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Chitrangada Satarupa

2023-09-07T10:49:56Z

Deepika sparsh: Created an inspiring work.

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{orphan}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Chitrangada Satarupa
| birth_name = Chitrangada Chakraborty
| birth_date = August 19
| birth_place = [[Kolkatta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2012 - present
| mother = [[Satarupa Sanyal]]
| father = [[Utpalendu Chakrabarty]]
| relatives = [[Ritabhari Chakraborty]] (sister)
}}
'''Chitrangada Satarupa''' is an Indian actress who appears predominantly in Hindi and Bengali cinema. She is known for starring in the critically acclaimed films ''[[Tikli and Laxmi Bomb]]'' (2017)'', Tottaa Pataaka Item Maal'' (2018) and ''Devi Aur Hero'' (2019)''.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview: Actors Chitrangada Satarupa and Indraneil Sengupta tell what keeps them going |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2019/dec/13/interview-actors-chitrangada-satarupa-and-indraneil-sengupta-tell-what-keeps-them-going-20483.html |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early and personal life ==
Chitrangada Satarupa was born as Chitrangada Chakraborty<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ritabhari Chakraborty: ঋতাভরীর দিদির পদবী কেন শতরূপা? নিজেই জানালেন চিত্রাঙ্গদা |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/chitrangada-chakraborty-changed-her-name-to-chitrangada-satarupa-ritabhari-chakraborty-tollywood-news-entertainment-news-in-bangla-sum-552447-2023-05-03 |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref> on August 19<ref>{{Cite web |last=আনন্দ |first=ওয়েব ডেস্ক, এবিপি |title=ষোলোয় পা দিলেন চিত্রাঙ্গদা! ঝলমলে জন্মদিনের ছবি শেয়ার করলেন সোশ্যাল মিডিয়ায় |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/chitrangada-birthday-chitrangada-satarupa-shares-her-birthday-celebration-photos-see-pictures-913475 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref> to [[Satarupa Sanyal]] and [[Utpalendu Chakrabarty]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. She studied mass communications at [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chitrangada Satarupa and Sambit Chatterjee talk millennial marriage and more |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/chitrangada-satarupa-and-sambit-chatterjee-talk-millennial-marriage-and-more/cid/1840793 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> She then moved to Mumbai, joined the theater, and did plays for years. Her first play was ''Colorblind'' of which [[Kalki Koechlin]] was also a part of it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahare mon actress Chitrangada Chakraborty strums the rhythm and blues of her life |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ahare-mon-actress-chitrangada-chakraborty-strums-the-rhythm-and-blues-of-her-life/cid/1431200 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

She married her longtime boyfriend, Sambit Chatterjee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=মহিলা পুরোহিতের চরিত্রে অভিনয় করেছিলেন ঋতাভরী, সেই নন্দিনী ভৌমিক-ই দেবেন দিদি চিত্রাঙ্গদার বিয়ে |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/ritabhari-chakrabortys-sister-chitrangadas-to-ties-not-by-nandini-bhowmik-506115/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=Indian Express Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

== Career ==
Chitrangada debuted in Bengali films with ''[[Antore Bahire]]'' (2012). She then appeared in the television series ''[[Stories by Rabindranath Tagore]]'' (2015), directed by [[Anurag Basu]] and based on the novels and short stories of the Nobel Laureate, [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. She played Mrinmayi, a gamine and flamboyant young woman who struggles with the lack of choice women have in her society.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoque |first=Nikhat |title=7 Progressive Women In 'The Stories Of Rabindranath Tagore' |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2019/02/20/progressive-women-stories-by-rabindranath-tagore/ |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref> She next starred in the critically acclaimed ''[[Tikli and Laxmi Bomb]]'' (2017),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tikli and Laxmi Bomb movie review: Gritty, stark and speaks language of the streets |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/110818/tikli-and-laxmi-bomb-movie-review-aditya-netflix-chitrangada-vibhawar.html}}</ref> directed by [[Aditya Kripalani]] and based on his novel of the same name.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditya Kripalani: Wanted to avoid predominant male gaze in Tikli and Laxmi bomb |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/aditya-kriplani-wanted-to-avoid-predominant-male-gaze-in-tikli-and-laxmi-bomb-19652151 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> The film revolves around two sex workers who come together to run a cooperative and eliminate the middlemen in sex work. She played one of the protagonists of the film, Putul, a young Bengali woman who joins the streets of Mumbai as a sex worker.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Tikli and Laxmi Bomb': An unconventional film on sex work as a start-up idea |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tikli-and-laxmi-bomb-unconventional-film-sex-work-start-idea-78578 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> She received praise for her performance, and the film was showcased at several film festivals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditya Kriplani's film 'Tikli and Laxmi Bomb' gets applauded at various film festivals! |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-aditya-kriplani-s-film-tikli-and-laxmi-bomb-gets-applauded-at-various-film-festivals-2584284 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> The film won best feature at the London Asian Film Festival 2018 and the Berlin Independent Film Festival 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Berlin Independent Film Festival 2018: Aditya Kripalani's directorial debut Tikli and Laxmi Bomb wins Best Film Award-Entertainment News , Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/berlin-independent-film-festival-2018-aditya-kripalanis-directorial-debut-tikli-and-laxmi-bomb-wins-best-film-award-4358991.html |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Tikli and Laxmi Bomb', a film on sex workers, wins Best Feature at Berlin Independent Film Fest |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tikli-and-laxmi-bomb-film-sex-workers-wins-best-feature-berlin-international-film-fest-76810 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

She then appeared in Bikas Mishra's ''Pagla Ghoda'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Sankhayan |title=Cinema meets theatre on the web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/YPS8FQ7eIyDTTd2kQJ8gCL/Cinema-meets-theatre-on-the-web.html |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bikas Mishra’s Pagla Ghoda shows why Badal Sircar is still relevant |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bikas-mishra-s-pagla-ghoda-shows-why-badal-sircar-is-still-relevant/story-TKAjcjX3lKIqMxlsFxvZFI.html |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> She starred in [[Aditya Kripalani]]'s ''Tottaa Pataaka Item Maal'' (2018) which met with critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tottaa Pataaka Item Maal review: An uncomfortable yet important watch |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/tottaa-pataaka-item-maal-41892}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=FTII graduate’s film Tottaa Pataaka Item Maal to go international |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/ftii-graduates-film-tottaa-pataaka-item-maal-to-go-international/articleshow/67771770.cms |access-date=2023-09-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Set in Delhi, four women from various parts of the region meet by chance in a ladies only taxi ride and get into an altercation with a man who's teasing them. They end up kidnapping him and breaking him physically and mentally to send out a message.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swaddle |first=The |last2=Sarkar |first2=Pooja Das |title=Portrayals of Female Revenge in Pop Culture Simply Mirror Toxic Male Violence |url=https://theswaddle.com/the-avenging-woman-trope-in-pop-culture-mirrors-toxic-male-violence/ |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=The Swaddle |language=en-US}}</ref> She then played the role of Titli in ''[[Ahare Mon]]'' (2018), a girl fighting a terminal disease<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Asian International Film Festival: Ahare Mon |url=https://www.nyit.edu/events/south_asian_international_film_festival_ahare_mon |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=New York Tech |language=en}}</ref> and shaved her head to portray the role.<ref>{{Cite web |title='I always had a feeling that interesting projects will happen to me': Chitrangada Chakraborty |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-i-always-had-a-feeling-that-interesting-projects-will-happen-to-me-chitrangada-chakraborty-2698244 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> The Film companion cited the film as the best Bengali film of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhuri |first=Shantanu Ray |title=Ahare Mon Movie Review: The Best Bengali Film Of The Year |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/ahare-mon-movie-review |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, she appeared in an important role in ''[[Shantilal O Projapoti Rohoshyo]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=First posters of Shantilal O Projapoti Rohoshyo are out |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/first-posters-of-shantilal-o-projapoti-rohoshyo-are-out/articleshow/69991801.cms |access-date=2023-09-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She then starred in ''Devi Aur Hero'', directed by [[Aditya Kripalani]] marking their third collaboration.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chitrangada is in a happy zone post NETPAC award |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/chitrangada-is-in-a-happy-zone-post-netpac-award/articleshow/72123107.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film is about Kaali Ghosh, a young woman from rural Bengal played by Satarupa, who is the sex slave of an industrialist's son in suburban Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devi Aur Hero starring Vinay Sharma and Chitrangada to screen at Kolkata International Film Fest |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2019/nov/06/devi-aur-hero-starring-vinay-sharma-and-chitrangada-to-screen-at-kolkata-international-film-fest-19586.html |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> She appeared in the bilingual medical mystery web series adapted from Indranil Sanyal's novel Karkat Kranti. Set against the backdrop of the heinous world of anti cancer drug trials,<ref>{{Cite news |title=An edgy medical mystery thriller on anti-cancer drug trial |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/an-edgy-medical-mystery-thriller-on-anti-cancer-drug-trial/articleshow/72384789.cms |access-date=2023-09-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> she received praise for her role as Beas Chatterjee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karkat Rogue review: ক্যানসার নিয়ে থ্রিলার দর্শকের আগ্রহ ধরে রাখে |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/zee5-medical-thriller-chitrangada-rajesh-sharma-starrer-karkat-rogue-web-series-review-180878/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=Indian Express Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

In 2022, she starred in the webseries ''[[Guilty Minds]]'' playing a significant role<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Parvati |title=Guilty Minds Presents a Strong Case for Authenticity in Storytelling |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/guilty-minds-amazon-prime-presents-a-strong-case-for-authenticity-in-storytelling |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref> and receiving applause.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guilty Minds review: Amazon series brings refreshing realism to courtroom dramas |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/guilty-minds-review-amazon-series-brings-refreshing-realism-to-courtroom-dramas-but-ends-up-as-an-uneven-show-101650614678356.html |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Her film ''Mariam'' (2023) was screened at the Busan International Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chitrangada Satarupa all set to travel to Busan International Film Festival |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/chitrangada-satarupa-all-set-to-travel-to-busan-international-film-festival/cid/1887486 |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Directed by Arvind Pratap, the film dealt with illegal surrogacy in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Busan Asian Cinema Fund Recipient ‘Mariam’ Tackles Plight of Migrant Workers, Illegal Surrogacy in India |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/mariam-surrogacy-migrant-workers-india-busan-1235391137/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2012
|''[[Antore Bahire]]''
|Shruti
|Bengali
|
|
|-
|2013
|''The Last Poem''
|
|Bengali
|
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Stories by Rabindranath Tagore]]''
|Mrinmoyee
|Bengali
|[[Epic (TV channel)|Epic]] TV Series
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Tikli and Laxmi Bomb]]''
|Tikli
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|2017
|''Pagla Ghoda''
|Mili
|Hindi
|TV Movie
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Stutee |title=Movie Review: ‘Pagla Ghoda’ Stays True to the Essence of the Play |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/pagla-ghoda-movie-review |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''Tottaa Pataaka Item Maal''
|Chitra Joardar
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Ahare Mon]]''
|Titli
|Bengali
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Shantilal O Projapoti Rohoshyo]]''
|Candy
|Bengali
|
|
|-
|2019
|''Devi Aur Hero''
|Kaali Ghosh
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|2019
|''Sakharam B''
|Champa
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|2019
|''Chokher Bali''
|Ashalatha
|Hindi
|TV Movie
|
|-
|2020
|''The Daughter''
|
|Hindi
|Short
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Internationally acclaimed short film 'The Daughter' starring Ira Dubey and Naseeruddin Shah screened in India |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/theatre/internationally-acclaimed-short-film-the-daughter-starring-ira-dubey-and-naseeruddin-shah-screened-in-india/articleshow/95509507.cms |access-date=2023-09-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Short film The Daughter to screen at Dharamshala International Film Festival 2022 on November 4 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/short-film-the-daughter-to-screen-at-dharamshala-international-film-festival-2022-on-november-4/cid/1895752 |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Karkat Rogue''
|Beas Chatterjee
|Hindi, Bengali
|Web series (8 Episodes )
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Guilty Minds]]''
|Sunanda Bose
|Hindi
|Web series (10 Episodes)
|
|-
|2022
|[[Mukti (TV series)|''Mukti'']]
|Prava
|Bengali
|Web Series
|
|-
|2023
|''Saarey Shaitrish''
|
|Bengali
|Web Series
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sourav Chakraborty to direct a social satire set on a dystopian society |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/sourav-chakraborty-to-direct-a-social-satire-set-on-a-dystopian-society/articleshow/86285148.cms |access-date=2023-09-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sourav Chakraborty's next series, Saarey Shaitrish, is a dystopian drama set in the future |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2021/sep/18/sourav-chakrabortys-next-series-saarey-shaitrish-is-a-dystopian-drama-set-in-the-future-35633.html |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Mariam''
|Mariam
|Hindi
|
|
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
{{IMDb name|id=8129924}}

