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Soumya Bollapragada

2026-05-07T12:16:31Z

DebbieLemke: creating new article...

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Soumya Bollapragada
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|26 June 1985}}<ref name="profile">{{cite web |title='Telugu' Actress Soumya : Profile |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/soumya_profile.php |access-date=1 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104190857/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/soumya_profile.php |archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], India
| height =
| relatives = [[Gautami]] (aunt) [[U. G. Krishnamurti]] (great-grandfather)
| yearsactive = 2005–present
| occupation = {{Hlist | Film actress | model | writer |}}
}}

'''Soumya Bollapragada''' is an Indian actress, writer, director and a model.

==Life and career==

She is the niece of actress [[Gautami]] and great-granddaughter of the Indian thinker [[U. G. Krishnamurti]] and has acted in [[Telugu films]] primarily. She is also related to [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] through her mother. Soumya is also the [[Raksha Bandhan|rakhi]] sister (sworn sister) of Prince [[Manvendra Singh Gohil]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Soumya all set for a comeback |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-29/news-interviews/29594395_1_kannada-film-soumya-comeback |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233911/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-29/news-interviews/29594395_1_kannada-film-soumya-comeback |archive-date=30 December 2013 |accessdate=1 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chitchat with budding actress Soumya |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/chitchat_soumya1.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222235312/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/chitchat_soumya1.php |archive-date=22 December 2011 |access-date=1 July 2012}}</ref>

Her father Divakar<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=Soumya; Our Own Telugu juliet |url=http://www.telugupeople.com/news/News.asp?newsID=68340 |accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref> was an engineer in the [[Merchant Navy (India)|Merchant Navy]], her mother a housewife.<ref name="profile" /> She graduated from St. Joseph's College for Women.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |title=Successful debutante on silver screen |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/01/07/stories/2006010702030300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060111162919/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/01/07/stories/2006010702030300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 January 2006 |accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref> She ran a monthly magazine Evoke for three and half years in [[Vizag]]. She has a bachelor's degree in English literature and Psychology from [[Andhra University]]<ref name="auto1" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Soumya hots up the screen with Poga |url=http://cyclestand.in/news/soumya-hots-up-the-screen-with-poga.html |access-date=1 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512191603/http://cyclestand.in/news/soumya-hots-up-the-screen-with-poga.html |archive-date=12 May 2012}}</ref> She was one of the six finalists in [[Miss South India]] where girls from Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and [[AP (India)|AP]] had participated. Soumya secured the Ms Photogenic and Ms Perfect 10 rounds in the contest.<ref name="auto2" /> She had also won the Ms. Personality round for her height in the Miss Andhra contest held in Hyderabad in January 2005 and the Miss NIFD title organised by the [[National Institute of Fashion Design]] in Visakhapatnam in April 2005. She was trained by Koushik Ghosh for this pageant.<ref name="auto2" /><ref name="auto1"/>

She has appeared in commercials for brands including KPL Coconut Oil in Kerala, Sun Flower Shopping Mall, and Anarkali Boutique.<ref name="auto1" />

She made her debut in the film ''[[The Angrez]]'' with her portrayal of the character Tanya garnering notice. She has a theatre background which helped her to get into the film industry.<ref name="auto1"/> She also acted in [[Srikanth Iyengar]]'s English film ''Stalemate'' and played the role of an assistant surgeon.<ref>{{cite web |title=Film on life and hope |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/06/stories/2007030613990200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312150159/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/06/stories/2007030613990200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 March 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 March 2007 |accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref> She made her debut in Tamil in ''[[Thozha (2008 film)|Thozha]]'' with the stars of ''[[Chennai 600028]]''.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} She also played a role in ''[[Netru Indru Naalai (2008 film)|Netru Indru Naalai]]'' (''[[Ninna Nedu Repu]]'' in Telugu).{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} She was part of ''[[Mugguru]]'' produced by Movie Mogul D Ramaniadu and directed by V N Aditya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Soumya celebrates birthday |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/soumya-celebrates-birthday-news-news-lg1pyqahbdi.html?ref=false |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924202654/http://www.sify.com/movies/soumya-celebrates-birthday-news-news-lg1pyqahbdi.html?ref=false |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |website=[[Sify]] |accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref> She acted in the horror thriller ''Poga'' and in ''Ramadandu'' and played a journalist in the latter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Soumya to act in 4-D flick |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article2807363.ece |work=The Hindu |accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref>

She is the founder of the theatre group Applause – The Theatre People.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contest for budding filmmakers |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article2776685.ece?textsize=small&test=2 |work=The Hindu |accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref> She has also hosted TV shows like ''Jollywood Express'', a comedy show with actor [[AVS (actor)|AVS]] on [[Gemini TV]] and ''Zee Sound Party'' on [[Zee Telugu]]. She was the winner of the country-wide ''Lucky 13'' contest held by author [[Ashwin Sanghi]]. In addition to this she has worked as a writer for ''[[Chhota Bheem]], Mighty Raju, [[Arjun (TV series)|Arjun]], [[Chimpoo Simpoo]]''.<ref name="auto1"/>

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2005 || ''[[The Angrez]]'' || Tanya || [[Hyderabadi Urdu]]||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2007 || ''Stalemate'' || || English ||
|-
| ''Aa Roje'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2008 || ''[[Thozha (2008 film)|Thozha]]'' || Manisha Gupta || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Netru Indru Naalai (2008 film)|Netru Indru Naalai]]'' || rowspan="2"|Neelu ||
|-
| ''[[Ninna Nedu Repu]]'' || rowspan="6" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''Call Center'' || ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Young India (film)|Young India]]'' || Keerthi ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Mugguru]]'' || Mohini ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2012 || ''Poga'' || ||
|-
| ''Ramadandu'' || ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Neenandre Ishta Kano'' || Anjali || Kannada || credited as Roopanjali<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/neenandre-ishta-kano/movie-review/18891930.cms|title=Neenandre Ishta Kano Movie Review|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 ||''[[Chandamama Kathalu]]'' || || Telugu || Special appearance
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=3760193}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bollapragada, Soumya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Actresses from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu theatre]]
[[Category:Actresses in Urdu cinema]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Female models from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Female models from Maharashtra]]

Upadrasta Ramamurty

2026-05-06T18:20:29Z

DebbieLemke: creating details...

{{short description|Indian mechanical engineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Upadrasta Ramamurty
| image = UpadrastaRamamurty.jpg
| birth_date = 1967
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation =
| citizenship =
| education = [[Brown University]], 1994, Ph.D [[Indian Institute of Science]], 1991, Master of Engineering [[Andhra University]], 1989, Bachelor of Engineering
| alma_mater =
| awards =
| website =
| module = {{Infobox scientist | embed=yes
| fields = Materials science, Mechanical Engineering
| workplaces = {{plainlist|
* [[Nanyang Technological University]]
* [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
* [[University of California, Santa Barbara]]
}}
| alma_mater =
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| doctoral_advisor = [[Subra Suresh]]
| doctoral_students =
}}
}}

'''Upadrasta Ramamurty''' (born 1967) is the President's Chair Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering & Materials Science and Engineering at the [[Nanyang Technological University]] (NTU), [[Singapore]]. Prior to joining NTU, he was a professor in the Department of Materials Engineering at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc), [[Bangalore|Bangalore, India]], from 2000 to 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramamurty, Upadrasta |url=https://twas.org/directory/ramamurty-upadrasta |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=twas.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Research Contributions ==
Ram is an internationally recognized leader in the field of [[materials engineering]] and he has made numerous contributions in a range of scientific areas related to the [[Deformation (engineering)|deformation]], [[fracture]], and [[Fatigue (material)|fatigue]] in several different classes of advanced materials. The common theme of his work is developing a deep understanding of the microstructural development, effects of [[Thermomechanical processing|thermo-mechanical processing]], mechanisms of mechanical deformation—over a range of length scales—[[fracture mechanics]] and [[physical metallurgy]]. A few of his accomplishments are highlighted below.

=== Scientific ===

==== [[Bulk metallic glasses|Bulk Metallic Glasses (BMGs)]] ====
Metallic glasses exhibit attractive combinations of mechanical properties—particularly high strength and [[Yield (engineering)|yield]] strains. Ram's studies resulted in the elucidation of pressure sensitivity of [[plastic deformation]], localization of flow into shear bands by using the bonded interface technique, [[embrittlement]] due to structural relaxation, and the mechanics and mechanisms of ductile and brittle fractures that led to the identification of the characteristic length scales that control the micromechanisms in BMGs and their composites. ([[doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2007.01.052|cf. Acta Mater. 2007;55:4067]])

==== [[Molecular crystal|Molecular Crystals]] / [[Pharmaceuticals]] ====
Ram's work on mechanical properties of pharmaceutical products, including effects of hydration, has been ground-breaking. Many such products are agglomerated powders, but they are rarely studied in terms of mechanics—despite the potential importance. Ram has used his expertise in fine scale [[mechanical testing]]—particularly [[nanoindentation]]—to obtain valuable insights and establish structure-property correlations in [[molecular crystal]]s. ([[doi:10.1016/j.cossms.2016.05.011|cf. Cur. Opinion in Solid State & Mat. Sci. 2016;20:361]])

==== [[Additive Manufacturing|Additively manufactured (AM) Metals]] ====
AM is an active area of research, given its importance in advanced manufacturing of metallic components. Ram has extensively investigated the structure-property correlations in AM alloys, with emphasis on [[Fatigue (material)|fatigue]] and [[fracture]] related to structural integrity. He demonstrated as to how the multi-scale nature of the process-induced micro- and meso-structures can be exploited for designing strong, tough, and fatigue resistant alloy components. ([[doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117240|cf Acta Mater. 2021;219:117240]])

=== Metrics and Recognition ===
Ram has supervised ~70 PhD and Masters students, published 400+ journal papers that received ~27,600 citations (''h''-index of 86, see [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=D3crxPkAAAAJ google scholar] for current metrics), has given over 100 invited plenary and keynote lectures, and is an editor of [[Acta Materialia|Acta Mater]].—the premier materials engineering journal. He has been awarded over a dozen major prizes, notable ones being [[SS Bhatnagar Prize|SS Bhatnagar]] and [[List of TWAS Prize recipients|TWAS]] Prizes, both in the [[Engineering sciences|Engineering Sciences]] category. He is Fellow of [[Indian National Academy of Engineering|INAE]], [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=INSA :: All Fellows List |url=https://insajournal.in/intranetinsa/list_all_fellows.php |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=insajournal.in}}</ref> and [[The World Academy of Sciences|TWAS]].

=== Leadership and International Connectivity ===
Ram has also overseen a large number of high-value projects—majority of them being industry-sponsored. He is leading the current national [https://www.a-star.edu.sg/serc/home/research-focus/chemicals-materials-and-energy Singaporean programme on structural metals & alloys]. His highly collaborative character has fostered many international links and activities. He has held Visiting Professor positions at more than a dozen Universities and Research Centres. He has given lecture courses in [[African University of Science and Technology|The African University of Science and Technology]], [[Nigeria]], as part of a World Bank initiative to create institutions similar to the Indian IITs in [[Africa]].

== Awards and honors ==

=== Awards ===
Ram has received numerous prestigious [[award]]s throughout his career, including:

* [https://english.imr.cas.cn/internationalcoorperation/leehsunlectureseries/201409/t20140918_128165.html '''Lee Hsun Lecture Award''', Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2017]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Prof. Upadrasta Ramamurty from Indian Institute of Science Visits IMR----Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences | url=https://english.imr.cas.cn/news/newsrelease/201706/t20170601_177672.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517040654/http://english.imr.cas.cn/news/newsrelease/201706/t20170601_177672.html | access-date=2025-08-14 | archive-date=2020-05-17}}</ref>
* [[List of TWAS Prize recipients|'''TWAS Prize (Engineering Sciences)''', The World Academy of Sciences, 2015]]<ref>[[List of TWAS Prize recipients]]</ref>
* '''CNR Rao Prize Lecture in Advanced Materials''', [https://www.mrsi.org.in/ Materials Research Society of India], 2014<ref>{{Cite web |title=Materials Research Society of India |url=https://www.mrsi.org.in/awardshonours.php |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=www.mrsi.org.in}}</ref>
* '''J.C. Bose National Fellowship''', Government of India, 2013 – 2018
* '''Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize (Engineering Sciences)''', 2011<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://www.csir.res.in/sites/default/files/2023-09/Shanti%20Swarup%20Bhatnagar%20Prize%20For%20Science%20And%20Technology-2012_0.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123094559/https://www.csir.res.in/sites/default/files/2023-09/Shanti%20Swarup%20Bhatnagar%20Prize%20For%20Science%20And%20Technology-2012_0.pdf | archive-date=2025-01-23}}</ref>
* '''Metallurgist of the Year''', Metal Sciences category, [[Indian Institute of Metals]] and [[Ministry of Steel]]s, Government of [[India]], 2008<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://www.iim-india.net/uploads/award/1504863778.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031072844/http://www.iim-india.net/uploads/award/1504863778.pdf | archive-date=31 October 2017 | access-date=30 September 2024 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Swarnajayanthi Fellowship (Engineering Sciences)''', Department of Science and Technology, Government of [[India]], 2008 – 2013
* '''Scopus Young Scientist''', Materials Science category, 2007
* '''[[List of Brown University alumni|University Fellowship]]''', [[Brown University]], September 1991 – May 1992
* '''K. P. Abraham Medal''' (Best M.E. Project), [[Indian Institute of Science]], 1991
* '''A. A. Krishnan Medal''' (Highest GPA in the M.E. Class of '91), [[Indian Institute of Science]], 1991

=== Honors ===
Ram has also been recognized for his contributions and expertise with several notable honors, including:

* '''Speaker in the [https://engineering.purdue.edu/CMPT Distinguished Seminar Series of Center for Materials Processing and Tribology], [[Purdue University]].'''<ref>{{Cite web | title=Center for Materials Processing and Tribology Seminar - Edwardson School of Industrial Engineering - Purdue University | url=https://engineering.purdue.edu/IE/events/2017/cmpt-seminar-ramamurty | access-date=2025-08-14 | website=engineering.purdue.edu}}</ref>
* '''Co-chair, ''Fourth''''' as well as '''''Fifth [https://www.naefrontiers.org/16103.aspx Indo-American Frontiers of Engineering]''''' (IAFOE) Symposia, held respectively in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]], [[USA]] (March 2012)<ref>{{Cite web |title=2012 Indo-American Frontiers of Engineering Symposium |url=https://www.naefrontiers.org/30000/2012IAFOE |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=www.naefrontiers.org}}</ref> and in [[Mysore]], [[India]] (May 2014).<ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 Indo-American Frontiers of Engineering Symposium |url=https://www.naefrontiers.org/33878/2014-IndoAmerican-Frontiers-of-Engineering-Symposium |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=www.naefrontiers.org}}</ref>
* '''Listed in [[Essential Science Indicators]] (ESI),''' which tracks top 1% of [[scientist]]s, in the Materials Science category since July 2007.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Suryawanshi |first1=Jyoti |last2=Prashanth |first2=K.G. |last3=Ramamurty |first3=U. |title=Mechanical behavior of selective laser melted 316L stainless steel |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921509317305105 |journal=Materials Science and Engineering: A |date=2017 |language=en |volume=696 |pages=113–121 |doi=10.1016/j.msea.2017.04.058 |via=Elsevier Science Direct|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Suryawanshi |first1=Jyoti |last2=Prashanth |first2=K.G. |last3=Scudino |first3=S. |last4=Eckert |first4=J. |last5=Prakash |first5=Om |last6=Ramamurty |first6=U. |title=Simultaneous enhancements of strength and toughness in an Al-12Si alloy synthesized using selective laser melting |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1359645416304281 |journal=Acta Materialia |date=2016 |language=en |volume=115 |pages=285–294 |doi=10.1016/j.actamat.2016.06.009 |via=Elsevier Science Direct|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Becker |first1=Thorsten Hermann |last2=Kumar |first2=Punit |last3=Ramamurty |first3=Upadrasta |title=Fracture and fatigue in additively manufactured metals |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1359645421006200 |journal=Acta Materialia |date=2021 |language=en |volume=219 |article-number=117240 |doi=10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117240 |via=Elsevier Science Direct|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Fellowships ==
Ram has been recognized for his significant contributions to [[science]] and [[engineering]] through election to prestigious fellowships in several distinguished academies:

* '''Fellow of [[The World Academy of Sciences|The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS)]]''' (Elected 2016).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-11-15 |title=TWAS adds 40 new Fellows |url=https://twas.org/article/twas-adds-40-new-fellows |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=twas.org |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]]''' (Elected 2012).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Fellows – Indian National Science Academy |url=https://insaindia.res.in/indian-fellows-2/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]''' (Elected 2010).<ref>{{Cite web | title=Indian Academy of Sciences | url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL2010042 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923070836/https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL2010042 | access-date=2025-08-14 | archive-date=2020-09-23}}</ref>
* '''Fellow of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]]''' (Elected 2010).<ref>{{cite web | title=Indian Institute of Science | url=https://iisc.ac.in/research/accolades/indian-national-academy-of-engineering/ }}</ref>

== Membership of Committees ==
Ram has actively contributed to the scientific and engineering communities through his involvement in several high-profile committees, including:

* '''Member''', Membership Advisory Committee (MAC) in Engineering Sciences, [[The World Academy of Sciences|TWAS]] (2019 onwards).
* '''Member''', Research Council, CSIR – [[National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology|National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST)]], [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]], [[India]] (2017 – 2020).<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://www.niist.res.in/sites/default/files/Annual%20Report/Annual_report_2019-2020.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319151146/https://www.niist.res.in/sites/default/files/Annual%20Report/Annual_report_2019-2020.pdf | archive-date=2023-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://www.niist.res.in/sites/default/files/Annual%20Report/annualreport_201819.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320073018/https://www.niist.res.in/sites/default/files/Annual%20Report/annualreport_201819.pdf | archive-date=2023-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://www.niist.res.in/sites/default/files/Annual%20Report/Annual_report_2017_18.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319165611/https://www.niist.res.in/sites/default/files/Annual%20Report/Annual_report_2017_18.pdf | archive-date=2023-03-19}}</ref>
* '''Member''', Sectional Committee for Engineering, [[Indian Academy of Sciences|Indian Academy of Sciences (IASc)]] (2016 – 2018).<ref>{{Cite web | title=Yearbook2016.PDF | Overview | Other Publications | Resources | public | Indian Academy of Sciences | url=https://www.ias.ac.in/public/Resources/Other_Publications/Overview/yearbook2016.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224064156/http://www.ias.ac.in/public/Resources/Other_Publications/Overview/yearbook2016.pdf | archive-date=2016-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Yearbook2017.PDF | Overview | Other Publications | Resources | public | Indian Academy of Sciences | url=https://www.ias.ac.in/public/Resources/Other_Publications/Overview/yearbook2017.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516181409/http://www.ias.ac.in/public/Resources/Other_Publications/Overview/yearbook2017.pdf | archive-date=16 May 2017 | access-date=11 October 2024 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Yearbook2018.PDF | Overview | Other Publications | Resources | public | Indian Academy of Sciences | url=https://www.ias.ac.in/public/Resources/Other_Publications/Overview/yearbook2018.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304222928/http://www.ias.ac.in/public/Resources/Other_Publications/Overview/yearbook2018.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2018 | access-date=11 October 2024 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Member''', Sectional Committee - VI (Materials Science & Engineering), [[Indian National Science Academy|Indian National Science Academy (INSA)]] (2016 – 2018).<ref>{{Cite web | title=INSA :: Sectional Committee Detail | url=https://insajournal.in/intranetinsa/screport_result.php?year=2016&sc=6 | access-date=2025-08-14 | website=insajournal.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=INSA :: Sectional Committee Detail | url=https://insajournal.in/intranetinsa/screport_result.php?year=2017&sc=6 | access-date=2025-08-14 | website=insajournal.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=INSA :: Sectional Committee Detail | url=https://insajournal.in/intranetinsa/screport_result.php?year=2018&sc=6 | access-date=2025-08-14 | website=insajournal.in}}</ref>
* '''Member''', Sectional Committee - VIII (Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering), [[Indian National Academy of Engineering|Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE)]] (2014 – 2018).<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://www.inae.in/wp-content/themes/fortuna-child/img/INAE%20Annual%20Report%202014-%202015.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627121016/https://www.inae.in/wp-content/themes/fortuna-child/img/INAE%20Annual%20Report%202014-%202015.pdf | archive-date=2024-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://www.inae.in/wp-content/themes/fortuna-child/img/INAE%20Annual%20Report%202015-16.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627210658/https://www.inae.in/wp-content/themes/fortuna-child/img/INAE%20Annual%20Report%202015-16.pdf | archive-date=2024-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://www.inae.in/wp-content/themes/fortuna-child/img/INAE%20Annual%20Report%202016-17.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627031838/https://www.inae.in/wp-content/themes/fortuna-child/img/INAE%20Annual%20Report%202016-17.pdf | archive-date=2024-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://www.inae.in/wp-content/themes/fortuna-child/img/INAEAnnualReport2017-18.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701054444/https://www.inae.in/wp-content/themes/fortuna-child/img/INAEAnnualReport2017-18.pdf | archive-date=2024-07-01}}</ref>
* '''Member''', Academic Advisory Council, [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] (2012 onwards).<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://libjncir.jncasr.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10572/1380/JNCASR-Annual%20Report%202012-13.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123092723/https://libjncir.jncasr.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10572/1380/JNCASR-Annual%20Report%202012-13.pdf | archive-date=2025-01-23}}</ref>
* '''International Review Panel''', [https://www.r4d.ch/en Swiss Programme for Research on Global Issues for Development (r4d)], [[Switzerland]] (2013 – 2018).<ref>{{Cite web | title=Thematically Open Research | url=https://www.r4d.ch/en/Cs76Ew2aVf397oXy/page/key-topics/thematically-open-research | access-date=2025-08-14 | website=www.r4d.ch}}</ref>
* '''International Review Panel''', [https://www.dfg.de/ Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)], Germany's Priority Programmes:
** '''SPP 1594''': Topological Engineering of Ultrastrong Glasses (2012 – 2016).<ref>https://gepris-extern.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/198574154?language=en&selectedSubTab=2</ref>
** '''SPP 2006''': Compositionally Complex Alloys – High Entropy Alloys (2017 – 2021).<ref>https://gepris-extern.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/388675407</ref>
* '''Member''', Scientific Committee, Materials Science Division, [[National Aerospace Laboratories]], [[Bangalore]] (2011 – 2014).
* '''Member''', International Organizing Committee, International Indentation Workshop series.
* '''Member''', Scientific Advisory Board, International Conference on Porous Metals and Metallic Foams.
* '''Member''', Scientific Committee, International Workshop on Flow and Fracture of Advanced Glasses

== Editorial/Review Service ==
Ram has also been instrumental in contributing to the advancement of materials science and engineering through his editorial roles:

* '''Editor''', ''[[Acta Materialia]]'' & ''[[Scripta Materialia]] (''August 2014 onwards).
* '''Editorial Board Member''', ''Intermetallics (''2014 onwards).
* '''Editorial Board Member''', ''[[Materials Science and Engineering A|Materials Science & Engineering A]] (''2013 – 2016).
* '''Member''', International Advisory Panel, ''Materials Research Express'' (2013 – 2018).
* '''Editorial Board Member''', ''Emerging Materials Research'' (January 2012 – 2018).
* '''Editorial Board Member''', ''Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences'' (2011 – 2013).
* '''Key Reader''', ''[[Metallurgical and Materials Transactions|Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A]]'' (2012 onwards).
* '''Associate Editor''', ''Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals'' (August 2003 – July 2006).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+Guidance and Mentoring
! colspan="2" |Post Doctoral Fellows and Visiting Scientists
!Period of Visit
|-
|'''Dr. V. Keryvin'''
|(then) Assistant Professor, Laboratoire de recherche en mécanique appliquée de, Université de Rennes, France.
|January–March 2008
|-
|'''Dr. K.K. Alaneme'''
|(then) Lecturer, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Nigeria.
|April–September 2009
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Dr. M.S.R.N.Kiran'''
|Dr. D.S. Kothari Post-doctoral Research Fellow
| rowspan="2" |July 2009-July 2012
|-
|Associate Professor, SRM University, Chennai, India.
|-
|'''Dr. Indrani Sen'''
|Associate Professor, IIT-Kharagpur, India.
|March–September 2010
|-
|'''Dr. Appala Naidu Gandi'''
|Assistant Professor, IIT-Jodhpur, India.
|March –September 2013
|-
|'''Dr. Punit Kumar'''
|Post-doc, Lawrence Berkeley Lab., USA.
|April 2019 – November 2021
|-
|'''Dr. Yakai Zhao'''
|Scientist II, IMRE, Singapore.
|June 2019 -May 2023
|-
|'''Dr. Shihao Li'''
|Faculty Member, Zhengzhou University, China.
|December 2019 -July 2023
|-
|'''Dr. Annemarie Tan'''
|Scientist, IHPC, Singapore.
|January 2021 – March 2022
|-
|'''Dr. Huang Sheng'''
|Post-doc, MIT, USA.
|July 2021-June 2023
|-
|'''Dr. Shubham Chandra'''
|Group Member
|February 2021 – Present
|-
|'''Dr. Mehmet ÇAĞIRICI'''
|Group Member
|April 2022 – Present
|-
|'''Dr. R. Jayaraj'''
|Group Member
|November 2022 – Present
|-
|'''Dr. Yida Xiong'''
|Group Member
|April 2023 – Present
|-
|'''Dr. Liu Fei'''
|Group Member
|July 2023 – Present
|-
|'''Dr. Virendra Kumar Varma'''
|Group Member
|October 2023 – Present
|-
|'''Dr. Li Qiang'''
|Group Member
|November 2023 – Present
|-
|'''Dr. Moses James Paul'''
|Group Member
|November 2023 – Present
|-
|'''Dr. Junyu Chen'''
|Group Member
|November 2023 – Present
|}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramamurty, Upadrasta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Engineers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:People from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Indian materials scientists]]
[[Category:TWAS laureates]]
[[Category:Brown University School of Engineering alumni]]

ABC v. The State (NCT of Delhi)

2026-04-17T19:11:35Z

DebbieLemke: Adding The Data From Scratch!

{{Italic title|all=yes}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox court case
|name = ABC v. The State (NCT of Delhi)
|court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
|image =
|imagesize =
|imagelink =
|imagealt =
|caption =
|full name = ABC v. The State (NCT of Delhi)
|date decided = 6 July 2015
|citations = 2015 SCC OnLine SC 609<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legalbloc.com/abc-v-state-nct-of-delhi/ |title=ABC v. State (NCT of Delhi) – Legal Bloc |accessdate=2015-12-20 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222131850/https://legalbloc.com/abc-v-state-nct-of-delhi/ }}</ref>
|ECLI =
|transcripts =
|judges =
|number of judges =
|decision by = Vikramjit Sen
|concurring =
|dissenting =
|concur/dissent =
|prior actions =
|appealed from =
|appealed to =
|subsequent actions =
|related actions =
|opinions =
|keywords = 
|italic title = no
}}
'''''ABC v. The State (NCT of Delhi)''''' is a case decided by a two-judge bench of the [[Supreme court of India]], which held that an unwed woman belonging to the [[Christian faith]] can become a legal [[Legal guardian|guardian]] of her child without the [[father]]'s consent.

==Facts==
An unwed woman belonging to the Christian faith (who did not want to be identified) gave birth to a son in the year 2010. She was well-educated, gainfully employed and financially secure and raised her child without any assistance from the child's father. She intended for her son to be her nominee in all her savings and other insurance policies. However, she was informed that for her son to be the nominee, she must either declare the name of the father or get a guardianship/adoption certificate from the Court.<ref name="sci">{{Cite web |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/FileServer/2015-07-06_1436184974.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223050453/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/FileServer/2015-07-06_1436184974.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==The Guardian Court==
Subsequently, the woman filed an application at the Guardian Court to be declared as the sole guardian of her son. [[The Guardian]] Court however, informed her that her application could not be processed unless she named the father of the child and gave his whereabouts. She refused to do so. She did, however, file an [[affidavit]] stating that if at any time in the future the father of her son raises any objections regarding her son's guardianship, her guardianship could be revoked or altered. She also had published a notice of her application in a daily newspaper Vir Arjun, Delhi Edition. The Guardian Court however, dismissed her application on 19 April 2011, because she declined to disclose the identity or whereabouts of the father of her child.<ref name=sci/>

==Delhi High Court==
The woman appealed the decision of the Guardian Court to the [[Delhi High Court]], but the High Court dismissed her appeal at the preliminary stage and reasoned that a natural father could have an interest in the welfare and the custody of his child even if there was no marriage. The High Court also reasoned that the woman's allegation, that she was single, could not be established without notifying the father of the application having been filed. The High Court stated the father's presence was necessary for it to decide on the woman's application.<ref name=sci/>

==Supreme Court==
The woman appealed the decision of the Delhi High Court to the Supreme Court of India, where she argued that there were three reasons for not naming the father: she did not wish to disclose his identity as there was a risk that he would deny paternity as he was already married; she feared that this would affect her child. Secondly, such a revelation might have repercussions on his family considering his marital status. Thirdly, she argued that her fundamental [[right to privacy]] would be violated if she was compelled to disclose the father's name.

The State of Delhi opposed her arguments in the Supreme Court, stating that Section 11 of the [http://delhihighcourt.nic.in/writereaddata/upload/CourtRules/CourtRuleFile_IRGK8413.PDF Guardians and Wards Act, 1890], which applies to Christians in India, requires that a notice must be given to the 'parents' of a child, before a guardian is appointed. Further, the State of Delhi submitted that Section 19 of the same Act stated that a guardian could not be appointed if the father of the child was alive and fit to be appointed a guardian of the child. The State of Delhi submitted that for these reasons the judgement of the High Court was valid.

The Supreme Court felt that the arguments of the State of Delhi and the Delhi High Court judgement had lost sight of an essential feature of the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890, contained in Section 7 of the same Act. The Act is primarily concerned with the welfare of the minor child. With specific reference to children of unwed parents, the Supreme Court highlighted the fact that both [[Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act|Hindu]] and Mohameddan law in India recognised that custody of children of unwed parents was given to the mother. Under Christian law in India as well, the domicile of origin of the child belonging to unwed parents is the country of the child's mother at the time of the child's birth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.districtcourtsnamchi.nic.in/laws/indian_succession_act_1925.pdf |title= Succession act |website=districtcourtsnamchi.nic.in}}</ref> The Supreme Court observed that when it came to the welfare of the child (of unwed parents), priority, pre-eminence and preference are given to the mother over the father.

The Supreme Court considered the equivalent laws in the United Kingdom, the United States, Ireland, Philippines, New Zealand and South Africa, and concluded that the preponderant was that the unwed mother possesses primary custodial and guardianship rights with regard to her children and that the father is not conferred with an equal position merely by virtue of having fathered the child.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://indiankanoon.org/ Indian Kanoon website]

[[Category:Parenting]]
[[Category:2015 in case law]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases in 2015]]

{{SCI-cases}}

Ghost pepper

2026-04-17T15:38:06Z

DebbieLemke: Made post.

{{short description|Chili pepper cultivated in Northeast India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| name = Ghost pepper
| image = Bhut-Jolokia-pc.jpg
| image_caption = Red (ripe) and green ghost pepper fruits
| origin = [[Northeast India]] (especially in [[Assam]], [[Manipur]] and [[Nagaland]])<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.frontalagritech.com/chillies-peppers-herbs |title= It is extensively cultivated in northeastern India, especially in the states of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur. |author=  |publisher= Frontal Agritech |access-date=January 12, 2026 |url-status=dead
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230210110219/https://www.frontalagritech.com/chillies-peppers-herbs |archive-date=10 February 2023 }}</ref>
| species = ''[[Capsicum chinense]]''
| module = {{Infobox pepper
| embed = yes
| heat = Exceptionally hot
| scoville = 855,000 - 1,040,000
}}
}}

The '''ghost pepper''',<ref>{{cite news|last=Gamillo|first=Elizabeth|date=3 August 2018|title=Ghost peppers are saving U.S. grasslands—by scaring off hungry mice|work=Science|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/ghost-peppers-are-saving-us-grasslands-scaring-hungry-mice|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-date=20 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320034401/https://www.science.org/content/article/ghost-peppers-are-saving-us-grasslands-scaring-hungry-mice|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Deepak|first=Sharanya|date=1 January 2019|title=The Incredible Story of Bhut Jolokia: From Rural India to Dumb YouTube Stunts|work=Taste|url=https://www.tastecooking.com/many-lives-king-chile/|access-date=25 June 2019}}</ref> also known as '''{{lang|as|bhut jolokia}}''' ({{lit.|Bhutanese pepper}} or 'ghost pepper' in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of BHUT JOLOKIA|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bhut+jolokia|access-date=2020-10-26|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|archive-date=4 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904033126/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bhut%20jolokia|url-status=live}}</ref>) or '''{{lang|as|naga jolokia}}''', is a superhot [[chili pepper]] cultivated in [[Northeast India]].<ref name="bosland">{{cite web |author=Shaline L. Lopez |url=http://www.nmsu.edu/~ucomm/Releases/2007/february/hottest_chile.htm |title=NMSU is home to the world's hottest chile pepper |year=2007 |access-date=21 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219124128/http://www.nmsu.edu/~ucomm/Releases/2007/february/hottest_chile.htm |archive-date=19 February 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Associated Press">{{cite news |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/20058096 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228030504/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/20058096/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 February 2013 |title='Ghost chile' burns away stomach ills - Diet & Nutrition - NBC News |agency=Associated Press |year=2007 |access-date=5 August 2007 }}</ref>
In 2007, ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' certified that the ghost pepper was the world's [[hottest chili pepper]], 170 times hotter than [[Tabasco sauce]]. The ghost chili is rated at more than one million [[Scoville Heat Unit]]s (SHUs) and far surpasses the amount of a [[habanero]]. However, the ghost chili has since been superseded by the [[Trinidad Scorpion Butch T pepper]] in 2011, the [[Carolina Reaper]] in 2013 and [[Pepper X]] in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/1/hottest-chili |title=Hottest Chili |newspaper=[[Guinness World Records]] |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041301/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/1/hottest-chili |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ghost pepper belongs to the species ''[[Capsicum chinense]]'', but [[Random amplification of polymorphic DNA|RAPD]] analysis indicates the presence of some genetic material from ''[[Capsicum frutescens]]'' from an [[introgression]] event, however, there is no indication that this is related to its exceptional heat.<ref name="hortscience">{{cite journal |author=Paul W. Bosland |author2=Jit B. Baral |title='Bhut Jolokia'—The World's Hottest Known Chile Pepper is a Putative Naturally Occurring Interspecific Hybrid |journal=Horticultural Science |year=2007 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=222–4 |url=http://www.chilepepperinstitute.org/content/files/JolokiaArt.pdf |access-date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202809/http://www.chilepepperinstitute.org/content/files/JolokiaArt.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Etymology and regional names==

The name {{lang|as|bhut jolokia}} means 'Bhutanese pepper' in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]; the first element {{lang|as|bhut}} {{IPA|lang=as|/bʱʊt/}}, meaning '[[Bhutan]]ese', was mistakenly confused for a near-[[homonym]] {{lang|as|bhut}} {{IPA|lang=as|/bʱut/}}, meaning 'ghost'.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Definition of BHUT JOLOKIA |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bhut+jolokia |access-date=2020-10-26 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=4 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904033126/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bhut%20jolokia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 September 2021|title=India's 'ghost pepper' is one of the hottest chillies. Can Britain handle it?|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/lifestyle-culture/article/3148870/indias-ghost-pepper-chilli-so-hot-villagers-use-it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-02|title=MasterChef Australia features eight of the hottest chillies on the planet; have you tried any?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/masterchef-australia-features-eight-of-the-hottest-chillies-on-the-planet-7334566/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=4 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904033126/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/masterchef-australia-features-eight-of-the-hottest-chillies-on-the-planet-7334566/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-11 |title=Can Ghost Peppers Kill You? |url=https://health.howstuffworks.com/food-nutrition/can-ghost-peppers-kill.htm |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=HowStuffWorks |language=en-us |archive-date=4 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904033233/https://health.howstuffworks.com/food-nutrition/can-ghost-peppers-kill.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[Assam]],<ref>"The origin of the Chili lies in the north-eastern of India, in the region of Assam." https://chili-plant.com/chilli-varieties/bhut-jolokia-chili/</ref> the pepper is also known as {{lang|as|bih zôlôkia}} meaning 'poison chili', from Assamese {{lang|as|bih}} meaning 'poison' and {{lang|as|zôlôkia}} meaning 'chili pepper', denoting the plant's heat.<ref name="raktim" /> Similarly, in [[Nagaland]], one of the regions of cultivation, the chili is called ''Raja mirja'' meaning King chili ('Naga king chili'; also romanized {{lang|as|nôga zôlôkia}}) and {{lang|as|bhut jolokia}} (also romanized {{lang|as|bhût zôlôkiya}}).<ref name="raktim">{{cite journal |title=Genetic Variability and Traditional Practices in Naga King Chili Landraces of Nagaland |pages=171–180 |author=Raktim Ranjan Bhagowati |journal=Asian Agri-History |year=2009 |volume=13 |issue=3 |url=http://www.agri-history.org/pdf/171%20to%20180.pdf |display-authors=etal |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720103043/http://www.agri-history.org/pdf/171%20to%20180.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 }}</ref> This name is especially common in other regions where it is grown, such as Assam and [[Manipur]].<ref name="raktim" /> It has also been called the Tezpur chili after the Assamese city of [[Tezpur]].<ref name="tezpur">{{cite book |title=The Complete Chile Pepper Book |page=158 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90M5Tw0530gC&pg=PA158 |author=Dave DeWitt |author2=Paul W. Bosland |isbn=978-0-88192-920-1 |year=2009 |publisher=Timber Press}}</ref> In Manipur, the chili is called ''umorok''.<ref name="umorok">{{cite journal |title=Capsaicin Content and Pungency of Different Capsicum spp. Cultivars |pages=89–90 |author=Sanatombi K. |author2=G. J. Sharma |journal=Not. Bot. Hort. Agrobot. Cluj. |year=2008 |volume=36 |issue=2 |issn=1842-4309 |url=http://notulaebotanicae.ro/nbha/article/viewFile/345/346 |format=PDF |access-date=2 March 2011 |archive-date=23 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823104048/http://notulaebotanicae.ro/nbha/article/viewFile/345/346 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In [[Northeast India]], {{lang|as|bhut jolokia}} is also known as the "king chili" or "king cobra chilli'".<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://findmeacure.com/2009/06/27/bhut-jolokia-naga-chilli-king-chilli|title = Bhut Jolokia / Naga Chilli / King Chilli|date = Aug 2021|access-date = 25 August 2021|archive-date = 25 August 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210825165039/https://findmeacure.com/2009/06/27/bhut-jolokia-naga-chilli-king-chilli/|url-status = live}}</ref> Other usages on the subcontinent are ''naga jolokia'', 'Indian mystery chili' and 'Indian rough chili'.<ref name="raktim" />

==Scoville rating==

In 2000, [[Defence Research Laboratory|India's Defence Research Laboratory]] (DRL) reported a [[Scoville scale|Scoville]] rating for the ghost pepper of 855,000 SHUs,<ref name="currscience">{{cite journal |author=Mathur R |title=The hottest chili variety in India |journal=Current Science |year=2000 |volume=79 |issue=3 |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug102000/scr974.pdf |pages=287–8 |display-authors=etal |access-date=2 August 2006 |archive-date=29 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829063133/http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug102000/scr974.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and in 2004 a rating of 1,041,427 SHUs was made using [[High-performance liquid chromatography|HPLC]] analysis.<ref name="fa">{{cite web |url=http://www.frontalagritech.co.in/products/bihjolokia_gen.htm |title=Bih jolokia |year=2006 |access-date=12 December 2006 |archive-date=13 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213011514/http://www.frontalagritech.co.in/products/bihjolokia_gen.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> For comparison, [[Tabasco sauce|Tabasco red pepper sauce]] rates at 2,500–5,000, and pure [[capsaicin]] (the chemical responsible for the [[pungency]] of pepper plants) rates at 16,000,000 SHUs. In 2005, [[New Mexico State University]]'s [[Chile Pepper Institute]] in [[Las Cruces, New Mexico]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chilepepperinstitute.org/ |title=NMSU: The Chile Pepper Institute - Home |publisher=The Chile Pepper Institute |access-date=20 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120165150/http://www.chilepepperinstitute.org/ |archive-date=20 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> found ghost peppers grown from seed in southern [[New Mexico]] to have a Scoville rating of 1,001,304 SHUs by HPLC.<ref name="bosland" /> Unlike most peppers, ghost peppers produce capsaicin in vesicles not only in the placenta around the seeds but also throughout the fruit.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bosland|first1=Paul|last2=Coon|first2=Danise|last3=Cooke|first3=Peter H.|title=Novel Formation of Ectopic (Nonplacental) Capsaicinoid Secreting Vesicles on Fruit Walls Explains the Morphological Mechanism for Super-hot Chile Peppers|journal=Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science|date=June 2015|volume=140|issue=3|pages=253–256|doi=10.21273/JASHS.140.3.253|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
Ripe peppers measure {{convert|60|to|85|mm|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|25|to|30|mm|abbr=on|1}} in width with a red, yellow, orange, or chocolate color. The unselected strain of ghost peppers from India is an extremely variable plant, with a wide range in fruit sizes and fruit production per plant. Ghost pepper pods are unique among peppers because of their characteristic shape and very thin skin.<ref name="NatGeo May 07">{{Cite news |last=Barker |first=Catherine L. |year=2007 |title=Hot Pod: World's Hottest |periodical=[[National Geographic Magazine]] |volume=2007 |issue=May |page=21}}</ref> However, the red fruit variety has two different types: the rough, dented fruit and the smooth fruit. The rough fruit plants are taller, with more fragile branches, while the smooth fruit plants yield more fruit and are compact with sturdier branches.<ref>Dremann, Craig Carlton. 2011. Redwood City Seed Company, Observations on the variations in the Bhut Jolokia pepper from seed reproduction growouts.</ref> It takes about 7–12 days to germinate at 32–38 °C.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! Plant height
| 45–120 cm (17–47 inches)
|-
! Stem color
| Green
|-
! Leaf color
| Green
|-
! Leaf length
| 10.65–14.25 cm
|-
! Leaf width
| 5.4–7.5 cm
|-
! Pedicels per axil
| 2
|-
! Corolla color
| Yellow green
|-
! Anther color
| Pale blue
|-
! Annular constriction
| Present below calyx
|-
! Fruit color at maturity
| Red is the most common, with orange, yellow and chocolate as rarer varieties
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! Fruit shape
| Subconical to conical
|-
! Fruit length
| 5.95–8.54 cm
|-
! Fruit width at shoulder
| 2.5–2.95 cm
|-
! Fruit weight
| 6.95–8.97 g
|-
! Fruit surface
| Rough, uneven or smooth
|-
! Seed color
| Light tan
|-
! 1000 seed weight
| 4.1–5.2 g
|-
! Seeds per fruit
| 19–35
|-
! Hypocotyl color
| Green
|-
! Cotyledonous leaf shape
| Deltoid
|}
{{col-end}}

==Uses==
===Culinary===
[[File:Bhoot Jolokia ( Ghost Chili pepper ).jpg|thumb|The ghost pepper]]
Ghost peppers are used as a food and a spice.<ref name="Associated Press" /> It is used in both fresh and dried forms to heat up [[Curry|curries]], [[Pickling|pickles]] and [[chutney]]s. It is popularly used in combination with [[pork]] or dried or [[Fermentation|fermented]] fish. The pepper's intense heat makes it a fixture in competitive chili pepper eating.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/The-Gut-Wrenching-Science-Behind-the-Worlds-Hottest-Peppers-208350211.html#Burning-Desire-peppers-1.jpg|title=The Gut-Wrenching Science Behind the World's Hottest Peppers|author=Mary Roach|author-link=Mary Roach|date=June 2013|publisher=Smithsonian Magazine|access-date=4 December 2013|archive-date=27 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227023920/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/The-Gut-Wrenching-Science-Behind-the-Worlds-Hottest-Peppers-208350211.html#Burning-Desire-peppers-1.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Animal control===
In northeastern India, the peppers are smeared on fences or incorporated in smoke bombs as a safety precaution to keep wild [[Indian Elephant|elephants]] at a distance.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hussain |first=Wasbir |title=World's Hottest Chile Used as Elephant Repellent |publisher=National Geographic |date=20 November 2007 |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/11/071120-AP-india-elephants.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071122081719/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/11/071120-AP-india-elephants.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 November 2007 |access-date=21 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=''Ghost Chile'' Scares Off Elephants |work=National Geographic News website |publisher=National Geographic |date=20 November 2007 |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/11/photogalleries/elephant-pictures |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124000026/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/11/photogalleries/elephant-pictures/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 November 2007 |access-date=18 August 2008}}</ref>

===Chili grenades===
{{Main|Chili grenade}}
In 2009, scientists at India's [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) announced plans to use the peppers in [[hand grenade]]s as a [[Less lethal weapon|nonlethal]] method to control rioters with [[pepper spray]]s or in self-defence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/armys-new-weapon-worlds-hottest-chili/111958-19.html?from=tn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327091037/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/armys-new-weapon-worlds-hottest-chili/111958-19.html?from=tn |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 March 2010 |title=Army's new weapon: world's hottest chili - Trends News - IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=24 March 2010 |access-date=6 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8119591.stm |title=South Asia | India plans hot chilli grenades. |work=BBC News |date=25 June 2009 |access-date=11 April 2010 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401172910/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8119591.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The DRDO said that ghost pepper-based aerosol sprays could be used as a "safety device", and "civil variants" of chili [[grenade]]s could be used to control and disperse mobs.<ref name="BBC24March2012">{{cite news |title=India scientists hail 'multi-purpose' chillis |first=Subir |last=Bhaumik |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8584988.stm |work=BBC News |location=[[City of Westminster]], England |date=24 March 2010 |access-date=24 April 2012 |archive-date=7 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107143213/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8584988.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Chili grenades made from ghost peppers were successfully used by the [[Indian Army]] in August 2015 to flush out a terrorist hiding in a cave.<ref>{{cite news |title=Army used 'chilly grenades' to flush out Pak terrorist Sajjad Ahmed from a cave |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/pakistani-militant-captured-army-used-chilly-grenades-to-catch-sajjad-ahmed/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=14 February 2016 |archive-date=4 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904033126/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/pakistani-militant-captured-army-used-chilly-grenades-to-catch-sajjad-ahmed/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Bhut jolokia 10 Days.JPG|Ghost pepper leaf, about 10-day-old plant
File:Bhut jolokia leaf.JPG|Ghost pepper leaf, about 30-day-old plant
File:Bhut jolokia plant 40 days.JPG|Ghost pepper plant, 40 days old, grown in coco peat
File:Peach Bhut Jolokia Ghost Pepper.jpg|Peach ghost pepper
File:Yellow Bhut Jolokia Ghost Pepper.jpg|Yellow ghost pepper
File:Chocolate Bhut Jolokia Ghost Pepper.jpg|Chocolate ghost pepper
File:Purple Bhut Jolokia Ghost Pepper.jpg|Purple ghost pepper
File:Red Bhut Jolokia Ghost PepperParadise.org.JPG|Red ghost pepper
File:Bjhut-Jolokia.jpg|Ripe, harvested {{lang|as|bhut jolokia}}
File:Bhut-Jolokia-plant.jpg|{{lang|as|Bhut jolokia}}/ghost pepper plant
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Naga Morich]]
* [[List of Capsicum cultivars|List of ''Capsicum'' cultivars]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Chili peppers }}
{{Capsicum cultivars}}

