup Rubens]] ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2021 || ''Uniki'' || "Jadatho Jagartha" || Peddapalli Rohith ||
|-
| ''[[Republic (film)|Republic]]'' || "Gaana of Republic" || [[Mani Sharma]] ||
|-
| ''[[Manchi Rojulochaie]]'' || "Kanapadani Diavam" || [[Anup Rubens]] ||
|-
| ''[[Maestro (2021 film)|Maestro]]'' || "La La La La" || Mahathi Swarasagar ||
|-
| ''[[Narappa]]'' || "Ooo Narappa" || [[Mani Sharma]] ||
|-
| ''[[Minnal Murali]]'' '''(D)''' || "Andaala Jeevitham" || Shaan Rehman ||
|-
| ''[[Sridevi Soda Center]]'' || "Mandhuloda" || [[Mani Sharma]] ||
|-
| rowspan="10" |2022||''[[Badava Rascal]]'' '''(D)''' || "Aagagi Pola Maaruthonde" || [[Vasuki Vaibhav]] ||
|-
| ''[[Bhala Thandanana]]'' || "Meenaacchee" || [[Mani Sharma]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Thiruchitrambalam|Thiru]]'' '''(D)'''|| "Naa Madhi" || [[Anirudh Ravichander]] ||
|-
| "Maikama" || [[Anirudh Ravichander]] ||
|-
| ''[[Bangarraju]]'' || "Laddunda" || [[Anup Rubens]] ||
|-
| ''Love Failure'' || "Pove Ekaantham" || Prince Henry ||
|-
| ''[[Oka Chinna Family Story]]'' || "Orey Mahesha" || PK Dandi ||
|-
| ''[[Manu Charitra]]'' || "Ekkada Untadhiro" || [[Gopi Sundar]] ||
|-
| ''[[Writer Padmabhushan]]'' || "Kannullo Nee Roopame" || [[Shekar Chandra]] ||
|-
| ''Welcome to Tihar College'' || "College Age Lona" || Praveen Immadi ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2023 || ''[[Mr. King]]'' || "Ra Ra Naa Mama" || [[Mani Sharma]] ||
|-
| ''Rebels of Thupakulagudem'' || "Adavilona Aadapilla" || [[Mani Sharma]] ||
|-
| ''[[Jilebi (2023 film)|Jilebi]]'' || "Hey Madhumathi" "Chamkaare Chamka" || Mani Sharma ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2024 || ''[[Kismat (2024 film)|Kismat]]'' || "Chanchalguda" || [[Sai Karthik]] ||
|-
| ''[[Aa Okkati Adakku (2024 film)|Aa Okkati Adakku]]'' || "Rajadhi Raja" || [[Gopi Sunder]]
|
|-
| ''[[Bhale Unnade]]''|| "Aadillaki Aamada Dooram" || [[Shekar Chandra]] ||
|-
| [[Sarangadhariya (film)|''Sarangadhariya'']]|| "Entha Andamo" || Ebenezer Paul ||
|-
| ''[[Double iSmart]]'' || "Kya Lafda" || [[Mani Sharma]] ||
|-
| ''[[Shivam Bhaje]]''|| "Ori Devuda" || Vikas Badisa ||
|-
|''[[Pranaya Godari]]''
|"Thellaru Poddullo"
|Markandeya Paramalla
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |2025
|[[Nidurinchu Jahapana|''Nidurinchu Jahapana'']]
|"Hailesso Hailessa"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|
|-
|''[[Mazaka]]''
|"Bachelors Anthem"
|[[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]
|
|-
|''[[LYF: Love Your Father]]'' || "Party Song" || [[Mani Sharma]] ||
|-
|[[Jaat (film)|''Jaat'']]
|"Oh Rama Shri Rama"
|[[Thaman S]]
| Hindi film
|-
|[[Kothapallilo Okappudu|''Kothapallilo Okappudu'']]
|"Ranga Nayaki"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
|[[Oka Brundavanam|''Oka Brundavanam'']]
|"Pasi Pranam"
|Sunny–Saketh
|
|-
|''[[Madharaasi]]'' '''(D)'''
|"Selavika"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|
|-
|''[[Beauty (2025 film)|Beauty]]''
|"Nenevare Nenevare"
|[[Vijai Bulganin]]
|
|-
|''[[Kanya Kumari (film)|Kanya Kumari]]''
|"Kathilanti Pillave"
|Ravi Nidamarthy
|
|-
|''[[Mithra Mandali]]''
|"Swecha Standuu"
|RR Dhruvan
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Sahakutumbaanaam]]''
|"Adhi Dha Saaru"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm15133684}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seepana, Dhanunjay}}
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian pop singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Poornachandra Tejaswi

2026-01-17T19:31:21Z

Deidre67J44: fix details after review and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian writer, translator, and ornithologist (1938–2007)}}
{{for|the Indian film composer|Poornachandra Tejaswi (composer)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Poornachandra Tejaswi
| image = Tejaswi.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| pseudonym = Poochanthe
| relatives = [[Kuvempu]] (father), Hemavathi (mother)
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1938|9|8}}
| birth_place = [[Kuppalli]], [[Princely State of Mysore]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2007|4|5|1938|9|8}}<ref name="deathdate">{{Cite web |url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=41718 |title=Mangalorian.com – Noted Kannada writer Poornachandra Tejasvi passes away |access-date=6 April 2007 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215949/http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=41718 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| death_place = [[Mudigere, Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Writer, novelist, farmer, photographer, [[ornithologist]], painter, polymath
| period = 1957–2007| genre = Fiction, non-fiction
| subject =
| movement = ''Navya, Bandaya movement''
| spouse = Rajeshwari Tejaswi
| children = Susmita and Esanye
| signature =
| website =
| notable_works = '' [[Jugari Cross]], [[Karvalo]], [[Chidambara Rahasya]],'' Millennium Series
| parents = Kuvempu, Hemavathi
| alma_mater = Sahyadri Arts College, Shimoga - UG
Maharaja College of Mysore - PG
}}

'''Kuppali Puttappa Poornachandra Tejaswi''' (8 September 1938 – 5 April 2007<ref name="deathdate"/>) was a prominent Indian writer and novelist in [[Kannada]]. He also worked as a photographer, publisher, painter, naturalist, and environmentalist. He made a great impression in the ''Navya'' ("new") period of [[Kannada literature]] and inaugurated the ''Bandaaya Saahitya'' genre of protest literature with his short-story collection ''Abachoorina Post Offisu''. He is the son of noted Kannada poet [[Kuvempu]].

