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Dubai Airshow

2026-05-20T16:50:35Z

Debasish swain: new basic pg w/ infobox...

{{short description|Biennial air show held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Dubai Airshow
| native_name = معرض دبي للطيران
| image = Piaggio P-180 Avanti II AN1293470.jpg
| caption = 2007 static display
| status = Active
| genre = [[Air show]]
| dates = November
| frequency = [[wiktionary:biennial|Biennial]] (odd years)
| venue = [[Al Maktoum International Airport]]
| location = [[Dubai World Central]]
| coordinates = {{coord|25|55|00|N|55|10|00|E|display=inline}}
| country = {{UAE}}
| established = {{Start date and age|1986}}
| last = 2025
| next = 2027
| attendance = 248,788 (2025)<ref>{{cite news|url= https://mediaoffice.ae/en/news/2025/november/24-11/dubai-airshow-2025-attracts-over-248000-visitors |title= Dubai Airshow 2025 attracts over 248,000 visitors with deals surpassing USD 202 billion |date= 24 November 2025 |publisher= Government of Dubai Media Office}}</ref>
| activity = Trade exhibition, aerobatic and static displays
| organized = [[Informa]]
| website = [https://dubaiairshow.aero/ dubaiairshow.aero]
}}
The '''Dubai Airshow''' ({{langx|ar|معرض دبي للطيران}}) is a biennial [[air show]] held in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]. It is the largest air show in the Middle East and the third largest air show in the world after [[Paris Air Show]] and [[Farnborough Airshow]].<ref>{{cite agency|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/dubai-airshow-showcase-western-jet-orders-china-debuts-competitor-2025-11-14/|title=Dubai Airshow to showcase Western jet orders as China debuts competitor|agency=Reuters|date=14 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite agency|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/tejas-crash-dampens-export-hopes-indian-fighter-jet-2025-11-23/|title=Tejas crash dampens export hopes for Indian fighter jet|agency=Reuters|date=23 November 2025}}</ref>

The air show is organized in cooperation with [[Dubai Civil Aviation Authority]], [[Dubai Airports]], [[Dubai World Central]] and the [[UAE Armed Forces]].<ref>{{cite press release|url= http://www.dubaiairshow.aero/press/press-releases/dubai-airshow-sets-global-order-record |title= Dubai airshow sets global order record |date= 17 November 2013 |publisher= Tarsus F&E LLC Middle East |access-date= 27 November 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140628105440/http://www.dubaiairshow.aero/press/press-releases/dubai-airshow-sets-global-order-record |archive-date= 28 June 2014 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

==History==
Dubai Airshow was organised by [[F&E Aerospace|Tarsus Aerospace]] between 1989 and 2021. Since 2023, the exhibition is organised by [[Informa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dubaiairshow.aero/frequently-asked-questions|title=Frequently Asked Questions|access-date=2020-05-02|archive-date=2021-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130051130/https://www.dubaiairshow.aero/frequently-asked-questions|url-status=live}}</ref>

===1986===
The Dubai Airshow started life as Arab Air in 1986 - a small civil aviation trade show which F&E organised at the [[Dubai World Trade Centre]].

===1989===
The first Dubai Airshow was held in 1989 at Dubai Airport, spurred on by substantial [[Middle East]] investment in civil and military aviation. The Dubai Airshow grew from 200 exhibitors and 25 [[aircraft]] in 1989.

[[File:Eurofighter.jpg|thumb|A [[Eurofighter]] in 1998]]

===1991===
In 1991 due to the outbreak of the [[Gulf War]], the show was moved from January to November and it had a strong military focus given events in the region.

===2001===
The 2001 show took place just six weeks after the events of September 11, 2001, and closed with record order book of US$15.6 billion.

===2003===
The Dubai Airshow 2003 was the fastest-selling in the event's history, 550 companies from 36 countries participated.

===2005===
[[File:Emirates A380 2.JPG|thumb|An [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]] [[Airbus A380]] in 2005]]

In 2005 the Airshow hosted the debut of the A380 in the Middle East. It arrived in full [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]] livery for its largest customer.

===2013===

In 2013, 1,046 exhibitors came from 60 countries, drawing 60,692 trade attendees for a record $206.1 billion order book of aircraft, parts and MRO deals.<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www.dubaiairshow.aero/news-center/dubai-airshow-makes-history |title= Dubai airshow makes history |date= 25 November 2013 |publisher= F&E Aerospace |access-date= 6 November 2017 |archive-date= 7 November 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015851/http://www.dubaiairshow.aero/news-center/dubai-airshow-makes-history |url-status= dead }}</ref> The display presented 163 aircraft.<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www.dubaiairshow.aero/press/press-releases/fdi-soars-dubai-airshow |title= FDI Soars At Dubai Airshow |date= 20 November 2013 |publisher= F&E Aerospace |access-date= 11 February 2014 |archive-date= 21 February 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140221214350/http://www.dubaiairshow.aero/press/press-releases/fdi-soars-dubai-airshow |url-status= dead }}</ref> Emirates made the highest price airliner order with $99 billion for 150 newly launched [[Boeing 777X]]s plus 50 options and 50 [[Airbus A380]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://gulfnews.com/business/aviation/dubai-airshow-2013-emirates-places-biggest-order-worth-99b-1.1256086 |title= Dubai Airshow 2013: Emirates places biggest order worth $99b |date= 17 November 2013 |work= Gulf News |author= Shweta Jain |access-date= 11 February 2014 |archive-date= 6 December 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131206162515/http://gulfnews.com/business/aviation/dubai-airshow-2013-emirates-places-biggest-order-worth-99b-1.1256086 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/dubai-airshow-record-deals/index.html |title= Dubai Airshow sees record $192 billion in orders on frenzied first day |author= Dean Irvine |work= CNN |date= 21 November 2013 |access-date= 13 February 2014 |archive-date= 6 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170306124512/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/17/travel/dubai-airshow-record-deals/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

=== 2017 ===
[[File:Drawing in the Air (cropped).jpg|thumb|2017 aerobatics display team]]

[[Airbus]] displayed the [[A350-900]] and [[Airbus A319|A319]] airliners, and the [[A400M]] and [[C-295]] military airlifters, [[Beriev]] its [[Be-200]]ES jet amphibian, [[Boeing]] the [[737 MAX]] 8 and [[787-10]] jetliners, [[Bombardier Aerospace]] the [[CS300]] small narrowbody, [[Embraer]] its [[Phenom 100]] small business jet, and [[Sukhoi]] its [[Superjet 100]] regional jet.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/commercial-show-strength-expected-dubai |title= Commercial Show of Strength Expected at Dubai |date= Nov 6, 2017 |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology |access-date= November 6, 2017 |archive-date= November 7, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171107032127/http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/commercial-show-strength-expected-dubai |url-status= live }}</ref> Organizers forecast 9% more visitors than in 2015 to 72,000, joined by 1,200 exhibitors, 1,350 media representatives and 160 aircraft on display and claims to be the largest after [[Paris Air Show|Le Bourget]] and [[Farnborough International Airshow|Farnborough]], but before [[Singapore Airshow]] by number of exhibitors, square meters and visitors.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aerospace/2017-11-08/2017-dubai-airshow-expected-be-largest-yet |title= 2017 Dubai Airshow Expected To Be Largest Yet |author= Peter Shaw-Smith |date= November 8, 2017 |work= AIN |access-date= 2017-11-10 |archive-date= 2017-11-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225252/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aerospace/2017-11-08/2017-dubai-airshow-expected-be-largest-yet |url-status= live }}</ref>

On November 12, Emirates committed to purchase 40 [[Boeing 787-10]]s in two- and three-class cabins for 240 to 330 passengers, to be delivered from 2022 with conversion rights to the smaller Boeing 787-9, pushing orders for the 787-10 from 171 to over 200.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dubai-emirates-set-to-push-787-10-backlog-over-200-443163/ |title= Emirates set to push 787-10 backlog over 200 |date= 12 Nov 2017 |author= David Kaminski Morrow |work= Flightglobal |access-date= 15 November 2017 |archive-date= 13 November 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003450/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dubai-emirates-set-to-push-787-10-backlog-over-200-443163/ |url-status= live }}</ref> The order is worth $15.1 billion at list prices.<ref>{{Cite press release |url= https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-places-us151-billion-order-for-40-boeing-787-dreamliners-at-2017-dubai-airshow |title= Emirates places US$15.1 billion order for 40 Boeing 787 Dreamliners at 2017 Dubai Airshow |date= 12 November 2017 |publisher= Emirates |access-date= 12 November 2017 |archive-date= 14 December 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181214120403/https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-places-us151-billion-order-for-40-boeing-787-dreamliners-at-2017-dubai-airshow |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |url= http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2017-11-12-Boeing-Emirates-Announce-Commitment-for-40-787-10-Dreamliners |title= Boeing, Emirates Announce Commitment for 40 787-10 Dreamliners |date= 12 November 2017 |publisher= Boeing |access-date= 2017-11-15 |archive-date= 2017-11-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171115152143/http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2017-11-12-Boeing-Emirates-Announce-Commitment-for-40-787-10-Dreamliners |url-status= live }}</ref>

On November 15, [[Indigo Partners]] (unrelated to Indian LCC [[IndiGo]]) signed a memorandum of understanding for 430 Airbus: 273 [[A320neo]]s and 157 [[A321neo]]s for $49.5 billion at list prices; Indigo controls [[Frontier Airlines]] and Chilean low-cost start-up [[JetSmart]], holds stakes in Mexican budget airline [[Volaris]] and European LCC [[Wizz Air]]: 146 aircraft will go to Wizz, 134 to Frontier, 80 to Volaris and 70 to JetSmart.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dubai-indigo-partners-signs-mou-for-430-a320neos-443308/ |title= Indigo Partners signs MoU for 430 A320neos |date= 15 Nov 2017 |author= Stephen Trimble |work= Flightglobal |access-date= 15 November 2017 |archive-date= 15 November 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171115111151/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dubai-indigo-partners-signs-mou-for-430-a320neos-443308/ |url-status= live }}</ref> The same day, [[Flydubai]] commit to order 175 [[Boeing 737 Max]] and 50 purchase rights for $27 billion at list prices: Max 8s, Max 9s and 50 Max 10s.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dubai-flydubai-commits-to-175-737-max-aircraft-443312/ |title= Flydubai commits to 175 737 Max aircraft |date= 15 Nov 2017 |author= Mavis Toh |work= Flightglobal |access-date= 15 November 2017 |archive-date= 15 November 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171115142330/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dubai-flydubai-commits-to-175-737-max-aircraft-443312/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

In 2017, 874 commitments and options were announced including 15% firm, compared with 67 in 2015 and 684 in 2013, 74.9% from LCCs, 15.7% from lessors and 8.1% from mainline carriers.
These were mainly narrowbodies with 825 against 47 widebodies, Airbus had 547 commitments for a $28.2 Billion market value and Boeing had 301 for $19.5 Billion.<ref name=Flight16nov2017>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/analysis-late-surge-gives-dubai-deal-momentum-443345/ |title= Late surge gives Dubai deal momentum |date= 16 Nov 2017 |work= Flightglobal |access-date= 17 November 2017 |archive-date= 17 November 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171117175447/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/analysis-late-surge-gives-dubai-deal-momentum-443345/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

=== 2019 ===

[[File:Grumman E-2D Hawkeye front view at Dubai Airshow 2019.jpg|[[Grumman_E-2_Hawkeye#Specifications_(E-2D)|Grumman E-2D Hawkeye]] at the Dubai Airshow 2019|thumb]]
On the opening day of the Dubai Airshow 2019, [[Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan|Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed]] and [[Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum|Sheikh Hamdan]] took a private tour the latest Emirates A380. A similar aircraft also led the way during the opening procession of the Dubai Airshow 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/dubai-airshow-off-to-a-flying-start.html|title=Dubai Airshow: Off to a flying start|access-date=18 November 2019|website=Arabian Aerospace|archive-date=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119041818/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/dubai-airshow-off-to-a-flying-start.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 18 November 2019, the second day of the biennial airshow, Emirates announced an order worth a total of $16 billion for 50 [[Airbus A350-900]] aircraft. The delivery for the largest deal of Airbus was scheduled to begin from May 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foxbaltimore.com/news/nation-world/emirates-announces-order-for-50-airbus-a350s-worth-16b|title=Emirates announces order for 50 Airbus A350s worth $16B|access-date=18 November 2019|website=FOX45 Baltimore|date=18 November 2019|archive-date=22 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722163612/https://foxbaltimore.com/news/nation-world/emirates-announces-order-for-50-airbus-a350s-worth-16b|url-status=live}}</ref> Also on the 18th, [[Air Arabia]] ordered for 120 [[Airbus A320 family]] aircraft, including 73 of the high-efficiency A320neo variants and 23 [[A321XLR]] with a total book value in excess of $14 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hmgaerospace.com/news/lara/air-arabia-orders-120-airbus-aircraft/|title=Air Arabia orders 120 Airbus aircraft|access-date=18 November 2019|website=HMG Aerospace|date=18 November 2019|archive-date=27 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227170904/https://www.laranews.net/air-arabia-orders-120-airbus-aircraft/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 19 November, Emirates signed an agreement to purchase 30 [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner|Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner]] aircraft. The deal was valued at $8.8 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.breakingtravelnews.com/news/article/dubai-air-show-2019-emirates-signs-8.8bn-dreamliner-order/|title=Dubai Air Show 2019: Emirates signs $8.8bn Dreamliner order|access-date=19 November 2019|website=Breaking Travel News|archive-date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923225117/https://www.breakingtravelnews.com/news/article/dubai-air-show-2019-emirates-signs-8.8bn-dreamliner-order/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The order book on site reached $54.5 billion by close of business at the Dubai Airshow 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/transport/433935-dubai-airshow-closes-with-deals-exceeding-54bn|title=Dubai Airshow closes with deals exceeding $54bn|access-date=21 November 2019|website=Arabian Business|archive-date=13 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513192902/https://www.arabianbusiness.com/transport/433935-dubai-airshow-closes-with-deals-exceeding-54bn|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2019 Dubai Airshow attracted 84,043 visitors.<ref>{{cite press release |url= https://www.dubaiairshow.aero/dubai-airshow-closes-acclaim |title= Dubai Airshow Closes to Acclaim |date= 21 November 2019 |publisher= Tarsus F&E LLC Middle East |access-date= 1 December 2019 |archive-date= 22 January 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210122055558/https://www.dubaiairshow.aero/dubai-airshow-closes-acclaim |url-status= live }}</ref>

=== 2021 ===
The 2021 Dubai Airshow began on 14 November 2021 and lasted for 5 days until 18 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dubai Airshow – The Future of the Aerospace Industry|url=https://www.dubaiairshow.aero/|access-date=2021-11-16|website=www.dubaiairshow.aero|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116202518/https://www.dubaiairshow.aero/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Indigo Partners placed firm orders for 255 A321 Neo aircraft. [[Jazeera Airways]] placed an order for 28 A321 Neos. [[Ibom Air]] ordered 10 A220s. [[Air Lease Corporation]] ordered seven A350 freighters.<ref name=National2021>{{cite news|newspaper=The National|title=Dubai Airshow ends on optimistic note for travel industry's recovery|author=Deena Kamel|date=18 November 2021|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/aviation/2021/11/18/dubai-airshow-ends-on-optimistic-note-for-travel-industrys-recovery/|access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121073033/https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/aviation/2021/11/18/dubai-airshow-ends-on-optimistic-note-for-travel-industrys-recovery/|url-status=live}}</ref> On November 16, Indian airline [[Akasa Air]] also placed an order for 72 [[Boeing 737 MAX]] aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|title=Akasa Air Orders 72 Fuel-Efficient 737 MAX Airplanes|url=https://investors.boeing.com/investors/investor-news/press-release-details/2021/Akasa-Air-Orders-72-Fuel-Efficient-737-MAX-Airplanes-to-Launch-Service-in-Fast-Growing-Indian-Market/default.aspx|website=Boeing |access-date=19 July 2022|archive-date=22 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722163613/https://investors.boeing.com/investors/investor-news/press-release-details/2021/Akasa-Air-Orders-72-Fuel-Efficient-737-MAX-Airplanes-to-Launch-Service-in-Fast-Growing-Indian-Market/default.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jetex (company)|Jetex]] was the official FBO at the show.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jetex Named Official FBO Of Dubai Airshow 2021 |url=https://www.jetex.com/press_room/jetex-named-official-fbo-of-dubai-airshow-2021/ |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=FBO Networks, Ground Handling, Trip Planning, Premium Jet Fuel |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309123915/https://www.jetex.com/press_room/jetex-named-official-fbo-of-dubai-airshow-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Sukhoi Su-75 Checkmate]] made its international debut at the show.<ref name=National2021/>

[[Israel]]i companies, including [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] and [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems]] participated at the show for the first time.

=== 2023 ===
[[File:Al Fursan at Dubai Airshow 2023.jpg|thumb|Al Fursan at Dubai Airshow 2023]]
The 2023 Dubai Airshow was held from 13 to 17 November 2023..<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.airliners.de/dubai-air-show-2023/71630 |title=Das war die Dubai Air Show 2023 |work=airliners.de |language=de |access-date=2026-05-20|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 13 November Emirates placed an order for 90 777Xs; Flydubai placed an order for 30 787-9s; and [[SunExpress]] placed an order for 28 737-8s and 17 737-10s with options for a further 45.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2407746/middle-east|title=Emirates opens Dubai Airshow with $52 billion aircraft purchase from Boeing|publisher=Arab News|date=13 November 2023|access-date=13 November 2023|archive-date=13 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113121851/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2407746/middle-east|url-status=live}}</ref> Also [[airBaltic]] placed an order for 30 Airbus A220-300s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/shownews/dubai-airshow/airbaltic-orders-30-a220-300s-airbus-works-lcy-certification|title=AirBaltic Orders 30 A220-300s As Airbus Works On LCY Certification|publisher=Aviation Week|author=Christine Boynton|date=13 November 2023|access-date=15 November 2023|archive-date=15 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115065940/https://aviationweek.com/shownews/dubai-airshow/airbaltic-orders-30-a220-300s-airbus-works-lcy-certification|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 14 November [[Ethiopian Airlines]] placed an order for 20 737-8s with options for a further 21 and an order for 11 787-9s with options for a further 15;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/aviation/2023/11/14/dubai-airshow-ethiopian-airlines-places-order-for-up-to-67-boeing-jets/|title=Dubai Airshow: Ethiopian Airlines places order for up to 67 Boeing jets|publisher=The National|author=Alvin Cabral|date=14 November 2023|access-date=15 November 2023|archive-date=15 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115075304/https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/aviation/2023/11/14/dubai-airshow-ethiopian-airlines-places-order-for-up-to-67-boeing-jets/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Egyptair]] ordered ten A350-900s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/aviation/2023/11/14/dubai-airshow-egyptair-places-order-for-10-airbus-a350s-amid-fleet-expansion/|title=Dubai Airshow: EgyptAir places order for 10 Airbus A350s amid fleet expansion|publisher=The National|author=Deena Kamel|date=14 November 2023|access-date=15 November 2023|archive-date=15 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115075232/https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/aviation/2023/11/14/dubai-airshow-egyptair-places-order-for-10-airbus-a350s-amid-fleet-expansion/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 16 November Emirates placed an order for 15 A350-900s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/16/dubai-airshow-2023-boeing-order-bonanza-leaves-airbus-in-the-dust.html|title=Boeing bonanza leaves rival Airbus in the dust at 2023 Dubai Air Show with three times more aircraft orders|publisher=CNBC|author=Natasha Turak|date=16 November 2023|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117000144/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/16/dubai-airshow-2023-boeing-order-bonanza-leaves-airbus-in-the-dust.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Aircraft making their initial appearances at the Dubai airshow included the: [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle#F-15QA|Boeing F-15QA]]; [[Chengdu J-10]]s of the [[August 1st (aerobatic team)]] and [[KAI KUH-1 Surion]] and [[KAI LAH]].

Russia operated its own pavilion separate from the main exhibition hall. Russian equipment on display included the [[Kamov Ka-50|Ka-52E]] and the [[Ilyushin Il-76|Il-76MD-90AE]]. The [[Russian Knights]] performed in the flying program.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/russian-arms-makers-kept-low-profile-dubai-airshow-2023-11-15/|title=Russian arms makers kept to low profile at Dubai Airshow|publisher=Reuters|author=Alexander Cornwell|date=15 November 2023|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117053245/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/russian-arms-makers-kept-low-profile-dubai-airshow-2023-11-15/|url-status=live}}</ref> The show resulted in no new deals for Russian aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/dubai-airshow-2023-ends-in-disappointment-for-the-russian-delegation-with-no-deals/ar-AA1kNqiS?ocid=msedgntp&cvid=d67a63e399d6401daada34a0eb776303&ei=16 |website=www.msn.com |access-date=30 November 2023 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227170857/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/dubai-airshow-2023-ends-in-disappointment-for-the-russian-delegation-with-no-deals/ar-AA1kNqiS?ocid=msedgntp&cvid=d67a63e399d6401daada34a0eb776303&ei=16 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Israeli pavilions were unstaffed after the Israeli [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Ministry of Defense]] instructed companies such as Israel Aerospace Industries and Rafael Advanced Defense Systems not to attend due to security concerns arising from the [[Gaza war]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-defense-ministry-bans-israelis-from-attending-dubai-airshow-1001462608|title=Defense Ministry bans Israelis from attending Dubai Airshow|publisher=Globes|author=Dean Shmuel Elmas|date=15 November 2023|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117054045/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-defense-ministry-bans-israelis-from-attending-dubai-airshow-1001462608|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2025 ===
Dubai Airshow 2025 was held from 17 to 21 November 2025.

[[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]] announced plans to install [[Starlink]] on all 232 commercial aircraft in its fleet within the next two years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whatson.ae/2025/11/emirates-free-super-fast-wi-fi/|publisher=whats-on.ae|title=Emirates to introduce free, super-fast Wi-Fi to all passengers|author=Madie Murphy|date=November 17, 2025|access-date=November 21, 2025}}</ref> Emirates also confirmed a $38 billion order for 65 new [[Boeing 777-9]] aircraft and a separate order of 130 [[GE9X]] engines from [[GE Aerospace]].<ref name="whatson">{{cite web|url=https://whatson.ae/2025/11/the-major-news-from-dubai-airshow-2025-you-need-to-know/|author=Madie Murphy|date=November 21, 2025|title=The major news from Dubai Airshow 2025 you need to know|publisher=whats-on.ae|access-date=November 21, 2025}}</ref>

[[Flydubai]] also announced plans to implement Starlink in its fleet, the introduction of [[premium economy]] cabins, and a $13 billion order for 75 [[Boeing 737 MAX]] aircraft.<ref name="whatson"></ref>

On {{Date|2025-11-19}} [[Avolon]], a global aviation finance company, has agreed to lease five [[Airbus A320neo]] family aircraft to [[Centrum Air]], a carrier launched in 2023 and [[Uzbekistan]]’s largest private airline.<ref>{{cite news |title=AVOLON to lease Five new aircraft to centrum air |url=https://aeromorning.com/en/avolon-to-lease-five-new-aircraft-to-centrum-air/ |access-date=27 November 2025 |work=AeroMorning |date=19 November 2025}}</ref>

In 2025, organizers confirmed that [[Israel|Israeli]] defense and security companies would not participate in the exhibition. According to Timothy Hawes, Managing Director of Informa Markets, the decision followed a “technical review” applied to all exhibitors.<ref>{{cite web |title=companies will not participate in Dubai Airshow 2025 |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/aviation/israeli-companies-will-not-participate-in-dubai-airshow-2025-1.500297495|access-date=13 October 2025 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref> Media outlets described the move as a ban on defense firms amid heightened regional tensions due to the ongoing conflict in Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dubai airshow bars Israeli companies from exhibiting: organizer |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2618087/middle-east|access-date=13 October 2025 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Chief of the Army Staff General Upendra Dwivedi and Chief of the Air Staff Air Chief Marshal AP Singh took a sortie together in Tejas trainer variant.jpg|thumb|Trainer variant of the HAL Tejas similar to the incident aircraft]]
On 21 November, the final day of the event, an Indian [[HAL Tejas]] [[:simple:2025_HAL_Tejas_Dubai_Air_Show_crash|crashed]] while performing [[Aerobatic maneuver|aerobatic maneuvers]] at around 2:10 PM.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Balaram Menon |author2=Ashwani Kumar |author3=Anupam Varma |author4=Lekshmy Pavithran|date=2025-11-21 |title=Pilot confirmed dead after Tejas jet crash at Dubai Airshow |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/aviation/fighter-plane-crashes-at-dubai-airshow-1.500355298 |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-11-22 |title=Who was Wing Commander Namansh Syal? Himachal pilot who died in Tejas crash at Dubai Air Show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/who-was-wing-commander-namansh-syal-himachal-pilot-who-died-in-tejas-crash-at-dubai-air-show/articleshow/125497771.cms |access-date=2025-11-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The pilot, 34-year-old IAF Wing Commander Namansh Syal, was killed in the crash.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dubai Airshow 2025: Pilot of Indian Tejas fighter jet confirmed dead after crash |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/emergencies/dubai-airshow-2025-fighter-jet-crashes-on-final-day-eyewitness-reports
|access-date=2025-11-21 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tejas Fighter Jet crash |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/tejas-fighter-jet-crashes-at-dubai-air-show-9676350|publisher=NDTV|date=21 November 2025}}
</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-21 |title=IAF's Tejas fighter jet crashes at Dubai Air Show; pilot killed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-fighter-jet-tejas-crashes-at-dubai-air-show/article70307162.ece |access-date=2025-11-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
The succeeding aerial stunts were all cancelled temporarily, however they resumed two hours after the crash with a performance by the Russian Sukhoi Su-57.<ref name="Khaleej">{{cite web |date=Nov 21, 2025 |title=Dubai Airshow crash: Pilot of Indian fighter jet Tejas confirmed dead |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/emergencies/dubai-airshow-2025-fighter-jet-crashes-on-final-day-eyewitness-reports |access-date=Nov 21, 2025 |publisher=Khaleej Times}}</ref> The [[Russian Knights]] aerobatics team performed the [[missing man formation]] to salute the fallen IAF pilot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapoor |first=Srishti |date=23 November 2025 |title='Brother Who Didn't Return': Russia Honours Indian Pilot Killed In Dubai Crash |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/brothers-who-didnt-return-russia-honours-pilot-killed-in-indian-air-forces-tejas-crash-dubai-air-show-namansh-syal-9686897 |url-status=live |access-date=24 November 2025 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

[[File:Static line 1 at Dubai Airshow 2025.jpg|Static line 1 at the Dubai Airshow 2025|thumb]]

==Flying display==
[[File:Air show dubai.ogv|thumb|2011 aerobatics display team video]]

The flying display demonstrates the technical capabilities of exhibiting companies' aircraft. The flying display at the Dubai Airshow has included the [[Airbus A380]], [[Airbus A400M Atlas|Airbus A400M]], [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]], [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet|F/A-18]], [[Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor|F-22 Raptor]], [[Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey|V-22 Osprey]], [[Rockwell B-1 Lancer|B-1B]], [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] and the [[HAL Tejas]]. Aerobatic teams from across the world have attended, including the [[Patrouille de France]], the [[Red Arrows]], [[Al Fursan]] and [[Surya Kiran]].

In recent editions, the flying display has also featured newer commercial and military aircraft introduced by global manufacturers. Demonstrations have included modern wide-body airliners, updated business jets, and advanced fighter aircraft showcased by participating nations. The 2021 edition, for example, included displays by the Boeing 777X, Airbus A350, and several unmanned aerial systems presented during the show.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dubai Airshow 2021 takes off with major aircraft debuts |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/2021/11/14/dubai-airshow-2021-takes-off-with-major-aircraft-debuts/ |work=The National |date=14 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://www.dubaiairshow.aero/}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/dubai-air-show-2019/
|work=Flightglobal |title=Dubai Air Show 2019 |access-date=22 November 2025}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.ainonline.com/airshow-convention-news/dubai-2017
|work=Aviation International News |title=Dubai Airshow 2017 |access-date=22 November 2025}}

{{International Airshows}}

[[Category:Organized events in Dubai|Airshow]]
[[Category:Aviation in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Air shows]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Biennial events]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Trade fairs in the United Arab Emirates]]

Mylapore (constituency)

2026-05-07T13:15:27Z

Debasish swain: Adding A Page More To Come...

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 25
| map_image = Constitution-Mylapore.svg
| district = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
| alliance =
| mla = [[P. Venkataramanan]]
| latest_election_year = 2026
| name = Mylapore
| electors = 194,731
| reservation = None
}}

'''Mylapore''' is a [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu|legislative assembly]] constituency of the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is a historic urban [[Electoral district|seat]] in the [[Chennai district]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 25 January 2017}}</ref> in existence since 1951, and is listed at number 25 amongst the state's 234 assembly constituencies. It includes its namesake Chennai locality [[Mylapore]] and surrounding areas such as [[Alwarpet]], [[Raja Annamalaipuram]], [[Foreshore Estate]], [[Santhome]], [[Mandaveli]], [[Nandanam]], and parts of [[Teynampet]]. The constituency is generally considered a cultural hub, hosting a diverse population.

The famous [[Kapaleeshwarar Temple|Kapaleeshwarar temple]], [[St. Thomas Cathedral Basilica, Chennai|Santhome Cathedral Basilica]], [[Chennai Lighthouse|the Lighthouse]] and southern stretches of the [[Marina Beach]] are situated in this constituency. During [[Lok Sabha Elections|Indian general elections]], the Mylapore constituency is a part of the larger [[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South constituency]] that sends a [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) to the [[Lok Sabha]]. The current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) representing Mylapore is [[Dha. Velu]] of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]].

== Overview ==

=== Boundaries ===
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], the Mylapore assembly constituency consists of seven wards of the [[Greater Chennai Corporation]]: wards 121, 122, 123, 124, 125 and 126 from the ninth [[Administrative divisions of Chennai|zone]] ([[Teynampet]]) and ward 173 from the 13th zone ([[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]]). This composition brings the focal neighbourhood of [[Mylapore]], and its environs [[Alwarpet]], [[Raja Annamalaipuram]], [[Foreshore Estate]], [[Santhome]], [[Mandaveli]], and [[Nandanam]] in a single constituency, alongside some parts of Teynampet. The constituency is bound by the [[Adyar river]] in the south, the [[Marina Beach]] in the east, and the [[Anna Salai|Mount Road]] in the west. The [[Buckingham Canal]] traverses north-east to south-west through the constituency.

=== Character ===
The constituency is entirely urban, situated at the heart of Chennai. It is a mix of affluent neighbourhoods, [[Working class|working-class]] settlements, commercial areas, and religious establishments. It stretches all the way from the upscale streets of [[Madras Boat Club|Boat Club]] in the east to the impoverished [[Fishing village|fishing hamlets]] (''kuppam'') dotting the seashore, and from the backwater estuary of Adyar in the south to the dense streets of interior Chennai. Amidst its posh residential areas, pockets of [[Slums in Chennai|slums]] and [[Tamil Nadu Housing Board|housing board]] townships are also found. The constituency hosts various temples and churches, making it a culturally vibrant seat. Examples include the [[Kapaleeshwarar Temple]], [[Mundaka Kanni Amman Temple]], [[Thiruvalluvar Temple, Mylapore|Thiruvalluvar Temple]], [[Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai|Ramakrishna Math]], [[Our Lady of Light Church, Chennai|Luz Church]],[[St. Thomas Cathedral Basilica, Chennai|Santhome Cathedral]] etc.

[[Hindus]] are the majority of the voters, with the [[Tamil Brahmin|Brahmin]] sect having a dominant presence in the central parts of the constituency. Elsewhere, [[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christians]], [[Other Backward Class|Backward Class]] Hindus and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] form a [[voting bloc]]. [[Muslims]] also have a considerable presence. Following the 2026 [[Special Intensive Revision]] (SIR) of electoral rolls, the total number of voters in Mylapore is 1,94,731, where female voters outnumber men by around 4 percent.

The issues raised by the voters of Mylapore constituency are mainly civic, such as water logging during rains, flood-prone banks of the Buckingham Canal, land waste management, slum clearance, and traffic congestion.

== Electoral history ==

=== List of MLAs ===

==== Madras State ====
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:yellow"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:yellow"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:yellow" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[C. R. Ramaswamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| C. R. Ramaswamy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Arangannal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Arangannal
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

==== Tamil Nadu ====
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Assembly
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifth]]
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[T. N. Anandanayaki]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organization)}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixth]]
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[T. K. Kapali]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Seventh]]
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| T. K. Kapali
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eighth]]
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[B. Valarmathi]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Ninth]]
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[N. Ganapathy (Thanjavur)|N. Ganapathy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Tenth]]
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[T. M. Rangarajan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Tenth]]
| [[1994 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections|1994 by-election]]
| V. Balasubramaniyan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls |title=Bye-election results 1952-95|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111183847/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=XLS}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|AIADMK}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eleventh]]
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[N. P. Ramajayam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Twelfth]]
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[K. N. Lakshmanan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Thirteenth]]
|2006
|[[S. V. Shekar]]
|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (2006-2009) [[Independent (politician)|Unattached member]] (2009-2011) [[Indian National Congress]] (2011)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article1161900.ece| title=Actor-politician S Ve Shekher joins Congress| work=The Hindu| date=6 February 2011| access-date=1 March 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fourteenth]]
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[R. Rajalakshmi (politician)|R. Rajalakshmi]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifteen]]
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[R. Nataraj]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=25}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Sixteenth]]
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Dha. Velu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Seventeenth]]
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| [[P. Venkataramanan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|}

=== Polls ===
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}|46.53}}
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.95}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.62}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|51.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|67.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#1994 by-election|1994 by-election]]|{{party color|AIADMK}}|0.0 }}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.31}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|40.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.68}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.66}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|33.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.01}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|40.24}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.63}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|38.82}}

}}

==== 2026 ====
{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Venkataramanan]]|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=70,070|percentage=46.53|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Dha. Velu]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=41,098|percentage=27.29|change={{decrease}}17.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=32,328|percentage=21.47|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. L. Arun Iyengar|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=4,499|percentage=2.99|change={{decrease}}3.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=770|percentage=0.51|change={{decrease}}0.34}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= 28,972|percentage=19.24 |change={{increase}}10.94}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,50,594|percentage=75.50|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =1,99,465 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|swing={{increase}}46.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

==== 2021 ====
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web |title=mylapore Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a025|access-date= 26 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Dha. Velu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,392 |percentage=44.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Nataraj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,759 |percentage=36.65% |change=-7.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sripriya |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=14,904 |percentage=9.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Mahalakshmi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=10,124 |percentage=6.65% |change=+5.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,287 |percentage=0.85% |change=-1.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Karthick |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,118 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,633 |percentage=8.30% |change=-1.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=152,143 |percentage=56.24% |change= -3.13% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=213 |percentage=0.14% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 270,536 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.29% }}
{{Election box end}}

==== 2016 ====
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 April 2022 |archive-date= 30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Nataraj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,176 |percentage=43.67% |change=-12.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Karate R. Thiagarajan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=53,448 |percentage=34.23% |change=-1.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Nagarajan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,720 |percentage=7.51% |change=+2.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Suresh Kumar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=5,806 |percentage=3.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Munavar Basha |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=4,753 |percentage=3.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=3,788 |percentage=2.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sudhakar |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,356 |percentage=1.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=H. Sathyaa Durrairaj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,764 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Traffic Ramaswamy]] |party=Independent politician |votes=1,229 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sathyanarayanan @ Mylai Shathya |party=Independent politician |votes=1,017 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,728 |percentage=9.43% |change=-11.01% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=156,132 |percentage=59.37% |change= -6.98% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 262,980 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.37% }}
{{Election box end}}

==== 2011 ====
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Rajalakshmi (politician)|R. Rajalakshmi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=80,063 |percentage=56.03% |change=+13.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. V. Thangkabalu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=50,859 |percentage=35.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Vanathi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,911 |percentage=4.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ashok Rajendran |party=Loktantrik Samajwadi Party (India) |votes=1,340 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,204 |percentage=20.44% |change=19.31% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=215,350 |percentage=66.35% |change= 3.71% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,882 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 13.42% }}
{{Election box end}}

==== 2006 ====
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Ve. Shekher]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,794 |percentage=42.62% |change=-3.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Napoleon (actor)|D. Napoleon]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,127 |percentage=41.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Santhana Gopalan |party=Lok Paritran |votes=9,436 |percentage=6.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. N. Rajan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=7,441 |percentage=5.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. S. Chandralekha |party=Janata Party |votes=2,898 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Narayanan (Americai) |party=Independent politician |votes=1,961 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,667 |percentage=1.13% |change=-3.93% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=147,345 |percentage=62.63% |change= 21.28% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 235,246 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= -8.47% }}
{{Election box end}}

==== 2001 ====
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. N. Lakshmanan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=60,996 |percentage=51.09% |change=+46.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Maitreyan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,949 |percentage=46.03% |change=+22.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Mohan Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=882 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. Mohamed Amaan Khan |party=Tamil Nadu People's Party |votes=849 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,047 |percentage=5.07% |change=-38.63h }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=119,385 |percentage=41.35% |change= -16.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 288,708 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -16.16% }}
{{Election box end}}

==== 1996 ====
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. P. Ramajayam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=79,736 |percentage=67.25% |change=+33.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Sampath |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,932 |percentage=23.56% |change=-35.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sujata Rao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,262 |percentage=4.44% |change=+0.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Srinivasan |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,332 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate|candidate=R. Jebamani |party=TLJ |votes=1,226 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sellvaraj |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,099 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=51,804 |percentage=43.69% |change=18.50% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=118,565 |percentage=57.92% |change= 3.52% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 207,825 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.94% }}
{{Election box end}}

==== 1994 by-election ====
{{Election box begin|title=1994 by-election: Mylapore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=V. Balasubramaniyan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,756 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=N. P. Thiyagarajan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,021|percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,735 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=AIADMK |loser=|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==== 1991 ====
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. M. Rangarajan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,845 |percentage=59.31% |change=+33.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nirmala Suresh |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,149 |percentage=34.12% |change=-6.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Kumaravelu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,950 |percentage=3.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Balasubramaniam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,335 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. N. Sridharan |party=Janata Party |votes=920 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,696 |percentage=25.20% |change=9.85% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=105,954 |percentage=54.40% |change= -15.07% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 197,453 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 18.43% }}
{{Election box end}}

==== 1989 ====
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Ganapathy (Thanjavur)|N. Ganapathy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,461 |percentage=40.88% |change=-5.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sarojini Varadappan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,266 |percentage=25.53% |change=-26.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. Viswanathan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,764 |percentage=23.42% |change=-28.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. K. Balan |party=Independent politician |votes=6,554 |percentage=5.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Jebamani |party=Independent politician |votes=2,575 |percentage=2.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Ve. Shekher]] |party=Independent politician |votes=1,018 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=596 |percentage=0.5% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,195 |percentage=15.35% |change=9.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=118,538 |percentage=69.47% |change= 3.51% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,258 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.79% }}
{{Election box end}}

==== 1984 ====
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[B. Valarmathi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,870 |percentage=51.68% |change=+2.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. S. Bharathi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,396 |percentage=46.22% |change=+0.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajappa S. Alias Arunachalam |party=Independent politician |votes=960 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,474 |percentage=5.45% |change=1.46% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=100,374 |percentage=65.96% |change= 7.67% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,793 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.02% }}
{{Election box end}}

==== 1980 ====
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. Kapali]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,260 |percentage=49.66% |change=+24.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Manoharan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,944 |percentage=45.67% |change=+11.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Kalivarathan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,015 |percentage=3.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,316 |percentage=3.99% |change= -2.37% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,089 |percentage=58.29% |change= 7.14% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,818 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 15.91% }}
{{Election box end}}

==== 1977 ====
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. Kapali]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,044 |percentage=33.75% |change=-11.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lakshmi Krishnamurthi |party=Janata Party |votes=21,138 |percentage=27.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mylai Narasimhan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,139 |percentage=24.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chinna Annamalai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,449 |percentage=13.54% |change=-41.47 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,906 |percentage=6.36% |change= -3.66% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=77,167 |percentage=51.15% |change= -18.02% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 152,323 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -21.26% }}
{{Election box end}}

==== 1971 ====
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. N. Anandanayaki]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=42,301 |percentage=55.01% |change=+12.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. P. Sivagnanam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,598 |percentage=44.99% |change=-12.02 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,703 |percentage=10.02% |change= -4.01% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,899 |percentage=69.17% |change= -4.66% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,082 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.01% }}
{{Election box end}}

==== 1967 ====
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Arangannal]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,498 |percentage=57.02% |change=+16.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. R. Radhakrishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,270 |percentage=42.98% |change=+14.2 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,228 |percentage=14.03% |change= 2.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,768 |percentage=73.82% |change= 1.48% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,731 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 16.78% }}
{{Election box end}}

==== 1962 ====
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Arangannal]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,825 |percentage=40.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Varadappa Chettiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,472 |percentage=28.78% |change=-23.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vijayalakshmi |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=10,172 |percentage=15.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sivaraman |party=Swatantra Party |votes=6,984 |percentage=10.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kathirvalu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,731 |percentage=4.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,353 |percentage=11.46% |change= -3.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,184 |percentage=72.34% |change= 38.31% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,992 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -12.40% }}
{{Election box end}}

==== 1957 ====
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. R. Ramaswamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,932 |percentage=52.63% |change=+13.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kumari S. Viayalakshmi |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=12,251 |percentage=38.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. M. Pitchai |party=Independent politician |votes=2,986 |percentage=9.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,681 |percentage=14.55% |change= -14.34% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,169 |percentage=34.04% |change= -20.37% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,513 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 13.81% }}
{{Election box end}}

==== 1952 ====
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. R. Ramaswamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,647 |percentage=38.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishna Murthi |party=Independent politician |votes=4,004 |percentage=9.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Emmanuel Adimoolam |party=Independent politician |votes=3,405 |percentage=8.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kanniappan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,279 |percentage=8.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnana |party=Independent politician |votes=3,089 |percentage=7.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. V. Raman |party=Independent politician |votes=2,552 |percentage=6.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Appu Rao |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=2,501 |percentage=6.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Kannappan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,698 |percentage=4.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balasundara Naicker |party=Justice Party (India) |votes=1,377 |percentage=3.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sakuntala Bai |party=Independent politician |votes=979 |percentage=2.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arunachalam |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=652 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,643 |percentage=28.89% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,303 |percentage=54.41% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,076 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|13.040|80.270|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Chennai district]]
[[Category:Politics of Chennai]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Thawānthābā

2026-05-07T00:00:04Z

Debasish swain: starting new data.