[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Hamirpur, Mainpuri

2023-09-07T01:18:02Z

Deepika sparsh: Published an influential piece.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{other uses|Hamirpur}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hamirpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.32229|N|79.21613|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhongaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.087
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 581
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Hamirpur''' ([[Devanagari]]: हमीरपुर {{IAST|Hamīrpur}}) is a village in [[Sultanganj, Mainpuri|Sultanganj]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 581, in 96 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Hamirpur had a population of 581, in 96 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|167}} This population was 50.9% male (296) and 49.1% female (285). The 0-6 age group numbered 135 (64 male and 72 female), or 23.2% of the total population. 129 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 22.2% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|130-1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Hamirpur as having a population of 398 people, in 71 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|168-9}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Hamirpur as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 217 people (116 male and 101 female), in 49 households and 44 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 272 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xciv}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Hamirpur did not have any schools or healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|167-72}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

P.G.V.R. Naidu

2023-07-17T07:31:40Z

Deepika sparsh: Fresh content.

{{Infobox person
| name = Pethakamsetti Gana Venkata Reddy Naidu
| image = Pgvr.jpg
| other_names = Gana babu
| birth_date = 09 May,1969 (age 54)
| birth_place = [[Gopalapatnam]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| education = B.com,Avn Degree College
| occupation = Politician and Business
| years_active = 1994-Present
| father = [[P. Appalanarasimham]]
}}

'''Pethakamsetti Gana Venkata Reddy Naidu (P.G.V.R)''' is an Indian politician.

== Early life ==
He was born in [[Gopalapatnam]], [[Visakhapatnam]] District. His father is [[P. Appalanarasimham|P.Appala Narasimham]], Former M.P. for Anakapalle.

== Sports Career ==
He is an International Volleyball player. He is President of Andhra Pradesh Volley Ball Association(APCA)<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |title=National volley ball tourney from Oct 11 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-10-10/National-volley-ball-tourney-from-Oct-11/421969 |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Political Career ==

* He was elected to the [[Pendurthi Assembly constituency|Pendurthi Assembly Constituency]] in 1999 by defeating Dronamraju Srinivasa Rao.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pendurthi Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Pendurthi, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/pendurthi.html |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
* In 2009, he joined [[Praja Rajyam Party|PRP]], he Contested the [[Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam west Assembly Constituency]] but lost to [[Malla Vijaya Prasad]] by 4144 Votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visakhapatnam West Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Visakhapatnam West, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/visakhapatnam-west.html |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
* In 2014, He contested Again From [[Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam West Assembly Constituency]] and won with a Majority of 30,857 Votes by High Margin By Defeating Dadi Ratnakar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visakhapatnam West Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Visakhapatnam West, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/visakhapatnam-west.html |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
* In 2019,He Contested as a Sitting MLA From Visakhapatnam West Assembly Constituency And Won With a Huge Majority of 18,981 Votes By Defeating Malla Vijay Prasad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visakhapatnam West Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/visakhapatnamwest-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency#2019 |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
* He Also Served As a Govt Whip From 2017 to 2019<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Om |title=Government Whip Gana Babu and other VIPs prays at Tirumala – Tirumala Updates |url=https://www.tirumalaupdates.com/government-whip-gana-babu-and-other-vips-prays-at-tirumala/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian volleyball players]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]

Baroda women's cricket team

2023-06-03T16:18:45Z

Deepika sparsh: /* Current squad */ updated article (~~~~)

{{short description|Indian women's cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Baroda Women
| image =
| captain = Amrita Joseph
| founded = Unknown{{-}}''First recorded match: 1985''
| ground = [[Moti Bagh Stadium]]
| capacity = 18,000
| owner = [[Baroda Cricket Association]]
| title1 = [[Women's Senior One Day Trophy|WSODT]]
| title1wins = 0
| title2 = [[Women's Senior T20 Trophy|WSTT]]
| title2wins = 0
| website = [http://cricketbaroda.com/ Baroda Cricket Association]
}}

The '''Baroda women's cricket team''' is a women's [[cricket]] team that represents the [[India]]n city of [[Vadodara]]. The team competes in the [[Women's Senior One Day Trophy]] and the [[Women's Senior T20 Trophy]].<ref name="CAprof">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4728/4728.html |title=Baroda Women |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref>

==Current squad==
{{Update|Current Squad|date=January 2022}}
*Camy Jignesh Kumar Desai
*Binaisha Surti
*Palak Patel
*Amrita Joseph
*Pragya Rawat
*Tarannum Pathan
*Jenita Fernandes (wk)
*[[Radha Yadav]]
*Hrutvisha Patel
*Jaya Mohite
*Tanvir Shaikh
*Kesha
*Maurya Ridhi
*Prapti Vijaybhai Raval
*Janaki Ajaybhai Rathod
*Nancy Yogeshbhai Patel
*Nidhi Dhrmuniya
*Karishma Tank
*Atoshi Banerjee
*Ridhi Singh
*Aadhya Hingoo

==See also==
* [[Baroda cricket team]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cricket in India}}
{{Women's Inter State Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Cricket in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Sport in Vadodara]]
[[Category:Women's cricket teams in India]]

Abbreviated

2022-12-10T09:04:57Z

Deepika sparsh: Added a new contribution to the website.

#REDIRECT [[Abbreviation]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from synonym}}
{{R printworthy}}
}}

Freedom of the press

2022-07-01T18:22:19Z

Deepika sparsh: Created an influential manuscript.

{{Short description|Freedom of communication and expression through various media}}
{{Other uses|Freedom of the Press (disambiguation)}}{{Redirect|Free press|3=Free Press (disambiguation){{!}}Free Press}}{{Journalism sidebar}}
{{Liberalism sidebar}}
[[File: Reporter, soldier Fortepan 9376.jpg|thumb|right|230px|In some countries, reporting on certain topics is prevented or restricted by governments.]]
'''Freedom of the press''' or '''freedom of the media''' is the fundamental principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronic [[News media|media]], especially [[publication|published materials]], should be considered a right to be exercised freely. Such freedom implies the absence of interference from an overreaching [[State (polity)|state]]; its preservation may be sought through [[constitution|the constitution]] or other [[legal]] protection and security. It is in opposition to paid press, where communities, police organizations, and governments are paid for their copyrights.

Without respect to governmental information, any government may distinguish which materials are public or protected from disclosure to the public. State materials are protected due to either one of two reasons: the [[classified information|classification of information]] as sensitive, classified, or secret, or the relevance of the information to protecting the [[national interest]]. Many governments are also subject to "[[sunshine laws]]" or [[freedom of information legislation]] that define the ambit of national interest and enable citizens to request access to government-held information.

The [[United Nations]]' 1948 [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] states: "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference, and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers."<ref>{{cite news |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url=http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/ |website=United Nations |access-date=7 August 2017 |last1=Nations |first1=United |archive-date=24 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224223959/https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

This philosophy is usually accompanied by [[legislation]] ensuring various degrees of freedom of [[science|scientific]] [[research]] (known as [[scientific freedom]]), publishing, and the press. The depth to which these laws are entrenched in a country's legal system can go as far down as its [[constitution]]. The concept of [[freedom of speech]] is often covered by the same laws as freedom of the press, thereby giving equal treatment to spoken and published expression. Freedom of the press was formally established in Great Britain with the [[Statute of Anne#Lapse of the Licensing Act|lapse of the Licensing Act]] in 1695. Sweden was the first country in the world to adopt freedom of the press into its constitution with the [[Swedish Freedom of the Press Act|Freedom of the Press Act]] of 1766.

== Relationship to self-publishing ==
Freedom of the press is not construed as an absence of interference by outside entities, such as a government or religious organization, but rather as a right for authors to have their works published by other people.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|first1 = L. A. Scot|last1 = Powe|title = The Fourth Estate and the Constitution: Freedom of the Press in America|url = https://archive.org/details/fourthestatethe00powe|url-access = registration|page = [https://archive.org/details/fourthestatethe00powe/page/200 200]|publisher = University of California Press|year=1992|isbn = 9780520913165}}</ref> This idea was famously summarized by the 20th-century American [[journalist]], [[A. J. Liebling]], who wrote, "Freedom of the press is guaranteed only to those who own one". Freedom of the press gives the printer or publisher exclusive control over what the publisher chooses to publish, including the right to refuse to print anything for any reason.<ref name=":0" /> If the author cannot reach a voluntary agreement with a publisher to produce the author's work, then the author must turn to [[self-publishing]].