At early stages of his writing career, Tejaswi wrote poems but later concentrated on [[Short story|short stories]], novels and essays. His distinctive style of writing is credited with heralding a new era in [[Kannada literature]].<ref name="tejaswi">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2007/04/13/stories/2007041301730100.htm|title=Flights of fancy|work=Online webpage of The Hindu|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=12 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903040013/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2007/04/13/stories/2007041301730100.htm|archive-date=3 September 2009|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Early life==
Tejaswi was born on 8 September 1938 in [[Kuppalli]] in [[Shivamogga district]] of [[Karnataka]]. Although he was the son of [[Kuvempu]], he came out of his father's shadow and established his own image at an early age. Tejaswi received best story award in the competition held by Prajavani Kannada newspaper on the occasion of Deepavali, for his first short story "Linga Banda", a look at the rainy [[Western Ghats]] from the eye of a boy. After completion of his education from [[Maharaja College of Mysore]], one among the top colleges in India, due to his interests in nature and farming, he moved to [[Mudigere]] taluk of [[Chikkamagaluru District]] after buying a coffee estate. Apart from literature he was actively involved in painting, photography and philosophy.

He was a keen learner of nature and his favourite pastime was to roam around in the forests of [[Western Ghats]].

==Literary works==
Tejaswi has written in almost all forms of literature including poems, [[Short story|short stories]], novels, [[travel literature]], plays and science fiction. [[Nature]] and incidents related to nature enjoy major roles in most of his works. One of the most popular writers in Kannada, Tejaswi's works have continued to remain popular, going into multiple prints and often topping reader's charts.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|title=Tejaswi's first novel set to see the light of day|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/article3751318.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 August 2012}}</ref> ''[[Karvalo]]'' is one such novel where the author participates in an adventure of discovering a flying lizard in the dense forests of [[Western Ghats]].

Tejaswi has translated a number of English books to [[Kannada]] enriching the depth of [[Kannada literature]]. His famous translations include the series on [[Kenneth Anderson (writer)|Kenneth Anderson's]] hunting expeditions and [[Henri Charrière]]'s ''[[Papillon (book)|Papillon]]''.

Tejaswi wrote his first novel, ''Kaadu Mattu Kraurya'', when he was a 24-year-old in 1962. The novel is expected to be in print for the first time towards the end of 2012. He had initially planned to name this work ''Nalini'' but later decided to go by its present title. Tejaswi was inspired to write the novel after visiting his wife Rajeshwari's maternal home in the forested [[Malnad|Malnad region]] of Karnataka. The novel, whose manuscript was prepared by Rajeshwari, is the story of Linga, a migrant bonded labourer from north Karnataka who moves to a remote Malnad village where he struggles to cope with his new life and surroundings.<ref name="thehindu" />

==Awards received by Poornachandra Tejaswi==
* [[Sahitya Academy]] Award for "Chidambara Rahasya" (1987)
* [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat|Karnataka Sahitya Academy]] (1985)
* [[Pampa Award]] (2001) Honorary Award for Lifetime Achievement
* [[Rajyotsava Award]]
* Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award for "Karvalo"
* Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award for "Chidambara Rahasya"
* Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award for "Kiragoorina Gayyaligalu"
* Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award for "Alemariya Andaman Mattu Mahanadi Nile"
* Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award for "Parisarada Kathe
* Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award for "Kaadina Kathegalu"
* Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award for "Vismaya" along with Pradeep Kenjige
* Karnataka State Film Award for Best Story 1986-87 for "Tabarana Kathe"
* Karnataka State Film Award for Best Dialogue 1986-87 for "Tabarana Kathe"
* Karnataka State Film Award for Best Story 1989-90 for "Kubi mattu Iyala"

==Bibliography==

===Novellas===
* Swaroopa
* Nigoodha Manushyaru

===Novels===
* [[Karvalo]] (1980)
* [[Chidambara Rahasya]] (1985)
* [[Jugari Cross]] (1992)
* Mayaloka - 1 (2006)
* Kaadu Mattu Kraurya (2012)

===Short stories===
* Huliyoorina Sarahaddu
* [[Abachurina Post Office]] (1973)
* Kiragoorina Gayyaligalu (1990)
* Pakakaranthi Mattu Itara Kathegalu (2008)
* [[Parisarada kathe]] (1991)
* Aeroplane Chitte Mattu Itara Kathegalu (1993)
* Aayda Kathegalu (2007)

===Travelogue===
* Alemariya Andaman Mattu Mahanadi Nile

===Poetry===
* Somuvina Swagata Lahari (1964)

===Drama===
* Yamala Prashne (1965)

===Criticism===
* Vyaktivishishta Siddantha (1967)
* Vimarsheya Vimarshe (2011)
* Hosa Vicharagalu (2015)

===Adventure===
* Bellandoorina Narabhakshaka (Kadina Kategalu Volume 1)
* Peddacheruvina Rakshasa (Kadina Kategalu Volume 2)
* Jaalahalliya Kurka (Kadina Kategalu Volume 3)
* Munishami Mathu Magadi Chirathe (Kadina Kategalu Volume 4)
* Rudraprayagada Bhayanaka Narabhakshaka

===Science===
* Sahaja Krushi
* Missing Link
* Flying Saucers (Part 1& 2)
* Vismaya (1, 2 & 3)

===About birds & nature===
* Minchulli [ Kannada Naadina Hakkigalu - 1]
* Hejje Moodada Haadi [ Kannada Naadina Hakkigalu - 2 ]
* Hakki Pukka
* Mayeya Mukhagalu (Photo Album)
* Birds Hill Region of Karnataka - An Introduction - with A K Chakravarthy ( probably his only English book)

===Millennium (series 1-16)===
* Hudukata
* Jeevana Sangrama
* Pacific Dweepagalu
* Chandrana Chooru
* Nerehoreya Geleyaru
* Mahayudda
* Desha Videsha
* Mahapalayana
* Vismaya Vishwa
* Adventure

===Translation (Autobiography of [[Henri Charrière]])===
* [[Papillon (book)|Papillon]] - 1
* [[Papillon (book)|Papillon]] - 2
* [[Banco (novel)|Baji Papiyon]] - 3

(Translated with Pradeep Kenjige)

===Biography===
* Annana Nenapu

Annana Nenapu is a biography of the Tejaswi which discusses his days with his father, the national poet of India [[Kuvempu|Rashtrakavi Kuvempu]], revealing the actual lifestyle of the Kuvempu and his bonding with his family.