{{Short description|Meitei ruler (died 1231)}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Thawanthaba
| title = Meitei Ningthou
| succession = [[List of Meitei kings|King of Ningthouja dynasty]]
| reign = 1195–1231 CE
| reign-type = [[Monarchy]]
| coronation = 1195 CE
| predecessor = [[Hemtou Iwanthaba]]
| successor = [[Chingthang Lanthaba]]
| death_date = {{death year|1231}}
| issue = Chingthang Lanthaba
| era name = [[Medieval Manipur]]
| era dates = 1195–1231 CE
| regnal name = Meidingu Thawanthaba
| house = [[Ningthouja dynasty]]
| father = Hemtou Iwanthaba
| mother = Khuroi Ngambi
| occupation = Ruler of the [[Kangleipak Kingdom]]
| religion = [[Sanamahism]]
}}
{{Kingdom of Manipur}}
'''Meidingu Thawanthaba''' or '''Thawan Thaba''' ({{Langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯋꯥꯟꯊꯥꯕꯥ}}|Tha-waan-thaa-baa}}) was a [[Meitei people|Meitei]] ruler of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] of [[Medieval Kangleipak]] who ruled from 1195 to 1231 CE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=E-Pao! Books :: Complete e-platform for Manipuris |url=https://books.e-pao.net/Heritage_Manipur/epShowChapter.asp?src=kangla/kings |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=books.e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Asok Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjkBM3qyZ00C&q=Thawanthaba |title=Society, Politics, and Development in North East India: Essays in Memory of Dr. Basudeb Datta Ray |last2=Chakraborty |first2=Satyabrata |date=2008 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-572-8 |language=en}}</ref>

He is the central figure in the historical [[Meitei language]] literary work, [[Thawanthaba Hiran]] (ꯊꯋꯥꯟꯊꯥꯕꯥ ꯍꯤꯔꯥꯟ), a tragedy based on a crime story.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Literature in History 3 |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Manipuri_Literature_in_History.Manipuri_Literature_in_History_3#:~:text=Thawanthaba%20Hiran,%20a%20tragedy%20based%20on%20a%20crime%20story. |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Oinam |first1=Bhagat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X31aDwAAQBAJ&q=Thawanthaba%20Khuman |title=Northeast India: A Reader |last2=Sadokpam |first2=Dhiren A. |date=2018-05-11 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-95320-0 |language=en}}</ref> He ascended the throne during a relatively peaceful period in [[History of Manipur|Manipur's history]] and also during a time of rivalry and occasional alliance between the [[Ningthouja|Meiteis]] ([[Ningthouja dynasty|Ningthoujas]]) and [[Khuman dynasty|Khumans]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiBkAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=23, 29–36 |language=en}}</ref>

== Matrimonial alliances ==
To strengthen the relations with the Khumans, Thawanthaba decided to marry [[Khayoiron Tangja Samphabi]]{{Efn|Also known as "Saphabi" (ꯁꯥꯐꯥꯕꯤ).}}, the daughter of the Khuman King Punshi Purenhanba{{Efn|Shortly known as "Punshiba" (ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯕꯥ).}} (c. 1230 CE - 1270 CE).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ibobi |first=Laikhuram |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221 |title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron |date=1998}}</ref> In exchange, Thawanthaba gave his own daughter, [[Wangamlon Chingkheithanbi]]{{efn|also known as [[Chingkhei Thanbi]]}} in marriage to the Khuman king.{{Sfnp|Moyon, The Lost Kingdom of Moyon (Bujuur): Iruwng (King) Kuurkam Ngoruw Moyon & The People of Manipur|2023|p=116}}{{Sfnp|Goshwami, History of the People of Manipur|p=178}} Both marriages were commemorated with lavish ceremonies, lavish gift-giving, and symbolic acts of peace.<ref name=":0" />

Initially, the new brides became the young favourite queens of each king. However, internal palace rivalries and jealousies—especially within his large harem—would soon lead to a tragedy.<ref name=":0" />

According to scholar Wahengbam Ibohal, Thawanthaba was the father-in-law of King Punshi Purenhanba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Wahengbam Ibohal |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463276 |title=The History Of Manipur}}</ref>

== War against Heirems ==
King Thawanthaba was requested by the Khuman King Punshiba to assist him in a battle against the Heirems. Thawanthaba agreed to help him and went to attack the Heirems with his soldiers.<ref name=":2" />

The Heirems (Heirems and Khunjans in other books{{Sfnp|Goshwami, History of the People of Manipur|p=176}}<ref name=":1" />) were fully destroyed by the combined forces of the Meiteis and the Khumans.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EUUngEACAAJ |title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: 33-1763 CE |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-34430-2 |pages=34–35 |language=en}}</ref>

== Unfortunate misjudgement ==
During a royal festival in the kingdom, Thawanthaba set up an archery competition. He then invited his younger brother ''Leishapamba Tougaingamba'', who was a great lover of flowers, to attend. However, he refused to attend as he did not have any purpose of having fun after he lost his bunch of flowers.<ref name=":0" />

At that time, ''Akong Langmeisu'', a malicious maidservant, planted those same flowers in the bed of Queen Samphabi.<ref name=":0" />

That night, the Meitei King found the flowers and, suspecting adultery, became enraged. Despite the Queen's tearful pleas of innocence, her emotional appeals, and the royal ritual oaths, the King sentenced her to death by using a pointed iron weapon. This action was done in cold blood.<ref name=":0" />

== War with Khumans ==
A terrible chain of events began with the assassination of Queen Samphabi. When her father, the Khuman King Punshiba, saw the iron weapon in her skull at her funeral, he promised a revenge for her.<ref name=":0" />

The Khuman King invited Thawanthaba to follow him for a military campaign, but he was secretly planning to kill him in revenge of his daughter. However, Thawanthaba managed to get away after being alerted by his own daughter, but Khuman soldiers caught him in the act. After the Meiteis prevailed in that battle, they killed a Khuman noble in retaliation.<ref name=":0" />

In revenge, the Khuman king killed the daughter of Thawanthaba—his own wife{{Sfnp|Goshwami, History of the People of Manipur|p=178}}—even though she was pregnant and innocent. As a result, the two kingdoms went on a full-scale war.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== Military campaigns and final conflict ==
Thawanthaba conducted a series of military campaigns against the Khumans. He used disguised spies, decoys, and scouts, and entered the Khuman territory.<ref name=":0" />

One Meitei warrior took the form of a lone hunter and ambushed the Khumans in a decisive attack. Even though the Khumans fought back, they were devastatingly defeated and many of their soldiers were murdered. At the end of the war, both sides suffered significant losses.<ref name=":0" />

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Sources ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book |last1=Moyon |first1=Rev Dr Koningthung Ngoru |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nn3jEAAAQBAJ |title=The Lost Kingdom of Moyon (Bujuur): Iruwng (King) Kuurkam Ngoruw Moyon & The People of Manipur |date=2023 |publisher=Shashwat Publications |isbn=9788119517312 |ref={{sfnref|Moyon, The Lost Kingdom of Moyon (Bujuur): Iruwng (King) Kuurkam Ngoruw Moyon & The People of Manipur|2023}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Goshwami |first=Hareshwar |url=https://archive.org/details/hareshwar-goshwami-history-of-the-people-of-manipur |title=History of the People of Manipur |publisher=Yaol Publishing Limited |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-9993057-0-3 |ref={{sfnref|Goshwami, History of the People of Manipur}}}}

{{Draft categories|
[[Category:Ningthouja kings]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]
}}

Arunava Sen

2026-05-04T04:37:22Z

Debasish swain: adding new data with sources

{{Short description|Indian researcher and teacher}}
{{about||the Indian politician|Arunava Sen (politician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox economist
| school_tradition =
| color =
| image = Arunava Sen.jpg
| caption = Sen delivering a lecture at the Seoul meeting of the Society for Social Choice and Welfare
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1959|1|3}}
| birth_place = Bombay
| death_date =
| death_place =
| institution = [[Indian Statistical Institute]]
| field = [[Game theory|Game Theory]], [[Social choice theory|Social Choice Theory]], [[Mechanism design|Mechanism Design]], [[Auction theory|Auctions]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]], [[Master of Arts|M.A.]]) [[Oxford University]] ([[M.Phil.]]) [[Princeton University]] ([[Ph.D.]])
| doctoral_advisor = [[Hugo F. Sonnenschein]]
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| influences =
| influenced =
| contributions =
| awards =
| signature = 
| repec_prefix =
| website = https://www.isid.ac.in/~asen/index.html}}

'''Arunava Sen''' (born 3 January 1959) is a professor of economics at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]].<ref name=":0" /> He works on [[Game theory|Game Theory]], [[Social choice theory|Social Choice Theory]], [[Mechanism design|Mechanism Design]], [[Voting]] and [[Auction theory|Auctions]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | url=https://www.isid.ac.in/~asen/index.html | title=Planning Unit, Indian Statistical Institute}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Arunava Sen was born in [[Bombay]] (currently, [[Mumbai]]) on 3 January 1959.<ref name=":8" /> Soon after he was born, his parents moved to [[Delhi]], where he attended the [[St. Columba's School, Delhi|St. Columba's School]]. In 1970, the family moved to the [[Chittaranjan Park]] neighbourhood in South Delhi, where he still lives.<ref name=":8" />

==Education==

Arunava Sen received a B.A. degree in economics from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]], New Delhi, in 1978, and an M.A. degree in economics from [[Delhi School of Economics]] in 1980.<ref name=":0" /> He then went to [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] on an Inlaks scholarship where he received an M.Phil. in 1982.<ref name=":0" /> He was tutored and advised by [[James Mirrlees|Sir James Mirlees]] at Oxford University. Then, he joined the [[Princeton University]] for his Ph.D. and worked on the theory of implementation under the supervision of [[Hugo F. Sonnenschein|Hugo Sonnenschein]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Arunava|chapter=Arunava Sen on Hugo F. Sonnenschein|date=2008|work=Foundations in Microeconomic Theory: A Volume in Honor of Hugo F. Sonnenschein|pages=[https://archive.org/details/foundationsmicro00jack/page/n372 377]–394|editor-last=Jackson|editor-first=Matthew O.|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-74057-5_18|isbn=978-3-540-74057-5|editor2-last=McLennan|editor2-first=Andrew|title=Foundations in Microeconomic Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsmicro00jack|url-access=limited}}</ref> He received his Ph.D. in 1987.<ref name=":0" /> Besides his advisor [[Hugo F. Sonnenschein|Hugo Sonnenschein]], other members in his Ph.D. dissertation committee included [[Andrew Caplin]] and [[Joseph Stiglitz]].

== Career and research contributions ==
Arunava Sen joined the Delhi center of [[Indian Statistical Institute]] immediately after his Ph.D. in 1987 and has been with the Institute since then. He is currently a professor at the Economics and Planning Unit of the Institute.<ref name=":0" /> He is most well known for his contribution to the [[implementation theory]] and [[mechanism design]]. These subfields of game theory is concerned with the design of mechanisms or institutions that produce socially desirable outcomes in equilibrium. The [[List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics|2007 Nobel prize in Economics]] was awarded to [[Leonid Hurwicz]], [[Eric Maskin]], and [[Roger Myerson]] for their contribution to the theory of mechanism design and implementation theory. The scientific background document of the Nobel prize <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/advanced-economicsciences2007.pdf|title=Scientific Background Document of 2007 Nobel prize in Economics}}</ref> cites Arunava Sen's work with his coauthor [[Dilip Abreu]].

=== Implementation theory ===
The implementation theory is widely regarded as the reverse engineering of [[game theory]].<ref name=":4" /> It is concerned with the design of a [[Game theory|game]] (or game-form) such that every equilibrium outcome of the game produces the desired outcome (modeled as a [[Mechanism design|social choice rule]]) of the designer. The [[Solution concept|notion of equilibrium or the solution concept]] allows flexibility in designing games. In his Nobel prize winning work, [[Eric Maskin]] investigates implementation using [[Nash equilibrium]] as the solution concept.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Maskin|first=Eric|date=1999-01-01|title=Nash Equilibrium and Welfare Optimality*|url=https://academic.oup.com/restud/article/66/1/23/1666384|journal=The Review of Economic Studies|language=en|volume=66|issue=1|pages=23–38|doi=10.1111/1467-937X.00076|s2cid=16282419 |issn=0034-6527|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Maskin shows that any Nash implementable social choice rule must satisfy a monotonicity property, which is now called [[Maskin monotonicity]]. Conversely, every social choice rule which is Maskin monotone and satisfies a mild property, called no veto power, can be implemented in Nash equilibrium.<ref name=":5" /> This started a large literature in implementation theory. Arunava Sen, along with his coauthors, has contributed to this literature by extending Maskin's results in various directions.

Maskin's result <ref name=":5" /> requires that there are at least three agents who will play the designed game. In his work <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dutta|first1=Bhaskar|last2=Sen|first2=Arunava|date=1991-01-01|title=A Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Two-Person Nash Implementation|url=https://academic.oup.com/restud/article/58/1/121/1518953|journal=The Review of Economic Studies|language=en|volume=58|issue=1|pages=121–128|doi=10.2307/2298049|issn=0034-6527|jstor=2298049|url-access=subscription}}</ref> with Bhaskar Dutta, Arunava Sen extends Maskin's result when there are only two agents. In his work <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.econometricsociety.org/publications/econometrica/1991/07/01/virtual-implementation-nash-equilibrium|title=Virtual Implementation in Nash Equilibrium | journal=Econometrica | first1=Arunava | last1=Sen | first2=Dilip | last2=Abreu | publisher=The Econometric Society|access-date=2023-01-04|date=July 1991|volume=59|issue=4}}</ref> with [[Dilip Abreu]], they introduce a new implementation framework. In their model, a social choice rule produces a lottery over a finite set of outcomes at every profile of preferences. The equilibrium outcome lottery of the designed game need not coincide with the social choice rule outcome, but they have to be arbitrarily close. They call this virtual implementation <ref name=":6" /> and show that virtual implementation using Nash equilibrium as the solution concept is quite permissive. In another joint work <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Abreu|first1=Dilip|last2=Sen|first2=Arunava|date=1990-04-01|title=Subgame perfect implementation: A necessary and almost sufficient condition|journal=Journal of Economic Theory|volume=50|issue=2|pages=285–299|doi=10.1016/0022-0531(90)90003-3|issn=0022-0531}}</ref> with Dilip Abreu, Arunava Sen investigates implementation where a designer can design [[Extensive-form game|extensive form games]]. They describe the social choice rules that can be implemented in [[subgame perfect equilibrium]]. Their result extends the work of Moore and Repullo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=John|last2=Repullo|first2=Rafael|date=1988|title=Subgame Perfect Implementation|journal=Econometrica|volume=56|issue=5|pages=1191–1220|doi=10.2307/1911364|issn=0012-9682|jstor=1911364}}</ref>

In his work <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dutta|first1=Bhaskar|last2=Sen|first2=Arunava|date=2012-01-01|title=Nash implementation with partially honest individuals|journal=Games and Economic Behavior|volume=74|issue=1|pages=154–169|doi=10.1016/j.geb.2011.07.006|issn=0899-8256|url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/271188/files/twerp_920.pdf}}</ref> with Bhaskar Dutta, Arunava Sen studies a new model of implementation, where agents (playing the game) can be partially honest. In their model, an agent is partially honest if she strictly prefers telling the truth whenever she is indifferent between telling the truth and lying. This paper revisits Maskin's seminal paper <ref name=":5" /> in this new model and presents several new insights. They show that if there is at least one partially honest agent (out of at least three agents), then every social choice rule satisfying no veto power can be implemented in Nash equilibrium. Thus, [[Maskin monotonicity]] is no longer a necessary condition in this model.

In his work <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Saptarshi|last2=Muto|first2=Nozomu|last3=Ramaekers|first3=Eve|last4=Sen|first4=Arunava|date=2019-03-01|title=Implementation in undominated strategies by bounded mechanisms: The Pareto correspondence and a generalization|journal=Journal of Economic Theory|volume=180|pages=229–243|doi=10.1016/j.jet.2018.12.010|s2cid=46181914 |issn=0022-0531}}</ref> with Saptarshi Mukherjee (one of his Ph.D. students), Nozumo Muto, and Eve Raemakers, Arunava Sen studies implementation in undominated strategies using bounded mechanisms. They show that the Pareto correspondence is implementable in undominated strategies using bounded mechanisms.<ref name=":7" /> This answers an open question in the literature posed by [[Tilman Börgers]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Börgers|first=T.|s2cid=154206185|date=1991-02-01|title=Undominated strategies and coordination in normalform games|journal=Social Choice and Welfare|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=65–78|doi=10.1007/BF00182448|issn=1432-217X}}</ref> The work is also important because implementation in undominated strategies has been criticised for using unbounded mechanisms to establish various results,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jackson|first=Matthew O.|date=1992-09-01|title=Implementation in Undominated Strategies: A Look at Bounded Mechanisms|url=https://academic.oup.com/restud/article/59/4/757/1542647|journal=The Review of Economic Studies|language=en|volume=59|issue=4|pages=757–775|doi=10.2307/2297996|issn=0034-6527|jstor=2297996|hdl=10419/221192|hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and their work provides a general positive result on implementation using bounded mechanisms and undominated strategies.

=== Strategic voting theory ===
Arunava Sen has done fundamental contributions to the theory of strategic voting. The starting point of this theory is an impossibility result due to Gibbard and Satterthwaite: the [[Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem|Gibbard-Satterthwaite (GS) impossibility theorem]] and [[Gibbard's theorem]]. Roughly, it states that there is no voting rule which is unanimous, non-dictatorial, and non-manipulable (strategyproof) if the preferences of voters are unrestricted. Arunava Sen's work in this area identifies environments where such theorems hold or well-behaved voting rules exist. In his work<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aswal|first1=Navin|last2=Chatterji|first2=Shurojit|last3=Sen|first3=Arunava|s2cid=14208937|date=2003-08-01|title=Dictatorial domains|journal=Economic Theory|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=45–62|doi=10.1007/s00199-002-0285-8|issn=1432-0479|url=https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soe_research/1883 |hdl=2078.1/4052|hdl-access=free}}</ref> with his coauthors Navin Aswal and Shurojit Chatterji, he provides a comprehensive description of environments where GS theorem holds. In his works<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chatterji|first1=Shurojit|last2=Sen|first2=Arunava|last3=Zeng|first3=Huaxia|date=2016|title=A characterization of single-peaked preferences via random social choice functions|journal=Theoretical Economics|language=en|volume=11|issue=2|pages=711–733|doi=10.3982/TE1972|issn=1555-7561|doi-access=free|hdl=10419/150291|hdl-access=free}}</ref> and <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chatterji|first1=Shurojit|last2=Sanver|first2=Remzi|last3=Sen|first3=Arunava|date=2013-05-01|title=On domains that admit well-behaved strategy-proof social choice functions|journal=Journal of Economic Theory|volume=148|issue=3|pages=1050–1073|doi=10.1016/j.jet.2012.10.005|s2cid=10219864 |issn=0022-0531|url=https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soe_research/1790}}</ref> with coauthors Shurojit Chatterji, Huaxia Zeng, and Remzi Sanver, he identifies environments where GS theorem does not hold, i.e., well-behaved voting rules exist. In his work<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chatterji|first1=Shurojit|last2=Sen|first2=Arunava|last3=Zeng|first3=Huaxia|date=2014-07-01|title=Random dictatorship domains|journal=Games and Economic Behavior|volume=86|pages=212–236|doi=10.1016/j.geb.2014.03.017|s2cid=16375238 |issn=0899-8256|url=https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soe_research/1400}}</ref> with coauthors Shurojit Chatterji and Huaxia Zeng, he has identified environments where the GS theorem type result continues to hold even if the voting rule allows for randomization (which generalizes [[Gibbard's theorem]]).

In his work <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last1=Majumdar|first1=Dipjyoti|last2=Sen|first2=Arunava|date=2004|title=Ordinally Bayesian Incentive Compatible Voting Rules|journal=Econometrica|language=en|volume=72|issue=2|pages=523–540|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0262.2004.00499.x|issn=1468-0262|hdl=10.1111/j.1468-0262.2004.00499.x|hdl-access=free}}</ref> with his coauthor (and Ph.D. student) Dipjyoti Majumdar, he weakens the notion of non-manipulability in the GS theorem to Ordinal Bayesian Incentive Compatibility, first studied in an important paper by Claude d'Aspremont and Gerard Varet.<ref name=":10" /> Arunava's work<ref name=":9" /> with Dipjyoti Majumdar shows that whether well-behaved voting rules exist with this weakening of non-manipulability depends on the beliefs of the voters on other voters' preferences. If beliefs are uniformly distributed, then many well-behaved voting rules exist and they provide a comprehensive description of such voting rules. However, if voters have generic beliefs (which are independent), a GS theorem type impossibility reappears. In a follow up work<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bhargava|first1=Mohit|last2=Majumdar|first2=Dipjyoti|last3=Sen|first3=Arunava|date=2015|title=Incentive-compatible voting rules with positively correlated beliefs|journal=Theoretical Economics|language=en|volume=10|issue=3|pages=867–885|doi=10.3982/TE1529|issn=1555-7561|doi-access=free|hdl=10419/150265|hdl-access=free}}</ref> with Mohit Bhargava and Dipjyoti Majumdar, he shows that if voters beliefs are correlated, then it is possible to escape the impossibility of the GS theorem using this weaker notion of incentive compatibility.

In his work<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Breton|first1=Michel Le|last2=Sen|first2=Arunava|date=1999|title=Separable Preferences, Strategyproofness, and Decomposability|journal=Econometrica|language=en|volume=67|issue=3|pages=605–628|doi=10.1111/1468-0262.00038|issn=1468-0262}}</ref> with his coauthor Michel Le Breton, he studies a voting environment where voters vote on various dimensions but preferences of voters are separable across dimensions. Their work identifies conditions on environments such that every unanimous and non-manipulable ([[Strategyproofness|strategyproof]]) voting rule can be decomposed along each dimension. He has pursued this line of research in some of his other work.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chatterji|first1=Shurojit|last2=Roy|first2=Souvik|last3=Sen|first3=Arunava|date=2012-12-01|title=The structure of strategy-proof random social choice functions over product domains and lexicographically separable preferences|journal=Journal of Mathematical Economics|volume=48|issue=6|pages=353–366|doi=10.1016/j.jmateco.2012.08.001|s2cid=53120916 |issn=0304-4068 |url=https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soe_research/1405 }}</ref> In his work<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dutta|first1=Bhaskar|last2=Peters|first2=Hans|last3=Sen|first3=Arunava|s2cid=11874990|date=2007-01-01|title=Strategy-proof Cardinal Decision Schemes|journal=Social Choice and Welfare|language=en|volume=28|issue=1|pages=163–179|doi=10.1007/s00355-006-0152-9|issn=1432-217X|url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1469/1/WRAP_Dutta_twerp722.pdf}}</ref> with Bhaskar Dutta and Hans Peters, he shows that considering cardinal voting schemes does not allow one to escape the consequences of GS impossibility theorem.

=== Mechanism design with transfers ===
Arunava Sen has done fundamental contributions to the theory of mechanism design where transfers are used for incentives, e.g., auction design. In mechanism design, [[incentive compatibility]] is often characterized by (equivalent to) some form of monotonicity condition. In his seminal work on revenue-maximizing single object auctions, [[Roger Myerson]] provides such a monotonicity condition. In his work<ref name=":11" /> with Sushil Bikhchandani, Shurojit Chatterji, Ron Lavi, Ahuva Mualem, and Noam Nisan, Arunava Sen provides an analogue of this [[Monotonicity (mechanism design)|monotonicity condition]] which works in a variety of problems, including multi-object auctions and provision of multiple public goods. This work <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last1=Bikhchandani|first1=Sushil|last2=Chatterji|first2=Shurojit|last3=Lavi|first3=Ron|last4=Mu'alem|first4=Ahuva|last5=Nisan|first5=Noam|last6=Sen|first6=Arunava|date=2006|title=Weak Monotonicity Characterizes Deterministic Dominant-Strategy Implementation|journal=Econometrica|language=en|volume=74|issue=4|pages=1109–1132|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00695.x|s2cid=6210226 |issn=1468-0262|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/5052/1/BIKe06.pdf}}</ref> is regarded as a fundamental contribution to the multidimensional mechanism design literature, where private information of agents have multiple dimensions. In his works <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Mishra|first1=Debasis|last2=Sen|first2=Arunava|s2cid=7570821|date=2012-05-01|title=Robertsʼ Theorem with neutrality: A social welfare ordering approach|journal=Games and Economic Behavior|volume=75|issue=1|pages=283–298|doi=10.1016/j.geb.2011.11.005|citeseerx=10.1.1.761.390|issn=0899-8256}}</ref> and <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2810066.2786014|title=Affine maximizers in domains with selfish valuations|journal=ACM Transactions on Economics and Computation |date=2015-07-31|doi=10.1145/2786014 |last1=Nath |first1=Swaprava |last2=Sen |first2=Arunava |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=1–19 |s2cid=7068658 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> with Debasis Mishra and Swaprava Nath, he has described the set of all [[Strategyproofness|strategyproof]] mechanisms in mechanism design settings which permit transfers. These contributions extend a seminal characterization of [[Strategyproofness|strategyproof]] mechanisms in these settings due to [[Kevin W. S. Roberts]].

=== Simpler proofs of important theorems in mechanism design ===
Arunava Sen has provided simple proofs of three important theorems in [[mechanism design]]. In his work,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sen|first=Arunava|date=2001-03-01|title=Another direct proof of the Gibbard–Satterthwaite Theorem|journal=Economics Letters|volume=70|issue=3|pages=381–385|doi=10.1016/S0165-1765(00)00362-1|issn=0165-1765}}</ref> he uses induction on the number of agents to provide a simple proof of the [[Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem|Gibbard-Satterthwaite (GS) theorem]]. The induction technique in proving the GS theorem is quite easily extendible to other settings where such theorems hold. For instance, in his work<ref name=":9" /> with Dipjyoti Majumdar, he uses similar induction techniques to prove an analogue of the GS theorem using a weaker notion of [[incentive compatibility]]. He uses the induction technique to prove a simpler version of [[Gibbard's theorem]] in his work.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sen|first=Arunava|date=2011-12-01|title=The Gibbard random dictatorship theorem: a generalization and a new proof|journal=SERIEs|language=en|volume=2|issue=4|pages=515–527|doi=10.1007/s13209-011-0041-z|issn=1869-4195|doi-access=free|hdl=10419/77778|hdl-access=free}}</ref> In his work <ref name=":2" /> with Debasis Mishra, he provides a simpler proof of an important theorem, due to [[Kevin W. S. Roberts]], which characterizes the set of strategyproof mechanisms in mechanism design problems with transfers. This proof uses ideas from social choice theory, particularly in.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=D'Aspremont|first1=Claude|last2=Gevers|first2=Louis|date=1977-06-01|title=Equity and the Informational Basis of Collective Choice|url=https://academic.oup.com/restud/article/44/2/199/1523976|journal=The Review of Economic Studies|language=en|volume=44|issue=2|pages=199–209|doi=10.2307/2297061|issn=0034-6527|jstor=2297061|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In general, Arunava Sen's works tend to connect different branches of mechanism design theory and social choice theory to establish elegant results in different areas of economic theory. A prime example of such a work is <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Goswami|first1=Mridu Prabal|last2=Mitra|first2=Manipushpak|last3=Sen|first3=Arunava|date=2014|title=Strategy proofness and Pareto efficiency in quasilinear exchange economies|journal=Theoretical Economics|language=en|volume=9|issue=2|pages=361–381|doi=10.3982/TE1214|issn=1555-7561|doi-access=free|hdl=10419/150224|hdl-access=free}}</ref> with Mridu Prabal Goswami. In this work,<ref name=":3" /> they use ideas from [[Roger Myerson|Myerson]]'s [[Bayesian-optimal mechanism|single object auction design]] to prove a dictatorship result in an [[exchange economy]] setting, a problem which was first studied by [[Leonid Hurwicz]].

His contributions have been published in journals like [[Econometrica]], [[The Review of Economic Studies|Review of Economic Studies]], [[Theoretical Economics]], [[Journal of Economic Theory]], [[Games and Economic Behavior]] and [[Social Choice and Welfare]] among others.<ref name=":0" />

== Student supervision and teaching ==
Arunava Sen enjoys supervising Ph.D. and Masters students. He is known for being extremely generous with his time when it comes to mentoring students. Till 2015, he had advised nine Ph.D. students at Indian Statistical Institute, and all of them hold academic positions in various universities and institutes. He also routinely advises Masters and senior undergraduate students in their thesis work.

Arunava Sen is a popular teacher at Indian Statistical Institute. He has taught various courses on economic theory, including Game Theory, Social Choice Theory, Microeconomics. He is famous for never bringing a single line of note or paper to his classes and teaching on blackboard with impeccable accuracy without any immediate reference.

== Awards and honors ==
Arunava Sen is President Elect of the [http://www.unicaen.fr/recherche/mrsh/scw Society for Social Choice and Welfare], Fellow of the [[Econometric Society]] and an [https://saet.uiowa.edu/ Economic Theory] Fellow.<ref name=":0" /> He has been awarded the Mahalanobis Memorial Medal of the [http://www.tiesindia.net/index.html Indian Econometric Society] for his contribution to Economics.<ref name=":0" /> He is a recipient of the 2012 [[Infosys Prize]] in the Social Sciences category<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/subrahmanyam-chaudhuri-get-infosys-prize/article4128825.ece |title=Today's Paper / NATIONAL : Subrahmanyam, Chaudhuri get Infosys Prize |newspaper=The Hindu |date= 2012-11-24|access-date=2012-11-24}}</ref> for his work on "game-theoretic analyses of mechanism design for implementing social choice rules, when individuals have diverse information and incentives".<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/laureates/2012/arunava-sen.asp | title=Infosys Prize - Laureates 2012 - Prof. Arunava Sen}}</ref> In 2017, he received the TWAS-Siwei Cheng Prize for his " theoretical work on the collective, strategic behavior of people trying to get what they want from rule-based institutions".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twas.org/article/arunava-sen-wins-twas-siwei-cheng-prize|title=Arunava Sen wins TWAS-Siwei Cheng Prize|website=TWAS|date=15 December 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-24}}</ref> He also served on the Social Sciences jury for the [[Infosys Prize]] in 2014 and 2016.

== Personal life ==
Arunava Sen's mother Nihar Sen was a housewife and father Jyotirmoy Sen worked in civil aviation as an air crash investigator. He is the youngest of three children in the family.

Arunava Sen is married to [[Kavita Singh (scholar)|Kavita Singh]] since 2000. Kavita Singh is a distinguished art historian and a Professor of Art History at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] in Delhi. Their son Aditya Sen was born in 2003. When [[Kavita Singh (scholar)|Kavita Singh]] won the Infosys Prize in 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/laureates/2018/kavita-singh.asp|title=Infosys Prize - Laureates 2018 - Prof. Kavita Singh|website=www.infosys-science-foundation.com|access-date=2019-11-24}}</ref> they became the second Indian couple to win the [[Infosys Prize]] in different fields.

== Other interests ==
Arunava Sen is an avid fan of [[Chess]]. His favorite chess player is [[Viswanathan Anand|Vishwanathan Anand]]. He likes solving online chess problems daily.

== Selected publications==
A selection of articles authored by Arunava Sen based on [[Google Scholar]] citations are given below.

* Abreu, D. and Sen, A., 1990. Subgame perfect implementation: A necessary and almost sufficient condition. ''Journal of Economic theory'', ''50''(2), pp. 285–299.
* Dutta, B. and Sen, A., 1991. Implementation under strong equilibrium: A complete characterization. ''Journal of Mathematical Economics'', ''20''(1), pp. 49–67.
* Dutta, B. and Sen, A., 1991. A necessary and sufficient condition for two-person Nash implementation. ''The Review of Economic Studies'', ''58''(1), pp. 121–128.
* Abreu, D. and Sen, A., 1991. Virtual implementation in Nash equilibrium. ''Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society'', pp. 997–1021.
* Dutta, B., Sen, A. and Vohra, R., 1994. Nash implementation through elementary mechanisms in economic environments. ''Economic Design'', ''1''(1), pp. 173–203.
*Dutta, B. and Sen, A., 1994. Bayesian implementation: the necessity of infinite mechanisms. ''Journal of Economic Theory'', ''64''(1), pp. 130–141.
* Sen, A., 1995. The implementation of social choice functions via social choice correspondences: A general formulation and a limit result. ''Social Choice and Welfare'', ''12''(3), pp. 277–292.
* Dutta, B. and Sen, A., 1996. Ranking opportunity sets and Arrow impossibility theorems: correspondence results. ''Journal of Economic Theory'', ''71''(1), pp. 90–101.
*Bergin, J. and Sen, A., 1998. Extensive form implementation in incomplete information environments. ''Journal of Economic Theory'', ''80''(2), pp. 222–256.
* Breton, M.L. and Sen, A., 1999. Separable preferences, strategyproofness, and decomposability. ''Econometrica'', ''67''(3), pp. 605–628.
* Sen, A., 2001. Another direct proof of the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem. ''Economics Letters'', ''70''(3), pp. 381–385.
* Aswal, N., Chatterji, S. and Sen, A., 2003. Dictatorial domains. ''Economic Theory'', ''22''(1), pp. 45–62.
* Majumdar, D. and Sen, A., 2004. Ordinally Bayesian incentive compatible voting rules. ''Econometrica'', ''72''(2), pp. 523–540.
* Bikhchandani, S., Chatterji, S., Lavi, R., Mu'alem, A., Nisan, N. and Sen, A., 2006. Weak monotonicity characterizes deterministic dominant-strategy implementation. ''Econometrica'', ''74''(4), pp. 1109–1132.
* Dutta, B., Peters, H. and Sen, A., 2007. Strategy-proof cardinal decision schemes. ''Social Choice and Welfare'', ''28''(1), pp. 163–179.
*Mitra, M. and Sen, A., 2010. Efficient allocation of heterogenous commodities with balanced transfers. ''Social Choice and Welfare'', ''35''(1), pp. 29–48.
* Chatterji, S. and Sen, A., 2011. Tops-only domains. ''Economic Theory'', ''46''(2), pp. 255–282.
* Dutta, B. and Sen, A., 2012. Nash implementation with partially honest individuals. ''Games and Economic Behavior'', ''74''(1), pp. 154–169.
*Gravel, N., Marchant, T. and Sen, A., 2012. Uniform expected utility criteria for decision making under ignorance or objective ambiguity. ''Journal of Mathematical Psychology'', ''56''(5), pp. 297–315.
*Mishra, D. and Sen, A., 2012. Robertsʼ Theorem with neutrality: A social welfare ordering approach. ''Games and Economic Behavior'', ''75''(1), pp. 283–298.
* Chatterji, S., Sen, A. and Zeng, H., 2014. Random dictatorship domains. ''Games and Economic Behavior'', ''86'', pp. 212–236.
*Goswami, M.P., Mitra, M. and Sen, A., 2014. Strategy proofness and Pareto efficiency in quasilinear exchange economies. ''Theoretical Economics'', ''9''(2), pp. 361–381.
*Massó, J., Nicolo, A., Sen, A., Sharma, T. and Ülkü, L., 2015. On cost sharing in the provision of a binary and excludable public good. ''Journal of Economic Theory'', ''155'', pp. 30–49.
*Chatterji, S., Sen, A. and Zeng, H., 2016. A characterization of single-peaked preferences via random social choice functions. ''Theoretical Economics'', ''11''(2), pp. 711–733.
*Gravel, N., Marchant, T. and Sen, A., 2018. Conditional expected utility criteria for decision making under ignorance or objective ambiguity. ''Journal of Mathematical Economics'', ''78'', pp. 79–95.
*Mukherjee, S., Muto, N., Ramaekers, E. and Sen, A., 2019. Implementation in undominated strategies by bounded mechanisms: The Pareto correspondence and a generalization. ''Journal of Economic Theory'', ''180'', pp. 229–243.
<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.isid.ac.in/~asen/doc/asen_cv_Aug2018.pdf|title=CV}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Arunava}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Statistical Institute]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[Category:Indian statisticians]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Econometric Society]]

Chandrashekhar Patil

2026-05-01T04:27:15Z

Debasish swain: put up the details w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Indian Kannada language poet (1939–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{for|the politicians|Chandrashekhar S. Patil|Chandrashekhar B. Patil}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Chandrashekhar Patil.jpeg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1939|6|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hattimattur]], [[Haveri district|Haveri]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2022|1|10|1939|6|18|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore, Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Writer, public intellectual, professor
| movement = [[Bandaya movement]]
| years_active =
| education = [[Master of Arts|MA]] in [[linguistics]]
| alma_mater = [[Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages|Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages (CIEFL)]], [[University of Leeds]]
| notable works = ''Gandhi Smarane''
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Chandrashekar Patil''' (18 June 1939{{Spaced en dash}}10 January 2022), popularly known as '''Champa''', was an Indian poet, playwright and public intellectual writing in [[Kannada]]. Patil was a recipient of the [[Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry]] in 1989 and the Karnataka state government's [[Pampa Award]] in 2009. Patil had served as the president of the [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]], a Kannada language literary organization.

== Life and career ==
Champa was the editor of the literary journal ''Sankramana'' started with two of his friends Siddalinga Pattanashetti and Giraddi Govindaraj in 1964. He was known for leading many social and literary movements such as [[Gokak agitation]], [[Bandaya movement]], anti-[[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] agitation, agitation for the implementation of [[Mandal Commission|Mandal]] report, Farmer's movement amongst others.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}}

After retiring as professor of English from [[Karnatak University]], Patil served as the President of [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]] and as the Chairman of Kannada Development Authority.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chandrashekar Patil|url=https://www.karnataka.com/personalities/chandrashekhar-patil-kannada-writer/|website=Karnataka.com|date=28 September 2012|publisher=Oneindia.com|access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> Patil was a recipient of the [[Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry]] in 1989 and the [[Pampa Award|Karnataka state government's Pampa Award in 2009]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news|date=7 September 2015|title=Kalburgi murder: Kannada writer to return Pampa award|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kalburgi-murder-kannada-writer-to-return-pampa-award/article7622303.ece|access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref>

In addition to Kannada language, Patil also wrote in English. An anthology of his poems titled, ''At the other end,'' was published in 1983. The anthology included both poems written originally in English and his own poems translated from Kannada.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Amanuddin|first1=S .|last2=Patil|first2=Chandrashekhar|date=1984|title=At the Other End|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40140509|journal=World Literature Today|language=en|volume=58|issue=4|pages=668|doi=10.2307/40140509|jstor=40140509|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Patil was a proponent of Kannada language as a medium of instruction in the state's government schools and had spoken out in 2019 against the then state government's move to introduce English as the medium of instruction in the state's government schools.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 January 2019|title=Literary meet misses the point, scores on facilities|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/literary-meet-misses-point-711708.html|access-date=10 January 2022|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 January 2019|title=CM defends decision on English medium schools|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/cm-defends-decision-english-711460.html|access-date=10 January 2022|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> Earlier, in 2015, protesting the assassination of his friend and Vachana scholar [[M. M. Kalburgi]], he returned his [[Pampa Award]], the highest literary honour of the [[government of Karnataka]].<ref name=":0" />

Patil died in Bangalore on 10 January 2022, at the age of 83.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 January 2022|title=Chandrashekhar Patil: ಕನ್ನಡದ ಹಿರಿಯ ಸಾಹಿತಿ ಚಂಪಾ ಇನ್ನಿಲ್ಲ|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/state/bengaluru-urban-chandrashekhar-patil-no-more-mrq-698267.html|access-date=10 January 2022|website=News18 Kannada|language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bharadwaj|first=K.V Aditya|date=10 January 2022|title=Kannada writer-activist Champa passes away|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kannada-writer-activist-champa-passes-away/article38213440.ece|access-date=10 January 2022|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Works==
===Poetry===
Source(s):<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Noted Kannada Poet, Playwright Chandrashekhar Patil Dies At 82|work=|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chandrashekhar-patil-death-chandrashekhar-patil-death-news-noted-kannada-poet-playwright-chandrashekhar-patil-dies-at-82-2699237|access-date=10 January 2022|via=NDTV}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=January 2022}}

{{Div col}}
* ''Banuli'' (1960)
* ''Madhyabindu''
* ''19 Kavanagalu''
* ''Gandhi smarane''
* ''Hoovu Hennu Taare''
* ''Shalmala Nanna Shalmala''
* ''Ardha Satyada Hudugi'' (1989; [[Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry]])
* Gundammana Gazhalagal
{{Div col end}}

===Plays===
Source(s):<ref name=":1" />{{Additional citation needed|date=January 2022}}
{{Div col}}
*''Kodegalu''
* ''Appa'' (1969)
* ''Gurtinavaru'' (1971)
* ''Tingara Buddanna'' (1971)
* ''Kattala Ratri''
* ''Gokarnada Goudasani'' (1974)
* ''Nalakaviya Mastabhisheka'' (1979)
* ''Jagadamebeya Beedinataka''
{{Div col end}}

===Essays===
Source(s):<ref name=":1" />{{Additional citation needed|date=January 2022}}
{{Div col}}
* Nanna Haadina Halla
* Anarogyave Bhagya
* Champadakiya
* Nanu Kandante Nanage Kandashtu
* Aksharalokada Aakritigalu
* Champa Nota
* Champa Column
* Nanna Guru Gokak
* Kritikendritha
* Nitya Varthamana
* Kannada Kannada Barri Namma Sangada
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Chandrashekhar}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:Kannada dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Bandaya writers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Karnatak University]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Leeds]]
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Haveri district]]

U-Turn (2023 film)

2026-04-26T02:31:16Z

Debasish swain: starting entry

{{short description|2023 film by Arif Khan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = U-Turn
| image = U-Turn film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| director = Arif Khan
| based_on = {{based on|''[[U Turn (2016 film)|U Turn]]'' (Kannada) by [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]]}}
| producer = [[Shobha Kapoor]] [[Ekta Kapoor]] 
| writer = Parvez Sheikh Radhika Anand 
| story = Pawan Kumar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Alaya F]]
*[[Priyanshu Painyuli]]
*[[Aashim Gulati]]
*[[Manu Rishi]]
*Shreedhar Dubey
*Apoorva Suman
*Tariq Mir
*Priyanka Arya
}}
| music = '''Score:''' Ketan Sodha '''Songs:''' [[Jeet Gannguli]] [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]] Sundeep Gosswami
| cinematography = Anubhav Bansal
| editing =
| studio = {{Ubl|[[Balaji Telefilms]]}}
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|04|28}}<ref>{{Cite web |title= Alaya F starrer U-Turn to release directly on ZEE5 on April 28 |url= https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/alaya-f-starrer-u-turn-release-directly-zee5-april-28/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date= 12 April 2023 |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>
| runtime = 101 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = 
}}

'''''U-Turn''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[supernatural film|supernatural]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film directed by Arif Khan, written by Parvez Sheikh and Radhika Anand starring [[Alaya F]], [[Priyanshu Painyuli]], [[Aashim Gulati]], [[Manu Rishi]], and [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] in key roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title= U-Turn on its way |url= https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/u-turn-on-its-way-497299 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref> It is produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] and [[Shobha Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= Alaya F bags lead role in Ekta Kapoor's U Turn, will play a journalist in the thriller |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/alaya-f-bags-lead-role-in-ekta-kapoor-s-u-turn-will-play-a-journalist-in-the-thriller-101625474355928.html |work=Hindustan Times |date= 5 July 2021 |access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Ekta Kapoor ropes in Alaya F for Hindi remake of Kannada film U-Turn |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ekta-kapoor-ropes-in-alaya-f-for-hindi-remake-of-kannada-film-u-turn-1824044-2021-07-05 |work= India Today |date= 5 July 2021 |access-date= 9 April 2023 |archive-date= 9 July 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192717/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/ekta-kapoor-ropes-in-alaya-f-for-hindi-remake-of-kannada-film-u-turn-1824044-2021-07-05 |url-status= live }}</ref> It is an official remake of the 2016 [[Kannada]] film [[U Turn (2016 film)|of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-05 |title=Ekta Kapoor to produce Hindi remake of thriller 'U-Turn'; project - starring Alaya F - to go on floors tomorrow |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ekta-kapoor-to-produce-hindi-remake-of-thriller-u-turn-project-starring-alaya-f-to-go-on-floors-tomorrow/articleshow/84136627.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-13}}</ref> This 2023 film is the seventh [[Languages of India|Indian-language]] remake of the Kannada original.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/kannada-cinema/article/kannada-mystry-thriller-u-turn-to-get-its-7th-remake-in-hindi-language/738893|title=Kannada mystery-thriller U Turn to get its 7th remake in Hindi language?|work=ZoomTelevision|date=30 March 2021 |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>

The film was released on 28 April 2023 on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/alaya-f-thriller-u-turn-gets-ott-release-date-8551055/|title=Alaya F's thriller U-Turn gets OTT release date|date=11 April 2023|work=The Indian Express|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/features/alaya-f-unveils-u-turn-official-trailer-film-to-stream-from-this-date/1515947/|title=v|work=The Print|date=13 April 2023|access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/alaya-fs-u-turn-to-release-on-ott-check-when-and-where-to-watch-the-supernatural-thriller/articleshow/99434803.cms?from=mdr|title=Alaya F's U-Turn to release on OTT, check when and where to watch the supernatural thriller|work=The Economic Times|date=12 April 2023 |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film revolves around motorists who move concrete blocks from the divider to take a U-turn, which causes several accidents. It charts the story of a news intern named Radhika, who ends up being a primary suspect in a series of murders while working on a news story.