==Status of press freedom worldwide==
[[File:Can Dündar prix RSF Strasbourg 17 novembre 2015.jpg|thumb|''[[Cumhuriyet]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s former editor-in-chief [[Can Dündar]] receiving the 2015 [[Reporters Without Borders Prize]]. Shortly after, he was arrested.]]
Beyond legal definitions, several [[non-governmental organization]]s use other criteria to judge the level of press freedom worldwide. Some create subjective lists, while others are based on quantitative data:
* [[Reporters Without Borders]] considers the number of journalists murdered, expelled, or harassed, the existence of a [[State media|state monopoly]] on TV and radio, as well as the existence of [[censorship]] and [[self-censorship]] in the media, and the overall independence of media as well as the difficulties that foreign reporters may face to rank countries in levels of press freedom.
* The [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] (CPJ) systematically tracks the number of journalists killed and imprisoned in reprisal for their work. It says it uses the tools of [[journalism]] to help journalists by tracking press freedom issues through independent research, fact-finding missions, and a network of foreign correspondents, including local working journalists in countries worldwide. CPJ shares information on breaking cases with other press freedom organizations worldwide through the [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange]], a global network of more than 119 free expression organizations. CPJ also tracks impunity in cases of journalist murders. CPJ staff applies strict criteria for each case; researchers independently investigate and verify the circumstances behind each death or imprisonment.
* [[Freedom House]] studies the more general political and economic environments of each nation in order to determine whether relationships of dependence exist that limit in practice the level of press freedom that might exist in theory. Panels of experts assess the press freedom score and draft each country summary according to a weighted scoring system that analyzes the political, economic, legal and safety situation for journalists based on a 100-point scale. It then categorizes countries as having a free, partly free, or not free press.<ref>{{cite web |title=Summit for Democracy: New Scorecards Highlight State of Freedom in Participating Countries |url=https://freedomhouse.org/article/summit-democracy-new-scorecards-highlight-state-freedom-participating-countries |website=Freedom House |language=en |access-date=2022-08-08 |archive-date=2022-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804225841/https://freedomhouse.org/article/summit-democracy-new-scorecards-highlight-state-freedom-participating-countries |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Annual report on journalists killed and Prison Census ===
Each year, [[The Committee To Protect Journalists|The Committee to Protect Journalists]] produces a comprehensive list of all working journalists killed in relation to their employment, including profiles of each deceased journalist within an exhaustive database, and an annual census of [[Incarceration|incarcerated]] journalists (as of midnight, December 1). The year 2017 reported record findings of jailed journalists, reaching 262. [[Turkey]], [[China]], and [[Egypt]] account for more than half of all global journalists jailed.<ref name=":2" />

As per a 2019 special report by the [[Committee to Protect Journalists]], approximately 25 journalists were murdered on duty in 2019.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://cpj.org/data/killed/2019/?status=Killed&motiveConfirmed%5B%5D=Confirmed&type%5B%5D=Journalist&start_year=2019&end_year=2019&group_by=location|title=Explore CPJ's database of attacks on the press|website=cpj.org|access-date=2020-03-07|archive-date=2020-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411055558/https://cpj.org/data/killed/2019/?status=Killed&motiveConfirmed%5B%5D=Confirmed&type%5B%5D=Journalist&start_year=2019&end_year=2019&group_by=location|url-status=live}}</ref> The figure is claimed to be the lowest since 2002, a year in which at least 21 journalists were killed while they were reporting from the field.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpj.org/data/killed/2019/?status=Killed&motiveConfirmed%5B%5D=Confirmed&type%5B%5D=Journalist&start_year=2002&end_year=2002&group_by=location|title=Explore CPJ's database of attacks on the press|website=cpj.org|access-date=2020-03-07|archive-date=2020-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731205259/https://cpj.org/data/killed/2019/?status=Killed&motiveConfirmed%5B%5D=Confirmed&type%5B%5D=Journalist&start_year=2002&end_year=2002&group_by=location|url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, [[Reporters Without Borders]] (RSF) reported 49 killings, the lowest since 2003, when almost 36 journalists were killed. Leading press watchdogs fear persisting danger for the life of journalists. The drop in the murder of in-field journalists came across during the "global attention on the issue of impunity in [[journalist]] murders", focusing on the [[Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi|assassination of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi]] in October 2018 and [[Daphne Caruana Galizia]], a Maltese blogger in October 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpj.org/reports/2019/12/journalists-killed-murdered-syria-mexico-impunity.php|title=Number of journalists killed falls sharply as reprisal murders hit record low|access-date=17 December 2019|website=Committee to Protect Journalists|archive-date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923044431/https://cpj.org/reports/2019/12/journalists-killed-murdered-syria-mexico-impunity/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Press freedom 2022.svg|400px|thumb|
'''2022 Press Freedom Index'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rsf.org/en/index?year=2022 |title=2022 World Press Freedom Index |work=Reporters Without Borders |year=2022 |access-date=2023-06-25 |archive-date=2022-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908180457/https://rsf.org/en/index?year=2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{legend|#005f9a|Good situation}}
{{legend|#8eb0d6|Satisfactory situation}}
{{legend|#ffb035|Noticeable problems}}
{{legend|#ff3022|Difficult situation}}
{{legend|#83000b|Very serious situation}}
{{legend|#dcdcdc|Not classified / No data}}]]
Every year, Reporters Without Borders establishes a subjective ranking of countries in terms of their freedom of the press. The [[Press Freedom Index]] list is based on responses to surveys sent to journalists that are members of partner organizations of the RWB, as well as related specialists such as researchers, jurists, and human rights activists. The survey asks questions about direct attacks on journalists and the media and other indirect sources of pressure against the free press, such as non-governmental groups.

In 2022, the eight countries with the most press freedom are, in order: [[Norway]], [[Denmark]], [[Sweden]], [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[Ireland]], [[Portugal]], and [[Costa Rica]]. The ten countries with the least press freedom are, in order: [[North Korea]], [[Eritrea]], [[Iran]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Myanmar]], [[China]], [[Vietnam]], [[Cuba]], [[Iraq]], and [[Syria]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2022 World Press Freedom Index {{!}} Reporters Without Borders|url=https://rsf.org/en/index|access-date=2020-12-05|website=RSF|archive-date=2022-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427230843/https://rsf.org/en/ranking|url-status=live}}</ref>

===''Freedom of the Press''===
[[File:World Map of the Freedom of the Press Status, OWID.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Freedom of the Press status 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of the Freedom of the Press Status |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/world-map-of-the-freedom-of-the-press-status |website=Our World in Data |access-date=5 March 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417190155/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/world-map-of-the-freedom-of-the-press-status |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
''[[Freedom of the Press (report)|Freedom of the Press]]'' is a yearly report by the US-based non-profit organization [[Freedom House]]. It is known to subjectively measure the level of freedom and [[editorial independence]] that is enjoyed by the press in every nation and significant disputed territories around the world. Levels of freedom are scored on a scale from 1 (most free) to 100 (least free). Depending on the basics, the nations are then classified as "Free", "Partly Free", or "Not Free".

=== Democratic states ===
A free and independent press has been theorized to be a key mechanism of a functioning, healthy [[democracy]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Ambrey|first1=Christopher L.|last2=Fleming|first2=Christopher M.|last3=Manning|first3=Matthew|last4=Smith|first4=Christine|title=On the Confluence of Freedom of the Press, Control of Corruption and Societal Welfare|journal=Social Indicators Research|volume=128|issue=2|pages=859–880|doi=10.1007/s11205-015-1060-0|s2cid=153582103|issn=0303-8300}}</ref> In the absence of [[censorship]], journalism exists as a [[Watchdog journalism|watchdog]] of private and government action, providing information to maintain an informed citizenry of voters.<ref name=":3" /> In this perspective, "government efforts to influence published or broadcasted news content, either via media control or by inducing [[self-censorship]], represent a threat to the access of important and necessary information to the public and affect the quality of democracy".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Solis|first1=Jonathan A.|last2=Antenangeli|first2=Leonardo|title=Corruption Is Bad News for a Free Press: Reassessing the Relationship Between Media Freedom and Corruption: Corruption Is Bad News for a Free Press|journal=Social Science Quarterly|volume=98|issue=3|pages=1112–1137|doi=10.1111/ssqu.12438}}</ref> An independent press "serves to increase political knowledge, participation, and [[voter turnout]]",<ref name=":3" /> acting as an essential driver of civic participation.

===Non-democratic states===
[[File:Georgi gongadse.jpg|thumb|[[Georgiy Gongadze]], [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] journalist, founder of a popular Internet newspaper [[Ukrayinska Pravda]], who was kidnapped and murdered in 2000.]]
[[Turkey]], [[China]], [[Egypt]], [[Eritrea]], and [[Saudi Arabia]] accounted for 70% of all journalists that were imprisoned in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey leads the world in jailed journalists |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/01/16/turkey-leads-the-world-in-jailed-journalists |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=27 February 2021 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306095938/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/01/16/turkey-leads-the-world-in-jailed-journalists |url-status=live }}</ref> CPJ reported that "After China, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt, the worst jailers are Eritrea, Vietnam, and Iran."<ref>{{cite news |title=Most Jailed Journalists? China, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Egypt Again Top Annual CPJ Report |url=https://www.voanews.com/press-freedom/most-jailed-journalists-china-turkey-saudi-arabia-egypt-again-top-annual-cpj-report |work=VOA News |access-date=27 February 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418140754/https://www.voanews.com/press-freedom/most-jailed-journalists-china-turkey-saudi-arabia-egypt-again-top-annual-cpj-report |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to [[Reporters Without Borders]], more than a third of the world's people live in countries where there is no press freedom.<ref name=RSF2003>{{cite web |url=http://mediaresearchhub.ssrc.org/reporters-without-borders-rsf/institution_view |title=Description: Reporters Without Borders |work=The Media Research Hub |publisher=Social Science Research Council |year=2003 |access-date=23 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109153619/http://mediaresearchhub.ssrc.org/reporters-without-borders-rsf/institution_view |archive-date=9 January 2011 }}</ref> Overwhelmingly, these people live in countries where there is no system of [[democracy]] or where there are serious deficiencies in the democratic process.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldaudit.org/press.htm |title=Press Freedom Table (Press Freedom vs. Democracy ranks) |work=Freedom of the Press 2005 |author=Freedom House |publisher=World Audit |location=UK |year=2005 |access-date=23 September 2012 |archive-date=3 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403011636/http://www.worldaudit.org/press.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Freedom of the press is an extremely problematic problem/concept for most non-democratic systems of government since, in the modern age, strict control of [[access to information]] is critical to the existence of most non-democratic governments and their associated control systems and security apparatus. To this end, most non-democratic societies employ state-run news organizations to promote the propaganda critical to maintaining an existing political power base and suppress (often very brutally, through the use of police, military, or intelligence agencies) any significant attempts by the media or individual journalists to challenge the approved "government line" on contentious issues. In such countries, journalists operating on the fringes of what is deemed to be acceptable will very often find themselves the subject of considerable intimidation by agents of the state. This can range from simple threats to their professional careers (firing, professional [[blacklisting]]) to [[death threat]]s, [[kidnapping]], [[torture]], and [[assassination]].
* The [[Lira Baysetova]] case in [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>[http://www.ifex.org/kazakhstan/2002/07/02/editor_s_daughter_killed_in_mysterious/ "Editor's daughter killed in mysterious circumstances"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502162311/https://ifex.org//kazakhstan/2002/07/02/editor_s_daughter_killed_in_mysterious/ }}, International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX), 2 July 2002</ref>
* The [[Georgiy R. Gongadze]] case in [[Ukraine]]<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3664494.stm "Ukraine remembers slain reporter"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502041013/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3664494.stm }}, ''BBC News'', 16 September 2004</ref>
* In [[Nepal]], [[Eritrea]], and [[mainland China]], journalists may spend years in jail simply for using the "wrong" word or photo.<ref name=RSF2003/>

==History==

===Europe===
{{Main|Media freedom in the European Union}}
Central, Northern, and Western Europe have a long tradition of freedom of speech, including freedom of the press. After World War II, [[Hugh Baillie]], the president of the [[United Press International|United Press]] wire service based in the U.S., promoted freedom of news dissemination. In 1944, he called for an open system of news sources and transmission, and a minimum of government regulation of the news. His proposals were aired at the Geneva Conference on Freedom of Information in 1948 but were blocked by the Soviets and the French.<ref>Eleonora W. Schoenebaum, ed. (1978), ''Political Profiles: The Truman Years'', pp. 16–17, Facts on File Inc., {{ISBN|9780871964533}}.</ref>