==About Tejaswi==
* Nanna Tejaswi by Rajeshwari Tejaswi
* Poornachandra Tejaswi Baduku Baraha by Karigowda Beechanahalli
* Poornachandra Tejaswi Avara Sahitya Vachike by Karigowda Beechanahalli
* K. P. Poornachandra Tejaswi by Maheshwaraiah
* Kaadina Santa Tejaswi by Dhananjaya Jeevala

==Works in visual media==
{{div col}}
'''Movies'''
* ''[[Abachurina Post Office]]''
* ''[[Tabarana Kathe]]''
* ''[[Kubi Matthu Iyala|Kubi Mattu Iyala]]''
* ''[[Kiragoorina Gayyaligalu]]''
* ''[[Daredevil Musthafa]]''

'''TV Serial'''
* ''Chidambara Rahasya'' - Directed by Girish Karnad for DD - Chandana

'''Plays'''
* ''Jugari Cross''
* ''Chidambara Rahasya''
* ''Krishnegowdana Aane''
* ''Yamala Prashne''
* ''Maayamruga''
* ''Parisarada Kathe''
* ''Karvalo''
* ''Kiragoorina Gayyaligalu''
{{div col end}}

==Trivia==
* Tejaswi heralded a new wave, when he (with like-minded friends) compiled [[Kuvempu]]'s ''[[Sri Ramayana Darshanam]]'' in Kuvempu's handwriting. The [[Government of Karnataka]] aided the effort with grants, but the cost of the book was high and ended up with mediocre success.
* A controversy started in early 2004 demanding inducting [[Madhwacharya]]'s name in ''[[Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate]]'', written by [[Kuvempu]]. Tejaswi, as son of Kuvempu and holder of copyrights of Kuvempu's articles, strongly criticised any attempts to change the poem.
* While some intellectuals condemned the daubing incident of Belgaum Mayor Vijay More's face with black paint on 11 November 2005, Tejaswi rhetorically asked if More deserved [[Fair & Lovely (cosmetics)|Fair & Lovely]] instead.
* Tejaswi had a great appetite and was known for his fondness for good food.

==Death==
[[File:Tejaswi smaraka.jpg|thumb|Tejaswi memorial at Kuppalli]]
He died of cardiac arrest at his farm house Niruttara, [[Mudigere]] in [[Chikmagalur district]] of [[Karnataka]] state, on 5 April 2007 approximately at 2.00 p.m.<ref name="deathdate" /> He was 68 at the time. He has 2 daughters Susmitha and Eshanye who are software professionals. His wife Rajeshwari stayed in Niruttara, Mudigere.

==Further reading==
* Poornachandra Tejaswi's "''Annana Nenapu''", although not an autobiography, extensively narrates his childhood and early life.
* "''Nanna Tejaswi''" is a memoir written by Poornachandra Tejaswi's wife, Rajeshwari, that documents the years they spent together.<ref name="thehindu" />
* "''Kaadina Santa Tejaswi''" by Dhananjay Jeevala.
* Tejaswi Badukiddare by Keerthi Kolgar

==See also==
*[[Kannada]]
*[[Kannada literature]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.tejaswivismaya.org/ TEJASWI VISMAYA – To Realize Poornachandra Tejaswi's Life – Literature – Thoughts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908045427/http://www.tejaswivismaya.org/ |date=8 September 2018 }}
*{{IMDb name|id=1253437|name=Poornachandra Tejaswi}}
*[https://archive.today/20130628041117/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-12-21/bangalore/27241712_1_jnanpith-award-poornachandra-tejaswi Pampa Award to Tejaswi in 2001]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tejaswi, Poornachandra}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Indian socialists]]
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Raj Singh II

2026-01-13T13:54:20Z

Deidre67J44: small changes

{{Short description|Maharana of Mewar from 1754–1762}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title =
| image = Equestrian portrait of Maharana Raj Singh II.jpg
| caption = Equestrian portrait of Maharana Raj Singh II
| succession = [[Maharana]] of [[Mewar]]
| reign = 10 January 1754 – 3 April 1761
| predecessor = [[Pratap Singh II]]
| successor = [[Ari Singh II]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1743|04|25|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1761|04|03|1743|04|25|df=y}}
| spouse = Chauhanji Gulab Kanwarji of [[Bedla]] in [[Mewar]]

Jhaliji Saras Kanwarji of [[Gogunda]] in [[Mewar]]

Rathorji Sardar Kanwarji of [[Ratlam]] in [[Malwa]]

Rathorji Sardar Kanwarji of [[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]]
| issue = Kunwar Ratan Singh (died young)
| house = Ranawat Sisodia
| father = [[Pratap Singh II]]
| mother = Jhaliji Bakht Kanwarji d.of Thakore Raj Gopalsinhji of [[Lakhtar]] in [[Gujarat]]
}}
{{Mewari Rana}}
'''Maharana Raj Singh II'''<ref>[http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/u/udaipur_r.html UDAIPUR]</ref> (25 April 1743 – 3 April 1761), was the [[Maharana]] of [[Mewar Kingdom]] (r. 1754–1762). He was the only son of Maharana [[Pratap Singh II]] born posthumously and was declared successor to his father under the care of his paternal uncle Maharana Ari Singh II who after a turbulent reign of his nephew became the succeeding Maharana .

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Raj, 02}}
[[Category:Monarchs of Mewar]]
[[Category:1743 births]]
[[Category:1761 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian royalty]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Battle of Kota Bharu