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
*[[Alaya F]] as Radhika Bakshi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/pandemic-has-changed-the-industry-says-alaya-f|title=Pandemic has changed the industry, says Alaya F |work=Khaleej Times |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>
*[[Priyanshu Painyuli]] as Arjun Sinha<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-u-turn-actor-priyanshu-painyuli-picking-the-right-project-is-important-for-growth/85207c69d4842|title=Exclusive! U Turn actor Priyanshu Painyuli: Picking the right project is important for growth |work=OTTPlay |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>
*[[Aashim Gulati]] as Aditya Iyer
*[[Manu Rishi]] as Indarjeet Singh Dhillon
*[[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as HSP Saxena
*Sahil Takhi
*Shreedhar Dubey
*Apoorva Suman
*Tariq Mir
*Priyanka Arya
*Grusha Kapoor as Radhika's mother
*Tasveer Kamil
*Japuji Kaur}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox Album
| name = U Turn
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]], [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]] and Sundeep Gosswami
| released = 17 April 2023<ref name="jiosaavn">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2023 |title=U Turn – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/u-turn/Vhkbu0kVblQ_|website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Hindi
| length = 21:27
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| YBQlIrsoGeQ |U Turn - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The music for the film is composed by [[Jeet Gannguli]], [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]], and Sundeep Gosswami. Lyrics are written by [[Kumaar]], [[Rashmi Virag]], Sundeep Gosswami and Kanchhan Srivas.<ref name="jiosaavn"/>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(S)
| total_length = 21:27
| title1 = Sajna
| extra1 = Raj Barman
| lyrics1 = [[Kumaar]]
| music1 = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| length1 = 2:40
| title2 = Raasta
| extra2 = Asit Tripathi
| lyrics2 = [[Rashmi Virag]]
| music2 = [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]]
| length2 = 4:12
| title3 = Sab Adhura
| extra3 = Sundeep Gosswami
| lyrics3 = Sundeep Gosswami & Kanchhan Srivas
| music3 = Sundeep Gosswami
| length3 = 3:30
| title4 = Sajna (female)
| extra4 = Prateeksha
| lyrics4 = Kumaar
| music4 = Jeet Gannguli
| length4 = 2:41
| title5 = Raaste (female)
| extra5 = Prateeksha
| lyrics5 = Rashmi Virag
| music5 = Arko Pravo Mukherjee
| length5 = 4.12
| title6 = Raaste (reprise)
| extra6 = Raj Barman
| lyrics6 = Rashmi Virag
| music6 = Arko Pravo Mukherjee
| length6 = 4.12
}}

== Production ==
The shoot of the film started in July 2021 in Chandigarh.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Alaya F shoots for U Turn remake in Chandigarh |url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/jul/14/alaya-f-shoots-for-u-turn-remake-in-chandigarh-2330152.html |work=The New Indian Express |date= 15 July 2021 |access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref> The film was wrapped by end of January 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Alaya F wraps up shoot for 'U-Turn' |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/alaya-f-wraps-up-shoot-for-u-turn/articleshow/89157927.cms |work= The New Indian Express |date= 27 January 2022 |access-date= 9 April 2023 |archive-date= 4 April 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220404234358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/alaya-f-wraps-up-shoot-for-u-turn/articleshow/89157927.cms |url-status= live }}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The trailer for the film was launched on April 13, 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Alaya F unveils 'U-Turn' official trailer, film to stream from this date |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/alaya-f-unveils-u-turn-official-trailer-film-to-stream-from-this-date/articleshow/99463560.cms |work=The Times of India |date= 13 April 2023 |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= U-Turn trailer: Alaya F is a journalist accused of murder in supernatural thriller, fans ask 'why another remake' |url= https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-u-turn-trailer-alaya-f-is-a-journalist-accused-of-murder-in-supernatural-thriller-samantha-ruth-prabhu-3036092 |work=DNA India |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref> Soon after the trailer launch, lead actress [[Alaya F]] stated that the film is an adaptation of the [[U Turn (2016 film)]] and not a remake.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Alaya F says that U-Turn is an adaptation and not a remake |url= https://www.ottplay.com/news/alaya-f-says-that-u-turn-is-an-adaptation-and-not-a-remake/18b1042916183 |work=The Times of India |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref> Director Arif Khan also called it an "inspiration" rather than a remake.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}} He added while the plot of the Hindi film is similar to the Kannada film, the stories are different.<ref>{{Cite web |title= 'U-Turn' director Arif Khan: The plot is the same, but our story is different |url= https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/u-turn-director-arif-khan-the-plot-is-the-same-but-our-story-is-different-23281345 |work=Mid-Day.com |date= 17 April 2023 |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>

== Reception ==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|29|4.5|7|consensus=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=U-Turn (2023) {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/u_turn_2023 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the film 2 stars out of 5 and wrote "the film makes an ill-advised U-turn in its final act."<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |title=U-Turn Review: The Hindi Remake Shows Clear Signs Of Overkill |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/u-turn-review-the-hindi-remake-shows-clear-signs-of-overkill-2-stars-3989828 |access-date=29 April 2023 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=April 29, 2023}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] for ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the movie 1.5 star out of 5 and wrote "Even those who haven’t seen the Kannada film will find this one choppy: the source material is tight and twisty, so why make unnecessary changes in the remake?"<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=U Turn movie review: This remake is flat and dull |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/u-turn-movie-review-alaya-f-remake-is-flat-dull-8580333/ |access-date=29 April 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=28 April 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|1.5|5}}</ref>

Reviewing for ''[[Rediff.com]]'', [[Deepa Gahlot]] felt the film bizarre and wrote "There are long sequences of a wide-eyed Radhika being terrorised in her apartment, but then the explanation for it all is completely bizarre and far-fetched."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |title=U Turn Review: Bizarre! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/u-turn-review/20230428.htm |access-date=29 April 2023 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=April 28, 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

Gopinath Rajendran for ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Remakes might feel like safer bets but they come with unique challenges that have to be handled well for the new product to stand on its own. But for reasons unknown, Hindi cinema has been on a remaking spree and in most cases, this hasn’t worked in their favour."<ref>{{cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |title='U-Turn' movie review: Yet another insipid remake of a South Indian film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/u-turn-movie-review-yet-another-insipid-remake-of-a-south-indian-film/article66787046.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=29 April 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 April 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Pinkvilla praised the supernatural-thriller film U-Turn, with special mention for Alaya F's performance. According to Jogani, the film was concise, efficient, and highly engaging. The narrative's pacing held the audience's attention throughout, with strong performances from the entire cast. Overall, U-Turn is a must-watch for those who appreciate gripping storytelling and exceptional acting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-28 |title=U-Turn Movie Review: Alaya F led supernatural-thriller is crisp, compact and compelling |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/u-turn-movie-review-alaya-f-led-supernatural-thriller-is-crisp-compact-and-compelling-1218825 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

On April 28, 2023, Hindustan Times published a review of the film which received positive feedback from Monika Kukreja. Kukreja specifically highlighted Alaya F's performance as a journalist who delved into the dangers of a hazardous road.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-28 |title=U-Turn movie review: Alaya F steals the show in this thriller almost ruined by jumpscares and weak script |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/uturn-movie-review-alaya-f-steals-the-show-in-this-thriller-almost-ruined-by-jumpscares-and-weak-script-101682656596303.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Simran Srivastav of Jagran wrote "Alaya F as Radhika Bakshi gives an earnest performance in the film but does not get enough chance to show off her acting chops. Priyanshu Painyuli is convincing as Senior Inspector Arjun Sinha and complements Alaya on the screen very well".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-28 |title=U-Turn Review: Alaya F And Manu Rishi Chadha Shine In This Horror-Thriller Marred By Weak Plot |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/u-turn-movie-2023-review-and-rating-zee5-alaya-f-and-manu-rishi-chadha-shine-in-film-marred-by-weak-plot-alaya-f-movie-storyline-star-cast-10075379 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref>

A critic from Scroll.in wrote "The Hindi remake, written by Parvez Sheikh and Radhika Anand, makes a few welcome changes to the source material. Routinely performed and staged, ''U-Turn'' bumbles along on its gimmicky premise and the promise of smart twists at judiciously placed intervals".<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title='U-Turn' review: A passable thriller about crime and divine punishment |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1048019/u-turn-review-a-passable-thriller-about-crime-and-divine-punishment |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Scroll.in |date=28 April 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt14988886}}
*[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/u-turn/0-0-1z5343289 ''U-Turn''] on [[ZEE5]]

{{U Turn and its remakes}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about road accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]

Shirishkumar Surupsing Naik

2026-04-21T12:09:09Z

Debasish swain: starting new bio.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shirishkumar Surupsing Naik
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = (2019-2024), (2024-Present)
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Nawapur]]
| predecessor = [[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]
| successor =
| birth_place = Navagaon, [[Navapur taluka]], [[Nandurbar District]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|07|18|df=y}}
| spouse =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
| parents = [[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]
}}
'''Shirishkumar Surupsing Naik''' is an [[Indian politician]] who is serving as [[Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of 14th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Navapur Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election to the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly-2019 List of Contesting Candidates |url=https://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/Downloads/AC2019/contesting_candidates_AC2019.pdf |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nawapur (Maharashtra) Assembly Election Results 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nawapur-election-results-in-maharashtra/ |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MAHARASHTRA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY MEMBERS |url=https://www.oneindia.com/elections/maharashtra-mlas-list/ |website=Oneindia}}</ref><ref name="Lowest win margins in Maharashtra, one candidate won by just 162 votes">{{cite news |last1=Hindustantimes |title=Lowest win margins in Maharashtra, one candidate won by just 162 votes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lowest-win-margins-in-maharashtra-elections-one-candidate-won-by-just-208-votes-101732374888233-amp.html |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124063336/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lowest-win-margins-in-maharashtra-elections-one-candidate-won-by-just-208-votes-101732374888233-amp.html |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Shirishkumar Surupsing}}
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

{{Maharashtra-politician-stub}}

Kuldeep Sharma (politician)

2026-04-19T23:33:27Z

Debasish swain: created a biography.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kuldeep Sharma
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2019
| predecessor = ''Constituency Established''
| successor = [[Nirmal Rani]]
| constituency = [[Ganaur Assembly constituency|Ganaur]]
| office1 = [[List of speakers of the Haryana Legislative Assembly|Speaker]] of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| term1 = 4 March 2011 – 3 November 2014
| predecessor1 = [[Harmohinder Singh Chatha]]
| successor1 = [[Kanwar Pal Gujjar]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|4|3}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| citizenship = Indian
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| spouse = Neelam Sharma
| partner = 
| relations =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kuldeep Sharma''' (born 3 April 1957) is an Indian politician from [[Haryana]] and former member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[Ganaur Assembly constituency|Ganaur]].<ref>{{cite news|title=MLA Details|url=http://haryanaassembly.gov.in/MLADetails.aspx?MLAID=801|accessdate=14 June 2016|work=haryanaassembly.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409171340/https://haryanaassembly.gov.in/MLADetails.aspx?MLAID=801 |archive-date=9 April 2018}}</ref>

He was first elected in [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009 Haryana Legislative assembly election]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate, and served as the [[List of speakers of the Haryana Legislative Assembly|speaker of the house]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Kuldeep Sharma elected as Speaker of Haryana Assembly|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/haryana/kuldeep-sharma-elected-as-speaker-of-haryana-assembly_691210.html|accessdate=14 June 2016|work=Zee News|date=4 March 2011}}</ref> Sharma was re-elected from the same constituency in the [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] election.<ref>{{cite news|title=Haryana Assembly elections: 20 MLAs manage to retain their seats|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/story/harayan-assembly-result-20-mla-retain-seat-in-haryana-223849-2014-10-19|access-date=14 June 2016|work=India Today|date=19 October 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Kuldeep}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Sonipat]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

{{Haryana-INC-politician-stub}}

Manauli

2026-04-18T07:27:47Z

Debasish swain: Adding First Data Added Tags...

'''Manauli''' is a small hamlet located in [[Mohali district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]] with a population of 3,919 and 693 households ([[2011 census of India|2011 Census]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Jayanti |date=31 March 2001 |title=A souvenir of antiquity |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010331/windows/main3.htm |access-date=16 March 2025 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> As per land record area of the village is {{convert|738|ha}} (s.no. 85).<ref>{{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.esopb.gov.in/WriteReadData/VD/BlockReports/VDBlock_Population1052.Pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133355/http://www.esopb.gov.in/WriteReadData/VD/BlockReports/VDBlock_Population1052.Pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> The historic [[Manauli Fort]] is located in the settlement.

== References ==
<references />

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Mohali district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Barnala Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:53:48Z

Debasish swain: adding basic page basic info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Barnala
| map_image = 103-Barnala.svg
| mla = [[Kuldeep Singh Dhillon]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 elections in India#Punjab|2024 by-election]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Barnala district|Barnala]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sangrur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangrur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:182502}} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 103
}}
'''Barnala Assembly constituency''' (Sl. No.: 103) is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Barnala district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Malkit Singh Keetu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Kewal Singh Dhillon]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress| rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party| rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|2024^
|[[Kuldeep Singh Dhillon]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}
^By-poll

==Election results==

===2024 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2024 elections in India#Punjab|Punjab Legislative Assembly by-election 2024]]: Barnala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate= [[Kuldeep Singh Dhillon]]
|party=Indian National Congress
|votes= 28,254
|percentage= 28.24
|change= {{increase}}15.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= [[Harinder Singh Dhaliwal]]
|party= Aam Aadmi Party
|votes= 26,097
|percentage= 26.09
|change={{decrease}}23.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kewal Singh Dhillon]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 17,958
|percentage = 17.95
|change={{increase}}11.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= [[Gurdeep Bathh]]
|party=Independent
|votes= 16,899
|percentage= 16.89
|change= New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Govind Singh Sandhu
|party=Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|votes= 7,900
|percentage= 7.90
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= [[None of the above]]
|party= None of the above (India)
|votes= 618
|percentage=
|change=
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes= 2,157
|percentage=
|change=
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes= 1,00,042
|percentage= 56.34
|change= {{decrease}}15.47
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Aam Aadmi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Assembly election, 2022]]: Barnala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer]]
|votes = 64,800
|percentage = 49.27
|change = {{increase}}13.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Kulwant Singh Keetu
|votes = 27,178
|percentage = 20.66
|change = {{decrease}}2.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Manish Bansal
|votes = 16,853
|percentage = 12.81
|change = {{decrease}}20.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gurpreet Singh
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|votes = 9,917
|percentage = 7.54
|change = {{Increase}}3.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dhiraj Kumar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 9,122
|percentage = 6.94
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 855
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 37,622
|percentage = 28.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 131,532
|percentage = 71.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:182502}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Aam Aadmi Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Assembly election, 2017]]: Barnala<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer]]
|votes = 47,606
|percentage = 35.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kewal Singh Dhillon]]
|votes = 45,174
|percentage = 33.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Surinder Pal Singh Sibia]]
|votes = 31,111
|percentage = 23.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = [[Simranjit Singh Mann]]
|votes = 5,061
|percentage = 3.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Paramjit Kaur
|votes = 2,369
|percentage = 1.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 889
|percentage = 0.66
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:171962}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Previous Results===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year||A C No.||Name||Party||Votes||Runner Up||Party||Votes
|-
|2012|| 103 || Kewal Singh Dhillon || INC|| 54570|| Malkit Singh Keetu || SAD|| 49048
|-
|2007 ||82 || Kewal Singh Dhillon || INC|| 58723||Malkit Singh Keetu || SAD|| 57359
|-
|2002||83 || Malkit Singh Keetu || SAD|| 37575||Surinder Pal Singh || INC|| 21305
|-
|1997||83 || Malkiat Singh Keetu || IND|| 41819|| Rajinder Kaur||SAD|| 18105
|-
|1992||83 || Som Dutt || INC|| 4289 ||Malkit Singh || SAD|| 3473
|-
|1985||83 || Surjit Singh || SAD|| 31152|| Hardeep Kumar || INC|| 20540
|-
|1980||83 || Surjit Singh || SAD|| 30289 ||Narinder Singh || INC (I) ||26979
|-
|1977||83 || Surjit Kaur||SAD|| 26250 ||Som Dutt || INC|| 18395
|-
|1972||89 || Surjit Singh || SAD|| 30152 ||Onkar Chand || INC|| 18849
|-
|1969||89 || Surjeet Singh || SAD|| 25442|| Gurcharan Singh || INC|| 22657
|-
|1967||89 || S. Singh || ADS|| 24271|| R. Singh || INC|| 10119
|-
|1965||By Polls || S. Singh || INC||29820|| A. Sarup || IND|| 12296
|-
|1962||150 || Gurbakshish Singh || AD||26882||Sampuran Singh || INC|| 24789
|-
|1957||113 || Kartar Singh || INC|| 16027||Gurbakshish Singh || IND|| 15608
|}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Barnala district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{Barnala district}}
{{coord|30.37|75.54|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Barnala district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in East Punjab]]

Kalyandurg Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:25:32Z

Debasish swain: created a post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kalyandurg
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (154-Kalyandurg highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Kalyandurg Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Amilineni Surendra Babu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency|Anantapur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 219,591
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 154
}}

'''Kalyandurg Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Anantapur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of the constituencies in [[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="ECI">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=16 October 2014 |archive-date=5 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Amilineni Surendra Babu]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 2019, there are a total of 219,591 electors in the constituency.{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| Brahmsamudram
|-
| Kalyandurg
|-
| Settur
|-
| Kundrupi
|-
| Kambdur
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
|[[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Narayanappa Sanda]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| T.C. Mareppa
| {{Full party name with colour|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[M. Lakshmi Devi]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[Hindi Narasappa]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| T. C. Mareppa
| {{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Pakeerappa
| {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| M. Lakshmi Devi
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| [[B C Govindappa]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[A Saradamba]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| B C Govindappa
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Raghuveera Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[U Hanumantaraya Chowdary]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[K. V. Ushashri Charan]]
| {{Full party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Amilineni Surendra Babu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalyandrug<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=14 October 2014 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayanappa Sanda |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,118 |percentage=20.75% |change=20.75% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B.Yeniswamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=19,642 |percentage=14.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B.Rananappa Setty |party=Independent politician |votes=16,278 |percentage=12.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santhappa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,233 |percentage=11.98% |change=11.98% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagi Reddy Vakil |party=Independent politician |votes=15,427 |percentage=11.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K.H.Krishnamoorthy Rao |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=10,567 |percentage=7.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G.C.Venkanna |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=8,380 |percentage=6.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muthulur Ramappa |party=Independent politician |votes=8,339 |percentage=6.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B.Anjappa |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=7,044 |percentage=5.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagappa |party=Independent politician |votes=5,498 |percentage=4.06% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,476 |percentage=6.25% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,35,526 |percentage=91.18% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,48,629 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalyandurg}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[B C Govindappa]]
|votes = 76,363
|percentage = 51.86
|change = +3.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sugepalli Umadevi]]
|votes = 66,711
|percentage = 45.29
|change = +8.91
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,652
|percentage = 6.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 147,313
|percentage = 74.98
|change = +7.80
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalyandurg}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Neelakanthapuram Raghuveera Reddy]]
|votes = 69,614
|percentage = 47.58
|change = +2.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Vunnam Hanumantharaya Chowdary]]
|votes = 65,226
|percentage = 44.58
|change = -7.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Market Ramana]]
|votes = 7,342
|percentage = 5.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,388
|percentage = 3.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 146,301
|percentage = 82.31
|change = +7.33
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalyandurg}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Vunnam Hanumantharaya Chowdary]]
|votes = 91,981
|percentage = 54.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Boya Thippe Swamy]]
|votes = 69,662
|percentage = 41.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22,319
|percentage = 13.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 168,051
|percentage = 85.90
|change = +3.59
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalyandurg}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[K. V. Ushashri Charan]]
|votes = 88,051
|percentage = 46.14%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Umamaheswara Naidu Madineni]]
|votes = 68,155
|percentage = 35.71%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party =Indian National Congress
| candidate= [[Raghuveera Reddy]]
| votes = 28,883
| percentage = 15.13%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Janasena Party
| candidate= Rahul Karanam
| votes = 1,554
| percentage = 0.81%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Muppuri Devaraj
| votes = 794
| percentage = 0.42%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,896
|percentage = 10.43%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 190,841
|percentage = 85.9086.9
|change = +1%
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalyandurg}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Amilineni Surendra Babu]]
|votes = 1,18,878
|percentage = 57.75
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Talari Rangaiah]]
|votes = 81,144
|percentage = 39.42
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party =Indian National Congress
| candidate= P. Rambhupal Reddy
| votes = 2,585
| percentage = 1.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1,450
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 37,734
|percentage = 18.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,05,841
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|14.56|77.11|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Pratap Sarangi

2026-04-11T19:52:43Z

Debasish swain: starting new entry...

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pratap Chandra Sarangi
| image = Pratap Chandra Sarangi.jpg
| office1 = [[Minister of State]], [[Government of India]]
| 1blankname1 = Ministry
| 1namedata1 = [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]
| prime_minister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister1 = [[Nitin Gadkari]]
| term_start1 = 31 May 2019
| term_end1 = 7 July 2021
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| 1blankname2 = Ministry
| 1namedata2 = [[Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries|Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries]]
| term_start2 = 31 May 2019
| term_end2 = 7 July 2021
| prime_minister2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister2 = [[Giriraj Singh]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency3 = [[Balasore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balasore]]
| predecessor3 = [[Rabindra Kumar Jena]]
| successor3 =
| term_start3 = 23 May 2019
| term_end3 =
| office4 = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency4 = [[Nilagiri (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nilagiri]]
| predecessor4 = Pradipta Panda
| successor4 = Sukanta Kumar Nayak
| term_start4 = 2004
| term_end4 = 2014
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|01|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gopinathpur, Baleshwar|Gopinathpur]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Fakir Mohan University|Fakir Mohan College]], [[Utkal University]]
}}

'''Pratap Chandra Sarangi''' (born 4 January 1955) is an Indian politician from [[Balasore]], [[Odisha]]. He serves as a National Executive Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and a member of parliament from the [[Balasore Lok Sabha constituency]] in Odisha. He was the [[Minister of State]] in the [[Government of India]] for [[Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries|Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries]] and [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]] (2019-2021) and a two-time member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nilgiri Assembly constituency|Nilgiri]] (2004-2014). Sarangi was Odisha's state unit chief of the [[Bajrang Dal]] when [[Graham Staines]], an Australian Christian Missionary, and his two minor children were burnt alive by the members of the right-wing outfit in 1999. Later he was involved in [[2001 Odisha Assembly attack]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Pratap Chandra Sarangi Profile |url=http://www.naveenpatnaik.com/Profile-of-Shri-Pratap-Chandra-Sarangi-of-NILGIRI-constituency-40.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118082639/http://www.naveenpatnaik.com/Profile-of-Shri-Pratap-Chandra-Sarangi-of-NILGIRI-constituency-40.html |archive-date=18 November 2012 |access-date=25 May 2014 |publisher=Naveen Patnaik, Chief Minister of Odisha website}}</ref>

He had started many [[Ekal Vidyalaya]]s in the interiors of the state.<ref name=":1">{{cite web | title = Pratap Chandra Sarangi - Unlikely Politician Who Lives in Mud House|publisher= Economic Times | url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/pratap-chandra-sarangi-an-unlikely-politician-who-lives-in-a-mud-house/an-unlikely-politician/slideshow/69598705.cms | access-date = 15 August 2019 }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Pratap Chandra Sarangi was born on 4 January 1955 in the village of Gopinathpur, Nilagiri, [[Balasore]] into a [[Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/may/31/odishas-modi-pratap-sarangi-the-union-minister-who-commutes-by-cycle-and-lives-in-a-thatched-house-1984047.html| title = 'Odisha's Modi' Pratap Sarangi: The Union Minister who commutes by cycle and lives in a thatched hou- The New Indian Express| date = 31 May 2019}}</ref> He completed his bachelor's degree at Fakir Mohan College, Balasore under [[Utkal University]] in 1975.<ref>{{cite web | title = Shri Pratap Chandra Sarangi Profile|publisher= My neta info | url = http://myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=9918 | access-date = 26 April 2019 }}</ref>

Since his childhood, Sarangi was a spiritual seeker. He wanted to become a monk of the [[Ramakrishna Math]].

He made several visits to [[Belur Math]], the headquarters of the Ramakrishna Order in [[Howrah, West Bengal]]. The monks of the Math discussed with Sarangi about his desire and examined his biodata. They discovered that Sarangi's widowed mother was alive. They insisted that he should go back and serve her. After his return to his village, he became involved in various social activities and politics.<ref>{{cite web | title = people-are-fed-up-with-the-bjd-hot-seat-pratap-Chandra-sarangi-bjp-leader | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/people-are-fed-up-with-the-bjd-hot-seat-pratap-chandra-sarangi-bjp-leader/cid/1659622 |date=7 October 2017| access-date = 29 April 2019 | publisher = The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Shri Pratap Chandra Sarangi taking charge as the Minister of State for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, in New Delhi on June 04, 2019.jpg|thumb|Sarangi taking charge as the [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Minister of State for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]], in the presence of [[Nitin Gadkari]], [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Minister for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]], in New Delhi on 4 June 2019.]]
Initially, Sarangi served as a district level volunteer of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and also worked for the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] and [[Bajrang Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://openthemagazine.com/politics/pratap-chandra-sarangi-the-social-volunteer/|title=Pratap Chandra Sarangi: The Social Volunteer|date=7 June 2019|website=Open The Magazine}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2020}} He opened schools for the poor called Samar Kara Kendra, under the Gana Shikhsa Mandir Yojana in tribal villages in [[Balasore]] and [[Mayurbhanj]] District<ref>{{cite web | title = Shri Pratap Chandra Sarangi Profile|publisher= Naveen Patnaik, Chief Minister of Odisha website | url = http://www.naveenpatnaik.com/MLA-Pratap-Chandra-Sarangi-of-NILAGIRI-constituency-1219.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190525114310/http://www.naveenpatnaik.com/MLA-Pratap-Chandra-Sarangi-of-NILAGIRI-constituency-1219.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 25 May 2019 | access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2020}}.

His main part of his life is as a Head Clerk in Nilgiri College, Nilgiri, Balasore, Odisha. He also contested in the [[2014 Indian general election]] from [[Balasore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balasore]], Lok Sabha constituency as a BJP candidate, which he lost.<ref>{{cite web | title = 'No clash between Modi wave and my image': Pratap Sarangi | url = https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-balasore-lok-sabha-election-results-2019-odisha-bjp-s-pratap-sarangi-defeats-bjd-s-rabindra-jena-2751556 |date=23 May 2019| access-date = 23 May 2019 | work = The Times of India}}</ref> He contested again in the [[2019 Indian general election]] from [[Balasore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balasore]], Lok Sabha constituency as a BJP candidate, in which he defeated the [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate and sitting MP, Rabindra Kumar Jena, by a margin of 12,956 votes.<ref>{{cite web | title = 'Balasore Lok Sabha election results 2019 Odisha: BJP's Pratap Sarangi defeats BJD's Rabindra Jena': Pratap Sarangi | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/No-clash-between-Modi-wave-and-my-image-Pratap-Sarangi/articleshow/33648105.cms |date=12 April 2014| access-date = 25 May 2014 | publisher = DNA India}}</ref>

In May 2019, Sarangi became Minister of State for [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]] and [[Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries|Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries]].<ref>{{citation |title=PM Modi allocates portfolios. Full list of new ministers |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=31 May 2019 }}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In 1999 Australian Christian missionary [[Graham Staines]] and his two children were burnt to death while sleeping in their station wagon in the village of [[Manoharpur]]-[[Keonjhar]] in [[Odisha]], allegedly by a gang of Bajrang Dal. Pratap Sarangi was the chief of the Bajrang Dal during the year 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/pratap-sarangi-minister-odisha-graham-staines-bajrang-dal_in_5cf0e08be4b0a1997b683fd8|title=Pratap Sarangi: Minister Who Got The Loudest Cheers Has a Murky Past|date=31 May 2019|website=HuffPost India|language=en|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref> After the trial, a man named [[Dara Singh (Bajrang Dal)|Dara Singh]] who had links to the Bajrang Dal, and 12 others were convicted of the crime in 2003. Mr. Sarangi denied the fact saying that the investigation was not done in an unbiased and proper way. The [[Orissa High Court]] commuted a death sentence for Singh two years later and freed 11 others who were sentenced to life-term prison citing no evidence against the accused, including Pratap Sarangi.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48470039|title=Pratap Sarangi: India social media hero minister's dubious past|date=31 October 2019|publisher=BBC|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref> Although an official inquiry by the Wadhwa Commission, found no evidence of any one single group's involvement in the attack, 13 people associated with Bajrang Dal were later convicted.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48470039|title=Pratap Sarangi: India social media hero minister's dubious past|work=BBC News|date=31 May 2019|access-date=23 January 2020}}</ref> Another official inquiry by the [[National Commission for Minorities]] found that the killers cheered "'' bajrang dal Zindabad''" before the attack.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ca6pKcSJrcC|title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Report Submitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives and Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate by the Department of State in accordance with Sections 116(d) and 502B(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended|date=2003|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|pages=2357, 2358|isbn=9780160606700|language=en}}</ref>

He was also arrested on charges of rioting, arson, assault and damaging government property after a 2002 attack on the Orissa state assembly by Hindu right-wing groups, including the Bajrang Dal.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1907/19070190.htm|title=Vandalism in Orissa|website=frontline.thehindu.com|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214062544/https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1907/19070190.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 19 December 2024, he alleged that he was injured when another MP [[Mukesh Rajput]] fell on him after being pushed by [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader [[Rahul Gandhi]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Bose |first=Saikat Kumar |title=Video: Rahul Gandhi Approaches BJP MP Who Fell During Protest, This Happens |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-pratap-sarangi-parliament-protest-video-rahul-gandhi-approaches-bjp-mp-who-fell-during-protest-this-happens-7284118 |work=NDTV |access-date=19 December 2024}}</ref>

Gandhi alleged that BJP MPs pushed him and Congress president [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] to stop them from entering the Parliament building.<ref name=":2" />

{{Blockquote|text=I was trying to go inside... but BJP MPs were trying to stop me; they pushed me away and threatened me... But we do not get affected by this jostling. This is Parliament and we have the right to go inside|author=[[Rahul Gandhi]]}}

In a letter to Lok Sabha Speaker [[Om Birla]], Mallikarjun Kharge alleged that BJP MPs had pushed him.<ref name=":2" />

{{Blockquote|text=Thereafter, I lost my balance and was forced to sit down on the ground in front of Makar Dwar. This inflicted injury on my knees which have already undergone surgery,|author=[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]}}

Both parties, BJP and Congress shared video clips in their defence.<ref name=":2" />

==See also==
* [[Ekal Vidyalaya]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Second Narendra Modi Cabinet}}
{{18th LS members from Odisha}}
{{17th LS members from Odisha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarangi, Pratap Chandra}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Balasore district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Bajrang Dal members]]
[[Category:People charged with assault]]
[[Category:Hinduism-motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:Hindu nationalists]]
[[Category:Odia people]]

Faheem Masood Shah

2026-04-10T19:12:37Z

Debasish swain: put up some pg more to come.

{{Short description|Indian international ice stock sport athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Faheem Masood Shah
| image = FaheemMASOOD.jpg
| birth_date = 1992
| birth_place = Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| style = Right Hand
}}

'''Faheem Masood Shah''' (born 1992) is an Indian international [[ice stock sport]] athlete.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahu |first=Deepa |date=2024-02-19 |title=फहीम मसूद शाह: जम्मू और कश्मीर में आइसस्टॉक क्रांति के अग्रदूत |url=https://jantaserishta.com/local/jammu-and-kashmir/faheem-masood-shah-pioneering-the-icestock-revolution-in-jammu-kashmir-3123471 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=jantaserishta.com |language=hi}}</ref> Faheem has a right hand style. He has represented India at an international level. His journey from Batamaloo, Srinagar to international icestock competitions was covered by regional media.<ref name="KashmirObserverBatmaloo">{{Cite web
|title=How a Batamaloo Boy Became India’s Ice Warrior
|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2025/05/12/how-a-batamaloo-boy-became-indias-ice-warrior/
|website=Kashmir Observer
|date=12 May 2025
|access-date=3 January 2026
}}</ref> He has also been featured across multiple Indian digital news platforms highlighting his continued participation in national and international ice stock sport competitions.<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Faheem Masood Shah: India’s icestock sport athlete
|url=https://maharashtranewsflash.in/faheem-masood-shah-indias-icestocksport-pioneer-and-international-champion/
|website=Maharashtra News Flash
|access-date=3 January 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Faheem Masood Shah profile
|url=https://indiannewsdailyupdate.co.in/faheem-masood-shah-indias-icestocksport-pioneer-and-international-champion/
|website=Indian News Daily Update
|access-date=3 January 2026
}}</ref> In 2018 he represented India in [[Austria]] and attained 10th rank.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faheem Masood Shah – Indian Icestock Federation |url=https://indianicestock.com/athlete/faheem-masood-shah/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-10 |title=Unveiling the Remarkable Sporting Odyssey of Faheem Masood Shah - The Global Kashmir |work=The Global Kashmir |url=https://globalkashmir.net/unveiling-the-remarkable-sporting-odyssey-of-faheem-masood-shah/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Faheem is a computer engineer by profession, who has emphasised the importance of balancing academics alongside sports, advocating that education and competitive athletics can be pursued in parallel without sacrificing either.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Faheem |date=2024-02-19 |title=Faheem Masood Shah: Pioneering the Icestock revolution in Jammu & Kashmir |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2024/02/19/faheem-masood-shah-pioneering-the-icestock-revolution-in-jammu-kashmir/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Kashmir Reader |language=en-US}}</ref> Shah holds an M.Tech in Artificial Intelligence and Data Science and has also worked as a certified Google UX Designer, reflecting a combination of technical expertise alongside his sporting career.<ref name="hindustanmetro">{{Cite web
|title=Ice in His Veins: The Rise of Faheem Masood Shah
|url=https://www.hindustanmetro.com/ice-in-his-veins-the-rise-of-faheem-masood-shah/
|website=Hindustan Metro
|date=4 April 2026
|access-date=10 April 2026
}}</ref>
== Early life ==
Faheem Masood Shah was born in Batamaloo, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. He was introduced to icestock sport during winter sporting activities in Gulmarg, which later shaped his international career.<ref name="KashmirObserverBatmaloo"/>
He initially excelled in sports such as football, cricket, and rugby before transitioning to icestock sport.<ref name="KashmirReader2025">{{Cite web
|title=India’s Icestocksport Star: Faheem Masood Shah Paving the Way for a Global Sports Revolution
|url=https://kashmirreader.com/2025/03/30/indias-icestocksport-star-faheem-masood-shah-paving-the-way-for-a-global-sports-revolution/
|website=Kashmir Reader
|date=30 March 2025
|access-date=3 January 2026
}}</ref>
== Career and achievements ==
Faheem Masood Shah has represented India in over 175 international matches in icestock sport, making him one of the most consistent Indian athletes in the discipline.<ref name="KashmirReader2025"/> He has also competed in countries including Austria and Germany, participating in international icestock sport events.<ref name="happenrecently">{{Cite web
|title=Against the Odds: Faheem Shah and India's Winter Awakening
|url=https://happenrecently.com/against-the-odds-faheem-shah-and-indias-winter-awakening/
|website=Happen Recently
|date=3 April 2026
|access-date=10 April 2026
}}</ref> He competed at the World Championship held in Austria (Kapfenberg and Stanz) from 2–9 March 2025, where the Indian team secured a bronze medal in the Team Long Distance event and finished fourth overall. During the same championship, India achieved a world ranking of seventh in the Team Game category.<ref name="KashmirReader2025"/> Alongside his international appearances, Shah has continued to participate in domestic championships and training initiatives, contributing to the competitive growth and visibility of ice stock sport in India at the national level.<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Faheem Masood Shah: India’s icestock sport athlete
|url=https://indiatodayheadlines.co.in/faheem-masood-shah-indias-icestocksport-pioneer-and-international-champion/
|website=India Today Headlines
|access-date=3 January 2026
}}</ref> His career has also been shaped by challenges such as limited infrastructure, lack of sponsorship, and training in extreme weather conditions.<ref name="sejalnews">{{Cite web
|title=Kashmir’s Frozen Dream: One Athlete, Many Battles
|url=https://sejalnewsnetwork.in/kashmirs-frozen-dream/
|website=Sejal News Network
|date=2026
|access-date=10 April 2026
}}</ref>
In January 2026, Shah won two gold and two silver medals at the 12th National Icestock Championship held in Gulmarg.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kashmir’s Icestock Maestro Glides to Gulmarg Gold |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2026/02/01/kashmirs-icestock-maestro-glides-to-gulmarg-gold/ |work=Kashmir Observer |date=1 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Faheem Masood Shah shines at Gulmarg Championship, highlights Kashmir's rising winter sports potential
|url=https://gemsofkashmir.com/2026/02/20/faheem-masood-shah-shines-at-gulmarg-championship-highlights-kashmirs-rising-winter-sports-potential/
|website=Gems of Kashmir
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Faheem Masood Shah's medal haul lifts Kashmir winter sports
|url=https://kashmirahead.com/faheem-masood-shahs-medal-haul-lifts-kashmir-winter-sports/
|website=Kashmir Ahead
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}</ref>

== Tournament record ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 80%;"
|+ All Competition Results <ref>{{Cite web
|title=Kashmir’s icestock star shines again as Faheem Masood Shah bags four medals at Gulmarg nationals
|url=https://www.kashmirmediawatch.com/kashmirs-icestock-star-shines-again-as-faheem-masood-shah-bags-four-medals-at-gulmarg-nationals/
|website=Kashmir Media Watch
|access-date=3 January 2026
}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Four medal sweep puts Faheem Masood Shah back in national spotlight
|url=https://www.kashmirmediawatch.com/four-medal-sweep-puts-faheem-masood-shah-back-in-national-spotlight/
|website=Kashmir Media Watch
|access-date=3 January 2026
}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Ice in His Veins: The Rise of Faheem Masood Shah
|url=https://entrepreneurhunt.com/ice-in-his-veins-the-rise-of-faheem-masood-shah
|website=Entrepreneur Hunt
|date=4 April 2026
|access-date=10 April 2026
}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Computer engineer’s journey to international ice stock sport
|url=https://risingkashmir.com/computer-engineers-journey-to-international-ice-stock-sport/
|website=Rising Kashmir
|access-date=3 January 2026
}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Sport, science and snow: A portrait of Faheem Masood Shah
|url=https://www.cxowords.com/india-south-asia/sport-science-and-snow-a-portrait-of-faheem-masood-shah/
|website=CXO Words
|access-date=3 January 2026
}}</ref>
! Year
! Event
! Level
! Location
! Result
|-
| 2014
| 1st National [[ice stock sport]] Championship
| National
| [[Gulmarg]] [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]] {{flagIOC|IND|}}
| {{gold medal}} {{gold medal}}
|-
| 2015
| 2nd National [[ice stock sport]] Championship
| National
| [[Gulmarg]] [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]] {{flagIOC|IND|}}
| {{gold medal}} {{silver medal}}
|-
| 2016
| 3rd National [[ice stock sport]] Championship
| National
| [[Gulmarg]] [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]] {{flagIOC|IND|}}
| {{gold medal}} {{silver medal}} {{silver medal}}
|-
| 2017
| 4th National [[ice stock sport]] Championship
| National
| [[Gulmarg]] [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]] {{flagIOC|IND|}}
| {{gold medal}} {{gold medal}} {{silver medal}}
|-
|2018
|5th National [[ice stock sport]] Championship
|National
| [[Gulmarg]] [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]] {{flagIOC|IND|}}
|{{gold medal}} {{silver medal}}
|-
| 2018
| 12th [[ice stock sport]] World Cup
| World Championship
| [[Austria]] {{flagicon|Austria|}}
| 10th Place
|-
| 2019
| 6th National [[ice stock sport]] Championship
| National
| [[Gulmarg]] [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]] {{flagIOC|IND|}}
| {{gold medal}} {{gold medal}} {{silver medal}} {{silver medal}} {{bronze medal}}
|-
| 2019
| International [[ice stock sport]] Cup
| International
| [[China]] {{flagicon|China|}}
| 5th place
|-
| 2020
| 13th [[ice stock sport]] World Championship
| World Championship
| [[Regen]], [[Bavaria]] [[Germany]] {{flagicon|GER|}}
| 7th place
|-
| 2021
| 7th National [[ice stock sport]] Championship
| National
| [[Gulmarg]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] {{flagIOC|IND|}}
| {{gold medal}} {{silver medal}}
|-
| 2021
| Summer National [[ice stock sport]] Championship
| National
| SKISC, [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] {{flagIOC|IND|}}
| {{gold medal}} {{gold medal}} {{gold medal}} {{silver medal}}
|-
| 2022
| 8th National [[ice stock sport]] Championship
| National
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] {{flagIOC|IND|}}
| {{gold medal}} {{silver medal}}
|-
| 2022
| 14th [[ice stock sport]] World Championship
| World Championship
| [[Ritten]], {{flagIOC|ITA|}}
| 7th place
|-
| 2023
| 9th National [[ice stock sport]] Championship
| National
| [[Gulmarg]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], {{flagIOC|IND|}}
| {{gold medal}} {{gold medal}} {{gold medal}} {{silver medal}} {{bronze medal}} {{bronze medal}}
|-
| 2023
| 3rd Khelo India National Winter Games
| National
| [[Gulmarg]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], {{flagIOC|IND|}}
| {{gold medal}} {{silver medal}} {{silver medal}} {{bronze medal}}
|-
| 2023
| 2nd Summer National [[ice stock sport]] Championship
| National
| [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], {{flagIOC|IND|}}
| {{gold medal}} {{gold medal}} {{gold medal}} {{silver medal}} {{silver medal}} {{bronze medal}} {{bronze medal}}
|-
| 2024
| 10th National [[ice stock sport]] Championship
| National
| [[Gulmarg]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], {{flagIOC|IND|}}
| {{gold medal}} {{gold medal}} {{gold medal}} {{silver medal}} {{silver medal}}
|-
| 2024
| 3rd National [[ice stock sport]] Summer Championship
| National
| [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], {{flagIOC|IND|}}
| {{silver medal}} {{silver medal}}
|-
| 2025
| 11th National [[ice stock sport]] Championship
| National
| [[Gulmarg]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], {{flagIOC|IND|}}
| {{gold medal}} {{gold medal}} {{silver medal}} {{silver medal}} {{bronze medal}}
|-
| 2025
| 15th [[ice stock sport]] World Championship
| World Championship
| [[Kapfenberg]] & Stanz [[Austria]] {{flagicon|Austria|}}
| {{bronze medal}}
|-
| 2025
| National Summer [[ice stock sport]] Tournament
| National
| [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], {{flagIOC|IND|}}
| {{gold medal}} {{silver medal}}
|-
| 2026
| 12th National [[ice stock sport]] Championship
| National
| [[Gulmarg]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], {{flagIOC|IND|}}
| {{gold medal}} {{gold medal}} {{silver medal}} {{silver medal}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Faheem Masood}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Ice stock sport]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Srinagar]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-sport-bio-stub}}
{{Austria-wintersport-bio-stub}}

Arup Chatterjee

2026-04-04T03:29:38Z

Debasish swain: adding new entry first draft.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox politician
| name = Arup Chatterjee
| image = Arup_Chaterjee.jpg
| caption = Arup Chatterjee
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office = Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Nirsa Assembly constituency|Nirsa]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Aparna Sengupta]]
| successor =
| constituency1 = [[Nirsa Assembly constituency|Nirsa]]
| term_start1 = 23 December 2009
| term_end1 = 23 December 2019
| predecessor1 = Aparna Sengupta
| successor1 = Aparna Sengupta
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
| spouse =
| profession = Politician
| website =
}}

'''Arup Chatterjee''' is an Indian politician from Jharkhand. He is a member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Nirsa Assembly constituency]], affiliated with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]] (CPI(ML)(L)).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arup Chatterjee(CPI(ML)(L)):Constituency- NIRSA(DHANBAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Jharkhand2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=822 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=MyNeta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arup Chatterjee, CPIMLL Candidate from Nirsa Assembly Election 2024 Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/jharkhand/arup-chatterjee-s27aed2008a039e2024c001/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chatterjee is the son of the late [[Gurudas Chatterjee]], a former MLA from Nirsa known for his anti-corruption activism.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-16 |title=Jharkhand Election 2024: निरसा से माले प्रत्याशी अरूप चटर्जी से खास बातचीत |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/conversation-with-nirsa-seat-cpi-ml-candidate-arup-chatterjee-regarding-jharkhand-assembly-elections-2024-jharkhand-news-jhs24111600959 |access-date=2025-09-13 |work=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref> He completed his graduation in 1994 at BBM Asansol and later earned a Post Graduate Diploma in Business Management from [[IILM, Kolkata]] in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arup Chatterjee Candidate Profile |url=https://www.elections.in/jharkhand/assembly-constituencies/nirsa.html |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Elections.in}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Chatterjee began his political journey with the Marxist Coordination Committee (MCC), a precursor to CPI(ML)(L). He was first elected as an MLA from Nirsa in the 2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election and retained his seat in the 2014 election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirsa Assembly Constituency Election Result |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2014/jharkhand/nirsa-election-result-s27a008/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=News18}}</ref> After a brief hiatus, he returned to the assembly by winning the 2024 election representing CPI(ML)(L).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arup Chatterjee Wins Nirsa Seat |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/assembly-elections/jharkhand/nirsa-constituency/candidate-list/arup-chatterjee |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=India TV}}</ref>

=== Election history ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Nirsa Assembly Election Results
|-
! Year !! Candidate !! Party !! Votes !! Vote Share !! Position !! Margin
|-
| 2009 || Arup Chatterjee || Marxist Coordination Committee || 69,000+ || 43.5% || Winner || —
|-
| 2014 || Arup Chatterjee || Marxist Coordination Committee || 51,581 || 25.65% || Winner || —
|-
| 2019 || Aparna Sengupta || BJP || 89,082 || 42.21% || Winner || —
|-
| 2024 || Arup Chatterjee || CPI(ML)(L) || 104,855 || 43.74% || Winner || 1,808
|}

== Personal life ==
Arup Chatterjee is married; his spouse works as a home tutor. His profession is politics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arup Chatterjee Personal Profile |url=https://www.myneta.info/Jharkhand2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=822 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=MyNeta}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Arup}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Dhanbad district]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mani Rao

2026-04-03T18:47:23Z

Debasish swain: Adding A Biography From Scratch...