Media freedom is a [[Fundamental rights|fundamental right]] that applies to all [[Member state of the European Union|member states]] of the [[European Union]] and its [[EU citizens|citizens]], as defined in the [[EU Charter of Fundamental Rights]] as well as the [[European Convention on Human Rights]].<ref name="eprs">Maria Poptcheva, [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/EPRS/EPRS-Briefing-554214-Press-freedom-in-the-EU-FINAL.pdf Press freedom in the EU Legal framework and challenges] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210114509/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/EPRS/EPRS-Briefing-554214-Press-freedom-in-the-EU-FINAL.pdf }}, EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service, Briefing April 2015</ref>{{rp|1}} Within the [[EU enlargement]] process, guaranteeing media freedom is named a "key indicator of a country's readiness to become part of the EU".<ref>{{cite web|url = http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/policy/policy-highlights/media-freedom/index_en.htm|title = European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations|access-date = 2016-02-08|publisher = European Commission|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160124161814/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/policy/policy-highlights/media-freedom/index_en.htm|archive-date = 2016-01-24}}</ref>

====United Kingdom====
According to the ''[[New York Times]]'', "Britain has a long tradition of a free, inquisitive press", but "[u]nlike the United States, Britain has no constitutional guarantee of press freedom."<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/15/opinion/british-press-freedom-under-threat.html "British Press Freedom Under Threat"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130103749/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/15/opinion/british-press-freedom-under-threat.html }}, Editorial, ''[[New York Times]]'', 14 November 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2013.</ref> Freedom of the press was established in Great Britain in 1695, with [[Alan Rusbridger]], former editor of ''[[The Guardian]]'', stating: "When people talk about licensing journalists or newspapers the instinct should be to refer them to history. Read about how licensing of the press in Britain was abolished in 1695. Remember how the freedoms won here became a model for much of the rest of the world, and be conscious of how the world still watches us to see how we protect those freedoms."<ref>{{cite news|title=Leveson Inquiry: British press freedom is a model for the world, editor tells inquiry|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/journalists/gordon-rayner/8812486/Leveson-Inquiry-British-press-freedom-is-a-model-for-the-world-editor-tells-inquiry.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007183949/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/journalists/gordon-rayner/8812486/Leveson-Inquiry-British-press-freedom-is-a-model-for-the-world-editor-tells-inquiry.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 October 2011|newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref>

[[File:Areopagitica bridwell.jpg|thumb|upright|First page of [[John Milton]]'s 1644 edition of ''[[Areopagitica]]'']]
Until 1694, Great Britain had an elaborate system of [[licensing]]; the most recent was seen in the [[Licensing of the Press Act 1662|Licensing of the Press Act, 1662]]. No publication was allowed without the accompaniment of a government-granted license. Fifty years earlier, at a time of [[English Civil War|civil war]], [[John Milton]] wrote his [[pamphlet]] ''[[Areopagitica]]'' (1644).<ref name="Sanders">{{cite book | last = Sanders| first = Karen| title = Ethics & Journalism| publisher = Sage| year = 2003| page = 66| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bnpliIUyO60C&q=Areopagitica+freedom+of+speech+britain| isbn = 978-0-7619-6967-9}}</ref> In this work Milton argued forcefully against this form of government censorship and parodied the idea, writing "when as debtors and delinquents may walk abroad without a keeper, but inoffensive books must not stir forth without a visible jailer in their title." Although at the time it did little to halt the practice of licensing, it would be viewed later a significant milestone as one of the most eloquent defenses of [[News media|press]] freedom.<ref name="Sanders"/>

Milton's central argument was that the individual is capable of using reason and distinguishing right from wrong, and good from bad. In order to be able to exercise this ration right, the individual must have unlimited access to the ideas of his fellow men in "a free and open encounter." Milton's writings developed the concept of the open [[marketplace of ideas]], the idea that when people argue against each other, good arguments will prevail. One form of speech that was widely restricted in Great Britain was [[seditious libel]], and laws were in place that made criticizing the government a crime. The king was above public criticism and statements critical of the government were forbidden, according to the English court of the [[Star Chamber]]. The truth was not a defense to seditious libel because the goal was to prevent and punish all condemnation of the government.

Locke contributed to the [[Statute of Anne#Lapse of the Licensing Act|lapse of the Licensing Act in 1695]], whereupon the press needed no license. Still, some libels were tried throughout the 18th century, until "the Society of the Bill of Rights" led by [[John Horne Tooke]] and [[John Wilkes]] organized a campaign to publish Parliamentary Debates. This culminated in three defeats of the Crown in the 1770 cases of Almon, Miller and [[Henry Sampson Woodfall|Woodfall]], who all had published one of the [[Letters of Junius]], and the unsuccessful arrest of [[John Wheble]] in 1771. Thereafter the Crown was much more careful in the application of [[libel]]; for example, in the aftermath of the [[Peterloo Massacre]], [[Francis Burdett|Burdett]] was convicted, whereas by contrast, the [[Junius (writer)|Junius]] affair was over a [[satire]] and sarcasm about the non-lethal conduct and policies of the government.

In Britain's American colonies, the first editors discovered their readers enjoyed it when they criticised the local governor; the governors discovered they could shut down the newspapers. The most dramatic confrontation came in New York in 1734, where the governor brought [[John Peter Zenger]] to trial for criminal libel after the publication of satirical attacks. The defense lawyers argued that according to English common law, the truth was a valid defense against libel. The jury acquitted Zenger, who became the iconic American hero for freedom of the press. The result was an emerging tension between the media and the government. By the mid-1760s, there were 24 weekly newspapers in the 13 colonies, and the satirical attack on the government became common features in American newspapers.<ref>Alison Olson, [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/eal/summary/v035/35.3olson.html "The Zenger Case Revisited: Satire, Sedition and Political Debate in Eighteenth Century America"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217081612/http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/eal/summary/v035/35.3olson.html }}, ''Early American Literature'', vol.35 no.3 (2000), pp. 223–245.</ref>

In the [[Victorian era]], the press became more influential than it had been previously, to the dismay of some readers. [[Thomas Carlyle]], in his essay "[[Critical and Miscellaneous Essays|Signs of the Times]]" (1829), said that the "true [[Church of England]], at this moment, lies in the Editors of its Newspapers. These preach to the people daily, weekly; admonishing kings themselves; advising peace or war, with an authority which only the first [[Protestant Reformers|Reformers]], and a long-past class of [[Pope|Popes]], were possessed of". Similarly, [[Charles Dickens]], in his ''[[Pickwick Papers]]'' (1837), caricatured the newspapers as but the "chosen organ and representative" of either the [[Whigs (British political party)|Whigs]] or the [[Tories (UK)|Tories]], and that they were "essentially and indispensably necessary" to the parties' operations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlyle and Dickens on the Dark Side of Freedom of the Press |url=https://victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/pickwick/egervarymt2.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=victorianweb.org |archive-date=2022-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208134814/https://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/pickwick/egervarymt2.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[John Stuart Mill]] in 1869 in his book ''[[On Liberty]]'' approached the problem of authority versus liberty from the viewpoint of a 19th-century [[utilitarian]]: The individual has the right of expressing himself so long as he does not harm other individuals. The good society is one in which the greatest number of persons enjoy the greatest possible amount of happiness. Applying these general principles of liberty to freedom of expression, Mill states that if we silence an opinion, we may silence the truth. The individual freedom of expression is therefore essential to the well-being of society. Mill wrote:
:If all mankind minus one, were of one opinion, and one, and only one person were of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Stuart Mill|title=On Liberty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxA-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA10|year=1867|page=10|isbn=9780758337283}}</ref>

The December 1817 Trials of writer and satirist [[William Hone]] for publishing three political pamphlets is considered a landmark in the fight for a free press.

====Denmark–Norway====
Between September 4, 1770 and October 7, 1771 the kingdom of [[Denmark–Norway]] had the most unrestricted freedom of press of any country in Europe. This occurred during the regime of [[Johann Friedrich Struensee]], whose second act was to abolish the old censorship laws. However, due to the great amount of mostly anonymous pamphlets published that was critical and often slanderous towards Struensee's own regime, he reinstated some restrictions regarding the freedom of press a year later, October 7, 1771.<ref>{{Cite journal
|title=David Hume and the Danish Debate about Freedom of the Press in the 1770s
|first=John Christian |last=Laursen
|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=167–172 |doi=10.1353/jhi.1998.0004|jstor=3654060|s2cid=154481010}}</ref>

====Italy====
{{See also|Censorship in Italy}}
[[File:Statuto_Albertino_Avviso.jpg|thumb|305x305px|The Statute was adopted as the constitution of the Kingdom of Italy, granting freedom of the press.]]
After the [[Italian unification]] in 1861, the [[Albertine Statute]] of 1848 was adopted as the constitution of the [[Kingdom of Italy]]. The Statute granted the freedom of the press with some restrictions in case of abuses and in religious matters, as stated in Article 28:<ref>{{cite web|title=Lo Statuto Albertino|url=http://www.quirinale.it/allegati_statici/costituzione/Statutoalbertino.pdf|publisher=The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816025611/http://www.quirinale.it/allegati_statici/costituzione/Statutoalbertino.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-16}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|The press shall be free, but the law may suppress abuses of this freedom. However, Bibles, catechisms, liturgical and prayer books shall not be printed without the prior permission of the Bishop.}}

After the [[Italian constitutional referendum, 1946|abolition of the monarchy]] in 1946 and the [[repeal|abrogation]] of the Statute in 1948, the [[Constitution of Italy|Constitution]] of the [[Republic of Italy]] guarantees the freedom of the press, as stated in Article 21, Paragraphs 2 and 3:<ref>{{cite web|title=The Italian Constitution |url=http://www.quirinale.it/page/costituzione|publisher=The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127152449/http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/costituzione/pdf/costituzione_inglese.pdf |archive-date=2016-11-27}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|The press may not be subjected to any authorisation or censorship. Seizure may be permitted only by judicial order stating the reason and only for offences expressly determined by the law on the press or in case of violation of the obligation to identify the persons responsible for such offences.}}

The Constitution allows the [[Warrant (law)|warrantless]] [[confiscation]] of [[periodicals]] in cases of absolute urgency, when the [[Judiciary of Italy|Judiciary]] cannot timely intervene, on the condition that a [[Judicial review|judicial validation]] must be obtained within 24 hours. Article 21 also gives restrictions against those publications considered offensive by [[public morality]], as stated in Paragraph 6:

{{Blockquote|Publications, performances, and other exhibits offensive to public morality shall be prohibited. Measures of preventive and repressive measure against such violations shall be established by law.}}

====Nazi Germany (1933–1945)====
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0821-502,_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg|thumb|[[Joseph Goebbels]]' [[Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda]] was a driving force of suppressing freedom of the press in Nazi Germany.]]
In 1933, freedom of the press was suppressed in [[Nazi Germany]] by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]] of President [[Paul von Hindenburg]], just as [[Adolf Hitler]] was coming to power. Hitler suppressed freedom of the press through [[Joseph Goebbels]]' [[Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda]].<ref>{{cite book|author1 =Jonathon Green |author2 =Nicholas J. Karolides, eds.|title=Encyclopedia of Censorship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bunHURgi7FcC&pg=PA194|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|pages=194–196|isbn =9781438110011}}</ref> The Ministry acted as a central control point for all media, issuing orders as to what stories could be run and what stories would be suppressed. Anyone involved in the film industry, from directors to the lowliest assistant, had to sign an oath of loyalty to the [[Nazi Party]] due to the opinion-changing power Goebbels perceived movies to have; Goebbels himself maintained some personal control over every single film made in Nazi Europe. Journalists who crossed the Propaganda Ministry were routinely imprisoned.