2026-01-09T08:10:39Z

Deidre67J44: small fixed formatting to improve readability and corrected details

{{Short description|WWII battle on 8 December 1941}}

{{Use American English|date = February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Kota Bharu
| partof = the [[Battle of Malaya]], [[World War II|Second World War]]
| image = Bachok Beach.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Bachok Beach, Kota Bharu, July 1941, possibly one of the Japanese landing points.
| date = 8 December 1941
| place = [[Kota Bharu]], [[British Malaya|Malaya]]
| casus =
| territory =
| result = Japanese victory
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British Empire]]:
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}
* {{flagcountry|British Raj}}
{{flag|Australia}} {{flagcountry|Dominion of New Zealand}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Empire of Japan]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon|UK}} [[Robert Brooke-Popham]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Arthur Percival]]<ref>{{cite web|first=Klemen |last=L |url=https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/percival.html |title=Lieutenant-General Arthur Ernest Percival |date=1999–2000 |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924050711/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/percival.html |archive-date=24 September 2011 }}</ref> {{flagicon|British India}} [[Lewis Heath]] {{flagicon|British India}} [[Arthur Edward Barstow|Arthur Barstow]] {{flagicon|British India}} [[Billy Key]] {{flagicon|British India}} [[Arthur Edward Cumming|Arthur Cumming]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Conway Pulford|C.W.H. Pulford]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Empire of Japan|army}} [[Tomoyuki Yamashita]] {{flagicon|Empire of Japan|army}} [[Hiroshi Takumi]] {{flagicon|Empire of Japan|army}} [[Renya Mutaguchi]] {{flagicon|Empire of Japan|naval}} [[Shintarō Hashimoto]]<ref>{{cite web |first = Klemen |last = L |url = https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/hashimoto.html |title = Rear-Admiral Shintaro Hashimoto |date = 1999–2000 |work = Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |access-date = 30 March 2021 |archive-date = 10 April 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230410224516/https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/hashimoto.html |url-status = dead }}</ref>
| units1 = '''British India''': [[Indian III Corps|III Indian Corps]] [[9th Infantry Division (India)|9th Indian Division]] [[11th Infantry Division (India)|11th Indian Division]] [[No. 27 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Niehorster|2020}} [[No. 36 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Niehorster|2020}} [[No. 62 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Niehorster|2020}} [[No. 205 Squadron RAF]] '''Australia''': [[No. 1 Squadron RAAF]]<ref>{{citation |publisher=Australian War Memorial |url= http://www.awm.gov.au/units/unit_11019second_world_war.asp |title=1 Squadron RAAF}}</ref> [[No. 8 Squadron RAAF]]<ref>{{citation |publisher=Australian War Memorial |url= http://www.awm.gov.au/units/unit_11033.asp |title=8 Squadron RAAF}}</ref> [[No. 21 Squadron RAAF]]<ref>{{citation |publisher=Australian War Memorial |url= http://www.awm.gov.au/units/unit_11055.asp |title=21 Squadron RAAF}}</ref> [[No. 453 Squadron RAAF]]<ref>{{citation |publisher=Australian War Memorial |url= http://www.awm.gov.au/units/unit_11149.asp |title=453 Squadron RAAF}}</ref> '''New Zealand''': 
[[No. 488 Squadron RNZAF]]
| units2 = [[Twenty-Fifth Army (Japan)|Twenty-Fifth Army]]: [[5th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|5th Division]] [[18th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|18th Division]] [[Imperial Japanese Navy]]
| strength1 = N/A
| strength2 = 1 light cruiser 4 destroyers 2 minesweepers 1 submarine chaser 3 troopships<ref name="SENDAI">{{citation|last1=Hackett|first1=Bob|last2=Kingsepp|first2=Sander |title=IJN SENDAI: Tabular Record of Movement|url = http://www.combinedfleet.com/sendai_t.htm|work=Imperial Japanese Navy Page|access-date= 4 January 2011}}</ref> 5,300 infantry
| casualties1 = 68 killed 360 wounded 37 missing{{sfn|Warren|2002|p=64}}
| casualties2 = 3 troopships damaged<ref name="SENDAI"/> 320 killed 538 wounded{{sfn|Warren|2002|p=64}}<ref>Rahill, Siti, ([[Kyodo News]]) "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20091210f2.html Remembering the war's first battle]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 10 December 2009, p. 3.</ref>
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Malaya}}
{{Campaignbox Pacific 1941}}
{{Campaignbox South-East Asia}}
}}

The '''Battle of Kota Bharu''' began just after midnight on 8 December 1941 (local time) before the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. It was the first major battle of the [[Pacific War]],<ref>{{harvnb|Burton|2006|p=91}}: "The first major battle of the Pacific War was under way more than two hours before Japan's carrier planes descended on Hawaii."</ref> and was fought between ground forces of the [[British Indian Army]] and the [[Empire of Japan]].

[[Kota Bharu]], the capital of [[Kelantan]] State on Malaysia's northeast coast, was, in 1941, the [[Royal Air Force]]'s (RAF) and [[Royal Australian Air Force]]'s (RAAF) base of operations in Northern Malaya. There was an airstrip at Kota Bharu and two more at Gong Kedak and Machang. Japanese losses were significant because of sporadic Australian air attacks,{{sfn|Dull|2007|p=37}} Indian [[Coastal defence and fortification|coastal defence]]s, and artillery fire.<ref name="Generals at War">{{cite episode |title=The Battle of Singapore |series=Generals at War |number=6
|url=https://www.magellantv.com/series/generals-at-war/the-battle-of-singapore |url-access=subscription |publisher=Windfall Films |network=[[National Geographic Channel]] |air-date=2009-09-21 |minutes=50}}</ref>

==Preparations==
{{Main|Japanese invasion of Thailand|Operation Krohcol|Operation Matador (1941)}}
The Japanese invasion plan involved landing troops from the [[5th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|5th Division]] at [[Pattani, Thailand|Pattani]] and [[Songkhla]] on [[Thailand]]'s east coast, and troops from the [[18th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|18th Division]] at [[Kota Bharu]] on Malaya's northeast coast. The forces landing in Thailand were to push across to the west coast and invade Malaya through the northwestern [[Unfederated Malay States|state]] of [[Kedah]], while the eastern landing force would attack down the east coast from Kota Bharu and into the interior of Malaya.

The British plan for defending against an attack from Thailand into northwestern Malaya was a pre-emptive strike into southern Thailand, known as [[Operation Krohcol]], to take strategically vital positions and delay the enemy attack. The British plan for the defence of the east coast of Malaya consisted of fixed beach defences by the [[9th Infantry Division (India)|Indian 9th Infantry Division]] along the northern stretch of coastline and two-thirds of the [[8th Division (Australia)|Australian 8th Division]] defending the southern stretch of coastline (the other third was deployed to [[Battle of Ambon|Ambon]],<ref>{{cite web |first=Klemen |last=L |title=The Japanese Invasion of Ambon Island, January 1942 |date=1999–2000 |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |url=https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/ambon.html |access-date=4 October 2020}}</ref> [[Battle of Timor (1942-43)|West Timor]],<ref>{{cite web |first=Klemen |last=L |url=https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/timor_dutch.html |title=The Japanese Invasion of Dutch West Timor Island, February 1942 |date=1999–2000 |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-date=25 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925120236/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/timor_dutch.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Battle of Rabaul (1942)|Rabaul]]<ref>{{cite web |first=Klemen |last=L |url= https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/rabkav.html |title= The capture of Rabaul and Kavieng, January 1942 |date=1999–2000 |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942}}</ref>)