{{Short description|Indian poet}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
'''Mani Rao''' (born 28 February 1965) is an Indian poet and independent scholar, writing in English.

==Biography==
Mani Rao has authored twelve poetry collections and three books in translation from [[Sanskrit]] including the works of [[Kalidasa]], a translation of the [[Bhagavad Gita]] as a poem,<ref>[http://www.autumnhillbooks.org/bhagavad_gita.html Autumn Hill Books Website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826194630/http://www.autumnhillbooks.org/bhagavad_gita.html |date=26 August 2010 }}</ref> and a translation of the tantric hymn [[Saundarya Lahari]], besides an anthropological study of mantra-practice called "[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-96391-4 Living Mantra: Mantra, Deity and Visionary Experience Today]."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rao|first=Mani|url=https://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9783319963907|title=Living Mantra: Mantra, Deity, and Visionary Experience Today|date=2019|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3-319-96390-7|series=Contemporary Anthropology of Religion|language=en}}</ref>

Translations of Rao's poems have been published in [[Kannada]], Latin, Italian, Korean, Chinese, Arabic, French, German and Kannada. Rao has had poems published in literary journals including ''Poetry Magazine'', ''Fulcrum'', ''[[Wasafiri]]'', ''[[Meanjin]]'', ''Washington Square'', ''West Coast Line'', ''Tinfish'', and in anthologies including ''The Penguin Book of the Prose Poem'', ''Language for a New Century: Contemporary Poetry from the Middle East, Asia, and Beyond'' ([[W.W. Norton]], 2008), and ''The Bloodaxe Book of Contemporary Indian Poets''. ([[Bloodaxe Books]], 2008) <ref name="Mani Rao’s Official Website">{{Cite web |url=http://www.manirao.com/bio.html |title=Mani Rao's Official Website |access-date=2 September 2009 |archive-date=19 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819173856/http://www.manirao.com/bio.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> She was a visiting fellow at the [[Iowa]] [[International Writing Program]] in 2005 and 2009,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mani RAO {{!}} The International Writing Program|url=https://iwp.uiowa.edu/writers/mani-rao|access-date=2021-04-12|website=iwp.uiowa.edu}}</ref> held the 2006 [[University of Iowa]] International Programs writer-in-residence K-12 fellowship, and writing residencies at Omi Ledig House in 2018<ref>{{Cite web|title=Past Residents|url=https://artomi.org/residencies/writers/past-residents|access-date=2021-04-12|website=artomi.org|language=en}}</ref> and International Poetry Studies Institute (IPSI) Canberra in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last="Katarina"] ["Slavich"|date=2019-10-16|title=Reaching for the moon: UC's Poetry on the Move Festival draws big names|url=https://www.canberra.edu.au/about-uc/media/media-releases/2019/october/reaching-for-the-moon-ucs-poetry-on-the-move-festival-draws-big-names|access-date=2021-04-12|website=www.canberra.edu.au|language=en-AU}}</ref> She was a co-founder of OutLoud, a regular poetry-reading gathering in Hong Kong,<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 March 2004|title=Stanza and deliver|url=https://www.scmp.com/article/447318/stanza-and-deliver|access-date=2021-04-12|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref> and contributed a poetry segment to RTHK Radio 4.<ref name="Mani Rao’s Official Website"/>

She performed at literary festivals in India including the [[Jaipur Literature Festival]], Bangalore Literature Festival, Hindu Lit for Life and Apeejay Kolkata Literature Festival, and at International literature festivals in Hong Kong, Singapore, Melbourne, Vancouver, Chicago, Canberra and New York [[PEN World Voices]].<ref name="pen.org">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pen.org/page.php/prmID/1195 |title=PEN World Voices > 2006 Festival Mani Rao |access-date=2 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711093225/http://www.pen.org/page.php/prmID/1195 |archive-date=11 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Mani Rao’s Official Website"/>

Rao worked in advertising and television from 1985 to 2004 in Chennai, Mumbai, Hong Kong and Auckland.<ref name="Mani Rao’s Official Website"/> In Hong Kong, Rao worked for Star (TV) Group Ltd for 9 years, and was the Senior Vice-President of Marketing and Corporate Communications.<ref>{{Cite web|last=indiantelevision.com|date=12 April 2004|title=Three senior executives exit Star Group|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/apr/apr97.htm}}</ref> She spearheaded the '[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]' marketing campaign (Who Wants to be a Millionaire).<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=V. Shankar Nayar Anupama Chopra |date=November 30, 1999 |title=Kaun Banega Crorepati mesmerises people as STAR TV bets Rs 75 crore on Amitabh Bachchan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20000717-kaun-banega-crorepati-mesmerises-people-as-star-tv-bets-rs-75-crore-on-amitabh-bachchan-779071-1999-11-30|access-date=2021-04-12|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> She has an MFA from the [[University of Nevada-Las Vegas]] and a PhD in Religious Studies from [http://duke.edu/ Duke University].

== Select reviews ==

(On Saundarya Lahari) ‘Mani Rao’s translations have a hard-won simplicity and ripeness. This joyful rendition of an iconic text will offer its share of literary delight, as well as a key to a deeper alchemy. These translations with their ease and lightness of touch will resonate with lovers of poetry as well as travellers on the path of the Divine Feminine."- [[Arundhathi Subramaniam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=harperbroadcast |date=2022-09-02 |title=HarperCollins is proud to announce Saundarya Laharī, Wave of Beauty, Translated from the Sanskrit by Mani Rao |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/blog/announcements/harpercollins-is-proud-to-announce-saundarya-lahari-wave-of-beautytranslated-from-the-sanskrit-by-mani-rao/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=HarperCollins Publishers India}}</ref>

From Listing in ''The Oxford Companion to Modern Poetry,'' (Eds. Ian Hamilton & Jeremy Noel-Tod. [[Oxford University Press]], 2013. 2nd Edition): "Rao's version of the Bhagavad Gita (Autumn Hill / Penguin, 2010 / 2011) unpacks the original Sanskrit with a range of avant garde techniques—with regards to prosody, diction, mise-en-page and lineation—rendering a new translation of the well-known philosophical text unlike any before it."

“The great virtue of The Bhagavad Gita is courage, and in her luminous new translation, Rao is courageous indeed. Her lines venture to keep pace with the original, stride for stride, revelation for revelation. As Wittgenstein wrote, 'courage is always original." I can avow that Rao's is the first truly original version of this sacred text to appear in decades." – [[Donald Revell]]

“Mani Rao has transformed the most famous spiritual poem in India to a multi-layered poem, giving shapes to multiple meanings and sounds to multiple forms. Just as Arjuna saw the universe in Krishna's mouth and like the endless tree, the tree of life, which reveals its roots above and leaves below, Mani Rao has shown us this universe, this endless life with its supporting philosophy, as a poem to be perceived directly, intuitively, cutting through reason and linearity to arrive at the underlying undying poetry and grace of this epic work."– Frederick Smith

"Here is a poet who works by daring – daring herself and the reader – to let go. She works in the dark with wit and knife and punch and paper scissors. She cuts and pastes, leaves gaping holes. Her work is a black masque in which parts of speech change parts, and all have the rightness of electronic rain. In the best poems you hear and feel and watch a current – which straight prose insulates as meaning–go crackling from naked line to line, making the unrepeatable pattern that is momentary sense. It's like watching lightning fork. Mani Rao has a strong bleak voice. It's the voice of the voyager: it discommodes, rattles you, shakes you down. Her poetry is sleepless and unwinking. You go to it for debriefing, for the jolt you expect from good writing. And you go back — or she pursues you. She is the hawker you thought you shook off in the square, she is your mechanic come home to spend the night. Let her in: you’ll live to regret it, but at least you’ll live." – [[Allan Sealy]]

== Bibliography ==
'''Books and Chapbooks'''
* ''Bhagavad Gita: God's Song'' ([https://harpercollins.co.in/product/bhagavad-gita/ HarperCollins, 2023])
* ''Saundarya Lahari'' ([https://harpercollins.co.in/product/saundarya-lahari/ HarperCollins, 2022]).
*''Love Me in a Hurry''/"Bega Preethsu Nanna" bilingual with Kannada translation by Prathibha Nandakumar (Atta Galatta, Bangalore, 2022).
*''Sing to Me'' ([https://recentworkpress.com/product/sing-to-me/ Recent Work Press, 2019]).
* ''Living Mantra – Mantra, Deity and Visionary Experience Today'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2019).
* ''New & Selected Poems'' ([https://www.amazon.in/New-Selected-Poems-Mani-Rao/dp/9382749187/ref=sr_1_3?crid=14X7YGMUTS6FP&keywords=mani+rao+new+%26+selected+poems&qid=1700516244&sprefix=mani+rao+new+%26+selected+poem%2Caps%2C188&sr=8-3 Poetrywala, India, 2014]).
* ''Echolocation'' (Math Paper Press, Singapore, 2014). (First publication : Hong Kong: Chameleon Press, 2003)
* ''Kalidasa for the 21st Century Reader'' ([https://www.amazon.in/Kalidasa-21st-Century-Reader-Selected/dp/9382277757/ref=sr_1_2?crid=204PF1TXKMWZ1&keywords=kalidasa+mani+rao&qid=1700516289&sprefix=kalidasa+mani+rao%2Caps%2C176&sr=8-2 Aleph Book Co. 2014])
* ''Ghostmasters, '' (Hong Kong: Chameleon Press, 2010)<ref name="Mani Rao’s Official Website"/>
* ''Mani Rao:100 Poems, 1985–2005, '' (Hong Kong: Chameleon Press, 2006)<ref name="Mani Rao’s Official Website"/>
* ''Salt'' (Hong Kong: Asia 2000)
* ''The Last Beach'' (Bilingual with Chinese translation. Trans. Huang Chan Lan. Hong Kong: Asia 2000, 1999)
* ''Living Shadows'' (Bilingual with Chinese translation. Trans. Huang Chan Lan. Drawings Mani Rao. Hong Kong: HKADC, 1997)
* ''Catapult Season'' ([[Calcutta]]: [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], 1993)
* ''Wing Span'' ([[Calcutta]]: [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], 1987)
'''Essays'''

* [https://www.academia.edu/6050217/Decoding_Augustine_via_Saussure_In_Between_Journal_of_Literary_Criticism_Vol_15_No_2_2009_ “Decoding Augustine via Saussure.” ''In-Between Journal of Literary Criticism'' (Sep 2009). 131-139.]
* [https://www.academia.edu/6050156/Repetitiveness_in_Gita_translations_eXchanges_winter_2009_ “Repetitiveness in Gita translations.” ''eXchanges'' (Winter 2009).]
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23402931 “Caterpillar to Butterfly: Thoreau’s dietary journey.” ''Thoreau Society Bulletin'' (Issue 270, 2010).]
* [http://poetry.sangamhouse.org/2013/07/reading-the-rgveda-by-mani-rao/ “Reading the Rigveda.” ''Indian Literature'' (Issue 262. Vol LV. No 2. March-April 2011).]
* [https://www.academia.edu/6050233/Automatic_Writing_Real_Surreal_Indeterminate_Fulcrum_Issue_7_2011_ “Automatic Writing – Real, Surreal, Indeterminate.” ''Fulcrum'' (Issue 7, 2011).]
* [https://www.academia.edu/6050435/Lorine_Niedecker_Condens_Interim_Vol_28_No_1_and_2_2010_and_Vol_29_issue_3_2012_ Lorine Niedecker Condens.” ''Interim'' (Vol.28 No.1 & 2, 2010 and Vol 29 issue 3, 2012). Using only Niedecker’s words, a poem-essay of her poetic principles.]
* [[doi:10.1080/07374836.2012.703114|Review of Arvind K. Mehrotra’s ''Songs of Kabir''. ''Translation Review'' (Vol 83, 2012).]]
* [https://www.academia.edu/6050128/A_Brief_History_of_the_Bhagavad_Gita_s_Modern_Canonization_Religion_Compass_2013_ “A Brief History of the Bhagavad Gita’s Canonization.” ''Religion Compass'', Nov 2013.]
* [https://www.academia.edu/21952695/My_preface_to_new_book_translation_of_Andal_Autobiography_of_a_Goddess_by_Priya_Sarukkai_Chabria_and_Ravi_Shankar_Zubaan_2016_ “Preface” to ''Autobiography of a Goddess— Andal'',” a translation by Priya Sarukkai Chabbria and Ravi Shankar. New Delhi: Zubaan Books, 2016.]
* [https://scroll.in/article/857196/up-down-up-cp-surendrans-collected-poems-let-readers-trace-the-progress-of-a-poet “Up, Down, Up.” Review of ''Availalable Light'' by C.P.Surendran. ''Scroll''. 11 Nov 2017.]
* [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/10/1/14 “Experience of Srividya at Devipuram.” ''Religions'' 2019, ''10'', 14; doi:10.3390/rel10010014.]
* [https://www.academia.edu/41495550/The_Conjuring_of_Atman_in_Gita_Translations The Conjuring of Atman in Gita translations. Osmania Journal of English Studies, 2019.]
*

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-pov.com/manirao Interview in POV by Usha Akella (2020). "The Power of Mantra."]
*[https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/lifestyle/art-culture/ancient-wisdom-modern-times-32140 Interview by PTI (24 Feb 2019). "Ancient Wisdom in Modern Times."]
*[https://scroll.in/article/897270/its-how-they-roll-on-your-tongue-that-matters-not-how-they-sit-on-the-page-poet-mani-rao Interview in Scroll (7 Oct 2018) by Rohini Kejriwal. "It's how they roll on your tongue that matters..."]
*[https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/interview-hardly-any-buyers-of-poetry-in-india-today-says-poet-mani-rao-2136709 Interview in DNA India (20 Oct 2015) by Latha Srinivasan.]
*[https://kitaab.org/2014/11/02/poetry-for-me-is-an-intense-form-of-writing-kitaab-interview-with-mani-rao/ Interview in Kitaab by Zafar Anjum (2 Nov 2014). “Poetry for me is an intense form of writing."]
*[https://www.scmp.com/article/715686/mani-rao Interview in South China Morning Post (30 May 2010) by Mark Footer. "My Life."]
*Transcript of conversation on poetry and translations with Prof. Dr. Akshaya Kumar of Panjab University on Sep 28th, 2022. Published in Dialog, No.40 (Autumn 2022) 333-353. Link [https://www.academia.edu/99236690/Mani_Rao_in_Conversation_with_Akshaya_Kumar here] to Academia page for this article.
*Conversation on early poetry and translations with Souradeep Roy, May 2021 in [http://cordite.org.au/interviews/roy-rao/ Cordite.]
*[https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/myths-and-modernity-119111501839_1.html Review of "Sing to Me" in Business Standard News (16 Nov 2019) by Uttaran Das Gupta. "Myths and Modernity."]
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/26791204?seq=1 Review of "New and Selected Poems" in Indian Literature by Rati Agnihotri. "Three-Dimensional Poetry." Vol. 61, No. 1 (297), 21st Century Indian Poetry in English (January/February 2017), pp. 206-209.]
*[https://www.asymptotejournal.com/criticism/mani-raos-bhagavad-gita-a-translation-of-the-poem/ Review of "Bhagavad Gita" in Asymptote by Eric M Gurevitch]
*[https://www.asiancha.com/content/view/790/115/ Review of "Ghostmasters" in Cha: An Asian Literary Journal by Reid Mitchell. "Learning to Hear Mani Rao."]
*[http://mascarareview.com/amos-toh-reviews-ghostmasters-by-mani-rao/ Review of "Ghostmasters" in Mascara Literary Review (1 Jan 2011) by Amos Toh.]
*[http://www.qlrs.com/critique.asp?id=359 Review of "echolocation" in QLRS (Vol. 3 No. 4 Jul 2004) by Cyril Wong. "Locating Logos."]
*[https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/mani-rao Poem "My Old Woman" in Poetry Magazine (July/August 2019).]
*[http://omniverse.us/poetry-mani-rao/ "Poem, Sisyphus" in Omniverse.]
*[https://almostisland.com/monsoon_2009/poetry/page/from_ghostmasters.html Poems from "Ghostmasters" in Almost Island (Monsoon 2009).]
*[http://www.softblow.org/manirao1.html Poems from "echolocation" in Softblow]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100121003920/http://exchanges.uiowa.edu/from-the-bhagavad-gita/ Excerpts from translation of Bhagavad Gita in eXchanges: Journal of Literary Translation (Exocity, Winter 2009)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140821195132/http://almostisland.com/spring_2014/special_issue_the_past/a_collection_of_seasons.php Excerpts from translation of Kalidasa's Ritusamharam in Almost Island]
*[http://poetry.sangamhouse.org/2014/08/meghadutam-by-kalidasa-translated-by-mani-rao/ Excerpts from translation of Kalidasa's Meghadutam in Poetry at Sangam]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSKzYFlmPeM&t=168s Conversation with Devdutt Pattanaik at Bangalore Literature Festival (3 Feb 2016)]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wtS0HO84Bjs&t=2763s Conversation with Chitra Mahesh at Hindu Lit for Life 2019 about Mani Rao's book Living Mantra.]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5sLHY2RVn8&t=4s Conversation with Lata Mani at Atta Galatta about Mani Rao's Bhagavad Gita translation 2015]
*
* [http://www.pw.org/content/mani_rao ''Poets & Writers'' > Directory of Writers > Mani Rao]
* [https://www.facebook.com/maniraopoem/ Author's page on Facebook for literary updates https://www.facebook.com/maniraopoem/]
* [https://twitter.com/maniraopoem Author's Twitter handler]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Mani}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:International Writing Program alumni]]
[[Category:Women writers of young adult literature]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]

Heingang

2026-03-26T06:45:22Z

Debasish swain: created post.

{{Short description|Town in Manipur, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Heingang
| settlement_type = Census town
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|24.8467|N|93.9503|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Manipur
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Imphal East
| subdivision_type3 = Subdivision
| subdivision_name3 = Porompat
| population_total = 6,115
| population_as_of = 2011
| timezone = IST (UTC+5:30)
| postal_code = 795002
}}
[[File:Marjing Polo Statue — World's tallest statue of a polo player.jpg|thumb|Marjing polo statue.]]
'''Heingang''' is a town located in the [[Porompat]] division of [[Imphal East district]] in [[Manipur]]. Heingang's cultural and religious significance is well known in the [[Meitei religion]]. It is also well known for being connected to traditional sports including [[Sagol Kangjei]], the predecessor to modern [[polo]].<ref name="imphaleast">{{cite web |title=List of Census Towns and Wards |url=https://imphaleast.nic.in/census-towns-wards-villages/ |publisher=Imphal East District, Government of Manipur |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Himanshu Shekhar |title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |year=2007 |isbn=8178350688 |page=311}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the District Census 2011 Book for Imphal East:<ref name="dchb2">{{cite web |title=DCHB Imphal East Part B – Demographic Profile |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/849/download/36264/DH_2011_1407_PART_B_DCHB_IMPHAL_EAST.pdf |access-date=15 June 2025 |publisher=Census of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook – Village and Town Directory (Imphal East) |url=https://imphaleast.nic.in/document/district-census-hand-book-village-and-town-directory/ |access-date=15 June 2025 |publisher=Imphal East District Administration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Primary Census Abstract – Census Towns in Porompat Sub‑division |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/40957 |access-date=15 June 2025 |publisher=Census of India}}</ref>

* There are 6115 people living in Heingang in total<ref name="townlist">{{cite web |title=List of Census Towns in Porompat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/40957/download/27552 |access-date=15 June 2025 |publisher=Census of India}}</ref>
* Sex ratio: 1,010 females per 1,000 males<ref name="townlist" />
* Children (0–6 years): 726 (11.9%); child sex ratio: 936<ref name="townlist" />
* Literacy rate: 84.93%<ref>{{cite web |title=Town-wise Literacy Rates in Imphal East |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/9576 |access-date=15 June 2025 |publisher=Census of India HL-14}}</ref>
* There are about 1,320 houses with access to essential civic services, like roads, water, and electricity<ref>{{cite web |title=Town Amenities Data for Heingang |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/9576/download/34148 |access-date=15 June 2025 |publisher=Census of India HL-14 – Amenities}}</ref>

== Administration and politics ==
Heingang is a part of the [[Inner Manipur Lok Sabha constituency]] and is a component of the [[Heingang Assembly constituency]] (Constituency No. 2).<ref>{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-manipur/ |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>

== Culture and landmarks ==
* [[Heingang Ching]] (Marjing Hill), a holy location, is connected to [[Ibudhou Marjing]], the Meitei God of horses and polo.
* [[Marjing Polo Complex]]: The largest polo statue of the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marjing Polo Complex inaugurated |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/marjing-polo-complex-inaugurated-in-manipur.html |date=19 January 2023 |publisher=Northeast Now |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>
* Ibudhou Marjing Lai Haraopham: The deity's shrine and cultural museum<ref name="heraopham">{{cite web |title=Ibudhou Marjing Lai Haraopham, Heingang |url=https://yappe.in/manipur/imphal/ibudhou-marjing-lai-haraopham-heingang/933849 |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>
* The [[Lai Haraoba]] Festival is a yearly tradition that honours the religious and cultural significance of the local deities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultural Significance of the Lai Haraoba |url=http://www.sahapedia.org/cultural-significance-of-the-lai-haraoba |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Heingang is surrounded by hills, paddy fields, and wooded areas and is roughly 4 km from the northeastern side of [[Imphal]]. One designated conservation area is the Heingang Reserved Forest.<ref name="forest">{{cite web |title=Map of Heingang Reserved Forest |url=https://imphaleast.nic.in/document/map-of-heingang-reserved-forest/ |publisher=Imphal East District Government |date=28 March 2023 |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>

== Economy ==
The majority of the local economy is based on agriculture, particularly rice farming. The region is also well known for its traditional handicrafts, such as the production of polo saddles and equipment.<ref name="pony">{{cite news |title=US museum unveils exhibit on Manipur polo history |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/US-museum-unveils-exhibit-on-Manipur-polo-history/articleshow/17306801.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 April 2012 |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Amalendu Guha |title=Art and Culture of North-East India |publisher=National Book Trust |year=2008 |isbn= |page=178}}</ref>

== Transport ==
Heingang is roughly 6 km from [[Imphal]] via the Imphal Ring Road project and has good access to local roads.<ref name="ringroad">{{cite news |author=Bikash Singh |date=14 April 2024 |title=Imphal Ring Road project includes Heingang route |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/imphal-ring-road-project-to-transform-transport-dynamics-in-manipur-include-heingang/articleshow/109285959.cms |access-date=15 June 2025 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> There are both private and state-operated taxis, autorickshaws, and buses in the area. [[Bir Tikendrajit International Airport]], which is about 10 km away, is the closest airport.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imphal Airport |url=https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/imphal |publisher=Airports Authority of India |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>

== Environmental issues ==
According to some local reports, the illegal construction activities in the area have resulted in unchecked trespassing on wetlands and paddy fields.<ref name="illegal">{{cite news |title=Rampant illegal constructions in paddy fields go unchecked in Heingang area |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/rampant-illegal-constructions-in-paddy-fields-go-unchecked-in-heingang-area/ |newspaper=Imphal Times |date=16 April 2025 |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>

== Education ==
* Heingang Higher Secondary School<ref name="schoolhs">{{cite web |title=Heingang H/S (UDISE 14070104903) |url=https://www.vidyatime.com/school-home/HH14070104903/heingang-hs |publisher=Vidyatime |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>
* Heingang Primary School<ref name="schoolps">{{cite web |title=Heingang P/S, Imphal |url=https://www.icbse.com/schools/heingang-p-s-z5e8oo |publisher=ICBSE |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>
* Additional private and public educational institutions offer services up to the senior secondary level.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Schools in Imphal East District |url=https://imphaleast.nic.in/public-utility/schools/ |publisher=District Education Office, Imphal East |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Manipur]]
[[Category:Imphal East district]]

Namasudra

2026-03-25T00:21:03Z

Debasish swain:

{{short description|Hindu community in the Bengal region of South Asia}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
'''Namasudra''' ({{langx|bn|নমঃশূদ্র}}), earlier known as Chandal, is an [[Avarna]] [[Bengali Hindu]] community originating from eastern and central [[Bengal]]. The term ''Chandal'' or ''[[Chandala]] '' is usually considered to be a slur. They were traditionally engaged in fishing and as boatmen, and later in cultivation. They lived outside the four-tier ritual ''[[varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'' system and thus were [[wikt:outcaste|outcastes]].

== Etymology ==
There is a dearth of discussion as to the etymology of the word ''namasudra'' in pre-nineteenth-century [[Bengali literature]] and the period of origin of the word is also undetermined. Several theories have been suggested but there is no broad consensus supporting any of them.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|p=11|ps=}}

== Origins ==
The Namasudra community was considered as [[untouchability|untouchable]] in the eyes of the caste Hindu communities.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MllsuwAACAAJ|title=Changing Borders, Shifting Loyalties: Religion, Caste and the Partition of Bengal in 1947|last=Bandyopādhyāẏa|first=Śekhara|date=1998|publisher=Asian Studies Institute|isbn=9780475110473|pages=1}}</ref>

They were traditionally engaged in fishing and as boatmen,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDavv_0tgkAC|title=The Structure of Hindu Society|last=Bose|first=N.K.|publisher=Orient Longman Limited |year=1994 |isbn=978-81-250-0855-2 |edition=Revised|pages=161–162}}</ref> in the marshy swamps of their native lands. Over the years, as the wetlands were reclaimed for agricultural purposes, they turned to peasant agriculture as a major occupation. Their economic condition was quite poor and rates of indebtedness quite high.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|pp=20-22, 24-25|ps=}}

=== Colonial ethnography ===
Colonial ethnographers such as [[Herbert Hope Risley]] believed that the Chandals of their time were related to a tribe of the same name that existed in the [[Vedic Period]]. However, modern research disputes their opinion for a variety of reasons, including that the main habitat of the modern community in Eastern Bengal was largely outside the core region of Brahmanical civilisation, that regional texts did not refer to them as untouchables and indeed nor was untouchability rigidly practised in Bengal. Furthermore, the modern community does not occupy the extreme lowest tier of the society, unlike the historical tribe, and their social status varied widely from region to region, especially with regard to their material wealth.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|pp=14–16|ps=}}

The more modern community comprises around twelve endogamous sub-castes, most of whom were derived from the occupational traits of the members and was entitled to differential social-status.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|p=19|ps=}} But the colonial ethnographers chose to conflate several such low-ranking occupational sub-castes into one caste, without taking the regional variations into account and assigned a fixed social rank to of all Namasudra-Chandals, (something which [[Bernard Cohn (anthropologist)|Bernard Cohn]] later described as the "objectification" of colonial culture) and falsely stereotyped the entire community as universally despised.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|p=16|ps=}}

Overall, the term ''Chandal'' was a generic term that was initially used to refer to broad groups of people belonging to diverse endogamous communities of similarly despised social position{{sfnp|Sarkar|2004|p=40|ps=}} but which later transformed into a caste name and was soon synomously used with the Namasudras.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|p=14|ps=}}

=== Other views ===
[[Niharranjan Ray]], a historian, believed that in terms of bodily characteristics, they have a closer relation with north Indian Brahmins, saying "they are of the same line as the Brahmans of north India; indeed there is a closer relation between the north Indian Brahmans and the Bengali [[Namassej|Namahśūdras]] than between the north Indian Brahmans and the Bengali Brahmans, Kayasthas and Vaidyas."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period|last=Ray|first=Niharranjan|publisher=Orient Longman|others=Wood, John W. (trans.)|year=1994|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9|page=28|author-link=Niharranjan Ray}}</ref>

== Identity movement ==

=== Transition to Namasudras ===
The creation of a single ''caste-cluster'' led to the beginning of the Namasudra Movement. It emphasised the commonality of low social status and that of being subject to oppression, among all the sub-castes and impressed upon them to stand up to the social  authority of the high caste ''[[bhadralok]]s'', a perceived common enemy, who were largely responsible for their poor conditions.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|p=20|ps=}}

Libertarian social influences that were prevalent in the region across the eighteenth and nineteenth century are believed to have imparted a major impetus to the Namasudras, against social oppression. Islam followed by Christianity (which was widely prevalent in the Namasudra-belts, courtesy the missionaries) was majorly responsible for granting them a newer dimension of self-respect. The non-orthodox variants of the Bhakti movement, that aligned with the Sahajiya tradition and sought to encompass the downtrodden sections into the society, also catalysed the Namasudras, as a guiding faith.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2011|pp=30–32|ps=}}

Various local socio-religious figureheads (Kalachand Vidyalankar, Sahlal Pir, Keshab Pagal et al.), who sought to repudiate the caste ([[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]) system, further impressed upon large sections of the Namasudra population.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2011|pp=32–33|ps=}}

The Namasudras, thus, successfully strived to carve out an autonomous niche in the social fabric of Bengal, where the distinction of caste was obliterated but that none from the Hindu ''bhadralok'' community did identify themselves with those sects, they were branded as exotic and subsequently came to be rejected by other sections of the society.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2011|p=33|ps=}}

In the 1870s, the Chandals of Bakarganj and Faridpur started a boycott of caste Hindus, (apart from Brahmins), as a form of social-protest, when their higher caste neighbours refused to accept an invitation to dine from a Chandal headman.{{sfnp|Sarkar|2004|p=47|ps=}}{{sfnp|Chatterji|2002|pp=191–194|ps=}}{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2011|pp=34–35|ps=}} They passed a resolution that also called for prohibition against default-employment of Chandals in menial duties in state-jails and together, the call for boycott was spread in the name of an order from the government. Further that, any Chandal who did not abide by it was threatened with intra-community ostracism, the movement gained huge support across a wide region.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2011|pp=34–35|ps=}}

This first rebellion in the community in a bid to redefine the local power structure failed to garner much because the poorer Chandals had to return to their previous employers after a few months, often agreeing to more harrowing work conditions. The social discrimination continued.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2011|pp=34–35|ps=}} Joya Chatterjee says that henceforth they "battled continuously to improve their ritual position" in society and later claimed the "more respectable title of 'Namasudra' and Brahmin status".{{sfnp|Chatterji|2002|pp=191–194|ps=}}

It was within this context, that they underwent a transition from the Chandala to Namasudra identity. In 1891, the term ''Namasudras'' was recorded in the official census as a synonym for the ''Chandala(s)'' and by 1900, it had assumed immense social recognition, as people of the community clung to the new identity and tried to distance themselves from the imagery of the Chandals.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|p=29|ps=}}

In the very-initial stages, the elimination of differences across various sub-castes and the creation of lateral solidarity was one of the primary goals of the movement.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|p=20|ps=}}

Gradually, by the late nineteenth century, they came to constitute an organised middle peasantry community, with definite leaders and goals. These movements helped them seek upward mobility by infusing a sense of self-respect. They gradually demanded elevated social status, including a right of entry to Kayastha-organised pujas and a two-thirds share of the crops grown. They began to refuse to work for lower-caste Hindu and Muslim landlords and also boycotted the upper caste Hindus.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1990|ps=}} Overall, Sekhara Bandyopadhyay has noted a distinct theme of [[sanskritisation]] in the dynamics of the caste.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2004|pp=61–62|ps=}}

Meanwhile, the Matua sect, which was established by [[Harichand Thakur]] in the late nineteenth century among the community in the eastern India (and later organised by his son){{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa|Chaudhury|2014|page=2|ps=}} played a major role in bringing cohesion to the Namasudra community, in terms of faith.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-word-means-matua-community-5567348/|title=Matua community — Why are they important for Trinamool and BJP?|date=4 February 2019 }}</ref> Born to a devout Vaishnava family, he gained initial reputation as a spiritual healer and later claimed to be a reincarnation of God, with a duty to ensure salvation of the downtrodden.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2011|p=36|ps=}} A cult was gradually developed, which opposed the idea of social hierarchy along with several other Hindu religio-cultural aspects (Gurubad, mantras, idol-worship etc.).{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2011|pp=38–39|ps=}} Instead, a theme of social equality denouncing untouchability and gender discrimination was put forward.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2011|p=37|ps=}} The devotional songs, that were sung in form of Kirtans and namgaan, also helped to collectively reinforce a common congregational identity among themselves.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2011|pp=39–40|ps=}}

Whilst the sect did play an important role in organising and propagating the social protests,{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa|Chaudhury|2014|page=2|ps=}} the efforts to entirely subvert the Hindu society failed and the broader community soon returned to the theme of sanskritisation, whilst still ascribing to the other ideals of the sect.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2004|p=63|ps=}}

== Freedom movement ==
In colonial Bengal, the Namasudras constituted the second largest Hindu caste.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2004|p=33|ps=}} Their interests differed from those pursuing nationalist politics against the British Raj from the time of the Swadeshi period (1905–11) and thus they did not participate much in that movement.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|p=99|ps=}} That it was heralded by politicians from the high-caste ''bhadralok'' community, who cared little for the lower classes, further broadened the gaps.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|pp=|ps=}}

In July 1905, the British government validated a proposal for partitioning Bengal along religious lines. Whilst the Congress protested this and asked for a total boycott of foreign goods, the Namasudras thought differently. A series of resolutions by community leaders and multiple submissions to British authorities during 1906 affirmed their complete support for the partition scheme, through which they hoped to obtain equal rights in the proposed eastern state where they, along with Muslims, dominated the populace. It was on this issue that the ''bhadralok'' politicians of Bengal faced the first resistance from a community previously insignificant in the broader polity of the nation.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|pp=64–65|ps=}} Swadeshi leaders reacted by touring extensively in the Namasudra areas, trying to persuade them to join the agitation and, if that failed, bribing, intimidating and coercing them by such means as constructing schools. But the community leaders, including Guruchand, were steadfast against supporting a political movement that supposedly catered to the interests of the upper class and had no plan of social reform.

The colonial government often provided extensive economic patronage and took steps in reforming their social condition by constructing educational hostels, exclusive-schools et al. which penetrated deep down the community. This was in contrary to the nationalists who were too apathetic to these causes and seldom helped them, in their times of distress.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|pp=99-100, 104-105, 126|ps=}} The Namasudras thus rejected the nationalist politics and instead, along with other untouchable castes continued their independent social movement that increasingly self-asserted their independence from the upper castes and threatened to distort the Hindu-societal-structure. Subsequently, the nationalists sought to align themselves, at-least orally, with the cause of depressed classes.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2004|p=66|ps=}} Post-arrival of Gandhi in the political landscape, as nationalist politics choose to encompass the entire populace of the nation and gradually transcended into mass-movements, parties started extensive lobbying for the causes of the Namasudra.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|p=100|ps=}}

This was first visible in 1913, as to the setting up a hostel for the students from Namasudra community in Kolkata, who faced immense hardship in securing lodging facilities.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|p=101|ps=}} Ironically, whilst it was the extensive nationalist lobbying throughout the years that persuaded the colonial government to implement the proposal in 1918, the colonial government took advantage of the ignorance of the general masses as to the proceedings that happened behind the door and usurped an image of benevolence. This further drifted the community away from nationalist causes.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|p=104|ps=}} The same events happened in another case, when the Depressed Classes Mission, (which worked for nationalist causes) and ran about 60 schools in different parts of Bengal, for the Namasudra community and other backward classes was gradually inculcated as an agency of the colonial government, after it applied for a government grant to overcome fund shortage. The Namasudra community was unaware of these institutional developments and all the good work that was done by the Mission, was attributed to the colonial government.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|p=107|ps=}}

The Namsudras maintained a more aggressive anti-nationalist stance during the Home-rule Movement. They saw the movement as a plan, hatched among the upper-caste leaders, to snatch the minimal levels of power that has been assigned to them by the colonial government and claimed the Congress leaders to be a small band of vociferous people from organised castes, without any touch to reality.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|p=109|ps=}} A meeting of Namasudra delegates, who were supposedly elected, in a democratic manner from different regions of Bengal, passed a resolution that the community would be loyal to the crown and that it supported Montague-Chelmsford reforms, in the sense that further distribution of powers would re-concentrate power in a few hands and would not lead to any progress for the backward castes. The nationalists promised the establishment of equality, democracy and reforms in the new home-ruled-state but failed to instill any confidence within the community.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|pp=110–112|ps=}}

At the 1917 session of Congress, a resolution was passed that emphasised the necessity, justice and righteousness of removing all disabilities imposed by custom on the Depressed Classes. One Namasudra delegate was convinced to support the demand for Home-Rule but the community generally was not swayed by mere symbolic actions and the delegate was subsequently criticised as a Congress stooge.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|p=113|ps=}} Even in the 1920s when mass-nationalism affected the entire country and Gandhi extensively campaigned to include the lower strata of society in the Congress fold, Namasudra-dominated districts were mostly unaffected. The leaders of the movement steadfastly rejected whiffs of nationalism, which they believed to be another tool designed for the interests of wealthy upper-caste ''Bhadraloks''. Resolutions were again passed that supported the British confederacy and in some places the Namasudras actively helped the colonial government to foil Congress.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|pp=117–120|ps=}}

The colonial government further satisfied the community, as it introduced reservation(s) for the lower-classes in provincial services, thus providing employment opportunities and vouched for a proper representation of them.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|pp=106–107|ps=}} The [[Government of India Act 1919]] provided for the inclusion of a depressed classes representative among the nominated non-official members of the Bengal Legislative Council.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|p=116|ps=}} Meanwhile, Congress hardly invested any ground efforts, other than at verbal lobbying and behind-the-scenes work{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|p=108|ps=}} and much of their work were horribly ill-timed. In the Khulna famine of 1920, whilst the colonial government sought to mobilise relief, the Congress went on to continue the Non-cooperation at full zeal and was blamed for increasing the fatalities.