====Sweden====
One of the world's first freedom of the press acts was introduced in Sweden in 1766 ([[Swedish Freedom of the Press Act]]), mainly due to [[classical liberal]] member of parliament, [[Ostrobothnia (historical province)|Ostrobothnia]]n priest, [[Anders Chydenius]].<ref>[http://www.riksdagen.se/templates/R_Page____8908.aspx "The Freedom of the Press Act", Sveriges Riksdag] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930182530/http://www.riksdagen.se/templates/R_Page____8908.aspx }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fecl.org/circular/1507.htm|title=FECL 15 (May 1993): The Swedish Tradition of Freedom of Press|author=Fortress Europe? – Circular Letter|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308002445/http://fecl.org/circular/1507.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/5885744/The-Worlds-First-Freedom-of-Information-Act-SwedenFinland-1766|title=The World's First Freedom of Information Act (Sweden/Finland 1766)|work=Scribd|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215184308/http://www.scribd.com/doc/5885744/The-Worlds-First-Freedom-of-Information-Act-SwedenFinland-1766|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.freedominfo.org/regions/europe/sweden/ |title=freedominfo.org, "Sweden" |access-date=2011-09-26 |archive-date=2019-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406212230/http://www.freedominfo.org/regions/europe/sweden/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Excepted and liable to prosecution was only vocal opposition to the [[king]] and the [[Church of Sweden]]. The act was largely rolled back after [[Gustav III of Sweden|King Gustav]]'s coup d'état in 1772, restored after the overthrowing of his son, [[Gustav IV of Sweden]] in 1809, and fully recognized with the abolition of the king's prerogative to cancel licenses in the 1840s.

====Russia====
{{main article|Media freedom in Russia}}
The US Secretary of State, [[Mike Pompeo]], criticized [[Russia]] for limiting the activities of [[VOA]] and [[Radio Free Europe]] in Russia with a governmental order demanding reviewing the subject by Moscow.<ref>{{cite web |title=Secretary Michael R. Pompeo With Ray Furlong of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.state.gov/secretary-michael-r-pompeo-with-ray-furlong-of-radio-free-europe-radio-liberty/ |website=U.S. Department of State |access-date=2020-09-19 |archive-date=2020-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917214350/https://www.state.gov/secretary-michael-r-pompeo-with-ray-furlong-of-radio-free-europe-radio-liberty/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Romania====
{{More citations needed|subsection}}
Until 1989, [[Romania]] was part of the [[Communist Bloc|communist bloc]] as the [[Socialist Republic of Romania]]. The communist regime heavily restricted freedom of the press and other civil liberties. [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]], though available to the Romanian citizenry, was highly illegal and severe repercussions for existed for listening. [[File:Ora Newspaper.jpg|border|thumb|Newspaper Ora, in 1999, cover page. ]]
Directly following the [[Romanian Revolution]], post-communist corruption was largely the subject of investigative reports. At the same time, widespread violence against journalists began. During the [[June 1990 Mineriad]], a series of protests against the [[National Salvation Front (Romania)|National Salvation Front]], counter-demonstrators assaulted reporting journalists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pirvulescu |first=Christina |title=Journalists Clubbed, Newspaper Occupied as Miners Aid Iliescu |url=https://apnews.com/article/e7d5de06d089fc6aca0452fca19e1da7 |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=AP NEWS |language=en |archive-date=2022-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408183712/https://apnews.com/article/e7d5de06d089fc6aca0452fca19e1da7 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1992, President [[Ion Iliescu]] had a nervous meltdown when called journalist [[Paul Pârvu]] asked him if he felt guilt over Romanian deaths during the revolution.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anton |first=Christian |title=Ziaristul pe care Ion Iliescu l-a făcut "Măi, animalule!" a murit răpus de Covid-19. A fost înmormântat chiar de ziua lui |url=https://stirileprotv.ro/divers/ziaristul-pe-care-ion-iliescu-l-a-facut-mai-animalule-a-murit-rapus-de-covid-19-a-fost-inmormatat-chiar-de-ziua-lui.html |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=Stirileprotv.ro |language=ro |archive-date=2022-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803152317/https://stirileprotv.ro/divers/ziaristul-pe-care-ion-iliescu-l-a-facut-mai-animalule-a-murit-rapus-de-covid-19-a-fost-inmormatat-chiar-de-ziua-lui.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the exchange, Iliescu referred to Pârvu as an "animal".

Modern, major media outlets were founded during the mid-1990s, such as [[Antena 1 (Romania)|Antena 1]] in 1994 and [[Pro TV|ProTV]] in 1995. Despite these developments, media freedom was fragile, and the government often suppressed reporting.{{cn}}

In 1999, the editor of a ''Ora'', a local newspaper, Tiberiu Patru, was arrested before being able to publish an investigation of corruption in [[Dolj County]] under. In response, ''Ora'' moved its newsroom in front of the National Theater of Craiova to protest Patru's arrest. Another journalist from ''[[Jurnalul Național|Jurnalul National]]'' was beaten and held hostage while investigating what was Patru's arrest. Patru was set free after 13 days.{{cn}}

The 2000s saw the creation of many new media outlets across television, radio, and the traditional press. More investigations into corruption were published as Romania started mandated reforms to join the EU.{{cn}}

In 2023, [[Reporters Without Borders]] identified safety as a concern for Romanian journalists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romania {{!}} RSF |url=https://rsf.org/en/country/romania |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=rsf.org |date=17 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516083306/https://rsf.org/en/country/romania |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Turkey====
{{See also|Freedom of the press in Turkey|List of arrested journalists in Turkey}}
More than 120 journalists remained in prison in Turkey in 2019, making it the most prolific incarcerator of journalists in the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=More than 120 journalists still jailed in Turkey: International Press Institute |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-security-media-idUSKBN1XT26T |work=Reuters |access-date=27 February 2021 |archive-date=28 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328110759/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-security-media-idUSKBN1XT26T |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Americas===

====United States====
{{main|Freedom of the press in the United States}}
The [[First Amendment of the United States Constitution]] states:
<blockquote>Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.</blockquote>

====Canada====
Section 2(b) of the ''[[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]'' states that everyone has "the freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication."<ref>{{cite web|title=Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-15.html |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=20 November 2016 |location=Paragraph 2(b) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110221331/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-15.html |archive-date=10 January 2016}}</ref>

The [[open court principle]] ensures the '''freedom of the press''' by requiring that court proceedings presumptively be open and accessible to the public and to the media.

====Mexico====
see [[Freedom of the press in Mexico]] and [[mass media in Mexico]]

====Guatemala====
See [[Mass media in Guatemala]]

====Nicaragua====
See [[Freedom of the press in Nicaragua]] and [[Mass media in Nicaragua]]

====Argentina====
See [[History of Argentina#New democracy (1983–present)]] and [[Mass media in Argentina]]

====Bolivia====
See [[History of Bolivia (1982–present)]] and [[Mass media in Bolivia]]

====Brazil====
See [[History of Brazil (1985–present)]]

====Chile====
See [[History of Chile (1990-)]]

====Colombia====
See [[History of Colombia#From 2004 and on]] and [[Mass media in Colombia]]

====Ecuador====
See [[History of Ecuador#Ecuador since 2000]]

====Guyana====
See [[Guyana#UNASUR]]

====Paraguay====
See [[History of Paraguay#Modern Paraguay]] and [[Mass media in Paraguay]]

====Peru====
See [[Freedom of the press in Peru]] and [[Mass media in Peru]]

====Suriname====
See [[History of Suriname#Independence|History of Suriname's Independence]]

====Uruguay====
See [[History of Uruguay#Recent history]] and [[Mass media in Uruguay]]

====Venezuela====
See [[History of Venezuela (1999–present)]] and [[Mass media in Venezuela]]

===Asia===
====Bahrain ====
According to Reporters without Borders, a number of reporters in Bahrain were jailed. Some were also tortured or were exiled.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://rsf.org/en/news/tenth-anniversary-bahraini-bloggers-arrest| title = Tenth anniversary of Bahraini blogger's arrest {{!}} RSF| date = 17 March 2021| access-date = 30 December 2021| archive-date = 30 December 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211230023223/https://rsf.org/en/news/tenth-anniversary-bahraini-bloggers-arrest| url-status = live}}</ref>

====Iran====
According to the reports of the RSF in 2007, the freedom of Press in Iran ranked 166 among 169 states. The report reads the Iranian journalists face the "extreme harsh behavior of the Iranian regime that prevents them criticizing authorities or expressing political and social demands.<ref>{{cite web |title=Country of origin information report Iran |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/06/12/iran050407.pdf |website=www.justice.gov |access-date=2020-09-08 |archive-date=2021-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718122811/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/06/12/iran050407.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

After [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752|shooting down of a Ukrainian airliner]], the agents of the Iranian Intelligence Service raided the houses and offices of many Iranian journalists seeking for their PCs, cell phones, books, and documents. These journalists had revealed the lies of the Iranian regime. Some of the journalists received warnings by the authorities and forced to shut down their accounts in Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reporters Without Borders: Iranian Journalists Are Victims Of Jet Crash Lies |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/reporters-without-borders-iranian-journalists-are-victims-of-jet-crash-lies-/30421140.html |agency=Radio Free Europe |access-date=2020-09-05 |archive-date=2020-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905025141/https://www.rferl.org/a/reporters-without-borders-iranian-journalists-are-victims-of-jet-crash-lies-/30421140.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Demanding promotion of the global Freedom of Media, in December 1993, UNESCO called the 3rd of April as "International day for Freedom of Media". This is while the RSF reported at least 860 journalists have been detained and imprisoned from 1979 to 2009 in Iran.<ref>{{cite news |title=روز آزادی مطبوعات؛ ایران جزو پنج زندان بزرگ روزنامه‌نگاران |url=https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%88-%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/a-18423206 |agency=dw.com/fa |access-date=2020-11-09 |archive-date=2020-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110042029/https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%88-%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/a-18423206 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On April 21, 2020 [[Paris]]-based [[Reporters Without Borders]] (RSF) said in its annual press [[freedom]] rankings that the pandemic was "highlighting many crises" already casting a shadow on [[press freedom]], around the world, with authoritarian states including Iran suppressing details of the outbreak.<ref name="Amplifies">{{cite news |title=Coronavirus pandemic 'amplifies press freedom threats' |url=https://news.yahoo.com/coronavirus-pandemic-amplifies-press-freedom-threats-040853085.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9jb25zZW50LnlhaG9vLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAMMALxH5cQn_7cUTwNA-eDV95VzkYM33OTgn9Kmp14AkQt4xJlXaPpkYkfyclWOngxCbX-W3fbfgYVRCeuI4QOY4cFnlPVp-7CcXkuTOpSZeFci8gkk2vFAb8zpDNAy_nfnh3RYvuJx87ra1xYxrF38_fhwYDchmqf0Bxux7s6Qi |agency=AFP |access-date=May 3, 2020 |archive-date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731213910/https://news.yahoo.com/coronavirus-pandemic-amplifies-press-freedom-threats-040853085.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9jb25zZW50LnlhaG9vLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAMMALxH5cQn_7cUTwNA-eDV95VzkYM33OTgn9Kmp14AkQt4xJlXaPpkYkfyclWOngxCbX-W3fbfgYVRCeuI4QOY4cFnlPVp-7CcXkuTOpSZeFci8gkk2vFAb8zpDNAy_nfnh3RYvuJx87ra1xYxrF38_fhwYDchmqf0Bxux7s6Qi |url-status=live }}</ref>