[[Category:Capsicum cultivars]]
[[Category:Chili peppers]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Assam (region)]]

Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee

2026-04-16T13:33:43Z

DebbieLemke:

{{Short description|Social organisation in Azad Kashmir}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee
| native_name = {{nq|جموں کشمیر جوائنٹ عوامی ایکشن کمیٹی}} '''Jammu Kashmir Joint Public Action Committee'''
| native_name_lang = Urdu
| abbreviation = JAAC (common) JKJAAC (official)
| logo =
| logo_alt =
| colorcode =
| chairperson =
| president =
| leader1_title = [[Leader]]
| leader1_name = 31 Core Committee Members
| secretary =
| general_secretary =
| first_secretary =
| secretary_general =
| presidium =
| governing_body =
| standing_committee =
| spokesperson = Hafeez Hamdani/Shaukat Nawaz Mir/Umar Nazir/Imtiaz Aslam
| founder =
| founded = {{start date|2023|09|16}}
| headquarters = [[Muzaffarabad]], Azad Kashmir
| ideology = [[Economic justice]] [[Social justice]]
| position =
| international =
| website =
| country =
}}
The '''Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee''' (commonly abbreviated '''JKJAAC''' or '''JAAC''') is a grassroots [[Civil society|civil-society]] coalition and a [[Political sociology|socio-political]] organization based in the Pakistan-administered [[Kashmir]], known as [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] (AJK).{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} It brings together traders, transporters, lawyers, students and other civic groups to press a mix of economic and governance demands — most prominently lower wheat and flour prices, electricity tariffs tied to local hydropower, and reductions in privileges for political and bureaucratic elites.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} The coalition emerged from a series of local trader- and rights-led mobilisations in 2023 and formalised as a cross-regional body later that year; it became the leading organiser of the large-scale unrest that gripped AJK [[2024 Azad Kashmir protests|in 2024]] and resurfaced with renewed mass actions [[2025 Azad Kashmir protests|in 2025]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

The JAAC movement is driven by a comprehensive 38-point Charter of Demands.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} These demands are categorised into two main areas: immediate economic relief and long-term structural changes. Economically, the JAAC demands significantly reduced power tariffs for AJK consumers, calculated based on the production cost of electricity generated from local hydro-projects like the [[Mangla Dam]], and subsidised wheat flour prices equivalent to those offered in neighbouring [[Gilgit-Baltistan]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} Structurally, the movement insists on the abolition of perks and privileges enjoyed by the political elite and bureaucracy, and the removal of 12 seats in the AJK Legislative Assembly that are currently reserved for Pakistan-based refugees from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

The JAAC's rise to prominence stems from its ability to unite fragmented, localised grievances over economic hardship into a coordinated, statewide political force, fundamentally challenging the political status quo.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} The demand for electricity at production cost moves the discourse beyond simple subsidy requests toward a constitutional debate concerning AJK's degree of political autonomy, resource ownership, and royalty from locally exploited infrastructure, implying that the AJK populace possesses inherent ownership rights over resources within its territory. The organization views its movement as a necessary response to years of perceived economic exploitation and administrative neglect perpetrated by both the [[Government of Azad Kashmir|AJK administration]] and the [[Federal Government of Pakistan]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

==Formation and early activities (2022–2023)==
Local protests over rising commodity and electricity prices began in parts of AJK in 2022 and early 2023, often led by traders’ associations and transport unions. These protests included non-payment or symbolic burning of electricity bills, localized shutter-down strikes, and sit-ins; they spread from towns such as [[Rawalakot]] to other districts as civic groups and student bodies joined the cause. Over 2023, several local committees and traders’ bodies coordinated action and — by mid-September 2023 — the movement consolidated into a broader, region-wide joint action committee that coordinated strike calls and long-march plans. Journalistic coverage and local commentaries describe the JAAC as a coalition of trade bodies, transporters, lawyers, and student groups that became the main civil-society platform for this agitation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rehman |first=Shams |date=2025-07-29 |title='Azad Kashmir's Awakening'? Assessing Two Years of the Joint Awami Action Committee |url=https://kashmirtimes.com/opinion/comment-articles/azad-kashmirs-awakening-assessing-two-years-of-the-joint-awami-action-committee |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Kashmir Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=How the March Changed Us {{!}} International Democracy Community |url=https://www.democracy.community/stories/how-march-changed-us?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=www.democracy.community}}</ref>

Although the [[Government of Azad Kashmir|AJK government]] attempted limited reconciliation—such as withdrawing a proposed increase in electricity bills and maintaining tariffs at the July 2023 level, a decision that reportedly burdened the local exchequer by Rs10–12 billion—these measures proved insufficient to quell the widespread discontent. The public remained critical, especially in light of the more favourable subsidies provided to [[Gilgit-Baltistan]].<ref name=":1" />

The burgeoning movement gained decisive momentum in May 2023, following the launch of a sustained sit-in outside a flour depot in Supply Bazaar, [[Rawalakot]], primarily targeting the soaring price of wheat. This localized protest served as the organizational nucleus, demonstrating the potential for civil society to organize around immediate economic pain.<ref name=":0" />

Post-formation, the JAAC quickly mobilized on a massive scale. By October 10, 2023, the committee had successfully organized large rallies across AJK that included women and children. This resilience was tested but maintained even during the severe winter months. In November 2023, the JAAC staged a similar protest that ultimately ended after the AJK government provided assurances to address their concerns. However, the failure of the government to implement these promises became the direct and central trigger for the large-scale confrontations that followed in 2024.<ref name=":1" />

==2024 Azad Kashmir protests==
{{main|2024 Azad Kashmir protests}}
In May 2024, a six-day wave of protests, sit-ins, and strikes swept AJK. What began as demands for subsidised flour and lower electricity tariffs escalated into mass demonstrations across major towns; JAAC emerged as a principal organiser and interlocutor. Recognizing the momentum, the Muzaffarabad Public Action Committees called for a "long march" toward the capital on May 11, 2024. The authorities attempted to manage the situation by declaring a two-day holiday and officially requesting [[Paramilitary forces of Pakistan|paramilitary troops]] from Pakistan. However, the government's attempt to preempt the large planned demonstration on May 12 by arresting JAAC leaders severely inflamed the public response, resulting in deadly clashes. The confrontations between protestors and law enforcement resulted in casualties, including at least three protestors and one police officer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naqash |first=Tariq |date=4 December 2024 |title=AJK SC suspends controversial protest ordinance |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1876518 |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|dawn]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-14 |title=Protesters in Pakistan-held Kashmir end rallies that killed 4 after authorities revoke price hikes |url=https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-kashmir-protest-ends-price-hike-7ebbe743ca25de69c6fd48975f16e196 |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

On May 13, 2024, Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Shehbaz Sharif]] announced a substantial federal grant totalling Rs 23 billion (approximately $82 million) for Azad Kashmir. Following this announcement, AJK Premier [[Chaudhry Anwar-ul-Haq]] announced immediate subsidies and reduced utility rates. Following those concessions, the JAAC announced the suspension of major actions on 14 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=9 December 2024 |title=Joint Awami Action Committee's struggle in AJK |url=https://kashmiriat.com/joint-awami-action-committees-struggle-in-ajk/ |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Kashmiriat |language=en}}</ref>

The concessions marked a significant victory for the JAAC. The subsidised rates implemented included:
*Wheat Flour: The price was reduced substantially from Rs 3,100 to Rs 2,000 per 40 kilograms.
*Electricity Tariffs: Prices were drastically cut for consumers, fixed at Rs3 per [[kilowatt-hour]] (kWh) for the first 100 units, Rs5 per kWh for 100–300 units, and Rs6 per kWh for consumption above 300 units.

Additionally, a judicial commission was established to review the excessive privileges enjoyed by top government officials in AJK. Later in 2024, the AJK executive promulgated the Peaceful Assembly and Public Order Ordinance, 2024, which critics said sought to restrict unregistered organisations’ ability to assemble; the measure sparked further protests and legal challenges and was subject to judicial scrutiny. [[Human rights in Pakistan|Human rights]] and local groups reported arrests, criminal cases against participants, and continuing tensions between civil actors and the government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Abid |title=Pakistan-administered Kashmir repeals protest restrictions after strike |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/9/pakistan-administered-kashmir-repeals-protest-restrictions-after-strike |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

==2025 Azad Kashmir protests==
{{main|2025 Azad Kashmir protests}}
JAAC/JKJAAC re-emerged as a mass organiser in 2025 with fresh demands and a wider charter (news outlets report multi-point charters running into dozens of items). In late September 2025, the coalition announced a region-wide [[lockdown]]/[[Hartal|shutter-down]] and wheel-jam strike (a date publicised for 29 September), and leaders mobilised large rallies in [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Rawalakot]], [[Kotli]], [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]], [[Bhimber]] and various other cities and towns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naqash |first=Tariq |date=28 September 2025 |title=Govt gears up as AJK braces for tomorrow's lockdown |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1945117 |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|dawn]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naqash |first=Tariq |date=2025-09-25 |title=Azad Kashmir govt, civil society alliance hold talks as Sept 29 lockdown looms |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1944367 |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|dawn]] |language=en}}</ref>

In anticipation of the severe economic and political disruption, the Federal Government of Pakistan intervened. Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif engaged in consultations and publicly urged the JAAC to withdraw the call, promising to contact and invite representatives for dialogue. High-level marathon talks were subsequently held, involving JAAC negotiators, the AJK government, and two federal ministers, [[Amir Muqam]] and [[Tariq Fazal Chaudhry]]. The negotiations reportedly spanned almost 13 hours. However, the dialogue ultimately collapsed, ending inconclusively due to an unbridgeable deadlock over two key structural demands.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Pakistan PM urges Azad Kashmir protesters to withdraw 'lockdown' call — party official |url=https://arab.news/wdrnz |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=29 September 2025 |title=Shutterdown, wheel jam strike in Azad Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://english.aaj.tv/news/330436964 |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=Aaj English TV |language=en}}</ref>

The two demands that proved non-negotiable and led to the collapse of the talks were:
*Abolition of Elite Privileges: The insistence on eliminating the expensive perks, luxuries, and privileges enjoyed by AJK ministers, lawmakers, and bureaucrats.
*Removal of Refugee Seats: The termination of the 12 reserved seats in the AJK Assembly for Kashmiri migrants settled in Pakistan.

JAAC negotiators, led by figures like Shaukat Nawaz Mir, walked out, branding the talks as "incomplete and inconclusive" and affirming their commitment to observing the indefinite lockdown with "full force". This failure to reach an agreement confirms that while the Federation is willing to financially sustain AJK through massive subsidies, it draws a firm political line at reforms that challenge its structural influence or threaten the entrenched political patronage network.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin 365 |date=2025-09-29 |title=PM Shehbaz asks AJK Protesters to end Protest |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/1375988/pm-shehbaz-asks-ajk-protesters-to-end-protest/ |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

===State-wide strike===
In preparation for the announced lockdown on September 29, 2025, security was severely heightened, and entry and exit points across the region were sealed. Crucially, mobile and internet services were suspended across major parts of Azad Kashmir, a measure ordered by Pakistan's [[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Ministry of Interior]]. The mandated communication blackout reflects the state's recognition of the JAAC's advanced organizational capacity, confirming that the movement is viewed as a significant security threat warranting severe state intervention to impede coordination. Despite these suppressive measures, the indefinite lockdown commenced as planned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan PM urges Azad Kashmir protesters to withdraw 'lockdown' call — party official |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2617085/amp |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref>

The strike turned violent when clashes broke out at Neelum Bridge between JKJAAC activists and members of the [[All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference|Muslim Conference]], during which gunfire by Raja Saqib Majeed and his brother left several injured and one protester, Sudheer, dead. The incident sparked larger demonstrations in Muzaffarabad and other districts, with JKJAAC leaders condemning the violence and vowing to continue protests until their demands were addressed. Authorities denied allegations of excessive force and pledged legal action against rioters, while federal officials including Amir Muqam and Tariq Fazal called for renewed dialogue.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Hanif |first=Usman |date=30 September 2025 |title=AJK strike over constitutional demands kills one, internet remains suspended |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2569750/strike-brings-ajk-to-standstill-turns-violent |access-date=30 September 2025 |website=[[The Express Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref>

Following the violence, JKJAAC leader Shaukat Nawaz Mir addressed nearly 5,000 people at Lal Chowk, Muzaffarabad, where he clarified that the movement held no hostility toward the [[Pakistan Army]] and would not act against it. He announced that a rally would be carried out along Neelum Road in Chehlabandi with the body of Sudheer, the protester killed in the clashes. Mir also rejected Pakistani media reports claiming that no one had joined the demonstrations, calling them fabricated attempts to portray the situation as normal. At the same time, solidarity protests were staged by the [[Kashmiri diaspora]] in [[London]] and [[Bradford]], where Raja Amjad Ali Khan delivered a speech outside the [[High Commission of Pakistan, London|Pakistani consulate]]. Meanwhile, law enforcement agencies in AJK warned protesters that if public property was damaged or normal life disrupted, stronger action would be taken.<ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2023]]
[[Category:Political advocacy groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Progressivism in Pakistan]]

Bhattu Kalan Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:27Z

DebbieLemke: Adding First Post First Draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}

'''Bhattu Kalan Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]].
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhattu Kalan Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
|state = [[Haryana]]
|established = 1977
|abolished = 2005
|electors = 1,24,766
|mla = Kulvir Singh
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || [[Devi Lal]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Haryana Legislative Assembly by-election|1980 Bye election]] || Ran Singh Beniwal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || rowspan=3 | [[Sampat Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Mani Ram Godara || {{Full party name with color|Haryana Vikas Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || [[Sampat Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || [[Kulvir Singh Beniwal]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhattu Kalan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kulvir Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=50,102 |percentage=47.98% |change={{increase}}10.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sampat Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=40,522 |percentage=38.80% |change={{decrease}}16.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajender Singh Beniwal |party=Independent politician |votes=6,147 |percentage=5.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Nand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,394 |percentage=3.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surender Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,069 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,007 |percentage=0.96% |change={{decrease}}1.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=519 |percentage=0.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,580 |percentage=9.17% |change= {{decrease}}8.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,04,429 |percentage=83.70% |change= {{increase}}2.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,24,766 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}7.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhattu Kalan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|title= STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2000 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF HARYANA|publisher=eci.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127204615/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sampat Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=48,823 |percentage=55.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Nehra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,218 |percentage=37.60% |change={{increase}}27.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inder Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,119 |percentage=2.40% |change={{increase}}1.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamlesh Kumari |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=963 |percentage=1.09% |change={{decrease}}47.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Chand Jakhar |party=Independent politician |votes=928 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bani Singh Beniwal |party=Independent politician |votes=718 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mani Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=477 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harpal |party=Independent politician |votes=466 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,605 |percentage=17.66% |change= {{increase}}8.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=88,340 |percentage=81.38% |change= {{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,08,567 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.79 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= {{increase}}7.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhattu Kalan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mani Ram Godara |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=41,433 |percentage=48.25% |change={{increase}}15.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sampat Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=33,355 |percentage=38.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ran Singh Beniwal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,659 |percentage=10.08% |change={{decrease}}13.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surjit Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=701 |percentage=0.82% |change={{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,078 |percentage=9.41% |change= {{increase}}5.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=85,868 |percentage=84.20% |change= {{increase}}9.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,05,621 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}11.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhattu Kalan<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf |title= Statistical Report of General Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040556/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sampat Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=25,004 |percentage=36.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mani Ram Godara |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=22,330 |percentage=32.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ran Singh Beniwal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,488 |percentage=24.06% |change={{decrease}}11.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheo Karana |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,055 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chander |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=823 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rameshwar |party=Independent politician |votes=611 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lila Dhar |party=Independent politician |votes=516 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,674 |percentage=3.90% |change= {{decrease}}21.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,528 |percentage=74.31% |change= {{decrease}}6.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,681 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.07 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}24.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhattu Kalan<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf |title=Statistical Report of General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sampat Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=42,251 |percentage=60.57% |change={{increase}}59.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mani Ram Godara |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,534 |percentage=35.17% |change={{decrease}}5.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Makhan Lal Punia |party=Independent politician |votes=1,562 |percentage=2.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rameshar Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=1,101 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,717 |percentage=25.40% |change= {{increase}}12.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,759 |percentage=79.44% |change= {{increase}}7.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,363 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}6.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhattu Kalan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sampat Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=28,780 |percentage=53.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ran Singh Beniwal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,717 |percentage=40.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Bux Jangra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,072 |percentage=2.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=797 |percentage=1.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Sarup |party=Lokdal |votes=442 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nihal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=432 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,063 |percentage=13.21% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,448 |percentage=72.17% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,330 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Haryana Legislative Assembly Bye Election]]: Bhattu Kalan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls |title=Details of Assembly By- Elections since 1952 |format=xlsx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117074622/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls |archive-date=17 January 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|website=eci.nic.in}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ran Singh Beniwal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,107 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Singh |party=JNP(SC) |votes=18,344 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=2,528 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. C. Dhillon |party=Independent politician |votes=602 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. C. Manjhu |party=Independent politician |votes=369 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Richhpal |party=Independent politician |votes=262 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,763 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner= |loser=Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhattu Kalan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Devi Lal |party=Janata Party |votes=27,491 |percentage=65.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prithvi Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=13,731 |percentage=32.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Chander |party=Independent politician |votes=563 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,760 |percentage=32.79% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,959 |percentage=68.90% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,623 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Haryana}}

{{coord|29|23|14|N|75|20|32|E|display=inline,title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2005]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:2005 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Jhajjar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:51:43Z

DebbieLemke: Starting new entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Jhajjar Assembly constituency
|state = [[Haryana]]
| district = [[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar]]
| reservation = SC
|type= SLA
| map_image = Jhajjar Assembly constituency map.svg
|region =
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Rohtak Lok Sabha constituency|Rohtak]]
|constituency_no = 66
|established = 1952
| electors = 1,92,758
| abolished = 
| mla = [[Geeta Bhukkal]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
|alliance = 
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
}}
'''Jhajjar''' is one of the 90 assembly constituencies of [[Haryana]] a northern state of [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It is also part of [[Rohtak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rohtak Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/jhajjar.html Elections in]</ref> It was once a reserved seat for the [[General]], but now for SC.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1952|| [[Chand Ram (politician)|Chand Ram]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1957||Sher Singh Kadyan
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Manphul Singh Chahar || {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || Mahant Ganga Sagar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Manphul Singh Chahar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (O)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Mange Ram || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Banarasi Dass || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || [[Medhavi Kirti]]|| {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || [[Dariyav Khatik]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Ram Parkash Dahiya || {{Full party name with color|Haryana Vikas Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || [[Dariyav Khatik]] || {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || Hari Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=4 | [[Geeta Bhukkal]]
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jhajjar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm |title=State wise result |work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Geeta Bhukkal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=66,345 |percentage=53.66% |change={{increase}}11.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kaptan Birdhana]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=52,790 |percentage=42.70% |change={{increase}}14.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naseeb Sonu |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=1,836 |percentage=1.48% |change={{decrease}}20.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharambir Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=816 |percentage=0.66% |change={{decrease}}1.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahinder Dahiya |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=738 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=449 |percentage=0.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,555 |percentage=10.96% |change= {{decrease}}2.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,23,641 |percentage=65.07% |change= {{increase}}1.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,92,758 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jhajjar<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Geeta Bhukkal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,480 |percentage=41.80% |change={{decrease}}6.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=31,481 |percentage=28.31% |change={{increase}}9.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naseeb Kumar |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=24,445 |percentage=21.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Tanwar |party=Loktanter Suraksha Party |votes=4,116 |percentage=3.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramdhan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,653 |percentage=2.39% |change={{increase}}1.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jogender Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=945 |percentage=0.85% |change={{decrease}}22.58 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,999 |percentage=13.49% |change= {{decrease}}11.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,11,208 |percentage=63.99% |change= {{decrease}}3.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,73,787 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jhajjar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Geeta Bhukkal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=51,697 |percentage=48.24% |change={{decrease}}11.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhu Ram |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=25,113 |percentage=23.43% |change={{decrease}}2.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dariyav Khatik]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,178 |percentage=18.83% |change={{increase}}15.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kaptan Birdhana]] |party=Independent politician |votes=5,048 |percentage=4.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopiram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,452 |percentage=1.35% |change={{decrease}}0.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar Punia |party=Independent politician |votes=663 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Kumar |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=645 |percentage=0.60% |change={{decrease}}4.54 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,584 |percentage=24.80% |change= {{decrease}}9.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,07,174 |percentage=67.75% |change= {{increase}}8.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,58,202 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}11.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jhajjar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Geeta Bhukkal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,806 |percentage=60.22% |change={{increase}}9.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanta Devi |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=21,023 |percentage=25.94% |change={{decrease}}8.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sachin Balmiki |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=4,165 |percentage=5.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Azad Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,539 |percentage=3.13% |change={{decrease}}7.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishore Kumar Rajora |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,660 |percentage=2.05% |change={{increase}}1.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surender Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,615 |percentage=1.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajal |party=Independent politician |votes=446 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,783 |percentage=34.28% |change= {{increase}}17.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,046 |percentage=59.44% |change= {{decrease}}6.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,36,357 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.80 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}9.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jhajjar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,739 |percentage=50.82% |change={{increase}}29.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanta Devi |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=29,545 |percentage=34.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,919 |percentage=10.36% |change={{decrease}}5.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kishan |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,710 |percentage=1.99% |change={{increase}}1.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karambir |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=898 |percentage=1.04% |change={{decrease}}0.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunita |party=Independent politician |votes=645 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,194 |percentage=16.49% |change= {{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=86,070 |percentage=66.15% |change= {{increase}}9.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,30,117 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.46 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}12.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jhajjar<ref name=election2000>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3824-haryana-2000/ |title=Haryana 2000 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=5 May 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dariyav Khatik]] |party=Independent politician |votes=25,052 |percentage=38.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phul Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,142 |percentage=21.73% |change={{increase}}3.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Chand |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=11,697 |percentage=17.98% |change={{decrease}}14.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chand Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,088 |percentage=15.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,107 |percentage=3.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sant Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=957 |percentage=1.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Umrao Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=426 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tulsi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=400 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,910 |percentage=16.77% |change= {{increase}}7.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,069 |percentage=56.24% |change= {{decrease}}2.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,15,705 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= {{increase}}5.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jhajjar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Parkash Dahiya |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=22,266 |percentage=32.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kirpa Ram |party=Janhit Morcha |votes=15,657 |percentage=23.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dariyav Khatik]] |party=Samata Party |votes=15,327 |percentage=22.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,356 |percentage=18.18% |change={{decrease}}16.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar S/O Chander Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=519 |percentage=0.76% |change={{decrease}}37.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pyare Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=512 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kailash Chander |party=Republican Party of India |votes=414 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,609 |percentage=9.72% |change= {{increase}}6.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,983 |percentage=61.96% |change= {{increase}}5.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,15,534 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jhajjar<ref name=election1991>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3822-haryana-1991/ |title=Haryana 1991 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=19 January 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dariyav Khatik]] |party=Janata Party |votes=22,305 |percentage=37.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Banarasi Dass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,335 |percentage=34.47% |change={{increase}}10.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Piare Lal |party=Janata Dal |votes=11,734 |percentage=19.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kailash Chander |party=Independent politician |votes=1,858 |percentage=3.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash S/O Badlu Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,136 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parbhu Dayal |party=Independent politician |votes=596 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,970 |percentage=3.34% |change= {{decrease}}21.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=58,987 |percentage=55.89% |change= {{decrease}}2.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,564 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}10.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jhajjar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Medhavi |party=Independent politician |votes=26,518 |percentage=48.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mage Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,150 |percentage=24.07% |change={{decrease}}10.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mir Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=5,347 |percentage=9.79% |change={{decrease}}43.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Banarasi Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=4,994 |percentage=9.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pyare Lal |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=2,644 |percentage=4.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chhotu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=692 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dariyav Khatik]] |party=Independent politician |votes=339 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=325 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Sarup |party=Independent politician |votes=277 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,368 |percentage=24.46% |change= {{increase}}5.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,643 |percentage=58.67% |change= {{increase}}0.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,753 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}5.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jhajjar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Banarasi Dass |party=Lokdal |votes=24,163 |percentage=53.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mange Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,622 |percentage=34.66% |change={{increase}}25.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Niwas |party=Independent politician |votes=1,961 |percentage=4.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Parshad Balmiki |party=Janata Party |votes=1,208 |percentage=2.68% |change={{decrease}}46.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paire Lal Kataria |party=Independent politician |votes=929 |percentage=2.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahabir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=510 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phool Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=341 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,541 |percentage=18.95% |change= {{decrease}}8.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,070 |percentage=55.85% |change= {{increase}}2.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,960 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jhajjar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mange Ram |party=Janata Party |votes=18,001 |percentage=49.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Banarasi Dass |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=8,057 |percentage=21.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,524 |percentage=15.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phul Singh Katria |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,214 |percentage=8.76% |change={{decrease}}40.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Attar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,902 |percentage=5.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,944 |percentage=27.10% |change= {{increase}}26.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,698 |percentage=53.36% |change= {{decrease}}13.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,442 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.40 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |swing= {{decrease}}1.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jhajjar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Manphul Singh |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=24,060 |percentage=50.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sure Der Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,795 |percentage=49.72% |change={{increase}}14.26 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=265 |percentage=0.55% |change= {{decrease}}4.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,855 |percentage=67.70% |change= {{increase}}9.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,635}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jhajjar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganga Sagar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,253 |percentage=35.46% |change={{increase}}12.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manphul Singh |party=Swatantra Party |votes=11,414 |percentage=30.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=10,166 |percentage=27.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Uday Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=2,201 |percentage=5.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Piru |party=Independent politician |votes=341 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,839 |percentage=4.92% |change= {{decrease}}2.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,375 |percentage=57.11% |change= {{decrease}}19.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,671 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}3.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jhajjar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=15,024 |percentage=31.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=11,279 |percentage=23.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,902 |percentage=22.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=9,367 |percentage=19.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rameshwar |party=Independent politician |votes=312 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Parshad |party=Independent politician |votes=290 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jhabar |party=Independent politician |votes=280 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,745 |percentage=7.89% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,454 |percentage=78.74% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,906 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Jhajjar]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}
{{coord|28.61|76.66|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Jhajjar]]
[[Category:Jhajjar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]

Urmila Phadnis

2026-04-09T22:46:35Z

DebbieLemke: creating a details...

{{Short description|Indian political scientist}}

'''Urmila Phadnis''' (1931 – 1991) was an Indian political scientist and sociologist, who specialised in the [[ethnology]] of [[South Asia]]. She served as professor of [[international affairs]] at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]. She authored the books ''Ethnicity and Nation-building in South Asia'' (2001), ''Towards the Integration of Indian States, 1919-1947'' (1968), and ''Maldives, Winds of Change in an Atoll State'' (1985) among others on the [[geopolitics]] of South Asia. She was the mother of political writer [[Aditi Phadnis]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mani |first1=S. D. |title=Understanding South Asia : essays in the memory of late Professor (Mrs.) Urmila Phadnis |date=1994 |publisher=South Asian Publishers |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788170031734}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shekhar |title=Uncovering The War |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/uncovering-the-war/1168571/00 |access-date=6 April 2022 |work=Indian Express |date=October 30, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Foreign Affairs Reports |date=1966 |publisher=Indian Council of World Affairs |page=161 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Taras |first1=Raymond |last2=Ganguly |first2=Rajat |title=Understanding Ethnic Conflict |date=7 August 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34283-0 |page=206 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Rajendra Narayan |last2=Bakshi |first2=Santosh |title=Political Science in India |date=1978 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |page=188 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phadnis, Urmila}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian political scientists]]
[[Category:Indian women sociologists]]
[[Category:20th-century political scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian social scientists]]
[[Category:Indian sociologists]]

{{India-scientist-stub}}

The Postcard Hotel

2026-04-07T02:49:43Z

DebbieLemke: creating new details...

{{Short description|Indian luxury hotel chain}}

{{Infobox company
| name = The Postcard Hotel
| logo =
| type =
| image = File:Postcard Mandalay Hall.jpg
| image_caption = Entrance of The Postcard Mandalay Hall
| traded_as =
| foundation = 2018
| founder = Kapil Chopra
| hq_location_city =
| num_locations =
| key_people =
| area_served = India Sri Lanka Bhutan
| industry = [[Hospitality]]
| owner =
| parent =
| products =
| revenue =
| homepage = {{URL|www.postcardresorts.com}}
}}
'''Postcard Hotel and Resorts''', also known as The Postcard Hotel, is an [[India]]n chain of [[luxury hotel]]s and resorts. It was launched by Kapil Chopra in 2018 with three hotels in [[Goa]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deshpande |first1=Salil |title=India has a new luxury hotel brand, and it opened 3 properties in Goa in a day! |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/india-new-luxury-hotel-brand-opened-3-properties-goa-day/ |website=Condé Nast Traveller India |language=en-IN |date=19 December 2018}}</ref> Its hotels are known for their unconventional approach with relaxed check-in and check-out timings and lack of [[buffet]] spreads.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Kapil Chopra Is Rewriting The Rules Of Luxury Hospitality |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/real-estate-special/how-kapil-chopra-is-rewriting-the-rules-of-luxury-hospitality/54099/1 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, it opened a hotel each in [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Postcard Hotel: India's newest boutique chain opens in Sri Lanka & Bhutan |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/travel/asia/postcard-hotel-goes-international-bhutan-sri-lanka/ |website=Lifestyle Asia India |language=en-IN |date=17 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Deshpande |first1=Salil |title=The Postcard Dewa, Thimphu has slow travel stamped all over it |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/bhutan-new-hotel-postcard-thimpu/ |website=Condé Nast Traveller India |language=en-IN |date=8 November 2022}}</ref>

The chain was seed-funded by UAE-based investment group Small Ventures.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hospitality veteran Kapil Chopra launches The Postcard Hotel|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/hospitality-industry-veteran-kapil-chopra-launches-the-postcard-hotel-3304751.html}}</ref> It employs less than 300 employees across its nine properties.<ref>{{cite web |title=Exclusive Interview with Kapil Chopra, founder of The Postcard Hotel - Hotelier India |url=https://www.hotelierindia.com/business/7715-exclusive-interview-with-kapil-chopra-founder-of-the-postcard-hotel |date=7 May 2019}}</ref> In 2022, a few of its hotels were felicitated at the World Travel Awards.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Postcard Hotel has been recognized as Asia's leading boutique hotel brand - Hotelier India |url=https://www.hotelierindia.com/events/the-postcard-hotel-is-recognized-as-asias-leading-boutique-hotel-brand |date=8 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Asia Winners 2022 |url=https://www.worldtravelawards.com/winners/2022/asia}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Aman Resorts]]
* [[The Oberoi Group]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Postcard Hotel}}
[[Category:Luxury hotels]]
[[Category:Hotel chains in India]]
[[Category:Hotels established in 2018]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]

{{Asia-hotel-stub}}

Pratap Singh Judeo

2026-04-05T22:59:45Z

DebbieLemke: starting basic bio from scratch - done

{{short description|Maharaja of Orchha from 1874 to 1930}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Pratap Singh
| image = Maharaja Pratap Singh of Orchha.jpg
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Orchha State|Orchha]]
| reign = 15 March 1870 – 3 March 1930
| predecessor = Hamir Singh
| successor = [[Vir Singh Ju Deo]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1854|07|03|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1930|03|03|1854|07|03|df=yes}}
| issue = {{plainlist|
* [[Bhagwant Singh Ju Deo|Bhagwant Singh]]
* Sawant Singh
}}
| full name = Pratap Singh Ju Deo
| house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Orchha_State.svg}} [[Orchha State|Orchha]]
| father = Sujan Singh II
| dynasty = [[Bundela]]
}}
'''Pratap Singh Ju Deo''' was the [[Maharaja]] of [[Orchha State|Orchha]] (in [[Bundelkhand]]) from 1874 until his death in 1930.

==Early life and family==
He was born on 3 July 1854 to Sujan Singh II.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=ORCHHA |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/o/orchha.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708052038/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/o/orchha.html |archive-date=2017-07-08 |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83756/ |title=Who's Who In India Vol 1 |date=1911 |pages=40–42}}</ref> He married and had three children: two sons and a daughter.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34582/ |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1930 |date=1933 |pages=43–45,48–49}}</ref> His eldest son, [[Bhagwant Singh Ju Deo|Bhagwant Singh]], predeceased him in 1920.<ref name=":6" /> His younger son, Sawant Singh, was adopted by Bhan Pratap Singh, the [[Maharaja]] of [[Bijawar State|Bijawar]], and succeeded his adoptive father in June 1900.<ref name=":6" /> His daughter married Vishwanath Singh, the [[Maharaja]] of [[Chhatarpur State|Chhatrapur]], in 1884 and died in 1921.<ref name=":6" />

== Reign ==
After the death of his brother, Hamir Singh, in March 1874, he became the [[Maharaja]] of [[Orchha State|Orchha]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTK25ExhPzUC |title=A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds relating to India and neighbouring countries, compiled by C.U. Aitchison, revised and continued by A.C. Talbot. [With] An index, compiled by M. Belletty. revised |date=1892 |pages=9–10 |language=en}}</ref> On this occasion, the [[British government of India|British government]] sent Major A. Mayne to temporarily oversee the administration of the state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=India |first=Central |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_8bAQAAIAAJ |title=The Central India State Gazetteer Series |date=1907 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |pages=36–64 |language=en}}</ref> On 4 June 1874, Pratap took over the administration, and the British officer was withdrawn in May 1876.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> He took a great interest in girls' education and established a girls' school in 1875, the first of its kind in [[Bundelkhand]].<ref name=":0" /> He established a series of schools throughout his dominions, where education was provided free of cost.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Books were also distributed at no charge, and the state covered students' expenses when they appeared for university examinations.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> In 1876, he established regular courts of justice and organized the police force.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> He abolished all transit duties in [[Orchha State|Orchha]] in 1880.<ref name=":2" /> In 1895, he established a postal system in [[Orchha State|Orchha]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/aclarch0000269a296/ |title=ACL-ARCH 00269 Indian Princes And The Crown |pages=333–336}}</ref> During the [[Indian famine of 1896–1897]], he worked tirelessly to provide famine relief.<ref name=":3" /> The famine relief efforts cost a total of 1,300,000 rupees.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> The women who observed [[purdah]] were given suitable work.<ref name=":3" /> Those who could not work received grains daily from the state granaries.<ref name=":3" /> He combated the famine of 1905 with the same zeal.<ref name=":3" /> He attended the [[Delhi Durbar|Delhi durbars]] of 1877, 1903, and 1911.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=The Imperial Publishing Co. |first=Lahore |url=https://archive.org/details/TwiK_his-imperial-majesty-king-george-5-and-the-princes-of-india-and-the-indian-empir/ |title=His Imperial Majesty King George 5 And The Princes Of India And The Indian Empire ( Historical Biographical) Compiled By K. R. Khosla, 1937, Lahore The Imperial Publishing Co., Lahore |pages=39}}</ref> At the [[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 1911|Durbar]] of 1911, his grandsons, [[Vir Singh Ju Deo|Vir Singh]] and Karan Singh, were selected to serve as pages to [[George V]] and [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Charles Hardinge]], the [[Governor-General of India]], respectively.<ref name=":1" /> During his state entry into [[Delhi]] for the [[Delhi Durbar|Delhi durbar]] of 1911, he was accompanied by his eldest son, Pritchard, the Political Agent in [[Bundelkhand]], and the Madur-ul-Maham.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VxQiAQAAMAAJ |title=The Historical Record of the Imperial Visit to India, 1911 |date=1914 |publisher=government of India |pages=80–81 |language=en}}</ref> His procession included a cavalry escort, richly caparisoned state horses, spearmen, mace-bearers, ''chhata'' ({{Translation|umbrella}}), ''suraj-mukhi'' ({{Translation|sun-face}}), ''pankha'' ({{Translation|fan}}) and bearers carrying [[Ganges]] water.<ref name=":7" /> There was also a silver and gold palanquin, ''chanwars'' ({{Translation|yak tail whiskers}}), ''morchals'' ({{Translation|peacock feather whiskers}}), ''aftaba'', ''pandan'' ({{Translation|betel nut box}}), ''itardan'' ({{Translation|bottle used to hold attar}}), and other [[paraphernalia]].<ref name=":7" /> His mounted personal attendants wore elaborate gold embroidery, and he was followed by the [[Raja]] of [[Dhar State|Dhar]].<ref name=":7" /> In 1924, he celebrated the [[golden jubilee]] of his reign by opening schools, remitting taxes, introducing the Gajshahi rupee, and constructing a Jubilee Hall in the palace.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryILAQAAIAAJ |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Tikamgarh |last2=Krishnan |first2=V. S. |date=1995 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref> He settled 217 villages, excavated 73 tanks, and dug 7,086 wells.<ref name=":8" /> This significantly improved people's lives and increased agricultural productivity.<ref name=":8" /> He constructed several buildings and architectural structures.<ref name=":8" />

== Death ==
He died on 3 March 1930 and was succeeded by his grandson, [[Vir Singh Ju Deo|Vir Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8479/ |title=A Collection of Treaties Engagements and Sanads: Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries (Vol-V) |date=1930 |publisher=Government of India central publication branch,Calcutta |pages=8–11}}</ref>

==Titles, styles, salute and honours==

=== Titles and styles ===
In 1882, the [[British government of India|Government of India]] conferred upon him the title of [[Sawai Bahadur]] and, in 1886, granted him the hereditary title of Saramad-i-Rajah-i-Bundelkhand.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zykYAAAAYAAJ |title=The Golden Book of India. A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire. With an Appendix for Ceylon |date=1900 |publisher=S. Low, Marston & Company |pages=225–226 |language=en}}</ref> He also held the titles Bharat Dharma Ratnakar and Yog Vidya Vinod.<ref name=":1" /> His titles were:

* [[His Highness]] Saramad-i-Rajah-i-Bundelkhand Mahendra [[Maharaja]] Sawai [[Sir]] Pratap Singh Ju Deo Bahadur, Bharat Dharma Ratnakar, Yog Vidya Vinod, [[Maharaja]] of [[Orchha State|Orchha]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PeeRRf0EhnIC |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles & Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=162–163 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Salute ===
As the ruler of [[Orchha State|Orchha]], he was entitled to a fifteen-gun salute.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> However, the [[British government of India|Government of India]] later increased it to seventeen as a personal distinction.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Purushotam Vishram Mawjee |url=https://archive.org/details/DurbarAlbum1/ |title=(1911) Imperial durbar album of the Indian princes, chiefs and zamindars, Vol. I. |date=1911 |pages=137}}</ref>

=== Honours ===
He was appointed [[GCIE]] in 1898 and [[GCSI]] in 1906.<ref name=":4" /> He was made [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath|KCB]] in 1901.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LEANustf00C |title=Debrett's Illustrated Peerage and Baronetage, Titles of Courtesy and the Knightage |date=1917 |publisher=Kelly's Directories |pages=941 |language=en}}</ref> The [[University of Oxford]] conferred upon him an [[Honorary degree|honorary]] [[Doctorate of Civil Law]] in 1911.<ref name=":5" />

==References==
<references />

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ju Deo, Pratap Singh}}
[[Category:1854 births]]
[[Category:1930 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Bundelkhand]]

{{India-royal-stub}}
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]

Randhir Jaiswal

2026-03-30T11:01:51Z

DebbieLemke:

{{Short description|Spokesperson of Ministry of External Affairs of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox office holder
| name = Randhir Jaiswal
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| image = Randhir Jaiswal Indian Foreign Service Diplomat (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| office = [[ Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs ]]
| term_start = 3 January 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[ Arindam Bagchi]]
| education = [[Masters of Arts|M.A.]] (History)
| alma_mater = [[ Delhi University ]]
| blank1 = Rank
| data1 = [[Additional Secretary]]
}}
'''Randhir Jaiswal''' is an [[Indian People|Indian]] [[diplomat]] of 1998 batch of [[Indian Foreign Service]] and is currently serving as the [[Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs]] of India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=3 January 2024 |title=Randhir Jaiswal takes over as MEA spokesperson from Arindam Bagchi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/randhir-jaiswal-takes-over-as-mea-spokesperson-from-arindam-bagchi/article67701427.ece |access-date=8 January 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103092111/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/randhir-jaiswal-takes-over-as-mea-spokesperson-from-arindam-bagchi/article67701427.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spokesperson's Office |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/personnel.htm |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316120651/https://www.mea.gov.in/personnel.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Diplomatic Career ==
Randhir Jaiswal is a 1998 batch Indian Foreign Service officer. He has served in various capacities in Indian missions abroad and at the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] in New Delhi.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

=== Early career ===
Hailing from [[Muzaffarpur]] in [[Bihar]], he studied at [[Bishop Westcott Boys' School|Bishop Westcott Boys' School, Ranchi]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Us |first1=GNFollow |title=Who is Randhir Jaiswal, External Affairs Ministry's new spokesperson? |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/who-is-randhir-jaiswal-external-affairs-ministry-s-new-spokesperson--s6oici |work=Asianet Newsable |language=en |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=16 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227092628/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/who-is-randhir-jaiswal-external-affairs-ministry-s-new-spokesperson--s6oici |url-status=live }}</ref> and holds a master's degree in history from [[Delhi University]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=Randhir Jaiswal, India's consul general in New York, tipped to be next MEA spokesperson |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/randhir-jaiswal-indias-consul-general-in-new-york-tipped-to-be-next-mea-spokesperson-101697564343940.html |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018201738/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/randhir-jaiswal-indias-consul-general-in-new-york-tipped-to-be-next-mea-spokesperson-101697564343940.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=बिहार: विदेश मंत्रालय के प्रवक्ता बने रणधीर जायसवाल, जानिए कई देशों के साथ भारत के संबंधों में इनकी भूमिका |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/randhir-jaiswal-ifs-mea-spokesperson-know-his-role-in-india-relations-with-many-countries-bihar-news-sxz |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104074859/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/randhir-jaiswal-ifs-mea-spokesperson-know-his-role-in-india-relations-with-many-countries-bihar-news-sxz |url-status=live }}</ref>
Jaiswal's early postings included assignments in Portugal, Cuba, South Africa, and at India's Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York.<ref name="MEA">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Consul General |url=https://www.indiainnewyork.gov.in/page/profile-of-consul-general/ |website=Consulate General of India, New York |access-date=6 July 2024 |archive-date=14 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814190210/https://www.indiainnewyork.gov.in/page/profile-of-consul-general |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="UN">{{Cite web |title=Randhir Jaiswal appointed as Consul General of India in New York |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/bio5312.doc.htm |publisher=United Nations |access-date=6 July 2024 |archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425145045/https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/bio5312.doc.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Consul General of India in New York ===
In July 2020, Jaiswal was appointed as the Consul General of India in New York. During his tenure, he was actively involved in the repatriation of Indian Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic and worked to strengthen the bonds between India and the US.<ref name="MEA"/><ref name="UN"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-27 |title=Outgoing Consul General in New York, Randhir Jaiswal, says attempted to 'tell what India means to the world today' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/outgoing-consul-general-in-new-york-randhir-jaiswal-says-attempted-to-tell-what-india-means-to-the-world-today/articleshow/105526393.cms |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Joint Secretary to the President of India ===
Prior to his posting in New York, Jaiswal served as the Joint Secretary cum Social Secretary to the President of India, [[Ram Nath Kovind]]. In this role, he led the foreign affairs office of the Rashtrapati Bhavan and advised the President on India's foreign policy.<ref name="MEA"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Randhir Jaiswal appointed as Consul General of India in New York |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/32823/Randhir_Jaiswal_appointed_as_Consul_General_of_India_in_New_York |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |access-date=6 July 2024}}</ref>

=== Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs ===
In January 2024, Jaiswal assumed the charge of the Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs. In this capacity, he holds routine weekly press conferences and moderates other press briefings and conferences concerning Indian foreign policy.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Randhir Jaiswal takes charge as Official Spokesperson of MEA |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/randhir-jaiswal-takes-charge-as-official-spokesperson-of-mea-101674050342.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 January 2024 |access-date=6 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Randhir Jaiswal appointed as MEA Spokesperson |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/35567/Randhir_Jaiswal_appointed_as_MEA_Spokesperson |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |access-date=6 July 2024 |archive-date=14 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814175001/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/35567/Randhir_Jaiswal_appointed_as_MEA_Spokesperson |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Other Assignments ===
Jaiswal has also served as Deputy Secretary looking after India's relations with the United States of America and as Joint Secretary managing India's relations with West European countries. He has been part of India's delegation at various climate change conferences and was the lead negotiator for the G77 countries at the RIO+20 Conference held in Brazil in 2012.<ref name="MEA"/>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons-inline}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Diplomats for India]]
[[Category:Consuls (representatives)]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Spokespersons for the Ministry of External Affairs of India]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaiswal, Randhir}}

Bou Buttu Bhuta

2026-03-29T02:06:42Z

DebbieLemke:

{{Short description|2025 Indian Odia language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bou Buttu Bhuta
| image = Bou Buttu Bhuta.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = Jagdish Mishra
| producer = Trupti Satapathy
| screenplay = Mohammad Imran
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1 = Dialogues by
| data1 = Pranab Prasanna Rath
}}
| story = Mohammad Imran
| starring = [[Babushaan Mohanty]] [[Archita Sahu]] [[Aparajita Mohanty]]
| music = '''Background score:''' Abhishek Panigrahi '''Songs:''' [[Gaurav Anand]]
| cinematography = Rudrakanta Singh
| editing = Rashmi Ranjan Dash
| studio = Babushaan Films
| distributor = Prakash Films
| released = {{Film date|2025|06|12|df=yes}}
| runtime = 176 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| budget = {{INR}}2.5 crore
| gross = {{INR}}21 crore
}}

'''''Bou Buttu Bhuta'''''{{efn|[[Help:IPA/Odia|/bou buʈu bʱut̪ɔ/]]; {{audio|ବୋଉ ବୁଟୁ ଭୂତ.ogg|Odia pronunciation}} {{translation|Mother, Buttu, and the Ghost}}}} is a 2025 Indian [[Odia-language|Odia]]-language [[horror film|horror]] [[thriller film|thriller]] [[comedy film|comedy]] directed by Jagdish Mishra and produced by Trupti Satapathy under Babushaan Films. The film stars [[Babushaan Mohanty]] and [[Archita Sahu]] in the lead roles, alongside [[Aparajita Mohanty]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Babushaan, Sabyasachi & Sailendra Gear Up to Rule Raja 2025 {{!}} Mycitylinks |url=https://www.mycitylinks.in/babushaan-sabyasachi-sailendra-gear-up-to-rule-raja-2025 |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=www.mycitylinks.in |language=en}}</ref> The music was composed by Gaurav Anand, with the background score by Abhishek Panigrahi.