The Bengal Namasudra Conference in 1922 and 1923 further heightened the anti-nationalist stance and planned a definite agenda that encompassed both social and political upliftment of the community. Whilst, Gandhi attracted some admirers due to his social stances, his views offered no political aspirations for the leaders, which were an easy way to status and wealth. There was a considerable majority in the first conference that supported the nationalist causes including widow-remarriage and boycott of foreign goods, managing to bring the proceedings to a halt but had trickled down to a negligible minority, in the second.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|pp=121–123|ps=}}

But, as the elections took place in 1923, the Namasudra leadership was found to be much less efficient as to mobilising the average voters to partake in modern-day-politics. Subsequently, they lost all the seats, even in the electorates where the Namasudras heavily dominated the numbers. This was also attributed to the developments of fissures in the movement, that was extremely united thus far, when two famed Namasudra leaders switched loyalties to the Swaraj Party and a division began to form along nationalist lines.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|pp=126–128|ps=}}

The steadfast attitude towards nationalism, throughout the years, that owed more to the need of a voice of protest ''against'' the oppressive higher castes than to the benefits provided by the British government, was crumbling down gradually and fissures were beginning to develop.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|p=128|ps=}} The Hindu solidarity soon followed in realising that the alienation of lower-castes might hamper its plans of offering a united opposition against the British and the Muslims, as conversions became abundant and threatened to dwindle the numbers of Hindus.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2004|pp=70–71|ps=}} Subsequently, the All India Hindu Mahasabha, Bharat Sevasram Sangha et al. actively started to mobilise the lower-caste people.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2011|p=214|ps=}}

In the late 1930s, especially after the [[Poona Pact]], the Namasudras of [[Bengal Presidency]] increasingly adhered to a loyalist stance to the British Government, which was supposedly its best chance to upgrade their socio-economic condition and all throughout{{sfnp|Chatterji|2002|p=39|ps=}} and they consistently remained alienated from the nationalist politics.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2004|p=34|ps=}} Overall, numerous measures were taken over the course of years{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2004|p=209|ps=}} to alleviate the concerns of the community and to ensure that they were gradually inculcated into the nationalist political-fabric of the nation.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2004|pp=70–71|ps=}} Un-touch-ability was propounded as a vice and there were campaigns for providing them with better social rights. The Congress also contributed to these causes via their political programs, largely for the same goals.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2004|p=71|ps=}} The [[Dalit]] of Bengal, thus became intrinsically involved in the [[Partition of India|Partition movement]], and the Namsudras along with Rajbanshis became the two groups that majorly dominated Dalit politics in the province.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2004|p=192|ps=}}

According to Bandyopadhyay, the aim of the Hindu campaign, throughout the years, was to merely induce the lower castes record themselves as Hindus, which would inflate their numbers and thus, assist them in the redistribution of provinces during partition of the nation rather than to harvest a social reform.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2004|p=206|ps=}} The main aim was to agglomerate the lower castes in the fold of Hindus and unitedly fight ''against'' the Muslim and the British. It propagandised the local peasant-rebellions between Namasudras and Muslim community across Dacca et al. with religious colours thereby increasing communal tensions and prospects of partition.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2004|p=212|ps=}}{{sfnp|Chatterji|2002|p=93|ps=}}{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1990|ps=}}{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2011|pp=217, 221, 224|ps=}} In some places, the Namasudras even sided with Muslims against the socio-economic oppression of Hindu zamindars but it was again branded as a communal riot.{{sfnp|Chatterji|2002|p=93|ps=}} The Bengal Congress also contributed to the cause.{{sfnp|Chatterji|2002|p=93|ps=}}{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2004|p=222|ps=}} Nonetheless, the organised efforts to articulate the Hindu identity somewhat worked and some of the riots did have a religious flavor.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2011|pp=216, 218|ps=}}

Gradually, whilst many leaders of the caste-movement increasingly associated with the Hindu narrative,{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2011|p=225|ps=}} and many Namasudras associated with the views of the Hindu solidarity,{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2011|p=227|ps=}} there was still a lack of consensus among the masses. In fact, there was a strong discontent among Namasudras that they have been supposedly cheated by the enumerators of the 1941 census where they were recorded as Hindus instead of mere Namasudras.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2004|p=206|ps=}}

But, by 1947, a majority of Namasudras actively associated them with the Hindus and that the partition was inevitable, their primary aim was to keep their habitat- the districts of Bakarganj, Faridpur, Jessore and Khulna within the Hindu majority province of West Bengal.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa|Chaudhury|2014|page=2|ps=}} But they managed to maintain a separate caste identity throughout.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2011|p=236|ps=}} Ultimately, the efforts of the campaign failed to achieve much of its desired goal because districts that were mostly inhabited by Namasudras went to East Bengal{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2011|p=228|ps=}} despite vehement protestations by them.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa|Chaudhury|2014|page=2|ps=}} Overall, whilst these attempts at altering the social situation improved things to some extent, discrimination was still markedly abundant and the domination by upper castes continued even post-independence.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2004|p=75|ps=}}

== Post-independence ==

=== Migration to India ===
Whilst an assemblage of relatively well-off Namasudras immediately migrated to India, using their resources of property, the poorer community members stayed. Sekhar Bandyopadhyay notes that despite Jinnah's promise of equality for all, they were soon subjected to "a process of 'Othering'" as the state sought for "greater Islamisation of the polity"{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa|Chaudhury|2014|page=2|ps=}} and that the upper-caste-Hindus had almost all left East Bengal, the communal agitation was now solely directed against the lower-caste and untouchable Hindus.{{sfnp|Mallick|1999|ps=}} An acute economic crisis in some districts, coinciding with a labour-surplus market and the Muslim landlords preferring to employ coreligionists, was another mitigating factor. All these, coupled with numerous provocations ranging from unlawful occupation of land to public humiliation of women and direct instruction to leave the country, led to a build-up of insecurity among the Namasudras.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa|Chaudhury|2014|page=2|ps=}}

From around January 1950, the Namasudra peasants decided to migrate to India{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2004|pp=192, 234|ps=}} in large numbers and this continued until 1956, with about 10,000 refugees entering every month. Retaliatory communal violence across both sides of the border also contributed to the cause. There was again a mass migration after the Hazratbal riot in 1964. A police intelligence report in June 1952 reported that "About 95 per cent of the refugees are Namasudras".{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa|Chaudhury|2014|page=2|ps=}}

=== Condition in India ===
Whilst most of the Namasudra refugees who arrived after 1950, were automatically designated as cultivators without any means for survival and were thus dispatched to official refugee camps, some did independently settle across villages in Nadia, Basirhat et al. The latter were often involved in violent fracases with the local Muslims and cross-border communal rivalries, in search of land and livestock, were reported too. That they had to also contend with the local Hindu upper castes, made the situation worse.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa|Chaudhury|2014|page=2|ps=}}

Those who were dispatched to the refugee camps spend months in imposed idleness whilst being rewarded with a meager cash dole and weekly ration. They were restricted from going out of the camps, look for jobs or interact with the local population, who were often deeply suspicious of the refugees. Thereafter, they started mobilising themselves under the umbrage of Bastuhara Samitis (refugee associations) and other leaders like Ramendra Kishor Mullick, who claimed to be close to P. R. Thakur and Manohar Roy, who claimed himself to be a right-hand man of [[Jogen Mandal]] to protest against the camp administration in a variety of forms.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa|Chaudhury|2014|page=2|ps=}}

Finally, the government, in early 1956 announced the Dandakaranya Scheme of rehabilitating them in a region consisting of 78,000 square miles of inhospitable unirrigated land in the tribal areas of Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. The scheme was compulsory, pending which the refugee camps were to be closed down. Some were also rehabilitated to neighbouring provinces of Assam, Bihar, Orissa and the Andaman Islands.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa|Chaudhury|2014|page=2|ps=}}

The schemes were heavily protested and in March–April 1958, umbrella-refugee-organisations [United Central Refugee Council (UCRC) and the Sara Bangla Bastuhara Samiti (SBBS)]organised satyagraha campaigns, with political patronage, that lasted for about a month and resulted in the arrests of 30,000 refugees. Most were camp-refugees and 70 per cent of them were Namasudras.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa|Chaudhury|2014|page=2|ps=}} Gradually, the campaign, as to an acceptable solution of the refugee issues began to lose momentum as the organisations were more interested in exploiting the refugee-base, as an exercise in electoral constituency building for the political parties.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa|Chaudhury|2014|page=2|ps=}}

By 1965, 7,500 refugee families were forcibly settled there and because of their dispersal, the Namasudras, who were till-then a closely knit community, as to local-geography, lost their capacity to organise powerful protest movements. The conditions across Dandakaranya camps were extremely poor and that the refugees not only failed to integrate with the native Adivasis but also had to deal with a corrupt government mechanism made survival more difficult.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa|Chaudhury|2014|page=2|ps=}}{{sfnp|Mallick|1999|ps=}}

Bandyopadhyay has noted that throughout the times, the Namasudras whilst existing in the refugee camps, did not articulate their caste identity; they along with all others shared the common tag of refugees. And that this led a large section of the Dalit community to lose their distinctive and autonomous political voice.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa|Chaudhury|2014|page=2|ps=}} But, nevertheless some means (following different rituals et al.) were adopted by them to distinguish from other castes and maintain a conscious identity of their original identity.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdqGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78|title=Minorities and the State: Changing Social and Political Landscape of Bengal|last1=Dasgupta|first1=Abhijit|last2=Togawa|first2=Masahiko|last3=Barkat|first3=Abul|date=7 June 2011|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9788132107668}}</ref>

==== Thakurnagar ====
A prominent Namasudra leader, [[Pramatha Ranjan Thakur]], who was once elected to the Constituent Assembly with Congress support and opposed reservation for the Scheduled Castes whilst advocating drastic social reforms, emerged as a political and spiritual figure-head during the refugee crisis. He was the [[guru]] of the [[Matua Mahasangha]] (MM), which his great-grandfather had established, and thus had a huge following among the Namasudras. In December 1947, he purchased a piece of land in [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24-Parganas]], about {{cvt|63|km|mi}} from [[Kolkata]], between [[Chandpara]] and [[Gobardanga|Gobordanga]], and started a venture for purposes of refugee rehabilitation. This led to the establishment of [[Thakurnagar]], the first Dalit-refugee colony in India started by Dalits themselves. The locality grew in size and within the next ten years, more than 50,000 Dalit refugees, mostly Namasudras, had settled in what became a major cultural centre for them.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa|Chaudhury|2014|page=2|ps=}}

==== Marichjhapi massacre ====
{{Main|Marichjhapi incident}}
The Congress government of West Bengal during the refugee crisis was widely perceived as anti-refugee because of its position regarding rehabilitation. The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)), as the main opposition party, opposed the government's dispersal policy and demanded rehabilitation of refugees in the uninhabited islands of [[Sundarbans|Sunderban]], thus gaining a following among the Namasudra refugees.{{sfnp|Mallick|2007|p=89|ps=}}

In 1977, as CPI(M) became the governing party, almost 150,000 refugees returned to West Bengal from [[Dandakaranya]]. By now, the economy was in a poor state and the CPIM arranged deportation of many of them back to Dandakaranya. However, a group of about 30,000 refugees managed to infiltrate the Sunderbans and establish a settlement at Marichjhapi, which included such things as schools, health centres, and fishing industries. The government declared the establishment to be illegal, as a contravention of the prohibitions on permanent settlement in the Forest Acts, and asked them to abandon the settlement to protect the ecological diversity of the region.{{sfnp|Mallick|2007|p=100|ps=}}

As the persuasion failed to convince them, beginning 26 January 1979, the local police, on the behest of the government, undertook drastic measures which included razing the dwellings of the islanders, destroying fisheries, tube-wells et al. and complete-blockading of the island. despite considerable criticism from the press and a restraining order from the High Court. Boats of escaping refugees were sunk, and mass-firings were also reported, which led to numerous casualties over the course of next few days.{{sfnp|Mallick|2007|p=101|ps=}}

Finally, as the efforts by the local-police-machinery failed to address the issue in its entirety, the Government ordered a forcible evacuation of the refugees in a 48-hour span from 14 May 1979 to 16 May 1979, in what was called the ''Marichjhapi Massacre'' by the scholarly community. Several hundred refugees died in numerous police-firings whilst many more perished as a result of starvation, exhaustion et al.{{sfnp|Mallick|2007|p=101|ps=}} Usage of mercenaries and mass-rapes were also reported. No criminal charges were laid against anyone and the Scheduled Castes and Tribes Commission, in its annual report denied the happening of any atrocity on the Untouchables in Bengal.{{sfnp|Mallick|1999|ps=}}

==== Modern day politics and status ====
[[Matua Mahasangha]] has transformed itself into a major socio-religious organisation and has one of its major aims as to mobilisation of the dispersed Namasudra community and to convert Thakurnagar into a new cultural and spiritual hub for a Namasudra renaissance. In 2010, it claimed to have nearly 50 million members, belonging to 100 to 120 thousand families.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa|Chaudhury|2014|page=2|ps=}}

On the occasion of ''baruni mela'' – the major festival of the sect – lakhs of devotees from all over India were reported to visit Thakurnagar, in the sort of an annual pilgrimage.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa|Chaudhury|2014|page=2|ps=}}

The members of the community have been reported to have fared quite well, post 1980 but despite their educational and social progress, the class remained politically marginal for a long span of time but have often actively negotiated with mainstream political parties for political empowerment.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa|Chaudhury|2014|page=2|ps=}}

Beginning the utilisation of the network of the MMS, by [[All India Trinamool Congress]], (which included nominating family members of PR Thakur as MLAs), the group managed to establish an independent identity in politics. TMC did succeed in consolidating Matua votes in its favour in the 2011 state-elections and the consolidation has been attributed to be a cause behind its decisive victory in the South Bengal seats.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/in-west-bengal-the-die-is-cast-here/article8520737.ece|title=In West Bengal, the die is cast here|last=Bagchi|first=Suvojit|date=26 April 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=19 September 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The [[BJP]] converted the Namasudra community into their voter base in [[West Bengal]] through the promise of granting citizenship via the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Understanding Bengal's Namasudras, Who Are Divided Between TMC and BJP|url=https://thewire.in/caste/understanding-the-history-of-bengals-namasudras-who-are-divided-between-tmc-and-bjp|website=The Wire|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Namasudras]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}
'''Bibliography'''
*{{citation|last=Bandyopādhyāẏa |first=Śekhara|year=1990|title=Community Formation and Communal Conflict: Namasudra-Muslim Riot in Jessore-Khulna|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=25|issue=46|pages=2563–2568|jstor=4396995}}
*{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=omAPFtaweqIC |title=Caste, Protest and Identity in Colonial India: The Namasudras of Bengal, 1872–1947 |last=Bandyopādhyāẏa |first=Śekhara |year=1997 |publisher=Curzon |isbn=978-0-70070-626-6}}
*{{citation|title=Caste, protest and identity in colonial India: the Namasudras of Bengal, 1872–1947|last=Bandyopādhyāẏa|first=Śekhara|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19807-596-7|location=New Delhi|oclc = 774901805}}
*{{citation|first1=Śekhara |last1=Bandyopādhyāẏa|first2=Anasua Basu Ray |last2=Chaudhury|title=In Search of Space: The Scheduled Caste Movement in West Bengal after Partition|date=February 2014|url=http://www.mcrg.ac.in/PP59.pdf|journal=Policies and Practices|volume=59}}
*{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2SVIflbyHQC|title=Caste, Culture and Hegemony: Social Dominance in Colonial Bengal|last=Bandyopādhyāẏa|first=Śekhara|year=2004|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-0-76199-849-5}}
*{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNAQcoVqoMC|title=Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932–1947|last=Chatterji|first=Joya|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-52152-328-8}}
*{{citation|last=Mallick|first=Ross|date=1999|title=Refugee Resettlement in Forest Reserves: West Bengal Policy Reversal and the Marichjhapi Massacre|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=58|issue=1|pages=104–125|doi=10.2307/2658391|jstor=2658391|s2cid=161837294 }}
*{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7ar3x8KAOsC|title=Development Policy of a Communist Government: West Bengal Since 1977|last=Mallick|first=Ross|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-52104-785-2}}
*{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqXqI-LRz0YC|title=Beyond Nationalist Frames: Relocating Postmodernism, Hindutva, History|last=Sarkar|first=Sumit|date=2004|publisher=Permanent Black|isbn=978-8-17824-086-2}}
{{refend}}
* {{cite journal |last=Mandal | first=Mahitosh |date=2022 | title=Dalit Resistance during the Bengal Renaissance: Five Anti-Caste Thinkers from Colonial Bengal, India |journal=Caste: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=11–30 | doi=10.26812/caste.v3i1.367 | s2cid=249027627 |url=https://journals.library.brandeis.edu/index.php/caste/article/view/367/96|doi-access=free }}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.mrt-rrt.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/87/ind32211.pdf.aspx|title=Research Response: India|publisher=Refugee Review Tribunal, Australia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007194311/http://www.mrt-rrt.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/87/ind32211.pdf.aspx|archive-date=7 October 2011|url-status=dead|date=30 August 2007}}
* The stranglehold after 1947: By Vohra: [http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1467-8314.00056], By M. Klass, pp. 43: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110812145812/http://books.google.co.in/books?id=XAZ2JBQ2vwsC&pq=PA438lpg...]

{{Bengali Hindu people}}

[[Category:Bengali Hindu castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]

Pranami Sampradaya

2026-03-10T10:27:04Z

Debasish swain: starting a details

{{Short description|Monotheistic Hindu sect}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox religious group
|group = Pranami Sampradaya
|founder = Devchandra
|image =
|caption =
| scriptures = Tartam Sagar
|regions = [[India]], [[Nepal]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
|languages = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
}}

The '''Pranami Sampradaya''', also known as '''Pranami''' ({{Literal translation|Those who bow down}}) or '''Pranami Panth''' is a [[Hindu sect]] that worships [[Krishna]] as the Supreme God. It is based on the teachings of [[Mahamati Prannathji|Mahamati Prannath]] and [[Shri Devchandraji|Devchandra]] and their holy book, the ''Tartam Sagar''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pranami Faith |url=https://pranami.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52&Itemid=157 |website=pranami.org}}</ref><ref name="Dalal">{{cite encyclopedia |surname=Dalal |given=Roshen |title=Pranami Panth |encyclopedia=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |year=2010 |url={{Google books|DH0vmD8ghdMC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |place=New Delhi |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6}}</ref><ref name=X>{{cite book|last=Toffin|first=Gérard|title=The Politics of Belonging in the Himalayas: Local Attachments and Boundary Dynamics|year =2011|pages=144–152|publisher= SAGE Publishers|isbn=978-81-321-0524-4}}</ref><ref name=toffin249>{{cite book|surname=Toffin |given=Gérard|chapter=The Power of Boundaries: Transnational Links among Krishna Pranamis of India and Nepal|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uuuICwAAQBAJ&pg=PT249|editor=John Zavos|display-editors=etal|title=Public Hinduisms|url={{Google books|uuuICwAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}| year=2012|publisher=SAGE Publ. India|isbn=978-81-321-1696-7|pages=249–254}}</ref><ref name="BakshiRalhan2008p205">{{cite book|author1=Shiri Ram Bakshi|author2=S.R. Bakshi And O.P. Ralhan|title=Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt1XStNgHeEC&pg=PA205|year=2008|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-806-7|pages=205–206}}</ref><ref name="Sharma2013p11">{{cite book|author=Arvind Sharma|title=Gandhi: A Spiritual Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/gandhispiritualb0000shar |url-access=registration|year=2013|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-18738-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/gandhispiritualb0000shar/page/10 10]–12}}</ref>
[[File:Rajaji_and_tartam_sagar.png|thumb|The sacred text of the Pranami sect, the Tartam Sagar]]
==History==
The Praṇāmī sect belong to the [[Sant (religion)|Sant]] heritage like that of the [[Kabir panth|Kabīrpanthi]], [[Dadu Dayal|Dādūpanthis]], and [[Sikhs]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Toffin |first=Gérard |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |publisher=Brill |year=2020 |chapter=Praṇāmī Sampradāy}}</ref>
[[File:Mahamati Prannath 2019 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Mahamati Prannath on a 2019 stamp of India.]]

The Praṇāmī [[sampradaya]] emerged in the 17th century in [[Western India]], based on the teachings of [[Bhakti]] saints, Devcandra Mehtā and his foremost disciple Mehrāj Ṭhākur aka Prāṇanāth. Devcandra (1581–1655) was born into a wealthy [[Kayastha|Kāyastha]] family in [[Umerkot|Umarkot]], Sindh and was initiated into the [[Radha Vallabha Sampradaya|Rādhāvallabhā]] sect. According to sectarian tradition, Kr̥ṣṇa visited Devcandra and gave him the ''tārtam'' ''mantra'', which gives access to the ''Iīlā''s of Kr̥ṣṇa. His disciple Mehrāj Ṭhākur aka Prāṇanāth was born into a Ṭhākur family in [[Jamnagar]], Saurashtra. Prāṇanāth worked as a government official in Saurashtra, and travelled through Arabia, Persia, and Iraq studying the [[Quran|Quʾrān]], [[Bible]], and other Islamic-Christian texts. In India he founded the Mahāmaṅgalapurī Temple in Surat. In the 1677 [[Kumbh Mela|Kumbhamelā]] in [[Haridwar|Haridvār]], he won a religious debate in which he defeated Vaiṣṇava and Śaiva followers, and was awarded the title of ''mahāmati''. In Jamnagar he was arrested several times for allegedly embezzling public funds.<ref name=":0" />

The traditions grew after [[Mughal Empire]] declined, in the wake of [[Aurangzeb]]'s religious persecution of non-Muslims, when Hindu rebellion led to new kingdoms. King [[Chhatrasal|Chatrasāl]] of [[Bundelkhand]] patronized Prāṇanāth, and he lived in its capital Panna, [[Madhya Pradesh|Panna]] for the rest of his life until his death in 1694. The Pranami tradition welcomed all castes and religions to join the Supreme Truth Shri Krishna worship tradition. At conversion initiation, Prannathji would invite the new members to dine together regardless of whether they came from any Sanatan background. He would also explain the Pranami ideas by citing Hindu and Islamic texts to make his teachings connect with the background of the converts.<ref name="Sharma2013p113">{{cite book |author=Arvind Sharma |url=https://archive.org/details/gandhispiritualb0000shar |title=Gandhi: A Spiritual Biography |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-300-18738-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/gandhispiritualb0000shar/page/10 10]–12 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The Pranami Sampradaya is also known as the Nijananda Sampradaya, literally, 'nij' meaning, oneself or own and 'ananda' meaning bliss or joy.<ref name="X3">{{cite book |last=Toffin |first=Gérard |title=The Politics of Belonging in the Himalayas: Local Attachments and Boundary Dynamics |publisher=SAGE Publishers |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-321-0524-4 |pages=144–152}}</ref> The Pranami [[sampradaya]]'s teachings tries to bridge the gap between the [[Eastern religions]] and [[Western religions]] together stating that both the Eastern and Western religions talk about the same one almighty god.<ref>{{cite news |author=Archana Sharma {{!}} TNN |date=November 19, 2006 |title=Where Krishna meets Mohammed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/where-krishna-meets-mohammed/articleshow/474894.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

The Praṇāmī sect is heavily influenced by [[Islam]], having developed in an era of Islamic rule. Prāṇanāth claimed that Hinduism and Islam both contained the same esoteric truths, and that the Quʾrān and Vedas both revealed the same truth. According to sectarian tradition, Prāṇanāth is both the [[Kalki|last avatār of Viṣṇu]] and the [[Mahdi|Mahdī]] and Chatrasāl is compared to [[Ali|ʾAlī]]. During his lifetime Prāṇanāth was considered to be both a Hindu sant and a Musim [[Faqir|faqīr]].<ref name=":0" />

The Praṇāmī corpus, like in other [[Bhakti movement]] saint traditions, an eclectic mix of vernacular languages found in central, west and north India: Hindi, Gujarati, and Sindhi.<ref name="BakshiRalhan2008p2052">{{cite book |author1=Shiri Ram Bakshi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt1XStNgHeEC&pg=PA205 |title=Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages |author2=S.R. Bakshi And O.P. Ralhan |publisher=Sarup & Sons |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-7625-806-7 |pages=205–206}}</ref><ref name="toffin2493">{{cite book |surname=Toffin |given=Gérard |url={{Google books|uuuICwAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Public Hinduisms |publisher=SAGE Publ. India |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-321-1696-7 |editor=John Zavos |pages=249–254 |chapter=The Power of Boundaries: Transnational Links among Krishna Pranamis of India and Nepal |display-editors=etal |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uuuICwAAQBAJ&pg=PT249}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Until the early 20th century, Praṇāmīs were accused of being [[crypto-Muslim]]s. They were and are treated suspiciously by others and were considered to be outcastes. In recent decades the sect has gone through Hinduization/Vaishnavization with older Islamic elements being discarded.<ref name=":0" />

Among other notables – [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s mother, [[Putlibai Gandhi|Putlibai]], belonged to Pranami sect.<ref>{{cite book|author=Amalendu Misra|title=Identity and Religion: Foundations of Anti-Islamism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLgB8pZg0qsC&pg=PA67|year=2004|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-3227-7|page=67}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rajmohan Gandhi|title=Mohandas: A True Story of a Man, His People, and an Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TEyXCoc76AEC&pg=PA5|year=2007|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-310411-7|page=5}}</ref> Gandhi in his book ''[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth|My Experiments With Truth]]'' mentions about this sect - "Pranami is a sect deriving the best of [[Bhagvad Gita|Gita]] and Quran, in search of one goal – Shri Krishna."<ref name=ag>{{cite book|author=Nagindas Sanghvi|title=The Agony of Arrival: Gandhi, the South Africa Years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-wNpAHzgfAC&pg=PT38|year=2006|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-0835-7|page=38}}</ref>{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Mahamati Prannathji Temple Panna Madhya Pradesh India.jpg
| width1 = 94
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Shree Krishna Pranami Mandir, Budhabare, Jhapa, Nepal.jpg
| width2 = 250
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Krishna Pranami Mandir, in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Budhabare, Jhapa|Buddhashanti, Nepal]].
}}

===Tartam Sagar ===
The Tartam Sagar, also referred to as the Kuljam Swaroop,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ynPkAAAAMAAJ |title=Mahāmati Prāṇanātha: Jāganī sañcayana, viśvadharma sadbhāva ko samarpita śodhagrantha, varsha 1994-95, aṅka 20-21 : viśvadharma preraka Vijayābhinanda Budha Mahāmati Prāṇanātha kī Tirodhāna Triśatābdī para prakāśita |date=1994 |publisher=Śrī Prāṇanātha Miśana |pages=381 |language=hi}}</ref> is the holy book of the Pranami tradition. It is a compilation of 14 books; Raas, Prakash, Shatritu, Kalash, Sanandh, Kirantan, Khulasa, Khilwat, Parikrama, Sagar, Singaar, Sindhi Bani, Marfat Sagar, and Kayamatnama (chhota and bada),<ref>{{cite book |author=A. A. Abbasi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUwFL3IipK0C&pg=PA191 |title=Dimensions of Human Cultures in Central India: Professor S.K. Tiwari Felicitation Volume |publisher=Sarup & Sons |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-7625-186-0 |page=191}}</ref> consisting of 18,758 verses. The text was published in 1965 for the first time. It is regarded to contain the revelation of the Vedic scriptures, as well as the description of the supreme abode of Krishna, called paraṃadhāma or [[Goloka|Goloka Vrindavan]]. The text is regarded to be divine, and is therefore accorded equivalent worship as Krishna.

==Rites and rituals==

The tradition is strictly vegetarian ([[ahimsa]], non-violence to animals), non-caste tradition dedicated to Supreme Lord whom they also call as "[[Rajji]]".<ref name="X3"/><ref name="toffin2493"/> Dedicated Pranami temples exist such as in Kathiawar and Gulf of Kutch region, but followers of Pranami traditions substitute it by praying and spiritual pursuits in any nearby convenient temples.<ref name="X3" /><ref name="Sharma2013p113"/> There are an estimated 5-10 million Pranamis found primarily throughout North India, particularly the states of Gujarat, [[Rajasthan]], [[Punjab]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[West Bengal]] ([[Darjeeling]], [[Kalimpong]] and [[Sikkim]]), and [[Assam]], as well as the eastern half of [[Nepal]].<ref name="X3" />{{multiple image|Krishna Pranami Mandir
| align = right
| image1 = Krishna Pranami Mandir.jpg
| height = 225
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Shree Krishna Pranami Mandir Najarpur Pinnacle on Temple.jpg
| width2 = 200
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Images and devotees at Shri Krishna Pranami temples.
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Krishnaite Vaishnava denominations]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Anti-caste movements]]
[[Category:Sects that require vegetarianism]]
[[Category:Religious syncretism in Asia]]

Prova Chakma

2026-03-08T17:57:54Z

Debasish swain: starting new entry...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1975|06|12}}
| birth_place = [[Kamalanagar, Mizoram|Kamalanagar]], Mizoram, India
| occupation = Teacher
| constituency = [[West Tuipui Assembly constituency|West Tuipui]]
| office = Member of the {{No break|[[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]}}
| term_start = 2023
| alma_mater = [[Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation|Vinayaka Missions University]]
| party = [[Mizo National Front]]
| predecessor = [[Nihar Kanti Chakma]]
| caption = Official portrait
| image = Prova Chakma.jpg
}}
'''Prova Chakma''' (born 12 June 1975) is an Indian politician in the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]. She is a member of the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]] from [[West Tuipui Assembly constituency|West Tuipui]] constituency of [[Lunglei district|Lunglei]] district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member of Mizoram Legislative Assembly |url=https://mizoram.nic.in/gov/mla.htm |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=mizoram.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=West Tuipui Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: MNF's Prova Chakma defeats INC's Nihar Kanti Chakma with 711 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/west-tuipui-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2471395-2023-12-04 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Mizoram Assembly Election Result 2023: ZPM secures majority in state; check out the list of winners and losers |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/politics/news-mizoram-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-winner-list-at-eci-gov-in-election-commission-of-india-website-zpm-mnf-bjp-inc-267434 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Zee Business}}</ref>

She is elected as the MLA in the [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly elections]] representing [[Mizo National Front]] party defeating sitting MLA<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Mizoram 2023 highlights: MNF wins Thorang, West Tuipui, Tuichawng; ZPM gets Lunglei South |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/mizoram-assembly-election/mizoram-2023-live-lunglei-south-thorang-west-tuipui-tuichawng-counting-updates-101701653994262.html |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[Nihar Kanti Chakma]] of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] by 711 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=2023-12-05 |title=Mizoram has more than one woman MLA for the first time |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mizoram-has-more-than-one-woman-mla-for-the-first-time/article67606904.ece |access-date=2023-12-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prova Chakma Election Results 2023: News, Votes, Results of Mizoram Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/mizoram-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/prova-chakma-16035-3 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Mizoram Assembly polls: Three women candidates win elections |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/mizoram-assembly-elections/mizoram-assembly-polls-three-women-candidates-win-elections/articleshow/105731636.cms |access-date=2023-12-07 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Only three women, including Chakma, were elected as MLAs in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Election Results Usher in New Politics and Developmental Challenges |url=https://thewire.in/politics/mizoram-election-results-usher-in-new-politics-and-developmental-challenges |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | date=2023-12-05 |title=Three Women Clinch Wins In Mizoram Elections, Paves Way For Gender Diversity |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2023/12/05/three-women-clinch-wins-in-mizoram-elections-paves-way-for-gender-diversity/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Assembly polls 3 women candidates win elections |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2023/12/04/cal48-elections-mz-women.html |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She did her post-graduation from [[Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation|Vinayaka Missions University]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. She is a teacher by profession and is married to Shyamal Kanti Chakma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prova Chakma(MNF):Constituency- WEST TUIPUI (ST)(LUNGLEI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Mizoram2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=13 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.mizoramassembly.in/members/details/75 Official Profile] at Mizoram Legislative Assembly

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakma, Prova}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Chakma people]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:People from Lunglei district]]
[[Category:People from Lawngtlai district]]
[[Category:Mizo National Front politicians]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Women members of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]

{{Mizoram-politician-stub}}

Cuckoo Parameswaran

2026-03-05T13:21:16Z

Debasish swain:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Cuckoo Parameswaran
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1972}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation =Film Actress Dubbing artist
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Cuckoo Parameswaran''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actress,dubbing artist and dancer who works predominantly in [[Malayalam film industry]].<ref>{{cite news|title = CUCKOO PARAMESWARAN|url=https://www.malayalamcinema.com/meet-star/profile/cuckoo-parameswaran |publisher = malayalamcinema |date = 2019 |accessdate = 1 March 2025|language = English }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = meet the starHome star profile |url = https://ammakerala.com/meet-the-star/view/cuckooparameswaran|publisher = ammakerala|date = 2021|accessdate = 1 March 2025|language = English }}</ref> She won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress]] in 1988 for her performance in the film ''[[Ore Thooval Pakshikal]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm|title=State Film Awards 1969 - 2008|publisher=Information and Public Relation Department of Kerala|access-date=1 March 2025 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119014326/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm|archive-date=19 November 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Cuckoo Parameswaran was elected as General Secretary of [[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists]] (AMMA) in 2025.<ref name="Shwetha Menon, Kukku Parameswaran create history as first women to lead Malayalam actors’ body AMMA">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=15 August 2025 |title=Shwetha Menon, Kukku Parameswaran create history as first women to lead Malayalam actors’ body AMMA |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/shwetha-menon-kukku-parameswaran-create-history-as-first-women-to-lead-malayalam-actors-body-amma/article69936676.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816152447/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/shwetha-menon-kukku-parameswaran-create-history-as-first-women-to-lead-malayalam-actors-body-amma/article69936676.ece |archive-date=16 August 2025 |access-date=16 August 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Shwetha Menon becomes first woman president of Malayalam film body">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=15 August 2025 |title=Shwetha Menon becomes first woman president of Malayalam film body |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/shweta-menon-first-woman-president-amma-artistes-of-malayalam-movie-association-2771764-2025-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816152452/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/shweta-menon-first-woman-president-amma-artistes-of-malayalam-movie-association-2771764-2025-08-15 |archive-date=16 August 2025 |access-date=16 August 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Shweta Menon, Kukku Parameswaran Elected As AMMA's First Women President And Secretary">{{cite news|title=Shweta Menon, Kukku Parameswaran Elected As AMMA's First Women President And Secretary|url=https://timelinedaily.com/entertainment/shweta-menon-kukku-parameswaran-elected-as-ammas-first-women-president-and-secretary|accessdate=21 August 2025|publisher=TimelineDaily|date=15 August 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821161704/https://timelinedaily.com/entertainment/shweta-menon-kukku-parameswaran-elected-as-ammas-first-women-president-and-secretary|archivedate=21 August 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Women on top in AMMA: Shwetha Menon is new president, Kukku Parameswaran general secretary">{{cite news|title=Women on top in AMMA: Shwetha Menon is new president, Kukku Parameswaran general secretary|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/08/15/women-on-top-in-amma-shwetha-menon-is-new-president-kukku-parameswaran-general-secretary.html|accessdate=21 August 2025|work=The Week|publisher=The Week|date=15 August 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821161823/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/08/15/women-on-top-in-amma-shwetha-menon-is-new-president-kukku-parameswaran-general-secretary.html|archivedate=21 August 2025|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Cuckoo started her acting career as a [[child artist]]. she is also a classical dancer, [[Fashion designer]] and [[theatre actress]].She studied at the [[School of Drama and Fine Arts]], [[University of Calicut]], specialising in direction. Later, she studied [[textile design]] at the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]]. Her performances in the films ''[[Cotton Mary]], Moonilonnu, [[Oridathu]], [[Kazhakam]], [[Sammohanam (1994 film)|Sammohanam]], [[Vanaprastham]], [[Janam (1993 film)|Janam]], [[Anantaram|Anantharam]], [[Thinkalaazhcha Nalla Divasam]]'' and ''[[Nizhalkuthu]]'' have been noted. Her husband is director Murali Menon.<ref>{{cite news|title = Actress and designer renders homage to Kerala through her creation "Cuckoo Designs"
|url=https://bookofachievers.com/articles/made-in-kerela-an-actress-cuckoos-design-creations-to-render-homage-to-keralites
|publisher = bookofachievers |date = 2021
|accessdate = 1 March 2025 |language = English }}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title = Former Film Star Cuckoo Parameswaran Is Reinventing Kerala Weaves
|url = https://eshe.in/2020/02/25/cuckoo-parameswaran/ |publisher = eshe
|date = 25 February 2020 |accessdate = 1 March 2025 |language = English }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As an actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Thinkalaazhcha Nalla Divasam]]'' || Sheenu ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Oridathu]]'' || Panchami ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Anantaram]]'' || Nurse ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Ore Thooval Pakshikal]]'' || ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Janam (1993 film)|Janam]]'' || Anjana ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Sammohanam (1994 film)|Sammohanam]]'' || Kunjuni ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1995 || ''[[Ormakalundayirikkanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kazhakam]]'' || Nandhini ||
|-
| ''[[Mini (1995 film)|Mini]]'' || Mini's mother ||
|-
| 1996 || ''Moonilonnu'' || Kalyani ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1999 || ''[[Cotton Mary]]'' || Nurse || English film
|-
| ''[[Vanaprastham]]'' || Savithri ||
|-
| 2001 || ''Jeevan Masai'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2002 || ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' || Sundari || Tamil film
|-
| ''[[Nizhalkuthu]]'' || Woman seeking treatment in Kaliyappan ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Udayon]]'' || Malli ||
|-
| 2023 || ''Avakasikal'' || ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0660911}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parameswaran, Cuckoo}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]

Ambika Temple, Girnar

2026-03-04T00:09:40Z

Debasish swain: adding basic location added tags.

{{Short description|15th-century temple in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Ambika Temple
| image = File:Junagah - Girnar, Gujarat - India (3419263960).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Ambika Temple in 2008
| country = India
| map_type = India Gujarat#India
| map_caption = Location in Gujarat
| coordinates = {{coord|21.52814|70.52723|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]]
| festivals=
| architecture = 15th century
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Ambika Temple''', also known as '''Ambaji Temple,''' is a temple dedicated to Jain goddess [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] on [[Girnar]] hill in [[Junagadh]], [[Gujarat]], India. The earliest mention of the temple is recorded in the 8th century. The present temple was built in the 15th century.

== History ==
[[File:Ambika Mata temple on Mount Girnar.jpg|thumb|Ambika Temple in 1876|left]]
The early temple was built before 784 CE (probably in middle of the 8th century) because [[Digambara]] Acharya Jinasen's ''Harivamsapurana'' ([[Shaka era|Saka Samvat]] 705, 783 CE) mentions the temple.<ref name=":1" /> An inscription dated Vikram Samvat 1249 (1192 CE) mentions [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] minister [[Vastupala]]'s pilgrimage to Ambika temple on Raivataka (Girnar) hill. Narendraprabhsuri mentions that Vastupala had installed idols of himself and his brother Tejapala in the temple. Jinharshasuri mentions that Vastupala and his brother Tejapala visited as well as built the large ''[[mandapa]]'' of the temple and ''parikara'' of Ambika.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Tiwari |first=Maruti Nandan Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l0Tt04JDN0kC&dq=ambika+temple+girnar&pg=PA145 |title=Ambikā in Jaina Art and Literature |date=1989 |publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith |pages=145 |language=}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> A [[Prashasti|''praśast''i]] eulogy given at the end in a golden lettered copy of ''[[Kalpa Sūtra|Kalpasutra]]'' dated Vikram Samvat 1524 (1468 CE) mentions that a Shreshthi (merchant) named Samal Sah restored and renovated the Ambika temple on Girnar.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sompura |first=Kantilal F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXTqAAAAMAAJ&q=ambika+temple+girnar |title=The Structural Temples of Gujarat, Upto 1600 A.D. |date=1968 |publisher=Gujarat University |isbn=978-0-86186-245-0 |pages=215 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Dhaky |first=M. A. |title=મહાતીર્થ ઉજ્જયંતગિરિ (ગિરનાર તીર્થ) |publisher=[[Anandji Kalyanji Trust|Sheth Anandji Kalyanji]] |year=1997 |isbn= |editor-last=Shah |editor-first=Jitendra B. |series= |location=Ahmedabad |pages=5, 42-43 |trans-title=Mahatirtha UjjayantGiri (Girnar Tirtha) |author-link=Madhusudan Dhaky}}</ref> As mentioned in Jain pilgrimage travelogues, the temple had [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] as a Jain [[Yakshini|''yakshika'']] deity. The Girnar [[Tirth Pat|''patta'']] from Samvat 1507 in [[Ranakpur Jain temple]] also depicts Ambika in the similar manner. The temple is built according to the Jain tradition and the ''mandapa'' ceiling match with the [[Girnar Jain temples]]. According to [[Madhusudan Dhaky|M. A. Dhaky]], the temple came under a control of the Brahminical tradition in the late medieval period. The original idol was lost during the subsequent attacks and currently a ''falahi'' is venerated in the temple.<ref name=":1" />

The present temple is built around the 15th century. So the temple construction, renovation and reconstruction history extends from the mid-8th century to the 15th century.<ref name=":0" />

== Architecture ==
{{expand section|date=October 2022}}
The present temple is built in the traditional Indian temple architecture of the late 15th century.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tiwari |first=Maruti Nandan Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l0Tt04JDN0kC&dq=ambika+temple+girnar&pg=PA145 |title=Ambikā: In Jaina Art and Literature |date=1989 |publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith |language=en}}</ref>

==Pilgrimage==
The temple is much resorted to by newly married couples. The bride and bridegroom have their clothes tied together, and attended by their male and female relations, adore the goddess and present coconuts and other offerings. This pilgrimage is supposed to procure for the couple along continuance of wedded bliss.<ref name="IA1911">{{cite web |last=Murray |first=John |date=1911 |title=A handbook for travellers in India, Burma, and Ceylon |url=https://archive.org/details/handbooktravelle00john |access-date=28 January 2016 |website=Internet Archive |pages=155–157}}</ref>

The temple is visited by Hindu as well as Jain pilgrims.<ref name=":1" />

==See also==
* [[Girnar ropeway]]
* [[Ambika (Jainism)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{commonscat}}
{{Hindu temples in Gujarat}}
[[Category:Jain temples in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Shakti temples]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Junagadh district]]
[[Category:Māru-Gurjara architecture]]
[[Category:Junagadh]]

Teen Maar

2026-03-03T17:56:26Z

Debasish swain: Enhanced content and organization

{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Teen Maar
| image = Teen Maar.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jayanth C. Paranjee]]
| starring = [[Pawan Kalyan]] [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] [[Kriti Kharbanda]] [[Paresh Rawal]] [[Sonu Sood]]
| producer = [[Bandla Ganesh]]
| writer = '''Story''': [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]] '''Screenplay''' & '''Dialogues''': [[Trivikram Srinivas]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''}} by [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|4|14}}
| cinematography = [[Jayanan Vincent]]
| editing = M. R. Varma
| studio = [[Parameswara Art Productions]]
| distributor = Bharathi Films
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INRConvert|26|c}}
| gross = ₹17.4 crores [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2011 |title=Teenmaar Total Collections |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=116&cid=6&fid=207 |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=Andhraboxoffice |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Teen Maar''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Jayanth C. Paranjee]] from a screenplay written by [[Trivikram Srinivas]]. A remake of 2009 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]],'' it stars [[Pawan Kalyan]], [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]], and [[Kriti Kharbanda]]. The music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. The film delves into the timeless nature of love, contrasting modern relationships with traditional ones. The film was released on 14 April 2011.

==Plot==
Michael Velayudham ([[Pawan Kalyan]]) is a chef in [[Italy]]. He is an easygoing chap who flirts with girls and enjoys his affairs. His ambition is to go to the [[United States|US]] and work in [[New York City|New York]] for a [[stockbroker]]. He dates Meera Sastri (Trisha), an [[Conservation and restoration of cultural property|art restoration]] professional in [[Cape Town]]. After a year, they agree to break up as she has to move to India for work, and he believes long-distance relationships do not work.

In Cape Town, Michael meets Senapathi ([[Paresh Rawal]]), the owner of a restaurant, who narrates the love story of his friend Arjun Palwai (Pawan Kalyan) with Vasumati (Kriti Kharbanda), which occurred around 1981. Meanwhile, after Meera moves to India, Michael fails to connect with any other girl. To prove to her that he has moved on, he meets a [[Blond|blonde]] girl named Michelle (Danah Marks) in a bar and dates her. However, Meera is proposed to by her family friend, politician Sudheer ([[Sonu Sood]]), and she agrees to marry him, only to prove that she has moved on too.

Michael comes to India under some pretext and meets Meera. Frustrated that Meera married Sudheer, he becomes desperate and regrets what has happened. In his sorrow, he receives an offer for his dream job in the US. Initially, he enjoys his new job, but eventually, he feels a loneliness he does not understand.

The rest of the story focuses on how Michael realizes his mistakes and how Arjun's story impacts his decisions.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Pawan Kalyan]] in a dual role as Michael Velayudham and Arjun Palwai
* [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] as Meera Shastri
* [[Kriti Kharbanda]] as Vasumathi
* Danah Marks as Michelle
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as Senapathi
* [[Sonu Sood]] as Sudhir
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Taxi Driver
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Michael's father
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Michael's mother
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as Vasumathi's father
* [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Vasumathi's mother
* [[Shankar Melkote]] as Restaurant owner
* [[M. S. Narayana]]
* [[Rajitha]]
* Sandhya Janak
{{colend}}

==Production==
B. Ganesh and Pawan Kalyan acquired the rights to remake the Hindi film ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]'' for {{INRConvert|4|c}}.<ref>[http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2009/love-aaj-kal-remake-rights-190809.html Love Aaj Kal remake rights for Rs.4 crores – Filmibeat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202221549/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2009/love-aaj-kal-remake-rights-190809.html |date=2 February 2014 }}. Entertainment.oneindia.in (19 August 2009). Retrieved on 2015-06-30.</ref> The film, which was earlier referred to as ''Khushiga'' and ''Lovely'', before being officially titled as ''Teen Maar''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110205113940/http://www.sify.com/movies/teenmaar-pawan-s-next-news-telugu-lcen8afeidj.html 'Teenmaar' Pawan's next]. Sify.com (4 February 2011). Retrieved on 2015-06-30.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/top-stories/2011/kushiga-title-change-teen-maar-040211-aid0017.html |title=Pawan Kalyan's Kushiga goes for a title change|work=Filmibeat |accessdate=2011-02-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120712080110/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/top-stories/2011/kushiga-title-change-teen-maar-040211-aid0017.html |archivedate=12 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-04 |title=Pawan's 'LAK' remake titled 'Theenmaar' |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/63651.html |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106225013/https://www.indiaglitz.com/telugu |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film began its production in September 2010.<ref name="sify.com">{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14957477 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403005119/http://www.sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14957477 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 April 2015 |title=Pawan-Trisha film begins shoot|website=[[Sify]] |date=24 September 2010 |accessdate=4 February 2011}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
[[Mani Sharma]] composed the songs for the film and compiled the background score. The audio of the film was released on 21 March 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-teenmaar.html|title=Teen maar music launch - Telugu cinema - Pawan Kalyan|access-date=19 October 2018|archive-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414170414/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-teenmaar.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Audio was Released on [[Aditya Music]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Teen Maar
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 21 March 2011
| recorded = 2011
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 30:38
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]
| prev_title = [[Shakti (2011 film)|Shakti]]
| prev_year = 2011
| next_title = [[Maaro (film)|Maaro]]
| next_year = 2011
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:38
| title1 = Aale Baale
| extra1 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], [[Rahul Nambiar]], [[Sravana Bhargavi]], [[Rita Thyagarajan|Rita]]
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]]
| length1 = 5:07
| title2 = Barbie Bommaki
| extra2 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[Sravana Bhargavi]]
| lyrics2 = Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar
| length2 = 4:25
| title3 = Chiguru Boniya
| extra3 = [[Vishwa|Viswa]]
| lyrics3 = [[Viswa]]
| length3 = 4:23
| title4 = Gelupu Thalupule
| extra4 = [[Javed Ali]] (uncredited), [[Sreeram Chandra]]
| lyrics4 = Rahaman
| length4 = 5:18
| title5 = Sri Ganga
| extra5 = [[Vedala Hemachandra]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Srivardhini, [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]]
| lyrics5 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| length5 = 6:04
| title6 = Vayyaraala Jaabilli
| extra6 = [[N. C. Karunya|Karunya]]
| lyrics6 = Rahaman
| length6 = 5:21
}}

==Reception==
''[[The Times of India]]'' stated, "Finally, a nice, breezy mid-summer entertainer!"<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2011 |title=Theen Maar Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/theen-maar/movie-review/7999787.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604034659/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/theen-maar/movie-review/7999787.cms |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=4 June 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com]]'' noted, "''Teenmaar'' is entertaining despite its slow pace in parts. It's Pawan's show all the way mostly".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-teenmaar/20110414.htm|title=Review: Teenmaar is Pawan Kalyan's show|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=14 April 2011|access-date=4 June 2023|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604034701/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-teenmaar/20110414.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1889440|Teen Maar}}

{{Jayanth C. Paranjee}}
{{Trivikram Srinivas}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Films set in Cape Town]]
[[Category:Films shot in South Africa]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jayanth C. Paranjee]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Trivikram Srinivas]]
[[Category:2011 romantic drama films]]

Vazhappally copper plate

2026-03-03T17:44:38Z

Debasish swain: Enhanced article with new information

{{Short description|Malayalam inscription c. 882 CE}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date = January 2020}}
{{Infobox artifact
| name =
| native_name_lang = Malayalam
| material = Copper
| writing = Early Malayalam
| created = 9th century AD; [[Kerala]]
| location = Muvidathu Madham, [[Thiruvalla]]
| image = Vazhappally copper plate (9th century AD).jpg
| image_size =
| native_name =
| image_caption = Vazhappally copper plate
}}
'''Vazhappally copper plate''' (c. 750 — 850 AD,<ref name=":0" /> c. 882/83 AD ?<ref name=":28" />) is a copper plate inscription in the [[Old Malayalam|Malayalam language]] from [[Vazhappally]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], in the state of [[Kerala]], south India.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Narayanan |first1=M. G. S. |author-link1= |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |date=2013 |publisher=CosmoBooks |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |page= |pages=63–64 and 435 |orig-year=1972}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{cite journal |last1=Veluthat |first1=Kesavan |year=2017 |title=The Temple and the State in Medieval South India |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2348448917693729 |journal=Studies in People's History |volume=4 |pages=15–23 |doi=10.1177/2348448917693729 |s2cid=158422635 |doi-access=|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is dated to the twelfth [[regnal year]] of the medieval Chera ruler of Kerala, [[Rajashekhara (Chera king)|Rama Rajasekhara]] (fl. c. 871 AD).<ref name=":28">{{Cite book |last=Devadevan |first=Manu V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exzhDwAAQBAJ&q=The+%E2%80%98Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India |title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108494571 |pages=128 |chapter=Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cēra State}}</ref>

The copper plate documents a temple committee resolution regarding a land grant for daily worship in the temple.<ref name=":1" /> The amount of paddy available from the granted land in two seasons is estimated to be over 12,200 kilograms (or around 12 tons).<ref name=":28" />

== Contents ==
The record is engraved on a single copper plate (with five lines on each side) in an early form of Malayalam, using the [[Vattezhuthu script|Vattezhuthu (script)]] with necessary [[Grantha script|Grantha]] characters. The contents of the plate are incomplete.<ref name=":1" /> It was discovered by V. Srinivasa Sastri from Thalamana Illam near [[Changanassery]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |editor-last=Rao |editor-first=T. A. Gopinatha |title=An Inscription of Rajasekhara |journal=Travancore Archaeological Series |publisher=Government of Travancore |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=8–14}}</ref> The plate is currently owned by Muvidathu Madham, [[Thiruvalla]].<ref name=":1" />

The inscription begins with the invocation "Namah Shivaya" ("Respect to Lord [[Shiva]]"), instead of the usual medieval Chera invocation "Swasti Sri" ("Hail! Prosperity!")<ref name=":1" /> In the record, king Rajasekhara is described with the titles "Sri, Raja Rajadhiraja, Parameswara Bhattaraka, Rajashekhara Deva", and "the Perumal Atikal".<ref name=":1" /> The copper plate documents a temple committee resolution by the Thiruvatruvay Pathinettu Nattar and the Urar of Vazhappally, in the presence of king [[Rajashekhara (Chera king)|Rajasekhara]], regarding a land grant for daily worship in the temple.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":28" /> The inscription also prescribes fines for those who obstruct daily worship in the temple. Notably, it mentions a coin called the "dinara".<ref name=":1" />

The [[Vatteluttu|Vattezhuthu characters]] in the Vazhappally copper plate are noted for their similarity to those in the Madras Museum Plates of Jatila Varman Parantaka Pandya.<ref name=":0" /> The Grantha characters in the plate exhibit a later form compared to the Kasakudi and other early [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] grants.<ref name=":0" /> The plate also resembles [[Quilon Syrian copper plates]] (mid-9th century AD), another early Chera record, in both script and language.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Medieval Chera king Rajasekhara is commonly identified by scholars with [[Cheraman Perumal Nayanar]], the venerated [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] ([[Nayanars|Nayanar]]) poet-musician.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-concise-history-of-south-india-9780198099772?cc=us&lang=en& |title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-809977-2 |editor-last=Karashima |editor-first=Noboru |pages=143–44 |chapter=States in the Deccan and Kerala}}</ref>
[[File:Vazhappally copper plate (plate 1, side 1) replica, Aksharam Museum Kottaya.jpg|center|thumb|661x661px|Vazhappally copper plate (plate 1, side 1) replica]]
[[File:Vazhappally copper plate (plate 1, side 2) replica, Aksharam Museum Kottayam.jpg|center|thumb|661x661px|Vazhappally copper plate (plate 1, side 2) replica]]

== Translation ==
{{cquote|"Adoration to Siva. The year twelve (of the reign) of the prosperous king Rajashekharadeva (who bore the birudas) Rajadhiraja, Parameswara and Bhattaraka (was current).