RSF accused Iran—in 173rd place—of censoring major coronavirus outbreaks.<ref name="Amplifies" />

On May 2, 2020, on the occasion of the 3rd of May, the International Day of Freedom of Press, in a statement, the Iranian Writer Association emphasized on the existence of censorships and violation of freedom of speech and its destructive impacts on the structure and vital foundation of the society. It reminded that during the past decades, the rulers in the country imprisoned more than 890 journalists and reporters, some of whom have been executed. The Iranian Writer Association expressed its regret, when Iran ranked 173 among 180 states due to freedom of speech.<ref>{{cite news |title=بیانیه کانون نویسنگان ایران به مناسبت روز جهانی آزادی مطبوعات |url=https://www.hra-news.org/statements/a-479/ |agency=Hrana |access-date=2020-08-30 |archive-date=2020-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817010335/https://www.hra-news.org/statements/a-479/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 7 February 2020, the International Federation of Journalists in a statement condemned "raiding of Iranian Security Forces upon the houses of six Iranian journalists, holding the forces of "IRGC's Intelligence" responsible for recent pressures on the journalists. The secretary-general of the federation, Anthony Blunker, said that intimidating and threatening journalists are unpleasant tools to silence the public opinion of the administration.<ref>{{cite news |title=ادامه انتقاد نهادهای بین‌المللی نسبت به موج تازه‌ فشارها علیه روزنامه‌نگاران ایران |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-51424918 |agency=BBC |access-date=2020-08-31 |archive-date=2020-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831060613/https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-51424918 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On November 26, 2019, the RSF condemned the pressure on families of reporters by the Iranian regime, saying Iran ranked 170 among 180 states regarding Freedom of Press in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=گزارشگران بدون مرز: سفیر ایران در لندن تهدیدی علیه رسانه‌ها و روزنامه‌نگاران است |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/rfs_statment_iran_harrasment_journalists_iranian_abroad/30293459.html |agency=Radiofarda-fa |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2019-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130220157/https://www.radiofarda.com/a/rfs_statment_iran_harrasment_journalists_iranian_abroad/30293459.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In its 2019 annual report, the Committee to Protect Journalists found at least 250 journalists in jail in relation to their work, and stated that the number of imprisoned journalists in Iran was 11, citing the crackdown on protests by the Iranian people over rising gasoline prices. The report named Eritrea, Vietnam and Iran as "the worst prisons for journalists" after China, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Egypt.<ref>{{cite web |title=China, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Egypt are world's worst jailers of journalists |url=https://cpj.org/reports/2019/12/journalists-jailed-china-turkey-saudi-arabia-egypt/ |website=CPJ |access-date=2020-09-04 |archive-date=2020-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831164308/https://cpj.org/reports/2019/12/journalists-jailed-china-turkey-saudi-arabia-egypt/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=کمیته حمایت از روزنامه‌نگاران: ۲۵۰ روزنامه‌نگار در جهان زندانی هستند |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/world-50746161 |agency=BBC/persian |access-date=2020-09-04 |archive-date=2020-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904073225/https://www.bbc.com/persian/world-50746161 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On September 8, 2020, Reporters Without Borders expressed concern about the continuing detention and repression of journalists in Iran, and warned for the journalists and Reporters who have been arrested for their activities and subjected to harassment. "The [[Human Rights Council]] must take more serious action to protect and defend journalists," said an official.<ref>{{cite news |title=خبرنگاران بدون مرز: سرکوب روزنامه‌نگاران ایران تشدید شده است |url=https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2-%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA/a-54858009 |agency=dw.com/fa |access-date=2020-09-09 |archive-date=2020-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909082720/https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2-%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA/a-54858009/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On Monday, November 9, 2020, Ralph Nestmeyer, Vice President of the German Section of the Pen Association, referred to the repressive methods of authoritarian regimes: "Freedom of expression has declined in many parts of the world." He added that dictatorial regimes respond to any criticism with violence and imprisonment. This year the World Pen Association (Pen), will concentrate on the fate of writers in Iran, China, Turkey, Peru and Uganda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iran: Writers Baktash Abtin, Reza Khandan-Mahabadi and Keyvan Bazhan Imprisoned |url=https://pen-international.org/news/iran-writers-baktash-abtin-reza-khandan-mahabadi-and-keyvan-bazhan-imprisoned |website=Pen International |access-date=2020-11-24 |archive-date=2021-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202211636/https://pen-international.org/news/iran-writers-baktash-abtin-reza-khandan-mahabadi-and-keyvan-bazhan-imprisoned |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Human Rights Watch]] condemned the punishment of the [[death penalty]] and demanded that it be prevented at all cost, following the December 12 execution of an Iranian dissident on vague charges. Rouhallah Zam, the founder of Telegram channel [[Amadnews]], was allegedly detained when he was visiting Iran in October 2019. He was deported forcibly to Iran and convicted of vague national security charges, as per Human Rights Watch. Zam faced trial for his ‘activism’ after being deported to Iran. The Iranian Supreme Court confirmed his verdict on December 8 and the journalist was executed on December 12.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/12/12/iran-dissident-executed-vague-charges|title=Iran: Dissident Executed on Vague Charges|access-date=12 December 2020|website=Human Rights Watch|archive-date=12 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212214942/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/12/12/iran-dissident-executed-vague-charges|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Palestine====
In October 2019, the [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]] blocked 59 websites, claiming that they were critical of the government. These websites were both Palestinian and Arabic, and were identified to have been publishing material that "threaten national security and civil peace." Quds News Network, among the blocked sites, stated that the move reflected the Palestinian Authority's repression of the press.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palestinechronicle.com/palestinian-court-blocks-59-websites-critical-of-pa/|title=Palestinian Court Blocks 59 Websites Critical of PA|access-date=22 October 2019|website=The Palestine Chronicle|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023132716/http://www.palestinechronicle.com/palestinian-court-blocks-59-websites-critical-of-pa/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====China====
{{main|Freedom of the press in China}}
Critics argue that the [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist Party]] in China has failed to live up to its promises about the freedom of the [[Media of China|mainland Chinese media]]. [[Freedom House]] consistently ranks China as 'Not Free'<ref>{{cite web|url=https://leadingweb.de/freedom-of-preess-china/|title=China|website=leadingweb.de|access-date=2019-10-03|archive-date=2020-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731204711/https://leadingweb.de/freedom-of-preess-china/|url-status=dead}}</ref> in its annual press freedom survey, including the 2014 report. PRC journalist [[He Qinglian]] says that the PRC's media are controlled by directives from the Communist Party's propaganda department, and are subjected to intense monitoring which threatens punishment for violators, rather than to pre-publication censorship. In 2008, [[ITV News]] reporter John Ray was arrested while covering a 'Free Tibet' protest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=13844|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915040919/http://irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=13844|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-09-15|title=8 Tibet Activists Detained near Olympics Venue|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref> International media coverage of Tibetan protests only a few months before the Beijing Olympics in 2008 triggered a strong reaction inside China. Chinese media practitioners took the opportunity to argue with propaganda authorities for more media freedom: one journalist asked, 'If not even Chinese journalists are allowed to report about the problems in Tibet, how can foreign journalists know about the Chinese perspective about the events?' Foreign journalists also reported that their access to certain websites, including those of human rights organizations, was restricted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/webscout/2008/08/hundreds-of-web.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080814212635/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/webscout/2008/08/hundreds-of-web.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-08-14|title=Hundreds of websites still censored at Beijing Olympics {{!}} Web Scout {{!}} Los Angeles Times|date=2008-08-14|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref>

[[International Olympic Committee]] president [[Jacques Rogge]] stated at the end of the 2008 Olympic Games that "The regulations [governing foreign media freedom during the Olympics] might not be perfect but they are a sea-change compared to the situation before. We hope that they will continue."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iXmzlCbGH43nO0lzYAWpSHGiqBhg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305093246/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iXmzlCbGH43nO0lzYAWpSHGiqBhg|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-03-05|title=AFP: Rogge urges China to keep foreign media freedoms|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref> The Foreign Correspondents Club of China (FCCC) issued a statement during the Olympics that 'despite welcome progress in terms of accessibility and the number of press conferences within the Olympic facilities, the FCCC has been alarmed at the use of violence, intimidation and harassment outside. The club has confirmed more than 30 cases of reporting interference since the formal opening of the Olympic media centre on 25 July, and is checking at least 20 other reported incidents.'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24240947-2722,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915162044/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24240947-2722,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-09-15|title=Games fell short of standards {{!}} The Australian|date=2008-09-15|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref>

Since the Chinese state continues to exert a considerable amount of control over media, public support for domestic reporting has come as a surprise to many observers. Not much is known about the extent to which the Chinese citizenry believe the official statements of the CPC, nor about which media sources they perceive as credible and why. So far, research on the media in China has focused on the changing relationship between media outlets and the state during the reform era. Nor is much known about how China's changing media environment has affected the government's ability to persuade media audiences. Research on political trust reveals that exposure to the media correlates positively with support for the government in some instances, and negatively in others. The research has been cited as evidence that the Chinese public believes propaganda transmitted to them through the news media, but also that they disbelieve it. These contradictory results can be explained by realizing that ordinary citizens consider media sources to be credible to a greater or lesser degree, depending on the extent to which media outlets have undergone reform.{{cn}}

In 2012 the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights urged the Chinese government to lift restrictions on media access to the region and allow independent and impartial monitors to visit and assess conditions in Tibet. The Chinese government did not change its position.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/11/424662-china-must-urgently-address-rights-violations-tibet-un-senior-official|title=China must urgently address rights violations in Tibet – UN senior official|website=UN News|access-date=2019-10-03|archive-date=2018-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317221244/https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/11/424662-china-must-urgently-address-rights-violations-tibet-un-senior-official|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Pakistan====
{{Main|Freedom of the press in Pakistan}}
Article 19 of the constitution of the Pakistan states that : "Every citizen shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression, and there shall be freedom of the press, subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interest of the glory of Islam or the integrity, security or defense of Pakistan or any part thereof, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, commission of or incitement to an offence."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/|title=The Constitution of Pakistan|website=www.pakistani.org|access-date=2019-10-03|archive-date=2018-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907231721/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since independence the electronic media in Pakistan remained dominated by the state-run Pakistan Television and Pakistan Broadcasting CorporationsIronically, press freedom in Pakistan flourished for the first time in 2002 during Gen R Prevaiz Musharraf's era.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pakistanpressfoundation.org/musharrafs-respect-for-press-freedom/|title=Musharraf's respect for press freedom {{!}} Pakistan Press Foundation (PPF)|website=www.pakistanpressfoundation.org|access-date=2019-10-03|archive-date=2020-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114181053/https://www.pakistanpressfoundation.org/musharrafs-respect-for-press-freedom/|url-status=live}}</ref>

To a large extent the media enjoys freedom of expression in spite of political pressure and direct bans sometimes administered by political stake holders. Political pressure on media is mostly done indirectly. One tool widely used by the government is to cut off 'unfriendly' media from governmental advertising. Using draconian laws the government has also banned or officially silenced popular television channels. The [[Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority]] (PEMRA) has been used to silence the broadcast media by either suspending licenses or by simply threatening to do so. In addition, media is also threatened by non-state actors involved in the current conflict. The security situation of journalists has improved and the number of journalists killed in Pakistan has also declined considerably. However, press freedom in Pakistan along with India continues to decline.{{cn}}