The Japanese attack force was drawn from Lieutenant General [[Tomoyuki Yamashita]]'s [[Twenty-Fifth Army (Japan)|25th Army]]. It sailed from [[Sanya|Samah Harbour]] on [[Hainan Island]] on 4 December 1941. Additional ships carrying more troops joined the convoy from [[Saigon]] in southern [[Vietnam]], [[French Indochina]]. An RAAF reconnaissance [[Lockheed Hudson]] discovered the Japanese convoy. [[Tom Phillips (Royal Navy officer)|Admiral Sir Thomas Phillips]], the British naval commander, Far East ordered the [[battlecruiser]] {{HMS|Repulse|1916|6}} to cancel its trip to [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]], [[Australia]], and return to Singapore as quickly as possible.<ref name="Klemen Kota Bharu">{{cite web |last1=L |first1=Klemen |last2=Kossen |first2=Bert |last3=Bernaudin |first3=Pierre-Emmanuel |last4=Niehorster |first4=Leo |last5=Takizawa |first5=Akira |last6=Carr |first6=Sean |last7=Broshot |first7=Jim |last8=Leulliot |first8=Nowfel |url=https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/kota_bharu.html |title=Seventy minutes before Pearl Harbor – The landing at Kota Bharu, Malaya, on December 7, 1941 |date=1999–2000 |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |display-authors=1 |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412115608/http://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/kota_bharu.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The invasion force was spotted again on 7 December by a [[Consolidated PBY Catalina|Catalina]] flying boat of [[No. 205 Squadron RAF]], but the Catalina was shot down by five [[Nakajima Ki-27]] fighters before it could radio its report to air headquarters in Singapore.{{sfn|Warren|2002|p=86}} Flying Officer Patrick Bedell, commanding the Catalina, and his seven crew members became the first Allied casualties in the war with Japan.<ref name="Klemen Kota Bharu"/>

Prior to the invasion the Japanese had recruited a small number of disaffected Malays into a [[fifth column]] organization called the "Tortoise Society". The Malayan police were aware of the society's existence and had arrested a number of its leaders just prior to the Japanese landings. At Kota Bharu members of the society provided assistance to the invasion army and acted as guides.<ref>Jap fifth column in Malaya was small, Allington Kennard, The Straits Times, 24 August 1947, Page 6</ref>

==Landings at Kota Bharu==
[[File:Hudson decoy.jpg|thumb|left|A [[decoy]] [[Lockheed Hudson]] at [[RAF Kota Bharu|Kota Bharu Airfield]], c. 1941.]]
Air Marshal Sir [[Robert Brooke-Popham]], commanding officer of the British Forces in the Far East, fearing that the Japanese Fleet was trying to provoke a British attack and thus provide an [[Casus belli|excuse to go to war]],{{sfn|Richards|Saunders|1954|pp=16–17}} hesitated to launch [[Operation Matador (1941)|Operation Matador]] on 7 December. ''Matador'' was the British plan to destroy the invasion force before or during the landing. He decided to delay the operation, at least for the night. Shortly after midnight on 7/8 December, Indian soldiers patrolling the beaches at [[Kota Bharu]] spotted three large shadows: the transport ships [[MS Awazisan Maru|''Awazisan Maru'']], ''[[Ayatosan Maru]]'', and ''[[Sakura Maru]]'', dropping anchor approximately {{convert|3|km|nmi mi|lk=on|abbr=on}} off the coast. The ships were carrying approximately 5,200 troops of the Takumi Detachment (Major-General [[Hiroshi Takumi]], aboard ''Awazisan Maru''). Most of these troops were veterans of the war in [[China]].<ref name="Klemen Kota Bharu"/>

The Japanese invasion force consisted of units from the 18th Division. The assault troops came from the 56th Infantry Regiment (Colonel Yoshio Nasu, aboard ''Sakura Maru''), supported by one mountain artillery battery of the 18th Mountain Artillery Regiment (Lieutenant Colonel Katsutoshi Takasu), the 12th Engineer Regiment (Lieutenant Colonel Ichie Fujii), the 18th Division Signal Unit, one company of the 12th Transport Regiment, one company of the 18th Division Medical Unit, and No. 2 Field Hospital of the 18th Division Medical Unit. They were escorted by a fleet (Kota Bharu Invasion Force) under the command of Rear-Admiral [[Shintaro Hashimoto]], consisting of the [[light cruiser]] {{Ship|Japanese cruiser|Sendai||2}}, [[destroyer]]s {{Ship|Japanese destroyer|Ayanami|1929|2}}, {{Ship|Japanese destroyer|Isonami|1927|2}}, {{Ship|Japanese destroyer|Shikinami|1929|2}}, and {{Ship|Japanese destroyer|Uranami|1928|2}}, [[minesweeper]]s [[No.1-class minesweeper (1923)|''No. 2'']] and [[No.1-class minesweeper (1923)|''No. 3'']], and [[submarine chaser]] [[No.4-class submarine chaser|''No. 9'']].<ref name="Klemen Kota Bharu"/>

The invasion began with a bombardment at around 00:30 local time on 8 December (2:00 local time in Tokyo on 8 December, 17:00 GMT on 7 December). The Japanese carrier planes flying toward [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]] were about 50 minutes away from their destination. The attack on Pearl Harbor started at 01:48 Kelantan local time (3:18 Japanese time on 8 December, 18:18 GMT, 7:48 Hawaii time on 7 December). As a result, it is usually referred to as the 7 December attack in the USA. The loading of landing craft began almost as soon as the transports dropped anchor. Rough seas and strong winds hampered the operation and a number of smaller craft capsized.{{sfn|Dull|2007|p=37}} Several Japanese soldiers drowned. Despite these difficulties, by 00:45 the first wave of landing craft was heading for the beach in four lines.<ref name="Klemen Kota Bharu"/>

[[File:Jzikb.jpg|thumb|[[Mitsubishi A6M Zero]]s of 22nd Air Flotilla at RAF Kota Bharu after its capture from Allied forces, c. 1942.]]