"(The following was) the arrangement made by the men of the eighteen nadus [sic] belonging to Tiruvarruvay and the townsmen of Valaippalli who met under the presidency of (literally at the feet of) Rajashekharadeva.

"Those who stop the perpetually endowed bali ceremony (muttappali) in the Tiruvarruvay (Temple) should pay to the king (or the god) a fine of one hundred dinaras; and (are to be considered) as having taken their (own) mothers for their wives. Among the servants, those who stop (the bali owing to their own negligence) should each pay a fine paddy as measured by and made up to four nalis for each occasion (the bali is so stopped).

Of this the paddy due as padavaram should go the capital (set apart) for the santi and the (remaining) nine parts for the bali. (And) this fine should be remitted before the midday bali of the Pushyanakshtra in the month of Tai. If not so paid, they become liable to pay twice the amount.

"The following are the lands given to the (god in the shrine named?) Kailasa: the plot (kari, belonging to) Kirankadambanar, which yields one year 20 and another year 25 kalams (of paddy); Mandilakkalam together with Ulaseli yielding 10 kalams; Kallattuvay-veli (or a plot of land one veli in extend in Kallattuvay), yielding 500 nalis; from Kanjikka, 500 nazhis; the gardone (puraiyidam named) Pilikkodu and garden belonging to Kannan Sankaran who hold the position of a kavadi (accountant), which adjoins it (Pilikkodu puraiyidam), both situated in Uragam and yielding 150 tuni of paddy and three dinaras; two velis in the land (marram) in Ayyankadu, Damodaran's...
| author = T. A. Gopinatha Rao (ed.)
| source = Travancore Archaeological Series. 2 (2). Government of Travancore
}}
{{wide image|Vazhappally Plates - Description.JPG|1000px|Vattezhuthu characters (Vazhappally copper plate)}}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{Cite book |last=Mathew |first=Alex |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/7061 |title=Political identities in History |date=2006 |publisher=Mahatma Gandhi University |location=Kottayam}}

[[Category:History of Changanassery]]
[[Category:Vatteluttu]]
[[Category:Malayalam inscriptions]]
[[Category:9th century in law]]
[[Category:Chera dynasty]]
[[Category:Kerala history inscriptions]]
[[Category:Vazhappally]]
[[Category:Kodungallur Chera kingdom]]

Head Bush

2026-03-03T12:09:54Z

Debasish swain: created a info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Head Bush
| image = Head Bush (Kannada film) poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Shoonya
| writer = [[Agni Shridhar]]
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]] Ramco Somanna
| starring = [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]] [[Payal Rajput]] Balu Nagendra [[Devaraj]] [[Vasishta N. Simha]] [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] [[Raghu Mukherjee]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sunoj Velayudhan
| editing = Joseph K. Raja [[Harish Komme]]
| music = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
| studio = Daali Pictures SD Manna Talkies [[Zee Studios]]
| distributor = [[Zee Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|10|21}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
}}
'''''Head Bush'''''{{Efn|Head and bush refer to sides of a coin. The name was a gambling game from 1970s Bangalore.<ref name="N">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/head-bush-review-dhananjaya-s-charisma-cannot-save-sinking-ship-169100 |title=Head Bush review: Dhananjaya's charisma cannot save this sinking ship |date=21 October 2022 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>}} is a 2022 Kannada-language [[gangster film]] directed by Shoonya, written by [[Agni Shridhar]], and produced by [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]] and Ramco Somanna under the banner of Daali Pictures, SD Manna Talkies, and [[Zee Studios]]. The film features an [[ensemble cast]] of Dhananjaya, [[Balu Nagendra]], [[Payal Rajput]] (in her Kannada debut), [[Devaraj]], [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]], [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], [[Raghu Mukherjee]], [[Vasishta N. Simha]], [[Sruthi Hariharan]], and [[Prakash Belawadi]].

''Head Bush'' was released on 21 October 2022. It received mixed to negative reviews from critics and became a [[box-office bomb]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Head Bush: Will Dhananjaya make part 2 given first one's average BO outing |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/head-bush-will-dhananjaya-make-another-instalment-given-first-ones-average-box-office-performance/60d1e19dda766 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Premise ==
In the late 1970s in [[Bangalore]], [[M. P. Jayaraj]] alias "Head Bush" and his friends, Ganga and Samson, are called by [[D. Devaraj Urs|Devraj Urs]]'s son-in-law, [[M. D. Nataraj|MDN]], to head "Indira Brigade" which was formed to protect [[Indira Gandhi]]'s reputation. With unlimited money flowing from the politicians and cops, Jayaraj takes control over Bangalore, but petty issue triggers Jayaraj's gang, which leads to a personal rivalry between Jayaraj and his gang.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]] as [[M. P. Jayaraj]]
* Balu Nagendra as Samson
* [[Payal Rajput]] as Reshma
* [[Sruthi Hariharan]] as Rathna Prabha
*[[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] as a professor (guest appearance)
* [[Vasishta N. Simha]] as [[Kotwal Ramachandra]]
* [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] as Ganga
* [[Raghu Mukherjee]] as [[M. D. Nataraj]]
*[[Devaraj]] as [[D. Devaraj Urs|Devraj Urs]]
*Avanthika as [[Indira Gandhi]]
*[[Prakash Belawadi]]
}}
==Production==
[[Sandy (choreographer)|Sandy]] was initially considered for the role of Samson.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sandy-master-to-debut-in-kannada-with-dhananjayas-headbush/articleshow/80025330.cms|title=Sandy Master to debut in Kannada with Dhananjaya's Headbush|website=[[Times Of India]]|language=en|access-date=2025-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/revealed-sandy-masters-look-as-samson-in-dhananjaya-starrer-head-bush/articleshow/80069908.cms|title=Revealed! Sandy Master's look as Samson in Dhananjaya starrer Head Bush|website=[[Times Of India]]|language=en|access-date=2025-09-14}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film is composed by [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sakkare Putta
| lyrics1 = Nagarjun Sharma
| extra1 = Meghana Bhat
| length1 = 3:18
| title2 = Habibi Habibi
| lyrics2 = [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]]
| extra2 = Vagu Mazan Aishwarya Rangarajan
| length2 = 3: 46
| title3 = Head Bush title track
| lyrics3 = Karthik Chennoji Rao
| extra3 = Charan Raj Karthik Chennoji Rao
| length3 = 3: 30
| title4 = Rowdigalu Naavu Rowdigalu
| lyrics4 = [[Agni Shridhar]]
| extra4 = [[Sanjith Hegde]] and Deepak Blue
| length4 = 2:52
}}

== Reception ==
Sridevi S of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "If you are a fan of commercial films, ''Head Bush'' has the right ingredients to offer, that if you can manage to sit through the slow first half".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/head-bush/movie-review/95000196.cms |title=Head Bush Movie Review: World of Jayaraj through commercial lens |newspaper=The Times of India |first=Sridevi |last=S |date=21 October 2022 |accessdate=13 November 2022}}</ref>

Muralidhara Khajane of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Despite being a well-written gangster drama that marries a political thriller, poor character writing and execution trouble this Dhananjaya film".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/head-bush-movie-review-dhananjaya-shines-in-a-promising-but-caricaturish-gangster-drama/article66039765.ece |title='Head Bush' review: Dhananjaya shines in a promising but caricaturish gangster drama |first=Muralidhara |last=Khajane |date=21 October 2022 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Y Maheshwara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "For a peek into the 1970s, this film is a must-watch".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/head-bush-movie-review-that-70s-show/articleshow/95018763.cms |title=Head Bush movie review: That '70s Show |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

Vivek M V of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "The makers stay clear of any standpoint. It's also not right to expect the entire truth in a biopic. But is it too much to ask for a team filled with potential to deliver to its fullest?"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/head-bush-review-mafia-story-sans-thrill-tension-1155601.html |title='Head Bush' review: Mafia story sans thrill, tension |date=21 October 2022 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Shuklaji from ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Head Bush'', as a film and the first episode of a potential long series, promises a lot but delivers on very, very little because the film, unfortunately, is consumed by its own lack of clarity".<ref name="N"/>

A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Overall, ''Head Bush'' highlights crime, friendship, and family, and makes for a perfect outing for lovers of gangster films".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/oct/22/head-bush-movie-review-intense-throwback-to-the-brutal-bengaluruof-the-70s-35883.html |title=Head Bush Movie Review: Intense throwback to the brutal Bengaluru of the 70s |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=22 October 2022 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
The film became controversial because of a scene that allegedly insults [[Veeragase]], a folk dance form of [[Karnataka]]. In a film sequence, a character refers to the [[Dharmaraya Swamy Temple|Dharmaraya]] chariot as "jijubi" (useless). Sathish, a trustee of the Dharmaraya temple, said that the community was offended by the scene and urged the makers to remove it. He also claimed that the chariot shown in the movie is not a real one and further offered to provide the makers with actual footage of the chariot.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/dhananjayas-head-bush-lands-in-controversy-all-you-need-to-know-2290177-2022-10-27 |title=Dhananjaya's Head Bush lands in controversy for hurting religious sentiments |website=India Today}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{noteslist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|15282172}}
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]

Mobile telephone numbering in India

2026-03-02T01:15:19Z

Debasish swain: small add article for consistency

{{Short description|None}}
In [[India]], mobile numbers (including pagers) on GSM, WCDMA, LTE and NR networks start with either '''9''', '''8''', '''7''' or '''6'''. Each [[telecom circle]] is allowed to have multiple private operators; previously it was two private + BSNL/MTNL, subsequently it changed to three private + BSNL/MTNL in GSM; however currently each telecom circle has all four operators including Reliance Jio, Bharti Airtel, Vodafone Idea and BSNL/MTNL.

All mobile phone numbers are 10 digits long. The way to split the numbers is
defined in the National Numbering Plan as XXXXX-NNNNN. Here, ''XXXXX'' identifies the [[Mobile network operators of India|network operator]] and the [[telecom circle]] while ''NNNNN'' identifies the subscriber.
While 'XXXXX' used to be network operator identification. Due to Mobile number portability XXXXX-NNNNN no longer a good way to split. Instead XXXX-NNN-NNN is a better format. Where ''XXXX'' represents the geographic location and ''NNN-NNN'' represents the subscriber number. This split of XXXX-NNN-NNN offers better readability.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allotment of MSC Codes {{!}} Department of Telecommunications {{!}} Ministry of Communication {{!}} Government of India |url=https://dot.gov.in/access-services/allotment-msc-codes |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=dot.gov.in}}</ref>

==Telecom circles==

The Department of Telecommunications has divided India into various telecom circles such that within each circle, the call is treated as a local call, while across zones, it becomes a long-distance call. As of July 2018 there are 22 telecom circles or service areas. They are classified into four categories: Metro, A, B, C. Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata fall under Metro category.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Details of service area | url=https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/list%20of%20unifiedaccess%20licensees_0.pdf?download=1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206234408/http://dot.gov.in:80/sites/default/files/list%20of%20unifiedaccess%20licensees_0.pdf?download=1 | archive-date=2019-12-06}}</ref>

A telecom circle is normally the entire [[States of India|state]], with a few exceptions like [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]] (which are different zones than their respective states), [[Goa]] (which is a part of the [[Maharashtra]] zone), [[Chhattisgarh]] (which is part of [[Madhya Pradesh]]), [[Sikkim]] (which is part of [[West Bengal]]) [[Jharkhand]] (which is a part of the [[Bihar]] zone), Northeastern states except [[Assam]] and Sikkim (which are part of Northeast zone) or [[Uttar Pradesh]] (divided into east and west zones). [[Delhi]] is a unique circle because it includes cities from [[Haryana]] ([[Gurgaon]] and [[Faridabad]]) and [[Uttar Pradesh]] ([[Noida]] and [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad]]) as well. The new state of [[Telangana]] remains in the same circle as [[Andhra Pradesh]].

From May 20, 2005, calls between Mumbai Metro and Maharashtra Telecom Circle, between Chennai Metro and Tamil Nadu Telecom Circle, and between Uttar Pradesh (East) and Uttar Pradesh (West) Telecom Circle service areas are merged in Inter service area connected in the above-mentioned four states would be treated as intra-service area call for the purposes of routing as well as Access Deficit Charges (ADC). The dialing procedure for calls within a state for these states would also be simplified, i.e. dialing of mobile-to mobile subscribers and fixed-to-mobile subscribers would be without prefixing '0'.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080229122841/http://www.dot.gov.in/basic/Notification_20May.doc DoT Notice]{{Full citation needed|date=February 2011}}</ref>

In December 2017, Reliance Jio started with the newest of all, "the six-series-mobile numbers", keeping in mind the growing number of users in India. The growth in the number of [[4G]] users in the country has made the 4G base larger than the [[2G]] users in India pushing number of 2G users to second position.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Circle name
!Code
!Category
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wikinvest.com/wiki/Telecom_Circle|title=Telecom Circle|website=Wikinvest|access-date=2016-09-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904031931/http://www.wikinvest.com/wiki/Telecom_Circle|archive-date=2016-09-04}}</ref>
!Geographic area(s) covered
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|AP
|A
|State of [[Andhra Pradesh]], State of [[Telangana]] and [[Yanam district]]
|-
|Assam
|AS
|C
|State of [[Assam]]
|-
|Bihar & Jharkhand
|BR
|C
|State of [[Bihar]] and State of [[Jharkhand]]
|-
|Chennai
|CH
|Metro
|[[Chennai]], upto Maraimalai Nagar, Minjur and Mahabalipuram
|-
|Delhi
|DL
|Metro
|Union Territory of [[Delhi]], [[Faridabad district]] and [[Gurgaon district]] in [[Haryana]], [[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad district]] and [[Gautam Buddh Nagar district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|Gujarat
|GJ
|A
|State of [[Gujarat]] and Union Territory of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|HP
|C
|State of [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
|Haryana
|HR
|B
|State of [[Haryana]] (excluding Faridabad district, Gurgaon district and Panchkula district).
|-
|Jammu and Kashmir
|JK
|C
|Union Territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and Union Territory of [[Ladakh]]
|-
|Kerala & Lakshadweep
|KL
|B
|State of [[Kerala]], Union Territory of [[Lakshadweep]] and [[Mahé district]]
|-
|Karnataka
|KA
|A
|State of [[Karnataka]]
|-
|Kolkata
|KO
|Metro
|[[Kolkata]] (including parts of [[Howrah district]], [[Hooghly district]], [[North 24 Parganas district]], [[South 24 Parganas district]] and [[Nadia district]])
|-
|Maharashtra & Goa
|MH
|A
|State of [[Maharashtra]] (excluding Mumbai, Navi Mumbai, Thane and Kalyan) and State of [[Goa]]
|-
|Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgarh
|MP
|B
|State of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and State of [[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|Mumbai
|MU
|Metro
|[[Mumbai]], [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Thane]] and [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]]
|-
|North East
|NE
|C
|State of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], State of [[Manipur]] State of [[Meghalaya]], State of [[Mizoram]], State of [[Nagaland]] and State of [[Tripura]]
|-
|Odisha
|OR
|C
|State of [[Odisha]]
|-
|Punjab
|PB
|B
|State of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Union Territory of [[Chandigarh]] and [[Panchkula district]]
|-
|Rajasthan
|RJ
|B
|State of [[Rajasthan]]
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|TN
|A
|State of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry district]] and [[Karaikal district]]
|-
|UP (East)
|UE
|B
|[[Uttar Pradesh|Eastern Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|UP (West)
|UW
|B
|[[Uttar Pradesh|Western Uttar Pradesh]] (excluding Ghaziabad district and Gautam Buddh Nagar district) and State of [[Uttarakhand]]
|-
|West Bengal
|WB
|C
|State of [[West Bengal]] (excluding Kolkata), State of [[Sikkim]] and Union Territory of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|}

== Network operators ==
{{Main article|Mobile network operators of India}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Network operators
|-
! AT
| [[Airtel India]]
|-
! CG
| [[BSNL]]/[[MTNL]] - [[Government of India|Central Gov.]]
|-
! RJ
| [[Reliance Jio]]
|-
! VI
| [[Vodafone Idea]]
|}

{{more citations needed|date=October 2016}}
*'''Note''': The mobile numbers and operators are subject to change since [[Mobile number portability]] is available in most circles.