In its 2018 [[Press Freedom Index]], [[Reporters Without Borders]] ranked Pakistan number 139 out of 180 countries based on freedom of the press. The report implied considerable improvement in the freedom of press compared to the preceding years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking|title=2019 World Press Freedom Index {{!}} Reporters Without Borders|website=RSF|date=30 January 2013|access-date=2019-10-03|archive-date=2023-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117010440/https://rsf.org/en/ranking|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Malaysia====
[[Freedom of the press in Malaysia|The press in Malaysia]] is controlled and journalists cannot have a conversation about certain things. For instance, a British reporter in Malaysia was arrested after she reported on the [[1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal]] and published details of the alleged transfer of $681 million from 1MDB to bank accounts held by [[Najib Razak]].<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/malaysia-politics-journalist-idINL3N1SQ02Y| title = Briton exiled for reporting on 1MDB returns to Malaysia {{!}} Reuters| website = [[Reuters]]| date = 19 May 2018| access-date = 30 December 2021| archive-date = 30 December 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211230023753/https://www.reuters.com/article/malaysia-politics-journalist-idINL3N1SQ02Y| url-status = live}}</ref>

====Singapore====
[[Mass media in Singapore|Singapore's media environment]] is considered to be controlled by the government.<ref>{{cite web|title=Singapore profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15966553|website=BBC News|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719041236/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15966553|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Branigin|first1=William|title=Singapore vs The Foreign Press|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/12/17/singapore-vs-the-foreign-press/71642106-d3cb-4ba6-9df9-9542176a0c10/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=6 February 2018|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113165803/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/12/17/singapore-vs-the-foreign-press/71642106-d3cb-4ba6-9df9-9542176a0c10/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Saudi Arabia====
[[File:JamalKahshoggi.png|thumb|Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi was a journalist and critic, but was murdered by the Saudi Government.<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/jamal-khashoggi-what-the-arab-world-needs-most-is-free-expression/2018/10/17/adfc8c44-d21d-11e8-8c22-fa2ef74bd6d6_story.html |title=Opinion | Jamal Khashoggi: What the Arab world needs most is free expression |newspaper=The Washington Post |accessdate=2022-02-16 |archive-date=2018-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020001008/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/jamal-khashoggi-what-the-arab-world-needs-most-is-free-expression/2018/10/17/adfc8c44-d21d-11e8-8c22-fa2ef74bd6d6_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Saudi Arabia does not tolerate dissidents and it can impose penalties on such people. Saudi Arabia is also responsible for executing Saudi-American journalist, Jamal Khashoggi in 2018. As he entered a Saudi embassy in Turkey, a group of Saudi assassins killed him.
<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/>

====India====
{{main|Freedom of the press in India}}
The [[Indian Constitution]], while not mentioning the word "press", provides for ''"the right to freedom of speech and expression"'' (Article 19(1) a). However this right is subject to restrictions under sub clause, whereby this freedom can be restricted for reasons of "[[sovereignty]] and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, preserving decency, preserving morality, in relation to contempt, court, [[defamation]], or incitement to an offense". Laws such as the [[Official Secrets Act (India)|Official Secrets Act]] and [[Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act]]<ref name=pota>{{cite web
|title = The Prevention of Terrorism Act 2002
|url = http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/actandordinances/POTA.htm
|access-date = 2006-10-30
|archive-date = 2012-04-12
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120412153523/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/actandordinances/POTA.htm
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
(PoTA) have been used to limit press freedom. Under PoTA, person could be detained for up to six months for being in contact with a terrorist or terrorist group. PoTA was repealed in 2006, but the Official Secrets Act 1923 continues.

For the first half-century of independence, media control by the state was the major constraint on press freedom.
[[Indira Gandhi]] famously stated in 1975 that [[All India Radio]] is "a Government organ, it is going to remain a Government organ..."<ref>{{Cite journal
|url = http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/Media/freedom-press.htm
|title = Freedom of the Press
|journal = PUCL Bulletin
|publisher = People's Union for Civil Liberties
|date = July 1982
|access-date = 2006-10-30
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180411055721/http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/Media/freedom-press.htm
|archive-date = 2018-04-11
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
With the liberalization starting in the 1990s, private control of media has burgeoned, leading to increasing independence and greater scrutiny of government.

It ranks poorly at 142nd<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/india|title=India : Deadly threat from Modi's nationalism – Reporters without borders|website=RSF|access-date=2 June 2017|archive-date=2 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602191728/https://rsf.org/en/india|url-status=live}}</ref> rank out of 180 listed countries in the [[Press Freedom Index]] 2021 released by [[Reporters Without Borders]] (RSF).<ref name=":1">{{cite web | title= 2018 Press Freedom Index | url= https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2018 | publisher= Reporters Without Borders | access-date= 23 June 2018 | archive-date= 10 June 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200610224246/https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2018 | url-status= dead }}</ref> Analytically India's press freedom, as could be deduced by the [[Press Freedom Index]], has constantly reduced since 2002, when it culminated in terms of apparent freedom, achieving a rank of 80 among the reported countries. In 2018, India's freedom of press ranking declined two placed to 138. In explaining the decline, RSF cited growing intolerance from [[Hindu nationalist]] supporters of Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], and the murders of journalists such as [[Gauri Lankesh]].<ref>{{cite news|title=World Press Freedom Index: India down two ranks to 138, one place above Pakistan|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/indias-ranking-in-press-freedom-falls-to-138-reporters-without-borders-5151340/|access-date=29 May 2018|work=Indian|archive-date=29 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529204146/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/indias-ranking-in-press-freedom-falls-to-138-reporters-without-borders-5151340/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India's ranking in press freedom falls to 138|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-ranking-in-press-freedom-falls-to-138/article23679187.ece|access-date=29 May 2018|work=The Hindu|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230224958/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-ranking-in-press-freedom-falls-to-138/article23679187.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Faisal|first1=Mohammed|title=World Press Freedom Index Report 2018: India placed only one rank above Pakistan, but why?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/world-press-freedom-index-report-2018-india-placed-only-one-rank-above-pakistan-but-why-1220666-2018-05-03|access-date=29 May 2018|work=India Today|archive-date=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503132828/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/world-press-freedom-index-report-2018-india-placed-only-one-rank-above-pakistan-but-why-1220666-2018-05-03|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Bangladesh====
{{main|Freedom of the press in Bangladesh}}
[[Media of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi media]] is reportedly following self-censorship due to the controversial Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Act. Under this act, 25 journalists and several hundred bloggers and Facebook users are reportedly prosecuted in Bangladesh in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/law-rights/2018/04/25/press-freedom-report-bangladesh-shows-no-progress|title=Press freedom report: media self-censorship on rise in Bangladesh|work=Dhaka Tribune|access-date=2018-08-11|archive-date=2018-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811063724/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/law-rights/2018/04/25/press-freedom-report-bangladesh-shows-no-progress|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bangladesh ranks poorly at 146th rank out of 180 listed countries in the [[Press Freedom Index]] 2018 released by [[Reporters Without Borders]] (RWB).<ref name=":1" /> Bangladeshi media has faced many problems in 2018. The country's most popular online newspaper [[bdnews24.com]] was blocked for a few hours on June 18, 2018 by Bangladesh's regulatory authority. Another newspaper ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]''{{'s}} website was blocked for 22 hours on June 2, 2018 after it had published a report about a victim of an extrajudicial execution in the southeastern city of [[Cox's Bazar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/is-bangladeshs-media-freedom-deteriorating/a-44854327|title=Is Bangladesh's media freedom deteriorating?|website=dw.com|access-date=2018-08-11|archive-date=2018-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811063316/https://www.dw.com/en/is-bangladeshs-media-freedom-deteriorating/a-44854327|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[2018 Bangladesh road-safety protests|road-safety protests in 2018]], Bangladeshi government switched off 3G and 4G mobile data and also arrested a photographer named [[Shahidul Alam]] under ICT act, after he had given an interview with [[Al Jazeera]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://time.com/5359850/bangladesh-photographer-arrest-shahidul-alam-protests/|title=A Bangladeshi Photographer's Arrest Is a Worrying Sign for Press Freedom|magazine=Time|access-date=2018-08-11}}</ref>

===Africa===

====Tanzania====
As of 2018, online content providers [[Telecommunications in Tanzania|must be licensed]] and pay an annual fee to the government.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tanzania: Bloggers to be charged $900 (average annual income) per year for right to speak|url=http://perilofafrica.com/tanzania-bloggers-to-be-charged-900-annual-average-income-per-year-for-right-to-speak/|access-date=25 April 2018|publisher=Peril of Africa|archive-date=11 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911005116/http://perilofafrica.com/tanzania-bloggers-to-be-charged-900-annual-average-income-per-year-for-right-to-speak/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====South Africa====
Following the transition to democracy in 1994, the post-apartheid [[Constitution of South Africa]] guarantees the freedom of the press.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2021-10-18-press-freedom-in-democratic-south-africa-is-a-fragile-concept/|title=Press freedom in democratic South Africa is a fragile concept|work=Daily Maverick|first=Brij|last=Maharaj|access-date=3 January 2022|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103132442/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2021-10-18-press-freedom-in-democratic-south-africa-is-a-fragile-concept/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Implications of new technologies==
Many of the traditional means of delivering information are being slowly superseded by the increasing pace of modern technological advance. Almost every conventional mode of media and information dissemination has a modern counterpart that offers significant potential advantages to journalists seeking to maintain and enhance their freedom of speech. A few simple examples of such phenomena include:
* [[Satellite television]] versus [[terrestrial television]]: Whilst terrestrial television is relatively easy to manage and manipulate, satellite television is much more difficult to control as journalistic content can easily be broadcast from other jurisdictions beyond the control of individual governments. An example of this in the Middle East is the satellite broadcaster [[Al Jazeera]]. This Arabic-language media channel operates out of [[Qatar]], whose government is relatively liberal compared to many of its neighboring states. As such, its views and content are often problematic to a number of governments in the region and beyond. However, because of the increased affordability and miniaturisation of satellite technology (e.g. dishes and receivers) it is simply not practicable for most states to control popular access to the channel.
* Internet-based publishing (e.g., [[blog]]ging, [[social media]]) vs. traditional [[publishing]]: Traditional magazines and newspapers rely on physical resources (e.g., offices, printing presses) that can easily be targeted and forced to close down. Internet-based publishing systems can be run using ubiquitous and inexpensive equipment and can operate from any global jurisdiction. Nations and organisations are increasingly resorting to legal measures to take control of online publications, using national security, anti-terror measures and [[DMCA takedown|copyright laws]] to issue takedown notices and restrict opposition speech.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpj.org/blog/2016/01/how-us-copyright-law-is-being-used-to-take-down-co.php|title=How U.S. copyright law is being used to take down Correa's critics in Ecuador – Committee to Protect Journalists|website=cpj.org|access-date=2017-01-20|archive-date=2017-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120195203/https://cpj.org/blog/2016/01/how-us-copyright-law-is-being-used-to-take-down-co.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Internet, anonymity software and [[strong cryptography]]: In addition to Internet-based publishing, the Internet (in combination with anonymity software such as [[Tor (network)|Tor]] and [[cryptography]]) allows for [[Source (journalism)|sources]] to remain anonymous and sustain confidentiality while delivering information to or [[secure communication|securely communicating]] with journalists anywhere in the world in an instant (e.g. [[SecureDrop]], [[WikiLeaks]]).
* [[VOIP|Voice over Internet protocol]] (VOIP) vs. conventional [[telephony]]: Although conventional telephony systems are easily tapped and recorded, modern VOIP technology can employ low-cost strong cryptography to evade surveillance. As VOIP and similar technologies become more widespread they are likely to make the effective monitoring of journalists (and their contacts and activities) a very difficult task for governments.