The defending force was the 8th Indian Infantry Brigade (Brigadier [[Berthold Wells Key|B. W. Key]]) of [[Indian 9th Infantry Division]] (Major General [[Arthur Edward Barstow|A. E. Barstow]]), supported by four [[3.7-inch Mountain Howitzer]]s of the 21st Mountain Battery ([[Indian Artillery|IA]]) (Major J. B. Soper). The 3/17th Bn, [[17th Dogra Regiment|Dogra Regiment]], under the command of Lieutenant Colonel G.A. Preston,<ref name="History of the Dogra Regiment">{{cite web| url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/rgt-dogra.htm|title= Dogra Regiment |publisher=Globalsecurity.com|access-date=2009-05-23}}</ref> had responsibility for the {{convert|10|mi|km|abbr=on}} stretch of coast which was the chosen landing site. The British fortified the narrow beaches and islands with [[land mine]]s, [[barbed wire]], and [[Bunker#Pillbox|pillbox]]es. They were supported by the 73rd Field Battery of the 5th Field Regiment, [[Royal Artillery]], deployed adjacent to the nearby airfield.{{sfn|Jeffreys|Anderson|2005|p=35}} The area defended by the 3/17th Dogras consisted of the narrow beaches of Badang and Sabak at Kota Bharu. The beaches were split by two estuaries that led to the mouth of the Pengkalan Chepa River through a maze of creeks, lagoons and swampy islands, behind which was the Kota Bharu airfield and the main road inland.{{sfn|Percival|1946}}

The Dogras immediately opened intense fire on the invasion force with artillery and machine guns. By midnight, the first waves of Japanese troops were heading toward the beach front in landing craft. Colonel [[Masanobu Tsuji]] wrote in his book about the Malaya Campaign:

{{cquote|The enemy pillboxes, which were well prepared, reacted violently with such heavy force that our men lying on the beach, half in and half out of the water could not raise their heads.{{sfn|Tsuji|1997|p=75}} }}

The first and second waves of Japanese soldiers were pinned down by the intense fire from the Dogra's pillboxes and trenches but after vicious hand-to-hand fighting a breach was made in the defences on the south bank of the estuary.{{sfn|Percival|1946}} On the northern bank the Japanese were pinned down on an island where dawn found them trapped in the open. Allied aircraft from the nearby airfields began attacking the invasion fleet and the soldiers trapped on the island. Japanese casualties in the first and second waves were heavy.{{sfn|Tsuji|1997}}{{page needed|date=October 2020}} The Japanese managed to get off the beach only after the two pill box positions and supporting trenches were destroyed. Despite their heavy resistance, the Dogras were forced to retreat to their defences in front of the airfield.<ref name="History of the Dogra Regiment"/> Brigadier Key brought forward his reserves; the [[12th Frontier Force Regiment|2/12th Frontier Force Regiment]] and the [[13th Frontier Force Rifles|1/13th Frontier Force Rifles]] to support the Dogras. At 10:30, Key ordered an attempt to retake the lost beaches with the 2/12th Frontier Force Regiment attacking from the south and the 1/13th Frontier Force Rifles attacking from the north. The fighting on the beaches was heavy with both sides suffering more casualties. The British forces made some progress but were unable to close the breach. In the afternoon, a second attack went in but failed again to close the breach.{{sfn|Percival|1946}}

The airfield at Kota Bharu had been evacuated and by dusk on 8 December, with very low visibility, and Japanese troops were now able to infiltrate between the British units and with possible threats of landings further south, Brigadier Key asked for permission from Major-General Barstow (9th Division commander) and Lieutenant General Heath (III Corps commander) to withdraw if it became necessary.{{sfn|Percival|1946}}

==Air attacks==
[[File:RAAF Hudson.jpg|thumb|Lockheed Hudson aircraft of No. 1 Squadron under assembly at [[RAAF Base Richmond|RAAF Station Richmond]]. The Hudson in the right foreground was flown by [[Flight Lieutenant|Flt Lt]] John Lockwood, who led the first Allied attack against the Japanese. He and his wingmen heavily damaged the Japanese freighter, [[MS Awazisan Maru|''Awazisan Maru'']], causing its abandonment.{{sfn|Burton|2006|p=92}}]]

No. 1 Squadron [[Royal Australian Air Force|RAAF]] based at RAF Kota Bharu launched 10 [[Lockheed Hudson]] bombers to attack the Japanese transports, each loaded with four {{convert|250|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} bombs. In the 17 sorties flown, they lost two Hudsons shot down and three badly damaged. One Hudson, flown by [[Flight Lieutenant]] John Graham Leighton Jones, crashed into a fully laden landing craft after being hit while strafing the beachhead, killing some 60 Japanese soldiers on board. Only five Hudson bombers remained airworthy at the end of the battle.{{sfn|Burton|2006|p=96}}

All three Japanese troopships were significantly damaged, but while the ''Ayatosan Maru'' and ''Sakura Maru'' were still able to sail, the ''Awazisan Maru'' was left burning and abandoned.{{sfn|Burton|2006|p=95}} The attacks by No. 1 Squadron RAAF killed or wounded at least 110 of its crew.{{sfn|Burton|2006|p=95}} The wreck later sunk on its own or was [[torpedo]]ed by the Dutch submarine {{HNLMS|K XII||2}} on 12 December.<ref name="Dutch Submarines: The submarine KXII">{{citation |title=Dutch Submarines: The submarine KXII |url= http://www.dutchsubmarines.com/boats/boat_kxii.htm |publisher= Dutch Submarines |access-date=4 January 2011}}</ref>

Despite the strong defence, Takumi had three full infantry battalions ashore by mid morning of 8 December. Counter attacks launched by Brigadier Key failed and the Japanese took Kota Bharu town on the 9th. After fierce fighting during the night, threatening the airfield, Lt Col [[Arthur Edward Cumming|Arthur Cumming]]'s 2/12th Frontier Force Regiment attempted to hold the airfield with a rearguard action before the Japanese succeeded in taking it.{{sfn|Smith|2006}}{{page needed|date=October 2020}} Cumming was later awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] for his actions. Key asked for and was given permission to withdraw from Kota Bharu.{{sfn|Jeffreys|Anderson|2005|p=35}}