The film follows Buttu, a fish farmer who leaves his village in search of work but becomes entangled in supernatural events, with his mother trying to protect him.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Bou Buttu Bhuta'- A Horror Thriller Starring Babushaan, Aparajita and Archita {{!}} Mycitylinks |url=https://www.mycitylinks.in/bou-buttu-bhuta-a-horror-thriller-starring-babushaan-aparajita-and-archita |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=www.mycitylinks.in |language=en}}</ref>

''Bou Buttu Bhuta'' was theatrically released on 12 June 2025, coinciding with [[Raja (festival)|Raja Parba]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahu |first=Diana |date=18 June 2025 |title=Amid cinema hall crisis, 'Raja' releases run to packed houses |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bhubaneswar/2025/Jun/18/amid-cinema-hall-crisis-raja-releases-run-to-packed-houses |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2025 |title=Bou Buttu Bhuta Week One Box Office: Babushaan Mohanty's Odia horror film collects Rs 6 crore in 7 days, emerges as blockbuster |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/bou-buttu-bhuta-week-one-box-office-babushaan-mohantys-odia-horror-film-collects-rs-6-crore-in-7-days-emerges-as-blockbuster-1391765 |access-date=19 June 2025 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=‘Bou Bhuttu Bhuta’: Karan Johar’s Dharma Productions moves to acquire Odia cinema’s highest grosser – Reports |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bou-bhuttu-bhuta-karan-johars-dharma-productions-moves-to-acquire-odia-cinemas-highest-grosser-reports/articleshow/124069521.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=24 September 2025 |date=23 September 2025 |language=en-in}}</ref> It is the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Odia|highest-grossing Odia film]].

== Plot ==
In a rural village, Buttu, a struggling fish farmer, lives with his mother, Ratnamala, a sorceress. Yearning for better prospects elsewhere, Buttu is unable to leave due to financial constraints. Rinki, the village doctor's daughter, is in love with him. One night, while returning home, Buttu is possessed by the ghost of Amari (played by a National School of Drama, Delhi alumnus), a villager murdered by the community. The possession triggers a chain of eerie and suspenseful events, as the ghost-inhabited Buttu interacts with Rinki and Ratnamala, creating moments of fear and mystery. The film concludes with an open-ended resolution, hinting at a possible sequel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Himanshu |date=17 June 2025 |title=Bou Buttu Bhuta Film Review: Aparajita, Babusan, Archita, and Jagannath deliver outstanding performances |url=https://kalingatv.com/entertainment/bou-buttu-bhuta-film-review-aparajita-babusan-archita-and-jagannath-deliver-outstanding-performances/ |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=KalingaTV |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Babushaan Mohanty]] as Buttu
* [[Archita Sahu]] as Rinki
* [[Aparajita Mohanty]] as Ratnamala
* Mangu Kumar Sahoo as Psycho Babuo
* Jagannath Seth as Amari
* Choudhury Jayaprakash Das as Rinki's Father/Homeopathic Doctor
* Papun Dehury as Romeo
* Krishna Kar as Bideshi
* Rabi Mishra as Constable Mamu
* Angulia Bunty as Sanei
* Udit Guru as Somu
* Aanisha Mahakur as Young Ratnamala
* Robin Das as Lingaraj (Lee)
* Mandakini Jena as Possessed Woman 1
* Cookies Swain as [[Item number]] in 'Dungu Thili' song

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bou Buttu Bhuta
| type = soundtrack
| cover =
| artist = [[Gaurav Anand]]
| released =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Odia
| label = Sidharth Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music was composed by [[Gaurav Anand]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:00
| title1 = Oda Lage
| length1 = 04:58
| extra1 = [[Babushaan Mohanty]], Subhashree Jena
| writer1 = Bapu Goswami
| title2 = Dungu Thili
| length2 = 04:29
| extra2 = Kuldeep Pattanaik, Antara Chakraborty, Bunty Anugulia
| writer2 = Dr. Nirmal Nayak
| title3 = Laal Tuk Tuk
| length3 = 05:46
| extra3 = [[Aparajita Mohanty]]
| writer3 = Dr. Nirmal Nayak
| title4 = Dian Jara
| length4 = 04:17
| extra4 = [[Gaurav Anand]], Abhishek Panigrahi
| writer4 = J.P Wordsmith
}}

== Release ==
This movie was released on 12 June 2025 during mid-night in 61 theaters across [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rout |first=Yajati |date=12 June 2025 |title=Babushaan's Bou Buttu Bhuta Released with First-Ever Midnight Screening |url=https://pragativadi.com/bou-buttu-bhuta-packs-theatres-with-midnight-thrills/ |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=Pragativadi I Latest Odisha News in English I Breaking News |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Box office==
''Bou Buttu Bhuta'' had an opening day collection of {{INR}}40 lakh. The film grossed {{INR}}6.15 crore in 7 days,<ref name="gross">{{Cite web |date=19 June 2025 |title=Bou Buttu Bhuta Week One Box Office: Babushaan Mohanty's Odia horror film collects Rs 6 crore in 7 days, emerges as BLOCKBUSTER |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/bou-buttu-bhuta-week-one-box-office-babushaan-mohantys-odia-horror-film-collects-rs-6-crore-in-7-days-emerges-as-blockbuster-1391765 |access-date=19 June 2025 |website=[[PINKVILLA]] |language=en}}</ref> {{INR}}20 crore in 50 days and became the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Odia|highest grossing Odia film]] of all time.<ref name="coll">{{Cite web |last=Jogani |first=Rishil |date=24 June 2025 |title=Bou Butta Bhuta Day 13 India Box Office: Babushaan Mohanty's historic Odia blockbuster flirts with Rs 20 crore net India mark after excellent 2nd Tuesday |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/bou-butta-bhuta-day-13-india-box-office-babushaan-mohantys-historic-odia-blockbuster-flirts-with-rs-10-crore-net-india-mark-after-excellent-2nd-tuesday-1392160 |access-date=25 June 2025 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt35419807}}
* [https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bhubaneswar/bou-buttu-bhuta/ET00429486 Bou Buttu Bhuta at BookMyShow]

{{ollywood|horiz}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2020s Odia-language films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]

Kurwar

2026-03-26T15:57:27Z

DebbieLemke: Starting post - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kurwar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Kudwar
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Kurwar block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Kurwar (#785) in Kurwar CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.347496|N|81.97874|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here |title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ayodhya division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011" />
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 6.718
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 10826
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kurwar''' is a town and [[community development block]] headquarters in [[Sultanpur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook – Sultanpur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=318–35 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0948_PART_A_DCHB_SULTANPUR.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref> It is located by the [[Gomti River]], 14 km northwest of Sultanpur on the road to [[Isauli]] and [[Haliapur]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" /> The southern part of the village is on fairly high ground, but the area north of the main road is low-lying and prone to flooding.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" /> Kurwar historically was the seat of the [[taluqdar]]i estate of the Raja of Kurwar, who was the head of the [[Bachgoti]] Rajput clan.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" />

As of 2011, Kurwar has a population of 10,826, in 1,785 households.<ref name="Census 2011" /> It has 4 primary schools and a community health centre.<ref name="Census 2011" /> Kurwar hosts a market twice per week, on Mondays and Fridays; it mostly deals in cloth, pottery and [[ox|bullocks]].<ref name="Census 1961" /> It also hosts a large [[Dussehra]] festival involving dramatic reenactments of scenes from the [[Ramayana]].<ref name="Census 1961" /> Vendors bring items such as [[earthenware]] pottery, [[hosiery]], hemp ropes, cloth, toys, and sweets to sell at the fair.<ref name="Census 1961" /> Kurwar is also the seat of a [[nyaya panchayat]] which also includes 13 other villages.<ref name="Census 1991" />

== History ==
Kurwar was historically the seat of the Raja of Kurwar, who was head of the [[Bachgoti]] Rajput clan and who lived in a palace here.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Sultanpur: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XLVI Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1903 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=94, 191, 195–6 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.113213 |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref> The palace was built by the Court of Wards, and Raja Partab Bahadur Singh also built a large ''zanana'' house which was completed in 1902.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" />

The Rajas of Kurwar claimed descent from one Prithipat Singh; the ninth raja, Niwaz Singh, had two sons named Lachhman Singh (who inherited Kurwar) and Man Singh (who received the taluqa of [[Bhiti]]; Lachhman Singh's grandsons all died without issue, and Sukhdev Singh, a descendant of Man Singh, seized Kurwar, and his descendants would subsequently reign as rajas.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" /> At the turn of the 20th century, the Kurwar estate consisted of 64 villages and 9 [[patti (land)|pattis]] in the parganas of Miranpur and Baraunsa, and the raja also held the [[Hathgaon]] estate of 37 villages and 15 pattis in [[Faizabad district]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" />

At the turn of the 20th century, Kurwar was described as a large village with "a very flourishing upper primary school, one of the best in the district," as well as a female dispensary maintained by the Raja of Kurwar.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" /> It was not, however a trade centre.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" /> The population as of 1901 was 3,004 people, including 2,297 Hindus and 707 Muslims.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" /> The main caste groups were [[Brahmin]]s, Thakurs, and [[Kayasth]]s.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" />

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Kurwar as comprising 36 hamlets, with a total population of 3,640 people (1,808 male and 1,832 female), in 852 households and 780 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (49 – Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=148–9, 199 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/843/1/52301_1951_SUL.pdf |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 1,722 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951" /> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of Miranpur and the [[thana]] of Kotwali.<ref name="Census 1951" /> The village had a district board-run primary school with 276 students in attendance as of 1 January 1951.<ref name="Census 1951" />

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Kurwar as comprising 37 hamlets, with a total population of 4,112 people (2,047 male and 2,065 female), in 795 households and 760 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (44 – Sultanpur District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=121–2, 144–5, 148, lxxiv-lxxv |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1035/1/22847_1961_SUL.pdf |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 1,722 acres and it had a medical practitioner, maternity and child welfare centre, and government-run [[dispensary]] with 2 male and 2 female beds.<ref name="Census 1961" /> Average attendance of the twice-weekly haat was about 1,500 people, while attendance of the Dussehra fair was about 2,000.<ref name="Census 1961" />

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Kurwar as having a population of 5,876 people, in 1,031 households, and having an area of 696.89 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=166–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1311/1/28684_1981_SUL.pdf |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981" />

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Kurwar (as "Kudwar") as having a total population of 7,428 people (3,826 male and 3,602 female), in 1,181 households and 1,156 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 230–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1413/1/37121_1991_SUL.pdf |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 996.89 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991" /> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 1,426, or 19% of the total; this group was 53% male (757) and 47% female (669).<ref name="Census 1991" /> Members of [[scheduled caste]]s numbered 758, or 10% of the village's total population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991" /> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 52% (2,152 men and 984 women, counting only people age 7 and up).<ref name="Census 1991" /> 1,970 people were classified as main workers (1,736 men and 234 women), while 10 people were classified as marginal workers (all women); the remaining 5,448 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991" /> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 635 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 530 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 0 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 188 household industry workers; 70 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 4 [[construction worker]]s; 245 employed in trade and commerce; 23 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 285 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991" />

== Villages ==
Kurwar CD block has the following 99 villages:<ref name="Census 2011" />

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Village name
! Total land area (hectares)
! Population (in 2011)
|-
| [[Basantpur Tivaripur]] || 135.5 || 1,489
|-
| [[Khajapur]] || 77.6 || 645
|-
| [[Marha, Sultanpur|Marha]] || 176.8 || 1,027
|-
| [[Madhopur Acharya]] || 77.8 || 1,426
|-
| [[Bahubara]] || 209.8 || 1,885
|-
| [[Agai, Sultanpur|Agai]] || 421.9 || 3,371
|-
| [[Mudva]] || 321.5 || 2,948
|-
| [[Avadha]] || 88 || 285
|-
| [[Sarav]] || 128.6 || 1,195
|-
| [[Soti, India|Soti]] || 49 || 34
|-
| [[Madhopur, Kurwar|Madhopur]] || 82.3 || 375
|-
| [[Nougbatir]] || 491.3 || 2,821
|-
| [[Uapadh Yaypur]] || 38.9 || 359
|-
| [[Pratappur, Kurwar (census code 169773)|Pratappur]] || 341.7 || 2,148
|-
| [[Bhandar Parasrampur]] || 1,318.5 || 5,656
|-
| [[Tirachha]] || 25.8 || 700
|-
| [[Nirsahiya]] || 229.8 || 1,505
|-
| [[Kumhai]] || 171.9 || 905
|-
| [[Sohgouli]] || 645.1 || 6,339
|-
| [[Bhagvanpur]] || 50.4 || 818
|-
| [[Utmanpur]] || 61.6 || 551
|-
| [[Gajahati]] || 154.7 || 3,905
|-
| [[Bhdahara]] || 136.4 || 1,422
|-
| [[Khadar Basantpur]] || 283.6 || 1,454
|-
| [[Nayora]] || 92.2 || 859
|-
| '''Kurwar''' (block headquarters) || 671.8 || 10,826
|-
| [[Isauli]] || 98.5 || 1,349
|-
| [[Devalpur, Kurwar (census code 169787)|Devalpur]] || 191.7 || 1,631
|-
| [[Chitaipur, Kurwar|Chitaipur]] || 51.9 || 845
|-
| [[Harkhpur]] || 157.7 || 2,310
|-
| [[Grantkurvar]] || 328 || 1,101
|-
| [[Dhanrava]] || 389 || 7,354
|-
| [[Sarkoura]] || 464.9 || 4,849
|-
| [[Kapurpur, Sultanpur|Kapurpur]] || 70 || 65
|-
| [[Jagdishpur, Kurwar|Jagdishpur]] || 59 || 719
|-
| [[Pataipur]] || 115.6 || 826
|-
| [[Mahmudpur Bangir]] || 29 || 387
|-
| [[Pipri, Kurwar|Pipri]] || 227.3 || 1,478
|-
| [[Purejrekhi]] || 152.8 || 584
|-
| [[Mithnepur]] || 171.1 || 2,011
|-
| [[Pahrauli]] || 199.2 || 810
|-
| [[Kota, Sultanpur|Kota]] || 431.6 || 2,143
|-
| [[Vinaykpur]] || 272.7 || 1,492
|-
| [[Balapashchim]] || 473.2 || 3,807
|-
| [[Pureudayram]] || 78.1 || 346
|-
| [[Narottampur]] || 49.6 || 403
|-
| [[Maviya]] || 77.9 || 1,249
|-
| [[Chak Mavaiya]] || 14.6 || 229
|-
| [[Kotiya, Kurwar|Kotiya]] || 348.1 || 5,861
|-
| [[Purepavar]] || 110.2 || 896
|-
| [[Rajapur, Kurwar|Rajapur]] || 205.1 || 2,521
|-
| [[Domanpur]] || 358.6 || 4,814
|-
| [[Rampur Matha]] || 155.4 || 1,228
|-
| [[Dhusyariya]] || 225.8 || 1,530
|-
| [[Uchgaon, Sultanpur|Uchgaon]] || 424.3 || 4,036
|-
| [[Khadsa]] || 55.3 || 1,242
|-
| [[Sarayapurevishan]] || 312.9 || 3,651
|-
| [[Masetva]] || 55.2 || 1,042
|-
| [[Maniyari]] || 191.4 || 2,931
|-
| [[Tikariya]] || 259.9 || 1,270
|-
| [[Baburi]] || 269.8 || 2,461
|-
| [[Ajiyavardabi]] || 212 || 917
|-
| [[Sanibhar]] || 179.1 || 253
|-
| [[Majhna]] || 728.8 || 3,352
|-
| [[Senduri]] || 68.3 || 917
|-
| [[Daudpatti]] || 251.7 || 3,672
|-
| [[Devalpur, Kurwar (census code 169826)|Devalpur]] || 151.5 || 1,023
|-
| [[Hajipatti]] || 654.2 || 5,777
|-
| [[Karamchandpur]] || 163.9 || 881
|-
| [[Bukunpur]] || 83.7 || 1,337
|-
| [[Rampur, Kurwar|Rampur]] || 136.5 || 1,359
|-
| [[Dharupur]] || 230.2 || 1,552
|-
| [[Bhati, Sultanpur|Bhati]] || 475.2 || 3,729
|-
| [[Shanichara]] || 201.6 || 1,158
|-
| [[Narahi, Sultanpur|Narahi]] || 461.9 || 3,021
|-
| [[Shahpur Sarkande Dih]] || 597.9 || 5,990
|-
| [[Pureladaie]] || 78.5 || 893
|-
| [[Bahmarpur]] || 296.4 || 2,438
|-
| [[Uttar Gaaon]] || 129 || 848
|-
| [[Harkhi Purbiripur]] || 111.1 || 1,017
|-
| [[Badauliya]] || 33.5 || 401
|-
| [[Khokhipur]] || 295.5 || 3,042
|-
| [[Khaniya Pashchim]] || 311.8 || 2,225
|-
| [[Bahlolour]] || 192.3 || 2,253
|-
| [[Khaniyapurva]] || 388.4 || 3,382
|-
| [[Surjipur]] || 170.3 || 1,619
|-
| [[Asaroga]] || 97.2 || 1,248
|-
| [[Naaugva]] || 289.1 || 2,888
|-
| [[Miranpur, Kurwar|Miranpur]] || 176.6 || 2,277
|-
| [[Parsipur, Kurwar|Parsipur]] || 139.1 || 1,662
|-
| [[Ajhuie]] || 500.7 || 4,265
|-
| [[Kotva]] || 89.3 || 1,288
|-
| [[Rankedih]] || 236.7 || 3,462
|-
| [[Mudainavada]] || 135.1 || 1,442
|-
| [[Bramhjitpur]] || 60.7 || 979
|-
| [[Pratappur, Kurwar (census code 169855)|Pratap Pur]] || 73.6 || 1,173
|-
| [[Mahamud Pur]] || 73 || 515
|-
| [[Maniyar Pur]] || 248.6 || 3,593
|-
| [[Judupur]] || 135.1 || 2,213
|-class="sortbottom"
| '''Block total''' || '''203,850''' || '''22,516'''
|-
!Village name !! Total land area (hectares) !! Population (in 2011)
|}

== Schools ==

# Aadarsh primary school [https://www.pragyaschools.com Pragya Academy Nursery School]
# RDL Public School
# BP Inter College
# Bhuvneshwari Pratap Sanskrit Maha Vidyalaya
# Dr. Mahadevi Verma Inter College

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sultanpur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Sultanpur district]]
[[Category:Community development blocks in India]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates in Uttar Pradesh]]

Katari, Amethi

2026-03-26T15:57:13Z

DebbieLemke: Starting data - done

{{other uses|Katari}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Katari
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Katāri
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Jamo block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Katari (#055) in Jamo CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.403678|N|81.696967|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here |title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ayodhya division|Ayodhya]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Amethi district|Amethi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 7.115
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6500
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Katari''' is a village in [[Jamo, Uttar Pradesh|Jamo]] block of [[Amethi district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Sultanpur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=147–63 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0948_PART_A_DCHB_SULTANPUR.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> It is located by a stream called the Naiya or Kandu nala, which flows east toward the [[Gomti River]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1903">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Sultanpur: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XLVI Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1903 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=99, 177, 189–90 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.113213 |access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> The main highway from [[Lucknow]] to [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] passes further north.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> Katari was historically the seat of a [[taluqdar]]i estate held by a leading branch of the [[Kanhpuria]] Rajputs.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/>

As of 2011, Katari has a population of 6,500 people, in 1,075 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has 4 primary schools and a family welfare centre and it does not host a regular market or weekly [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011"/> It belongs to the [[nyaya panchayat]] of [[Gaura, Jamo|Gaura]].<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==History==
At the turn of the 20th century, Katari was described as a large village in the northeastern corner of the [[pargana]] of [[Gaura Jamun]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> The road to Jamo was of poor quality at the time and was prone to flooding during the rainy season.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> The population as of 1901 was 2,402 people, including 218 Muslims and a large proportion of [[Brahmin]]s.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> Katari served as the seat of a [[taluqdar]]i estate held by Raja Partab Bahadur Singh, who held 13 villages at the time and was a leading member of the [[Kanhpuria]] Rajputs.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Katari as comprising 18 hamlets, with a total population of 2,438 people (1,258 male and 1,180 female), in 539 households and 533 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (49 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=130–1, 199 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/843/1/52301_1951_SUL.pdf |access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 1,815 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> 146 residents were literate, 126 male and 20 female.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the pargana of Gaura Jamo and the [[thana]] of [[Jagdishpur, Sultanpur|Jagdishpur]].<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village had a district board-run primary school for girls with 91 students in attendance as of 1 January 1951.<ref name="Census 1951"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Katari as comprising 19 hamlets, with a total population of 2,703 people (1,357 male and 1,346 female), in 581 households and 580 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (44 - Sultanpur District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=147, xvi-xvii |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1035/1/22847_1961_SUL.pdf |access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 1,815 acres and it had a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961"/> It was also listed as hosting a [[haat]] twice per week, on Thursdays and Sundays, mostly dealing in grain and vegetables and having an average attendance of around 100 people.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Katari as having a population of 3,775 people, in 731 households, and having an area of 734.53 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=42–3 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1311/1/28684_1981_SUL.pdf |access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Katari as having a total population of 4,331 people (2,311 male and 2,020 female), in 778 households and 775 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 84–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1413/1/37121_1991_SUL.pdf |access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 735.00 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 855, or 20% of the total; this group was 51% male (439) and 49% female (416).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled caste]]s numbered 1,364, or 31.5% of the village's total population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 34.5% (919 men and 281 women, counting only people age 7 and up).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 1,334 people were classified as main workers (1,136 men and 198 women), while 60 people were classified as marginal workers (1 man and 59 women); the remaining 2,937 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 850 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 367 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 14 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 39 household industry workers; 7 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 2 [[construction worker]]s; 9 employed in trade and commerce; 7 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 39 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Amethi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Amethi district]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates in Uttar Pradesh]]

Begonia wattii

2026-03-25T08:30:34Z

DebbieLemke: Adding The Stub W/ Refs

{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Begonia wattii specimen provided by C. B. Clarke.jpg
| image_caption = Plant specimen collected from the Naga Hills in 1885 by [[Charles Baron Clarke|C. B. Clarke]]
| genus = Begonia
| species = wattii
| authority = [[Charles Baron Clarke|C.B.Clarke]]
}}

'''''Begonia wattii''''' is a plant of the family [[Begoniaceae]], native to [[Northeast India]]. The British botanist [[Charles Baron Clarke|C. B. Clarke]] originally described it in 1885.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Begonia wattii C.B.Clarke {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:106011-1 |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q15333111}}

[[Category:Flora of Assam (region)]]
[[Category:Begonia|wattii]]

{{Cucurbitales-stub}}

Haldwani

2026-03-24T08:41:02Z

DebbieLemke:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Haldwani
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
| nicknames = '''Gateway of Kumaon'''
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage |size = 240|border =2|spacing =1|photo1a = Tikonia Haldwani 02.jpg |photo2a = Haldwani-Kathgodam.jpg |photo2b = Haldwani_(1).jpg |photo3a = Haldwani railway station 02.jpg }}
| image_alt =
| image_size = 275px
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| pushpin_relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|29.22|N|79.52|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Uttarakhand|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nainital district|Nainital]]
| established_title1 = Founded
| established_date1 = 1834
| established_title2 = Municipality
| established_date2 = 1942
| founder = [[George Traill|George William Traill]]
| named_for = [[Haldina|Haldu]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Haldwani Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Gajraj Singh Bisht
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha MP]]
| leader_name2 = [[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = (Including [[Kathgodam]])<ref name="dchba" />
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 40
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 424
| population_total = 201,461<ref>https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/24-haldwani-and-kathgodam.html</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_metro = 232,095<ref>https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/24-haldwani-and-kathgodam.html</ref>
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = (Including [[Kathgodam]])<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Haldwani and Kathgodam Town Population Census 2011 {{!}} Uttarakhand|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/24-haldwani-and-kathgodam.html|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=4 July 2017}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = {{hlist|[[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] |[[Kauravi|Khariboli]]}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 263139,263141
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-5946
| registration_plate = UK-04
| website = {{URL|nagarnigamhaldwani.com/}}
| footnotes =
| leader_title4 = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader_name4 = Paritosh Verma, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
}}
'''Haldwani''' ([[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]]: ''Haldvānī'') is the largest city of [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], and the third most [[List of cities in Uttarakhand by population|populous city in the Indian state of Uttarakhand]]. Haldwani is said to be the financial capital of Uttarakhand, having the most commercial, economic and industrial activities of the state. Haldwani is located in the [[Nainital District]], and is one of its [[List of tehsils of Uttarakhand|thirteen subdivisions]]. Being situated in the immediate foothills of Kumaon Himalayas, the [[Kathgodam]] neighbourhood of Haldwani is known as the Gateway to Kumaon.

Located in the [[Bhabar|Bhabhar region]] in the Himalayan foothills on the banks of the [[Gaula River (India)|Gaula River]], the [[c:File:Chhota_Kailash_through_morning_mists_from_Haldwani,_Nainital_region._Haldwani.jpg|town of Haldwani]] was established in 1834, as a mart for [[hill people]] who visited Bhabar during the cold season. The establishment of the [[Nainital Road|Bareilly–Nainital provincial road]] in 1882 and the [[Bhojipura (Assembly constituency)|Bhojeepura]]–[[Kathgodam]] railway line by [[Rohilkund and Kumaon Railway]] in 1884 helped develop the town into a major trading post and then a hub between the hilly regions of Kumaon and the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]s.

Haldwani hosted National Games 2025 (Gaulapar).

==Etymology==
The name "Haldwani" is an anglicised version of the [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] word "Haldu-vani" (literally "forest of Haldu"), named after the tree of "Haldu" (Kadamb),<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_016.gif | title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 13, page 10 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library}}</ref> known to botanists as [[Haldina]] cordifolia. The Haldu trees were found in abundance around the city prior to deforestation of the region for agriculture and settlement. The place was regionally known as Halduvani until George William Traill took over as Commissioner of Kumaon and renamed it to Haldwani in 1834.<ref name="History">[http://210.212.78.56/haldwani/en/?subid=101&id=50 History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224045155/http://210.212.78.56/haldwani/en/?subid=101&id=50 |date=24 December 2007 }} Official website.</ref>

==History==
The Bhabhar region, where the city is located, has historically been a part of the [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kingdom of Kumaon]]. The region came under the dominion of Kumaon, when King ''Gyan Chand'' of [[Chand Dynasty]] visited [[Delhi Sultanate]] in the 14th century. Later, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] tried to take over the hills, but their attempts received a setback due to the difficult terrain.<ref name=Ramsay />

In the early 1600s, the Haldwani region was sparsely populated. It was inhabited by people of a Native tribe known as the [[Bhoksa people|Buksa]].<ref>{{cite book|last = Singh|first = R|title = Social Transformation of Indian Tribes|year = 2004|publisher = Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.|location = New Delhi, India|isbn = 81-261-0452-X|pages = 25–26|chapter = Composition and Social Order}}</ref>

===Founding and 19th century===
[[File:Carl Gustaf Wittenströms Indien C15068.jpg|thumb|left|Ironworks in [[Kaladhungi]] at the turn of 1862/1863.]]
In 1816, after the British defeated [[Gorkhas]], and gained control of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] by the [[Treaty of Sugauli]], Gardner was appointed the Commissioner of Kumaon. Later George William Traill took over as Commissioner and renamed ''Halduvani'' as Haldwani in 1834.<ref name="History"/> Though British records suggest that the place was established in 1834, as a mart for hill people who visited the ''Bhabhar'' (Himalayan foothills) region, during the cold season.<ref name=Gaze /> The township, formerly located in [[Motahaldu|Mota Haldu]], had only thatched houses. Brick-houses began to be built only after 1850. The first English middle school was established in 1831.

During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], Haldwani was briefly seized by the rebels of [[Rohilkhand]],<ref name="Mittal">{{cite book|last1=Mittal|first1=Arun K.|title=British Administration in Kumaon Himalayas: A Historical Study, 1815–1947|date=1986|publisher=Mittal Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kAOImX9PfwC}}</ref>{{rp|19}} soon martial law was declared in the region by Sir [[Henry Ramsay (Indian Army officer)|Henry Ramsay]] (the Commissioner of Kumaon), and by 1858, the region was cleared of the rebels.<ref name=Ramsay>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_330.gif History of Nainital District] ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'' 1909, v. 18, p. 324-325.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Husain|first1=Syed Mahdi|title=Bahadur Shah Zafar and the War of 1857 in Delhi|date=2006|publisher=Aakar Books|location=Delhi|isbn=9788187879916|page=1x|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUNprZiD3GsC&pg=PR60}}</ref> The Rohillas, who were accused of attacking Haldwani, were hanged by the British at Phansi Gadhera in [[Nainital]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pant|first1=Neha|title=Nainital MLA for change in 'strange' names of tourist points|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/nainital-mla-for-change-in-strange-names-of-tourist-points/story-Z5RzYyQD34rF0NYwJcXFQL.html|access-date=21 July 2017|work=Hindustan Times|date=17 July 2017|location=Jaipur}}</ref> Later, Ramsay connected Nainital with Kathgodam by road in 1882. In 1883–84, the railway track was laid between [[Bareilly]] and Kathgodam. The first train arrived at Haldwani from [[Lucknow]] on 24 April 1884.<ref name="pande" />{{rp|38}}<ref name="Haldwani">[http://www.uttaranchalonline.info/Kumaon/Nainital/Haldwani.html Haldwani] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408122428/http://www.uttaranchalonline.info/Kumaon/Nainital/Haldwani.html |date=8 April 2008 }} http://www.uttaranchalonline.info {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317120156/http://www.uttaranchalonline.info/ |date=17 March 2010 }}.</ref>

Before the formation of [[Nainital district]] in 1891, it was part of the Kumaon district, which was later renamed [[Almora district]].<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_336.gif 1891] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] 1909, v. 18, p. 330.</ref> The Town Act was implemented here in 1885 and Haldwani was declared a municipality on 1 February 1897. The Tehsil office was opened here in 1899, when it became the tehsil headquarters of the ''Bhabhar'', one of four divisions of the Nainital district,<ref name=Ramsay /> and included 4 towns and 511 villages; and had a combined population of 93,445 (1901), spread over 1,279 sq. miles.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_332.gif Nainital District] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] 1909, v. 18, p. 326.</ref>

===20th and 21st centuries===
[[File:Map of the United Provinces from The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1907-1909).jpg|thumb|300px|Haldwani as a part of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Province]], 1907–1909]]
In 1901, with a [[population]] of 6,624, Haldwani was the headquarters of the Bhabhar region of [[Nainital District]], in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], and it also used to become the winter headquarters of the officers of the [[Kumaon Division]] and the [[Nainital District]].<ref name=Gaze>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_016.gif Halwani] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] 1909, v. 13, p. 10.</ref> The [[Arya Samaj]] Bhavan was built in 1901 and Sanatan Dharm Sabha in 1902.<ref name="pande">{{cite book|last1=Pande|first1=Badri Datt|title=History of Kumaun : English version of "Kumaun ka itihas"|date=1993|publisher=Shyam Prakashan|location=Almora, U.P., India|isbn=81-85865-01-9}}</ref>{{rp|38}} The Municipality of Haldwani was disestablished in 1904, and Haldwani was constituted as a [[Notified area]].<ref name="pande" />{{rp|38}} The first Hospital of the city was opened in 1912.<ref name="garhwal">{{cite book|last1=Rawat|first1=Ajay S.|title=Garhwal Himalayas: A Study in Historical Perspective|date=2002|publisher=Indus Publishing|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788173871368|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olP_A60L-CMC}}</ref>{{rp|183}}

Haldwani hosted the second session of the Kumaon Parishad in 1918.<ref name="Mittal" />{{rp|23}}<ref name="garhwal" />{{rp|252}} Protests against the [[Rowlatt Act]] and for [[Coolie-Begar Movement|Coolie-Begar Abolition]] were held all over the city in 1920 under the leadership of Pt. Tara Datt Gairola Raibahadur.<ref name="Mittal" />{{rp|23}}<ref name="negi">{{cite book|last1=Negi|first1=Sharad Singh|title=Kumaun: The Land and the People|date=1993|publisher=Indus Publishing|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788185182896|page=136|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OR16BYbWDwC}}</ref> Many processions were carried out in the city between 1930 and 1934 during the [[Civil disobedience movement]].<ref name="negi" /> In 1940, at the Haldwani conference, [[Badri Datt Pandey]] voiced for granting special status to the mountainous regions of Kumaon in the [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], thus, giving a way to the future [[Uttarakhand movement]].{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Haldwani was a mid-sized town, with a population of about 25,000, in 1947, when India [[Independence of India|became Independent]] from the [[British Rule in India|British Rule]]. Haldwani became a part of the [[Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The city was electrified in 1950.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Upadhyay|first1=Vineet|title=Thandi sadak in Haldwani is famous for its cluster of ten parks, a favourite haunt of cupid-struck couples|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Thandi-sadak-in-Haldwani-is-famous-for-its-cluster-of-ten-parks-a-favourite-haunt-of-cupid-struck-couples/articleshow/45243261.cms|access-date=21 July 2017|work=The Times of India|date=22 November 2014|location=Haldwani}}</ref> The 2nd battalion of the [[Naga Regiment]], affectionately known as Head Hunters, was raised at Haldwani on 11 February 1985.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pike|first1=John|title=Naga Regiment|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/rgt-naga.htm|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref> Haldwani played a major role in the [[Uttarakhand movement]]. The town was spearheading the agitation, which often ended up in violence and also in police firing and brutality.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kaniyarasseril|first1=Jacob|title=Between Lines|date=2001|publisher=Media House|location=Delhi|isbn=9788174950062|page=40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCKsFLRjTqwC}}</ref>

Forty human skeletons and 300 "grave-like structures" were discovered in Haldwani's Golapar area on 9 May 2017 during the construction of the Haldwani ISBT.<ref>{{cite news|title=40 human skeletons, 300 'grave-like structures' found during construction work at Haldwani|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/40-human-skeletons-300-grave-like-structures-found-during-construction-work-at-haldwani/articleshow/58614976.cms|access-date=25 July 2017|work=The Times of India|date=11 May 2017|location=Nainital}}</ref> The skeletons were speculated to be the remains of the [[Rohilla]] chieftains from Bareilly who fought against the [[British East India Company|British]] in 1857 and were killed by the British army or of those who died of [[epidemics]], [[malaria]] or [[famine]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Madhwal|first1=Abhinav|title=ISBT site throws up 'British era' skeletons, CM for carbon dating|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/isbt-site-throws-up-british-era-skeletons-cm-for-carbon-dating/story-htiX4dNqTrukn4gGdHoSXM.html|access-date=25 July 2017|work=Hindustan Times|date=10 May 2017}}</ref> However, forensic tests later revealed the skeletons to be only two years old.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Upadhyay|first1=Vineet|title=Forensic tests says Haldwani skeleton 2-year-old|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/forensic-tests-says-haldwani-skeleton-2-yr-old/articleshow/58862315.cms|access-date=25 July 2017|work=The Times of India|date=27 May 2017|location=Nainital}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Topography===
[[File:Gaula kathgodam.jpg|thumb|left|Dry bed of [[Gaula River (India)|Gaula]] near [[Kathgodam]]; a characteristic of the [[Bhabar]] region in which Haldwani is situated.]]
Haldwani is located at {{Coord|29.22|N|79.52|E|}},<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/39/Haldwani.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Haldwani]</ref> in the [[Nainital district]] on the right bank of the [[Gaula River (India)|Gaula River]]. Geologically, Haldwani is settled on a piedmont grade (called Bhabhar) where the mountain rivers go underground to re-emerge in the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]. The Haldwani Bhabhar stretches horizontally, surrounded by the regions of [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]] and [[Tanakpur]] and lies between the [[Shivalik hills]] to the north and the Terai region of [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]] to the south. The average land elevation is {{convert|424|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Elevation of Haldwani Uttarakhand 263139 with altitude and height|url=http://elevationmap.net/haldwani-uttarakhand-263139-india?latlngs=(29.2182644,79.51297669999997)|access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref> According to the [[Bureau of Indian Standards]], Haldwani falls under [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|seismic zone 4]], in a scale of 2 to 5 (in order of increasing vulnerability to earthquakes).<ref>{{cite book|title=Hazard profiles of Indian districts|publisher=National Capacity Building Project in Disaster Management, UNDP|url=http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf|access-date=17 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519100611/http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2006}}</ref><ref name="sdmap">{{cite web|title=Complete sdmap, Uttarakhand|url=http://dmmc.uk.gov.in/files/pdf/complete_sdmap.pdf|access-date=26 October 2016}}</ref>{{rp|27}}

The Haldwani tehsil has an area of 958.6 square k.m, including both flat and hilly ground, and is in the [[Indian Standard Time|Indian Standard Time Zone]] (UTC−5:30).<ref name="dchba" /> When Haldwani was founded in 1837, most of the early buildings were around [[Motahaldu|Mota Haldu]]. The city gradually developed northwards towards the present Bazaar and [[Haldwani railway station|Railway Station]]. The city had in the past seen haphazard development due to the absence of a development authority.<ref name="madhwal">{{cite news|last1=Madhwal|first1=Abhinav|title=Haldwani: High on development, but basic infrastructure problems remain a worry|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/haldwani-high-on-development-but-basic-infrastructure-problems-remain-a-worry/story-lecAOIiy6NgqGcjFE4aVoN.html|access-date=15 September 2017|work=Hindustan Times|date=10 September 2017|location=Haldwani}}</ref> Dozens of colonies were set up in the early 2000s without any regulation with narrow roads, making commuting a nightmare.<ref name="madhwal" /> The city ranked 395 in the [[Swachh Survekshan 2017]], out of 434 cities, with a total score of 557.<ref>{{cite news|title=Swachh Survekshan-2017: Find out where your city stands|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/swachh-survekshan-2017-find-out-where-your-city-stands/articleshow/58512197.cms|access-date=5 July 2017|work=The Times of India|date=4 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Swachh Survekshan 2017 Rankings (Press Information Bureau) |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=161535 |publisher=Press Information Bureau (Government of India) |access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>

===Metropolitan area===
[[File:IMAGE 11A.jpg|thumb|Haldwani-Kathgodam area as seen from Bhimtal-Haldwani Road.]]
Haldwani is the principal city in the Haldwani Urban Agglomeration Area, situated in the southeastern part of Uttarakhand, in the Kumaon region. Apart from the towns of Haldwani and Kathgodam, the Urban Agglomeration of Haldwani also includes eleven outgrowths (judge farm, Damua Dhunga Bandobasti, Byura, Bamori Talli Bandobasti, Amrawati Colony, Shakti Vihar, Bhatt Colony, Manpur Uttar, Haripur Sukha, Gaujajali Uttar, Kusumkhera, Bithoria No. 1, Korta, Bamori Malli and Bamori Talli Kham) and two census towns (Mukhani and Haldwani Talli).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title = Constituents of urban Agglomerations Having Population 1 Lakh & above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011|access-date = 7 July 2012 }}</ref>

Haldwani is also a [[tehsil]], one of the [[Tehsils of Uttarakhand|thirteen subdivisions]] of the Nainital district.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tehsils in Nainital District, Uttarakhand|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/district/584-nainital-uttarakhand.html|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref> The tehsil of Haldwani is situated in the southern part of the Nainital district and shares its borders with the tehsils of [[Nainital]], [[Kaladhungi]], [[Lalkuan]] and Dhari tehsils in Nainital district; [[Gadarpur]], [[Kiccha]] and [[Sitarganj]] in [[Udham Singh Nagar district]] and the tehsil of Poornagiri in [[Champawat district]]. The tehsil comprises four towns and 202 villages.<ref>{{cite web|title=Villages & Towns in Haldwani Tehsil of Nainital, Uttarakhand|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/342-haldwani-nainital-uttarakhand.html|website=census2011.co.in|access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{Weather box 
| collapsed = 
| open = 
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
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| source =<ref name="climate">{{cite web |url=https://en.climate-data.org/location/4074/ |title=Climate: Haldwani |publisher=climate-data.org |access-date=4 July 2017 }}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{Historical population
| source = ''District Census Handbook: Nainital''<ref name="dchba">{{cite book|title=District Census Handbook Nainital Part-A|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Uttarakhand|location=Dehradun|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0511_PART_A_DCHB_NAINITAL.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|509–510}}
| footnote = † Includes population figures of Haldwani and its Outgrowths
| 1901 | 7498
| 1911 | 7605
| 1921 | 8536
| 1931 | 11288
| 1941 | 17976
| 1951 | 25065
| 1961 | 38035
| 1971 | 52205
| 1981 | 77300
| 1991 | 104195
| 2001 | 158896
| 2011 | 201461
|align=center}}

The Current population of Haldwani is about 650,000 people including urban and Rural areas.The region is dominated by the [[Kumaoni people|Kumaonis]] and migrants of various states including [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Punjab]], [[Bengal]], hence a major population belonging to various religions and regions are present in Haldwani as per provisional data released by the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]].<ref name="census2011" /><ref name="madhwal" /> The 2017 estimate, on the other hand, predicted a population of 291,338.<ref>{{cite web|title=Haldwani · Population|url=http://population.city/india/haldwani/|website=population.city|access-date=4 July 2017}}</ref> The population of the municipality area, combined with outgrowths was 201,461, and the urban agglomeration of Haldwani-cum-Kathgodam had a population of 232,060, out of which males were 121,409 and females were 110,686.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 100,000 and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 7 July 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Haldwani and Kathgodam Metropolitan Urban Region Population 2011 Census|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/27-haldwani-and-kathgodam.html|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=4 July 2017}}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Haldwani-Kathgodam (2011)<ref name="religion" />
|titlebar=#fcd666
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|64.84}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|31.90}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|2.19}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.90}}
{{bar percent|Others (incl.unclassified and religion not stated)|black|0.19}}
}}

Hinduism is the largest religion in Haldwani town, around 65% of the population. Islam is the second-largest religion which is practiced by 32% of the population. Sikhism and Christianity are small minorities.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttarakhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11395/download/14508/DDW05C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Haldwani-Kathgodam (2011)<ref name="census2011-C16"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 56.45 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] |value2 = 19.86 |color2 = lightcoral
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 18.92 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value4 = 2.60 |color4 = pink
|other = y |other-label = Others |other-color = grey
}}

The predominant first language of the city is Hindi, spoken by nearly 57% of the population. Kumaoni is the second-largest language (20%) while Urdu is spoken by 19%. There is a small Punjabi population as well.<ref name="census2011-C16">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttarakhand (Town)|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10231/download/13343/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0500.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Education==
{{more citations needed section|date=September 2024}}
[[File:Gmchld.jpg|thumb|left|Government Medical College(GMC), Haldwani was established in 1996.]]
As of 2011, Haldwani has a total of 198 Government financed educational institutions, including 73 Primary Schools, 25 middle schools, 25 secondary schools and 25 senior secondary schools. Best being the DAV Centenary Public School among all. Besides, there are several other institutions of higher education, including 2-degree colleges affiliated with the [[Kumaun University]], [[Nainital]] and a medical college affiliated with the [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Uttarakhand Medical Education University]], [[Dehradun]]. The [[Government Medical College, Haldwani]] was established in 1997 as Uttarakhand Forest Hospital Trust Medical College, and is a residential & co-educational college recognised by the [[Medical Council of India]] and [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dooneducation.com/blog/ufht|title=Government Medical College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand|publisher=dooneducation.com|access-date=16 July 2012|date=13 November 2008|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331025858/http://dooneducation.com/blog/ufht|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Defence Institute of Bio-Energy Research]] (DIBER), an Indian defence laboratory of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO), is also located in Haldwani. It conducts research and development of bioenergy as well as the sustainable and eco-friendly high altitude agro-technologies in the Indian Himalayan Region for the use of [[Indian Military]].
[[File:MBPG Haldwani.jpg|thumb|MBPG college, affiliated to [[Kumaun University]], [[Nainital]]]]
Haldwani is home to the [[Uttarakhand Open University]], which was established by an act of [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] on 31 October 2005.<ref>Act 23 of 2005 of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly</ref> The university, located in Teenpani neighbourhood of the city, is the only open university in the state. More than 140 courses are available at the university; prominent ones being journalism and mass communication, hotel management, tourism management, business management, education, {{transliteration|hi|[[jyotish]]}}, {{transliteration|hi|[[karmkand]]}} and other traditional courses.

==Economy==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2025}}
Well connected with the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Indo-Gangetic plain]] by road (to New Delhi, Dehradun and Lucknow) and rail ([[New Delhi]], [[Dehradun]], [[Lucknow]] and [[Kolkata]]), Haldwani is an important commercial hub. It is home to one of the largest vegetable, fruit and foodgrain markets in north India. Being the gateway to most of [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], it is an important revenue center of Uttarakhand based on its advantageous location as a base depot for goods in transit to the hills. The Gaula river is exploited for a large quantity of boulders, sand and gravels every year, and forms an important revenue source for both the government and local business.

==Government and politics==
===Civic Administration===
Haldwani is a [[Nagar nigam|municipal corporation]] governed by a mayor–council system. The municipal area is divided into 60 territorial constituencies known as [[ward (electoral subdivision)|ward]]s. The Municipal Corporation is made up of a Wards Committee, where each ward has one seat. Members, known as Councillors, are elected to the Wards Committee on the basis of adult franchise for a term of five years, as provisioned by the 74th Amendment of the [[Indian Constitution]] relating to [[Municipal Corporations in India|urban local governments]].<ref>{{cite web|title=THE CONSTITUTION (AMENDMENT)|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend74.htm|website=indiacode.nic.in|access-date=3 December 2016}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> The 'Nagar Nigam Haldwani' is a unicameral legislative body, comprising sixty Councillors, and the Mayor. In addition to the elected Councillors, the committee also includes fifteen councillors nominated by the state government and four additional members; the three [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]s and [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] from the city.