Governments are responding to the challenges posed by new media technologies by deploying increasingly sophisticated technology of their own (a notable example being China's attempts to impose control through a state-run [[internet service provider]] that controls access to the Internet).

== World ranking ==
=== World ranking 2015 ===
On February 12, 2015, the [[Reporters without Borders]] (RSF) published its annual report. In this report, 180 states have been reviewed based on the freedom of press, independent media and also the situation of reporters and journalists. Iran is at the 173rd of this list that indicates, despite the [[Rouhani]]'s promises, freedom of speeches and journalists has not been improved; the RSF concerns continue. According to the report, Iran ranked third on the list on the imprisonment of journalists.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Press Freedom Index 2015: decline on all fronts |url=https://rsf.org/en/news/world-press-freedom-index-2015-decline-all-fronts |website=rsf |access-date=August 29, 2020 |archive-date=September 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908223405/https://rsf.org/en/news/world-press-freedom-index-2015-decline-all-fronts |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== World ranking 2016 ===
On December 13, 2016, the Reporters without Borders (RSF) published its annual report. The report reads: 348 journalists have been detained and 52 taken hostage in Iran in 2016. Following Turkey, the countries China, Syria, [[Egypt]], and Iran have almost two-thirds of detained [[journalist|journalists]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Round-Up: Number of journalists detained worldwide continues to rise |url=https://rsf.org/en/reports/2016-round-number-journalists-detained-worldwide-continues-rise |website=rsf |access-date=2020-08-24 |archive-date=2020-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001200318/https://rsf.org/en/reports/2016-round-number-journalists-detained-worldwide-continues-rise |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== World ranking 2017 ===
Based on the 2017 annual report on RSF, Iran along with [[China]], [[Turkey]], [[Vietnam]], and [[Syria]] are the largest prison for reporters and media activists. The report says during 2017, among professional journalists, 50 have been killed and 326 detained; 54 reporters have been taken hostage.<ref>{{cite web |title=RSF round-up: these figures are alarming |url=https://rsf.org/en/reports/rsf-round-these-figures-are-alarming |website=rsf |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=August 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805023155/https://rsf.org/en/reports/rsf-round-these-figures-are-alarming |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== World ranking 2018 ===
The RSF in its annual report in 2018 documented deadly violence and misbehavior against reporters saying for one year 80 reporters have been killed, 348 detained, and 60 taken hostage which indicates an unprecedented hostility against media staff. This organization recognizes Iran as one of the five states which is called "prison of reporters" along with [[China]], [[Saudi Arabia]], Egypt, and Turkey. Based on this report Iran is ranked 144th and is still one of the greatest prisons for journalists.<ref>{{cite web |title=RSF's 2018 round-up of deadly attacks and abuses against journalists – figures up in all categories |url=https://rsf.org/en/news/rsfs-2018-round-deadly-attacks-and-abuses-against-journalists-figures-all-categories |website=RSF |access-date=2020-08-20 |archive-date=2020-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530054514/https://rsf.org/en/news/rsfs-2018-round-deadly-attacks-and-abuses-against-journalists-figures-all-categories |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== World ranking 2019 ===
On April 18, the RSF published its annual report, Indication for Free Media in the world. In this report, among 180 states, [[Norway]] was the freest and safest country in the world. [[Finland]] and [[Sweden]] are the next. Meanwhile, [[Iran]] lost its position in the list- compare to 2018- and is among the 11 countries that suppress the freedom of the media. Iran is on the bottom of the list, ranked as the 170th state.<ref>{{cite web |title=2019 World Press Freedom Index – A cycle of fear |url=https://rsf.org/en/2019-world-press-freedom-index-cycle-fear |website=RSF |access-date=18 August 2020 |archive-date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602234620/https://rsf.org/en/2019-world-press-freedom-index-cycle-fear |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== World ranking 2020 ===
On April 21, the RSF in its 2020 annual report published the latest ranking of Freedom of Media. The [[Islamic Republic of Iran]] is the 173rd in the list, declining three steps compared to 2019. The three Iranian allied countries, [[Syria]], [[China]], and [[North Korea]] are 174th, 177th, and 180th. This organization accuses China and Iran of censorship of news about an outbreak of [[coronavirus]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 World Press Freedom Index: "Entering a decisive decade for journalism, exacerbated by coronavirus" |url=https://rsf.org/en/2020-world-press-freedom-index-entering-decisive-decade-journalism-exacerbated-coronavirus |website=rsf.org |access-date=2020-08-17 |archive-date=2020-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507142239/https://rsf.org/en/2020-world-press-freedom-index-entering-decisive-decade-journalism-exacerbated-coronavirus |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== World ranking 2021 ===
The World Press Freedom Index 2021, compiled by Reporters Without Borders, shows that journalism is completely blocked or severely restricted in 73 countries and restricted in 59 others. According to the report, Norway ranks first among 180 countries for the fifth year in a row. Finland is second and Sweden third. In this index, Iran is ranked 174th with a decline. [[Russia]], China, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria ranked consequently 150th, 177th, 170th, 166th and 173rd.<ref>{{cite web |title=2021 World Press Freedom Index: Journalism, the vaccine against disinformation, blocked in more than 130 countries |url=https://rsf.org/en/2021-world-press-freedom-index-journalism-vaccine-against-disinformation-blocked-more-130-countries |website=rsf.org |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510043937/https://rsf.org/en/2021-world-press-freedom-index-journalism-vaccine-against-disinformation-blocked-more-130-countries |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2021 WORLD PRESS FREEDOM INDEX |url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking |website=rsf.org |access-date=11 May 2016 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117010440/https://rsf.org/en/ranking |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== World ranking 2023 ===
In its 2023 report published on May 3, Reporters Without Borders evaluated the state of media freedom in 180 countries. According to this report, the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran ranks 177 out of 180 countries after North Korea, China and Vietnam has taken, and it has also been named as one of the most dangerous countries for journalists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 World Press Freedom Index – journalism threatened by fake content industry {{!}} RSF |url=https://rsf.org/en/2023-world-press-freedom-index-journalism-threatened-fake-content-industry |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=rsf.org |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504023654/https://rsf.org/en/2023-world-press-freedom-index-journalism-threatened-fake-content-industry |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Organizations for press freedom==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[American Civil Liberties Union]]
* [[Article 19]]
* [[Canadian Journalists for Free Expression]]
* [[Committee to Protect Journalists]]
* [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]]
* [[Freedom House]]
* [[Index on Censorship]]
* [[Inter American Press Association]]
* [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange]]
* [[International Press Institute]]
* [[Media Legal Defence Initiative]]
* [[OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media]]
* [[Reporters Without Borders]]
* [[Student Press Law Center]]
* [[World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers]]
* [[World Press Freedom Committee]]
* [[Worldwide Governance Indicators]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{Censorship by country}}
{{Div col}}
* [[Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights]]
* [[Chilling effect (term)]]
* [[Declaration of Windhoek]] (1991)
* ''[[Free Speech, "The People's Darling Privilege"]]''
* [[Freedom of the Press Act (1766)]]
* [[Freedom of the press in the Russian Federation]]
* [[Freedom of the press in the United States]]
* [[Freedom of the press in Ukraine]]
* [[Free speech in the media during the 2011 Libyan civil war]]
* [[Gag order]]
* [[Investigative journalism]]
* [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism]]
* [[Journalism ethics and standards]]
* [[Journaliste en danger]]
* [[Journalistic standards]]
* [[List of indices of freedom]]
* [[Media activism]]
* [[Media blackout]]
* [[Media independence]]
* [[Media transparency]]
* [[Muckraker]]
* [[News embargo]]
* [[New York Press Club]]
* [[Photography is Not a Crime]]
* [[Prior restraint]]
* [[Section Two of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]
* [[Transparency of media ownership in Europe]]
* [[Tunisia Monitoring Group]]
* [[Turkey's media purge after the failed July 2016 coup d'état]]
* [[Virginia Declaration of Rights]]
* [[World Press Freedom Day]] on May 3
* [[Press Freedom Index]]
{{div col end}}
{{clear}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* Gardner, Mary A. ''The Inter American Press Association: Its Fight for Freedom of the Press, 1926–1960'' (University of Texas Press, 2014)
* George, Cherian. ''Freedom from the Press: Journalism and State Power in Singapore'' (2012)
* Molnár, Peter, ed. ''Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Information Since the Fall of the Berlin Wall'' (Central European University Press, 2014)
* Nord, Lars W., and Torbjörn Von Krogh. "The Freedom of The Press or The Fear Factor? Analysing Political Decisions and Non-Decisions in British Media Policy 1990–2012." ''Observatorio (OBS*)'' (2015) 9#1 pp. 1–16.
* Stockmann, Daniela. ''Media Commercialization and Authoritarian Rule in China'' (2012)
* {{cite book |author1=Thierer, Adam |author2=Brian Anderson | title = A Manifesto for Media Freedom | url =https://archive.org/details/manifestoformedi0000ande | url-access =registration | location= New York | publisher=Encounter Books | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-1-59403-228-8}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{NSRW Poster|Press, Freedom of the|Freedom of the press}}
* [http://www.cjfe.org/indias_free_press_problem Canadian Journalists for Free Expression]
* [http://akademie.dw.de/navigator Media Freedom Navigator] Media Freedom Indices at a Glance
* [http://www.risorsetiche.it Risorse Etiche] Publish and translate articles of independent journalists
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060814054855/http://www.activistmagazine.com/ the ''ACTivist'' Magazine] (archived 14 August 2006)
* [http://www.seemo.org/ South East Europe Media Organisation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070315043810/http://www.bannedmagazine.com/ ''Banned Magazine'', the journal of censorship and secrecy.] (archived 15 March 2007)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060205092739/http://blog.newspaperindex.com/ News and Free Speech – Newspaper Index Blog] (archived 5 February 2006)
* [http://www.beepworld.de/members/press-freedom/ Press Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106032839/http://www.beepworld.de/members/press-freedom/ }}
* [http://www.osce.org/fom OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media]
* [http://independentmedia.ca MANA – the Media Alliance for New Activism]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19961223024601/http://www.ifex.org/ International Freedom of Expression Exchange] – Monitors press freedom around the world (archived 23 December 1996)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060829212040/http://www.ipsnews.net/new_focus/expressfreedom/index.asp IPS Inter Press Service] Independent news on press freedom around the world (archived 29 August 2006)
* [http://www.rcfp.org/ The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060615192810/http://www.rsf.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=416 Reporters Without Borders] (archived 15 June 2006)
* [http://www.dohacentre.org/ Doha Center for Media Freedom]
* [http://www.wpfc.org/ World Press Freedom Committee]
* [http://www.splc.org/ Student Press Law Center]
* [http://www.journalistes-cfdt.fr/ Union syndicale des journalistes CFDT]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150531012207/http://mediafreedom.ushahidi.com/ Mapping media freedom in Europe] (archived 31 May 2015)

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{{Western culture}}
{{Liberty}}
{{Journalism}}
{{Sexual revolution}}
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[[Category:Journalism]]