==See also==
*[[Japanese Order of Battle, Malayan Campaign]]
*[[Malayan Campaign]]
*[[Malaya Command|Malaya Command – Order of Battle]]
*[[Operation Krohcol]]
*[[Operation Matador (1941)]]
*[[Patrick Stanley Vaughan Heenan]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite web |publisher=Australian War Memorial |url= http://www.awm.gov.au/units/ |title=Australians at War}}
* {{cite book |last=Burton |first=John |title=Fortnight of Infamy: The Collapse of Allied Airpower West of Pearl Harbor |location=Annapolis, Maryland |publisher=Naval Institute Press |date=2006 |isbn=1-59114-096-X |oclc=255121507}}
* {{cite book |last=Dull |first=Paul S |title= A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945 |page=37 |url= {{GBurl|SLfti-Dc1AcC|p=37}} |isbn=978-1-59114-219-5 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |date=2007 |access-date=4 October 2020}}
* {{cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Bob |last2=Kingsepp |first2=Sander |title=Imperial Japanese Navy Page |url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jeffreys |first1=Alan |last2=Anderson |first2=Duncan |title=British Army in the Far East 1941–45 |series=Battle Orders |volume=13 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford |date=2005 |isbn=1-84176-790-5 |oclc=907132823}}
* {{cite web|first=Klemen |last=L |url=https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/index.html |title=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |date=1999–2000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726053035/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/index.html |archive-date=26 July 2011 }}
* {{cite web |last=Niehorster |first=Leo |url=http://niehorster.org/017_britain/41-12-08/no_223_group.html |title=Order of Battle, Royal Air Force, Far East Command, Norgroup, 8th December 1941 |date=21 February 2020 |work=World War II Armed Forces – Orders of Battle and Organizations |access-date=4 October 2020}}
* {{cite web |last=Percival|first=Arthur |title=Chapter IX – The Battle For Kedah |year=1946 |work=Percival's Official Report to the British Government |publisher=FEPOW Community |url= http://www.fepow-community.org.uk/arthur_lane/Percivals_Report/html/battle_for_kedah.htm |access-date=2009-05-23}}
* {{cite web |last=Pike |first=John |url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/index.html |title=Military |publisher=Globalsecurity.com |access-date=2009-05-23}}
* {{cite news |last=Rahill |first=Siti |department=Kyodo News |url= http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20091210f2.html |title=Remembering the war's first battle |newspaper=[[The Japan Times]]|date=10 December 2009 |page=3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=Denis |title=The Fight Avails |first2=Hilary St. G. |last2=Saunders |series=Royal Air Force 1939–1945 |volume=II |date=1954 |publisher=[[HMSO]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-11-772114-2 |url=http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RAF-II/index.html |access-date=4 October 2020}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Colin |title=Singapore Burning |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2006 |location=London |isbn=978-0-14-101036-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Tsuji |first=Masanobu |editor-last=Howe |editor-first=H. V. |translator-last=Lake |translator-first=Margaret E. |title=Japan's Greatest Victory, Britain's Worst Defeat |publisher=Spellmount |location=Staplehurst, Kent |date=1997 |isbn=1-873376-75-8 |oclc=38337840 }}
* {{cite book |last=Warren |first=Alan |title=Britain's Greatest Defeat, Singapore 1942 |publisher=Hambledon and London |location=London |date=2002 |url=https://archive.org/stream/singapore1942bri00warr |url-access=registration |isbn=1-85285-328-X |oclc=1036868327 |ol=18479046M}}

==Further reading==
*[http://www.worldwar-2.net/timelines/asia-and-the-pacific/asian-mainland/asian-mainland-index-1941.htm Worldwar-2.net: Timeline of the Invasion of Malaya]
*[http://www.far-eastern-heroes.org.uk/2nd_Lt_Robert_Hartley/html/japanese_invade.htm Far Eastern Heroes website]

{{coord missing|Malaysia}}

{{Dec41attacks}}

[[Category:Kota Bharu]]
[[Category:British Malaya in World War II]]
[[Category:Malaysia in World War II]]
[[Category:Invasions by Japan|Malaya]]
[[Category:World War II invasions]]
[[Category:1941 in British Malaya]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1941]]
[[Category:Military history of Malaya during World War II]]
[[Category:Military history of Singapore during World War II]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of the South-East Asian theatre of World War II]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Australia]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving India]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom|J]]
[[Category:Vietnam in World War II]]
[[Category:British Malaya]]
[[Category:Straits Settlements]]
[[Category:December 1941 in Asia]]

Archeparchy of Ujjain

2026-01-06T14:21:48Z

Deidre67J44: creating new page!

{{Short description|Eastern Catholic Archeparchy in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Archeparchy
|name = Ujjain
|local = ܐܪܟܝܕܝܘܩܝܐ ܕܐܘܼܝܸܝܢ
|country = {{flag|India}}
| territory. =
|metropolitan =
|province =
|rite = [[East Syriac rite]]
|area_km2 = 18,225
|population = 4,396,000
|population_as_of = 2010
|catholics = 3,398
|catholics_percent= 0.1
|cathedral = St. Mary’s Cathedral in [[Ujjain]]
|patron = [[Paul the Apostle|Saint Paul]]
|pope = Mar {{Incumbent pope}} 
| patriarch =
| major_archbishop = Mar [[Raphael Thattil]]
|metro_archbishop = Mar [[Sebastian Vadakel]] MST
|emeritus_bishops =
| suffragans = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Sagar|Eparchy of Sagar]] [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Satna|Eparchy of Satna]] [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Jagdalpur|Eparchy of Jagdalpur]]
|website = [http://www.ujjaindiocese.org/ Website of the Diocese]
|map =
}}

The '''Archeparchy of Ujjain''' is an ecclesiastical district of the [[Syro-Malabar Church]], an [[Eastern Catholic Church]] of the [[East Syriac Rite]] in India. Its [[cathedral]] episcopal see is St. Mary's Cathedral, in [[Ujjain]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] in Central India.

In August 2025, Major Archbishop Raphael Thattil elevated it as an [[archeparchy]] and appointed Mar [[Sebastian Vadakel]] the bishop of the Ujjain as its first Metropolitan Archbishop. The archeparchy leads the church's [[ecclesiastical province]] that serves most of [[Central India]].

== Statistics ==
As per 2014, it pastorally served 4,602 Eastern Catholics (0.1% of 6,253,649 total) on 18,441 km2 in 41 parishes and a mission with 93 priests (41 diocesan, 52 religious), 433 lay religious (120 brothers, 313 sisters) and 9 seminarians.