The Town Act was implemented in Haldwani in 1885 after which, it was declared a municipality on 1 February 1897. The Municipality of Haldwani was soon disestablished and Haldwani was constituted as a 'notified area' in 1904.<ref name=Gaze /> In 1907, it got the status of town area.<ref>[http://210.212.78.56/haldwani/en/?subid=101&id=50 History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224045155/http://210.212.78.56/haldwani/en/?subid=101&id=50 |date=24 December 2007 }}</ref> The Haldwani-Kathgodam Municipal Council was established on 21 September 1942, and was upgraded to a [[Municipal corporation]] on 21 May 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Haridwar, Haldwani municipal councils upgraded to corporations|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-haridwar-haldwani-municipal-councils-upgraded-to-corporations-1545970|access-date=4 July 2017|work=[[Daily News & Analysis]]|date=21 May 2011|location=Dehradun}}</ref> Currently it is the third largest Municipal Corporation in the state of Uttarakhand after [[Dehradun Municipal Corporation|Dehradun]] and [[Haridwar Municipal Corporation|Haridwar]].

===Politics===
The city is represented in the [[Lok Sabha]] by a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|representative]] elected from the [[Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar Constituency]]. [[Ajay Bhatt]], from [[BJP]], is the current [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar]].<ref name="hindu" /> He won the [[2024 Lok Sabha election]]s by 3,34,458 votes against Prakash Joshi from the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|last1=Upadhyay|first1=Kavita|title=BJP wins all five seats in Uttarakhand|url=http://www.thehindu.com/elections/loksabha2014/north/bjp-wins-all-five-seats-in-uttarakhand/article6017154.ece|access-date=4 July 2017|work=The Hindu|date=16 May 2014|location=Dehradun}}</ref> The city's first 33 wards are part of [[Haldwani Assembly constituency]] whose current MLA is [[Sumit Hridayesh]]. A lot of area is a part of the [[Kaladhungi (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kaladhungi]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=KALADHUNGI Election Result 2017, Uttarakhand|work=NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/uttarakhand/kaladhungi-mla-results}}</ref> (ward no. 34 to 55) and [[Lalkuan (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Lalkuan]] (ward no. 56 to 60) constituencies which are represented by [[Banshidhar Bhagat]] and Mohan Singh Bisht, both from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]],respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Member of Legislative Assembly {{!}} District Nainital, Government of Uttarakhand {{!}} India|url=https://nainital.nic.in/m-l-a/|access-date=2021-05-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Constituencies {{!}} District Nainital, Government of Uttarakhand {{!}} India|url=https://nainital.nic.in/constituencies/|access-date=2021-05-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:Rampur Road.jpg|thumb|Rampur Road connects Haldwani to [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]] via [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]] and [[Bilaspur, Uttar Pradesh|Bilaspur]]]]
[[File:Haldwani bus station - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|[[Uttarakhand Transport Corporation|UTC]] buses bound for [[Swami Vivekanand Inter State Bus Terminus|ISBT Anand Vihar]] at the Haldwani Bus Station.]]
Haldwani is known as the Gateway to Kumaon.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sushila Tiwari hospital worst-hit by UPNL strike in Kumaon|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Sushila-Tiwari-hospital-worst-hit-by-UPNL-strike-in-Kumaon/articleshow/52994318.cms|access-date=2 November 2016|agency=TNN|work=The Times of India|date=30 June 2016|location=Nainital}}</ref> The most commonly used forms of transport in Haldwani include government owned services such as railways and buses. Complementing these government services are bus routes operated by KMOU (Kumaon Motor Owner's Union),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kumaon Motor Owners Union Limited, KMOU, Travel Service Uttarakhand |url=http://kmoultd.com/history.htm |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=kmoultd.com}}</ref> as well as privately operated taxis and auto rickshaws.

===Road===
[[National Highway 109 (India)|NH 109]] cuts through Haldwani; other major roads are the Bareilly-[[Bageshwar]] highway,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tiwari|first1=Mrigank|title=CM opens much-awaited gateway to U'khand, enjoys ride too|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/CM-opens-much-awaited-gateway-to-Ukhand-enjoys-ride-too/articleshow/49444370.cms|access-date=11 April 2017|agency=TNN|work=The Times of India|date=18 October 2015|location=Bareilly}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Tiwari|first1=Mrigank|title=Roadways hikes fare on Bareilly–Haldwani route|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Roadways-hikes-fare-on-Bareilly-Haldwani-route/articleshow/49496855.cms|access-date=2 November 2016|agency=TNN|work=The Times of India|date=22 October 2015|location=Bareilly}}</ref> Rampur Road, Haldwani-[[Kaladhungi]]–[[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]] Road and the Kathgodam-[[Sitarganj]] Road. Haldwani is well connected to the country's capital [[Delhi]] via buses run by [[Uttarakhand Transport Corporation]]. All the buses leave from the Haldwani Bus Station for Delhi's [[Swami Vivekanand Inter State Bus Terminus|Anand Vihar ISBT]]. The connectivity to state capital Dehradun is also good. There are a number of buses for Dehradun-Haldwani route. Apart from Delhi and Dehradun, regular buses are available for several hill cities like Nainital, [[Almora]], [[Ranikhet]], [[Bageshwar]] and [[Pithoragarh]].

A new ISBT is under construction in the Gaulapar region. The ISBT would be spread over 8 Acres,<ref>{{cite news|title=Haldwani set to get its own ISBT|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/dehradun/haldwani-set-to-get-its-own-isbt.html|access-date=18 July 2017|publisher=The Pioneer|date=10 February 2015|location=Haldwani}}</ref> and has been termed the 'Largest ISBT in north India' by [[The Times of India]].<ref name="Vineet">{{cite news|last1=Upadhyay|first1=Vineet|title='Largest' ISBT in north India gets fiscal push – Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Largest-ISBT-in-north-India-gets-fiscal-push/articleshow/45588449.cms|access-date=18 July 2017|work=The Times of India|date=20 December 2014|location=Haldwani}}</ref> The foundation stone was laid in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=NU|first1=Team|title=76 crore ISBT Haldwani foundation stone laid {{!}} Nav Uttarakhand|url=http://www.navuttarakhand.com/foundation-stones-laid-isbt-haldwani/|access-date=19 July 2017|work=Nav Uttarakhand|date=15 October 2016|language=hi}}</ref> The construction work started in 2014, but was halted in May 2017, when a large number of human skeletons were discovered at the construction site by workers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Work on new ISBT complex stopped after skeletons found at site|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/work-on-new-isbt-complex-stopped-after-skeletons-found-at-site/story-xucXDXcE3ht71j7FZ1s5zJ.html|access-date=19 July 2017|work=hindustantimes.com/|date=12 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Uttarakhand Government Stops Construction Work Of ISBT Complex After Skeletons Found At Haldwani Site|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/uttarakhand-government-stops-construction-work-of-isbt-complex-after-skeletons-found-at-haldwani-site/969223|work=outlookindia.com/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Work on new ISBT in Uttarakhand halted after skeletons found at site|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/work-on-new-isbt-in-uttarakhand-halted-after-skeletons-found-at-site-117051200618_1.html|access-date=4 July 2017|work=[[Press Trust of India]]|publisher=[[Business Standard|Business Standard India]]|date=12 May 2017|location=[[Dehradun]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hridayesh demands quick decision on ISBT Haldwani|url=http://www.india.com/news/agencies/hridayesh-demands-quick-decision-on-isbt-haldwani-2220081/|access-date=19 July 2017|work=India.com|date=9 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=हल्द्वानी आईएसबीटी का कार्य जल्द शुरू कराया जाए: हृदयेश|url=http://www.livehindustan.com/news/haldwani/article1-Work-of-Haldwani-ISBT-to-be-started-soon:-Hridayesh-828387.html|access-date=19 July 2017|work=livehindustan.com|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hridayesh demands quick decision on ISBT Haldwani|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/hridayesh-demands-quick-decision-on-isbt-haldwani-941351-2017-06-09|access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Congress, BJP slug it out over stalled work at Haldwani ISBT|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/congress-bjp-slug-it-out-over-stalled-work-at-haldwani-isbt/story-eut8G27hwbOabbu3q8pyYI.html|access-date=19 July 2017|work=hindustantimes.com/|date=19 May 2017}}</ref>

===Rail===
[[File:Bagh Exp.jpg|thumb|13019 Howrah – Kathgodam [[Bagh Express]] at {{stnlnk|Haldwani}}.]]
There are direct rail links to many parts both in and outside the state to all major junctions. All trains start from {{stnlnk|Kathgodam}} which is a terminal of [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]'s [[Izzatnagar]] Division and then reach {{stnlnk|Haldwani}} and proceed towards {{stnlnk|Lalkuan Junction}}. In 1883–84, the railway track was laid between Bareilly and Kathgodam. The first train arrived at Haldwani from Lucknow on 24 April 1884.<ref name="Haldwani"/> Later, the railway line was extended to Kathgodam. [[Indian Railways]] is planning shorter rail track via [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]]–[[Kotdwar]]–[[Haridwar]] instead of the present track via [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]–[[Moradabad]].

===Air===
The air gateway to Haldwani is the [[Pantnagar Airport]] located at [[Pantnagar]], which is about 28 km (17 mi) south of Haldwani city, and handles the domestic flights. The [[Pantnagar Airport]] provides direct connectivity to [[New Delhi]], the Capital of India.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Markuna|first1=Rajendra S.|title=Pantnagar airport to see regular flights again|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/dehradun/pantnagar-airport-to-see-regular-flights-again.html|access-date=2 November 2016|work=dailypioneer.com|publisher=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]|date=11 September 2014|location=Haldwani}}</ref>
Government has approved [[Hindon Airport]] to operate as civil Terminal. From October 2019 people of Uttarakhand can fly to Pithoragarh from Hindon Airport located in [[Ghaziabad]]. Hindon Airport is only 4 km away from [[East Delhi]]. The new civil terminal is proposed to operate flights to eight routes, including Nasik, Pithoragarh, Kannur, Hubli, Faizabad, Shimla, Jamnagar and Kalaburgi.

==Sports==
[[File:Indira Gandhi stadium Haldwani 02.jpg|thumb|[[Indira Gandhi International Sports Stadium]]]]
[[Indira Gandhi International Sports Stadium]] is located in Haldwani. The stadium, having a capacity of 25000 people, was inaugurated on 18 December 2016 by [[Harish Rawat]], the then [[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Harish Rawat inaugurates international stadium in Haldwani|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/rawat-inaugurates-international-stadium-in-haldwani/articleshow/56051981.cms|access-date=22 March 2017|agency=TNN|work=The Times of India|date=19 December 2016|location=Nainital}}</ref> It is spread over an area of 70 acres and has [[cricket]] and [[association football|football]] grounds, a [[Racing track|track for 800-metre race]], a [[field hockey|hockey]] field, [[badminton court]]s, a [[lawn tennis]] court, a [[boxing ring]], and a [[swimming pool]].

Haldwani hosted a state-level football championship,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Talwar|first1=Gaurav|title=State-level football championship in Haldwani from Jan 5|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/State-levelfootball-championship-in-Haldwani-from-Jan-5/articleshow/50345770.cms|access-date=21 July 2017|work=The Times of India|date=27 December 2015|location=Dehradun}}</ref> and the first edition of CWE (Continental Wrestling Entertainment) pro-wrestling series,<ref>{{cite news|title=Uttarakhand to host WWF-like Indian pro-wrestling matches|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-to-host-wwf-like-indian-pro-wrestling-matches/story-G4Be8WBmXDhaSZufAAg5MN.html|access-date=22 July 2017|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=7 January 2016}}</ref> in 2016. Haldwani will be the second city after Delhi in [[northern India]] to have more than one international stadium. The [[Uttarakhand State Football Association]] has its headquarters in Haldwani.

==Media and communications==
Haldwani, along with other areas of the Kumaon division, is served by the [[Almora]] station of the [[All India Radio]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Upadhyay|first1=Vineet|title=New Year gift: AIR to broadcast Vividh Bharati in Bageshwar|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/New-Year-gift-AIR-to-broadcast-Vividh-Bharati-in-Bageshwar/articleshow/50371802.cms|access-date=15 October 2016|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|date=29 December 2015|location=Dehradun}}</ref> The first relay centre of Akashwani FM will be set up in Haldwani city on 1,560 sqm of land.<ref>{{cite news|title=Haldwani to get Kumaon's first regional radio channel|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/haldwani-to-get-kumaons-first-regional-radio-channel/articleshow/61662971.cms|work=The Times of India|date=15 November 2017|location=Nainital}}</ref> The relay centre will broadcast FM radio programmes of the All India Radio round the clock within a range of 70 km.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Madhwal|first1=Abhinav|title=First FM relay centre of Akashwani to come up in Haldwani|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/first-fm-relay-centre-of-akashwani-to-come-up-in-haldwani/story-Gh5rXtMt2JjRIvwNYaXpqJ.html|access-date=22 November 2017|work=Hindustan Times|date=15 November 2017|location=Dehradun}}</ref> Internet Services are provided by [[BSNL]], [[Vodafone]], [[Bharti Airtel]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Airtel Launches 4G Services in Dehradun, Haridwar, Roorkee, Rishikesh, Rudrapur and Haldwani|url=http://www.news18.com/news/tech/airtel-launches-4g-services-in-dehradun-haridwar-roorkee-rishikesh-rudrapur-and-haldwani-1309506.html|access-date=21 July 2017|work=News18}}</ref> [[Idea Cellular]] and [[Reliance jio]].
[[Hello Haldwani]] community radio broadcasts programmes on education, agriculture, health and local traditions from the campus of [[Uttarakhand Open University]], Haldwani.<ref>[http://www.uou.ac.in/crs Hello Haldwani community radio] [[Community radio]].</ref>

==Local attractions==
[[File:KGM - DDN Exp. (36636768836).jpg|thumb|[[Kathgodam Express]] near [[Kathgodam Railway Station]]]]
[[File:Walkway Haldwani 02.jpg|thumb|Walkway Haldwani]]

In Khari Boli, [[Kathgodam]] stands for timber depot. Kathgodam may be a railway station for most tourists traveling on to other destinations, but it has an interesting history.{{original research inline|date=October 2021}} Direct trains from cities such as Delhi, Kolkata, Jammu Tawi, Kanpur and Jaisalmer to Kathgodam provide access to travelers to the Kumaon Himalayas.<ref name="traveltriangle.com">{{Cite web|url=https://traveltriangle.com/blog/places-to-visit-in-haldwani/|title=Visit These Places in Haldwani for an Amazing Vacation in Uttarakhand|date=28 October 2021}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[George Traill|George William Traill]]
* [[Saurabh Sachdeva]]
* [[Akbar Ahmad]]
* [[Indira Hridayesh]]
* [[Banshidhar Bhagat]]
* [[Sumit Hridayesh]]
* [[Saurav Joshi]]
* [[Piyush Joshi]]
* [[Sahil Joshi]]
* [[Nakul joshi]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.haldwanicity.com/ Haldwani city guide]
*[http://www.haldwani.co.in/ Haldwani city guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516170145/http://www.haldwani.co.in/ |date=16 May 2010 }}

{{Nainital district}}
{{Municipalities of Uttarakhand}}
{{Kumaon}}

{{Uttarakhand}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Haldwani| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Nainital district]]
[[Category:Tourism in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttarakhand]]

Vinoba Bhave

2026-03-18T14:10:11Z

DebbieLemke: slightly cleaned up references per sources and improved wording based on references

{{Short description|Advocate of non-violence and human rights}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vinoba Bhave
| image = Vinobabhaveji.jpg
| caption = Vinoba Bhave
| birth_name = Vinayak Narahar Bhave
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1895|9|11}}
| birth_place = Gagode, [[Pen, India|Pen]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Maharashtra]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1982|11|15|1895|9|11}}
| death_place = Pavnar, [[Wardha]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| known_for = [[Bhoodan Movement]], [[Satyagraha]]
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/know-your-smart-city-gujarat-115091601075_1.html|title=Know Your Smart City: Gujarat|work=[[Business Standard]]|author=Umarji, Vinay |date=13 June 2016|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>
| awards =
| honours = [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] (1958) [[Bharat Ratna]] (1983)
| website = {{URL|https://vinobabhave.org}}
}}

'''Vinayak Narahar Bhave''', also known as '''Vinoba Bhave''' ({{audio|Vinoba bhave.ogg|pronunciation|help=no}}; 11 September 1895 – 15 November 1982), was an Indian philosopher and an advocate of [[nonviolence]] and [[human rights]]. Often called ''Acharya'' (teacher in [[Sanskrit]]), he is best known for the [[Bhoodan]] land reform movement, and is considered as the [[spiritual successor]] of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].

Bhave was born in Gagoji, and was the eldest of five children and was brought up by his grandfather. Influenced by his mother's religious values, he developed an early interest in spiritual texts such as the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''. After being inspired by Gandhi, he abandoned formal education and joined Gandhi’s [[Sabarmati Ashram]] in 1916. He actively participated in various programmes promoting [[khadi]], village industries, and sanitation.

Bhave became involved in the [[Indian independence movement]], engaging in [[civil disobedience]] against the [[British Raj]]. He was imprisoned several times, and he spent his time in prison writing books and studying various Indian languages. In 1940, Gandhi recognised him as the first individual [[Satyagrahi]]. Beyond the independence movement, Bhave pioneered social reforms, most notably the Bhoodan movement in 1951, where he persuaded large landowners to donate their land to the poor. He also founded the Brahma Vidya Mandir in 1959, promoting self-sufficiency, non-violence, and sustainable agriculture.

Bhave was a prolific writer and scholar, and he authored several books. He interpreted and translated several religious texts across multiple languages, including the ''Bhagavad Gita'' into the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] under the title ''Geetai''. His teachings combined spiritual knowledge with non-violence, and practical service, and gained wide recognition and influence across India. In 1958, he was the first recipient of the international [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] for community leadership. He was awarded the [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian honour, in 1983.

==Early life and background==
Vinayak Narahar Bhave was born on 11 September 1895 in a small village called Gagoji (present-day Gagode Budruk) in [[Raigad district|Kolaba]] in the [[Konkan]] region of what is now [[Maharashtra]]. Vinayaka was the eldest son of Narahar Shambhu Rao and Rukmani Devi. The couple had five children; four sons named Vinayaka (affectionately called Vinya), Balakrishna, Shivaji and Dattatreya, and one daughter Shanti. His father was a trained weaver with a modern rationalist outlook and worked in [[Baroda]]. Vinayaka was brought up by his grandfather, Shamburao Bhave and was greatly influenced by his mother Rukmini Devi, a religious woman from [[Karnataka]]. Vinayaka was highly inspired after reading the [[Bhagavad Gita]], at a very young age.<ref name=biography>{{cite book|author=Narayanaswamy, K.S.|title=Acharya Vinoba Bhave – A biography (Immortal Lights series)|date=2000|publisher=Sapna Book House|location=Bangalore|isbn=978-8-128-01750-6}}</ref>

A report in the newspapers about Gandhi's speech at the newly founded [[Banaras Hindu University]] attracted Bhave's attention. In 1916, after reading a newspaper piece by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], Bhave threw his school and college certificates into a fire on his way to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] to appear for the [[intermediate examination]]. He wrote a letter to Gandhi and after an exchange of letters, Gandhi advised Bhave to come for a personal meeting at [[Kochrab Ashram]] in [[Ahmedabad]]. Bhave met Gandhi on 7 June 1916 and subsequently abandoned his studies. Bhave participated with a keen interest in the activities at Gandhi<nowiki>''</nowiki>s Sabarmati [[ashram]], like teaching, studying, spinning and improving the lives of the community. His involvement with Gandhi's constructive programmes related to [[Khadi]], village industries, new education ([[Nai Talim]]), sanitation and hygiene also kept on increasing.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

Bhave went to [[Wardha]] on 8 April 1921 to take charge of the Ashram as desired by Gandhi. In 1923, he brought out ''Maharashtra Dharma'', a Marathi monthly which had his essays on the Upanishads. Later on, this monthly became a weekly and continued for three years. In 1925, Gandhi sent him to [[Vaikom]], Kerala to supervise the entry of the [[Harijans]] to the temple.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

Bhave was arrested several times during the 1920s and 1930s and served a five-year jail sentence in the 1940s for leading non-violent resistance to [[British rule]]. The jails for Bhave had become the places of reading and writing. He wrote Ishavasyavritti and Sthitaprajna Darshan in jail. He also learnt four South Indian languages and created the script of Lok Nagari at [[Vellore]] jail. In the jails, he gave a series of talks on the Bhagavad Gita in Marathi, to his fellow prisoners. Bhave participated in the nationwide civil disobedience periodically conducted against the British and was imprisoned with other nationalists. Despite these many activities, he was not well known to the public. He gained national prominence when Gandhi chose him as the first participant in a new nonviolent campaign in 1940. All were calling him by his short name, Vinoba.
Bhave's younger brother Balkrishna was also a Gandhian. Gandhi entrusted him and [[Manibhai Desai]] to set up a nature therapy ashram at [[Urali Kanchan]] where Balkrishna spent all his life.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Kumarappa B. |year=1954 |url=http://gandhiashramsevagram.org/pdf-books/nature-cure.pdf |title=Gandhi M. Nature cure |publisher=Navajivan Publishing House}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Nisargopachar Ashram – Naturopathic Centre Urulikanchan, Pune|url=http://www.aarogya.com/complementary-medicine/naturopathy/the-nisargopachar-ashram-naturopathic-centre-urulikanchan-pune.html|website=aarogya.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Desai, Manibhai Bhimbhai |url=http://www.rmaf.org.ph/newrmaf/main/awardees/awardee/biography/252 |website=rmaf.org.ph}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Mehta, Jayshree |editor2=Usha, Thakkar |title=Understanding Gandhi : Gandhians in conversation with Fred J. Blum |date=2011 |publisher=Sage Publications |location=Los Angeles |isbn=978-8132105572 |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4VnuMXLK8z8C&pg=PA6}}</ref>

==Career==
===Freedom struggle===
[[File:Vinobha Kutir 1.JPG|right|190px|thumb|''Vinoba Kutir'' at [[Sabarmati Ashram]]]]
He was associated with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in the [[Indian independence movement]]. He stayed for some time at Gandhi's Sabarmati ashram in a cottage that was named after him, 'Vinoba Kutir'. He gave talks on the Bhagavad Gita in Marathi to his fellow ashramites. These were later published in book form, as ''Talks on the Gita'', and it has been translated into many languages both in India and elsewhere. Bhave felt that the source of these talks was something from above and he believed that its influence would endure even if his other works were forgotten.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

In the year 1940, he was chosen by Gandhi to be the first individual Satyagrahi (an individual standing up for Truth instead of a [[collective action]]) against the British colonisation.<ref>{{cite book |author= Rühe, Peter |page=152 |title=Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGppQ8NJlR4C |year=2001 |publisher=Phaidon |isbn=978-0-7148-4103-8}}</ref> It is said that Gandhi envied and respected Bhave's celibacy, a vow he made in his adolescence, in fitting with his belief in the [[Brahmacharya]] principle. Bhave also participated in the [[Quit India Movement]].{{cn|date=March 2026}}

===Religious and social work===
[[File:Gandhi and Vinoba.jpg|right|190px|thumb|[[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] and Bhave]]
Bhave's religious outlook was very broad and it synthesized the truths of many religions. This can be seen in one of his hymns "Om Tat Sat" which contains symbols of many religions. His slogan "जय जगत्" (Jay Jagat) i.e. "victory to the world" finds reflection in his views about the world as a whole.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

Bhave observed the life of the average Indian living in a village and tried to find solutions for the problems he faced with a firm spiritual foundation. This formed the core of his ''[[Sarvodaya Movement|Sarvodaya movement]]''. Another example of this is the [[Bhoodan movement|Bhoodan]] (land gift) movement started at [[Bhoodhan Pochampally|Pochampally]] on 18 April 1951, after interacting with 80 Harijan families. He walked all across India asking people with land to consider him one of their sons and so gave him one-sixth of their land which he then distributed to the landless poor. [[Non-violence]] and compassion is a hallmarks of his philosophy, he also campaigned against the slaughtering of cows.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

Bhave said, "I have walked all over India for 13 years. In the backdrop of the enduring perpetuity of my life's work, I have established 6 ashrams."{{cn|date=March 2026}}

===Brahma Vidya Mandir ===
[[File:Shree 'Bharat Ram' Mandir, Paunar Ashram - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Brahma Vidya Mandir at Paunar]]

The Brahma Vidya Mandir was founded in 1959 in Paunar, Maharashtra and is one of the ashrams established by Bhave. It was created for women to become self-sufficient and practice non-violence within the community. They used Gandhi's beliefs, which was heavily influenced by the ''Bhagavad-Gita'', to aid in agricultural practices that were non-violent and produce sustainable food. The community performed prayers as a group every day, reciting from the [[Isha Upanishad]] at dawn, the [[Vishnu Sahasranama]] at mid-morning, and the ''Bhagavad-Gita'' in the evening. As of today, there are around 25 women who are members of the community and several men have also been allowed to join the community.<ref name=sanford/>

BVM's existence demonstrates how a self sufficient community can apply non-violence and radical democracy to their own social and geographic context in food production. One mainstream narrative is that large-scale agriculture is "inevitable, necessary, and the sole possibility of feeding the world" and relies on expensive technology. However, BVM rejects this narrative and continues to use Gandhian principles in agriculture such as nonviolence. It is a small community in India and does not hold much influence to promote its beliefs and practices in the mainstream. Most agricultural practices in India has adopted US-style consumerism. BVM is still important as its ideals can help shape agriculture for the better and focus less on profit.<ref name=sanford>{{cite journal |last1=Sanford |first1=A. Whitney |title=Gandhi's Agrarian Legacy: Practicing Food, Justice, and Sustainability in India |journal=Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture |date=3 April 2013 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=65–87 |doi=10.1558/JSRNC.V7I1.65|s2cid=144900086}}</ref>

=== Bhoodan movement===
[[File:Bhoodan yojana.jpg|thumb|Vinoba Bhave during his padyantra across India, as part of [[Bhoodan movement]], a voluntary land reform movement in 1951. ]]
On 18 April 1951, Bhave started his land donation movement at Pochampally of Nalgonda district [[Telangana]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Claude Markovits |title=The Un-Gandhian Gandhi: The Life and Afterlife of Mahatma}}</ref> the [[Bhoodan Movement]]. He took donated land from landowner Indians and gave
it away to the poor and landless, for them to cultivate. Then, after 1954, he started to ask for donations from whole villages in a programme he called Gramdan. He got more than 1000 villages by way of donations. Out of these, he obtained 175 donated villages in Tamil Nadu alone. Noted Gandhian and an atheist [[Lavanam]] was the interpreter for Bhave during his land reform movement in Andhra Pradesh and parts of Orissa.<ref name="Markshep.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.markshep.com/nonviolence/GT_Vinoba.html |title=The King of Kindness: Vinoba Bhave and His Nonviolent Revolution |publisher=Markshep.com |access-date=13 June 2012 |archive-date=14 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114025951/http://www.markshep.com/nonviolence/GT_Vinoba.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Later life and death==
Bhave spent the later part of his life at his Brahma Vidya Mandir ashram in Paunar in [[Wardha district]] of Maharashtra. He died on 15 November 1982 after refusing food and medicine for a few days.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Justice |first=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TW4jG0hxHcUC&dq=vinoba+bhave+died&pg=PA235 |title=Dying the Good Death: The Pilgrimage to Die in India's Holy City |date=1997-01-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3261-7 }}</ref> The Then Prime Minister of India, [[Indira Gandhi]], who was visiting Moscow to attend the funeral of Soviet leader [[Leonid Brezhnev]], cut short her visit to be at the Bhave's funeral.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Boyd H. |editor1-last=Minor |editor1-first=Robert Neil |title=Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavadgita |date=1986 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-88706-297-1 |oclc=751652796 |chapter=Vinoba Bhave's Talks on the Gita|page=113}}</ref>

===Literary career===
Vinoba Bhave was a scholar, thinker, and writer who produced numerous books. He was a translator who made Sanskrit texts accessible to the common man. He was also an orator and linguist with an excellent command of several languages (Marathi, Kannada, Gujarati, Hindi, Urdu, English, and Sanskrit).{{cn|date=March 2026}}

Bhave was an innovative social reformer. He called "Kannada" script the "Queen of World Scripts" (''Vishwa Lipigala Raani'').<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-28 |title=Kannada Language: Check These 7 Amazing Facts About The Queen of Languages! |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/kannada-language-some-amazing-facts-about-indias-most-unique-language-1622721236-1 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chai |first=The Masala |date=2021-06-03 |title=Kannada Is Known As The 'Queen of World Scripts': Vinoba Bhave |url=https://masalachaimedia.com/kannada-is-known-as-the-queen-of-world-scripts-vinoba-bhave/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Masala Chai Media |language=en-US}}</ref> He wrote brief introductions to, and criticisms of, several religious and philosophical works like the Bhagavad Gita, works of [[Adi Shankaracharya]], the [[Bible]] and the [[Quran]]. His views of Dnyaneshwar's poetry and works by other Marathi saints are pretty brilliant and a testimony to the breadth of his intellect.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

Bhave had translated the Bhagavad Gita into Marathi. He was deeply influenced by the Gita and attempted to imbibe its teachings into his life, often stating that "The Gita is my life's breath".<ref>{{cite book |author=Minor, Robert |year=1986 |title=Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavad Gita |publisher=State University of New York press |ISBN=978-0-88706-298-8}}</ref>

===Select bibliography===
* {{cite book |last1=Bhave |first1=Vinoba |title=Bhoodan Yajna: Land-Gifts Mission |date=1957 |publisher=Navajivan Publ. House |oclc=917003189 |author-mask=1|language=English}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bhave |first1=Vinoba |title=The Essence of the Christian Teachings |date=1969 |publisher=Sangh |oclc=916980559 |author-mask=1|language=English}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bhave |first1=Vinoba |title=The Third Power |date=1972 |publisher=Sangh |oclc=916982570|author-mask=1 |language=English}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bhave |first1=Vinoba |title=Swaraj Sastra: The Principles of A Non-Violent Political Order |date=1973 |publisher=Sangh |author-mask=1|oclc=916982656 |language=English}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bhave |first1=Vinoba |title=Democratic Values and the Practice of Citizenship: Selections from the Addresses of Vinoba Bhave, 1951-1960 |date=1977 |publisher=Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan |oclc=312995346|author-mask=1 |language=English}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bhave |first1=Vinoba |title=Dharma Samanvaya |date=1977 |publisher=Naī Dillī; Gāṃdhī Śānti Pratiṣṭhāna |oclc=314472587|author-mask=1 |language=Hindi}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bhave |first1=Vinoba |title=The Essence of the Quran |date=1978 |publisher=Sangh |oclc=916980560|author-mask=1 |language=English}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bhave |first1=Vinoba |title=Talks on the Gita |date=1982 |publisher=Sarva-Seva-Sangh-Prakashan |edition=8th |oclc=20472526|author-mask=1 |language=English}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bhave |first1=Vinoba |title=Women's Power |date=1982 |publisher=Sangh |oclc=916980145|author-mask=1 |language=English}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bhave |first1=Vinoba |title=Thoughts on Education |date=1985 |publisher=Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan |oclc=311456183|author-mask=1 |language=English}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bhave |first1=Vinoba |author-mask=1 |translator-last=Sykes |translator-first=Marjorie |title=Moved By Love edited by Kalindi |date=2006 |publisher=Paramdham Prakashan, Wardha |oclc=875768248 |language=English}}

==Criticism==
[[V.S. Naipaul]] has criticised Bhave in his collection of essays citing his lack of connection with rationality and excessive imitation of Gandhi.{{cn|date=March 2026}} His support to the [[Indian National Congress]] government under Indira Gandhi, was unpopular, after he controversially backed the [[Indian Emergency]] imposed by her, calling it ''Anushasana Parva'' (''Time for Discipline''). [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] in his prison diary, during the emergency period, sarcastically commented on the same.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dandavate |first1=Madhu |title=Jayaprakash Narayan: struggle with values: a centenary tribute |date=2002 |publisher=Allied Publishers |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8-177-64341-1 |pages=224–225 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bzydyhfwNnoC&q=vinoba+bhave+emergency+indira&pg=PA1}}</ref> Congress party opponents at that time had coined the derogatory term "Sarkari Sant (government saint)" to describe him. Marathi writer [[Pra Ke Atre]] publicly criticised him and mocked him by writing an article titled "Vanaroba" which is a disambiguation of the name "Vinoba" and means [[monkey]].{{cn|date=March 2026}}

==Awards and recognition==
In 1958, Bhave was the first recipient of the international [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] for Community Leadership.<ref>{{cite web |title=1958 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership - Vinoba Bhave |url=http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Biography/BiographyBhaveVin.htm |access-date=22 September 2024 |date=15 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315205622/http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Biography/BiographyBhaveVin.htm |archive-date=15 March 2007 }}</ref> He was awarded the [[Bharat Ratna]] posthumously in 1983.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Bharat Ratna Awardees recipients |url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/bharatratna_awards_list1.php?start=20 |website=india.gov.in |access-date=}} accessed January 2010</ref> [[Vinoba Bhave University]], located in [[Hazaribagh district]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], is named after him.

''Vinoba Bhave, The Man'', a documentary film on the social-reformer directed by [[Vishram Bedekar]] was released in 1963. It was produced by the [[Government of India]]'s [[Films Division]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vinoba Bhave The Man - Films Division |url=https://www.mib.gov.in/filmsdivisionvideo/vinoba-bhave-man |website=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]}}</ref> Indian film director [[Sarvottam Badami]] had earlier made another documentary on him, ''Vinoba Bhave'', in 1951.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen|first2=Paul |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja |url-access=registration |access-date=12 August 2012 |year=1999 |publisher=British Film Institute |isbn=9780851706696 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of peace activists]]
* [[Gandhism]]
* [[Lanza del Vasto]]
* [[Shakuntala Choudhary]]
* [[Charu Chandra Bhandari]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* ''Vinoba Bhave: The Man and His Mission'', by P. D. Tandon. Published by Vora, 1954.
* ''India's Walking Saint: The Story of Vinoba Bhave'', by Hallam Tennyson. Published by Doubleday, 1955.
* ''Acharya Vinoba Bhave'', by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India, Published by Publications Division, Government of India, 1955.
* ''India's Social Miracle: The Story of Acharya Vinoba Bhave and His Movement for Social Justice and Cooperation, Along with a Key to America's Future and the Way for Harmony Between Man, Nature, and God'', by Daniel P. Hoffman. He is published by Naturegraph Co., 1961.
* ''Sarvodaya Ideology & Acharya Vinoba Bhave'', by V. Narayan Karan Reddy. Published by Andhra Pradesh Sarvodaya Mandal, 1963.
* ''Vinoba Bhave on self-rule & representative democracy'', by Michael W. Sonnleitner. Published by Promilla & Co., 1988.
* "Vinoba Bhave Pictorial Biography" Kindle Edition by Subhash Pawar , 2018 {{ISBN|978-81-85002-10-1}}.
* ''Struggle for Independence : Vinoba Bhave'', by Shiri Ram Bakshi. Published by Anmol Publications, 1989.
* ''Philosophy of Vinoba Bhave: A New Perspective in Gandhian Thought'', by Geeta S. Mehta. Published by Himalaya Pub. House, 1995. {{ISBN|978-81-7493-054-5}}.
* ''Vinoba Bhave – Vyakti Ani Vichar'' (a book in Marathi) by Dr Anant D. Adawadkar, Published by Jayashri Prakashan, Nagpur.
* ''Vinoba Darshan'' – a pictorial biography with philosophical views

{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Vinoba Bhave}}

* [https://archive.org/details/Gitaai-AcharyaVinobaBhave-MarathiAudiobook Vinoba Bhave's Geetai Audio Book]
* [https://archive.org/details/GITAI Vinoba Bhave's Geetai PDF]
* [http://www.vinobabhave.org Website to spread the thoughts, philosophy and works of Vinoba Bhave ]
* [http://www.markshep.com/nonviolence/GT_Vinoba.html The King of Kindness: Vinoba Bhave and His Nonviolent Revolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114025951/http://www.markshep.com/nonviolence/GT_Vinoba.html |date=(((14 January 2010))) }}
* [http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationBhaveVin.htm Citation for 1958 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership]
* [http://www.bioscand.se/kron/Vinoba.htm Vinoba Bahve – his work on leprosy (with photo 1979)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071225153018/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,935318-1,00.html A Man on Foot – Time magazine cover page article dated Monday, 11 May 1953]

{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Mohandas K. Gandhi}}
{{Bharat Ratna}}
{{RMA winners of India}}
{{Ramon Magsaysay Award Winners}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhave, Vinoba}}
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian religious writers]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Ramon Magsaysay Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna]]
[[Category:Indian nonviolence advocates]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:People from Raigad district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Sanskrit writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bhagavad Gita]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Gujarat]]

Varikkasseri Mana

2026-03-17T03:36:37Z

DebbieLemke: minor refine page for consistency and improved wording after review

{{Short description|Traditional mansion in Kerala known numerous film appearances}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Varikkasseri Mana
| native_name = {{lang|ml|വരിക്കാശ്ശേരി മന}}
| image = Varikkasseri Nalukettu.jpg
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption =
| alternate_names = Varikkumanchery Mana
| pushpin_map = Kerala
| pushpin_map_alt =
| map_caption =
| building_type =
| architectural_style = [[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala Architecture]]
| architect = Krishnan Thampuran
| structural_system = Red stone
| roof = Roof tiles
| est_completion = 1902
| cost =
| location = [[Manissery]], [[Ottappalam]], [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]]
| owner = Varikkasseri Krishnan Namboodiripad
| current_tenants =
| location_country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|46|16|N|76|20|14|E}}
| altitude =
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date =
| inauguration_date =
| demolished_date =
| height =
| diameter =
| other_dimensions =
| floor_count = Three
| floor_area =
| number_of_rooms = 74 in the main building
| awards =
| parking =
| website =
| references =
}}
'''Varikkasseri Mana''', alternatively known as '''Varikkumanchery Mana''', is a [[mansion]] belonging to [[Nambudiri|Namboothiri]] nobility in [[Kingdom of Valluvanad|Valluvanad]] region of [[Kerala]]. Built in [[Architecture of Kerala|traditional Kerala architectural]] on a plot of land measuring approximately 4 acres, the building is located at [[Manissery]], a village in [[Ottapalam]] in [[Palakkad]]. It is a popular shooting location for films including ''[[Devasuram]]'', ''[[Narasimham (film)]]'', ''[[Aaraam Thampuran]]'', ''[[Rappakal]]'' and ''[[Aranmanai 4]]''.

== Profile ==
The Varikkasseri family is reported to have a history of over 1000 years and the family is known to have occupied a sovereign position among ''Ashta gruha'' (Eight Families) Namboothiri families.<ref name="Varikkassery Mana - a report">{{Cite web |url=https://wikimapia.org/8805651/Varikkassery-mana-Marked-by-krishnan-varikkassery |title=Varikkassery Mana - a report |last=Krishnan Varikkassery |website=wikimapia.org |language=en |access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref> The Mana was built by Varikkassery Ravi Namboothirippad<ref name="Varikkassery Mana, where heritage wins time - MovingShoe">{{Cite web |url=http://movingshoe.com/varikkassery-mana/ |title=Varikkassery Mana, where heritage wins time - MovingShoe |website=movingshoe.com |access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref> in or about 1902, using locally available red stone.<ref name="Veedu special episode at Varikkassery Mana">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JM1vTJO6Y8 |title=Veedu special episode at Varikkassery Mana |last=Veedu |date=2014-07-31 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref> An expansive ''padippura'' (gate house)<ref name="8 Gorgeous Movie Locations in Kerala that will Bring Out the Actor in You!">{{Cite web |url=https://medium.com/@paradiseholidays/8-gorgeous-movie-locations-in-kerala-that-will-bring-out-the-actor-in-you-8e55a433e685 |title=8 Gorgeous Movie Locations in Kerala that will Bring Out the Actor in You! |last=Holidays |first=Paradise |date=2017-05-08 |website=Medium |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> provides the entry to the three-storied building complex which comprises a ''[[nalukettu]]'' with 74 rooms, two ''pathayappuras'' (outhouses), a large pond and the adjoining bath house, a family temple complex consisting three temples of [[Shiva]], [[Krishna]] and [[Ayyappan]], and an ''oottupura'' (dining hall), which has since been demolished.<ref name="Varikkasseri Mana - the ancestral home of Malayalam cinema">{{Cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/lifestyle/decor/varikkasseri-mana-ottapalam-palakkad-movie-location.html |title=Varikkasseri Mana - the ancestral home of Malayalam cinema |website=OnManorama |access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref> It was designed by Krishnan Thampuran, also known as Shilpi Thampuran, of Varikkasseri family, who had earlier studied architecture in [[Chennai]] and his exposure to western architecture is seen in the design of the building, especially in the long slender columns surrounding the portico of the building. The beams, doors and windows are made out of wood and are adorned with intricate carvings.<ref name="Veedu special episode at Varikkassery Mana" />

The house was used in a number of Malayalam films,<ref name="The New Indian Express - 29 May 2012 - They’re shooting like hell at Varikkassery Mana"/> starting with [[Theertham (film)|Theertham]], the 1987 film made by [[Mohan (director)|Mohan]].<ref name="Veedu special episode at Varikkassery Mana" /> It is reported that the [[principal photography]] of over 100 films have been done here<ref name="Most popular shooting locations for Mollywood">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/most-popular-shooting-locations-for-mollywood/photostory/50159310.cms |title=Most popular shooting locations for Mollywood |website=The Times of India |access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref> which include [[Devaasuram]], [[Aaraam Thampuran]], [[Narasimham (film)|Narasimham]], [[Ravanaprabhu]], [[Rappakal]], [[Anandabhadram]], [[Chandrolsavam]], [[Drona 2010|Drona]], [[Simhasanam (2012 film)|Simhasanam]], [[Madampi]], [[Sufi Paranja Katha (film)|Sufi Paranja Katha]], [[Jana (film)|Jana]] ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]), [[Thooval Kottaram]], [[Kaavalan]], [[Kaaryasthan]], [[Villain (2017 film)|Villain]], [[Manthrikan]], [[Pretham 2]], [[Shylock (2020 film)|Shylock]] and [[Bramayugam]].<ref name="Most Popular Shooting Locations for Mollywood.">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/most-popular-shooting-locations-for-mollywood/photostory/50159317.cms |title=Most Popular Shooting Locations for Mollywood. |access-date=11 May 2016 |publisher=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref> Visitors are allowed in the complex when no film is being shot, but access to the ritually pure ''thevarapura'' is restricted to Brahmins who intend to perform rituals.<ref name="The stately Varikkasseri Mana beckons visitors">{{Cite web |url=https://travel.manoramaonline.com/travel/getting-about-kerala/palakkad/2018/11/09/the-stately-varikkasseri-mana-beckons-visitors.html |title=The stately Varikkasseri Mana beckons visitors |website=OnManorama |language=en |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> The mana is maintained and managed by a trust formed by the current owners of the property, consisting of 10 of the 25 original heirs and some investors who purchased the rights from the remaining 15 heirs.<ref name="The New Indian Express - 29 May 2012 - They’re shooting like hell at Varikkassery Mana">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article529529.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501075911/http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article529529.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 May 2013|title=They're shooting like hell at Varikkassery Mana|last=Satish|first=A|date=29 May 2012|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=11 May 2016}}</ref>

[[:ml:ശില്പി വരിക്കാശ്ശീരി കൃഷ്ണൻ നമ്പൂതിരിപ്പാട്|Varikkassery Krishnan Nampoothirippad]] was the sculptor who built the portico for this house in 1940s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Srushtiyum visrushtiyum (സൃഷ്ടിയും വിസൃഷ്ടിയും, ശില്പി വരിക്കാശ്ശീരി കൃഷ്ണൻ നമ്പൂതിരിപ്പാടിൻറെ കലയും ജീവിതവും)|last=Rajendu|first=S|publisher=Mathrubhumi Books|year=2012|isbn=978-81-8265-380-1|location=Calicut}}</ref>

== Location ==
The Mana is located at [[Manissery]], in [[Ottappalam]], around 42 km from [[Palakkad]], in the south Indian state of Kerala.<ref name="The stately Varikkasseri Mana beckons visitors" /> The nearest railway station is [[Ottapalam railway station]] but one may also reach the place via [[Shornur railway station]] which is 13 km away.<ref name="Varikkassery Mana - a documentary">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISHvAenqanY |title=Varikkassery Mana - a documentary |last=White Line |date=2018-08-05 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> [[Kozhikode International Airport]] is the entry point by air, which is situated 62 km away from the Mana.<ref name="Ottappalam">{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/ottappalam-palakkad/148?_e_pi_=7%2CPAGE_ID10%2C3796295779 |title=Ottappalam |website=Kerala Tourism Department |access-date=11 May 2016}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Varikkasseri Gopuram.jpg|{{center|Entrance}}
File:Varikkasseri Ambalam.jpg|{{center|Varikkasseri temple}}
File:Varikkasseri Nalukettu 2.jpg|{{center|Nalukettu}}
File:Varikkassery mana.jpg|{{center|Verandah}}
File:Varikkasseri Nadumuttam.jpg|{{center|Courtyard}}
File:Varikkasseri Pathayappura.jpg|{{center|Out-house}}
File:Varikkasseri Kulam.jpg|{{center|Family pond}}
File:Varikkasseri Kulappura.jpg|{{center|Bath house}}
File:Insideofvarikkasserymana.jpg|{{center|A view from inside}}
File:A window of the Varikkasseri Mana.jpg|{{center|The red stone wall and a window}}
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Olappamanna Mana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://wikimapia.org/8805651/Varikkassery-mana-Marked-by-krishnan-varikkassery |title=Varikkassery Mana |last=Krishnan Varikkassery.. |website=wikimapia.org |language=en |access-date=2019-04-18}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Varikkasseri Mana}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjSjDmMdbZ8 |title=Varikkasseri Mana after Lockdown |last=F7byFaisal |date=2021-01-25 |website=YouTube |access-date=2021-01-25}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXxjaIjtIR4 |title=Kerala Tourism - Varikkassery Mana |last=Azhiyur Traveler |date=2014-04-07 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-04-18}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2qr0WTCfMbs |title=Varikkassery Mana - Illam - 100 years old Houses - Ashta griha |last=Travel diaries |date=2018-03-21 |website=YouTube - Kerala tourism |access-date=2019-04-18}}

{{Tourism in Kerala|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Indian noble families]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage of India]]
[[Category:Ottapalam]]

Rigvedic rivers

2026-03-09T12:16:41Z

DebbieLemke:

{{short description|Rivers mentioned in the Hindu Rig Veda}}
{{Redirect|Hindu river|the river known as the Sindhū|Indus River}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
The [[Rigveda]] refers to a number of rivers located in the northwestern [[Indian subcontinent]], from [[Gandhara]] to [[Kurukshetra]].
[[File:Rigvedic geography.jpg|right|thumb|Rivers mentioned in Rigveda]]

==Rigvedic geography==
[[File:Sarasvati river.jpg|thumb|Vedic and present-day Ghaggar-Hakra river-course, with [[Āryāvarta|Aryavarta]]/[[Kuru kingdom]], and pre-Harappan Hakra/Shutudri-Yamuna paleochannels as proposed by {{harvtxt|Clift et al.|2012}} and {{harvtxt|Khonde et al.|2017}}.{{refn|group=lower-alpha|See [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Satellite-image-of-the-Indus-River-system-showing-the-study-sites-Stars-indicate_fig1_229062223 Clift et al. (2012) map] and [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-05745-8/figures/1 Honde te al. (2017) map].}} 1 = ancient river 2 = today's river 3 = today's Thar desert 4 = ancient shore 5 = today's shore 6 = today's town 7 = dried-up Harappan Hakra course, and pre-Harappan Sutlej paleochannels ({{harvtxt|Clift et al.|2012}}).]]