*'''Note''': Chennai circle was merged with Tamil Nadu circle in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-08-18 |title=DoT to merge Mumbai, Kolkata telecom circles with Maharashtra, Bengal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/DoT-to-merge-Mumbai-Kolkata-telecom-circles-with-Maharashtra-Bengal/article60087718.ece |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Call No Series==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Mobile telephone numbering system: 9xxx 8xxx 7xxx 6xxx series last 10 number
|-
!colspan=39|9xxx Series
|-
!colspan=3|90 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|91 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|92 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|93 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|94 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|95 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|96 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|97 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|98 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|99 series
|-
|9000
|AT
|AP
|9100
|AT
|AP
|9200
|AT
|MP
|9300
|
|
|9400
|CG
|KL
|9500
|AT
|TN
|9600
|AT
|TN
|9700
|
|
|9800
|AT
|WB
|9900
|AT
|KA
|-
|9001
|AT
|RJ
|9101
|RJ
|AS
|9201
|RJ
|MP
|9301
|RJ
|MP
|9401
|CG
|AS
|9501
|AT
|PB
|9601
|AT
|GJ
|9701
|AT
|AP
|9801
|AT
|BR
|9901
|AT
|KA
|-
|9002
|AT
|WB
|9102
|AT
|BR
|9202
|RJ
|MP
|9302
|RJ
|MP
|9402
|CG
|NE
|9502
|AT
|AP
|9602
|AT
|RJ
|9702
|VI
|MU
|9802
|
|
|9902
|AT
|KA
|-
|9003
|AT
|TN
|9103
|AT
|AP
|9203
|RJ
|MP
|9303
|
|
|9403
|CG
|MH
|9503
|AT
|MH
|9603
|VI
|AP
|9703
|VI
|AP
|9803
|
|
|9903
|AT
|KO
|-
|9004
|AT
|MU
|9104
|AT
|GJ
|9204
|RJ
|BR
|9304
|RJ
|BR
|9404
|CG
|MH
|9504
|
|
|9604
|VI
|MH
|9704
|AT
|AP
|9804
|
|
|9904
|VI
|GJ
|-
|9005
|AT
|UE
|9105
|VI
|UW
|9205
|AT
|DL
|9305
|RJ
|UE
|9405
|CG
|MH
|9505
|VI
|AP
|9605
|VI
|KL
|9705
|VI
|AP
|9805
|AT
|HP
|9905
|RJ
|BR
|-
|9006
|AT
|BR
|9106
|RJ
|GJ
|9206
|
|
|9306
|RJ
|HR
|9406
|CG
|MP
|9506
|VI
|UE
|9606
|AT
|KA
|9706
|VI
|AS
|9806
|
|
|9906
|AT
|JK
|-
|9007
|AT
|KO
|9107
|
|
|9207
|VI
|KL
|9307
|
|
|9407
|CG
|MP
|9507
|VI
|BR
|9607
|
|
|9707
|AT
|AS
|9807
|
|
|9907
|RJ
|WB
|-
|9008
|AT
|KA
|9108
|AT
|KA
|9208
|
|
|9308
|RJ
|OR
|9408
|CG
|GJ
|9508
|RJ
|BR
|9608
|RJ
|BR
|9708
|VI
|BR
|9808
|
|
|9908
|AT
|AP
|-
|9009
|VI
|MP
|9109
|AT
|MP
|9209
|
|
|9309
|RJ
|MH
|9409
|CG
|GJ
|9509
|RJ
|RJ
|9609
|VI
|WB
|9709
|VI
|BR
|9809
|
|
|9909
|VI
|GJ
|-
|9010
|VI
|AP
|9110
|RJ
|KA
|9210
|
|
|9310
|RJ
|DL
|9410
|CG
|UW
|9510
|RJ
|GJ
|9610
|VI
|RJ
|9710
|
|
|9810
|AT
|DL
|9910
|AT
|DL
|-
|9011
|VI
|MH
|9111
|VI
|MP
|9211
|AT
|DL
|9311
|AT
|DL
|9411
|CG
|UW
|9511
|RJ
|MH
|9611
|AT
|KA
|9711
|VI
|DL
|9811
|VI
|DL
|9911
|VI
|DL
|-
|9012
|VI
|UW
|9112
|VI
|MH
|9212
|
|
|9312
|
|DL
|9412
|CG
|UW
|9512
|VI
|GJ
|9612
|AT
|NE
|9712
|VI
|GJ
|9812
|VI
|HR
|9912
|VI
|AP
|-
|9013
|CG
|DL
|9113
|RJ
|KA
|9213
|RJ
|GJ
|9313
|RJ
|GJ
|9413
|CG
|RJ
|9513
|VI
|KA
|9613
|
|
|9713
|VI
|MP
|9813
|VI
|HR
|9913
|VI
|GJ
|-
|9014
|RJ
|AP
|9114
|VI
|OR
|9214
|RJ
|UE
|9314
|
|
|9414
|CG
|RJ
|9514
|VI
|TN
|9614
|
|
|9714
|VI
|GJ
|9814
|VI
|PB
|9914
|VI
|PB
|-
|9015
|RJ
|HP
|9115
|VI
|PB
|9215
|RJ
|GJ
|9315
|RJ
|DL
|9415
|CG
|UE
|9515
|AT
|AP
|9615
|
|
|9715
|
|
|9815
|AT
|PB
|9915
|AT
|PB
|-
|9016
|RJ
|GJ
|9116
|AT
|RJ
|9216
|AT
|RJ
|9316
|RJ
|GJ
|9416
|CG
|HR
|9516
|VI
|MP
|9616
|VI
|UE
|9716
|
|
|9816
|AT
|HP
|9916
|VI
|KA
|-
|9017
|
|
|9117
|VI
|BR
|9217
|
|
|9317
|RJ
|HP
|9417
|CG
|PB
|9517
|VI
|PB
|9617
|VI
|MP
|9717
|VI
|DL
|9817
|RJ
|HR
|9917
|VI
|UW
|-
|9018
|
|
|9118
|
|
|9218
|RJ
|DL
|9318
|RJ
|DL
|9418
|CG
|HP
|9518
|RJ
|HR
|9618
|AT
|AP
|9718
|VI
|DL
|9818
|AT
|DL
|9918
|VI
|UE
|-
|9019
|RJ
|KA
|9119
|VI/AT
|MH/UE
|9219
|RJ
|UE
|9319
|AT
|DL
|9419
|CG
|JK
|9519
|AT
|UE
|9619
|VI
|MU
|9719
|VI
|UW
|9819
|VI
|MU
|9919
|VI
|UE
|-
|9020
|
|
|9120
|
|
|9220
|AT
|DL
|9320
|
|
|9420
|CG
|MH
|9520
|
|
|9620
|VI
|KA
|9720
|VI
|UW
|9820
|VI
|MU
|9920
|VI
|MU
|-
|9021
|RJ
|MH
|9121
|AT
|AP
|9221
|RJ
|MH
|9321
|RJ
|MU
|9421
|CG
|MH
|9521
|AT
|RJ
|9621
|AT
|UE
|9721
|VI
|UE
|9821
|AT
|DL
|9921
|VI
|MH
|-
|9022
|RJ
|MH
|9122
|AT
|BR
|9222
|
|
|9322
|RJ
|MH
|9422
|CG
|MH
|9522
|VI
|MP
|9622
|AT
|JK
|9722
|
|
|9822
|VI
|MH
|9922
|VI
|MH
|-
|9023
|RJ
|GJ
|9123
|RJ
|KO
|9223
|RJ
|MH
|9323
|
|
|9423
|CG
|MH
|9523
|AT
|BR
|9623
|VI
|MH
|9723
|VI
|GJ
|9823
|VI
|MH
|9923
|VI
|MH
|-
|9024
|RJ
|RJ
|9124
|AT
|OR
|9224
|RJ
|MU
|9324
|RJ
|MU
|9424
|CG
|MP
|9524
|
|
|9624
|VI
|GJ
|9724
|AT
|GJ
|9824
|VI
|GJ
|9924
|VI
|GJ
|-
|9025
|RJ
|TN
|9125
|AT
|UE
|9225
|RJ
|MH
|9325
|RJ
|MH
|9425
|CG
|MP
|9525
|VI
|BR
|9625
|RJ
|DL
|9725
|AT
|GJ
|9825
|VI
|GJ
|9925
|VI
|GJ
|-
|9026
|RJ
|UE
|9126
|AT
|WB
|9226
|RJ
|MH
|9326
|RJ
|MU
|9426
|CG
|GJ
|9526
|VI
|KL
|9626
|VI
|TN
|9726
|VI
|GJ
|9826
|VI
|MP
|9926
|VI
|MP
|-
|9027
|RJ
|UW
|9127
|VI
|AS
|9227
|RJ
|GJ
|9327
|RJ
|GJ
|9427
|CG
|GJ
|9527
|VI
|MH
|9627
|VI
|UW
|9727
|VI
|GJ
|9827
|RJ
|OR
|9927
|VI
|UW
|-
|9028
|AT
|MH
|9128
|VI
|BR
|9228
|
|
|9328
|RJ
|GJ
|9428
|CG
|GJ
|9528
|RJ
|UW
|9628
|VI
|UE
|9728
|VI
|HR
|9828
|VI
|RJ
|9928
|AT
|RJ
|-
|9029
|AT
|MU
|9129
|AT
|UE
|9229
|RJ
|BR
|9329
|
|
|9429
|CG
|GJ
|9529
|RJ
|MH
|9629
|AT
|TN
|9729
|AT
|HR
|9829
|AT
|RJ
|9929
|AT
|RJ
|-
|9030
|AT
|AP
|9130
|VI
|MH
|9230
|RJ
|KO
|9330
|RJ
|KO
|9430
|CG
|BR
|9530
|CG
|RJ
|9630
|AT
|MP
|9730
|AT
|MH
|9830
|VI
|KO
|9930
|AT
|MU
|-
|9031
|AT
|BR
|9131
|RJ
|MP
|9231
|
|
|9331
|
|
|9431
|CG
|BR
|9531
|CG
|WB
|9631
|AT
|BR
|9731
|AT
|KA
|9831
|AT
|KO
|9931
|AT
|BR
|-
|9032
|AT
|AP
|9132
|
|
|9232
|
|
|9332
|
|
|9432
|CG
|KO
|9532
|CG
|UE
|9632
|AT
|KA
|9732
|VI
|WB
|9832
|RJ
|WB
|9932
|AT
|WB
|-
|9033
|AT
|GJ
|9133
|VI
|AP
|9233
|AT
|NE
|9333
|
|
|9433
|CG
|KO
|9533
|
|
|9633
|AT
|KL
|9733
|VI
|WB
|9833
|VI
|MU
|9933
|AT
|WB
|-
|9034
|AT
|HR
|9134
|VI
|WB
|9234
|RJ
|BR
|9334
|RJ
|BR
|9434
|CG
|WB
|9534
|VI
|BR
|9634
|AT
|UW
|9734
|VI
|WB
|9834
|AT
|MH
|9934
|AT
|BR
|-
|9035
|AT
|KA
|9135
|VI
|BR
|9235
|RJ
|UE
|9335
|RJ
|UE
|9435
|CG
|AS
|9535
|AT
|KA
|9635
|AT
|WB
|9735
|VI
|WB
|9835
|RJ
|BR
|9935
|AT
|UE
|-
|9036
|AT
|KA
|9136
|AT
|MU
|9236
|RJ
|UE
|9336
|RJ
|UE
|9436
|CG
|NE
|9536
|VI
|UW
|9636
|AT
|RJ
|9736
|VI
|HP
|9836
|VI
|KO
|9936
|AT
|UE
|-
|9037
|AT
|KL
|9137
|RJ
|MU
|9237
|RJ
|OR
|9337
|RJ
|OR
|9437
|CG
|OR
|9537
|VI
|GJ
|9637
|VI
|MH
|9737
|VI
|GJ
|9837
|VI
|UW
|9937
|AT
|OR
|-
|9038
|AT
|KO
|9138
|AT
|HR
|9238
|RJ
|MP
|9338
|
|
|9438
|CG
|OR
|9538
|VI
|KA
|9638
|VI
|GJ
|9738
|
|
|9838
|VI
|UE
|9938
|AT
|OR
|-
|9039
|AT
|MP
|9139
|
|
|9239
|RJ
|WB
|9339
|
|
|9439
|CG
|OR
|9539
|VI
|KL
|9639
|VI
|UW
|9739
|VI
|KA
|9839
|VI
|UE
|9939
|AT
|BR
|-
|9040
|AT
|OR
|9140
|RJ
|UE
|9240
|AT
|TN
|9340
|RJ
|MP
|9440
|CG
|AP
|9540
|VI
|DL
|9640
|VI
|AP
|9740
|AT
|KA
|9840
|AT
|TN
|9940
|AT
|TN
|-
|9041
|AT
|PB
|9141
|CG
|KA
|9241
|RJ
|BR
|9341
|RJ
|BR
|9441
|CG
|AP
|9541
|AT
|JK
|9641
|RJ
|WB
|9741
|AT
|KA
|9841
|
|
|9941
|AT
|TN
|-
|9042
|AT
|TN
|9142
|RJ
|BR
|9242
|RJ
|WB
|9342
|RJ
|TN
|9442
|CG
|TN
|9542
|VI
|AP
|9642
|VI
|AP
|9742
|VI
|KA
|9842
|RJ
|AS
|9942
|RJ
|BR
|-
|9043
|AT
|TN
|9143
|
|
|9243
|RJ
|MP
|9343
|RJ
|MP
|9443
|CG
|TN
|9543
|
|
|9643
|VI
|DL
|9743
|VI
|KA
|9843
|VI
|TN
|9943
|VI
|TN
|-
|9044
|AT
|UE
|9144
|VI
|WB
|9244
|RJ
|MP
|9344
|RJ
|TN
|9444
|CG
|TN
|9544
|VI
|KL
|9644
|VI
|MP
|9744
|VI
|KL
|9844
|VI
|KA
|9944
|AT
|TN
|-
|9045
|AT
|UW
|9145
|VI
|MH
|9245
|RJ
|NE
|9345
|RJ
|TN
|9445
|CG
|TN
|9545
|VI
|MH
|9645
|VI
|KL
|9745
|VI
|KL
|9845
|AT
|KA
|9945
|AT
|KA
|-
|9046
|AT
|WB
|9146
|VI
|MH
|9246
|
|
|9346
|RJ
|AP
|9446
|CG
|KL
|9546
|AT
|BR
|9646
|VI
|PB
|9746
|AT
|KL
|9846
|VI
|KL
|9946
|VI
|KL
|-
|9047
|VI
|TN
|9147
|AT
|KO
|9247
|
|
|9347
|RJ
|AP
|9447
|CG
|KL
|9547
|AT
|WB
|9647
|VI
|WB
|9747
|VI
|KL
|9847
|VI
|KL
|9947
|VI
|KL
|-
|9048
|VI
|KL
|9148
|AT
|KA
|9248
|
|
|9348
|RJ
|OR
|9448
|CG
|KA
|9548
|RJ
|UW
|9648
|VI
|UE
|9748
|AT
|KO
|9848
|VI
|AP
|9948
|VI
|AP
|-
|9049
|VI
|MH
|9149
|RJ
|JK
|9249
|RJ
|KL
|9349
|RJ
|KL
|9449
|CG
|KA
|9549
|VI
|RJ
|9649
|VI
|RJ
|9749
|RJ
|WB
|9849
|AT
|AP
|9949
|AT
|AP
|-
|9050
|VI
|HR
|9150
|AT
|TN
|9250
|RJ
|UE
|9350
|RJ
|HR
|9450
|CG
|UE
|9550
|AT
|AP
|9650
|AT
|DL
|9750
|
|
|9850
|VI
|MH
|9950
|AT
|RJ
|-
|9051
|VI
|KO
|9151
|AT
|UE
|9251
|RJ
|RJ
|9351
|
|
|9451
|CG
|UE
|9551
|
|
|9651
|AT
|UE
|9751
|VI
|TN
|9851
|
|
|9951
|VI
|AP
|-
|9052
|VI
|AP
|9152
|VI
|MU
|9252
|RJ
|RJ
|9352
|
|
|9452
|CG
|UE
|9552
|VI
|MH
|9652
|AT
|AP
|9752
|AT
|MP
|9852
|
|
|9952
|AT
|TN
|-
|9053
|AT
|HR
|9153
|RJ
|BR
|9253
|
|
|9353
|RJ
|KA
|9453
|CG
|UE
|9553
|VI
|AP
|9653
|RJ
|UE
|9753
|VI
|MP
|9853
|
|
|9953
|VI
|DL
|-
|9054
|AT
|HP
|9154
|AT
|AP
|9254
|RJ
|HR
|9354
|RJ
|DL
|9454
|CG
|UE
|9554
|VI
|UE
|9654
|VI
|DL
|9754
|VI
|MP
|9854
|
|
|9954
|AT
|AS
|-
|9055
|AT
|JK
|9155
|AT
|BR
|9255
|CG
|MU
|9355
|VI
|DL
|9455
|CG
|UE
|9555
|RJ
|UE
|9655
|VI
|TN
|9755
|AT
|MP
|9855
|VI
|PB
|9955
|AT
|BR
|-
|9056
|AT
|PB
|9156
|AT
|MH
|9256
|AT
|RJ
|9356
|RJ
|MH
|9456
|CG
|UW
|9556
|AT
|OR
|9656
|VI
|KL
|9756
|VI
|UW
|9856
|
|
|9956
|AT
|UE
|-
|9057
|AT
|RJ
|9157
|AT
|GJ
|9257
|AT
|RJ
|9357
|
|
|9457
|CG
|UW
|9557
|AT
|UW
|9657
|VI
|MH
|9757
|
|
|9857
|
|
|9957
|AT
|AS
|-
|9058
|AT
|UW
|9158
|VI
|MH
|9258
|
|
|9358
|AT
|RJ
|9458
|CG
|UW
|9558
|AT
|GJ
|9658
|
|OR
|9758
|VI
|UW
|9858
|
|
|9958
|AT
|DL
|-
|9059
|AT
|AP
|9159
|VI
|TN
|9259
|RJ
|UW
|9359
|RJ
|MH
|9459
|CG
|HP
|9559
|AT
|UE
|9659
|
|
|9759
|VI
|UW
|9859
|
|
|9959
|AT
|AP
|-
|9060
|AT
|BR
|9160
|VI
|AP
|9260
|
|
|9360
|RJ
|TN
|9460
|CG
|RJ
|9560
|AT
|DL
|9660
|AT
|RJ
|9760
|AT
|UW
|9860
|AT
|MH
|9960
|AT
|MH
|-
|9061
|AT
|KL
|9161
|VI
|UE
|9261
|RJ
|RJ
|9361
|
|
|9461
|CG
|RJ
|9561
|AT
|MH
|9661
|AT
|BR
|9761
|VI
|UW
|9861
|RJ
|OR
|9961
|VI
|KL
|-
|9062
|AT
|KO
|9162
|AT
|BR
|9262
|AT
|BR
|9362
|
|
|9462
|CG
|RJ
|9562
|VI
|KL
|9662
|AT
|GJ
|9762
|
|
|9862
|AT
|NE
|9962
|VI
|TN
|-
|9063
|VI
|AP
|9163
|AT
|KO
|9263
|RJ
|BR
|9363
|
|
|9463
|CG
|PB
|9563
|
|
|9663
|AT
|KA
|9763
|VI
|MH
|9863
|RJ
|NE
|9963
|AT
|AP
|-
|9064
|VI
|AS
|9164
|VI
|KA
|9264
|RJ
|BR
|9364
|
|TN
|9464
|CG
|PB
|9564
|VI
|WB
|9664
|RJ
|GJ
|9764
|VI
|MH
|9864
|RJ
|AS
|9964
|VI
|KA
|-
|9065
|AT
|BR
|9165
|AT
|MP
|9265
|RJ
|GJ
|9365
|
|
|9465
|CG
|PB
|9565
|VI
|UE
|9665
|AT
|MH
|9765
|VI
|MH
|9865
|RJ
|KA
|9965
|
|
|-
|9066
|
|
|9166
|AT
|RJ
|9266
|AT
|DL
|9366
|
|
|9466
|CG
|HR
|9566
|AT
|TN
|9666
|VI
|AP
|9766
|AT
|MH
|9866
|AT
|AP
|9966
|VI
|AP
|-
|9067
|VI
|MH
|9167
|VI
|MU
|9267
|AT
|UP
|9367
|
|TN
|9467
|CG
|HR
|9567
|AT
|KL
|9667
|AT
|DL
|9767
|VI
|MH
|9867
|AT
|MU
|9967
|AT
|MU
|-
|9068
|AT
|UW
|9168
|VI
|MH
|9268
|
|
|9368
|RJ
|UW
|9468
|CG
|HR
|9568
|VI
|UW
|9668
|AT
|OR
|9768
|
|
|9868
|CG
|DL
|9968
|
|
|-
|9069
|
|
|9169
|
|
|9269
|RJ
|RJ
|9369
|RJ
|UE
|9469
|CG
|JK
|9569
|RJ
|UE
|9669
|VI
|MP
|9769
|VI
|MU
|9869
|CG
|MU
|9969
|
|
|-
|9070
|VI
|JK
|9170
|AT
|UE
|9270
|RJ
|MH
|9370
|RJ
|MH
|9470
|CG
|BR
|9570
|VI
|BR
|9670
|VI
|UE
|9770
|RJ
|MP
|9870
|AT
|DL
|9970
|AT
|MH
|-
|9071
|VI
|KA
|9171
|AT
|TN
|9271
|
|
|9371
|VI
|MH
|9471
|CG
|BR
|9571
|AT
|RJ
|9671
|VI
|HR
|9771
|AT
|BR
|9871
|AT
|DL
|9971
|AT
|DL
|-
|9072
|VI
|KL
|9172
|AT
|MU
|9272
|RJ
|MH
|9372
|RJ
|MU
|9472
|CG
|BR
|9572
|AT
|BR
|9672
|VI
|RJ
|9772
|VI
|RJ
|9872
|AT
|PB
|9972
|AT
|KA
|-
|9073
|VI
|KO
|9173
|AT
|GJ
|9273
|RJ
|MH
|9373
|RJ
|MH
|9473
|CG
|UE
|9573
|AT
|AP
|9673
|VI
|MH
|9773
|AT
|DL
|9873
|VI
|DL
|9973
|AT
|BR
|-
|9074
|RJ
|KL
|9174
|AT
|MP
|9274
|RJ
|GJ
|9374
|VI
|RJ
|9474
|CG
|WB
|9574
|VI
|GJ
|9674
|VI
|KO
|9774
|VI
|NE
|9874
|VI
|KO
|9974
|AT
|GJ
|-
|9075
|VI
|MH
|9175
|AT
|MH
|9275
|
|
|9375
|VI
|RJ
|9475
|CG
|WB
|9575
|VI
|MP
|9675
|VI
|UW
|9775
|VI
|WB
|9875
|RJ
|KO
|9975
|AT
|MH
|-
|9076
|AT
|UE
|9176
|VI
|TN
|9276
|RJ
|GJ
|9376
|VI
|RJ
|9476
|CG
|WB
|9576
|VI
|BR
|9676
|AT
|AP
|9776
|VI
|OR
|9876
|AT
|PB
|9976
|
|
|-
|9077
|VI
|NE
|9177
|AT
|AP
|9277
|RJ
|UE
|9377
|
|
|9477
|CG
|KO
|9577
|
|
|9677
|AT
|TN
|9777
|AT
|OR
|9877
|RJ
|PB
|9977
|VI
|MP
|-
|9078
|AT
|OR
|9178
|AT
|OR
|9278
|RJ
|UE
|9378
|AT
|NE
|9478
|CG
|PB
|9578
|
|
|9678
|AT
|AS
|9778
|RJ
|KL
|9878
|AT
|PB
|9978
|VI
|GJ
|-
|9079
|RJ
|RJ
|9179
|AT
|MP
|9279
|RJ
|BR
|9379
|
|
|9479
|CG
|MP
|9579
|RJ
|MH
|9679
|AT
|WB
|9779
|AT
|PB
|9879
|VI
|GJ
|9979
|VI
|GJ
|-
|9080
|RJ
|TN
|9180
|CG
|AP
|9280
|RJ
|TN
|9380
|RJ
|KA
|9480
|CG
|KA
|9580
|RJ
|UE
|9680
|AT
|RJ
|9780
|VI
|PB
|9880
|AT
|KA
|9980
|AT
|KA
|-
|9081
|VI
|GJ
|9181
|CG
|AS
|9281
|RJ
|AP
|9381
|RJ
|AP
|9481
|CG
|KA
|9581
|VI
|AP
|9681
|
|
|9781
|VI
|PB
|9881
|VI
|MH
|9981
|AT
|MP
|-
|9082
|RJ
|MU
|9182
|RJ
|AP
|9282
|
|
|9382
|RJ
|WB
|9482
|CG
|KA
|9582
|VI
|DL
|9682
|RJ
|JK
|9782
|
|
|9882
|VI
|HP
|9982
|VI
|RJ
|-
|9083
|VI
|WB
|9183
|CG
|TN
|9283
|
|
|9383
|CG
|KL
|9483
|CG
|KA
|9583
|VI
|OR
|9683
|CG
|HR
|9783
|VI
|RJ
|9883
|RJ
|WB
|9983
|VI
|RJ
|-
|9084
|AT
|UW
|9184
|CG
|GJ
|9284
|RJ
|MH
|9384
|AT
|TN
|9484
|CG
|JK
|9584
|VI
|MP
|9684
|CG
|MH
|9784
|AT
|TN
|9884
|VI
|TN
|9984
|VI
|UE
|-
|9085
|VI
|AS
|9185
|CG
|HP
|9285
|VI
|MP
|9385
|CG
|TN
|9485
|CG
|NE
|9585
|VI
|TN
|9685
|AT
|MP
|9785
|VI
|RJ
|9885
|VI
|AP
|9985
|VI
|AP
|-
|9086
|VI
|JK
|9186
|CG
|JK
|9286
|RJ
|UW
|9386
|
|
|9486
|CG
|TN
|9586
|VI
|GJ
|9686
|AT
|KA
|9786
|VI
|TN
|9886
|VI
|KA
|9986
|VI
|KA
|-
|9087
|VI
|TN
|9187
|CG
|KA
|9287
|RJ
|AS
|9387
|
|
|9487
|CG
|TN
|9587
|VI
|RJ
|9687
|VI
|GJ
|9787
|VI
|TN
|9887
|VI
|RJ
|9987
|AT
|MU
|-
|9088
|VI
|KO
|9188
|CG
|KL
|9288
|RJ
|BR
|9388
|RJ
|GJ
|9488
|CG
|TN
|9588
|RJ
|HR
|9688
|
|
|9788
|
|
|9888
|VI
|PB
|9988
|VI
|PB
|-
|9089
|VI
|NE
|9189
|CG
|KO
|9289
|
|
|9389
|RJ
|UW
|9489
|CG
|TN
|9589
|AT
|MP
|9689
|VI
|MH
|9789
|AT
|TN
|9889
|VI
|UE
|9989
|AT
|AP
|-
|9090
|VI
|OR
|9190
|CG
|MP
|9290
|
|
|9390
|RJ
|AP
|9490
|CG
|AP
|9590
|
|
|9690
|VI
|UW
|9790
|AT
|TN
|9890
|AT
|MH
|9990
|VI
|DL
|-
|9091
|VI
|WB
|9191
|CG
|NE
|9291
|
|
|9391
|RJ
|AP
|9491
|CG
|AP
|9591
|AT
|KA
|9691
|RJ
|MP
|9791
|AT
|TN
|9891
|VI
|DL
|9991
|VI
|HR
|-
|9092
|VI
|TN
|9192
|CG
|OR
|9292
|
|
|9392
|RJ
|AP
|9492
|CG
|AP
|9592
|VI
|PB
|9692
|RJ
|OR
|9792
|VI
|UE
|9892
|AT
|MU
|9992
|VI
|HR
|-
|9093
|VI
|WB
|9193
|CG
|PB
|9293
|
|
|9393
|
|
|9493
|CG
|AP
|9593
|VI
|WB
|9693
|RJ
|BR
|9793
|AT
|UE
|9893
|AT
|MP
|9993
|AT
|MP
|-
|9094
|AT
|TN
|9194
|RJ
|UE
|9294
|
|
|9394
|
|
|9494
|CG
|AP
|9594
|VI
|MU
|9694
|VI
|RJ
|9794
|AT
|UE
|9894
|AT
|TN
|9994
|AT
|TN
|-
|9095
|
|
|9195
|CG
|TN
|9295
|
|
|9395
|
|
|9495
|CG
|KL
|9595
|
|
|9695
|AT
|UE
|9795
|VI
|UE
|9895
|AT
|KL
|9995
|AT
|KL
|-
|9096
|AT
|MH
|9196
|RJ
|UE
|9296
|RJ
|BR
|9396
|
|
|9496
|CG
|KL
|9596
|AT
|JK
|9696
|RJ
|UE
|9796
|VI
|JK
|9896
|AT
|HR
|9996
|AT
|HR
|-
|9097
|
|
|9197
|CG
|WB
|9297
|
|
|9397
|
|
|9497
|CG
|KL
|9597
|AT
|TN
|9697
|
|
|9797
|AT
|JK
|9897
|AT
|UW
|9997
|AT
|UW
|-
|9098
|
|
|9198
|AT
|UE
|9298
|RJ
|NE
|9398
|RJ
|AP
|9498
|CG
|TN
|9598
|VI
|UE
|9698
|
|
|9798
|RJ
|BR
|9898
|AT
|GJ
|9998
|AT
|GJ
|-
|9099
|VI
|GJ
|9199
|AT
|BR
|9299
|
|
|9399
|
|
|9499
|CG
|TN
|9599
|AT
|DL
|9699
|
|
|9799
|AT
|RJ
|9899
|VI
|DL
|9999
|VI
|DL
|-
!colspan=39|8xxx Series
|-
!colspan=3|80 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|81 series
! rowspan="101"|
!colspan=3|82 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|83 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|84 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|85 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|86 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|87 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|88 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|89 series
|-
|8000|| ||
|8100|| ||
|8200||RJ||GJ
|8300||CG||TN
|8400||AT||UE
|8500||CG||AP
|8600||AT||MP
|8700||RJ||DL
|8800||AT||DL
|8900||CG||WB
|-
|8001||VI||WB
|8101|| ||
|8201|| ||
|8301||CG||KL
|8401|| ||
|8501||VI||AP
|8601||VI||UE
|8701|| ||
|8801|| ||
|8901||CG||HR
|-
|8002||AT||BR
|8102||RJ||BR
|8202|| ||
|8302|| ||
|8402||VI||AS
|8502||VI||RJ
|8602|| ||
|8702|| ||
|8802|| ||
|8902||CG||KO
|-
|8003||AT||RJ
|8103|| ||
|8203|| ||
|8303|| ||
|8403||VI||AS
|8503||VI||RJ
|8603|| ||
|8703|| ||
|8803|| ||
|8903||CG||TN
|-
|8004||CG||UE
|8104||RJ||MU
|8204|| ||
|8304||CG||KL
|8404||VI||BR
|8504||VI||RJ
|8604|| ||
|8704|| ||
|8804|| ||
|8904|| ||
|-
|8005||CG||UE
|8105||AT||KA
|8205|| ||
|8305|| ||
|8405||VI||BR
|8505||VI||DL
|8605||VI||MH
|8705|| ||
|8805||VI||MH
|8905||AT||RJ
|-
|8006||VI||UW
|8106||AT||AP
|8206|| ||
|8306|| ||
|8406||VI||BR
|8506||VI||DL
|8606||VI||KL
|8706|| ||
|8806||VI||MH
|8906|| ||
|-
|8007||VI||MH
|8107||AT||RJ
|8207||VI||BR
|8307||RJ||HR
|8407||VI||BR
|8507|| ||
|8607||VI||HR
|8707||RJ||UE
|8807||AT||TN
|8907|| ||
|-
|8008||AT||AP
|8108||VI||MU
|8208||RJ||MH
|8308||VI||MH
|8408||VI||MH
|8508|| ||
|8608||VI||TN
|8708||RJ||HR
|8808||VI||UE
|8908|| ||
|-
|8009||AT||UE
|8109|| ||
|8209||RJ||RJ
|8309||RJ||AP
|8409||AT||BR
|8509||RJ||WB
|8609||VI||WB
|8709||RJ||BR
|8809||AT||BR
|8909|| ||
|-
|8010||RJ||MH
|8110||AT||OR
|8210||RJ||BR
|8310||RJ||KA
|8410|| ||
|8510||VI||DL
|8610||RJ||TN
|8710|| ||
|8810||RJ||DL
|8910||RJ||KO
|-
|8011||AT||AS
|8111||VI||KL
|8211|| ||
|8311|| ||
|8411||VI||MH
|8511||AT||GJ
|8611|| ||
|8711|| ||
|8811||AT||AS
|8911|| ||
|-
|8012|| ||
|8112||RJ||RJ
|8212|| ||
|8312|| ||
|8412||VI||MH
|8512||VI||DL
|8612|| ||
|8712|| ||
|8812||AT||AS
|8912|| ||
|-
|8013|| ||
|8113||VI||KL
|8213|| ||
|8313|| ||
|8413||AT||NE
|8513||VI||WB
|8613|| ||
|8713||VI||JK
|8813||VI||HR
|8913|| ||
|-
|8014|| ||
|8114||AT||OR
|8214|| ||
|8314|| ||
|8414||AT||NE
|8514||VI||WB
|8614|| ||
|8714||AT||KL
|8814||VI||HR
|8914|| ||
|-
|8015|| ||
|8115||AT||UE
|8215|| ||
|8315|| ||
|8415||AT||NE
|8515||VI||WB
|8615|| ||
|8715||VI||JK
|8815||RJ||MP
|8915|| ||
|-
|8016||AT||WB
|8116||AT||WB
|8216|| ||
|8316|| ||
|8416||VI||UE
|8516||VI||MP
|8616|| ||
|8716||VI||JK
|8816||VI||HR
|8916|| ||
|-
|8017||VI||KO
|8117||VI||TN
|8217||RJ||KA
|8317||VI||UW
|8417|| ||
|8517||VI||MP
|8617||RJ||KO
|8717||VI||MP
|8817|| ||
|8917||RJ||OR
|-
|8018||AT||OR
|8118||RJ||RJ
|8218||RJ||UW
|8318||RJ||UE
|8418||VI||UE
|8518||VI||MP
|8618||RJ||KA
|8718||VI||MP
|8818||VI||MP
|8918||RJ||WB
|-
|8019|| ||
|8119||AT||NE
|8219||RJ||HP
|8319||RJ||MP
|8419||VI||MU
|8519|| ||
|8619||RJ||RJ
|8719||VI||MP
|8819||VI||MP
|8919||RJ||AP
|-
|8020|| ||
|8120||VI||MP
|8220||AT||TN
|8320||RJ||DL
|8420||AT||KO
|8520|| ||
|8620|| ||
|8720||VI||AS
|8820|| ||
|8920||RJ||DL
|-
|8021|| ||
|8121||CG||DL
|8221||VI||HR
|8321|| ||
|8421||AT||MH
|8521||AT||BR
|8621|| ||
|8721||VI||AS
|8821||VI||MP
|8921||RJ||KL
|-
|8022|| ||
|8122||AT||TN
|8222||VI||HR
|8322|| ||
|8422||VI||MU
|8522||AT||AP
|8622|| ||
|8722||VI||KA
|8822|| ||
|8922|| ||
|-
|8023|| ||
|8123|| ||
|8223||VI||MP
|8323|| ||
|8423||AT||UE
|8523||VI||TN
|8623|| ||
|8723||VI||AS
|8823||VI||MP
|8923||AT||UW
|-
|8024|| ||
|8124||VI||TN
|8224||VI||MP
|8324|| ||
|8424|| ||
|8524||VI||TN
|8624|| ||
|8724||VI||AS
|8824||RJ||RJ
|8924|| ||
|-
|8025|| ||
|8125|| ||
|8225||VI||MP
|8325||||
|8425||VI||MU
|8525||VI||TN
|8625|| ||
|8725||VI||PB
|8825||RJ||JK
|8925|| ||
|-
|8026|| ||
|8126||AT||UW
|8226||VI||MP
|8326|| ||
|8426||VI||RJ
|8526|| ||
|8626||AT||HP
|8726||VI||UE
|8826||AT||DL
|8926|| ||
|-
|8027|| ||
|8127||AT||UE
|8227||VI||BR
|8327|| ||
|8427||AT||PB
|8527||AT||DL
|8627||AT||HP
|8727||VI||PB
|8827||AT||MP
|8927|| ||
|-
|8028|| ||
|8128||AT||GJ
|8228||VI||BR
|8328||RJ||AP
|8428||AT||TN
|8528||AT||UE
|8628||AT||HP
|8728||VI||PB
|8828||VI||MU
|8928||RJ||MU
|-
|8029|| ||
|8129||AT||KL
|8229||VI||BR
|8329||RJ||MH
|8429||AT||UE
|8529||VI||HR
|8629|| ||
|8729||AT||NE
|8829|| ||
|8929||VI||DL
|-
|8030|| ||
|8130||AT||DL
|8230|| ||
|8330||CG||KL
|8430|| ||
|8530||AT||MH
|8630||RJ||UW
|8730||AT||NE
|8830||RJ||MH
|8930||VI||HR
|-
|8031|| ||
|8131||AT||NE
|8231|| ||
|8331||CG||AP
|8431|| ||
|8531||VI||TN
|8631|| ||
|8731||AT||NE
|8831|| ||
|8931|| ||
|-
|8032|| ||
|8132||AT||NE
|8232|| ||
|8332||CG||AP
|8432||VI||MH
|8532||AT||UW
|8632|| ||
|8732|| ||
|8832|| ||
|8932||VI||UE
|-
|8033|| ||
|8133||AT||AS
|8233|| ||
|8333||CG||AP
|8433||AT||MU
|8533|| ||
|8633|| ||
|8733|| ||
|8833|| ||
|8933||VI||UE
|-
|8034|| ||
|8134||AT||AS
|8234|| ||
|8334||VI||KO
|8434||AT||BR
|8534|| ||
|8634|| ||
|8734|| ||
|8834|| ||
|8934||VI||UE
|-
|8035|| ||
|8135||AT||AS
|8235|| ||
|8335||VI||KO
|8435||VI||MP
|8535||VI||WB
|8635|| ||
|8735|| ||
|8835|| ||
|8935||VI||UE
|-
|8036|| ||
|8136||AT||KL
|8236|| ||
|8336||VI||KO
|8436||VI||WB
|8536||VI||WB
|8636|| ||
|8736|| ||
|8836|| ||AP
|8936||VI||UW
|-
|8037|| ||
|8137||AT||KL
|8237|| ||
|8337||VI||KO
|8437||VI||PB
|8537||VI||WB
|8637||RJ/VI||OR
|8737|| ||
|8837||RJ||NE/PB
|8937||VI||UW
|-
|8038|| ||
|8138||AT|| KL
|8238||VI||GJ
|8338||VI||OR
|8438|| ||
|8538||AT||BR
|8638||RJ||AS
|8738|| ||
|8838||RJ||TN
|8938||VI||UW
|-
|8039|| ||
|8139||VI||KA
|8239||VI||RJ
|8339||VI||OR
|8439|| ||
|8539||AT||BR
|8639||RJ||AP
|8739||VI||RJ
|8839||RJ||MP
|8939||VI||CH
|-
|8040|| ||
|8140||VI||GJ
|8240||RJ||KO
|8340||RJ||BR
|8440||VI||RJ
|8540||AT||BR
|8640||||
|8740||VI||RJ
|8840||RJ||UE
|8940||VI||TN
|-
|8041|| ||
|8141||VI||GJ
|8241|| ||
|8341||AT||AP
|8441||VI||RJ
|8541||AT||BR
|8641|| ||
|8741||VI||RJ
|8841|| ||
|8941||VI||UW
|-
|8042|| ||
|8142||VI||AP
|8242|| ||
|8342||VI||OR
|8442|| ||
|8542|| ||
|8642|| ||
|8742||VI||DL
|8842|| ||
|8942||AT||WB
|-
|8043|| ||
|8143|| ||
|8243|| ||
|8343||VI||WB
|8443|| ||
|8543||AT||UE
|8643|| ||
|8743||VI||DL
|8843|| ||
|8943||VI||KL
|-
|8044|| ||
|8144|| RJ||OR
|8244|| ||
|8344|| ||
|8444|| ||
|8544||CG||BR
|8644|| ||
|8744||VI||DL
|8844|| ||
|8944||AT||WB
|-
|8045|| ||
|8145||VI||WB
|8245|| ||
|8345||VI||WB
|8445||AT||UW
|8545|| ||
|8645|| ||
|8745||VI||DL
|8845|| ||
|8945||AT||WB
|-
|8046|| ||
|8146||AT||PB
|8246|| ||
|8346||VI||WB
|8446|| ||MH
|8546||VI||KA
|8646|| ||
|8746||VI||KA
|8846|| ||
|8946|| ||
|-
|8047|| ||
|8147|| ||
|8247||RJ||AP
|8347||VI||GJ
|8447||VI||DL
|8547||CG||KL
|8647|| ||
|8747||VI||KA
|8847||RJ||PB
|8947|| ||
|-
|8048|| ||
|8148|| ||
|8248||RJ||TN
|8348||VI||KO
|8448||AT||DL
|8548||VI||RJ
|8648|| ||
|8748||VI||KA
|8848||RJ||KL
|8948||VI||UE
|-
|8049|| ||
|8149|| ||
|8249||RJ||OR
|8349||AT||MP
|8449||VI||UW
|8549||VI||KA
|8649|| ||
|8749||VI||KA
|8849||RJ||GJ
|8949||RJ||RJ
|-
|8050|| ||
|8150||VI||KA
|8250||RJ||WB
|8350||VI||HP
|8450||AT||MU
|8550||VI||KA
|8650||VI||UW
|8750||VI||DL
|8850||RJ||MU
|8950|| ||
|-
|8051||VI||BR
|8151||VI||KA
|8251|| ||
|8351||VI||HP
|8451||AT||MU
|8551||VI||MH
|8651||VI||BR
|8751|| ||
|8851||RJ||DL
|8951|| ||
|-
|8052||VI||UE
|8152||VI||KA
|8252||RJ||BR
|8352||VI||HP
|8452||AT||MU
|8552||VI||MH
|8652||VI||MH
|8752||CG||AP
|8852|| ||
|8952||AT||NE
|-
|8053||VI||HR
|8153||VI||GJ
|8253|| ||
|8353|| ||
|8453|| ||
|8553|| ||
|8653||AT||WB
|8753||AT||AS
|8853||AT||UE
|8953||AT||UE
|-
|8054||VI||PB
|8154||VI||GJ
|8254|| ||
|8354|| ||
|8454||AT||MU
|8554||VI||MH
|8654|| ||
|8754||AT||TN
|8854|| ||
|8954||VI||UE
|-
|8055||VI||MH
|8155||VI||GJ
|8255|| ||
|8355||RJ||MU
|8455||AT||OR
|8555||RJ||AP
|8655|| ||
|8755||AT||UW
|8855||AT||MH
|8955|| ||
|-
|8056||AT||TN
|8156||VI||KL
|8256||VI||NE
|8356|| ||MU
|8456||AT||OR
|8556||VI||PB
|8656|| ||
|8756||AT||UE
|8856|| ||
|8956||AT||MH
|-
|8057||VI||UW
|8157||VI||KL
|8257||VI||NE
|8357||VI||MP
|8457||CG||KL
|8557||VI||PB
|8657||VI||MH
|8757||AT||BR
|8857|| ||
|8957|| ||
|-
|8058||VI||RJ
|8158||AT||WB
|8258||VI||NE
|8358||VI||MP
|8458||VI||MP
|8558||VI||PB
|8658||AT||OR
|8758||VI||GJ
|8858||AT||UE
|8958||VI||UW
|-
|8059||VI||HR
|8159||AT||WB
|8259||VI||NE
|8359||VI||MP
|8459||RJ||MH
|8559|| ||
|8659|| ||
|8759|| ||
|8859||VI||UW
|8959||VI||MP
|-
|8060|| ||
|8160||RJ||GJ
|8260|| ||
|8360||RJ||PB
|8460|| ||
|8560|| ||
|8660||RJ||KA
|8760|| ||
|8860||VI||DL
|8960|| ||
|-
|8061|| ||
|8161|| ||
|8261|| ||
|8361|| ||
|8461||VI||MP
|8561|| ||
|8661|| ||
|8761||AT||AS
|8861||AT||KA
|8961|| ||
|-
|8062|| ||
|8162|| ||
|8262|| ||
|8362|| ||
|8462||VI||MP
|8562|| ||
|8662|| ||
|8762||CC||KA
|8862||AT||MH
|8962|| ||
|-
|8063|| ||
|8163|| ||
|8263|| ||
|8363|| ||
|8463||VI||AP
|8563|| ||
|8663|| ||
|8763||CG||OR
|8863||AT||BR
|8963||VI||MP
|-
|8064|| ||
|8164|| ||
|8264||AT||PB
|8364|| ||
|8464||VI||AP
|8564|| ||
|8664|| ||
|8764||CG||RJ
|8864|| ||
|8964||VI||MP
|-
|8065|| ||KA
|8165|| ||
|8265|| ||
|8365|| ||
|8465||VI||AP
|8565|| ||
|8665|| ||
|8765||CG||UE
|8865|| ||
|8965||VI||MP
|-
|8066|| ||
|8166|| ||
|8266|| ||
|8366|| ||
|8466||VI||AP
|8566|| ||
|8666|| ||
|8766||RJ||DL
|8866|| ||
|8966||VI||MP
|-
|8067|| ||
|8167||AT||WB
|8267|| ||
|8367||VI||AP
|8467|| ||
|8567|| ||
|8667||RJ||TN
|8767|| ||
|8867|| ||
|8967||AT||WB
|-
|8068|| ||
|8168||RJ||HR
|8268|| ||
|8368||RJ||DL
|8468|| ||
|8568|| ||
|8668||RJ||MH
|8768||VI||WB
|8868|| ||
|8968||AT||PB
|-
|8069|| ||
|8169||RJ||MU
|8269||AT||MP
|8369||RJ||MU
|8469||VI||GJ
|8569||AT||HR
|8669||VI||MH
|8769||AT||RJ
|8869|| ||
|8969||AT||BR
|-
|8070|| ||
|8170||AT||WB
|8270||AT||OR
|8370||VI||WB
|8470|| ||
|8570||AT||HR
|8670||AT||WB
|8770||RJ||MP
|8870||AT||TN
|8970||VI||KA
|-
|8071|| ||KA
|8171||AT||UW
|8271||AT||BR
|8371||VI||WB
|8471||AT||AS
|8571||AT||HR
|8671|| ||
|8771|| ||
|8871|| ||
|8971||AT||KA
|-
|8072||RJ||TN
|8172||AT||UE
|8272|| ||
|8372||VI||WB
|8472||AT||AS
|8572||AT||HR
|8672|| ||
|8772|| ||
|8872||VI||PB
|8972||AT||WB
|-
|8073||RJ||KA
|8173||AT||UE
|8273||AT||UW
|8373||VI||DL
|8473||AT||UW
|8573||VI||UE
|8673|| ||
|8773||||
|8873||VI||BR
|8973|| ||
|-
|8074||RJ||AP
|8174||AT||UE
|8274|| ||
|8374||AT||AP
|8474||VI||UW
|8574||AT||UE
|8674||VI||BR
|8774|| ||
|8874||VI||UE
|8974||AT||NE
|-
|8075||RJ||KL
|8175|| ||
|8275||CG||MH
|8375||VI||DL
|8475||VI||UW
|8575|| ||
|8675|| ||
|8775|| ||
|8875||VI||RJ
|8975||VI||MH
|-
|8076||RJ||DL
|8176|| ||
|8276|| ||
|8376||VI||DL
|8476||VI||UW
|8576||VI||UE
|8676||VI||BR
|8776|| ||
|8876||VI||AS
|8976|| ||
|-
|8077||RJ||UW
|8177||AT||MH
|8277||CG||KA
|8377||VI||DL
|8477||VI||UW
|8577||VI||UW
|8677||VI||BR
|8777||RJ||KO
|8877||VI||BR
|8977|| ||
|-
|8078||CG||KL
|8178||RJ||DL
|8278||CG||HR
|8378||VI||MH
|8478||VI||KO
|8578||VI||BR
|8678||VI||BR
|8778||RJ||TN
|8878||VI||MP
|8978||AT||AP
|-
|8079||VI||OR
|8179||AT||AP
|8279||RJ||UW
|8379||VI||MH
|8479||VI||KO
|8579||VI||BR
|8679|| ||
|8779||RJ||MU
|8879||VI||MU
|8979||AT||UW
|-
|8080|| ||
|8180||AT||MH
|8280||CG||OR
|8380||VI||MH
|8480||CG||OR
|8580||CG||BR
|8680||VI||TN
|8780||RJ||GJ
|8880||RJ||NE
|8980||VI||GJ
|-
|8081||RJ||UE
|8181|| ||
|8281||CG||KL
|8381|| ||
|8481||VI||KO
|8581||VI||BR
|8681||VI||TN
|8781|| ||
|8881||VI||UE
|8981|| ||
|-
|8082|| ||MU
|8182|| ||
|8282|| AT|| KO
|8382|| ||
|8482||||
|8582||AT||KO
|8682||VI||TN
|8782|| ||
|8882||RJ||DL
|8982|| ||
|-
|8083|| ||
|8183|| ||
|8283||AT||PB
|8383||RJ||DL
|8483||AT||MH
|8583||AT||KO
|8683||VI||HR
|8783|| ||
|8883|| ||
|8983|| ||
|-
|8084||AT||BR
|8184||VI||AP
|8284||AT||PB
|8384||RJ||DL
|8484||AT||MH
|8584||AT||KO
|8684||VI||HR
|8784|| ||
|8884||VI||KA
|8984|| ||
|-
|8085||AT||MP
|8185||VI||AP
|8285|| ||
|8385|| ||
|8485||AT||MH
|8585||VI||DL
|8685||VI||HR
|8785|| ||
|8885|| ||
|8985||CG||AP
|-
|8086||VI||KL
|8186||VI||AP
|8286|| ||
|8386|| ||
|8486||VI||AS
|8586||VI||DL
|8686|| ||
|8786|| ||
|8886||VI||AP
|8986||CG||BR
|-
|8087|| ||
|8187||VI||AP
|8287|| RJ||DL
|8387|| ||
|8487|| ||
|8587||VI||DL
|8687|| ||
|8787||RJ||MH
|8887||RJ||UE
|8987||CG||BR
|-
|8088|| ||
|8188|| ||
|8288||AT||PB
|8388|| ||
|8488|| ||
|8588||VI||DL
|8688|| ||
|8788||RJ||MH
|8888||VI||MH
|8988||CG||HP
|-
|8089||AT||KL
|8189||VI||TN
|8289||AT||PB
|8389|| ||
|8489||VI||TN
|8589||VI||KL
|8689||VI||MU
|8789||RJ||BR
|8889||VI||MP
|8989||CG||MP
|-
|8090|| ||
|8190||VI||TN
|8290||AT||RJ
|8390||VI||MH
|8490|| ||
|8590||RJ||KL
|8690||AT||RJ
|8790||AT||AP
|8890||AT||RJ
|8990||RJ||PB
|-
|8091|| ||
|8191||VI||UW
|8291||AT||MU
|8391|| ||
|8491||AT||JK
|8591||VI||KL
|8691||VI||MU
|8791||||
|8891||AT||KL
|8991||CG||MH
|-
|8092|| ||
|8192||VI||UW
|8292||AT||BR
|8392||VI||UW
|8492||AT||JK
|8592||VI||KL
|8692||VI||MU
|8792|| ||
|8892|| ||
|8992||CG||PB
|-
|8093|| ||
|8193||VI||UW
|8293|| ||
|8393||VI||UW
|8493||AT||JK
|8593||VI||KL
|8693|| ||
|8793|| ||
|8893|| ||
|8993||CG||RJ
|-
|8094||VI||RJ
|8194||VI||PB
|8294||AT||BR
|8394||VI||UW
|8494||VI||KA
|8594||VI||OR
|8694|| ||
|8794||VI||NE
|8894||AT||HP
|8994||CG||TN
|-
|8095||VI||KA
|8195||VI||PB
|8295||AT||HR
|8395||VI||UW
|8495||VI||KA
|8595||RJ||DL
|8695||VI||WB
|8795||VI||UE
|8895||CG||OR
|8995||CG||UW
|-
|8096||VI||AP
|8196||VI||PB
|8296||AT||KA
|8396||VI||HR
|8496||VI||KA
|8596||VI||OR
|8696||VI||RJ
|8796|| ||
|8896|| ||
|8996|| ||
|-
|8097|| ||
|8197||AT||KA
|8297||VI||AP
|8397||VI||HR
|8497||VI||KA
|8597||AT||WB
|8697||VI||KO
|8797|| ||
|8897||AT||AP
|8997||AT||RJ
|-
|8098||VI||TN
|8198||VI||PB
|8298||VI||BR
|8398||VI||HR
|8498||VI||AP
|8598||VI||OR
|8698||VI||MH
|8798|| ||
|8898|| ||
|8998|| ||
|-
|8099|| ||
|8199||VI||HR
|8299||RJ||UE
|8399||VI||AS
|8499||VI||MU
|8599||VI||OR
|8699||AT||PB
|8799|| ||
|8899||AT||UW
|8999||RJ||MH
|-
!colspan=39|7xxx series
|-
!colspan=3|70 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|71 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|72 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|73 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|74 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|75 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|76 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|77 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|78 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|79 series
|-
|7000||RJ||MP
|7100|| ||
|7200|| ||
|7300||AT||UW
|7400||AT||MU
|7500||VI||UW
|7600||VI||GJ
|7700||AT||BR
|7800||VI||UE
|7900||VI||UW
|-
|7001||RJ||WB
|7101|| ||
|7201||VI||GJ
|7301|| ||
|7401|| ||
|7501|| ||
|7601|| ||
|7701||RJ||DL
|7801|| ||
|7901||CG||AP
|-
|7002||RJ||AS
|7102||VI||KL
|7202||VI||GJ
|7302||AT||UW
|7402|| ||
|7502|| ||
|7602||AT||WB
|7702||AT||AP
|7802|| ||
|7902||VI||KL
|-
|7003||RJ||KO
|7103||RJ||MH
|7203||VI||GJ
|7303||RJ||DL
|7403|| ||
|7503|| ||
|7603|| ||
|7703||RJ||DL
|7803|| ||
|7903||RJ||BR
|-
|7004||RJ||BR
|7104|| ||
|7204|| ||
|7304||AT||MU
|7404|| ||
|7504|| ||
|7604||RJ||TN
|7704||RJ||AS
|7804|| ||
|7904||RJ||TN
|-
|7005||RJ||NE
|7105|| ||
|7205||AT||OR
|7305||AT||TN
|7405|| ||
|7505||RJ||UW
|7605||AT||OR
|7705||RJ||AS
|7805|| ||
|7905||RJ||UE
|-
|7006||RJ||JK
|7106|| ||
|7206||AT||HR
|7306||RJ||KL
|7406||VI||KA
|7506||VI||MU
|7606||AT||OR
|7706||RJ||AS
|7806|| ||
|7906||RJ||UW
|-
|7007||RJ||UE
|7107|| ||
|7207|| ||
|7307||RJ||UE
|7407||VI||WB
|7507||VI||MH
|7607||AT||UE
|7707||VI||BR
|7807||AT||HP
|7907||RJ||KL
|-
|7008||RJ||OR
|7108|| ||
|7208||AT||MU
|7308||AT||TN
|7408||VI||UE
|7508||VI||PB
|7608||AT||OR
|7708||AT||TN
|7808||VI||BR
|7908||RJ||WB
|-
|7009||RJ||PB
|7109|| ||
|7209|| ||
|7309||VI||UE
|7409||VI||UW
|7509||VI||MP
|7609||VI||UW
|7709||AT||MH
|7809|| ||OR
|7909||VI||MP
|-
|7010||RJ||TN
|7110|| ||
|7210|| ||
|7310||AT||UW
|7410||VI||RJ
|7510||VI||KL
|7610|| ||
|7710||AT||MU
|7810|| ||TN
|7910|| ||
|-
|7011||RJ||DL
|7111|| ||
|7211|| ||
|7311||VI||UE
|7411|| ||
|7511||VI||KL
|7611|| ||
|7711||RJ||AS
|7811|| ||TN
|7911|| ||
|-
|7012||RJ||KL
|7112|| ||
|7212|| ||
|7312|| ||
|7412||VI||RJ
|7512|| ||
|7612|| ||
|7712||RJ||AS
|7812|| ||KA
|7912|| ||
|-
|7013||RJ||AP
|7113|| ||
|7213|| ||
|7313|| ||
|7413||VI||RJ
|7513|| ||
|7613|| ||
|7713||RJ||AS
|7813|| ||KA
|7913|| ||
|-
|7014||RJ||RJ
|7114|| ||
|7214|| ||
|7314|| ||
|7414||VI||RJ
|7514|| ||
|7614|| ||
|7714||RJ||AS
|7814|| ||PB
|7914|| ||
|-
|7015||RJ||HR
|7115|| ||
|7215|| ||
|7315|| ||
|7415|| ||
|7515|| ||
|7615|| ||
|7715||RJ||AS
|7815|| ||
|7915|| ||
|-
|7016||RJ||GJ
|7116|| ||
|7216|| ||
|7316|| ||
|7416|| ||
|7516|| ||
|7616|| ||
|7716||RJ||AS
|7816|| ||
|7916|| ||
|-
|7017||RJ||UW
|7117|| ||
|7217||RJ||DL
|7317|| ||
|7417|| ||
|7517||VI||MH
|7617||VI||MP
|7717||RJ||BR
|7817|| ||GJ
|7917|| ||
|-
|7018||RJ||HP
|7118|| ||
|7218||VI||MH
|7318|| ||
|7418|| ||
|7518||AT||UE
|7618||VI||UE
|7718||AT||MU
|7818|| ||GJ
|7918|| ||
|-
|7019||RJ||KA
|7119|| ||
|7219||AT||MH
|7319||AT||BR
|7419||RJ||HR
|7519|| ||
|7619||AT||KA
|7719||VI||MH
|7819|| ||GJ
|7919|| ||
|-
|7020||RJ||MH
|7120|| ||
|7220|| ||
|7320||AT||BR
|7420|| ||
|7520||VI||BR
|7620||RJ||MH
|7720||VI||MH
|7820|| ||RJ
|7920|| ||
|-
|7021||RJ||MU
|7121|| ||
|7221|| ||
|7321||AT||BR
|7421|| ||
|7521||AT||UE
|7621||VI||GJ
|7721||VI||MH
|7821|| ||RJ
|7921|| ||
|-
|7022||AT||KA
|7122|| ||
|7222||AT||MP
|7322||VI||BR
|7422|| ||
|7522||VI||MH
|7622||VI||GJ
|7722|| ||
|7822|| ||RJ
|7922|| ||
|-
|7023||AT||RJ
|7123|| ||
|7223||AT||MP
|7323||VI||BR
|7423|| ||
|7523||AT||UE
|7623||VI||GJ
|7723|| ||
|7823|| ||
|7923|| ||
|-
|7024||AT||MP
|7124|| ||
|7224||AT||MP
|7324||VI||BR
|7424||AT||RJ
|7524||AT||UE
|7624||AT||KA
|7724|| ||
|7824|| ||
|7924|| ||
|-
|7025||VI||KL
|7125|| ||
|7225||AT||MP
|7325||AT||OR
|7425||AT||RJ
|7525||AT||UE
|7625||AT||KA
|7725||AT||RJ
|7825|| ||
|7925|| ||
|-
|7026||VI||KA
|7126|| ||
|7226||AT||GJ
|7326||AT||OR
|7426||AT||RJ
|7526||VI||PB
|7626||CG||PB
|7726||AT||RJ
|7826|| ||
|7926|| ||
|-
|7027||VI||HR
|7127|| ||
|7227||AT||GJ
|7327||AT||OR
|7427||VI||WB
|7527||VI||PB
|7627||AT||NE
|7727||AT||RJ
|7827||RJ||DL
|7927|| ||
|-
|7028||AT||MH
|7128|| ||
|7228||AT||GJ
|7328|| ||
|7428|| ||
|7528||VI||PB
|7628||AT||NE
|7728||AT||RJ
|7828|| ||MP
|7928|| ||
|-
|7029||RJ||WB
|7129|| ||
|7229||VI||RJ
|7329||VI||RJ
|7429||VI||AS
|7529||VI||PB
|7629||AT||NE
|7729||VI||AP
|7829||VI||KA
|7929|| ||
|-
|7030||VI||MH
|7130|| ||
|7230||VI||RJ
|7330||AT||AP
|7430||VI||WB
|7530||AT||TN
|7630||AT||NE
|7730||VI||AP
|7830||VI||UW
|7930|| ||
|-
|7031|| ||
|7131|| ||
|7231|| ||
|7331|| ||
|7431||VI||WB
|7531||VI||RJ
|7631||VI||BR
|7731||VI||AP
|7831||VI||HP
|7931|| ||
|-
|7032||AT||AP
|7132|| ||
|7232|| ||
|7332||VI||UE
|7432||VI||WB
|7532|| ||
|7632||AT||BR
|7732||VI||AP
|7832||VI||HP
|7932|| ||
|-
|7033||AT||BR
|7133|| ||
|7233|| ||
|7333||VI||UE
|7433||VI||GJ
|7533||VI||UW
|7633||AT||BR
|7733||VI||RJ
|7833||VI||HP
|7933|| ||
|-
|7034||VI||KL
|7134|| ||
|7234|| ||
|7334||VI||UE
|7434||VI||GJ
|7534||VI||UW
|7634||AT||BR
|7734||VI||RJ
|7834||VI||DL
|7934|| ||
|-
|7035|| ||
|7135|| ||
|7235|| ||
|7335||VI||UE
|7435||VI||GJ
|7535||VI||UW
|7635||AT||AS
|7735||||
|7835||VI||DL
|7935|| ||
|-
|7036||VI||AP
|7136|| ||
|7236|| ||
|7336||VI||UE
|7436||VI||OR
|7536||VI||UW
|7636||AT||AS
|7736||AT||KL
|7836||VI||DL
|7936|| ||
|-
|7037|| ||
|7137|| ||
|7237||VI||UE
|7337||AT||KA
|7437||VI||OR
|7537|| ||
|7637||AT||AS
|7737||AT||RJ
|7837||VI||PB
|7937|| ||
|-
|7038||VI||MH
|7138||AT||TN
|7238||VI||UE
|7338||AT||KA
|7438||VI||OR
|7538||AT||TN
|7638||VI||NE
|7738||AT||MU
|7838||VI||DL
|7938|| ||
|-
|7039||VI||MU
|7139|| ||
|7239||VI||RJ
|7339||AT||RJ
|7439|| ||
|7539||AT||TN
|7639||VI||TN
|7739||AT||BR
|7839||CG||UE
|7939|| ||
|-
|7040|| ||
|7140|| ||
|7240||VI||MP
|7340||AT||PB
|7440||VI||MP
|7540||AT||TN
|7640||VI||NE
|7740||VI||RJ
|7840||VI||DL
|7940|| ||
|-
|7041|| ||
|7141|| ||
|7241|| ||
|7341|| ||
|7441||VI||MP
|7541||AT||BR
|7641||VI||NE
|7741||VI||MH
|7841|| ||
|7941|| ||
|-
|7042||AT||DL
|7142|| ||
|7242|| ||
|7342|| ||
|7442|| ||
|7542||AT||BR
|7642||VI||NE
|7742||AT||RJ
|7842|| ||
|7942|| ||
|-
|7043||AT||GJ
|7143|| ||
|7243|| ||
|7343|| ||
|7443|| ||
|7543||AT||BR
|7643|| ||
|7743||VI||MH
|7843|| ||
|7943|| ||
|-
|7044||AT||KO
|7144|| ||
|7244|| ||
|7344|| ||
|7444|| ||
|7544||VI||BR
|7644|| ||
|7744||VI||MH
|7844|| ||
|7944|| ||
|-
|7045||VI||MU
|7145|| ||
|7245|| ||
|7345|| ||
|7445|| ||
|7545||VI||BR
|7645|| ||
|7745||VI/VI||MH/MP
|7845|| ||
|7945|| ||
|-
|7046||VI||GJ
|7146|| ||
|7246|| ||
|7346|| ||
|7446|| ||
|7546||VI||BR
|7646||CG||MP
|7746||VI||MP
|7846|| ||
|7946|| ||
|-
|7047||AT||WB
|7147|| ||
|7247|| ||
|7347||AT||PB
|7447||VI/VI||MP/MH
|7547||VI||BR/WB
|7647||CG||MP
|7747||VI||MP
|7847|| ||
|7947|| ||
|-
|7048||RJ||DL
|7148|| ||
|7248|| ||
|7348||AT||KA
|7448||VI||TN
|7548|| ||WB
|7648||CG||MP
|7748||VI||MP
|7848||||
|7948|| ||
|-
|7049||VI||MP
|7149|| ||
|7249||VI||UW
|7349||AT||KA
|7449||VI||KO
|7549||||BR
|7649||CG||HP
|7749||AT||OR
|7849|| ||
|7949|| ||
|-
|7050||AT||BR
|7150|| ||
|7250||AT||BR
|7350||VI||MH
|7450||VI||KO
|7550|| ||WB
|7650||CG||HP
|7750||AT||OR
|7850|| ||
|7950|| ||
|-
|7051||AT||JK
|7151|| ||
|7251||VI||UW
|7351||VI||UW
|7451|| ||
|7551|| ||WB
|7651||RJ||UE
|7751||AT||OR
|7851|| ||
|7951|| ||
|-
|7052||VI||UE
|7152|| ||
|7252||VI||UW
|7352||VI||BR
|7452|| ||
|7552|| ||
|7652||CG||HP
|7752||AT||UE
|7852|| ||OR
|7952|| ||
|-
|7053|| ||
|7153|| ||
|7253||VI||UW
|7353||VI||KA
|7453|| ||
|7553|| ||
|7653||CG||OR
|7753||AT||UE
|7853|| ||
|7953|| ||
|-
|7054||AT||UE
|7154|| ||
|7254||VI||BR
|7354||VI||MP
|7454||AT||UW
|7554|| ||
|7654||VI||BR
|7754||AT||UE
|7854|| ||
|7954|| ||
|-
|7055||VI||UW
|7155|| ||
|7255||VI||BR
|7355||RJ||UE
|7455||AT||UW
|7555||||
|7655||CG||OR
|7755||AT||UE
|7855|| ||
|7955|| ||
|-
|7056||VI||HR
|7156|| ||
|7256||VI||BR
|7356||AT||KL
|7456||AT||UW
|7556||||MP
|7656||CG||OR
|7756||AT||MH
|7856||RJ||BR
|7956|| ||
|-
|7057||VI||MH
|7157|| ||
|7257||VI||BR
|7357||AT||RJ
|7457||AT||UE
|7557||VI||BR/WB
|7657|| ||
|7757||AT||MH
|7857|| ||
|7957|| ||
|-
|7058|| ||
|7158|| ||
|7258||AT||BR
|7358||AT||TN
|7458||AT||UE
|7558||VI||KL
|7658||VI||AP
|7758||AT||MH
|7858|| ||
|7958|| ||
|-
|7059|| ||
|7159|| ||
|7259||AT||KA
|7359||VI||GJ
|7459||AT||UE
|7559||VI||KL
|7659||VI||AP
|7759||AT||BR
|7859|| ||
|7959|| ||
|-
|7060||AT||UW
|7160|| ||
|7260||AT||BR
|7360||VI||BR
|7460||AT||UE
|7560||VI||KL
|7660||VI||AP
|7760||AT||KA
|7860||VI||UE
|7960|| ||
|-
|7061||RJ||BR
|7161|| ||
|7261||AT||BR
|7361||VI||BR
|7461||AT||BR
|7561||VI||AP
|7661||VI||AP
|7761||AT||BR
|7861|| ||
|7961|| ||
|-
|7062|| ||
|7162|| ||
|7262||VI||MH
|7362||VI||BR
|7462||AT||BR
|7562||VI||BR
|7662||VI||AS
|7762||AT||BR
|7862|| ||
|7962|| ||
|-
|7063||AT||WB
|7163|| ||
|7263||VI||MH
|7363||AT||WB
|7463||AT||BR
|7563||VI||BR
|7663||VI||AS
|7763||AT||BR
|7863|| ||WB
|7963|| ||
|-
|7064||VI||OR
|7164|| ||
|7264||VI||MH
|7364||AT||WB
|7464|| ||
|7564||VI||BR
|7664||VI||AS
|7764||AT||BR
|7864|| ||
|7964|| ||
|-
|7065||VI||DL
|7165|| ||
|7265||VI||GJ
|7365||AT||WB
|7465||VI||UW
|7565||VI||UE
|7665||VI||RJ
|7765||AT||BR
|7865|| ||
|7965|| ||
|-
|7066||VI||MH
|7166|| ||
|7266|| ||
|7366||AT||BR
|7466||VI||UW
|7566||VI||MP
|7666||RJ||MH
|7766||AT||BR
|7866|| ||
|7966|| ||
|-
|7067||RJ||MP
|7167|| ||
|7267|| ||
|7367||AT||BR
|7467|| ||
|7567||VI||GJ
|7667||RJ||BR
|7767||VI||MH
|7867||VI||TN
|7967|| ||
|-
|7068||AT||UE
|7168|| ||
|7268|| ||
|7368||AT||BR
|7468|| ||
|7568||AT||RJ
|7668||RJ||UE
|7768||VI||MH
|7868||VI||TN
|7968|| ||
|-
|7069||VI||GJ
|7169|| ||
|7269|| ||
|7369||VI||BR
|7469|| ||
|7569||||AP
|7669||VI||DL
|7769|| ||MH
|7869||AT||MP
|7969|| ||
|-
|7070||AT||BR
|7170|| ||
|7270|| ||
|7370||VI||BR
|7470||AT||MP
|7570||||UE
|7670|| ||
|7770||VI||MH
|7870||AT||BR
|7970|| ||
|-
|7071||AC||UE
|7171|| ||
|7271|| ||
|7371||VI||BR
|7471||AT||MP
|7571|| ||UE
|7671||RJ||AP
|7771||VI||MP
|7871||RJ||TN
|7971|| ||
|-
|7072||VI||GJ
|7172|| ||
|7272|| ||
|7372||VI||RJ
|7472|| ||
|7572||||GJ
|7672||VI||BR
|7772||VI||MP
|7872||VI||WB
|7972||RJ||MH
|-
|7073||AT||RJ
|7173|| ||
|7273|| ||
|7373|| ||
|7473|| ||
|7573||||GJ
|7673||AT||AP
|7773||VI||MH
|7873||VI||OR
|7973||RJ||PB
|-
|7074||VI||WB
|7174|| ||
|7274|| ||
|7374||AT||RJ
|7474||VI||GJ
|7574||||GJ
|7674||AT||AP
|7774||VI||MH
|7874||VI||GJ
|7974||RJ||MP
|-
|7075|| ||
|7175|| ||
|7275|| ||
|7375||VI||RJ
|7475|| ||
|7575||VI||GJ/AS
|7675||AT||AP
|7775||VI||MH
|7875||VI||MH
|7975||RJ||KA
|-
|7076||VI||WB
|7176|| ||
|7276|| ||
|7376||CG||UE
|7476|| ||RJ
|7576|| ||AS
|7676||RJ||KA
|7776||VI||MH
|7876||RJ||HP
|7976||RJ||RJ
|-
|7077||AT||OR
|7177|| ||
|7277|| ||
|7377||VI||OR
|7477||AT/AT||WB/MP
|7577||VI||AS
|7677|| ||
|7777||AT||BR
|7877||RJ||RJ
|7977||RJ||MU
|-
|7078|| ||UW
|7178|| ||
|7278|| ||
|7378||VI||MH
|7478||VI||WB
|7578||||
|7678||RJ||DL
|7778|| ||
|7878||RJ||RJ
|7978||RJ||OR
|-
|7079||VI||BR
|7179|| ||
|7279|| ||
|7379||VI||UE
|7479|| ||
|7579||CG||UW
|7679|| ||
|7779||AT||BR
|7879||RJ||WB
|7979||RJ||BR
|-
|7080||AT||UE
|7180|| ||
|7280||VI||BR
|7380||CG||PB
|7480|| ||
|7580||VI||MP
|7680||AT||AP
|7780||VI||BR
|7880||AT||UE
|7980||RJ||KO
|-
|7081||VI||UE
|7181|| ||
|7281||VI||BR
|7381||VI||OR
|7481||AT||BR
|7581||VI||MP
|7681||||
|7781||AT||BR
|7881||AT||UE
|7981||RJ||AP
|-
|7082||AT||HR
|7182|| ||
|7282||VI||BR
|7382||CG||AP
|7482||AT||BR
|7582||VI||MP
|7682||AT||OR
|7782||AT||BR
|7882|| ||
|7982||RJ||DL
|-
|7083||VI||MH
|7183|| ||
|7283||VI||BR
|7383||VI||GJ
|7483||RJ||KA
|7583||AT||WB
|7683||AT||OR
|7783|| ||
|7883|| ||
|7983||RJ||UW
|-
|7084||VI||UE
|7184|| ||
|7284||VI||GJ
|7384||AT||WB
|7484||AT||BR
|7584||AT||WB
|7684||AT||OR
|7784|| ||
|7884|| ||
|7984||RJ||GJ
|-
|7085||AT||NE
|7185|| ||
|7285|| ||
|7385||AT||MH
|7485||AT||GJ
|7585||AT||WB
|7685|| ||
|7785|| ||
|7885|| ||
|7985||RJ||UE
|-
|7086||AT||AS
|7186|| ||
|7286|| ||
|7386|| ||
|7486||AT||GJ
|7586||AT||WB
|7686|| ||
|7786|| ||
|7886||||
|7986||RJ||PB
|-
|7087||AT||PB
|7187|| ||
|7287|| ||
|7387||AT||MH
|7487||AT||GJ
|7587||CG||MP
|7687|| ||
|7787||VI||OR
|7887||VI||MH
|7987||RJ||MP
|-
|7088||VI||UW
|7188|| ||
|7288|| ||
|7388||AT||UE
|7488||RJ||BR
|7588||CG||MH
|7688||VI||RJ
|7788||VI||AP
|7888||RJ||PB
|7988||RJ||HR
|-
|7089||VI||MP
|7189|| ||
|7289||VI||DL
|7389||AT||MP
|7489|| ||
|7589||CG||PB
|7689||VI||RJ
|7789||RJ||JK
|7889||RJ||JK
|7989||RJ||AP
|-
|7090||VI||KA
|7190|| ||
|7290||VI||DL
|7390||AT||UE
|7490||AT||GJ
|7590||VI||HP
|7690|| VI||RJ
|7790|| ||
|7890||VI||KO
|7990||RJ||GJ
|-
|7091||AT||BR
|7191|| ||
|7291||VI||DL
|7391||VI||MH
|7491||VI||BR
|7591||VI||KL
|7691||VI||MP
|7791|| ||
|7891||VI||RJ
|7991||RJ||BR
|-
|7092||VI||TN
|7192|| ||
|7292||VI||DL
|7392|| ||
|7492||VI||BR
|7592||VI ||KL
|7692||VI||MP
|7792|| ||
|7892||RJ||KA
|7992||RJ||BR
|-
|7093||AT||AP
|7193|| ||
|7293|| ||
|7393|| ||
|7493||VI||BR
|7593||VI||KL
|7693||VI||MP
|7793|| ||
|7893||AT||AP
|7993||AT||AP
|-
|7094||VI||TN
|7194|| ||
|7294||AT||BR
|7394|| ||
|7494||VI||BR
|7594||VI||KL
|7694||VI||MP
|7794|| ||
|7894||AT||OR
|7994||AT||KL
|-
|7095||VI||AP
|7195|| ||
|7295||AT||BR
|7395||AT||TN
|7495||AT||HR
|7595||AT||KO
|7695|| ||
|7795|| ||
|7895||AT||UW
|7995||AT||AP
|-
|7096||VI||GJ
|7196|| ||
|7296||AT||RJ
|7396||AT||AP
|7496||AT||HR
|7596||AT||KO
|7696||AT||PB
|7796||VI||MH
|7896||AT||AS
|7996||VI||KA
|-
|7097|| ||AP
|7197|| ||
|7297||AT||RJ
|7397||AT||MH
|7497||AT||UE
|7597||CG||RJ
|7697||VI||MP
|7797||VI||WB
|7897||AT||UE
|7997||VI||AP
|-
|7098|| ||
|7198|| ||
|7298|| ||
|7398|| ||
|7498|| ||
|7598||CG||TN
|7698||VI||GJ
|7798||VI||MH
|7898||AT||MP
|7998|| ||
|-
|7099|| ||AS
|7199|| ||
|7299|| ||
|7399|| ||
|7499|| ||
|7599||CG||UW
|7699||VI||WB
|7799||VI||AP
|7899||AT||KA
|7999||RJ||MP
|-
!colspan=39|6xxx Series
|-
!colspan=3|60 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|61 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|62 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|63 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|64 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|65 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|66 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|67 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|68 series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|69 series
|-
|6000||RJ||AS
|6100|| ||
|6200||RJ||BR
|6300||RJ||AP
|6400|| ||
|6500|| ||
|6600|| ||
|6700|| ||
|6800|| ||
|6900|| ||
|-
|6001||RJ||AS
|6101|| ||
|6201||RJ||BR
|6301||RJ||AP
|6401|| ||
|6501|| ||
|6601|| ||
|6701|| ||
|6801|| ||
|6901||AT||AS
|-
|6002||RJ||AS
|6102|| ||
|6202||RJ||BR
|6302||RJ||AP
|6402|| ||
|6502|| ||
|6602|| ||
|6702|| ||
|6802|| ||
|6902|| ||
|-
|6003||RJ||TN
|6103|| ||
|6203||RJ||BR
|6303||RJ||AP
|6403|| ||
|6503|| ||
|6603|| ||
|6703|| ||
|6803|| ||
|6903|| ||
|-
|6004|| ||
|6104|| ||
|6204||RJ||BR
|6304||RJ||AP
|6404|| ||
|6504|| ||
|6604|| ||
|6704|| ||
|6804|| ||
|6904|| ||
|-
|6005||RJ||JK
|6105|| ||
|6205||RJ||BR
|6305|| ||
|6405|| ||
|6505|| ||
|6605|| ||
|6705|| ||
|6805|| ||
|6905|| ||
|-
|6006||RJ||JK
|6106|| ||
|6206||RJ||BR
|6306||RJ||UE
|6406|| ||
|6506|| ||
|6606|| ||
|6706|| ||
|6806|| ||
|6906|| ||
|-
|6007|| ||
|6107|| ||
|6207||RJ||BR
|6307||RJ||UE
|6407|| ||
|6507|| ||
|6607|| ||
|6707|| ||
|6807|| ||
|6907|| ||
|-
|6008|| ||
|6108|| ||
|6208||VI||BR
|6308|| ||
|6408|| ||
|6508|| ||
|6608|| ||
|6708|| ||
|6808|| ||
|6908|| ||
|-
|6009||RJ||NE
|6109||AT||AP
|6209||AT||BR
|6309||AT||AP
|6409|| ||
|6509|| ||
|6609|| ||
|6709|| ||
|6809|| ||
|6909||AT||NE
|-
|6010|| ||
|6110|| ||
|6210|| ||
|6310|| ||
|6410|| ||
|6510|| ||
|6610|| ||
|6710|| ||
|6810|| ||
|6910|| ||
|-
|6011|| ||
|6111|| ||
|6211|| ||
|6311|| ||
|6411|| ||
|6511|| ||
|6611|| ||
|6711|| ||
|6811|| ||
|6911|| ||
|-
|6012|| ||
|6112|| ||
|6212|| ||
|6312|| ||
|6412|| ||
|6512|| ||
|6612|| ||
|6712|| ||
|6812|| ||
|6912|| ||
|-
|6013|| ||
|6113|| ||
|6213|| ||
|6313|| ||
|6413|| ||
|6513|| ||
|6613|| ||
|6713|| ||
|6813|| ||
|6913||VI||AS
|-
|6014|| ||
|6114|| ||
|6214|| ||
|6314|| ||
|6414|| ||
|6514|| ||
|6614|| ||
|6714|| ||
|6814|| ||
|6914|| ||
|-
|6015|| ||
|6115|| ||
|6215|| ||
|6315|| ||
|6415|| ||
|6515|| ||
|6615|| ||
|6715|| ||
|6815|| ||
|6915|| ||
|-
|6016|| ||
|6116|| ||
|6216|| ||
|6316|| ||
|6416|| ||
|6516|| ||
|6616|| ||
|6716|| ||
|6816|| ||
|6916|| ||
|-
|6017|| ||
|6117|| ||
|6217|| ||
|6317|| ||
|6417|| ||
|6517|| ||
|6617|| ||
|6717|| ||
|6817|| ||
|6917|| ||
|-
|6018|| ||
|6118|| ||
|6218|| ||
|6318|| ||
|6418|| ||
|6518|| ||
|6618|| ||
|6718|| ||
|6818|| ||
|6918|| ||
|-
|6019|| ||
|6119|| ||
|6219|| ||
|6319|| ||
|6419|| ||
|6519|| ||
|6619|| ||
|6719|| ||
|6819|| ||
|6919|| ||
|-
|6020|| ||
|6120|| ||
|6220|| ||
|6320|| ||
|6420|| ||
|6520|| ||
|6620|| ||
|6720|| ||
|6820|| ||
|6920|| ||
|-
|6021|| ||
|6121|| ||
|6221|| ||
|6321|| ||
|6421|| ||
|6521|| ||
|6621|| ||
|6721|| ||
|6821|| ||
|6921|| ||
|-
|6022|| ||
|6122|| ||
|6222|| ||
|6322|| ||
|6422|| ||
|6522|| ||
|6622|| ||
|6722|| ||
|6822|| ||
|6922|| ||
|-
|6023|| ||
|6123|| ||
|6223|| ||
|6323|| ||
|6423|| ||
|6523|| ||
|6623|| ||
|6723|| ||
|6823|| ||
|6923|| ||
|-
|6024|| ||
|6124|| ||
|6224|| ||
|6324|| ||
|6424|| ||
|6524|| ||
|6624|| ||
|6724|| ||
|6824|| ||
|6924|| ||
|-
|6025|| ||
|6125|| ||
|6225|| ||
|6325|| ||
|6425|| ||
|6525|| ||
|6625|| ||
|6725|| ||
|6825|| ||
|6925|| ||
|-
|6026||CG||AS
|6126|| ||
|6226|| ||
|6326|| ||
|6426|| ||
|6526|| ||
|6626|| ||
|6726|| ||
|6826||CG||DL
|6926|| ||
|-
|6027|| ||
|6127|| ||
|6227|| ||
|6327|| ||
|6427|| ||
|6527|| ||
|6627|| ||
|6727|| ||
|6827|| ||
|6927|| ||
|-
|6028|| ||
|6128|| ||
|6228|| ||
|6328|| ||
|6428|| ||
|6528|| ||
|6628|| ||
|6728|| ||
|6828||CG||PB
|6928|| ||
|-
|6029|| ||
|6129|| ||
|6229|| ||
|6329|| ||
|6429|| ||
|6529|| ||
|6629|| ||
|6729|| ||
|6829|| ||
|6929|| ||
|-
|6030|| ||
|6130|| ||
|6230||AT||DL
|6330|| ||
|6430|| ||
|6530|| ||
|6630|| ||
|6730|| ||
|6830|| ||
|6930|| ||
|-
|6031|| ||
|6131|| ||
|6231|| ||
|6331|| ||
|6431|| ||
|6531|| ||
|6631|| ||
|6731|| ||
|6831|| ||
|6931|| ||
|-
|6032||CG||NE
|6132|| ||
|6232||AT||MP
|6332|| ||
|6432|| ||
|6532|| ||
|6632|| ||
|6732|| ||
|6832|| ||
|6932|| ||
|-
|6033|| ||
|6133|| ||
|6233|| ||
|6333|| ||
|6433|| ||
|6533|| ||
|6633|| ||
|6733|| ||
|6833|| ||
|6933|| ||
|-
|6034|| ||
|6134|| ||
|6234|| ||
|6334|| ||
|6434|| ||
|6534|| ||
|6634|| ||
|6734|| ||
|6834|| ||
|6934|| ||
|-
|6035|| ||
|6135|| ||
|6235||VI||KL
|6335|| ||
|6435|| ||
|6535|| ||
|6635|| ||
|6735|| ||
|6835|| ||
|6935|| ||
|-
|6036|| ||
|6136|| ||
|6236|| ||
|6336|| ||
|6436|| ||
|6536|| ||
|6636|| ||
|6736|| ||
|6836|| ||
|6936|| ||
|-
|6037|| ||
|6137|| ||
|6237|| ||
|6337|| ||
|6437|| ||
|6537|| ||
|6637|| ||
|6737|| ||
|6837|| ||
|6937|| ||
|-
|6038|| ||
|6138|| ||
|6238||RJ||KL
|6338|| ||
|6438|| ||
|6538|| ||
|6638|| ||
|6738|| ||
|6838|| ||
|6938|| ||
|-
|6039|| ||
|6139|| ||
|6239|| ||
|6339|| ||
|6439|| ||
|6539|| ||
|6639|| ||
|6739|| ||
|6839|| ||
|6939|| ||
|-
|6040|| ||
|6140|| ||
|6240|| ||
|6340|| ||
|6440|| ||
|6540|| ||
|6640|| ||
|6740|| ||
|6840|| ||
|6940|| ||
|-
|6041|| ||
|6141|| ||
|6241|| ||
|6341|| ||
|6441|| ||
|6541|| ||
|6641|| ||
|6741|| ||
|6841|| ||
|6941|| ||
|-
|6042|| ||
|6142|| ||
|6242|| ||
|6342|| ||
|6442|| ||
|6542|| ||
|6642|| ||
|6742|| ||
|6842|| ||
|6942|| ||
|-
|6043|| ||
|6143|| ||
|6243|| ||
|6343|| ||
|6443|| ||
|6543|| ||
|6643|| ||
|6743|| ||
|6843|| ||
|6943|| ||
|-
|6044|| ||
|6144|| ||
|6244|| ||
|6344|| ||
|6444|| ||
|6544|| ||
|6644|| ||
|6744|| ||
|6844|| ||
|6944|| ||
|-
|6045|| ||
|6145|| ||
|6245|| ||
|6345|| ||
|6445|| ||
|6545|| ||
|6645|| ||
|6745|| ||
|6845|| ||
|6945|| ||
|-
|6046|| ||
|6146|| ||
|6246|| ||
|6346|| ||
|6446|| ||
|6546|| ||
|6646|| ||
|6746|| ||
|6846|| ||
|6946|| ||
|-
|6047|| ||
|6147|| ||
|6247|| ||
|6347|| ||
|6447|| ||
|6547|| ||
|6647|| ||
|6747|| ||
|6847|| ||
|6947|| ||
|-
|6048|| ||
|6148|| ||
|6248|| ||
|6348|| ||
|6448|| ||
|6548|| ||
|6648|| ||
|6748|| ||
|6848|| ||
|6948|| ||
|-
|6049|| ||
|6149|| ||
|6249|| ||
|6349|| ||
|6449|| ||
|6549|| ||
|6649|| ||
|6749|| ||
|6849|| ||
|6949|| ||
|-
|6050|| ||
|6150|| ||
|6250|| ||
|6350|| ||
|6450|| ||
|6550|| ||
|6650|| ||
|6750|| ||
|6850|| ||
|6950|| ||
|-
|6051|| ||
|6151|| ||
|6251|| ||
|6351||RJ||GJ
|6451|| ||
|6551|| ||
|6651|| ||
|6751|| ||
|6851|| ||
|6951|| ||
|-
|6052|| ||
|6152|| ||
|6252|| ||
|6352||RJ||GJ
|6452|| ||
|6552|| ||
|6652|| ||
|6752|| ||
|6852|| ||
|6952|| ||
|-
|6053|| ||
|6153|| ||
|6253|| ||
|6353||RJ||GJ
|6453|| ||
|6553|| ||
|6653|| ||
|6753|| ||
|6853|| ||
|6953|| ||
|-
|6054|| ||
|6154|| ||
|6254|| ||
|6354||RJ||GJ
|6454|| ||
|6554|| ||
|6654|| ||
|6754|| ||
|6854|| ||
|6954|| ||
|-
|6055|| ||
|6155|| ||
|6255|| ||
|6355||RJ||GJ
|6455|| ||
|6555|| ||
|6655|| ||
|6755|| ||
|6855|| ||
|6955|| ||
|-
|6056|| ||
|6156|| ||
|6256|| ||
|6356||VI||GJ
|6456|| ||
|6556|| ||
|6656|| ||
|6756|| ||
|6856|| ||
|6956|| ||
|-
|6057|| ||
|6157|| ||
|6257|| ||
|6357||VI||GJ
|6457|| ||
|6557|| ||
|6657|| ||
|6757|| ||
|6857|| ||
|6957|| ||
|-
|6058|| ||
|6158|| ||
|6258|| ||
|6358||AT||GJ
|6458|| ||
|6558|| ||
|6658|| ||
|6758|| ||
|6858|| ||
|6958|| ||
|-
|6059|| ||
|6159|| ||
|6259|| ||
|6359||VI||GJ
|6459|| ||
|6559|| ||
|6659|| ||
|6759|| ||
|6859|| ||
|6959|| ||
|-
|6060|| ||
|6160|| ||
|6260||RJ||MP
|6360||RJ||KA
|6460|| ||
|6560|| ||
|6660|| ||
|6760|| ||
|6860|| ||
|6960|| ||
|-
|6061|| ||
|6161|| ||
|6261||RJ||MP
|6361||RJ||KA
|6461|| ||
|6561|| ||
|6661|| ||
|6761|| ||
|6861|| ||
|6961|| ||
|-
|6062|| ||
|6162|| ||
|6262||VI||MP
|6362||RJ||KA
|6462|| ||
|6562|| ||
|6662|| ||
|6762|| ||
|6862|| ||
|6962|| ||
|-
|6063|| ||
|6163|| ||
|6263||RJ||MP
|6363||RJ||KA
|6463|| ||
|6563|| ||
|6663|| ||
|6763|| ||
|6863|| ||
|6963|| ||
|-
|6064|| ||
|6164|| ||
|6264||RJ||MP
|6364||AT||KA
|6464|| ||
|6564|| ||
|6664|| ||
|6764|| ||
|6864|| ||
|6964|| ||
|-
|6065|| ||
|6165|| ||
|6265||RJ||MP
|6365|| ||
|6465|| ||
|6565|| ||
|6665|| ||
|6765|| ||
|6865|| ||
|6965|| ||
|-
|6066|| ||
|6166|| ||
|6266||RJ||MP
|6366||AT||KA
|6466|| ||
|6566|| ||
|6666|| ||
|6766|| ||
|6866|| ||
|6966|| ||
|-
|6067|| ||
|6167|| ||
|6267||RJ||MP
|6367||RJ||RJ
|6467|| ||
|6567|| ||
|6667|| ||
|6767|| ||
|6867|| ||
|6967|| ||
|-
|6068|| ||
|6168|| ||
|6268||RJ||MP
|6368|| ||
|6468|| ||
|6568|| ||
|6668|| ||
|6768|| ||
|6868|| ||
|6968|| ||
|-
|6069|| ||
|6169|| ||
|6269||VI||MP
|6369||RJ||TN
|6469|| ||
|6569|| ||
|6669|| ||
|6769|| ||
|6869|| ||
|6969|| ||
|-
|6070|| ||
|6170|| ||
|6270|| ||
|6370||RJ||OR
|6470|| ||
|6570|| ||
|6670|| ||
|6770|| ||
|6870|| ||
|6970|| ||
|-
|6071|| ||
|6171|| ||
|6271|| ||
|6371||RJ||OR
|6471|| ||
|6571|| ||
|6671|| ||
|6771|| ||
|6871|| ||
|6971|| ||
|-
|6072|| ||
|6172|| ||
|6272|| ||
|6372||RJ||OR
|6472|| ||
|6572|| ||
|6672|| ||
|6772|| ||
|6872|| ||
|6972|| ||
|-
|6073|| ||
|6173|| ||
|6273|| ||
|6373|| ||
|6473|| ||
|6573|| ||
|6673|| ||
|6773|| ||
|6873|| ||
|6973|| ||
|-
|6074|| ||
|6174|| ||
|6274|| ||
|6374||RJ||TN
|6474|| ||
|6574|| ||
|6674|| ||
|6774|| ||
|6874|| ||
|6974|| ||
|-
|6075|| ||
|6175|| ||
|6275|| ||
|6375||RJ||RJ
|6475|| ||
|6575|| ||
|6675|| ||
|6775|| ||
|6875|| ||
|6975|| ||
|-
|6076|| ||
|6176|| ||
|6276|| ||
|6376||RJ||RJ
|6476|| ||
|6576|| ||
|6676|| ||
|6776|| ||
|6876|| ||
|6976|| ||
|-
|6077|| ||
|6177|| ||
|6277|| ||
|6377||RJ||RJ
|6477|| ||
|6577|| ||
|6677|| ||
|6777|| ||
|6877|| ||
|6977|| ||
|-
|6078|| ||
|6178|| ||
|6278|| ||
|6378||RJ||RJ
|6478|| ||
|6578|| ||
|6678|| ||
|6778|| ||
|6878|| ||
|6978|| ||
|-
|6079|| ||
|6179|| ||
|6279|| ||
|6379||RJ||TN
|6479|| ||
|6579|| ||
|6679|| ||
|6779|| ||
|6879|| ||
|6979|| ||
|-
|6080|| ||
|6180|| ||
|6280||RJ||PB
|6380||RJ||TN
|6480|| ||
|6580|| ||
|6680|| ||
|6780|| ||
|6880|| ||
|6980|| ||
|-
|6081|| ||
|6181|| ||
|6281|| ||
|6381||RJ||TN
|6481|| ||
|6581|| ||
|6681|| ||
|6781|| ||
|6881|| ||
|6981|| ||
|-
|6082|| ||
|6182|| ||
|6282||RJ||KL
|6382||RJ||TN
|6482|| ||
|6582|| ||
|6682|| ||
|6782|| ||
|6882|| ||
|6982|| ||
|-
|6083|| ||
|6183|| ||
|6283||RJ||PB
|6383||RJ||TN
|6483|| ||
|6583|| ||
|6683|| ||
|6783|| ||
|6883|| ||
|6983|| ||
|-
|6084|| ||
|6184|| ||
|6284||RJ||PB
|6384||VI||TN
|6484|| ||
|6584|| ||
|6684|| ||
|6784|| ||
|6884|| ||
|6984|| ||
|-
|6085|| ||
|6185|| ||
|6285|| ||
|6385||AT||TN
|6485|| ||
|6585|| ||
|6685|| ||
|6785|| ||
|6885|| ||
|6985|| ||
|-
|6086|| ||
|6186|| ||
|6286|| ||
|6386||RJ||UE
|6486|| ||
|6586|| ||
|6686|| ||
|6786|| ||
|6886|| ||
|6986|| ||
|-
|6087|| ||
|6187|| ||
|6287||AT||BR
|6387||RJ||UE
|6487|| ||
|6587|| ||
|6687|| ||
|6787|| ||
|6887|| ||
|6987|| ||
|-
|6088|| ||
|6188|| ||
|6288|| ||
|6388||RJ||UE
|6488|| ||
|6588|| ||
|6688|| ||
|6788|| ||
|6888|| ||
|6988|| ||
|-
|6089|| ||
|6189|| ||
|6289||RJ||KO
|6389||VI||UE
|6489|| ||
|6589|| ||
|6689|| ||
|6789|| ||
|6889|| ||
|6989|| ||
|-
|6090|| ||
|6190|| ||
|6290||RJ||KO
|6390|| ||
|6490|| ||
|6590|| ||
|6990|| ||
|6790|| ||
|6890|| ||
|6990|| ||
|-
|6091|| ||
|6191|| ||
|6291||RJ||KO
|6391||VI||UE
|6491|| ||
|6591|| ||
|6691|| ||
|6791|| ||
|6891|| ||
|6991|| ||
|-
|6092|| ||
|6192|| ||
|6292||VI||KO
|6392||RJ||UE
|6492|| ||
|6592|| ||
|6692|| ||
|6792|| ||
|6892|| ||
|6992|| ||
|-
|6093|| ||
|6193|| ||
|6293||VI||KO
|6393||RJ||UE
|6493|| ||
|6593|| ||
|6693|| ||
|6793|| ||
|6893|| ||
|6993|| ||
|-
|6094|| ||
|6194|| ||
|6294||RJ||WB
|6394||RJ||UE
|6494|| ||
|6594|| ||
|6694|| ||
|6794|| ||
|6894|| ||
|6994|| ||
|-
|6095|| ||
|6195|| ||
|6295||RJ||WB
|6395|| ||
|6495|| ||
|6595|| ||
|6695|| ||
|6795|| ||
|6895|| ||
|6995|| ||
|-
|6096|| ||
|6196|| ||
|6296||RJ||WB
|6396||RJ||UW
|6496|| ||
|6596|| ||
|6696|| ||
|6796|| ||
|6896|| ||
|6996|| ||
|-
|6097|| ||
|6197|| ||
|6297|| ||
|6397||RJ||UW
|6497|| ||
|6597|| ||
|6697|| ||
|6797|| ||
|6897|| ||
|6997|| ||
|-
|6098|| ||
|6198|| ||
|6298|| ||
|6398||RJ||UW
|6498|| ||
|6598|| ||
|6698|| ||
|6798|| ||
|6898|| ||
|6998|| ||
|-
|6099|| ||
|6199|| ||
|6299|| ||
|6399||VI||UW
|6499|| ||
|6599|| ||
|6699|| ||
|6799|| ||
|6899|| ||
|6999|| ||
|}