== History ==
* It was created on 29 July 1968 as '''[[Apostolic Exarchate]] of Ujjain''', on territory split off from the (Latin) [[Diocese of Indore]].
* On 26 February 1977 the Apostolic Exarchate was elevated to '''Diocese of Ujjain'''.
* On 28 August 2025, eparchy received territory from the [[Archeparchy of Shamshabad|Eparchy of Shamshabad]]. The ecclesiastical province of Ujjain was established by elevating the Eparchy of Ujjain as a metropolitan archeparchy and constituting [[Eparchy of Sagar|Sagar]], [[Eparchy of Satna|Satna]] and [[Eparchy of Jagdalpur|Jagadalpur]] as suffragan eparchies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ujjain (Syro-Malabar Archeparchy) [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dujsm.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref>

== Suffragan Diocese ==
*[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Sagar| Eparchy ofSagar ]]
*[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Satna| Eparchy of Satna ]]
*[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Jagdalpur | Eparchy of Jagdalpur]]

== Prelates ==
'''Apostolic Exarch of Ujjain'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sl.No
! Ordinary
! Designation
! Year of appointment
! Last year of service
|-
| 1
| Father [[John Perumattam]] [[Missionary Society of St Thomas]] (M.S.T.)
| align="center" | Apostolic Exarch
| align="center" | 29 July 1968
| align="center" | 26 February 1977
|}

'''Bishops'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sl.No
! Ordinary
! Designation
! Year of appointment
! Last year of service
|-
| 1
| [[John Perumattam]] [[Missionary Society of St Thomas]] (M.S.T.)
| align="center" | Bishop
| align="center" | 26 February 1977
| align="center" | 4 April 1998
|-
| 2
| [[Sebastian Vadakel]] [[Missionary Society of St Thomas]] (M.S.T.)
| align="center" | Bishop
| align="center" | 4 April 1998
| align="center" | 28 August 2025
|}
'''ArchBishop'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sl.No
! Ordinary
! Designation
! Year of appointment
! Last year of service
|-
| 1
| [[Sebastian Vadakel]] [[Missionary Society of St Thomas]] (M.S.T.)
| align="center" | ArchBishop
| align="center" | 28th August 2025
| align="center" | ''Present''
|}

==Ecclesiastical Province of Ujjain==

With the prior consent of the [[Pope Leo XIV]], and the unanimous decision of the synod of bishops of the Syro-Malabar Church, the Major Archbishop [[Raphael Thattil]] raised the Eparchy of Ujjain to an archeparchy and made it [[Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)|metropolitan see]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2025/08/28/0597/01033.html|title=Bolletino Vaticano|publisher=vatican.va |date= |accessdate=2025-08-28}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Catholic dioceses in India]]

== Sources and external links ==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/ujja0.htm GCatholic, with Google satellite photo - data for all sections]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dujsm.html Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Ujjain on Catholic-Hierarchy]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Hierarchy}}

{{coord missing|Madhya Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ujjain, Syro-Malabar Catholic diocese}}
[[Category:Eastern Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic dioceses]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1977|Religious organizations established in 1977]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Christianity in Madhya Pradesh|Christianity in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Madhya Pradesh|1977 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Ujjain|Ujjain]]
[[Category:History of Ujjain|History of Ujjain]]

{{SyroMalabar-diocese-stub}}

Herpetoreas murlen

2025-12-16T04:01:00Z

Deidre67J44: made a stub

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Herpetoreas
| species = murlen
| authority = Lalremsanga, Bal, Vogel, & Biakzuala, 2022
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Herpetoreas murlen''''', or the '''Murlen keelback''', is a [[species]] of [[Natricinae|natricine]] snake [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[India]].<ref name=RDB>{{EMBL species|genus=Herpetoreas|species=murlen}} www.reptile-database.org.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q113561057}}

[[Category:Herpetoreas|murlen]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2022]]

{{Natricinae-stub}}

EToilet

2025-12-14T20:19:31Z

Deidre67J44:

{{Lowercase title}}
{{Short description|Type of public toilet in India}}
[[File:EToilet.jpg|thumb|An eToilet, installed on a street in India]]
An '''electronic toilet''' or '''eToilet''' is a type of [[public toilet]] that is used in India. The increase in the use of eToilets is in support of [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]] ({{lit|Clean India Mission}}) which intends to reduce the practice of [[open defecation]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Krishnan|first1=Vidya|title=Innovative eToilets key to Narendra Modi's Clean India mission|url=https://www.livemint.com/Specials/f6Up6Q77dlxVDT2SFfTzKJ/Innovative-eToilets-key-to-Narendra-Modis-Clean-India-missi.html|website=www.livemint.com|access-date=12 April 2018|date=3 November 2014}}</ref>

eToilets are self-contained, self-cleaning, unisex, user-friendly, unmanned, automated, and remotely monitored toilet pods installed in public places. They were developed by a private company, Eram Scientific Solutions, in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://challenges.openideo.com/challenge/water-and-sanitation/winning-ideas/etoilet-india-s-first-electronic-toilet|title=eToilet - India's first Electronic Toilet|date=2016-04-14}}{{registration required}}</ref> Like [[Sanisette]], eToilet is a registered [[trademark]]. This registered trademark, similar to Sanisette, demonstrates a growing trend towards integrating technology and convenience in public hygiene facilities.

== Features ==
eToilets can be [[coin operated machine|coin operated]] [[pay toilets]], or freely accessed with manual entry and exit. A safeguard corridor panel serves as a screen to avoid disturbing the public or the user of the toilet. The entire unit is made of stainless steel. Like other self-sustaining, electronic public toilets, eToilets have [[sensors]] to initiate automatic functions including pre-flush and post-flush platform cleaning, after a specified number of uses. Indication lights are displayed outside the unit which helps the user to identify whether the facility is occupied (red light) or unoccupied (green light) and whether the facility is out of service, for example if the water supply is low.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== See also ==
* [[Sanisette]], a registered trademark for a similar toilet
* [[Self-cleaning floor]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/13940/etoilet-changing-way-public-sanitation-works-india-eram-marico/|title=This eToilet Is Changing The Way Public Sanitation Works In India|date=2014-09-02|work=The Better India|access-date=2018-04-11|language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/1713|title=eToilet (India's first electronic public toilet) - Resources • SuSanA|access-date=2018-04-11}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/this-village-in-kerala-has-the-world-s-first-e-toilet-which-generates-power-and-fertilizer-from-waste-252081.html|title=Kerala Village Installs World's First E-Toilet Which Generates Power And Fertilizer From Waste|work=indiatimes.com|access-date=2018-04-11|language=en}}
* {{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/mixed-response-to-etoilet-facility/article8496891.ece|title=Mixed response to e-toilet facility|last=Anoop|first=Aabha|date=2016-04-20|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-04-11|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}

{{Toilets}}

[[Category:Public toilets automation]]
[[Category:Types of toilet]]