Identification of Rigvedic hydronyms has engaged multiple historians; it is the single most important way of establishing the geography and chronology of the early [[Vedic period]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Witzel|first=Michael|title=Aryans and Non-Non-Aryans: Evidence, Interpretation and Ideology|year=1998|editor-last=Bronkhorst|editor-first=James|editor-link=Johannes Bronkhorst|series=Harvard Oriental Series|location=Cambridge|pages=337–404|chapter=Aryan and non-Aryan Names in Vedic India: Data for the linguistic situation, c. 1900-500 B.C|author-link=Michael Witzel|editor-last2=Deshpande|editor-first2=Madhav}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/download/195.1996-sapta-sindhvas-the-landof-seven-rivers/195.1996_SaptaSindhvas-TheLandofSevenRivers.pdf|title=Sapta Sinhavas- The land of seven rivers|work=M. Aslamkhan}}</ref> Rivers with certain identifications stretch from eastern [[Afghanistan]] to the western [[Gangetic plain]], clustering in the [[Punjab]] region. The Rigveda mentions the ''sapta-sindhavaḥ'' ({{langx|sa|सप्तसिन्धवः}}, seven rivers), along with other rivers:
{{Blockquote
|text=“He has surveyed eight summits of the Earth, three shore or desert regions, seven rivers.” (''aṣṭaú vy àkhyat kakúbhaḥ pr̥thivyā́s trī́ dhánva yójanā saptá síndhūn'' RV.I.35.8).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wilson |first1=H.H |title=Rig Veda 1.35.8 [English translation] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/rig-veda-english-translation/d/doc829317.html |website=www.wisdomlib.org |access-date=22 May 2022 |language=en |date=27 August 2021}}</ref>}}

''Sapta-sindhavaḥ'' is cognate with [[Avestan]] ''hapta həndu'', and is interpreted as referring to Punjab.{{efn|'Seven Rivers' include [[Indus]] and the five rivers of Punjab. Seventh is generally believed to be the legendary [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvati]]; however, [[J. S. Grewal]] considers river [[Kabul river|Kabul]] more likely to be the seventh river instead.<ref name=Grewal/> See also [[Avestan geography#Vendidad references]]}} The region's name comes from پنج, ''panj'', 'five' and آب, [[Ap (water)|''āb'']], 'water' thus "[[Punjab#Etymology|five waters]]", a Persian calque of the Indo-Aryan ''Pancha-nada'' meaning "five rivers".<ref name=Grewal>{{Cite journal |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |author-link=J. S. Grewal |date=2004 |title=Historical Geography of the Punjab |url=https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/sitefiles/journals/volume11/no1/2_grewal.pdf |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |publisher=[[University of California, Santa Barbara]] |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |issn=0971-5223 |oclc=436148809}}</ref>

The same names were often imposed on different rivers as the Vedic culture migrated eastward from around Afghanistan (where they stayed for a considerable time) to the subcontinent via Punjab.<ref name=":2" />

==List of rivers==
Multiple hydronyms are located in the Rigvedic corpus; they are slotted according to rough geographical locations, following the scheme of [[Michael Witzel]].<ref name=":2" /> Alongside, opinions of scholars about modern correlates are provided:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Blažek|first=Václav|author-link=Václav Blažek|date=2016|title=Hydronymia R̥gvedica|journal=[[Linguistica Brunensia]]|publisher=[[Masaryk University]]|volume=64|issue=2|pages=7–54}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Dähnhardt|first=Thomas Wolfgang Peter|year=2009|editor-last=Filippi|editor-first=Gian Giuseppe|chapter=The descent of King Lion: Some considerations on the relations between the Indus and other rivers in the sacred geography and culture of ancient India|series=Indoasiatica|publisher=Libreria Editrice Cafoscarina|volume=6|pages=189–208|title=I fiumi sacri|isbn=9788875432416}}</ref>

Indus:

* Síndhu – Identified with [[Indus River|Indus]].<ref name=":0" /> The central lifeline of RV.<ref name=":1" />

Northwestern Rivers:

* Tr̥ṣṭā́mā – Blažek identifies with [[Gilgit River|Gilgit]].<ref name=":0" /> Witzel notes it to be unidentified.<ref name=":2" />
* Susártu – Unidentified.
* Ánitabhā – Unidentified.
* Rasā́ – Described once to be on the upper Indus; at other times a mythical entity.<ref name=":0" />
* Mehatnū – A tributary of [[Gomal River|Gomatī́]].<ref name=":0" /> Unidentifiable.<ref name=":2" />
* Śvetyā́ – Unidentified.
* Kúbhā – Identified with [[Kabul River|Kabul river]].
* Krúmu – Identified with [[Kurrama River|Kurrum]].
* Suvā́stu – Identified with [[Swat River|Swat]].
*Gomatī́ – Identified with [[Gomal River|Gomal]].
* Saráyu / Harōiiu – Blažek identifies with [[Sarju]].<ref name=":0" /> Witzel identifies with [[Hari (Afghanistan)|Hari]].<ref name=":2" />
* Kuṣávā – Probably the [[Kunar River]].
* Yavyā́vatī – Noted to be a branch of Gomatī́. Witzel as well as Blažek identifies with [[Zhob River]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> Dähnhardt comments it to be synonymous to Yamúnā or flowing very close to it.<ref name=":1" />

Eastern tributaries:
* Suṣómā – Identified with [[Soan River|Soan]].
* Arjikiya – Blažek identifies with [[Haro River|Haro]].<ref name=":0" /> Witzel speculates it to be [[Poonch River|Poonch]] or [[Tawi River|Tawi]].<ref name=":2" />
* Rivers of Jammu :
** Suryāputrī – Identified with [[Tawi River|Tawi]].
** Asiknī́ – Identified with [[Chenab River|Chenab]].
** Iravatī – Identified with [[Ravi River|Ravi]].

* Rivers of Punjab:
** Vitástā – Identified with [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]].
** Asiknī́ – Identified with [[Chenab River|Chenab]].
** Iravatī – Identified with [[Ravi River|Ravi]].
** Vípāśā – Identified with [[Beas River|Beas]].
** Śutudrī́ – Identified with [[Sutlej]].
** Marúdvr̥dhā – Identified with Mahuvardhavan.<ref name=":0" />

[[Haryana]]:
* [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvati]]<ref>{{citation |last=Kochhar |first=Rajesh |chapter=On the identity and chronology of the Ṛgvedic river Sarasvatī |title=Archaeology and Language III; Artefacts, languages and texts |editor1=Roger Blench |editor2=Matthew Spriggs |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=0-415-10054-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA262 |page=262}}</ref> (also identified with [[Helmand river|Helmand]] in Afghanistan<ref>{{citation |last=Kochhar |first=Rajesh |chapter=On the identity and chronology of the Ṛgvedic river Sarasvatī |title=Archaeology and Language III; Artefacts, languages and texts |editor1=Roger Blench |editor2=Matthew Spriggs |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=0-415-10054-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA262 |page=262}}</ref>)
** Āpayā́ and Āpayā́ – Streams/rivers of Sarasvati basin.<ref name=":0" />
**[[Drishadvati River|Drishadvati]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kar|first1=Amal|last2=Ghose|first2=Bimal|date=1984|title=The Drishadvati River System of India: An Assessment and New Findings|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/635000|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=150|issue=2|pages=221–229|doi=10.2307/635000|jstor=635000 |issn=0016-7398|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Eastern Rivers:
* Áśmanvatī – Identified with [[Asan Barrage|Assan]].
* Yamúnā – Identified with [[Yamuna]].
** Aṃśumátī – Probably an epithet for Yamúnā.<ref name=":0" />
* Gáṅgā – Identified with [[Ganges|Ganga]].

==See also==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Ap (water)]]
*[[Aryan migration]]
*[[India (Herodotus)]]
*[[Nadistuti sukta]]
*[[Old European hydronymy]]
*[[Out of India theory]]
*[[Rigvedic deities]]
*[[River goddess]]
*[[Samudra]]
*[[Jetisu|Zhetysu]] – 7 rivers of Central Asia
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* Blažek, Václav. "[http://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/136172 Hydronymia R̥gvedica]". In: ''Linguistica Brunensia''. 2016, vol. 64, iss. 2, pp. 7–54. {{ISSN|2336-4440}}; {{ISSN|1803-7410}}.
* {{citation | last1 =Clift | first1 =Peter D. | ref ={{sfnref|Clift et al.|2012}} | last2 =Carter | first2 =Andrew | last3 =Giosan | first3 =Liviu | last4 =Durcan | first4 =Julie | display-authors =etal | year =2012 | title =U–Pb zircon dating evidence for a Pleistocene Sarasvati River and capture of the Yamuna River | journal =Geology | volume =40 | issue =3 | pages =211–214 | doi =10.1130/g32840.1 | bibcode =2012Geo....40..211C | s2cid =130765891 }}
* {{Citation | last1 =Khonde | first1 =Nitesh | last2 =Kumar Singh | first2 =Sunil | last3 =Maur | first3 =D. M. | last4 =Rai | first4 = Vinai K. | last5 =Chamyal | first5 =L. S. | last6 =Giosan | first6 =Liviu | year =2017 | title =Tracing the Vedic Saraswati River in the Great Rann of Kachchh | journal =Scientific Reports | volume =7 | issue =1 | page =5476 | doi =10.1038/s41598-017-05745-8 | pmid =28710495 | pmc =5511136 | bibcode =2017NatSR...7.5476K | url =|ref={{sfnref|Khonde et al.|2017}}}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
;General
* Gherardo Gnoli, ''De Zoroastre à Mani. Quatre leçons au Collège de France'' (Travaux de l'Institut d’Études Iraniennes de l’Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle 11), Paris (1985).

{{Rigveda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rigvedic Rivers}}
[[Category:Rigvedic rivers| ]]
[[Category:Rigveda|Rivers]]
[[Category:Hydronymy]]

Swami Vivekananda (1998 film)

2026-03-04T00:01:48Z

DebbieLemke: creating details

{{short description|1998 Indian film by G. V. Iyer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Swami Vivekananda
| image = Swami Vivekananda 1998 poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster (1998)
| director = [[G. V. Iyer]]
| producer = [[T. Subbarami Reddy]]
| writer = G. V. Iyer
| screenplay = G. V. Iyer
| story = G. V. Iyer
| based_on = Life of [[Swami Vivekananda]]
| narrator = [[Sarvadaman D. Banerjee]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sarvadaman D. Banerjee]]|[[Mithun Chakraborty]]|[[Debashree Roy]]|[[Jaya Prada]]|[[Shammi Kapoor]]|[[Shashi Kapoor]]|[[Mammootty]] |[[Raakhee]]}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Salil Chowdhury]] '''Background Score:''' [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] (Hindi) [[B. V. Karanth]] (English)
| cinematography = [[Madhu Ambat]]
| editing = {{ubl|[[B. Lenin]]|[[V. T. Vijayan]]}}
| studio = Anantha Lakshmi Films
| distributor = Anantha Lakshmi Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1998|06|12|India}}
| runtime = 240 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi English
| budget = {{INRConvert|30|m}}<ref name="India Today June 1998" />
| gross = {{INRConvert|60|m}}<ref name="India Today June 1998" />
}}

'''''Swami Vivekananda''''' is a 1998 Indian [[biographical film]] directed by [[G. V. Iyer]] and produced by [[T. Subbarami Reddy]].<ref name="Four-Hour Vivekananda Film Is a Fleet-Footed Turkey">{{cite web|title=Four-Hour Vivekananda Film Is a Fleet-Footed Turkey|url=http://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=3601|publisher=Hinduism Today|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922094404/http://hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=3601|archive-date=22 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> It took Iyer 11 years to finish the research work required for the film and to write the screenplay.

The film starred [[Sarvadaman D. Banerjee]] as [[Swami Vivekananda]], the 19th-century [[Hindu]] monk, and [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as [[Ramakrishna]], his guru. Even though the film was completed, ready to release in 1994 and was considered for 1995 national awards, the film got released on 12 June 1998. The film was premiered on India's [[Public broadcasting|public service broadcaster]] ''[[Doordarshan]]'' on 15 August 1998, the country's [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]].

The film received mainly negative reviews from critics. [[Mithun Chakraborty]]'s acting in this film was widely appreciated, and he won his third [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]].

== Plot ==
The film mainly captures the events of Vivekananda's life from his birth to 1897, when he returned to India from the West. The film begins with the birth of [[Narendranath Datta]] (pre-monastic name of Swami Vivekananda) and shows the neighbours and relatives of Datta family celebrating the event. It immediately moves to the scene where Narendranath sees his father [[Vishwanath Datta]] is donating money, clothes, food to poor and distressed people. Seeing this, young Narendranath asks his father to give him something too, and his father tells him to go and look in a mirror and find what he had already given him. Following his father's suggestion, Narendranath goes to the room, sees his image in the mirror.

Different events of child Narendranath are shown one by one, such as his mother is melodiously reciting religious scriptures which leaves an impression on his young mind, Narendranath practising meditation, his mother is teaching him that experience is true knowledge, and his interest in studying a wide range of subjects.

Young Narendranath attends college, where he gets acquainted with European literature and contemporary social and religious movements. He also joins ''[[Brahmo Samaj]]''. But there he finds that the leader, who is suggesting others to resist child marriage, is himself organising his minor daughter's marriage with a wealthy person. Narendranath goes to [[Debendranath Tagore]] and asks him if he has seen God. Tagore confesses that he did not have that experience, and also tells Narendranath that he had ''Yogi'''s eyes.

Narendranath meets Ramakrishna in a friend's house, where Narendranath sings a devotional song ''Bina Prem Dhiraj Nahi''. Narendranath's song impresses Ramakrishna, who asks him to visit [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]], where Ramakrishna was based. Following Ramakrishna's invitation, Narendranath visits Dakshinewsar. The relation between Ramakrishna and Narendranath have been shown with great details. Narendranath initially rejects Ramakrishna, but gradually accepts him as his master. Ramakrishna teaches him the true meaning of religion and how one can find God.

After the death of Ramakrishna, Narendranath takes formal monastic vow, becomes a ''[[Sannyasi]]'' and a wandering monk. In [[Alwar]], he meets Raja Mangal Singh, whom he tells Hindu's idol-worship is actually a symbolic form of worship.

In 1893, Vivekananda goes to Chicago to attend the [[Parliament of the World's Religions]]. There he gets tremendous success. The story of the film quickly moves to 1897, when Vivekananda returns to India. The film ends with a long English speech of Vivekananda in which he describes his ideals, objectives of Hinduism and prays for world-peace and fraternity.

== Credits ==
=== Cast ===
[[Image:Mithun Chakraborty as Ramakrishna.jpg|thumb|240px|Mithun Chakraborty as [[Ramakrishna|Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]]. Chakraborty's portrayal of Ramakrishna was widely appreciated, and he won his third [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]].]]
* [[Sarvadaman D. Banerjee]] as [[Swami Vivekananda]]
* [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] as [[Vishwanath Datta]], father of Vivekananda
* [[Tanuja]] as Bhuvaneswari Devi, mother of Vivekananda
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as [[Ramakrishna]]
* [[Debashree Roy]] as [[Sarada Devi]]
* [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]] as the young woman who desires to marry Narendranath Datta and later becomes ''Sannyasini''
* [[Vijay Raghavendra]] as Shivarama
* [[Shobhana]] as Dancer

; Guest appearances
* [[Mammootty]] as Maharaja
* [[Shammi Kapoor]] as Mangal Singh (King of Alwar)
* [[Shashi Kapoor]] as Rajasthani Husband
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Station Master
* [[Hema Malini]] as Goddess [[Kali|Bhavatarini]]/[[Kali|Dakhineshwari]]
* [[Jaya Prada]] as Court Dancer
* [[Raakhee]] as Rajasthani Tribal Woman
* [[Anant Mahadevan]]

== Production ==
=== Background ===
Since 1969 G. V. Iyer made several films on [[Hinduism]] and Hindu religious figures such as ''[[Adi Shankaracharya (film)|Adi Shankaracharya]]'' (1983), ''[[Madhvacharya (film)|Madhavacharya]]'' (1986), ''[[Ramanujacharya (film)|Ramanujacharya]]'' (1989), and ''[[Bhagavad Gita (film)|Bhagavad Gita]]'' (1993). The biopic on Swami Vivekananda was a film in this series, which Iyer and Subbarami Reddy (producer of the film) called their "celluloid tribute to the soul of India".<ref name="India Today June 1998">{{cite magazine|title=All-pervasive intolerance forces director of Swami Vivekananda to make seminal changes to cast and script of the historical film|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19980810-intolerance-forces-director-of-swami-vivekananda-to-make-seminal-changes-to-cast-and-script-of-historical-film-826859-1998-06-09|access-date=5 September 2013|magazine=India Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020184443/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/intolerance-forces-director-of-swami-vivekananda-to-make-seminal-changes-to-cast-and-script-of-historical-film/1/264713.html|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> This punch line was enough to elicit the attention of the public to watch the movie.<ref name="India Today June 1998" />

Unlike Iyer's previous films, ''Swami Vivekananda'' was a big-budget and big-banner film. Iyer started his studies and research work in 1986, and it took him 11 years to finish his research work and write the screenplay of the film.<ref name="Four-Hour Vivekananda Film Is a Fleet-Footed Turkey" /><ref name="India Today 1994">{{cite news|title=Back to the past Blood and gore sagas give way to revival of gentler period films, TV serials|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19940630-blood-and-gore-sagas-give-way-to-revival-of-gentler-period-films-tv-serials-809300-1994-06-29|access-date=6 September 2013|newspaper=India Today|date=30 June 1994|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130906090429/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/blood-and-gore-sagas-give-way-to-revival-of-gentler-period-films-tv-serials/1/293553.html|archive-date=6 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> He commented— "The study of philosophy is the work of a lifetime and I would never want my films to be lacking."<ref name="India Today 1994" />

=== Casting ===
Sarvadaman D. Banerjee played the role of Vivekananda in this film. Banerjee was a regular actor in Iyer's films and portrayed the role of [[Adi Shankara]] in his film ''Adi Shankaracharya'' (1983) too. Bengali film actor Mithun Chakraborty portrayed Ramakrishna's character. This was his first film with Iyer.<ref name="Four-Hour Vivekananda Film Is a Fleet-Footed Turkey" /> After receiving "Lifetime achievement award" in 2012 Chakraborty told, he tried to follow the teachings of Swami Vivekananda throughout his acting career.<ref name="IBNLive April 2012">{{cite news|title=Mithun gets lifetime achievement award|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mithun-gets-lifetime-achievement-award/253514-8-66.html|access-date=6 September 2013|newspaper=IBNLive|date=30 April 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130906091724/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mithun-gets-lifetime-achievement-award/253514-8-66.html|archive-date=6 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chakraborty cast in the role of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, lends credence to the film by his sterling acting histrionics which earned him the accolade as an "intuitive and mysticalin a tour de force rendering". [[Debashree Roy]] was choiced to play [[Sarada Devi]], the consort of Ramakrishna. [[Debashree Roy|Roy]] told in an interview that the acting in the film as Sarada Devi was a special blessing for her and she felt "strange emotions" during the shooting.<ref name="Acting is entirely an emotional experience'">{{cite web|title=Acting is entirely an emotional experience'|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/oct/04deba.htm|publisher=Rediff|access-date=6 September 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130906083934/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/oct/04deba.htm|archive-date=6 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Apart from the lead roles the film has a galaxy of famous stars in different small roles resulting in its production budget touching Rs 30 million. [[Hema Malini]] has acted in the role of overdressed [[Kali|Bhavatarini]], [[Raakhee]] is cast as [[Rajasthan]]i tribal woman, [[Jaya Prada]] is in a dancing girl role. Many famous male actors like [[Mammooty]], [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Shashi Kapoor]] and [[Anupam Kher]] also have small roles.<ref name="India Today June 1998" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Swami Vivekananda
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Salil Chowdhury]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 40:25
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The soundtracks of the film were composed by [[Salil Chowdhury]], who died soon after the composing was completed. Most of the songs in the film were written by [[Gulzar]]. Songs written by [[Surdas]], [[Kabir]], [[Jayadeva]] were also used in this film. There was one Bengali song in the film— ''[[The Hymn of Samadhi|Nahi Surjo Nahi Jyoti]]''— the song was written by Swami Vivekananda himself in 1897 when he was staying in [[Chennai]] (then known as Madras).<ref name="Swami Vivekananda track listing">{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda track listing|url=http://www.hummaa.com/music/album/swami-vivekananda/9621|publisher=Hummaa|access-date=6 September 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130906071547/http://www.hummaa.com/music/album/swami-vivekananda/9621|archive-date=6 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = {{center|Swami Vivekananda movie Track listing}}
| total_length = 40:25
| title1 = Chalo Man Jaye Ghar Apne
| note1 = Hindi
| lyrics1 = Bengali lyrics: Swami Vivekananda Translation to Hindi: [[Gulzar]]
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length1 = 4:44
| title2 = Jaana Hai Jaana Hai Us Paar Maanjhi Re
| note2 = Hindi
| lyrics2 = Gulzar
| extra2 = [[Antara Chowdhury]]
| length2 = 6:01
| title3 = Nahi Surjo, Nahi Jyoti
| note3 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| lyrics3 = Swami Vivekananda
| extra3 = K. J. Yesudas
| length3 = 5:31
| title4 = Sanyaasi Talaasi Jiski Hai
| note4 = Hindi
| lyrics4 = Gulzar
| extra4 = [[Asha Bhonsle]], K. J. Yesudas
| length4 = 4:47
| title5 = Binaa Prem Dheeraj Nahi
| note5 = Hindi
| lyrics5 = Srinivasa Rao
| extra5 = K. J. Yesudas
| length5 = 4:23
| title6 = Prabhuji More Abgun Chit Na Dharo
| note6 = Hindi
| lyrics6 = Surdas
| extra6 = [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length6 = 4:34
| title7 = Re Man Krishna Naam Kahi Liije
| note7 = Hindi
| lyrics7 = [[Surdas]]
| extra7 = [[Anup Jalota]]
| length7 = 6:01
| title8 = Tava Birahe Vanamaali Sakhi
| note8 = Hindi
| lyrics8 = Jaidev
| extra8 = Kavita Krishnamurthy
| length8 = 4:27
| all_writing =
}}

== Controversies ==
The film's theme with complex overtones of religious and political implications generated controversy, even before the film was launched. T. Subbarami Reddy, the producer of the film, wanted to sign [[Naseeruddin Shah]] for the role of Ramakrishna, but they had to drop the idea when some [[Hindu nationalist]]s of [[Maharashtra]] threatened them and warned that they would not allow the film if a Muslim actor portrays a Hindu [[Brahmin]] in the film. Then the film-makers approached [[Mithun Chakraborty]], a [[Bengali Brahmin|Bengali Hindu Brahmin]], who agreed to play the character.<ref name="India Today June 1998" />

Before the release of the film in 1998, [[Ramakrishna Math]] and [[Ramakrishna Mission]] monks alleged that Iyer had distorted the images of Vivekananda and his master Ramakrishna in this film and suggested that Iyer make a number of changes to the film. They alleged that certain scenes did not present an authentic portrayal, and had little or no similarity with actual events in the Swami's life. In addition, [[Swami Harshananda]], then President of Ramakrihsna Math, Bangalore, asked the production house to delete their name from the title card since they were not associated with the film. Iyer accepted the suggestions of Ramakrishna Math and Mission authorities and made the requested changes in the film before the release.<ref name="Iyer submits to Ramakrishna Mission to release Vivekananda" /> The Ramakrishna Mission's monks also objected to one song sequence as inappropriate, as it "showed Swamiji in poor light". As a result, the objectionable song sequence was deleted from the film.<ref name="India Today June 1998" />

According to a news report published in the ''[[Indian Express]]'' on 15 August 1998, Iyer made more or less 20 changes in the film. Later, Iyer said, he "surrendered" to the suggestions of the Ramakrishna Math and Mission authority.<ref name="Iyer submits to Ramakrishna Mission to release Vivekananda">{{cite news|title=Iyer submits to Ramakrishna Mission to release Vivekananda|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980815/22750354.html|access-date=5 September 2013|newspaper=Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002172607/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980815/22750354.html|archive-date=2 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Subsequently, later in the month, it was cleared for public screening by the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref>{{cite web | title =HC clears public screening of Swami Vivekananda |publisher= Rediff| url = http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/aug/19vivek.htm |date=19 August 1998| access-date = 6 September 2013}}</ref>

Significantly, the character of [[Sister Nivedita]], who played a crucial role in Vivekananda's life, was omitted in this film.<ref name="India Today June 1998" />

== Release ==
The film was released on 12 June 1998. The film was premiered on India's public service broadcaster [[Doordarshan]] on 15 August 1998 as a part of Doordarshan's celebration of 50th year of India's Independence.<ref name="Iyer submits to Ramakrishna Mission to release Vivekananda" />

== Reception ==
Though not in the same genre of films as those produced by [[Satyajit Ray]] or [[Shyam Benegal]], the film is a typical Indian mythological. It has been appreciated for blending the role of "eccentric middle-aged mystic, nominally a Brahmin priest, claiming nothing short of godhood role" of Paramahmsa very well with that of the "young non-Brahmin agnostic modernist role" of Vivekananda.<ref name="India Today June 1998" />

The film received mixed and mainly negative reviews. S. Kalidas of ''[[India Today]]'' felt that the film had many "warts and weaknesses". He gave positive remarks for Mithun Chakraborty's acting and wrote— "(the film) is well worth watching for the sheer power of Mithun Chakraborty's performance as Vivekananda's mentor, [[Ramakrishna Paramhansa]], if not for the moving message of its narrative." The reviewer said that Sarvadaman D. Banerjee played the role of Vivekananda with "quite competence."<ref name="India Today June 1998" />

Choodie Shivaram of ''Hinduism Today'' wrote in his review— "the film runs though like a school textbook without the trademark insightful Iyer interpretations." He found none of the actors' and actresses' acting impressive other than Mithun Chakraborty's. He widely appreciated Mithun Chakraborty's portrayal of Ramakrishna and commented— "The first half of the four-hour film was gripping, especially with Mithun's superlative portrayal of Ramakrisha. The one-time heart throb, disco dancer and martial arts fighter in the role of Ramakrishna held the audience spell bound."<ref name="Four-Hour Vivekananda Film Is a Fleet-Footed Turkey" />

== Awards ==
[[Mithun Chakraborty]] won his third [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]], this time for [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] category.<ref name="43rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/43rd_nff_1996.pdf|title=43rd National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
* {{cite book|last=Sahara|first=Rashtriya|title=Rashtriya Sahara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQFuAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Sahara India Mass Communication}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0454314}}
* {{cite web| title = ''Swami Vivekananda'' (1995) – Full Hindi Film|publisher=Internet Archive | url = https://archive.org/details/SwamiVivekananda1995-FullHindiFilm |year=1995 }}

{{G. V. Iyer}}
{{Swami Vivekananda}}

[[Category:1998 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Films about spirituality]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Films about Hinduism]]
[[Category:Films set in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Films about Swami Vivekananda]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor National Film Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films scored by Salil Chowdhury]]
[[Category:Films directed by G. V. Iyer]]

Benkipatna

2026-03-03T21:21:01Z

DebbieLemke: formatting fix

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Benkipatna
| image = 2015 Kannada film Benkipatna poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = T. K. Dayanand
| producer = Maasthi Zakir Ali Khan Akhil Khan M. G.
| writer = T. K. Dayanand
| screenplay = T. K. Dayanand
| starring = Prathap Narayan [[Anushree (Kannada actress)|Anushree]] Arun Sagar
| narrator =
| music = Steve Koushik
| cinematography = Niranjan Babu
| editing = Jo Ni Harsha
| studio = Maasthi Movies
| distributor = Thoogudeepa Distributors
| released = {{film date|2015|02|20|df=yes}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Benkipatna''''' ({{langx|kn|ಬೆಂಕಿಪಟ್ಣ}}) is 2015 Indian [[Kannada language]] [[drama film]] written and directed by T. K. Dayanand. It stars Prathap Narayan, [[Anushree (Kannada actress)|Anushree]] and Arun Sagar in the lead roles. The supporting cast features [[Prakash Belawadi]], Jahangir, Rangashankara Manju and [[B. Suresha]]. The film is based on real incidents that occurred in the [[Kodagu district]] of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web |title= 'Benki Patna' on 20 |url= https://www.indiaglitz.com/benki-patna-on-20-kannada-news-125361 |website= indiaglitz.com |date= 12 February 2015 |accessdate= 8 March 2015}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Prathap Narayan as Hanumanthu
* [[Anushree (Kannada actress)|Anushree]] as Pavani
* Arun Sagar as Dorai
* [[Prakash Belawadi]] as Limba Rama
* M. S. Jahangir
* Rangashankara Manju
* [[B. Suresha]] as Babuli
* Kalandar Baba Hebbsale
* Renuka
* Sampath
* Kemparaju Doddatti
* Lakshman
* Sa Su Vishwanath

==Production==
''Benkipatna'' was the first film of T. K. Dayanand, a former journalist and writer, as a director. The film is based on a real life incident that Dayanand covered as a journalist.<ref>{{cite web |title= Benki Patna for Box office|url= http://cinecircle.in/cinema_news/BENKI_PATNA_film.html |website= cinecircle.in |accessdate= 8 March 2015}}</ref> Prior to its release, it was revealed that the film is a love story of a youth who makes a living selling rat poison and a manual labourer in a fictional town called Benkipatna.<ref>{{cite news |author= Bharadwaj, Aditya K. V. |title= New-gen writers venture into celluloid |url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/newgen-writers-venture-into-celluloid/article6572822.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 7 November 2014 |accessdate= 8 March 2015}}</ref> Television host [[Anushree (Kannada actress)|Anushree]] was signed to play Pavani, the female lead in the film, in her first film as a lead actress.<ref>{{cite news |author= Rajendran, Nuvena |title=The Belle rings in filmdom |url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131203/entertainment-sandalwood/article/belle-rings-filmdom |newspaper= Deccan Chronicle |date= 3 December 2013 |access-date= 8 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Anushree turns Heroine through 'Benki Patna' |url= http://www.indiancinemagallery.com/kannada/news/anushree-turns-heroine-through-benki-patna.html |website= indiancinemagallery.com |date= 29 November 2013 |accessdate= 8 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112208/http://www.indiancinemagallery.com/kannada/news/anushree-turns-heroine-through-benki-patna.html |archive-date= 2 April 2015 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Benkipatna
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Steve, Koushik
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = {{Start date|2014|10|06|df=yes}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 28:16
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Steve and Koushik composed the film's background score and music for its soundtrack. The album consists of nine tracks that includes three spoken dialogues.<ref>{{cite web |title= Benkipatna (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url= https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/benkipatna-original-motion/id927413645 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100102/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/benkipatna-original-motion/id927413645 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 4 March 2016 |publisher= iTunes |accessdate= 8 March 2015}}</ref> The album was released on 6 October 2014 in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Anushree steals the show at Benki Patna audio launch in Bangalore |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/Anushree-steals-the-show-at-Benki-Patna-audio-launch-inBangalore/articleshow/44706369.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 8 October 2014 |accessdate= 8 March 2015}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 28:16
| title1 = Bogaseyalli Male
| lyrics1 = [[Jayant Kaikini]]
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length1 = 4:36
| title2 = Doori Doori
| lyrics2 = S. C. Dinesh Kumar
| extra2 = [[Vijay Prakash]], Koushik
| length2 = 3:55
| title3 = Ondanondu Kaladalli (Dialogue)
| lyrics3 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| extra3 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| length3 = 1:08
| title4 = Huttodyake
| lyrics4 = Hrudaya Shiva
| extra4 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length4 = 4:44
| title5 = Yavatthigu Ninnavalu (Dialogue)
| lyrics5 = T. K. Dayanand
| extra5 = [[Anushree (Kannada actress)|Anushree]]
| length5 = 0:51
| title6 = Irali Hege Neeniradene
| lyrics6 = Hrudaya Shiva
| extra6 = Anuradha Bhat
| length6 = 6:03
| title7 = Chintheno
| lyrics7 = Dr Chethan Sadanand
| extra7 = Kaushik Harsha
| length7 = 4:35
| title8 = Bayi Bitte Helbeka (Dialogue)
| lyrics8 = T. K. Dayanand
| extra8 = [[Anushree (Kannada actress)|Anushree]]
| length8 = 0:17
| title9 = Theme Music
| lyrics9 =
| extra9 = Ajaneesh Lokanath
| length9 = 2:07
}}

==Critical reception==
Upon theatrical release, the film received positive reviews from critics. Muralidhara Khajane of ''[[The Hindu]]'' felt the film is "a sincere attempt to present the life of pourakarmikas from all possible angles" and that "Besides being pro-life, Benkipatna is all about the ills of society." He concluded writing, "[[Anushree (Kannada actress)|Anushree]] steals the show with her performance and dialogue delivery. Pratap Narayan does not disappoint. Prakash Belwadi, Arun Sagar and B. Suresh have filled life into their characters."<ref>{{cite news |author= Khajane, Muralidhara |title= Celebration of subaltern lives |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/celebration-of-subaltern-lives/article6920926.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 22 February 2015 |accessdate= 8 March 2015}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' in its review rated the film 3/5 and wrote, "Prathap Narayan and [[Anushree (Kannada actress)|Anushree]] breath life into their characters. With his flawless dialogue delivery, Prakash Belawadi is a treat to watch. Manjunath Gowda, Arun Sagar and B Suresha essay their roles with ease and grace. Music by Steve Kaushik and camerawork by Niranjan Babu are impressive."<ref>{{cite news |title= Benki Patna Movie Review |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Benki-Patna/movie-review/46339212.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 23 February 2015 |accessdate= 8 March 2015}}</ref> A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' felt the film was a "brave attempt" by a debutant director having taken up a "hard-hitting subject". She wrote commending "a decent performance" by the lead actors.<ref>{{cite news |author= Sharadhaa A. |title= Enter this Village for Taste of Realistic Drama |url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Enter-this-Village-for-Taste-of-Realistic-Drama/2015/02/21/article2679708.ece |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150221134641/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Enter-this-Village-for-Taste-of-Realistic-Drama/2015/02/21/article2679708.ece |url-status= dead |archive-date= 21 February 2015 |newspaper= The New Indian Express |date= 21 February 2015 |accessdate= 8 March 2015}}</ref> The reviewer for ''[[Sify.com]]'' felt was made on the "ignored class" of the society. On the performances of the lead pair, he wrote, "The unique love story, the rugged looks, the emotions are brilliantly brought out by these two" and added, "Prakash Belawadi's role is small and classic indeed and Arun Sagar is at his best performance till date." he concluded crediting the film's music and called it "melodious and striking."<ref>{{cite web |title= Benkipatna review |url= http://www.sify.com/movies/benkipatna-review-kannada-pcyondgeffegc.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150226092511/http://www.sify.com/movies/benkipatna-review-kannada-pcyondgeffegc.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 26 February 2015 |website= [[Sify]] |accessdate= 8 March 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|13275658}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2015 drama films]]
[[Category:2015 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]

Poovarasam Peepee

2026-03-03T03:32:13Z

DebbieLemke: starting a details more to come - done

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Halitha Shameem}}
{{No plot|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Poovarasam Peepee
| image = Poovarasam Peepee.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Halitha shameem|Halitha Shameem]]
| producer = [[Manoj Paramahamsa]] Sujatha Chenthilnathan
| writer = [[Halitha shameem|Halitha Shameem]]
| starring = Gaurav Kalai Pravin Kishore Vasanth
| music = [[Aruldev]]
| cinematography = Manoj Paramahamsa
| editing = [[Halitha shameem|Halitha Shameem]]
| studio = V Talkies Baby Shoe Productions
| distributor = SPI Cinemas
| released = {{film date|2014|05|30|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Poovarasam Peepee''''' ({{translation|Whistle made from the leave(s) of the [[Thespesia populnea|Poovarasu]] Tree}}) is a 2014 Indian [[children's film|children's]] [[adventure film]] directed and written by [[Halitha Shameem]], in her directorial debut.<ref name="thehindu1">{{Cite news |last=Subha J Rao |date=8 May 2014 |title=The wonder years |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-wonder-years/article5989286.ece?secpage=true&secname=entertainment |access-date=2014-05-09 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-25 |title=Manoj Paramahamasa turns producer |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/manoj-paramahamasa-turns-producer-news-tamil-nezlMshfgfb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429014550/http://www.sify.com/movies/manoj-paramahamasa-turns-producer-news-tamil-nezlMshfgfb.html |archive-date=2013-04-29 |access-date=2014-05-09 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film, produced and filmed by [[Manoj Paramahamsa]], revolves around three boys—played by Gaurav Kalai, Pravin Kishore and Vasanth—and their summertime adventures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-27 |title=Manoj Paramahamsa turns producer |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/tamil/manoj-paramahamsa-turns-producer/69354/story.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221623/http://www.nowrunning.com/tamil/manoj-paramahamsa-turns-producer/69354/story.htm |archive-date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2014-05-09 |publisher=Nowrunning.com}}</ref> It features music by Aruldev.<ref name="TOI">[http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=45&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOICH&mydateHid=28-04-2013&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Chennai&edname=&articleid=Ar04502&publabel=TOI Tamil flick with world movie feel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512223629/http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=45&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOICH&mydateHid=28-04-2013&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Chennai&edname=&articleid=Ar04502&publabel=TOI |date=12 May 2014 }} ''[[The Times of India]]''</ref> Distributed by SPI Cinemas,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-10 |title='Poovarasam Pee Pee' is getting ready for release! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/poovarasam-pee-pee-is-getting-ready-for-release-news-tamil-ofklwHfefed.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513030743/http://www.sify.com/movies/poovarasam-pee-pee-is-getting-ready-for-release-news-tamil-ofklwHfefed.html |archive-date=2014-05-13 |access-date=2014-05-10 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> it was released on 30 May 2014.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* Gaurav Kalai as Venu Kanna
* Pravin Kishore as Harish
* Vasanth as Kapil Dev
* Akalyadevi as Akalya (Bujji)
* Giri Prasath as Karthi
* Varshini as 'Lollypop'
* [[Kaali Venkat]] as Magudi
* Sai Hari as RS Shanmugam
* Sundar as Manjunathan
* Karthik as Muniyan
* [[Samuthirakani]] (Cameo appearance)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samithirakani's cameo in Poovarasam Peepee |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/samithirakanis-cameo-in-poovarasam-peepee.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512215604/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/samithirakanis-cameo-in-poovarasam-peepee.html |archive-date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2014-05-09 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref>
}}

==Production==
Halitha Shameem, a graduate in electronic media, had trained for seven years under directors [[Pushkar-Gayathri]], [[Mysskin]] and [[Samuthirakani]].<ref name="silverscreen.in">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=Director Halitha Shameem Interview : Perfectly Poised |url=http://silverscreen.in/features/director-halitha-shameem-interview-perfectly-poised/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612021301/http://silverscreen.in/features/director-halitha-shameem-interview-perfectly-poised |archive-date=12 June 2014 |access-date=14 June 2014}}</ref> When she decided to make her [[List of directorial debuts|directorial debut]], she said that ''Poovarasam Peepee'' was the first story she could think of.<ref name="thehindu1" /> She stated that it was a [[coming-of-age film]]<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |title=Working with child actors was more comfortable |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Working-with-child-actors-was-more-comfortable/articleshow/35112645.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520061709/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Working-with-child-actors-was-more-comfortable/articleshow/35112645.cms |archive-date=20 May 2014 |access-date=19 May 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> "about a bunch of boys who lead a carefree life and play whole day long, till they are forced to grow up, overnight".<ref name="thehindu1" /> Cinematographer [[Manoj Paramahamsa]], besides agreeing to shoot the film, decided to produce it as well, while Shameem also worked as the editor, colourist and lyricist.<ref name="thehindu1" />

For the roles of the three boys, Vasanth, Pravin Kishore and Gaurav Kaalai were selected. Barring Vasanth, who had acted in ''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]'' and ''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyyil]]'', the other children were newcomers with no acting experience. While the director met Gaurav Kaalai accidentally when she was scouting for locations around [[Madurai]], Pravin Kishore contacted the team after seeing an advertisement on local cable channels.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" /> The film was shot for over 60 days in and around [[Pollachi]] and [[Dharapuram]].<ref name="thehindu1" />

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|Poovarasam Peepee (soundtrack)}}
The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Aruldev]]. [[Aruldev]] stated that he had gone for "ethnic and deep sounds" and that instruments associated with [[world music]] like the [[hand drum]] and [[duduk]] were used for the score.<ref name="TOI" /> The composer had also planned to record a musical piece for the film with a quartet from the UK.<ref name="TOI" /> The soundtrack album was launched on 14 May 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poovarasam Peepee to come out this month-end |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/poovarasam-peepee-will-release-on-may-30th-and-the-audio-launch-will-happen-on-may-14th.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510213735/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/poovarasam-peepee-will-release-on-may-30th-and-the-audio-launch-will-happen-on-may-14th.html |archive-date=10 May 2014 |access-date=2014-05-09 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref>

Behindwoods termed the album as "sweetly adventurous in its music".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poovarasam Peepee (Aka) Poovarasam PeePee songs review |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/poovarasam-peepee/poovarasam-peepee-songs-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108081126/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/poovarasam-peepee/poovarasam-peepee-songs-review.html |archive-date=8 November 2015 |access-date=7 December 2015}}</ref> Chennai Times rated the album of 3.5/5 and termed the album as 'Arul Dev has given listeners a slice of everything for Poovarasam Peepee. He has kept the album simple with likable tunes, yet he keeps the theme of the film intact'.<ref>[https://archive.today/20140523060310/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=REVIEWS-23052014107025 Article title]</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = Halitha Shameem
| total_length =

| title1 = Gnayiru Dhinangalin (Version 1)
| extra1 = [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Angry Birds
| extra2 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Aajeedh Khalique, Gautham
| length2 =
| title3 = En Ulagam
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Ko Ko Ko
| extra4 = Aajeedh Khalique, Gautham, Vignesh, Iyshwarya, Swetha, Reagan
| length4 =
| title5 = Enakkondrum Vaanveli
| extra5 = Aajeedh Khalique
| length5 =
| title6 = Gnayiru Dhinangalin (Version 2)
| extra6 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length6 =
| title7 = Theme Music
| extra7 = [[Instrumental]]
| length7 =
}}

==Critical reception==
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and called it "a refreshing (and a bit uneven) adventure story", going on to add, "The pace during the first hour is definitely leisurely and less lively it is only with a chase in the second half that the film hits its stride. It isn't exactly too late because once it finds its rhythm, ''Poovarasam Peepee'' turns into a thrilling ride with its irresistible David vs Goliath plot".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Poovarasam Peepee Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Poovarasam Peepee by Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/moviereviewarticlelist/poovarasam-peepee/movie-review/35795289.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Rediff]] gave it 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "The consistency seems to be missing. At times, the boys appear childish and naïve, but some of the dialogues are quite explicit and mature and don't seem to go with their character. Also, there are several scenes in the story depicting the puppy love between the different characters, which seem totally unnecessary, even ridiculous at times. However, this is a totally different concept and newcomer Halitha Shameem, does deserve credit for weaving an excellent suspense thriller".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Poovarasam Peepee has right balance of fun, suspense and emotions |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-poovarasam-peepee-has-right-balance-of-fun-suspense-and-emotions/20140530.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531124505/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-poovarasam-peepee-has-right-balance-of-fun-suspense-and-emotions/20140530.htm |archive-date=31 May 2014 |access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref>

[[Sify]] called the film "an enjoyable summer break" and further wrote, "Halitha has done a neat job, backed by green unseen locations and awesome camerawork by Manoj Paramahamsa", although adding that it was "not in the same league as a ''[[Pasanga]]'' or a ''[[Goli Soda]]'', because [it] has too many sub-plots which are not well etched".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review : Poovarasam Peepee |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/poovarasam-peepee-review-tamil-15056880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531131858/http://www.sify.com/movies/poovarasam-peepee-review-tamil-15056880.html |archive-date=31 May 2014 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The director herself objected to the ''Goli Soda'' comparison, saying "The only thing my film has in common with ''Goli Soda'' is the casting of child artistes. Apart from that, there is absolutely no similarity.<ref name="silverscreen.in" /> Behindwoods.com gave it 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "big cheers to director, Halitha Shameem! She uses both the information sources and her voice to the fullest. In a name like RSS, in a character like the kid who rents his toy, in a scene where the villain falls in a pothole – she announces that she is here to stay".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poovarasam Peepee (Aka) Poovarasam PeePee review |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/poovarasam-peepee/poovarasam-peepee-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105608/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/poovarasam-peepee/poovarasam-peepee-review.html |archive-date=31 May 2014 |access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> Silverscreen.in gave the film an aggregated rating of 9.1/10 based on 10 different reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Silverscreen {{pipe}} the Poovarasam Peepee Review Page :: All the Poovarasam Peepee Reviews on a Single Page. Silverscore Ranking |url=http://silverscreen.in/poovarasam-peepee/reviewpage/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714115139/http://silverscreen.in/poovarasam-peepee/reviewpage/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=14 June 2014}}</ref> Silverscreen also reviewed the film positively, praising Halitha for "documenting adolescence with unnerving honesty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2014 |title=Poovarasam Peepee Review: A Summer Adventure |url=http://silverscreen.in/reviews/poovarasam-peepee-review-summer-adventure/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606045057/http://silverscreen.in/reviews/poovarasam-peepee-review-summer-adventure/ |archive-date=6 June 2014 |access-date=14 June 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3518888}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2014 children's films]]

Bioscope (2025 film)

2026-03-03T02:22:07Z

DebbieLemke: Made a entry.

{{short description|Indian comedy drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Bioscope - The Story of the Story.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sankagiri Rajkumar
| writer = Sankagiri Rajkumar
| producer = Sankagiri Rajkumar
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Sankagiri Rajkumar
* Manickam
* Vellayammal
* Muththayi
}}
| cinematography = Murali Ganesh
| editing = Sankagiri Rajkumar
| music = [[Taj Noor]]
| studio = 25 Dots Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2025|01|03|df=yes}}
| runtime = 113 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bioscope (2025 film) |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMzIyMTIyMDI0MDAwMjU= |website=Central Board of Film Certification}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}'''''Bioscope: The Story of the Story''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy-drama film]] written and directed by Sankagiri Rajkumar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2024-12-28 |title=சங்ககிரி ராஜ்குமார் இயக்கிய 'பயாஸ்கோப்' படத்தின் டிரெய்லர் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/trailer-of-sangaki-rajkumars-bioscope-released-753365 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231010256/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/trailer-of-sangaki-rajkumars-bioscope-released-753365 |archive-date=2024-12-31 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref> The film stars himself, Manickam, Vellayammal and Muththayi. The film was produced by under the banner of 25 Dots Creations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2024-12-27 |title=Bioscope Trailer out {{!}} இயக்குனர் சங்ககிரி ராஜ்குமாரின் 'பயாஸ்கோப்' டிரெய்லர் வெளியானது |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/bioscope-trailer-out-1136857 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DIN |date=2024-12-24 |title=பயாஸ்கோப் ரிலீஸ் தேதி! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/Dec/24/bioscope-movie-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231134347/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/Dec/24/bioscope-movie-release-date |archive-date=2024-12-31 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref>

''Bioscope'' was released in theatres on 3 January 2025.

== Cast ==
* Sankagiri Rajkumar as Rajkumar
*Manickam
*Vellayammal as Vellayammal
* Muththayi
* [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] as himself (guest appearance)

== Production ==
The film was produced by the director Sankagiri Rajkumar under the banner of 25 Dots Creations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2024-12-23 |title=Director Sangakiri Rajkumar's 'Bioscope' teaser out {{!}} இயக்குனர் சங்ககிரி ராஜ்குமாரின் 'பயாஸ்கோப்' டீசர் வெளியானது |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/director-sangakiri-rajkumars-bioscope-teaser-out-1136265 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231134347/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/director-sangakiri-rajkumars-bioscope-teaser-out-1136265 |archive-date=2024-12-31 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=இயக்குநர் வெங்கட் பிரபு வெளியிட்ட 'பயாஸ்கோப்' படத்தின் முன்னோட்டம் |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/202372 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231133857/https://www.virakesari.lk/article/202372 |archive-date=2024-12-31 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en}}</ref> He also handled the cinematography and editing<ref>{{Cite web |title=சசிகுமார் மற்றும் ஆர்யா இணைந்து வெளியிட்ட 'பயாஸ்கோப்' படத்தின் கிளர்வோட்டம் |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/201963 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en}}</ref> and the music was composed by [[Taj Noor]]. Some portions of the film were shot in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullapilly |first=Sreejith |date=2024-12-30 |title=Synthesis of a sophomore debut |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Dec/30/synthesis-of-a-sophomore-debut |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Bioscope: The Story of the Story'' released in theatres on 3 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2024-12-23 |title=Bioscope Teaser: When village rookies aim for the big screen |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/23/bioscope-teaser-when-village-rookies-aim-for-the-big-screen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226164136/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/23/bioscope-teaser-when-village-rookies-aim-for-the-big-screen |archive-date=2024-12-26 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
Akshay Kumar of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote, "''Bioscope'' is one of the rarest films about films that don't end with the protagonist, who is usually a director, punching in the air after an overwhelming response from the audience."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-01-03 |title=Bioscope Movie Review: Mistakes add to beauty in this ode to cinema |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Jan/03/bioscope-movie-review-mistakes-add-to-beauty-in-this-ode-to-cinema |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote, "Bioscope emerges as a curious paradox: a story about making movie magic that works only partially. Like its characters’ makeshift equipment, it's ingenious in parts, but doesn't quite get the job done."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bioscope Movie Review : When DIY filmmaking meets village wisdom — and misses! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/bioscope/movie-review/116903320.cms |access-date=2025-01-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt35112386}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Films about film directors and producers]]
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Nandi Awards of 1975

2026-02-24T19:09:24Z

DebbieLemke:

{{Short description|Indian Telugu film and TV awards ceremony}}
{{one source|date=July 2021}}
{{Nandi Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

The [[Nandi Awards]] were presented annually by the Government of Andhra Pradesh to recognise excellence in [[Telugu cinema]]. The first awards were presented in 1964. The following won the best films awards in 1975.

== 1975 Nandi Awards Winners List ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Category<ref>{{cite web|date=|title=Nandi Award winners 1964-2008|url=https://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=14 July 2021}}</ref>
!Winner
!Film
|-
|[[List of winners of the Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
|[[K. Viswanath]]
|[[Jeevana Jyothi (1975 film)|Jeevana Jyothi]]
|-
|Second Best Feature Film
|[[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]
|[[Mutyala Muggu]]
|-
|Third Best Feature Film
|[[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
|[[Swargam Narakam]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Nandi Awards]]
[[Category:1975 awards]]

Nazneen Contractor

2026-02-22T01:31:17Z

DebbieLemke: page updated

{{short description|Canadian actress (born 1982)}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nazneen Contractor
| image = Nazneen Contractor, 2009 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Nazneen Contractor, 2009
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1982|8|26}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2000–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Carlo Rota]]|2010}}
| children = 2
}}

'''Nazneen Contractor''' (born August 26, 1982) is an Indian-Canadian actress known for her role as Layla Hourani on [[CBC Television|CBC's]] ''[[The Border (TV series)|The Border]]'', Zara Hallam on [[Ransom (TV series)|Ransom]] and as [[List of 24 characters#Kayla Hassan|Kayla Hassan]] on ''[[24 (TV series)|24]]'' in [[24 (season 8)|2010]]. She also guest-starred in the ''[[Letterkenny (TV series)|Letterkenny]]'' International Women’s Day special as Professor Tricia.

==Early life==
Contractor was born in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] to [[Parsi]] parents. She and her family moved to Nigeria when she was 7 and finally settled in Toronto, where she spent the majority of her childhood and young adulthood.<ref name="OCC">{{cite magazine |last=Girn |first=Raj |title=Open Chest Interview with Actress, Nazneen Contractor |url=http://www.openchest.com/oc-in-print/actress-nazneen-contractor/ |department=Open Chest |magazine=Anokhi |date=April 2014 |access-date=23 January 2015 |archive-date=2 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602172623/http://www.openchest.com/oc-in-print/actress-nazneen-contractor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Personal life==
After the Canadian drama series ''[[The Border (TV series)|The Border]]'' finished production in 2009, she moved to [[Los Angeles]] and married British-born actor [[Carlo Rota]] on April 1, 2010.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Brioux |date=22 May 2010 |title=Goodbye, Mr. Bauer |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/television/2010/05/22/goodbye_mr_bauer.html |work=[[Toronto Star]] |access-date=21 November 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083556/http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/television/2010/05/22/goodbye_mr_bauer.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They have a son and a daughter.<ref name="OCC" />

==Relatives==

Nazneen Contractor is a granddaughter of [[Meher Rustom Contractor]] (1918-1992), an Indian puppeteer and author.

Indian cinematographer, photographer, and author [[Navroze Contractor]] (1944 – 2023) was Nazneen's uncle.

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2011 || ''Seance the Summoning'' || Eva ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Star Trek Into Darkness]]'' || Rima Harewood ||
|-
| 2017 || ''Tiny House of Terror'' || Jackie ||
|-
| 2017|| ''[[Roman J. Israel, Esq.]]'' || Melina Nassour (Ass't. D.A.) ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Trigger Point]]'' || ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Spiral (2021 film)|Spiral]]'' || Chada ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Love on the Danube: Love Song]]'' || Sarah Matthews||
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Starhunter]]'' || Ire || Episode: "Siren's Song"
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Relic Hunter]]'' || Princess Alia || Episode: "The Star of Nadir"
|-
| 2002 || data-sort-value="Matthew Shepherd Story, The" | ''The Matthew Shepherd Story'' || Shima || TV movie
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Street Time]]'' || Goldstein's Female Friend/Jasmine || 2 episodes
|-
| 2008 || ''Othello the Tragedy of the Moor'' || Bianca || TV movie
|-
| 2008–2009 || data-sort-value="Border, The" | ''[[The Border (TV series)|The Border]]'' || Layla Hourani || Main role
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Rules of Engagement (TV series)|Rules of Engagement]]'' || Suneetha || 4 episodes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[24 (TV series)|24]]'' || [[List of 24 characters#Kayla Hassan|Kayla Hassan]] || Recurring role
|-
| 2011 || data-sort-value="Paul Reiser Show, The" | ''[[The Paul Reiser Show]]'' || Kuma D'Bu || 3 episodes
|-
| 2012 || ''Pegasus vs. Chimera'' || Princess Philony || TV movie
|-
| 2012 || ''[[XIII: The Series]]'' || Elsy || Episode: "Battlezone"
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Last Resort (TV series)|Last Resort]]'' || Reena Kapur || Episode: "Cinderella Liberty"
|-
| 2013–2014 || ''[[Revenge (TV series)|Revenge]]'' || Jess || 2 episodes
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Bones (TV series)|Bones]]'' || Sari Nazeri || Episode: "The Source in the Sludge"
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Person of Interest (TV series)|Person of Interest]]'' || Maria Martinez || Episode: "[[Allegiance (Person of Interest)|Allegiance]]"
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Covert Affairs]]'' || Sydney/Stephanie || Recurring role
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Scorpion (TV series)|Scorpion]]'' || Sima/Fatima || Episode: "Charades"
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Castle (TV series)|Castle]]'' || Layla Nazif || Episode: "Private Eye Caramba!"
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Stalker (TV series)|Stalker]]'' || Adele Marshall || Episode: "The News"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4232312/?ref_=ttep_ep13|title="Stalker" The News (TV Episode 2015)|date=21 January 2015|publisher=IMDb|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=17 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317101537/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4232312/?ref_=ttep_ep13|url-status=live}} {{unreliable source?|date=January 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Heroes Reborn (miniseries)|Heroes Reborn]]'' || Farah || Recurring role
|-
| 2016 || data-sort-value="Carmichael Show, The" | ''[[The Carmichael Show]]'' || Fahmida || Episode: "New Neighbors"
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Chicago P.D. (TV series)|Chicago P.D.]]'' || Dawn Harper || Episode: "Justice"
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Major Crimes (TV series)|Major Crimes]]'' || Nancy Ryan || Recurring role
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters]]'' || Riya Dashti/Blindstrike, various others (voice) || Main role
|-
| 2017–2019 || ''[[Ransom (TV series)|Ransom]]'' || Zara Hallam || Main role<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/chicago-justice-nazneen-contractor-exits-909028|title='Chicago Justice': Nazneen Contractor Exits NBC Legal Drama (Exclusive)|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=2016-11-18|archive-date=8 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708094858/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/chicago-justice-nazneen-contractor-exits-909028|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)|Hawaii Five-0]]'' || Emma Warren || Episode "Aia i Hi'ikua; i Hi'ialo"
|-
| 2018–2020 || ''[[Star Wars Resistance]]'' || Synara San (voice) || Recurring role
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]'' || Nahla Nasar || Episode: "Assumption"
|-
| 2019 || data-sort-value="Loud House, The" | ''[[The Loud House]]'' || Ruby (voice) || 2 episodes
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures]]'' || Daavan Dut (voice) || Episode: "A Gollywood Wedding"
|-
| 2020 || data-sort-value="Expanse, The" | ''[[The Expanse (TV series)|The Expanse]]'' || Ashanti Avasarala || Episode: "Churn"
|-
| 2020 || data-sort-value="Christmas Ring, The" | ''The Christmas Ring'' || Kendra Adams || Hallmark TV Movie
|-
| 2021 || data-sort-value="Winter Getaway, A" | ''A Winter Getaway'' || Courtney || Hallmark TV Movie
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Letterkenny (TV series)|Letterkenny]]'' || Professor Tricia || Episode: "Letterkenny Celebrates International Women's Day"
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Children Ruin Everything]]'' || Dawn || regular supporting role
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Charmed]]'' || Inara || 3 episodes
|-
| 2022 || data-sort-value="Perfect Pairing, The" | ''The Perfect Pairing'' || Cristina || Hallmark TV Movie
|-
| 2022 || ''Scentsational Christmas '' || Ellie || Lifetime TV Movie
|-
| 2024–Present || ''[[General Hospital]]'' || District Attorney, Justine Turner || Recurring Role
|-
|2025
|''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]''
|FBI Senior Agent Beth Rollins
|Episode: "Gone Girls"
|-
|2025
|''[[Boston Blue]]''
|District Attorney, Nadra Ali
|season 1 episode 9 "Collateral Damage"
|-
|}

===Video games===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Dying Light]]'' || Jade / various others (voice) || Video game
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1345890|name=Nazneen Contractor}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130601005030/http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/all-about-alumni/nazneen-contractor-profile-24-actor/ Article about Nazneen] from the [[University of Toronto]] magazine

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Contractor, Nazneen}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Canadian film actresses]]
[[Category:Canadian television actresses]]
[[Category:Canadian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Canadian actresses of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Toronto]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Parsi descent]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Canadian Screen Award winning actors]]

Paithan Assembly constituency

2026-02-21T06:30:17Z

DebbieLemke: starting a stub v1 - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Paithan
| map_image = 110-Paithan.svg
| map_caption =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| division = [[Aurangabad Division|Aurangabad]]
| district = [[Aurangabad District, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jalna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalna]]
| mla = [[Vilas Sandipanrao Bhumre]]
| constituency_no = 110
| established = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| reservation = None 
| incumbent_image =
| abolished =
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = 2024
| electors = 325,485
| preceded_by =
| type = SLA
}}
'''Paithan Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|accessdate=3 November 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archivedate=25 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Overview==
Paithan is part of [[Jalna Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha constituencies, namely [[Badnapur Assembly constituency|Badnapur]], [[Jalna Assembly constituency|Jalna]] and [[Bhokardan Assembly constituency|Bhokardan]] in Jalna district and [[Sillod Assembly constituency|Sillod]] and [[Phulambri Assembly constituency|Phulambri]] in [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]].<ref name=ceo/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paithan Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/paithan.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Jadhav Venkat Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=3 | Kalyanrao Pandhorinath
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Bhaurao Abaji Thorat || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Kale Shivajirao Sahebrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Chandrakant Sonaki Ghodke || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Appasaheb Alias Babanrao Waghchaure || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=3 | [[Sandipanrao Bhumre|Sandipanrao Asaram Bhumare]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Sanjay Waghchaure || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=2 | [[Sandipanrao Bhumre|Sandipanrao Asaram Bhumare]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Vilas Sandipan Bhumre]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Paithan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vilas Sandipan Bhumre]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 132,474 |percentage = 52.31% |change={{increase}}12.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dattatray Radhakisan Gorde |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 103,282 |percentage = 40.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prakash Uttamrao Dilvale |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 6,334 |percentage = 2.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arun Sonaji Ghodke |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 3,187 |percentage = 1.26% |change={{decrease}}8.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Waman Ramrao Sathe |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,669 |percentage = 0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,475 |percentage = 0.58% |change={{decrease}}0.36 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,192 |percentage = 11.53% |change= {{increase}}4.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 254,726 |percentage = 78.26% |change= {{increase}}5.96 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 253,251}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 325,485|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}12.83 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Paithan<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sandipanrao Bhumre|Sandipanrao Asaram Bhumare]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 83,403 |percentage = 39.48% |change={{increase}}4.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dattatray Radhakisan Gorde |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 69,264 |percentage = 32.78% |change={{increase}}11.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavhan Vijay Ambadas |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 20,654 |percentage = 9.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pralhad Dhondiram Rathod |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 17,212 |percentage = 8.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhondibhau Bhimbhau Pujari |party=Independent politician |votes = 11,437 |percentage = 5.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,998 |percentage = 0.95% |change={{increase}}0.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijay Rangnath Gavali |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,497 |percentage = 0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sukhdev Rakhmaji Ban |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,279 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,139 |percentage = 6.69% |change= {{decrease}}6.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 213,336 |percentage = 72.55% |change= {{decrease}}1.64 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 211,271}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 294,058|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}4.71 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Paithan<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sandipanrao Bhumre|Sandipanrao Asaram Bhumare]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 66,991 |percentage = 34.77% |change={{increase}}3.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Waghchaure Sanjay Yadavrao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 41,952 |percentage = 21.78% |change={{decrease}}18.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hiwale Vinayak Laxman |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 29,957 |percentage = 15.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kale Ravindra Shivajirao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,957 |percentage = 12.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sunil Shivaji Shinde |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 7,091 |percentage = 3.68% |change={{decrease}}11.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chormale Ramnath Khushalrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,867 |percentage = 3.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaikh Abbas Shaikh Kasam |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,009 |percentage = 2.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,382 |percentage = 0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,039 |percentage = 13.00% |change= {{increase}}4.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 194,135 |percentage = 74.05% |change= {{increase}}4.40 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 192,660}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 262,167|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.59 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Paithan<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Waghchaure |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 64,179 |percentage = 40.36% |change={{increase}}22.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sandipanrao Bhumre|Sandipanrao Asaram Bhumare]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 50,517 |percentage = 31.77% |change={{decrease}}7.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sunil Shivaji Shinde |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 24,778 |percentage = 15.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pralhad Dhondiba Rathod |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 7,925 |percentage = 4.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Lahu Kashinath |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,436 |percentage = 1.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gazi Allauddin Bashiroddin |party=Ambedkar National Congress |votes = 1,778 |percentage = 1.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pathan Anwarkha Yunuskha |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,659 |percentage = 1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,662 |percentage = 8.59% |change= {{increase}}4.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 159,029 |percentage = 69.08% |change= {{decrease}}1.73 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 159,028}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 230,197|ref = |change= {{increase}}33.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}0.68 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Paithan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sandipanrao Bhumre|Sandipanrao Asaram Bhumare]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 48,462 |percentage = 39.68% |change={{decrease}}9.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Sunil Shivaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 43,336 |percentage = 35.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jhargad Kachru Pandharinath |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 21,375 |percentage = 17.50% |change={{decrease}}5.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arun Shamrao Jadhav |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 6,683 |percentage = 5.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Zine Laxman Bhaguji |party=Prabuddha Republican Party |votes = 2,288 |percentage = 1.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,126 |percentage = 4.20% |change= {{decrease}}17.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 122,156 |percentage = 70.82% |change= {{increase}}8.18 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 122,144}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 172,499|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}9.03 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Paithan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sandipanrao Bhumre|Sandipanrao Asaram Bhumare]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 48,266 |percentage = 48.71% |change={{increase}}9.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Appasaheb Ramkrishna Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 26,349 |percentage = 26.59% |change={{increase}}3.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Waghchoure Sanjay Alias Raosaheb Yadavrao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 23,056 |percentage = 23.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wahule Uttamrao Sonaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 720 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gorde Pandharinath Satwaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 697 |percentage = 0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,917 |percentage = 22.12% |change= {{increase}}5.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 109,152 |percentage = 68.98% |change= {{decrease}}3.63 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 99,088}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,227|ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}9.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Paithan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sandipanrao Bhumre|Sandipanrao Asaram Bhumare]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 43,802 |percentage = 39.05% |change={{decrease}}15.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Aute Kantrao Vishwanathrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,569 |percentage = 22.80% |change={{increase}}5.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shisode Sudamrao Pandharinath |party=Janata Dal |votes = 12,417 |percentage = 11.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaikh Abdul Harun Abdul Samad |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 10,509 |percentage = 9.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kulkarni Narsinh Laxmanrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,205 |percentage = 3.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kale Shivajirao Sahebrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,868 |percentage = 2.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Paralkar Bhaurao Topaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,025 |percentage = 1.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,233 |percentage = 16.26% |change= {{decrease}}19.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,673 |percentage = 68.92% |change= {{increase}}9.08 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 112,162}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,287|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.54 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}15.58 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Paithan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Appasaheb Alias Babanrao Waghchaure |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 48,273 |percentage = 54.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. P. Zargad (Mamma) |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 16,419 |percentage = 18.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Sonajirao Ghodke |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 15,564 |percentage = 17.62% |change={{decrease}}15.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baliram Chagan Rathod |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,272 |percentage = 2.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ibrahim Pathan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,832 |percentage = 2.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Idriskhan Gulam Mohemoodkhan Pathan |party=Lokdal (B) |votes = 1,447 |percentage = 1.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kharat Gautam Bhagaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 873 |percentage = 0.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,854 |percentage = 36.05% |change= {{increase}}23.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 90,492 |percentage = 58.56% |change= {{increase}}3.53 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 88,355}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,537|ref = |change= {{increase}}27.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing= {{increase}}8.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Paithan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Sonaki Ghodke |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 30,124 |percentage = 46.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohan Anandrao Deshmukh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,816 |percentage = 33.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gangadhar Gade |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,948 |percentage = 7.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Appasaheb Uttamrao Waghchaure |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,868 |percentage = 5.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhagwat Bapasaheb Landge |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,753 |percentage = 5.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhaurao Abaji Thorat |party=Independent politician |votes = 649 |percentage = 1.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,308 |percentage = 12.75% |change= {{decrease}}8.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,737 |percentage = 54.94% |change= {{increase}}0.01 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,158}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,474|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}2.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Paithan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kale Shivajirao Sahebrao |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 27,739 |percentage = 48.52% |change={{increase}}23.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Sonaki Ghodke |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 15,413 |percentage = 26.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thorat Bhaurao Abaji |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,831 |percentage = 22.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadu Dhondiram Ranyewale |party=Independent politician |votes = 735 |percentage = 1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,326 |percentage = 21.56% |change= {{increase}}19.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,030 |percentage = 55.38% |change= {{decrease}}7.64 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,165}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,596|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}21.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Paithan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bhaurao Abaji Thorat |party=Janata Party |votes = 16,355 |percentage = 27.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivajirao Sahebrao |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 14,813 |percentage = 24.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kalyanrao Pandharinathrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 11,742 |percentage = 19.54% |change={{decrease}}59.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kashinathrao Pralhadrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,574 |percentage = 10.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sk. Kadar Sk. Ibrahim |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,006 |percentage = 8.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sharad Pandirao Gavane |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,396 |percentage = 3.99% |change={{increase}}0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasant Punjaji Narwade |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,282 |percentage = 3.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,542 |percentage = 2.57% |change= {{decrease}}65.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,343 |percentage = 63.58% |change= {{increase}}8.08 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,081}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,058|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}51.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Paithan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kalyanrao Pandhorinath |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 40,953 |percentage = 78.55% |change={{increase}}13.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Uttam Sonaji |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 5,238 |percentage = 10.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Eknath Bhagwant Rao |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 3,898 |percentage = 7.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sharad Panditrao Gavane |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,050 |percentage = 3.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 35,715 |percentage = 68.50% |change= {{increase}}29.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,121 |percentage = 56.23% |change= {{increase}}3.97 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,139}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,028|ref = |change= {{increase}}25.84 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Paithan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kalyanrao Pandhorinath |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,123 |percentage = 65.52% |change={{increase}}5.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. Marutirao |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,080 |percentage = 26.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=G. Abaji |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,139 |percentage = 8.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,043 |percentage = 39.23% |change= {{increase}}8.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,452 |percentage = 54.49% |change= {{increase}}11.00 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,342}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,901|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Paithan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kalyanrao Pandhorinath |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,980 |percentage = 59.65% |change={{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kashinath (Babanrao ) Pralhadrao Kulkarni |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 8,293 |percentage = 29.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khushalrao Bapurao Motale |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 3,192 |percentage = 11.21% |change={{decrease}}21.96 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,687 |percentage = 30.52% |change= {{increase}}4.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,956 |percentage = 41.56% |change= {{increase}}6.99 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,465}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,477|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Paithan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Venkat Rao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 12,213 |percentage = 59.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shankar Rao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 6,793 |percentage = 33.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gopinath (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,472 |percentage = 7.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,420 |percentage = 26.47% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 20,478 |percentage = 31.23% |change= }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 20,478}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,575|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|19.48|75.38|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Aurangabad district, Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]

Karachi Bakery

2026-02-21T04:18:12Z

DebbieLemke: minor changes

{{short description|Indian bakery retail company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Karachi Bakery
| logo = Karachi_Bakery.png
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| industry = [[Retail]]
| genre = [[Bakery]]
| foundation = 1953
| founder = Khanchand Ramnani
| location_city = [[Hyderabad]]
| location_country = India<ref>{{cite web |title=KARACHI BAKERY PRIVATE LIMITED |url=https://www.indiafilings.com/search/karachi-bakery-private-limited-cin-U52390TG2015PTC097253 |website=IndiaFilings |access-date=11 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| location = [[Banjara Hills]]
| locations =
| area_served = India
| key_people =
| products = [[Biscuits]], [[cakes]], [[snacks]]
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| owners = {{ubl|Rajesh Ramnani|Harish Ramnani<ref name="owner">{{cite news |title='Karachi' in name, Indian at heart: Hyderabad's iconic bakery fights identity crisis |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/food/features/2025/05/10/karachi-bakery--says-theya-re-proudly-indian.html |access-date=11 May 2025 |work=Manorama Online |language=en}}</ref>}}
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|karachibakery.com}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}
'''Karachi Bakery''' is a chain of Indian retail bakeries. It was established in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] in 1953 by a [[Sindhi Hindu]] family that migrated to India during the [[Partition of India|partition]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/will-never-change-name-we-are-not-leaving-mumbai-says-karachi-bakery-owners/616800/|title='Will never change the name & we are not leaving Mumbai,' say Karachi Bakery owners|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=6 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>[http://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/meet-hyderabads-most-popular-cookies-702930 Meet Hyderabad's Most Popular Cookies]</ref> It is known for its fruit biscuits, [[Osmania biscuits]] and ''[[Hyderabadi cuisine#Snacks|dil kush]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/23/stories/2002122301510100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030901002948/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/23/stories/2002122301510100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 September 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Buoyant bakeries|date=2002-12-23|accessdate=23 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=et/>

Apart from Hyderabad, Karachi Bakery also has outlets in [[Bengaluru]], [[Chennai]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Majumdar |first=Meghna |date=2019-09-05 |title=Karachi bakery comes to Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/karachi-bakery-comes-to-chennai/article29340740.ece |access-date=2025-04-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and [[Delhi]]. The chain also exports a selection of its products to other countries, including Europe, United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Africa and the Middle East.<ref name=et>{{Cite web |last=www.ETHospitalityWorld.com |title=Karachi Bakery: Making legends out of biscuits|url=https://hospitality.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/operations/food-and-beverages/karachi-bakery-making-legends-out-of-biscuits/87689505 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=ETHospitalityWorld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Fruit Biscuits.jpg|thumb|Fruit biscuits from Karachi Bakery]]
Karachi Bakery was founded in 1953 by Khanchand Ramnani, a [[Sindhi Hindus|Sindhi Hindu]] migrant who moved to Hyderabad from [[Karachi]] during the partition of India in 1947. The bakery was named after Ramnani's original hometown Karachi, which is in present-day Pakistan. Ramnani opened the first Karachi Bakery outlet in [[Moazzam Jahi Market]], Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elluri |first=Mani Deepthi |date=2023-09-15 |title=Hyderabad's Karachi Bakery recognised as one of the world's best dessert places |url=https://www.newstap.in/lifestyle/hyderabads-karachi-bakery-recognised-as-one-of-the-worlds-best-dessert-places-1495002 |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=www.newstap.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-12-17 |title=Long queue for that special bite |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/long-queue-for-that-special-bite/articleshow/363390.cms |access-date=2024-02-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Karachi Bakery's [[Mumbai]] outlet ceased operations during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] due to mounting losses.<ref>{{Cite news |last=U |first=Roy |date=2021-03-04 |title=Mumbai's Karachi Bakery shuts down citing pandemic-induced losses |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/food/2021/Mar/04/mumbais-karachi-bakery-shuts-down-citing-pandemic-induced-losses-32102.html |url-status= |work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-05 |title=Karachi Bakery shuts shop, ex-employee says business was running in losses amid pandemic |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/karachi-bakery-shuts-shop-ex-employee-says-business-was-running-in-losses-amid-pandemic-7214726/ |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> In 2023, 15 of its employees in Hyderabad suffered injuries due to a fire accident.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2023-12-14 |title=Fire accident in Hyderabad's Karachi Bakery manufacturing unit, 15 injured |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/fire-accident-in-hyderabads-karachi-bakery-manufacturing-unit-15-injured |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-12-15 |title=15 hurt in LPG blast at Karachi Bakery |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2023/Dec/15/15-hurt-in-lpg-blast-at-karachi-bakery-2641676.html |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Naveen |date=2023-12-14 |title=15 workers injured in a fire mishap at Karachi Bakery's manufacturing unit in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/15-staffers-injured-in-a-fire-mishap-at-karachi-bakerys-manufacturing-unit/article67637475.ece |access-date=2025-04-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Reception==
In 2016, Karachi Bakery faced calls for a boycott from some Muslim groups in Hyderabad for selling Israeli [[Date palm|dates]], after which the company began sourcing dates from Iran.<ref>{{cite news |title=Muslims call for boycott of Hyderabad’s Karachi Bakery for selling Israeli dates |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/muslims-call-boycott-hyderabad-s-karachi-bakery-selling-israeli-dates-45143 |access-date=9 November 2025 |work=The News Minute |date=20 June 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chanda |first1=Aishik |title=Hyderabad gets a date with anti-semitism in Karachi bakery |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2016/Jun/19/hyderabad-gets-a-date-with-anti-semitism-in-karachi-bakery-942025.html |access-date=9 November 2025 |work=The New Indian Express |date=19 June 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

Owing to its name, Karachi Bakery outlets witnessed incidents of vandalism and protests in 2019 and 2025, in the aftermath of terror attacks in India and amidst [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|India-Pakistan skirmishes]], with owners Rajesh and Harish Ramnani clarifying that they have no links to Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-24 |title=We are Indian by heart, says Karachi Bakery after protest in Bengaluru over its name |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/karachi-bakery-statement-bengaluru-protest-pulwama-1463580-2019-02-24 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Karachi Bakery forced to cover up |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/karachi-bakery-forced-to-cover-up/68143283.html |date=25 February 2019 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad's Karachi Bakery Vandalised Amid India-Pakistan Tensions, BJP Activists Protest |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/telangana/hyderabads-karachi-bakery-vandalised-by-bjp-activists-amid-heightened-india-pak-tensions-3535603 |access-date=11 May 2025 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name="owner">{{cite news |title='Karachi' in name, Indian at heart: Hyderabad's iconic bakery fights identity crisis |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/food/features/2025/05/10/karachi-bakery--says-theya-re-proudly-indian.html |access-date=11 May 2025 |work=Manorama Online |language=en}}</ref>

The bakery has been subject to fines and regulatory action for flouting food safety norms including selling expired food, fungus infested food, improper labeling.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-04 |title=Karachi Bakery fined Rs 10,000 after customer complains of fungus in sweet in Hyderabad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/hyderabad/story/karachi-bakery-fined-rs-10-000-after-customer-complains-of-fungus-in-sweet-in-hyderabad-1895938-2022-01-04 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-04 |title=Karachi Bakery, TV9 & Chutneys fined by GHMC for violations |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/Jan/04/karachi-bakery-tv9-chutneys-fined-by-ghmc-for-violations-2402813.html |access-date=2025-04-12 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Vrinda |date=2024-05-06 |title=Several Hyderabad eateries under fire after food safety officials find expired products |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/karachi-bakery-under-fire-after-food-safety-officials-find-expired-products-improper-labelling-101714966951339.html |access-date=2025-04-12 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2024-06-19 |title=Rotten tomatoes, expired items found in raid on hotel and bakery in Sangareddy |url=https://telanganatoday.com/rotten-tomatoes-expired-items-found-in-raid-on-hotel-and-bakery-in-sangareddy |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thayil |first=Pratiksha |date=2024-05-06 |title=Raids Reveal Expired Food, Cockroaches And Fungi In Karachi Bakery And Other Popular Telangana Eateries |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/raids-reveal-expired-food-cockroaches-and-fungi-in-karachi-bakery-and-other-popular-telangana-eateries |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=NDTV Profit |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Livemint |date=2024-05-06 |title=Karachi Bakery expired products: Hyderabad store found violating regulations |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/karachi-bakery-selling-expired-products-hyderabad-store-found-violating-regulations-officials-discard-rusks-biscuits-11714966549681.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512141720/https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/karachi-bakery-selling-expired-products-hyderabad-store-found-violating-regulations-officials-discard-rusks-biscuits-11714966549681.html |archive-date=12 May 2024 |access-date=2025-04-12 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>{{excessive citations inline|date=June 2025}}

==See also==
{{portal|food}}
*[[Sindhis in India]]
*[[Bombay Bakery]], a Pakistani bakery chain named after an Indian city
*[[Bombay Sweets (Bangladesh)|Bombay Sweets]], a Bangladeshi food processing company named after an Indian city

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.karachibakery.com Official site]

[[Category:Bakeries of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Hyderabadi cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1953]]

T. N. Krishnan

2026-02-07T22:24:12Z

DebbieLemke: creating a page

{{Short description|Indian musician (1928–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = T. N. Krishnan
| birth_name =
| alias =
| image = T. N. Krishnan FTII Pune 2010.jpg
| caption = Krishnan performing at the Film and Television Institute of India, Pune, on 19 January 2010
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|10|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tripunithura]], [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|11|2|1928|10|6|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]]
| instrument = [[violin]]
| genre = [[Carnatic music]]
| occupation = [[violin]]ist
| years_active =
| website =
| honorific_prefix = Sangeetha Kalanidhi
}}

'''Trippunithura Narayana Krishnan''' (6 October 1928{{Spaced en dash}}2 November 2020) was an Indian [[Carnatic music]] violinist. Along with [[Lalgudi Jayaraman]] and [[M. S. Gopalakrishnan]] he was considered part of the violin-trinity of Carnatic music. He was awarded the [[Madras Music Academy]]'s [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]] in 1980. He was also the recipient of the [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third highest civilian honour, in 1992, and earlier, the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honour, in 1973.

==Early life==
Krishnan was born on 6 October 1928, in [[Tripunithura]], [[Kerala]] to A. Narayana Iyer and Ammini Ammal.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Mahesh|first=Chitra|date=6 December 2018|title=T.N. Krishnan: Life on a high note|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/tn-krishnan-life-on-a-high-note/article25680704.ece|access-date=3 November 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102185413/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/tn-krishnan-life-on-a-high-note/article25680704.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He learnt music from his father and was 11 when he performed at his first violin concert in 1939 in [[Trivandrum]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=3 November 2020|title=TN Krishnan, legendary violinist and Padma Bhushan awardee, passes away aged 92 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/tn-krishnan-legendary-violinist-and-padma-bhushan-awardee-passes-away-aged-92-8977861.html|access-date=3 November 2020|website=Firstpost|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103054840/https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/tn-krishnan-legendary-violinist-and-padma-bhushan-awardee-passes-away-aged-92-8977861.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His father continued to teach him until his death. Recounting his early years, Krishnan mentioned that he would play the instrument continuously for over three hours at [[Katcheri|''katcheris'']], or classical music performances, and they would "perform in temples, in landlords’ houses or at weddings."<ref name=":1" />

He was mentored in his early years by Alleppy K.Parthasarathy a ''[[sisya]]'' of Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar and later joined carnatic vocalist [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]].<ref name=":0"/>

==Career==
Krishnan started out as a violinist accompanying musicians [[Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar]], [[Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar]], [[Musiri Subramania Iyer]], [[Alathur Brothers]], M. D. Ramanathan and [[Maharajapuram Viswanatha Iyer]]. He performed his first solo concert in [[Trivandrum]] in 1939, at the age of 11.<ref name=":0" /> In his early years, the [[Cochin royal family]] provided him with royal patronage.<ref name=":1" />

Krishnan first arrived in [[Madras]] in 1942.<ref name=":0" /> His tutor, [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]], placed him in the care of R. Aiyadurai, an industrialist, philanthropist and patron of Carnatic music. Aiyadurai and his wife Thangam Aiyadurai welcomed the young Krishnan in to their home as his own.<ref name=":1" />

Along with [[Lalgudi Jayaraman]] and [[M. S. Gopalakrishnan]] he was considered a part of the violin-trinity of Carnatic music.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=3 Nov 2020|title=TN Krishnan death: Violin great TN Krishnan passes away at 92 in Chennai {{!}} Chennai News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/violin-great-tn-krishnan-passes-away-at-92-in-chennai/articleshow/79010499.cms|access-date=3 November 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103095808/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/violin-great-tn-krishnan-passes-away-at-92-in-chennai/articleshow/79010499.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Reviews of his performance called out the importance that he gave to expressional restraint.<ref>{{cite news|date=6 August 2004|title=Magical spell of music|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/08/06/stories/2004080602410400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050108214332/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/08/06/stories/2004080602410400.htm|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=8 January 2005}}</ref> Reviewing one of his performances in 2004, ''[[The Hindu]]'' said that in his generation of musicians, he was one of the few instrumentalists who provided a nostalgic experience of a bygone era in the minds of his listeners.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/06/07/stories/2004060701030200.htm |title=The Hindu : Touching tranquil heights |access-date=11 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506184115/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/06/07/stories/2004060701030200.htm |archive-date=6 May 2005 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> He was a regular performer during the annual ''[[Margazhi]]'' music season at the [[Madras Music Academy]] including a dedicated morning slot on Christmas Day.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=3 November 2020|title=Legendary violinist T N Krishnan passes away at 92|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/legendary-violinist-t-n-krishnan-passes-away-at-92-910623.html|access-date=3 November 2020|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103033205/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/legendary-violinist-t-n-krishnan-passes-away-at-92-910623.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He travelled extensively on musical tours all over the world.<ref name=":5" />

Krishnan taught music in the traditional ''[[Parampara]]'' setting and also in the more formal academic environments. Among his students were his daughter Viji Krishnan Natarajan, his son Sriram Krishnan, and [[Charumathi Raghuraman]].<ref name=":1" /> He was a professor of Music at Chennai Music College and later went on to be the principal at the college. He was also the dean of the School of Music and Fine Arts at the [[University of Delhi]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> He had also served as the vice-chairman of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] between 1991 and 1993.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Sangeet Natak Academy – TN Krishnan|url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=377&at=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810223614/https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=377&at=1|archive-date=10 August 2020|access-date=3 November 2020|website=sangeetnatak.gov.in}}</ref>

==Awards and titles==
Krishnan was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1974 and was a recipient of the [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] from the academy in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=SNA: List of Akademi Awardees — Instrumental — Carnatic Violin |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |url=http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist-car-violin.htm |access-date=24 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403111058/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist-car-violin.htm |archive-date=3 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SNA: List of Akademi Fellows|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|url=http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/fellowslist.htm|access-date=24 September 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727235210/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/fellowslist.htm|archive-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> He received the [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]] titular award in 1980 from the [[Madras Music Academy]].<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=3 Nov 2020|title=Violin maestro TN Krishnan dies at 92 {{!}} India News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/violin-maestro-tn-krishnan-dies-at-92/articleshow/79009830.cms|access-date=3 November 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103062837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/violin-maestro-tn-krishnan-dies-at-92/articleshow/79009830.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He received the [[Sangeetha Kalasikhamani]] award in1999 from the Indian Fine arts Society, Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to The Indian Fine Art Society|url=http://www.theindianfineartssociety.com/oldevents.html|access-date=3 November 2020|website=www.theindianfineartssociety.com|archive-date=26 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926175847/http://www.theindianfineartssociety.com/oldevents.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also the ''Asthana Vidwan'' ({{translation|Court Scholar}}) at the [[Tirupathi Devastanam]].<ref name=":4" />

State honours:<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php?start=10&award_year=&state=&field=3&p_name=Krishnan&award=All|access-date=16 July 2009|publisher=[[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]]|archive-date=14 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314045543/http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php?start=10&award_year=&state=&field=3&p_name=Krishnan&award=All|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|x15px|Padma Shri riband]] [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honour (1973)
* [[File:Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg|x15px|Padma Bhushan riband]] [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third highest civilian honour (1992)
Grammy's honoured him with 'In Memoriam' mention of International musicians in March 2021 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/news/recording-academy-grammy-in-memoriam-2021|title = Recording Academy in Memoriam 2021|date = 14 March 2021}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Krishnan was married to Kamala Krishnan and had two children, Viji Krishnan Natarajan, and Sriram Krishnan.<ref>{{cite web|title=T.N.Krishnan Foundation|url=http://www.tnkrishnan-foundation.org/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216161507/http://www.tnkrishnan-foundation.org/|archive-date=16 December 2008|access-date=17 December 2008}}</ref> Both Viji Krishnan Natarajan and Sriram Krishnan are well-known violinists.<ref name=":1" /> His sister [[N. Rajam]] is a famous violin player in the [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani tradition.]]<ref name=":1" /> He died on 2 November 2020 at his house in [[Chennai]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Kolappan|first=B.|date=3 November 2020|title=Violinist T.N. Krishnan is no more|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/violinist-tn-krishnan-is-no-more/article33006607.ece|access-date=3 November 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102185801/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/violinist-tn-krishnan-is-no-more/article33006607.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Discography==
*Melodious Strings of the Indian Violin (1985)<ref name=":3" />
*Maestros Choice (1991)<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=T. N. Krishnan|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/3565350-T-N-Krishnan|access-date=3 November 2020|website=Discogs|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108024724/https://www.discogs.com/artist/3565350-T-N-Krishnan|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Music is Music – Jugalbandi (with [[Ustad Amjad Ali Khan]]) (1991)<ref name=":3" />
*The Carnatic Violin (2002)<ref name=":3" />
*Parivaar (with N. Rajam) (2003)<ref name=":3" />
* ''Sruti Sandhya'' (with T S Nandakumar) <ref>{{cite web| url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/sruti-sandhya/id1282278911| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025145134/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/sruti-sandhya/id1282278911| url-status=dead| archive-date=25 October 2017|title=Sruti Sandhya - T S Nandakumar|website=[[iTunes]]|location=Mumbai, India}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Sruti Sandhya - T. N. Krishnan, T S Nandakumar - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |date=2007-03-27 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sruti-sandhya/9,muHNu63c8_ |access-date=2024-04-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Sruti Sandhya 2'' (with T S Nandakumar) <ref>{{cite web| url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/sruti-sandhya-2-ep/1313778309| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201070946/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/sruti-sandhya-2-ep/1313778309| url-status=dead| archive-date=1 December 2017|title=Sruti Sandhya 2 - T S Nandakumar|website=[[iTunes]]|location=Mumbai, India}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Sruti Sandhya 2 - T. N. Krishnan, T S Nandakumar - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |date=2009-01-03 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sruti-sandhya-2/W73dA9czhNI_ |access-date=2024-04-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Trippunithura Narayanaiyer Krishnan}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090218154729/http://members.cox.net/rkris4/tnk/ Indian Classical Violin Maestro]
* {{Discogs artist|T. N. Krishnan}}
*[http://www.podcast.co.no/jugalbandhi-podcast-28536/a-conversation-with-violin-maestro-tnkrishnan-part-1-last-ned-3471182/ A conversation with Violin Maestro T.N.Krishnan]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081216161507/http://www.tnkrishnan-foundation.org/ T N Krishnan Official Blog]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111002082653/http://chennaionline.com/cityfeature/Events/Nov08/11article73.aspx T N Krishnan honoured]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}
{{Music of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnan, T. N.}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Carnatic violinists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Sangeetha Kalanidhi recipients]]
[[Category:Tamil musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian violinists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male classical singers]]

Borphukan

2026-01-24T20:00:39Z

DebbieLemke: updated

{{Short description|Patra Mantri in Ahom Kingdom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2014}}
'''Borphukan''' ([[Ahom language]]: ''Phu-Kan-Lung'') was one of the five {{Transliteration|as|[[Ahom kingdom#Swargadeo and Patra Mantris|patra mantris]]}} (councillors) in the [[Ahom kingdom]], a position that was created by the [[Ahom Dynasty|Ahom king]] [[Prataap Singha]]. The position included both executive and judicial powers, with jurisdiction of the Ahom kingdom west of [[Kaliabor]] River. The headquarters of Borphukan was based in Kaliabor and after the [[Battle of Itakhuli]] in 1681 in [[Itakhuli]] in [[Guwahati]]. This position was particularly important and powerful because of its distance from the Ahom capital, giving it a semblance of independence. The region to the east of Kaliabor was governed by the ''[[Borbarua]]''. Lachit Deka later became Borphukan or the ruler of [[Lower Assam]] according to the fifth chronicles of the Satsori Asom [[Buranji]].

Originally the jurisdiction of this office was the region between the [[Brahmaputra River]] and its branch [[Kolong River|Kolong]] with the headquarters at Kajali and Kaliabor. After the Ahom consolidated its power following the [[Battle of Itakhuli]] in 1681 region from the [[Manas River]] in the west to Kaliabor in the east became its domain with the headquarters at Guwahati. The Phukans subordinate to the Borphukan helped him in the military administration of this vast territory: the ''Dihingiya'' and the ''Chetiya'' Phukans south of the Brahmaputra and ''Pani'', ''Deka'', and (as required) ''Chetiya'' Phukans in the north bank.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=21}}</ref> The ''Bujarbarua'' assisted the Borphukan in the civil administration of [[Kamrup region]], and the ''[[kayastha]]s'' in the Borphukan's domain were placed under the ''Borkayastha Barua''.{{sfn|Sarkar|1992|p=23}}
[[File:Darbar Mandir inscription of king Siva Singha.jpg|thumb|[[Darbar House Stone Inscription|Borphukan's court Stone Inscription]] at Jaya Duar, constructed during the reign of Tarun Duara Borphukan in 1738 AD ]]
The Borphukan was also responsible for maintaining diplomatic relationships with the ruling houses in [[Bengal]] and [[Bhutan]],<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=22}}</ref> and according to protocol any ambassador from these regions had to first report to him. He also had jurisdiction over the dependent kings of [[Darrang]], [[Beltola]], [[Rani, Kamrup|Rani]], Luki, and Dimarua besides the ''Duaria rajas'' of the south—Panbari, Barduar, Chhaygaon, Pantan, [[Boko, Assam|Boko]], Bangaon, Vagai, Bholagaon and Mairapur.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=23}}</ref>

The Borphukan's residence was situated in the present [[Fancy Bazaar]] area of [[Guwahati]]. The Borphukan's council was similar to the council-hall (''Bor-Chora'') at the capital and consisted of six Phukans collectively called the ''Guwahatiya'' or ''Dopdariya Phukan''.{{sfn|Baruah|1993|pp=200–201}} The Borphukan Bor-Chora or the Durbar Hall was situated near the present Sonaram High School and site occupied by the [[Bharalumukh]] Thana. Two finely chiseled and inscribed rectangular blocks of stone have been found in the premises of the Kamrupa Anusandhan Samiti, currently the Assam State Museum. The texts engraved with borders of which are ornamented by creepers. These inscribed stones were posted at the southern and northern entrances to the council hall. We learn from the inscriptions that the two gates were known respectively as Bijay-Duar and Jay-Duar were constructed in 1660 Saka (1738) by Tarun Duara Borphukan under the orders of King [[Siva Singha]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} The Borphukan was assisted in administration by the Majindar Baruah (equivalent to a private secretary) whose residence was at the current Deputy Commissioner's residence.

==Council==
The Borphukan's council (''Dopdar'') had a number of ''Phukans'', in a manner equivalent to the Borbarua's council (Bor-chora), and the ''Phukans'' at the Borphukan's council were called ''Dopdariya Phukans''. Each Phukan was responsible for receiving the royal revenue (in cash, kind, and services) from the subjects (''paiks'') and was also responsible for maintaining the guilds of specific professions (''khels'').<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|pp=21–25}}</ref> The ''Dopdar'', the Borphukan's council house, was situated about 300 yards west of the Bharalu stream.
; ''Pani Phukan'': The commander of the Ahom navy in Lower Assam, he was subordinate to the ''Naoboicha Phukan'' in the Borbarua's council. He had his seat at the ''Pani chokey'' as Ashwakranta and led a six-thousand strong militia, and received the service of 30 personal paiks.
; ''Bhatiyal Dihingiya Phukan'': This ''Phukan'' was responsible for the Dihing territory; and there was a corresponding office in the Borbarua's council, called ''Ujaniya Dihingiya Phukan''. These ''phukans'' commanded four thousand ''paiks'' and received the service of 30 personal paiks.
; ''Dopdaria Deka Phukan'': The ''Deka Phukan'' commanded a 6000-strong group of select ''paiks'' and helped the Borbarua in his judicial work.
; ''Dopdaria Neog Phukan'': The ''Neog Phukan'' commanded a 6000-strong group of ordinary ''paiks'' (soldiers) and their commanders (''Neogs''). He helped the Borbarua in judicial work, managed the messengers (''katakis'') and received the services of 30 personal ''paiks''.
; ''Chetia Phukans'' (2): There were two ''Chetia Phukans'' under the Borphukan: one stationed at Kaliabor (''Kaliaboriya Chetia Phukan'') and the other at the ''Dopdar'' (''Guwahatiya Chetia Phukan'') and each was responsible for professional guilds (''khel'') associated with ''arwans'' and [[Litter (vehicle)|litter]]s.

==List of Borphukans==
* Langi Panisiya Borphukan (Rangachila Duarah)
* Lan Mung Shen Borphukan
* Chiring Piksai Borphukan
* Domai Deka Borphukan
* Langi Borphukan
* Piksai Borphukan
* Chengmun Borphukan (Ujoniyal Raja-Sahur)
* Ghargayan Raja Sahur [[Baduli Borphukan]] (Lan Phima Luk kha Khun)
* Pelan Borphukan (Ghora Konwar)
* [[Lachit Borphukan]] (Lan Phima Lakhurakhun clan)
* [[Laluksola Borphukan]] (Lan Phima Lakhurakhun clan)
* [[Bhardhora Borphukan]] (Lan Phima Lakhurakhun clan)
* Bandar Borphukan (Lanmakharu clan)
* Niranjan Borphukan Handikoi
* Vijaya Borphukan of (Tarun Duara Borphukan family)
* Debera Borphuakn of (Pani Dihingia family)
* Gadadhara Deka Duara, son of Vijaya
* Dashratha alias Bahikowa Borphukan, son of Deka Duara
* Lahon Borphukan
* Kashi Dihingia Borphukan
* Harnath Duara Borphukan (Rangachila Duarah)
* [[Gogoi]] Borphukan
* Medhi Borphukan
* Sivanath Borphukan
* Burha Chetia Borphukan
* Ghinai [[Badan Chandra Borphukan]] (Rangachila Duarah)
* General Kolia Bhomora Borphukan
* Ghinai Badanchandra Borphukan (Rangachila Duarah)
* Dihingia Ghanashayam Borphukan
* Janmi Borphukan (Rangachila Duarah)
* Numoli Borphukan (Rangachila Duarah)
* [[Piyoli Phukan]] Borphukan
* Lambodar Borphukan (Lanmakharu clan)

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|first1=Swarna Lata|last1=Baruah|title=Last Days of Ahom Monarchy: A History of Assam from 1769 to 1826|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFFuAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Limited|isbn=978-81-215-0462-1}}
* {{Citation |last=Sarkar |first=J. N. |contribution=Ahom Administration |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=III |pages=1–86 |publisher=Assam Publication Board |place=Guwahati |year=1992}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book| surname=Gogoi | given=Padmeshwar | title=The Tai and the Tai kingdoms | publisher=Gauhati University, Guwahati | year=1968 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rIduAAAAMAAJ }}

[[Category:Ahom kingdom]]
[[Category:Assamese-language surnames]]
[[Category:History of Guwahati]]

The Art of Living International Center

2026-01-23T05:27:15Z

DebbieLemke: creating new article...

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{multiple issues|{{independent sources|date=May 2018}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=May 2018}}}}

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = The Art of Living International Center
| image = Vishalakshmi Mantap.jpg
| alt =
| caption = The Art of Living International Center in [[Bengaluru]], [[India]]
| map_type = India
| map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|49|31|N|77|30|30|E|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:100|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district =
| locale = 21st Km, Udaypura, Kanakapura Road, [[Bengaluru]]

| festivals = [[Mahashivratri]], [[Navratri]]
| established = 1986
| creator = [[Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)|Ravi Shankar]]
| governing_body = [[Art of Living Foundation|Art of Living]]
}}

'''The Art of Living International Center''' is the headquarters of the [[Art of Living Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Art of Living Foundation|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/spirituality/ashrams/art-of-living.html|accessdate=8 February 2017}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:VM Satsang.jpg|thumb|Satsang held by Sri Sri Ravi Shankar at the Vishalakshi Mantap.]]
The center was established in 1986 near [[Bangalore]], [[India]], by [[Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)|Ravi Shankar]] to offer a base for the [[Art of Living Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Yoga Centers India |url=http://yogacentersindia.com/art-living-foundation-bangalore/ |accessdate=8 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=How Sri Sri Ravi Shankar Took Forward The Dream Of Martin Luther King |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/the-new-delhi-world-cultu_b_9488518 |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
[[File:Vishalakshi Mantap Night.jpg|thumb|Vishalakshi Mantap]]
[[File:The art of living international center.jpg|thumb|One of the side gates of the campus]]

=== Vishalakshi Mantap ===
The Vishalakshi Mantap was inaugurated by Vice President [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] on January 17, 2003. The structure includes a meditation hall consisting of five tiers with designs of lotus petals surrounding it, and has a capacity of 25,000 people.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vice-President to open 'Vishalakshi Mantap'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/01/18/stories/2003011803310400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030508164100/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/01/18/stories/2003011803310400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 May 2003|date=18 January 2013|first=Nagesh|work=[[The Hindu]]|last=Prabhu}}</ref>

=== Ayurveda hospital ===
Sri Sri College of Ayurvedic Science & Research Hospital is a 172-bed Ayurveda Hospital.<ref>{{cite web|title=Leech therapy for diabetes? Ayurveda shows the way|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Leech-therapy-for-diabetes-Ayurveda-shows-the-way/articleshow/45398832.cms|work= The Times of India|accessdate=8 February 2017}}</ref>

=== Sri Sri Gaushala ===
A cow shelter where visitors can interact with and care for cows, promoting a sense of connection with nature.

== Connectivity ==
Nearest Airport : [[Bengaluru]] The journey from [[Kempegowda International Airport]] (BLR) to The Art of living International Center is approximately 55 kilometers.

== Litigation ==
In 2011, a public-interest litigation petition filed in the [[Karnataka High Court]] alleged that some of the center's structures encroached on the Udipalya tank.<ref>{{cite web|title=PIL filed against Sri Sri Ravi Shankar's ashram for building on tank land|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-pil-filed-against-sri-sri-ravi-shankar-s-ashram-for-building-on-tank-land-1575624/|publisher=DNA India|accessdate=8 February 2017}}</ref> The government of Karnataka found on inspection that the center had encroached on {{Convert|6.53|hectare}} of the tank area and issued a show-cause notice.<ref>{{cite news|title=AoL has encroached tank|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article2719199.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=17 February 2013|location=Chennai, India|date=16 December 2011}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Art of Living International Center}}
[[Category:Hindu organisations based in India]]
[[Category:International Hindu organizations]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Spiritual organizations]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1986]]

Anna (1790 ship)

2026-01-17T10:57:48Z

DebbieLemke: Adding First Article Needs Work

{{other ships|Anna (ship)}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| country=Great Britain
| flag={{shipboxflag|Kingdom of Great Britain|civil}}
|yard_number=
|owner=*1790-1815:Bruce, Fawcett & Co.{{sfnp|Bulley|2000|pp=124-5}}<ref name=BL/>{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=222}}
*1816:Remington Crawford{{sfnp|Bulley|2000|pp=124-5}}
|builder=[[Bombay Dockyard]] (Mazagon)
|name=''Anna''
|nickname=''Bombay Anna''
|namesake=
|launched=21 July 1790,{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=222}} or 1788<ref name=LR1797/>
|acquired=
|fate=Lost 1816
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|type=[[Ship]]
|tons_burthen=850,<ref name=LR1797/> or 899<ref name=LoM>{{Cite web |url=http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf |title=Letter of Marque, p.50 - accessed 25 July 2017. |access-date=10 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020052005/http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=222}} ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
|length=
|beam=
|draught=
|propulsion=Sail
|speed=
|complement=80<ref name=LoM/>
|armament=1797:2 × 9-pounder + 18 × 6-pounder guns<ref name=LR1797/>
1797:20 × 9&6-pounder guns<ref name=LoM/>
|notes=Teak built<ref name=LR1797/>
}}
}}

'''''Anna''''' was launched at Bombay in 1790. She was often called '''''Bombay Anna''''' to distinguish her from ''Bengal'' {{ship||Anna|1793 ship|2}}. ''Bombay Anna'' made two voyages for the British [[East India Company]] (EIC). She was lost at sea in 1816.

==Career==
''Anna'' first appeared in ''[[Lloyd's Register]]'' for 1797 (published in 1796), with M. Gilmore, master, changing to J. Horne, Law & Co., owner, and trade London–East Indies. The entry noted that she had been built in 1788 of teak in the East Indies.<ref name=LR1797>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015004281278?urlappend=%3Bseq=26 ''Lloyd's Register'' (1797), Seq.№417.]</ref>

In 1796 she carried rice from Bengal to Britain on behalf of the British government which was importing grain to address high prices for wheat in Britain following a poor harvest.

{{See also|Transport vessels for the British Government's importation of rice from Bengal (1795–1796)}}

''Anna'' was admitted to the Registry of Great Britain on 24 November 1796.{{Sfnp|House of Commons|1814|p=86}} The next day Captain John Horn acquired a [[letter of marque]].<ref name=LoM/>

On 31 July 1797 ''Bengal Anna'', ''Bombay Anna'', and {{ship||Coromandel|1793 ship|2}} arrived in Portsmouth with invalids and prisoners from the West Indies. They had made a rapid voyage of about a month.<ref>[http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=upenn_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=CS50469122&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0] "Ship News." ''Times'' [London, England] 2 Aug. 1797.</ref> The vessels may have gone out to the West Indies in connection with Admiral Sir [[Hugh Cloberry Christian]]'s expedition to the West Indies, thought they are not listed amongst the vessels that left on 24 January 1796.<ref>''[[Lloyd's List]]'' [http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1796/02-02-1796.jpg №2790.]</ref>

On 20 November 1798 Captain James Horsburgh sailed from China, bound for England. ''Anna'' left [[Whampoa Anchorage]] on 20 November 1798 and was at [[Nei Lingding Island|Lintin]] on 7 February 1799. She reached Malacca on 22 February and [[Saint Helena|St Helena]] on 8 May; she arrived at Long Reach on 17 July.<ref name=BL>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001114537 British Library: ''Anna'' (3).]</ref>

On 9 December 1799 ''Bengal Anna'' and ''Bombay Anna'' were at Madeira taking on wine. They were in company with ''Calcutta'', which shortly thereafter was captured and recaptured. They had sailed from Spithead on 20 November.<ref>''Naval Chronicle'', Vol. 3, p. 79.</ref> One report has her in the [[Red Sea]] as one of the many transports supporting [[Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet|General]] Baird's expedition to help General [[Ralph Abercromby]] expel the [[France|French]] from Egypt.{{Sfnp|House of Commons|1814|p=86}}

Captain James Horsburgh sailed from Bombay on 6 May 1801, bound for England. ''Anna'' reached St Helena on 26 August and arrived at [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|The Downs]] 30 October.<ref name=BL/>

She then made voyages to China in 1802, 1805, 1806, and 1807. On the voyage in 1804 she carried opium.{{sfnp|Bulley|2000|p=151}} From 1807 to 1808 her captain was F. Smith.{{sfnp|Bulley|2000|pp=124–125}}

In the summer of 1810 the Royal Navy took up ''Anna'' as a transport. The navy detached ''Anna'' and ''Minerva'', and two Calcutta ships, ''Oxford'' and [[Lucy Maria (1801 ship)|''Troubridge'']] from the rest of the transports and sent the four to the Cape of Good Hope to gather reinforcements. The governor there, [[Du Pré Alexander, 2nd Earl of Caledon|Lord Caledon]], delayed their departure. They were armed and received a naval officer to command them. (They may thereafter have been styled briefly as HM [[Hired armed vessels|hired armed ships]].) They arrived at Mauritius too late to participate in the [[Invasion of Île de France]] in December.{{sfnp|Bulley|2000|p=69}} Lieutenant Bertie Cator was appointed to command ''Anna''. He moved from temporary command of {{HMS|Otter|1805|6}} and by some accounts commanded ''Anna'' during the Invasion. He then became (acting) commander of {{HMS|Acteon|1805|6}}, which he sailed back to England with duplicate dispatches.<ref>''The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, for the Year 1864'', Vol. 217 (September), p. 394.</ref>{{efn|In 1816 the Admiralty paid prize money for the campaign, and the Invasion. A first-class share, that of a captain or commander, was worth [[£sd|£]]153 5[[shilling|s]] 5½[[pence|d]]. A second-class share, that of a lieutenant, was worth £29 2s 5¼d. It is not clear whether Cator qualified for a first-class share as commander of ''Anna'', despite being a lieutenant. A sixth-class share, that of an ordinary seaman, was worth £1 18s 0¾d.<ref>{{London Gazette|date=2 March 1816|issue=17115|page=410}}</ref> In 1828 there was a fourth and final payment. A first-class share was worth £29 19s 5¼d, and a second-class share was worth £6 7s 7d. A sixth-class share was worth 8s 2½d.<ref>{{London Gazette|date=15 July 1828|issue=18487|page=1377}}</ref>}}

Captain Jonathon Tate commanded ''Anna'' between 1811 and 1816. She made a voyage to Mauritius in 1811.{{sfnp|Bulley|2000|pp=124-125}}

''Anna'' served as a transport ship during the British [[Invasion of Java (1811)|invasion of Java]] in 1811.{{Sfnp|House of Commons|1814|p=656}} She was part of the second division, which sailed from Malacca on 11 June 1811.<ref>''Naval Chronicle'', Vol. 27 (Jan-Jun 1812), p. 109.</ref>

{{main|Transport vessels for the British invasion of Java (1811)}}

On 4 July 1812 ''Anna'' was at [[Penang Island|Prince of Wales' Island]] when a fire broke out on shore. She was among the many vessels, Navy and merchant, that contributed men to fight the fire.<ref>''Literary Panorama'', Vol. 13, p. 1002.</ref>

In 1812, 1814, and 1816 ''Anna'' again sailed to China. In 1814, for instance, she carried 14,495 piculs of cotton to China.{{sfnp|Bulley|2000|pp=124–125}}

==Fate==
Captain Jonathon Read commanded ''Anna'' in 1816.{{sfnp|Bulley|2000|pp=124-5}} ''Anna'' was lost at sea in 1816,{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=222}} or 1817.

==See also==
*[[List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Bulley |first=Anne |year=2000 |title=The Bombay Country Ships, 1790–1833 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0700712366}}
* {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Rowan |year=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Hardy |first=Charles |year=1800 |title=A Register of Ships, Employed in the Service of the Hon. the United East India Company, from the Union of the Two Companies, in 1707, to the Year 1760: Specifying the Number of Voyages, Tonnage, Commanders, and Stations. To which is Added, from the Latter Period to the Present Time, the Managing Owners, Principal Officers, Surgeons, and Pursers; with the Dates of Their Sailing and Arrival: Also, an Appendix, Containing Many Particulars, Interesting to Those Concerned in the East India Commerce |publisher=Charles Hardy}}
* {{cite book |author=((House of Commons, Parliament, Great Britain)) |year=1814 |title=Minutes of the Evidence Taken Before the Select Committee on Petitions Relating to East-India-Built Shipping |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |ref={{SfnRef|House of Commons|1814}}}}

{{1816 shipwrecks}}
{{1817 shipwrecks}}

[[Category:1790 ships]]
[[Category:1810s missing person cases]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships of England]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1816]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1817]]
[[Category:Missing ships]]
[[Category:Ships lost with all hands]]
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:People lost at sea]]

Thakur Srinath Singh

2026-01-06T01:51:09Z

DebbieLemke: creating a biography...

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
'''Thakur Shrinath Singh''' (1901–1996) was a Hindi writer.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-09-30 |title="ठाकुर श्रीनाथ सिंह एक कुशल सम्पादक और बालसाहित्य के मर्मज्ञ थे" |url=http://www.indianvoice24.com/%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=IV24 News and Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-20 |title=Srinath Singh in books of other writers {{!}} HINDI RHYMES AND STORIES |url=https://thakursrinathsingh.blogspot.com/2016/03/srinath-singh-in-books-of-other-writers.html |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Srinath Singh in books of other writers {{!}} HINDI RHYMES AND STORIES}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Singh was born in Manpur, a village in the [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]], in 1901. Growing up in a culturally rich environment, he was deeply influenced by the socio-political atmosphere of colonial India, which eventually shaped his worldview and inspired his literary pursuits.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-03 |title=HINDI RHYMES AND STORIES: photographs-2 |url=https://thakursrinathsingh.blogspot.com/2015/03/photographs-2.html |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=HINDI RHYMES AND STORIES}}</ref>

== Literary and editorial career ==
Alongside his literary endeavours,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/scan-jul-25-2023|title=Hindi me Bal Sahitya Srinath Singh aur Balsakha|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=shiksha vimarsh.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_qRXiiZknfocUFxVmJSQ0NXdUU/view?usp=drive_open&usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Google Docs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-08 |title=HINDI RHYMES AND STORIES: Baal Vatika |url=https://thakursrinathsingh.blogspot.com/2017/10/baal-vatika.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=HINDI RHYMES AND STORIES}}</ref> Singh participated in the Indian freedom movement, advocating for independence through his writings and activism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thakur ShriNath Singh |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/node/2825637 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Indian Culture |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=बाल गंगाधर तिलक ने थपथपाई थी प्रयागराज में ठाकुर श्रीनाथ सिंह की पीठ, जानिए क्यों हुए थे इतना खुश |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad-city-bal-gangadhar-tilak-patted-thakur-srinath-singh-back-in-prayagraj-and-know-why-he-was-so-happy-21402360.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

As an editor, Singh played a pivotal role in shaping the landscape of [[Hindi literature]]. He held editorial positions in publications such as "[[Saraswati (magazine)|Saraswati]]," a Hindi [[literary magazine]], "Hal" a periodical dedicated to farmers.,<ref>{{Cite web |title=हल |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/hal-shumara-number-001-shri-nath-singh-magazines?lang=hi |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Rekhta |language=hi}}</ref> and "Deshbandhu," a prominent newspaper<ref>{{Cite book |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Srinath |url=http://archive.org/details/DainikDeshBandhu_201805 |title=Dainik DeshBandhu |date=1926-10-08 |publisher=Prayag, Sudarshan Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |editor1-first=Thakur Srinath |editor1-last=Singh |url=http://archive.org/details/DainikDeshbandhu |title=Dainik Deshbandhu |date=1926}}</ref> Additionally, he spearheaded the editing of children's magazines like ''[[Balsakha]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=Balsakha: Children's Literature and the freedom struggle |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?25124 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |language=English}}</ref> ''Sishu'',<ref>{{Cite book |editor1-first=Pandit |editor1-last=Sudershnachary |editor2-first=Srinath |editor2-last=Singh |url=http://archive.org/details/ShishuPart1--march1927 |title=Shishu |date=1923}}</ref> ''Balbodh'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=10223052087518644&id=1474115937&mibextid=oFDknk&rdid=7MkUcGgrFDhgWnxb&share_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fshare%2Fp%2FNJD6t2hXDhhKvrQ4%2F%3Fmibextid%3DoFDknk |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> and the women-centric magazine ''Didi'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=srinath singh |url=http://archive.org/details/DidiJuly1944 |title=Didi July, 1944 |date=July 1944}}</ref> thereby contributing to the dissemination of literature across various demographics. He was also a member of the Newspaper Industry Inquiry Committee constituted by the then United Province Government (1946-1947).<ref>{{Cite book |last=sanyukt prantiya samachar patr udyog janch samiti |url=http://archive.org/details/PatrakarSamiti |title=Patrakar Samiti |date=1947}}</ref>

== Literary contributions ==
Singh's literary repertoire encompassed a diverse range of genres, from poetry to novels, catering to both adults and children. His children's poetry remains cherished, resonating with readers of all ages. Notable among his works are his novels, including ''Kshama'', ''Ekakini'', ''Ek aur Anek'', ''Yavvan Soundarya aur Prem'', ''Prajamandal'', ''Jagran'', ''Somnath'', and ''Kavi aur Krantikari''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=श्री नाथ सिंह का रचना-संसार |url=https://www.hindwi.org/authors/shri-nath-singh/all |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Hindwi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thakur Srinath Singh Hindi PDF Books - 44Books |url=https://44books.com/writer/thakur-srinath-singh |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=44books.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Singh's children's novels, such as ''Paridesh ki Sair'', captivated young minds with their imaginative narratives and moral lessons. He authored numerous other children's books, including ''Paridesh'', ''Prithvi ki Kahani'', ''Avishkaro ki Katha'', ''Balkavitavali'', ''Gubbara'', ''Dono Bhai'', and ''Do Kubde aur Anyakathaye'', which continue to enchant and educate generations of readers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrinath Singh Hindi PDF Books - 44Books |url=https://44books.com/writer/shrinath-singh |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=44books.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ठाकुर श्रीनाथ सिंह |url=https://www.4to40.com/author/shrinath-singh/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Kids Portal For Parents |language=en-US}}</ref>

He was also awarded by [[Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan]]’s Vishisht Hindi Sahitya puruskar (1980–81) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-03 |title=HINDI RHYMES AND STORIES: photograph-8 |url=https://thakursrinathsingh.blogspot.com/2016/04/photograph-8.html |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=HINDI RHYMES AND STORIES}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]

Trikkalangode

2025-12-19T11:00:25Z

DebbieLemke:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Trikkalangode
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Trikkalangode Panchayath office Panchayat Office, Thrikkalangode
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.1612|76.1231|type:city_globe:earth_region:IN|display=ti}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malappuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 15112
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 868.31
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 676123
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL 10]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Kuttankulam, Trikkalangode.jpg|thumb|Kuttankulam, Trikkalangode]]
'''Trikkalangode''' is a major Grama Panchayath in Kerala's Ernad (Manjeri) Taluk, Malappuram district, having a population of 3,071 households. According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 lndian Census]], the Trikkalangode Grama Panchayath has a population of 15,112, with 7,385 males and 7,727 females. The population of Trikkalangode village with children aged 0 to 6 is 2,047. The average sex ratio of Trikkalangode is 1046, which is lower than the Kerala state average of 1084. According to census data, the child sex ratio in Trikkalangode is 927, which is lower than the Kerala average of 964.

Trikkalangode has a higher literacy rate than Kerala. across 2011, Trikkalangode's literacy rate was 94.58%, compared to 94.00% across Kerala. In Trikkalangode, male literacy is 96.57%, while female literacy is 92.72%.

According to the Constitution of India and the Panchyati Raj Act, Trikkalangode is governed by a Sarpanch (Village Head), who serves as the elected representative of the village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trikkalangode Village Population - Ernad - Malappuram, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627459-trikkalangode-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Populatihttps://www.google.com/maps/place/Trikkalangode+Panchayat+Office/@11.1629062,76.1289931,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m8!1e2!3m6!1sAF1QipMmdXsBMacCau3tmH19EYm5uwEDdyBmCE-6jE6n!2e10!3e12!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipMmdXsBMacCau3tmH19EYm5uwEDdyBmCE-6jE6n%3Dw203-h115-k-no!7i4160!8i2368!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x3ba637adb79b481b:0x8440a5f22e9d4dbc!2sTrikkalangode,+Kerala,+India!3b1!8m2!3d11.1611264!4d76.1232976!3m4!1s0x3ba637a86456c123:0x8d0ac4c560134234!8m2!3d11.1627056!4d76.1292484?hl=en#on_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=2008-12-10}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Trikkalangode had a population of 52090.

==Transportation==
Trakalangod village connects to other parts of India through [[Manjeri]] town (just {{cvt|4|km}}). National highway No.66 passes through [[Parappanangadi - Gudellur]] and the northern stretch connects to [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]]. The southern stretch connects to [[Cochin]] and [[Trivandrum]]. National Highway No.966 connects to [[Palakkad]] and [[Coimbatore]]. The nearest airport is at [[Kozhikode Airport|Kozhikode]]. The nearest major railway station is at [[Tirur]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Malappuram district}}

[[Category:Villages in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Manjeri]]

{{Malappuram-geo-stub}}

Beerepalli, Krishnagiri

2025-11-29T12:08:46Z

DebbieLemke: Adding Some Entry More To Come

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Beerepalli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.645859|78.0979393|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Panchayat President
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Beerepalli''' is a village in the [[Hosur taluk]] of [[Krishnagiri district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

* {{cite web|title=Primary Census Abstract - Census 2001 |url=http://www.census.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations-Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806044705/http://www.census.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx |archivedate=2009-08-06 }}

{{coord|12.645859|N|78.097939|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{Krishnagiri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Krishnagiri district]]

{{Krishnagiri-geo-stub}}

Falgun

2025-10-27T09:00:37Z

DebbieLemke: slightly reworked structure after review additionally per sources

#REDIRECT [[Phalguna]]

Leela Soma

2025-10-13T13:56:23Z

DebbieLemke: Starting Stub

{{Short description|Indian-Scottish writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Leela Soma
| birth_place = [[Chennai|Madras]]
| death_date = December 2022
| occupation = Writer, poet
| works = ''Twice Born''
| website = http://www.leelasoma.com
}}
'''Leela Soma''' was a Scottish-based writer who was born in Madras<ref>{{cite news|title=Writer's story makes it into The Scotsman|url=http://www.milngavieherald.co.uk/news/local-headlines/writer-s-story-makes-it-into-the-scotsman-1-3465711|accessdate=30 March 2016|work=Milngavie and Bearsden Herald|date=3 July 2014|quote=Born in Madras, now Chennai, the biggest city in South India, Leela always remembers her roots fondly.}}</ref> (former name for [[Chennai]]) in India, and lived in [[Glasgow]].

== Biography ==
Leela Soma came to Glasgow in 1969 with her husband.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nanjiani|first1=Shereen|title=Leela Soma Extended Interview|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02f3vgp|publisher=BBC|access-date=2 April 2016|date=13 December 2014}}</ref> She worked, until her retirement, as a teacher of Modern Studies. During this time she took up creative writing under the tutelage of [[Laura Marney]]. She followed this with Creative Writing Classes in the Department of Adult and Continuing Education at the [[University of Glasgow]].

== Her work 2007 - 2016 ==
She wrote novels, poetry and short stories which have been published in a number of anthologies and publications, including [[The Scotsman]], The Grind,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://the-grind.co.uk|title=The Grind Magazine|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> New Voices, and [[Gutter magazine]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guttermag.co.uk|title=Gutter Magazine|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> magazine. 'Twice Born' was published through [[Youwriteon]] an online publishing company.’ Her second novel ‘Bombay Baby’ was published by Dahlia Publishing Limited in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Saadi|first1=Suhayl|title=Book review: Bombay Baby|url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/culture/books/book-review-bombay-baby-1-2071469|accessdate=30 March 2016|work=Scotsman|date=22 January 2012}}</ref> ‘She was commissioned along with 20 other writers to write a story for [[Glasgow Women's Library]] anthology, ''21 Revolutions'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://womenslibrary.org.uk/event/21-revolutions-art-exhibition-edinburgh/|title=Upcoming Events {{!}} 21 Revolutions art exhibition, Edinburgh {{!}} Glasgow Women's Library|website=womenslibrary.org.uk|access-date=2016-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=21 Revolutions - Boxed In|last=Soma|first=Leela|publisher=Freight Books|year=2014|isbn=978-0-9522273-3-5|location=Glasgow|pages=62}}</ref> for its 21st birthday in 2013. Her story 'Boxed In' was inspired by three items from the collections "The Suffragette Movement" by [[Sylvia Pankhurst]]; 'Traitors to the Masculine Cause: the Men's Campaign for Women's Rights by Sylvia Strauss and a copy of 'The Woman Worker' of 1908. She was part of ‘Butterfly Rammy,’ an [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]] Show (2015) <ref>{{cite web|last1=Dunlop|first1=Bill|title=Butterfly Rammy, Stand in the Square, Review|url=http://www.edinburghguide.com/festival/2015/edinburghfringe/butterflyrammystandinthesquarereview-16035|website=EdinburghGuide.com|accessdate=6 April 2016|date=18 August 2015}}</ref> for which she was commissioned to write a short story. Her next work (2016) was a crime novel set in Glasgow’s West End. She has served on the committee for the [[Milngavie]] Books and Arts Festivals, and also on the Scottish Writer’s Centre Committee. Her work reflects her dual heritage of India and Scotland.

== Awards ==
She won the Margaret Thomson Davis Trophy at Strathkelvin Writer’s Group for Best New Writer 2007 for her novel ‘Twice Born'.<ref>{{cite web|title=SKW People|url=http://www.strathkelvinwriters.org/people.html|publisher=Strathkelvin Writer's Group|accessdate=30 March 2016}}</ref>

== Publications ==
*Twice Born published by You Write On 2007
*Bombay Baby published by Dahlia Publishing Limited 2011
*Boxed In published by The Pot Hole Press 2013
*Butterfly Rammy 2015

== Death ==
Leela died in December 2022 after a sudden brief illness. <ref>{{cite web|title=Obituary - Leela Soma|date=4 January 2023 |url=https://www.glasgowworld.com/news/people/obituary-leela-soma-3973353|publisher=©National World Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.|accessdate=12 March 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://leelasoma.wordpress.com}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soma, Leela}}
[[Category:Scottish writers]]
[[Category:Scottish women writers]]
[[Category:Scottish women novelists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Tiptur Lok Sabha constituency

2025-09-30T15:26:10Z

DebbieLemke:

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tiptur
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| union_territory =
| established = 1957
| abolished = 1966
| assembly_cons =
| latest_election_year =
| reservation = None
| mp =
| party =
| electors =
| preceded_by =
}}
'''Tiptur Lok Sabha constituency''' was a former [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Mysore State]] ([[Karnataka]] from 1957 to 1967). This seat came into existence in 1957 and ceased to exist in 1966, before [[1967 Indian general election|1967 Lok Sabha Elections]]. This constituency was later merged with [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of Parliament ==

*1952:''Constituency does not exist''
*1957: [[C. R. Basappa]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="Second"/>
*1962: [[C. R. Basappa]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="Third">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1962 TO THE THIRD LOK SABHA|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=128}}</ref>
*1966 onwards:''Constituency does not exist''.''See [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency]]''

==Election results==
===1957===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Indian general election]]: Tiptur<ref name="Second">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1957 TO THE SECOND LOK SABHA|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=84}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[C. R. Basappa]]
|votes = {{formatnum:117681}}
|percentage = 54.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Socialist Party
|candidate = B. Hutchegowda
|votes = {{formatnum:75855}}
|percentage = 35.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = C. P. Gopalakrishna Setty
|votes = {{formatnum:21376}}
|percentage = 9.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:214912}}
|percentage = 53.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Madhugiri Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Tumkur district]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|13.3|76.5|display=title}}

[[Category:Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Mysore]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka]]

Jhoola, Nancowry

2025-09-20T08:04:57Z

DebbieLemke: clean up

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jhoola
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8.004701|N|93.348356|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nicobar district|Nicobar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nancowry tehsil|Nancowry]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 4
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 645046
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jhoola''' is a village in the [[Nicobar district]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Nancowry tehsil|Nancowry]] [[tehsil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Andaman%20Nicobar.pdf |title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |access-date=2015-07-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095346/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Andaman%20Nicobar.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

The village was severely affected by the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]], and nearly vanished from the map.<ref>[http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/apr102006/989.pdf Historic submergence and tsunami destruction of Nancowrie, Kamorta, Katchall and Trinket Islands of Nicobar district: Consequences of 26 December 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927134729/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/apr102006/989.pdf |date=27 September 2013 }} by M. G. Thakkar and Bhanu Goyal. Current Science, Volume 90, No. 7. 10 April 2006.</ref> By the time of the [[2011 census of India]], Jhoola had only 1 surviving household. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 75%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3500_PART_B_DCHB_ANDAMAN%20&%20NICOBAR%20ISLANDS.pdf |title=District Census Handbook - Andaman & Nicobar Islands |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andaman & Nicobar Islands |access-date=2015-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801173328/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3500_PART_B_DCHB_ANDAMAN%20%26%20NICOBAR%20ISLANDS.pdf |archive-date=2015-08-01 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 4 || 2 || 2
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 4 || 2 || 2
|-
| Literates || 3 || 2 || 1
|-
| Workers (all) || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| Main workers (total) || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Non-workers || 2 || 1 || 1
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Nicobar district }}

[[Category:Villages in Nancowry tehsil]]

Sabse Smart Kaun?

2025-09-10T22:55:14Z

DebbieLemke: creating new details

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sabse Smart Kaun.png
| caption =
| genre = [[Game show]]
| creator =
| director =
| presenter = [[Ravi Dubey]]
| judges =
| starring =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 80
| producer =
| company = Optimystix Entertainment
| network = [[Star Plus]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2018|06|04}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2018|09|21}}
}}

'''''Sabse Smart Kaun?''''' ({{translation}} ''Who is Smarter?'') is a Hindi reality show aired on [[StarPlus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/star-plus-launch-sabse-smart-kaun-june/|title=Star Plus to launch 'Sabse Smart Kaun' in June|date=18 May 2018|access-date=19 August 2018|archive-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621221228/https://www.bizasialive.com/star-plus-launch-sabse-smart-kaun-june/|url-status=live}}</ref> It premiered on 4 June 2018 on [[StarPlus]]. It was launched on [[StarPlus]] under the ''Rishta Wahi, Baat Nayi'' Campaign.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/53020_Star-Plus-dons-new-look-with-new-logo|title=Star Plus dons new look with new logo|website=www.afaqs.com|language=en|access-date=2018-07-22|archive-date=11 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711012245/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/53020_Star-Plus-dons-new-look-with-new-logo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/ravi-dubey-to-host-game-show-sabse-smart-kaun/1275237|title=Ravi Dubey to host game show 'Sabse Smart Kaun?' {{!}} Free Press Journal|date=2018-05-12|work=Free Press Journal|access-date=2018-07-22|language=en-GB|archive-date=22 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722184711/http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/ravi-dubey-to-host-game-show-sabse-smart-kaun/1275237|url-status=live}}</ref> The play-along feature enables the viewers to participate in each round using their phones enabling the game to be open for People who can play along through the [[Hotstar]] app.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/diljit-dosanjh-turns-beatboxer/articleshow/64739774.cms|title=Diljit Dosanjh turns beatboxer for Sabse Smart Kaun|work=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=2018-07-22|archive-date=22 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722161440/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/diljit-dosanjh-turns-beatboxer/articleshow/64739774.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/-sabse-smart-kaun-will-make-audience-celebrate-their-smartness/television/news/1237928.html|title='Sabse Smart Kaun' will make audience celebrate their smartness|access-date=19 August 2018|archive-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819114913/http://www.uniindia.com/-sabse-smart-kaun-will-make-audience-celebrate-their-smartness/television/news/1237928.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Television series by Optimystix Entertainment]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]

{{India-tv-stub}}

Abdul Kadar Khatri

2025-09-01T20:09:59Z

DebbieLemke: added lead additionally and updated info per sources

{{Short description|Indian hand block printing master craftsman (1961–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Abdul Kadar Khatri
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Abdul Kadar Khatri Receiving National Award.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Abdul Kadar Khatri (right) receiving National Award by [[List of presidents of India|Former President of India]] [[Pratibha Patil]] at [[Vigyan Bhawan]], [[New Delhi]], India.
| native_name = {{Lang|hi|अब्दुल कादर खत्री}}
| native_name_lang = hi
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1961|04|01||df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bagh, Dhar|Bagh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=|2019|05|12|1961|04|01}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-rashida-be-khatri-a-woman-bagh-print-artist-wins-national-merit-certificate |title=Madhya Pradesh: Rashida Be Khatri, a woman Bagh print artist wins national merit certificate |website=Free Press Journal}}</ref>
| death_place = Bagh, Madhya Pradesh
| resting_place = Bagh, Madhya Pradesh
| known_for = [[Bagh print]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/bagh-artist-abdul-khatri-bags-unesco-2018-award-in-qatar/articleshow/67648631.cms |title=Bagh artist Abdul Khatri bags UNESCO 2018 award in Qatar | Bhopal News - Times of India |website=The Times of India|date=23 January 2019 }}</ref>
| style =
| movement =
| spouse = Rashida Bee (Twice State Award Winner)
| parents = [[Ismail Sulemanji Khatri]]
| children = 
| awards = {{Ubl
| [[Seal of Excellence for Handicrafts]] by [[UNESCO]]
| National Handicrafts Award
| State Award
| [[Surajkund#Surajkund International Crafts Mela|Surajkund Kala Nidhi Award]]<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/bagh-artisan-abdul-kadar-khatri-bags-unesco--world-craft-council-award.html |title=Bagh artisan Abdul Kadar Khatri bags UNESCO, world craft council award |website=The Pioneer}}</ref>
}}
| website =
| module =
}}

'''Abdul Kadar Khatri''' (1961–2019) was an Indian master craftsman of traditional [[Woodblock printing on textiles|hand block printing]] known as [[Bagh Print]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/arts/crafts/the-bagh-story/article2554935.ece |title=The Bagh story... |first=Pushpa |last=Chari |date=20 October 2011 |via=www.thehindu.com |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.org/details/abdulkadarbaghprintartist |title=Muscat Festival 2009 - Abdul Kadar Khatri (Master Craftperson) Bagh Print Artist |date=12 February 2009 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/98 |title=Details | Geographical Indications | Intellectual Property India |website=ipindiaservices.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://site.outlookindia.com/traveller/mp/plan-a-trip/itinerary/the-textile-trail/|title=The Textile Trail}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.handicrafts.nic.in/CmsUpload/28512016045158WR.pdf |title=List of National and State award |website=www.handicrafts.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haryanatourism.gov.in/WriteReadData/downloads/handloom_2017.pdf |title=List of Craftspersons of Handloom for the Year 2017 / See List of Madhya Pradesh / S.no. 56 |website=}}</ref> He was the son of [[Ismail Sulemanji Khatri]], founder of [[Bagh print]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gaatha.com/bagh-block-printing/ |title=Bagh Printing- Madhya Pradesh. process & history |first=Leonore |last=Alaniz |date=4 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.madhyamat.com/%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2/ |title=ठप्पा छपाई के जनक इस्माइल खत्री को शिल्प गुरु पुरस्कार |website=www.madhyamat.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/Mrignaynee |title=Mrignaynee |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> He along with his father saved the tradition of [[Textile printing]] of Bagh from extinction and taken it to new heights. His artifacts have brought laurels to [[India]] and particular to [[Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh state]] from across the globe by showcasing his exceptional talent in Bagh Print in many countries.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/glimpsesofindiancraftmanship |title=Glimpses Of Indian Craftmanship |date=2011 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/chaaptheimprintsofcrafts_201910 |title=Chaap THE Imprints of Crafts |date=2013 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> His family has been working in the trade of ''Traditional Bagh Hand Block print'' since the 7th century.<ref name="auto3"/>

His work was appreciated by [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]], [[Martand Singh]], [[Laila Tyabji]], and [[Ṛta Kapur Chishti]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.whatshot.in/mumbai/hast-karigar-art-and-crafts-exhibition-e-403849 |title=Hast Karigar Art & Crafts Exhibition in Mumbai, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya |website=Whats Hot}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/29th-surajkund-crafts-fair-ends-47595.html |title=29th Surajkund crafts fair ends |date=16 February 2015 |website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lifeandmore.in/culture/artcraft/mumbai-hosts-rhymes-and-rhythms-of-life/ |title=Mumbai hosts Rhymes and Rhythms of Life |date=11 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/29%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8-1424698873-2 |title=29वां सूरजकुंड अंतरराष्ट्रीय शिल्प मेला संपन्न |date=23 February 2015}}</ref>

Abdul Kadar Khatri experimented incorporating modernity in the wood blocks and colours.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Early life==
Abdul Kadar was born on 1 April 1961 to a [[Muslim]] family in [[Bagh, Dhar|Bagh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. He was son of [[Ismail Sulemanji Khatri]], founder of [[Bagh Print]]. Kadar was the eldest of five brothers and one sister in his family.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/arts/crafts/the-bagh-story/article2554935.ece |title=The Bagh story… |first=Pushpa |last=Chari |date=20 October 2011 |via=www.thehindu.com |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> His ancestors, the [[Khatri]] community, who comprise the 'chhipas' or printers, were originally from [[Larkana]] in [[Sindh]] (now in [[Pakistan]]), they came here about 400 years ago, and had since migrated to [[Marwad]] in [[Rajasthan]] and then to [[Manawar]] and they finally settled in [[Bagh, Dhar|Bagh]]. With them they brought the block printing technique. Kadar along with his father improved upon the red and black dyes previously used and developed new vegetable based dyes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://site.outlookindia.com/traveller/mp/inspire-me/culture/bagh-prints-lasting-imprint/|title=Bagh Prints: A Lasting Imprint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.utsavpedia.com/motifs-embroideries/motifs-embroideries-bagh-print/ |title=Bagh Printing: Traditional Block Printing From Madhya Pradesh |first=Team Utsav |last=Pedia |date=10 April 2017 |website=Utsavpedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gaatha.com/bagh-block-printing/ |title=Thappa Chappai |website=gaatha.com |date=18 May 2016 }}</ref> His primary innovation was creating the Bagh Print on different types of cloth by printing on them.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijhcs/v5-i4/6.pdf |title=Historical View on Block Printing Technique and its Used in Bagh Print |first=Kalam |last=Chouhan |date=2019 |website=www.arcjournals.org |via=International Journal of History and Cultural Studies (IJHCS)}}</ref>{{pred |date=July 2024}}

== Career ==

Abdul Kadar Khatri learned the craft of '''Bagh hand block printing''' from his father, Ismail Sulemanji Khatri, and went on to establish himself as one of its most innovative practitioners. His career was marked by both preserving the centuries-old traditions of his community and experimenting with new directions for the craft. His work was exhibited internationally in countries including Germany, Oman, Australia, South Africa, Malaysia, and Thailand, helping to bring global recognition to the Bagh printing tradition.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |title=Bagh artist Abdul Khatri bags UNESCO 2018 award in Qatar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/bagh-artist-abdul-khatri-bags-unesco-2018-award-in-qatar/articleshow/67648631.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="Pioneer">{{Cite news |title=Bagh artisan Abdul Kadar Khatri bags UNESCO–World Craft Council Award |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/bagh-artisan-abdul-kadar-khatri-bags-unesco--world-craft-council-award.html |work=The Pioneer |date=14 January 2019}}</ref> From his workshop in the Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh, Khatri also developed initiatives to promote Bagh printing on the world stage while supporting the livelihoods of local artisans.<ref name="Pioneer" />

== Techniques and innovations ==

Khatri was known for blending traditional Bagh printing methods with bold innovations that expanded the scope of the craft. He worked with natural dyes such as alizarin, alum, and rust of iron to maintain the characteristic red and black palette, while also creating new motifs inspired by geometric, floral, and contemporary patterns.<ref name="Pioneer" /> He further extended the tradition by applying Bagh prints to unconventional materials such as bamboo ''chiks'', leather, and jute, making him one of the first artisans to adapt the practice beyond textiles.<ref name="Pioneer" /> By reinterpreting wooden block designs for modern uses, he ensured that Bagh printing remained relevant in both domestic and international markets.<ref name="Pioneer" />

==Recognitions/honours==
* National Award by [[List of presidents of India|Former President of India]] [[Pratibha Patil]] from [[Ministry of Textiles]], [[Government of India]] at [[Vigyan Bhawan]], [[New Delhi]], India in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://handicrafts.nic.in/awards/na2005.pdf |title=National Awardees of Handicrafts Sector for the Year 2005 |publisher=Office of the Development Commissioner ( Handicrafts) |website=handicrafts.nic.in |page=1 |date=29 July 2011 |access-date=23 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102142525/http://handicrafts.nic.in/awards/na2005.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Rare-Kalamkari-Pattachitra-handicrafts-to-go-on-display-Wednesday/articleshow/54784328.cms |title=Rare Kalamkari, Pattachitra handicrafts to go on display Wednesday | Mumbai News |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haryanatourism.gov.in/WriteReadData/downloads/handloom_2017.pdf |title=List of Craftspersons / S.no. 88 |website=}}</ref>
* State Award by former [[List of governors of Madhya Pradesh|Governor of Madhya Pradesh]] [[M. A. Khan|Kunwar Mahmud Ali Khan]] in 1991.
* International [[Seal of Excellence for Handicrafts|Award of Excellence for Handicrafts]] by [[UNESCO]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://emsindia.com/NewsDetail?q=2838D1910E57D8BC47A737A228090765 |title=(भोपाल) बाग प्रिंर्ट्स अब्दुल कादर खत्री यूनेस्को अर्न्तराष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार से सम्मानित |website=EMS India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.patrika.com/bhopal-news/six-thousand-blocks-prepared-in-six-months-fifteen-feet-long-3999845/ |title=एक हजार ब्लॉक्स से छह माह में तैयार किया पंद्रह फीट लंबा जाजम |website=www.patrika.com|date=19 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.htsyndication.com/pioneer/article/bagh-artisan-abdul-kadar-khatri-bags-unesco%2C-world-craft-council-award/32358667 |title=Bagh artisan Abdul Kadar Khatri bags UNESCO, world craft council award}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dainiksachexpress.com/epaper/pdf/2_page6_19-01-17.pdf |title=sach Express e-paper |website=www.dainiksachexpress.com }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/dhar/news/mp-news-orders-of-the-khatris-in-qatar-024621-3732349.html |title=बाग के खत्री का कतर में सम्मान |website=www.bhaskar.com |date=23 January 2019}}</ref>
* Kala Nidhi Award by Haryana Tourism at [[Surajkund#Surajkund International Crafts Mela|Surajkund International Crafts Festival]] by [[List of governors of Haryana|Governor of Haryana]] [[Kaptan Singh Solanki]] and [[List of governors of Chhattisgarh|Governor of Chhattisgarh]] [[Balram Das Tandon]] in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epaper.patrika.com/442244/Indore-Patrika/19-02-2015#clip/16528069/72bb775b-2073-4201-a7c5-30980aa37d4b/381.33333333333326:426.72322375397664 |title=Rajasthan Patrika Private Limited Indore epaper dated Thu, 19 Feb 15 |website=epaper.patrika.com |access-date=5 February 2017 |archive-date=23 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123162653/http://epaper.patrika.com/442244/Indore-Patrika/19-02-2015#clip/16528069/72bb775b-2073-4201-a7c5-30980aa37d4b/381.33333333333326:426.72322375397664 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Certificate of Appreciation for Muscat Festival by [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Indian embassy]] in [[Muscat]], [[Oman]]
* Certificate of Appreciation for International Sourcing Show Melbourne by Consulate General of India in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khatri, Abdul Kadar}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Indian artisans]]
[[Category:People from Dhar district]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century printmakers]]
[[Category:21st-century printmakers]]
[[Category:Indian printmakers]]

Bhitha, Uttar Pradesh

2025-08-14T21:15:44Z

DebbieLemke: Adding The Post More To Come!

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}

The village '''Bhitha''' falls in [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]] district situated in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state, with a population 263.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Bhitha Population - Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/186324-bhitha-uttar-pradesh.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref> The male and female populations are 125 and 138 respectively. The size of the area is about 0.23 square kilometres.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Gorakhpur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Gorakhpur district]]

{{UttarPradesh-geo-stub}}

B. M. Choudary

2025-07-17T01:31:05Z

DebbieLemke: Adding New Page Initial Version!

{{Short description|Indian inorganic chemist (born 1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = B. M. Choudary
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1946|8|10}}
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Nanotechnology]] | [[Catalysis]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Kakatiya Medical College]] | [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]] | | Ogene Systems }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Andhra University]] | [[Vikram University]] | [[Gujarat University]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Nanomaterials]] to [[Nanomedicine]]
| awards = {{ublist | 1990 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2004 [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|GoAP]] Best Scientist Award}}
}}
'''Boyapati Manoranjan Choudary''' (born 1946) is an Indian inorganic chemist and a former senior scientist at [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]].<ref name="Dr. B.M.Choudary Choudary">{{Cite web |url=http://www.organicworldwide.net/content/choudary |title=Dr. B.M.Choudary Choudary |date=2016 |publisher=Organic Chemistry Resources Worldwide}}</ref> He is known for his studies on [[Nanomaterials]] to [[Nanomedicine]]<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=422 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]],<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P04-1354 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Choudary,_Dr_Boyapati_Manoranjan |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1990, for his contributions to chemical sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:CSIR IICT Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|235px|Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]]
B. M. Choudary, born on 10 August 1946 in the south Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], graduated in chemistry from [[Andhra University]] and completed his master's degree at [[Vikram University]].<ref name="Indian fellow" /> His career started as a junior lecturer in chemistry at [[Kakatiya Medical College]] in 1970 and after three years, he joined [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]] (IICT) as a junior research fellow where he spent the rest of his academic career to retire as a senior scientist. In between, he secured a PhD from [[Gujarat University]] in 1980 for his thesis on ''Catalysis in Organic Chemistry''.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> After retirement, he founded Ogene Systems in 2005 where he serves as the managing director.<ref name="Board of Directors">{{Cite web |url=http://ogene.co.in/management.html |title=Board of Directors |date=2016 |publisher=Ogene Systems |access-date=24 November 2016 |archive-date=11 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211163740/http://ogene.co.in/management.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Choudary's researches on anchored intercalated catalysts returned high selectivity and activity and his work on homogeneous catalysis using transition metal complexes widened the knowledge on the subject.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=5 October 2016 | pages=34 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He established a laboratory for researches on catalysis and surface science at Indian Institute of Chemical Technology and hosted a number of researchers there. He published his research findings by way of several peer-reviewed articles<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Choudary=3ABoyapati_Manoranjan=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and [[Google Scholar]], an online repository of scientific particles, has listed 258 of them.<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=R1MxH_EAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2016 |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref> He has mentored 50 doctoral scholars in their studies and holds over several US and Indian patents.<ref name="Dr B.M. Choudary gets AP Scientist Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/bline/2004/03/06/stories/2004030602661703.htm |title=Dr B.M. Choudary gets AP Scientist Award |date=6 March 2004 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

In 2005, Choudary founded Ogene Systems, a firm handling research and manufacturing contracts where he guides several teams engaged in research in nanotechnology, nanomedicine, process development and manufacturing.<ref name="Board of Directors" /> He is a former member of the editorial board of the ''Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical'' and serves as a guest editor for ''Topics in Catalysis'' journal.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He has also participated in international meetings on catalysis.<ref name="GucziSolymosi1993">{{cite book|author1=L. Guczi|author2=F. Solymosi|author3=P. Tétényi|title=New Frontiers in Catalysis, Parts A-C|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rq1wlpeYytsC&pg=PA1254|date=20 April 1993|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-088714-2|pages=1254–}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1990.<ref name="Chemical Sciences">{{cite web|url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm |title=Chemical Sciences |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |date=2016 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912012851/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=12 September 2012 }}</ref> The Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as their fellow in 1992<ref name="Fellow profile" /> and he became an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy in 2004. The same year, the Government of Andhra Pradesh awarded him the Andhra Pradesh Scientist Award.<ref name="Dr B.M. Choudary gets AP Scientist Award" /> He is also an elected fellow of the Andhra Pradesh Academy of Sciences.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

== Citations ==
* {{cite book|author1=B. Viswanathan|author2=C. N. Pillai|title=Recent Developments in Catalysis: Theory and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wwYh47BbDt4C&pg=PA687|year=1992|publisher=Editions TECHNIP|isbn=978-2-7108-0626-4|pages=687–}}
* {{cite book|author1=R A Sheldon|author2=R A van Santen|title=Catalytic Oxidation: Principles and Applications: A Course of the Netherlands Institute for Catalysis Research (NIOK)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-f-2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA201|date=30 October 1995|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4579-71-1|pages=201–}}
* {{cite book|author1=Katsuhiko Ariga|author2=Harry Kroto|title=Manipulation of Nanoscale Materials: An Introduction to Nanoarchitectonics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qncybKUhq_4C&pg=PA159|year=2012|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=978-1-84973-415-8|pages=159–}}
* {{cite book|author1=Yoshio Ono|author2=Hideshi Hattori|title=Solid Base Catalysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRgWyCIUAPEC&pg=PA169|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-18339-3|pages=169–}}
* {{cite book|author=Albert Matlack|title=Introduction to Green Chemistry, Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlvNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA177|date=5 April 2010|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4398-8211-5|pages=177–}}

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |author1=Lakshmi Kantam, M. |author2=Chakrapani, L. |author3=Choudary, B. M. |title=Baylis-Hillman reaction of cyclic enones with arenecarbaldehydes and N-arylidene-4-methylbenzenesulfonamides by Using NAP-MgO |journal=Synlett |year=2008 |publication-date=2008 |volume=2008 |issue=13 |pages=1946–1948 |doi=10.1055/s-2008-1077959}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Kantam, M. L. |author2=Ramani, T. |author3=Chakrapani, L. |author4=Choudary, B. M. |title=Oxidative kinetic resolution of racemic secondary alcohols catalyzed by resin supported sulfonato-Mn (salen) complex in water |journal=Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical |year=2007 |publication-date=2007 |volume=274 |issue=1–2 |pages=11–15 |doi=10.1016/j.molcata.2007.04.020}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Kantam, M. L. |author2=Rao, B. |author3=Choudary, B. M. |author4=Sreedhar, B. |title=Selective transfer hydrogenation ofcarbonyl compounds by ruthenium nanoclusters supported on alkali-exchanged zeolite beta |journal=Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis |year=2006 |publication-date=2006 |volume=348 |issue=14 |pages=1970–1976 |doi=10.1002/adsc.200505497}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Lakshmi Kantam, M. |author2=Roy, Sarabindu |author3=Roy, Moumita |author4=Sreedhar, B. |author5=Choudary, B. M. |title=Nanocrystalline magnesium oxide-stabilized palladium(0): an efficient and reusable catalyst for suzuki and stille cross-coupling of Aryl Halides |journal=Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis |year=2005 |publication-date=2005 |volume=347 |issue=15 |pages=2002–2008 |doi=10.1002/adsc.200505198|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Choudary, Boyapati M. |author2=Jyothi, Karangula |author3=Madhi, Sateesh |author4=Kantam, Mannepalli L. |title=Allylation of aldehydes, aldimines and ring opening of terminal aromatic epoxides by scandium triflate using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as an efficient recyclable medium |journal=Synlett |year=2004 |publication-date=2004 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=0231–0234 |doi=10.1055/s-2003-44977}}

== See also ==
* [[Nanomedicine]]
* [[Nanotechnology]]
* [[Catalysis]]
{{Portal|India|Chemistry}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudary, B. M.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Vikram University alumni]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Indian inorganic chemists]]

Aapeshwar Mahadev temple

2025-07-16T00:57:56Z

DebbieLemke: Adding New Location Initial Version

{{Short description|Temple in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Aapeshwar Mahadev Temple
| native_name =
| image = Aapeshwar Mahadev Ramseen.jpg
| caption = Swayambhu Murti of Aapeshwar Mahadev Ramseen
| alt =
| map_type = India Rajasthan#India
| map_caption = Location in Rajasthan
| coordinates = {{coord|25|00|18|N|72|32|50|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline, title}}
| country = India
| state = Rajasthan
| district = [[Jalore]]
| locale = [[Ramseen]]
| deity = Shiva
| festivals = Mahashivaratri; Shravan Somvars; Aapeshwar Mahadev Mela
| established = Vikram Samvat 1318 (c. 1261 CE)<ref name=jkr>{{cite web |last=Rawal |first=Jitesh Kumar |title=अपने आप प्रकट हुए थे आपेश्वर महादेव |work=Patrika |date=4 March 2019 |url=https://www.patrika.com/jalore-news/apeshwar-mahadev-was-himself-manifested-4225369 |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>
| creator = Swayambhu (self-manifested)
| governing_body = Shri Apeshwar Mahadev Sewa Trust
}}

'''Aapeshwar Mahadev Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]] in town of [[Ramseen]], [[Jalore District]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It houses a life-sized ''[[Svayambhu|Swayambhu]]'' [[murti]] of Shiva, discovered during tilling in [[Vikram Samvat]] 1318 (c. 1261 CE), when a [[Plowshare|ploughshare]] halted and an ''[[Akashvani (word)|Akashvani]]'' directed locals to excavate the site.<ref name=jkr/>

==History==
Local tradition relates that in Vikram Samvat 1318 a farmer’s ploughshare suddenly stopped at this site. Upon digging, villagers unearthed a natural, life-sized murti of Shiva; an ''Akashvani'' (divine voice) was heard instructing its consecration as Aapeshwar (“Lord who manifested Himself”).<ref name=jkr/> According to legend, the village’s name derives from Lord [[Rama|Rama’s]] exile sojourn here, originally called Ramasayana.<ref name=jkr/>

==Location==
The temple is situated at 25°00′18″ N 72°32′50″ E, on the eastern bank of the outflow channel from Vitan Dam toward Sikwara, amid low hills and [[Riparian zone|riparian]] vegetation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rāmsīn |website=GeoNames |url=https://www.geonames.org/1258562 |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pin code of Ramseen, Jalore, Rajasthan – 307803 |website=NSK Multi Services |url=https://pincodes.nskmultiservices.in/pincodes/RAJASTHAN/JALORE/ramseen |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>

==Architecture and features==
The sanctum enshrines the uncarved, life-sized murti of Shiva set directly on [[bedrock]] with minimal intervention.<ref>{{cite web |title=जमीन से आप निकली शिव प्रतिमा, कहलाए आपेश्वर महादेव |work=Dainik Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MAT-RAJ-OTH-c-97-84882-NOR.html |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref> Outside the shrine is a stepped ''kund'' (tank), whose water devotees compare to that of [[Dwarka]].<ref name=jkr/>

==Festivals and rituals==
* ''Aapeshwar Mahadev Mela'': A seven-day fair beginning on Mahashivaratri (February–March), featuring devotional singing and folk performances, first reported on 4 March 2019.<ref name=jkr/>
* ''Rudrābhishek'': Annual [[Ritual purification|ritual bathing]] of the murti, marking its approx. 687-year heritage.<ref name=db>{{cite web |title=द्वारिकाधीश के स्वरूप में महादेव के दर्शन: 687 साल पहले खुदाई में मिली थी ... |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=25 July 2022 |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jalore/news/mahadev-in-the-form-of-dwarkadhish-devasthan-department-of-687-year-old-idol-will-conduct-rudrabhishek-today-130100131.html |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>
* ''Mahashivaratri'' and ''Shravan Mondays'': Devotees observe [[Fasting|fasts]], offer [[milk]] and Bel leaves, and participate in night-long vigils and aratis.<ref name=db/>

==Administration and access==
The Shri Apeshwar Mahadev Sewa Trust manages temple maintenance and visitor amenities, offering daily [[Darshan (Indian religions)|darshan]] from 06:00 to 20:00.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Apeshwar Mahadev Sewa Trust |work=Trip.com |url=https://www.trip.com/travel-guide/attraction/jalore/shri-apeshwar-mahadev-sewa-trust-141096928 |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref> Road access is via the district road network from [[Jalore]] and [[Bhinmal]]. The nearest railway station is [[Marwar Bhinmal railway station|Marwar Bhinmal]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]

Hiren Roy

2025-05-26T21:45:10Z

DebbieLemke: Starting new details - done

{{Short description|Indian sitar maker}}
'''Hiren Roy''' (1920–1992) was for many years considered to be the best [[sitar]] maker in [[India]]. Many great musicians, including [[Nikhil Banerjee]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Slawek |first=Stephen |date=1995 |title=Review of Afternoon Rāgas: Bhīmpalāsrī, Multānī |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/924643 |journal=Ethnomusicology |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=520–523 |doi=10.2307/924643 |jstor=924643 |issn=0014-1836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Vilayat Khan]], [[Annapurna Devi]], and [[Ravi Shankar]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shankar |first=Ravi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CYWfAAAAMAAJ |title=Raga Mala: The Autobiography of Ravi Shankar |date=1999 |publisher=Element Books Limited |isbn=978-1-86204-592-7 |pages=241 |language=en}}</ref> have sworn by his creations.

==Early life==
Born in Bengal, India (in the part of the province which later became Bangladesh) in 1920, Roy went to [[Kolkata]] at the age of 12 to learn the art of sitar playing. However, he didn't have money enough to buy his own instrument and pay for his lessons, so he took a job in the instrument shop of Yogesh Chandra Chakraborty. He started making his own sitars and soon found that local musicians praised his work.

==Career==
Roy started his own shop in 1942 and spent his whole life researching the various aspects of sound, design, and composition as they impacted the sitar. His brief studies in different styles of playing gave him not only a craftsman's eye for the making of a sitar, but also a player's ear for its sound, and he quickly developed original avenues in terms of look and tonal quality. For instance, he made the tabli (wooden cover on top of the gourd) and the Dandi (the neck) strong enough to withstand heavier strokes and tapings on thicker strings, thus making it more appropriate for [[meend]] (bending), an essential element of [[Hindustani classical music]].

==Honors==
For his lifetime achievements, Roy was honoured in 1971 by the cultural forum called "Nikkon" in Kolkata. In the 1980s, he was selected by Vishwabharati University as a member of their interview board.

Roy died in December 1992, but his tradition has been carried on by his sons.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Urita |first=Michiko |date=2021-01-01 |title=The Xenophilia of a Japanese Ethnomusicologist |url=https://doi.org/10.1215/0961754X-8723047 |journal=Common Knowledge |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=86–103 |doi=10.1215/0961754x-8723047 |s2cid=234121416 |issn=0961-754X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Oldest son Himangshu ran the business until his own early demise in 1997. Fourth son Amit pursued a career as a sitarist, leaving the shop to now be run by third son Barun. Like his father a musician and an innovator, Barun has won praise from great musicians for maintaining the family quality and also adapting to changing times. The Hiren Roy shop also produces other Indian instruments, including the [[surbahar]] and [[Tanpura (instrument)|tanpura]].

==See also==
{{div col}}
*[[Sitar]]
*[[Tanpura (instrument)|Tanpura]]
*[[Surbahar]]
*[[Indian musical instruments]]
*[[Vilayat Khan]]
*[[Ravi Shankar]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Hiren}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Sitar makers]]
[[Category:Indian musical instrument makers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]

Khalji Revolution

2025-05-16T16:39:26Z

DebbieLemke: Starting a entry

{{Short description|1290 revolution in the Delhi Sultanate}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict =
| width =
| partof =
| image = File:Imaginary portrait of Sultan Firuz Khalji, Khwaja Hasan, and a dervish.jpg
| image_size =
| alt = Depiction of Jalaluddin Khalji during his reign on the throne of Delhi. Before him is a Dervish, while next to him is Khwaja Hasan.
| caption = Jalaluddin enthroned as [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]]
| date = {{start and end dates|1290|02|01|1290|06|13|df=yes}} {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=02|day1=01|year1=1290|month2=06|day2=13|year2=1290}})}}
| place = [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| result = Khalji faction victory
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] faction
| combatant2 = [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]] Turkic faction
| commander1 = [[Jalaluddin Khalji]] [[Alauddin Khalji]] Ikhtiyaruddin{{WIA}}
| commander2 = [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad]]{{Executed}} [[Shamsuddin Kayumars]]{{Assassinated}} Aitmar Surkah{{KIA}} Aitmar Kachhan{{KIA}}
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}
The '''Khalji Revolution''',{{sfn|Asimov|Bosworth|1998|p=272}} alternatively spelled the '''Khilji Revolution''',{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|p=28}} marked a military [[Coup d'état|coup]] and a period of political and societal transformation in the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. It unfolded following the death of the [[List of sultans of Delhi|Mamluk sultan]] [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Balban]] and the subsequent incapacity of his successors to effectively govern the Delhi Sultanate. The upheaval commenced and concluded in 1290 when [[Jalaluddin Khalji]] seized absolute power, defeating the Turkic nobility and toppling the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluks]], inaugurating the rule of the [[Khalji dynasty]].

After Balban's death, his underage grandson [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad|Qaiqabad]] ascended the throne. A poor governor, Qaiqabad later fell ill and became [[Paralysis|paralyzed]], leading to the succession of his son, [[Shamsuddin Kayumars]]. Amidst this upheaval, two factions arose within the Mamluk court, with the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] element led by Aitmar Surkah facing off against Jalaluddin Khalji's group.

Conflict erupted between the factions, culminating in the Khaljis kidnapping Shamsuddin, the child sultan. A battle ensued, resulting in the defeat of the Turks; the majority of the nobles defected to the Khalji faction. With the child sultan under his control and Qaiqabad nearing death, Jalaluddin assumed the roles of [[regent]] and [[Vizier|wazir]], ultimately consolidating power and deposing Shamsuddin in June 1290.

The success of the revolution witnessed the Khaljis replacing the Mamluks as the ruling dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. Jalaluddin's reign lasted six years until his assassination by his nephew, [[Alauddin Khalji]]. The revolution signaled the end of Turkic hegemony over the nobility of the Delhi Sultanate, and the rise of [[Turko-Afghan]]s began.

== Background ==
[[File:Map of the Mamluk Dynasty.png|thumb|right|250px|alt=Political map of the Mamluk Sultanate in the year 1250|Map of the Mamluk Sultanate in 1250]]

The [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]] was established in 1206 after the [[Ghurid Empire]] under [[Muhammad of Ghor]] conducted [[Ghurid campaigns in India|numerous invasions into India]]. Founded by [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]], a Turkic slave of his Ghurid overlord Muhammad of Ghor, it rose to power following Muhammad's death. Qutb ud-Din, who expanded the [[Delhi Sultanate]] through campaigns against Indian kingdoms, was succeeded by [[Iltutmish]], a ruler who significantly expanded the Sultanate further and implemented numerous reforms.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=26}} [[Balban]], another ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, continued to consolidate the kingdom after ascending the throne in 1266.{{sfn|Mehta|1979|pp=44}} His death in 1286 led to his grandson [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad|Qaiqabad]] assuming the throne. Qaiqabad, initially raised following Islamic principles, was corrupted by his new powers, resulting in a decline of the administrative reforms initiated by Balban.{{sfn|Lal|1967|p=2}} Seizing the opportunity presented by Qaiqabad's shortcomings, Nizamuddin, a noble, became the de facto [[regent]] of the Sultanate, consolidating power by placing loyalists in key positions.{{sfn|Habib|Khaliq Ahmad|1970|pp=304–305}}

===Rise of Jalaluddin===
[[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan|Bughra Khan]], Qaiqabad's father, alarmed by Nizamuddin's rapid acquisition of power and Qaiqabad's elimination of rival [[amirs]], warned his son by letters about Nizamuddin's influence. Ignoring his father's advice, Qaiqabad failed to recognize the danger and, as a result, Bughra Khan decided to personally meet his son in [[Bengal]]. Nizamuddin attempted to capitalize off of this by driving Qaiqabad and Bughra against each other. [[Amir Khusrau]] and [[Ziauddin Barani|Barani]] provide differing accounts of their meeting. Amir Khusrau states that Bughra Khan aimed to seize Delhi for himself. Qaiqabad, in response, advanced to [[Bihar]] and began preparing for conflict. Barani, however, suggests that Qaiqabad himself initiated the assembly of an army to confront his father. Nizamuddin's attempts to foment discord between the father and son failed. Bughra Khan and Qaiqabad met on the banks of the [[Ghaghara|Ghaghara river]] in 1288.{{sfn|Ali|1968|p=70}} Bughra Khan advised Qaiqabad to abstain from pleasure with [[concubines]], and to remove Nizamuddin from power. After his father's departure, Qaiqabad attempted to resist indulging in debauchery. Qaiqabad instructed Nizamuddin to return to [[Multan]] to oversee administrative affairs. Aware his position was being undermined, Nizamuddin his departure until he was eventually poisoned and killed by Turkic officers, who secretly obtained permission from Qaiqabad. As a result, Qaiqabad fell into his former lifestyle.{{sfn|Habib|Khaliq Ahmad|1970|pp=307–308}}{{sfn|Lal|1967|pp=5–6}}

The assassination of Nizamuddin impaired the government's administrative capabilities, prompting Qaiqabad to seek assistance from [[Jalaluddin Khalji|Jalaluddin]], who was the governor of [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]]. Jalaluddin, distinguished for his role in repelling [[Mongol invasions of India|Mongol invasions]],{{sfn|Srivastava|1966|p=140}} was given the title of [[Shaista]] [[Khan (title)|Khan]] by Qaiqabad, along with the positions of minister of war and governorship of [[Bulandshahr|Baran]].{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=82}}{{sfn|Mehta|1979|p=128}} However, other Turkic nobles opposed Jalaluddin's rise due to his low-born Afghan origin,{{sfn|Mahajan|2007|p=121}} and contested his position.{{sfn|Fisher|2018|p=86}}{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=93}} Under unknown circumstances, Qaiqabad was paralyzed, initiating a power struggle in the court. This led to Aitmar Surkah and Aitmar Kachhan placing Qaiqabad's young son, [[Shamsuddin Kayumars]], on the Delhi throne in February 1290. Shamsuddin's ascension saw the emergence of two factions within the Mamluk court: the Turkic faction led by Aitmar Surkah and Aitmar Kachhan, and the Khalji faction led by Jalaluddin. The Turkic faction aimed to maintain their dominance over the Delhi Sultanate, while the Khalji faction sought power for themselves.{{sfn|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|1979|p=2}}{{sfn|Habib|Khaliq Ahmad|1970|pp=308–309}}{{sfn|Lal|1967|pp=6–7}}

== Revolution ==
Aitmar Surkah and Aitmar Kachhan conspired against Jalaluddin's faction. They formed a list of nobles of which they intended to put to death, beginning with Jalaluddin. Ahmad Chap, the [[Hajib]] of the Mamluks, informed Jalaluddin of the impending plot. Believing [[Delhi]] was no longer safe, he departed for Baharpur, gathering men from [[Bulandshahr|Baran]] under the pretext of an imminent [[Mongol invasions of India|Mongol invasion]].{{sfn|Lal|1967|pp=7–8}}{{sfn|Habib|Khaliq Ahmad|1970|p=309}} Subsequently, Aitmar Surkah and Aitmar Kachhan conspired. Accounts differ, sending a letter to Jalaluddin either summoning him to the Mamluk court,{{sfn|Habib|Khaliq Ahmad|1970|p=309}} or addressing him as emperor.{{sfn|Lal|1967|p=8}} Regardless, as Aitmar Kachhan arrived at Jalaluddin's camp, he was either pulled from his horse and killed by [[Alauddin Khalji]], or while he was relaxing under a tent. This incident officially sparked conflict between the two factions.{{sfn|Lal|1967|p=8}}{{sfn|Habib|Khaliq Ahmad|1970|p=309}}{{sfn|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|1979|pp=2–3}}

Jalaluddin's sons quickly rode to [[Delhi]] with around 50 horsemen, forcibly seizing Shamsuddin and retreating to Baharpur. Aitmar Surkah pursued the force, engaging in battle. In one encounter, Ikhtiyaruddin, Jalaluddin's eldest son, was thrown from his horse and engaged in [[single combat]] with Aitmar Surkah. Despite being struck at least twice, Ikhtiyaruddin survived and managed to [[Decapitation|decapitate]] Aitmar Surkah. Following this, a revolt erupted in Delhi. The rebels sought to march to Baharpur and support Shamsuddin to power. They were prevented from doing so at [[Budaun|Badaon]] by Malikul'umra, the guard for the gates of Delhi, because his own sons being held captive by the Khaljis. With Aitmar Surkah dead and the rebels dispersed, many Turkic amirs defected to the Khaljis, significantly bolstering their strength.{{sfn|Lal|1967|p=9}}{{sfn|Habib|Khaliq Ahmad|1970|p=309}}

Unopposed, Jalaluddin ordered Qaiqabad's execution. Qaiqabad was wrapped in a bedsheet and thrown into the [[Yamuna|Yamuna River]].{{sfn|Habib|Khaliq Ahmad|1970|p=310}} Despite holding a powerful position, Jalaluddin initially allowed Shamsuddin to continue ruling, relocating him to Baharpur while also negotiating with Malik Chajju, a nephew of [[Balban]]. Jalaluddin offered Malik Chajju the role of regent. However, Malik Chajju preferred the governorship of [[Kara, Uttar Pradesh|Kara]]. With Jalaluddin's approval, Malik Chajju left for his new governorship. Jalaluddin then assumed the roles of [[regent]] and [[Vizier|wazir]] of the Sultanate. Eventually, he seized complete power, crowning himself in Kilughari Palace, an Afghan [[Ethnic enclave|enclave]] suburb in Delhi,{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=55}} in June 1290. Shamsuddin was imprisoned and died sometime afterward.{{sfn|Lal|1967|p=9}}{{sfn|Habib|Khaliq Ahmad|1970|pp=309–311}}

==Aftermath==
[[File:The Execution of Jalal-al-Din Firuzshah II (r1290-96), Jami al-Tawarikh.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|The Execution of Jalal-ud-Din Khalji (r 1290—96), with the usurper [[Alauddin Khalji]] enthroned. ''[[Jami al-Tawarikh]]'' (1314 painting).]]

With the ascent of the [[Turko-Afghan]] [[Khalji dynasty]] and Jalaluddin's rule,<ref>{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=86}}: In 1290, the Turk-Afghan Khalji clan ended the first mamluk dynasty and then ruled in Delhi until one of their own Turkish mamluk commanders rebelled and established his own Tugluq dynasty.</ref> Turkic dominance over the nobility of the Sultanate was dismantled, allowing other non-Turks to assume prominence.{{sfn|Bowman|2000|p=267}}{{sfn|Mehta|1979|p=127}} The Khaljis ruled the [[Delhi Sultanate]] from 1290 to 1320 before being succeeded by the [[Tughlaq dynasty]].<ref>{{harvnb|Asher|Hambly|2011}}: ...after his death his grandson and great-grandson were soon ousted, and the throne was then seized by the Turkish or turkicized Ḵaljīs. After the murder of the last of the line, Qotbá-al-Dīn Mobārak Shah (716-20/1316-20), by his favorite the sultanate was restored by Ḡāzī Malek, governor of Dipalpur (Punjab), who mounted the throne as Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn Toḡloq and founded the Tughluqid dynasty (720-817/1320-1414).</ref> Jalaluddin's rule lasted only six years before his assassination by his ambitious nephew, [[Alauddin Khalji]], who significantly expanded the Sultanate during his reign from 1296 to 1316.{{sfn|Mahajan|2007|p=121}}{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|pp=27–28}}

==See also==
*[[Mughal Empire]]
*[[Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah]]
*[[Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji]]
*[[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]]

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ali |first=Kausar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3w9AAAAMAAJ&q=assassination+of+prime+minister+nizamuddin+1288 |title=A New History of Indo-Pakistan |date=1968 |publisher=Ali Publications |language=en |access-date=29 January 2024 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529013728/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3w9AAAAMAAJ&q=assassination%20of%20prime%20minister%20nizamuddin%201288 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=DELHI SULTANATE |last1=Asher |first1=Catherine |last2=Hambly |first2=Gavin |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/delhi-sultanate |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |access-date=17 July 2024 |publication-date=2011 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807042545/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/delhi-sultanate |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book|last1=Asimov|first1=Muhammad Seyfeydinovich|last2=Bosworth|first2=Clifford Edmund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&q=khalji+revolution|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia|date=1998|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-103467-1|language=en|access-date=19 December 2023|archive-date=19 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219232515/https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&q=khalji%20revolution|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bowman |first=John S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C |title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture |date=2000|publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50004-3 |language=en }}
* {{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=History of Medieval India: 800–1700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-3226-7|language=en|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310204403/https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC&q=khalji+revolution |title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |date=2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0123-4 |language=en }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Chopra |first1=Pran Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2FDAAAAYAAJ&q=aitmar+kachhan |title=History of South India: Medieval period |last2=Ravindran |first2=T. K. |last3=Subrahmanian |first3=N. |date=1979 |publisher=S. Chand |language=en }}
* {{cite book |last=Fisher |first=Michael H. |title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century |date=18 October 2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-11162-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&q=turco-afghan+khalji&pg=PA86 |language=en |access-date=5 December 2023 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310204403/https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&q=turco-afghan+khalji&pg=PA86 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Habib |first1=Mohammad |last2=Khaliq Ahmad |first2=Nizami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXxDAAAAYAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat, A.D. 1206–1526 |date=1970 |publisher=Orient Longmans |language=en }}
* {{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 |language=en |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530172402/https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Kishori Saran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdw2ugEACAAJ |title=History of the Khaljis, A.D. 1290–1320 |date=1967 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |language=en |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219232515/https://books.google.com/books?id=tdw2ugEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan L. |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-78914-019-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=asR9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 55]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=V. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&q=khalji+revolution |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=978-81-219-0364-6 |language=en }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&q=khalji+revolution |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |date=1979 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-0617-0 |language=en }}
* {{cite book |last=Srivastava |first=A.L |author-link=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava |title=The Sultanate of Delhi, 711–1526 A.D. |edition=Second |year=1966 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAsfAAAAIAAJ |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |oclc=607636383 }}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Revolutions]]
[[Category:Khalji dynasty]]
[[Category:Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:13th century in India]]
[[Category:1290 in Asia]]

Maiestas brevicula

2025-05-09T15:20:58Z

DebbieLemke: Starting A Pg

{{Short description|Species of true bug}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| genus = Maiestas
| species = brevicula
| authority = (Dash & [[Viraktamath]], 1998)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arctos.database.museum/name/Recilia%20breviculus|title=Binomial authority|publisher=Arctos|accessdate=November 24, 2012}}</ref>
}}

'''''Maiestas brevicula''''' is a species of bug from the [[leafhopper|Cicadellidae]] family that is endemic to [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://globalspecies.org/ntaxa/2457845|title=Recilia breviculus|work=[[Global Species Database]]|accessdate=22 May 2012}}</ref> It was formerly placed within ''[[Recilia]]'', but a 2009 revision moved it to ''[[Maiestas]]''.<ref name=WeebViraktamath2009>Webb, M.D.; Viraktamath, C.A. 2009: Annotated check-list, generic key and new species of Old World Deltocephalini leafhoppers with nomenclatorial changes in the ''Deltocephalus'' group and other Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadellidae). ''Zootaxa'', '''2163''': 1-64. [https://mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/z02163p064f.pdf Abstract & excerpt]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3081839}}

[[Category:Insects described in 1998]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Insects of India]]
[[Category:Maiestas|brevicula]]

{{Deltocephalinae-stub}}

Tamonash Ghosh

2025-05-04T04:46:06Z

DebbieLemke: creating a stub...

{{Short description|Indian politician (1954 – 2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}

'''Tamonash Ghosh''' (1954 – 2020)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Tamonash Ghosh (All India Trinamool Congress (AITC)):Constituency - Falta (South 24 Parganas) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=http://www.myneta.info/westbengal2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=677 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> was an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He was a former member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Falta Assembly constituency]] in [[South 24 Parganas district]]. He won the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]]. He died of [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-]]19 on 24 June 2020.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2020-06-24 |title=Trinamool MLA Tamonash Ghosh dies of COVID-19 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tmc-mla-tamonash-ghosh-who-had-tested-positive-for-covid-19-dead/article31903161.ece |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ghosh was from [[Falta (community development block)|Falta]], South 24 Parganas district, West Bengal. He was the son of Durga Pada Ghosh. He completed his LLB at Ballygunge Law College in 1980. He had two daughters.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Ghosh won from Falta Assembly constituency representing the All India Trinamooll Congress in the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 94,381 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Bidhan Parui of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], by a margin of 23,580 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Falta Election Result 2021 LIVE: How to check Falta assembly (Vidhan Sabha) election winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/falta-election-result-2021-live-how-to-check-falta-assembly-vidhan-sabha-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-9155391.htm |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Falta Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Falta Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-falta-constituency-144.html?noHeader=true |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the Falta seat in the [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] for Trinamool Congress. He won again in the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] and became a third time MLA in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Falta 2016 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/36811 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> In 2011, he polled 86,966 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ardhendu Sekhar Bindu of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), by a margin of 27,671 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-30 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Falta profile: TMC incumbent MLA Tamonash Ghosh has held seat since 2011 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-falta-profile-tmc-incumbent-mla-tamonash-ghosh-retains-seat-since-2011-9378591.html |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

=== Death ===
Ghosh tested positive for COVID-19 in June 2020 during the first wave and was hospitalised at a private health facility. He died on 24 June 2020.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Tamonash}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Raghunandan Panshikar

2025-03-28T16:55:57Z

DebbieLemke: starting some stub added tags - done

{{BLP sources|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Pt. Raghunandan Panshikar
| image = Raghundn Panshikar.jpeg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Pt. Raghunandan Panshikar
| native_name = पं. रघुनंदन पणशीकर
| native_name_lang = mr
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|03|14}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| origin = India
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]], [[Jaipur Gharana]], [[Ghazal]],Thumari, [[Natya Sangeet]]
| occupation = Classical vocalist
| instrument = {{flatlist|Vocals}}
| years_active = 1991–present
| label = Raghunandan Panshikar, [[Sony Music]], [[Times Music]], [[Saregama]], Vale Entertainment, Myuzic Entertainment, Mystica Music Pvt. Ltd.
| associated_acts = [[Kishori Amonkar]], [[Mogubai Kurdikar]]
| website = {{URL|www.raghunandanpanshikar.com}}
}}
'''Raghunandan Panshikar''' (born 1963) is a [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] vocalist. He has received training in the [[Jaipur-Atrauli gharana|Jaipur]] [[gharana]]<ref>[http://dainikaikya.com/20120212/5569793035261292967.htm पं. रघुनंदन पणशीकरांच्या भक्तिगीतांनी समर्थभक्त मंत्रमुग्ध]</ref> Panshikar has established his own unique treatment to classical singing under tutelage of Kishori Aamonkar, which diverted from traditional Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana. A versatile artist, he sings semi classical forms like [[Bhajan]]s, Thumris, [[Gazals]] and [[Natya Sangeet]] with panache. Recipient of several prestigious awards,Panshikar has made his mark in performances throughout India as well as in Europe, the United States and the Middle east.

==Early life==
Panshikar was born into a family of Sanskrit scholars and classical musicians. He is the son of the eminent Marathi stage actor and producer [[Prabhakar Panshikar]]. Panshikar's aptitude for music was recognized and fostered from an early age. He began his formal study of music in Mumbai at the age of eleven. He learned music from the late Vasantrao Kulkarni for two years. Later he took training from the doyen of [[Jaipur gharana]], [[Kishori Amonkar]] from the age of 17, over next 20–22 years. During this time, Raghunandan had the rare fortune to be guided by [[Kishori Amonkar|Kishori Tai's]] mother, [[Mogubai Kurdikar]].

==Career==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Albums as a Music Composer/Director and Vocalist
!Year
!Album/Song
!Label
|-
|31 December 1991
|[https://www.saavn.com/s/album/bengali/The-Feminine-Power-1991/ZyYxby4Gy4g_ The Feminine Power]
|Saregama
|-
|12 January 1998
|[https://www.saavn.com/s/album/hindi/Raghunandan-Panshikar---Bhoopnat-Niranjani-1998/F7DesTkOtiU_ Bhoopnat Niranjani]
|Saregama
|-
|10 July 2004
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20171006205801/https://itunes.apple.com/nz/album/morning-mantras-feat.-devaki/id534871534 Morning Mantras]
|Vale Entertainment Ltd
|-
|10 July 2004
|Chants from Himalayan Peaks
|Vale Entertainment Ltd
|-
|15 October 2004
|[https://www.saavn.com/s/album/hindi/Janak-Thaat-Bilaval-2004/4ljTomwN5EA_ Janak Thaat Bilaval]
|Times Music
|-
|6 July 2005
|Hanuman Dhun
|Vale Entertainment Ltd
|-
|8 July 2007
|Shree Ganesh Vandana
|Vale Entertainment Ltd
|-
|
|ManasPuja and Devi
|[[Saregama]]
|-
|
|Omkaranand Darshanam
|Raghunandan Panshikar
|-
|
|Omkaranand Vandanam
|Raghunandan Panshikar
|-
|
|More Sawariya ( A type of fusion music)
|Sony Music
|-
|18 September 2008
|[https://www.saavn.com/s/album/sanskrit/Healing-Mantras-For-Insomnia-2008/nE,qb3rNqmI_ Healing Mantras For Insomnia]
|Times Music
|-
|26 February 2009
|[https://gaana.com/song/inner-voice-singature-shlok-by-ptjasraj Inner Voice Signature Shlok by pt. Jasraj]
|Times Music
|-
|26 February 2009
|[https://gaana.com/album/geeta-saar Geeta Saar]
|Times Music
|-
|12 August 2009
|[https://www.saavn.com/s/album/hindi/Hidden-Gems-Classical-2009/IT3HHiuIjuc_ Hidden Gems (Classical)]
|Mystica Music Pvt Ltd
|-
|11 July 2012
|The series of health mantra by Times Music
|Times Music
|-
|15 February 2013
|Kabir Amrit Vani
|Times Music
|-
|12 March 2013
|[https://www.saavn.com/s/album/hindi/Drishti-2013/mUvrtcaF3ls_ Drishti] by [[Kishori Amonkar]] (1 Song)
|
|-
|6 December 2015
|[https://www.saavn.com/s/album/hindi/Shri-Hanuman---Golden-Collection-2015/rUWKzQnsw6I_ Shri Hanuman – Golden Collection]
|Myuzic Entertainment
|-
|12 December 2015
|[https://www.saavn.com/s/album/hindi/Mahadev---Golden-Collection-2015/5fDE9QC35hE_ Mahadev – Golden Collection]
|Myuzic Entertainment
|-
|12 January 2016
|[https://www.saavn.com/s/album/hindi/Shri-Gayatri-Chalisa-2016/uDmjWv74NgQ_ Shri Gayatri Chalisa]
|Myuzic Entertainment
|-
|16 February 2016
|[https://www.saavn.com/s/album/hindi/Tapsa-Ganesh-2016/7ETxDj8Z11U_ Tapsa Ganesh]
|Myuzic Entertainment
|}

==Awards==
* Smt.[[Manik Varma]] Puraskar
* Upadhye Smriti Puraskar for contribution in Indian Classical Music
* He has been awarded by Swaryogini Dr. [[Prabha Atre]] award from Gaanvardhan & Tatyasaheb Natu foundation Pune, for his significant achievements and performing career.

==Achievements==
* (Best Music Direction)For The Musical Drama 'Avgha Rang Ekachi Zala'
* Z Gaurav Puraskar
* Ma.Taa.(Maharashtra Times) Sanman
* An Award from Maharashtra State
* Ramkrishnabua Vaze Puraskar

==See also==
* [[Kishori Amonkar]]

==Footnotes==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panshikar, Raghunandan}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Indian classical composers]]
[[Category:Hindustani composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male classical singers]]

Arvind Pateriya

2024-12-21T18:36:35Z

DebbieLemke: Adding The Info Needs Work!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}

{{BLP sources|date=March 2024}}

[[File:34808arvind pateriya2023 mla rajnagr 1008.jpg|thumb]]

'''Arvind Pateriya'''

Arvind Pateriya (born April 15, 1981) is an Indian politician who currently serves as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) in Madhya Pradesh, representing the interests of his constituency since 2023. He is affiliated with the Bharatiya Janata Party ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) and is known for his active involvement in grassroots politics, particularly in addressing the challenges faced by the people of Chhatarpur district.{{cn|date=July 2024}}

'''Early Life and Education'''

Arvind Pateriya was born on April 15, 1981, and spent his childhood in Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh, India. Along with his brother, '''Mr. Devendra Pateriya''', he moved to Chhatarpur during his childhood years. Witnessing the difficulties faced by the villagers, including harassment and exploitation by powerful figures such as college authorities and politicians, deeply influenced Pateriya's decision to enter politics and serve his community.{{cn|date=July 2024}}

'''Political Career'''

Arvind Pateriya joined the Bharatiya Janata Party ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) and became an active member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a Hindu nationalist organization, early in his life. During his college years, he was associated with the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad ([[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]]), the student wing of the RSS.

Pateriya held significant positions within the BJP's organizational structure. He served as the Jila Adhyaksh (district president) of the Yuva Morcha, the youth wing of the BJP, in [[Chhatarpur]] district for more than seven years.

In 2018, Arvind Pateriya contested his first electoral battle, seeking to represent the interests of his constituency. He was initially defeated by the Congress MLA of Rajnagar, Vikram Singh. He won in subsequent elections, securing a seat in the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly.

'''Contributions and Achievements'''

As a Member of the Legislative Assembly, Arvind Pateriya has been actively involved in various initiatives aimed at improving infrastructure, healthcare, education, and overall socio-economic development in Chhatarpur and surrounding areas.{{cn|date=July 2024}}

'''District Minister'''

Arvind Pateriya has also served as a District Minister, playing a crucial role in local governance and administration.

Personal Life

His father name is '''MR.Raghuvar dayal pateriya''' and mother name is M'''rs kapoori devi pateriya'''

'''spouse - Priyanka Tripathi'''

Outside of his political endeavors, Arvind Pateriya enjoys spending time with his family and engaging in social activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/rajnagar-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470417-2023-12-03|title=Rajnagar Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Arvind Pateriya with 69698 defeats INC's Vikram Singh (naati Raja)|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/madhya-pradesh/arvind-pateriya-assembly-candidate-s12aed2008a050e2023c001/|title=Arvind Pateriya Election Result 2023 LIVE: Rajnagar Result Tally Updates|website=www.news18.com}}</ref>
<ref>https://ndtv.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2023/arvind-pateriya-12050-1</ref>
<ref>https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/arvind-pateriya</ref>
<ref>https://www.ibc24.in/elections-candidate-profile/elections-candidate-profile/madhya-pradesh/chhatarpur/rajnagar/arvind-pateriya-1725</ref>
<ref>https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/rajnagar-madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830189-2023-12-03</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pateriya, Arvind}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Married Accommodation Project

2024-11-08T21:43:24Z

DebbieLemke: added intro for accuracy per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{verification|date=November 2024}}

Consequent to the promise made to the [[Indian Armed Forces]] by the [[Government of India]], the '''Married Accommodation Project''', or '''MAP''', was begun to construct married accommodation for the three services, with a view to remove over a period of time the complete deficiency of married accommodation for service personnel of the Indian Armed Forces.

A separate Directorate General Married Accommodation Project(DG MAP) was raised on 31 May 2002 by the Government of India under the aegis of [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Engineer-in-Chief]] for this purpose, subsequent to the Prime Minister of India's announcement on 15 Aug 2001.

With a mandate to construct 200,000 dwelling units, it is one of the largest construction endeavors in the world.

==See also==
*[[Indian Army Corps of Engineers]]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081019014556/http://dgmap.nic.in/dg/index.html DG MAP official site]

[[Category:2002 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Military of India]]
[[Category:Executive branch of the government of India]]
[[Category:Housing in India]]

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