== See also ==

* [[Digital India]]
* [[Internet in India]]
* [[Telecommunications in India]]
* [[List of mobile phone brands by country]]
* [[List of countries by Internet connection speeds]]
* [[List of countries by smartphone penetration]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

*
{{Telecommunication companies of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mobile Telephone Numbering In India}}
[[Category:Telephone numbers by country|India]]
[[Category:Mobile telecommunications]]
[[Category:Telephone numbers in India| ]]
[[Category:Mobile phone industry in India]]

Osmania Medical College

2026-02-19T08:18:13Z

Debasish swain:

{{short description|Medical college in Telangana, Hyderabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Osmania Medical College
| former_name = The Hyderabad Medical School
| image = Osmania Medical College Image.jpg
| motto = ''Sincerity - Service - Sacrifice''
| principal = Dr. M. Raja Rao
| established = {{start date and age|1846}}
| type = Government Institution
| address =
| city = Koti, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| country = India
| campus_type = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| free_label = Courses : (UG - MBBS, B.Sc Allied) (PG - MD/MS) (Superspeciality)
| website = {{URL|http://omc.ac.in}}
| affiliation = [[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
}}
'''Osmania Medical College''' is a [[public university|Government]] [[medical school|Medical College]] in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]. It was founded in 1846 by the 5th [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] and [[Berar Province|Berar]], [[Afzal-ud-Daulah|Afzal ud Dowla, Asaf Jah V]]. The college was originally affiliated to [[Osmania University]] system, now it is affiliated to the [[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]], and the [[Osmania General Hospital]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Colleges Offering B.sc MLT Courses Under Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences, Warangal, Telangana State For the Academic Year 2016-17|url=http://knruhs.in/public_org/assets/documents/208_BSCMLTseats.pdf|publisher=[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad |url=http://www.bestindiaedu.com/colleges/osmania-medical-college-hyderabad.html |website=bestindiaedu |access-date=20 August 2018 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122040753/http://www.bestindiaedu.com/colleges/osmania-medical-college-hyderabad.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is ranked 48th among the medical schools in India in 2025 by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|N.I.R.F.]], and also an ISO Certified Institute.<ref>{{Cite web | title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) | url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/MedicalRanking.html | access-date=2025-05-03 | website=www.nirfindia.org}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/opinion/oped/050720/chloroform-how-modern-medicine-came-to-hyderabad.html|title=Chloroform & how modern medicine came to Hyderabad | Chloroform & how modern medicine came to Hyderabad|first=Dr Mohammed Najeeb|last=Shahzore|date=5 July 2020|website=www.asianage.com}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Osmania Medical College Hyderabad Telangana India.jpg|thumb|right|190px|View of the college in 2020]]
[[File:Osmania General Hospital Hyderabad.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Osmania General Hospital Hyderabad]]
The college was established in 1846 and named the Hyderabad Medical School, during the reign of the 5th [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] - [[Afzal ad-Dawlah, Asaf Jah V]].<ref
<ref name="auto"/>
When the Nizam became ill, probably from diabetes, the then British resident suggested he be treated with Western medicine by [[William Campbell Maclean]].The Nizam recovered fully. Impressed with allopathic medicine, he ordered the establishment of the Hyderabad Medical School (which later became Osmania Medical College) in 1847, headed by Maclean.<ref name="auto"/>

Edward Lawrie, then principal of Hyderabad Medical School, performed a series of experiments at the Afzal Gunj Hospital (now [[Osmania General Hospital]]) on anaesthesia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/telangana-kcr-osmania-general-hospital-ronald-ross-malaria-dr-rupa-bai-furdoonji-jntu/story/1/5882.html|title=By destroying Osmania General Hospital, Telangana will lose a great legacy|website=www.dailyo.in|access-date=2018-09-16}}</ref> ([[Hyderabad Chloroform Commission]]).<ref name="auto"/> [[Rupa Bai Furdoonji]], said to be the world's first qualified female anesthesiologist, graduated from the college in 1889.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Ala|first1=Narayana|last2=K|first2=Bharathi|last3=PKJP|first3=Subhaktha|last4=Gundeti|first4=Manohar|last5=A|first5=Ramachari|date=2010|title=Dr. (Miss) Rupa Bai Furdoonji: World's first qualified lady anaesthetist|journal=Indian Journal of Anaesthesia|volume=54|issue=3|pages=259–261|doi=10.4103/0019-5049.65371|issn=0019-5049|pmc=2933491|pmid=20885878 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

After the establishment of the [[Osmania University]] in 1919, the school was renamed Osmania Medical College, after the seventh [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ali|first1=M.|last2=Ramachari|first2=A.|date=1996|title=One hundred fifty years of Osmania Medical College (1846-1996)|journal=Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine (Hyderabad)|volume=26|issue=1–2|pages=119–141|issn=0304-9558|pmid=11619394}}</ref>

== Academic Details & Courses Offered ==
* [[Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery]] (MBBS) - UG (250 students per year are admitted to study for MBBS degree)
* [[Doctor of Medicine]]/[[Master of Surgery]] (MD/MS) - PG
* Doctor of Medicine (DM) /MCh - SS
* [[Bachelor of Science]] (BSc) courses in Nursing, Paramedical and Medical specialities - UG

==Departments in our College==
'''Pre & Para Clinical Departments'''
# Anatomy
# Physiology
# Biochemistry
# Microbiology
# Pathology
# Pharmacology
# Community medicine
# Forensic Medicine

'''Clinical Departments'''
# Anaesthesiology
# Cardiology
# Endocrinology
# ENT
# Ophthalmology
# General Surgery
# Internal Medicine / General Medicine
# Nephrology
# Orthopedics
# Paediatrics & Neonatology
# Radiology
# Urology
# Obstretics & Gynaecology
# Neurology
# Psychiatry
# Dermatology

==Affiliated Specialty Training Hospitals==
*[[Osmania General Hospital|Osmania General Hospital, Afzalgunj]]
*[[Niloufer Hospital]] for Woman and Children, Lakdikapul
*[[Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Tropical and Communicable Diseases]], Nallakunta
*[[Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital]]
*[[Government E. N. T. Hospital|Government ENT Hospital]]
*[[Institute of Mental Health (Erragadda)|Institute of Mental Health, Erragadda]]
*[[TB and Chest Hospital]], Erragadda
*Government Maternity Hospital, Sultan Bazar
*Modern Government Maternity Hospital, Petlaburz
*MNJ Institute of Oncology Regional Cancer Hospital, Lakdikapul

== Conferences ==
[[OSMECON]] is the chief Medical Conference (UG) hosted by OMC and its associated hospitals. It is a 3-day event that sees participation of nearly 2,000 delegates across 17 states of the country as well as from 5 other countries, yet expanding its outreach.

==Notable alumni==
*[[Rupa Bai Furdoonji]], anesthesiologist<ref name=":0" />
*[[Undurti Narasimha Das]], immunologist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate
*[[Manjula Anagani]], gynecologist<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://drmanjula.in/|title=Dr.Manjula Anagani Consultant Gynecologist\Laparoscopic Surgeon, Infertility Specialist in Hyderabad|website=drmanjula.in|access-date=2019-03-13}}</ref>
*[[Boora Narsaiah Goud]], [[Member of Parliament]]
*[[Chelikani Venkata Rama Rao]], communist leader and parliamentarian
*[[P. Shankar Rao]], former MLA
*[[J. Geeta Reddy]], MLA
*[[K. Srinath Reddy]], president of the Public Health Foundation of India
*[[Mandadi Prabhakar Reddy]], Telugu character actor
*[[Nagam Janardhan Reddy]], former MLA, Nagar Kurnool
*[[Tejaswini Manogna]], Model ([[Miss Earth]] India 2019)
*[[Maryam Afifa Ansari]], Indian neurosurgeon
*[[Satish SC Rao]], Gastroenterologist, Distinguished University Chair in Gastroenterology, Medical College Georgia, USA
*[[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani]], [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] for [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]], Founder and CEO of UWorld (USMLEWorld LLC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theempowermag.com/business-tech/meet-dr-chandra-s-pemmasani-founder-and-ceo-of-uworld/|title=Meet Dr. Chandra S. Pemmasani, founder and CEO of UWorld, Union Minister|access-date=14 February 2022|archive-date=14 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214123745/https://theempowermag.com/business-tech/meet-dr-chandra-s-pemmasani-founder-and-ceo-of-uworld/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Osmania General Hospital]]
*[[Niloufer Hospital]]
*[[Government E. N. T. Hospital|Government ENT Hospital]]
*[[Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital]]
*[[Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Tropical and Communicable Diseases|Fever Hospital]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*{{official website|http://omc.ac.in/}}
{{commons category}}
{{coord|17|22|55.73|N|78|29|4.37|E|region:IN|display=title}}
{{authority control}}
{{Hyderabad topics}}
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1846]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Telangana]]
[[Category:Regional Cancer Centres in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Education in the princely states of India]]
[[Category:1846 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Establishments in Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Nizams of Hyderabad]]

Red rain in Kerala

2026-02-18T21:56:21Z

Debasish swain:

{{Short description|Episodes of rain containing vast amounts of red algal spores in India}}
{{Other uses|Red rain (disambiguation){{!}}Red Rain}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
[[File:WaterSample.jpg|thumb|Rain water sample (left) and after the particles settled (right). Dried sediment (centre)]]

The''' Kerala red rain phenomenon''' was a [[blood rain]] event that occurred in [[Wayanad district]] of the southern Indian state [[Kerala]] on Monday, 15 July 1957 <ref>https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1523/1/lsd_02_02_06-08-1957.pdf p. 25</ref>, and also from 25 July to 23 September 2001, when heavy downpours of red-coloured rain fell sporadically in Kerala, staining clothes pink.<ref name="gentleman">{{cite news | last1=Gentleman | first1=Amelia | last2=McKie | first2=Robin | url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2006/mar/05/spaceexploration.theobserver | title=Red rain could prove that aliens have landed | work=[[The Guardian]] | access-date=12 March 2006 | date=5 March 2006 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320081014/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,1723913,00.html | archive-date=20 March 2006}}</ref> Yellow, green and black rain was also reported.<ref name=hinduonet>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/07/29/stories/0229000p.htm |title=JULY 28, 2001, The Hindu: Multicolour rain |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=2001-07-29 |access-date=2015-10-18 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906145123/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/07/29/stories/0229000p.htm |archive-date=6 September 2010}}</ref><ref name="L&K 2006"/><ref name=BBC/> Coloured rain was also reported in Kerala in 1896 and several times since,<ref name=CESS/> most recently in June 2012,<ref name=Kannur>{{cite news | title = Morning shower paints rural Kannur red | date = 29 June 2012 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Morning-shower-paints-rural-Kannur-red/articleshow/14477858.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130921113613/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-29/kozhikode/32472196_1_kannur-red-rain-rainwater | url-status = live | archive-date = 21 September 2013 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 20 July 2012}}</ref> and from 15 November 2012 to 27 December 2012 in eastern and north-central provinces of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fabpretty.com/mystery/red-rain-in-sri-lanka-in-2012/ |title=Red Rain in Sri Lanka in 2012 |publisher=Fabpretty.com |date=2012-12-31 |access-date=2015-10-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020052548/http://www.fabpretty.com/mystery/red-rain-in-sri-lanka-in-2012/ |archive-date=20 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Gamini Gunaratna, Sri Lanka News Paper by LankaPage.com (LLC) |url=http://www.colombopage.com/archive_12B/Nov16_1353054110CH.php |title=Sri Lanka to investigate the cause of red rain received in some parts |publisher=Colombopage.com |date=2012-11-16 |access-date=2015-10-18 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205557/http://www.colombopage.com/archive_12B/Nov16_1353054110CH.php |archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2012/11/17/news14.asp |title=No meteoritic or alien connection with Red rain |publisher=Dailynews.lk |date=2012-11-17 |access-date=2015-10-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119001114/http://www.dailynews.lk/2012/11/17/news14.asp |archive-date=19 November 2012}}</ref><ref>Chandra Wickramasinghe says yellow rain is young red rain before growth: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130701154448/http://www.lankasrinews.com/view.php?2bmM0e0dXO40ecBmA2a4fYc3d2K5V2c3KBJ243Ald222MAA2]</ref>

Following a light-microscopy examination in 2001, it was initially thought that the rains were coloured by fallout from a hypothetical [[meteor]] [[Air burst|burst]],<ref name=CESS/> but a study commissioned by the [[Government of India]] concluded that the rains had been coloured by airborne [[spore]]s from a locally prolific terrestrial green algae from the [[genus]] ''[[Trentepohlia (alga)|Trentepohlia]]''.<ref name=CESS >{{cite journal| last=Sampath| first=S.| author2=Abraham, T. K| author3=Sasi Kuma| author4=V.| author5=Mohanan, C.N.| name-list-style=amp| title=Coloured Rain: A Report on the Phenomenon| journal= Cess-Pr-114-2001| publisher=Center for Earth Science Studies and Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute | date=2001| url=http://www.geocities.com/iamgoddard/Sampath2001.pdf|access-date =30 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613135746/http://www.geocities.com/iamgoddard/Sampath2001.pdf |archive-date=13 June 2006}}</ref>

==Occurrence==
[[File:India Kerala Kottayam district.svg|thumb|upright|[[Kottayam district]] in Kerala, which experienced the most red rainfall]]
The coloured rain of Kerala began falling on 25 July 2001, in the districts of Kottayam and [[Idukki]] in the southern part of the state. Yellow, green, and black rain was also reported.<ref name=hinduonet/><ref name="L&K 2006"/><ref name=BBC>{{cite news | author = Venkatraman Ramakrishnan | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1465036.stm | title = Colored rain falls on Kerala | publisher = BBC | access-date = 6 March 2006 | date = 30 July 2001 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060515220912/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1465036.stm | archive-date = 15 May 2006| author-link = Venkatraman Ramakrishnan }}</ref> Many more occurrences of the red rain were reported over the following ten days, and then with diminishing frequency until late September.<ref name="L&K 2006"/> According to locals, the first coloured rain was preceded by a loud [[thunder]]clap and flash of light, and followed by groves of trees shedding shrivelled grey "burnt" leaves. Shriveled leaves and the disappearance and sudden formation of [[water well|wells]] were also reported around the same time in the area.<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web | last = Radhakrishnan | first = M. G. | date = 2001 | url = http://www.indiatoday.com/webexclusive/dispatch/20010905/stephen.html | title = Scarlets of Fire | work = India Today| access-date = 6 March 2006
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041226194558/http://www.indiatoday.com/webexclusive/dispatch/20010905/stephen.html |archive-date = 26 December 2004}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia 20010806">[https://archive.today/20120523223249/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-08-07/india/27249102_1_rains-cess-thunder-and-lightning Mystery of the scarlet rains and other tales] – [[Times of India]], 6 August 2001</ref><ref name="timesofindia 20010805">[https://web.archive.org/web/20021130222422/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/html/uncomp/articleshow?art_id=1263018103 Now wells form spontaneously in Kerala] – [[Times of India]], 5 August 2001 (from the [[Internet Archive]])</ref> It typically fell over small areas, no more than a few square kilometres in size, and was sometimes so localised that normal rain could be falling just a few meters away from the red rain. Red rainfalls typically lasted less than 20 minutes.<ref name="L&K 2006">{{cite journal | author1 =Godfrey Louis | author2 =A. Santhosh Kumar | date =2006 | title =The red rain phenomenon of Kerala and its possible extraterrestrial origin | journal =Astrophysics and Space Science | volume =302 | issue =1–4 | pages =175–87 | arxiv =astro-ph/0601022 | doi =10.1007/s10509-005-9025-4 | bibcode =2006Ap&SS.302..175L | s2cid =119427737| author1-link =Godfrey Louis }}</ref> Each millilitre of rain water contained about 9 million red particles. [[Extrapolating]] these figures to the total amount of red rain estimated to have fallen, it was estimated that {{convert|50000|kg|lb}} of red particles had fallen on Kerala.<ref name="L&K 2006"/>

==Description of the particles==
The brownish-red solid separated from the red rain consisted of about 90% round red particles and the balance consisted of debris.<ref name=CESS/> The particles in [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]] in the rain water were responsible for the colour of the rain, which at times was strongly coloured red. A small percentage of particles were white or had light yellow, bluish grey and green tints.<ref name="L&K 2006"/> The particles were typically 4 to 10 [[micrometre|μm]] across and spherical or oval. [[Transmission electron microscope|Electron microscope]] images showed the particles as having a depressed centre. At still higher magnification some particles showed internal structures.<ref name="L&K 2006"/>

== Chemical composition ==
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; text-align: centre; margin: 1em; margin-top: 0;"
|+ Elemental analysis
|-
|
! scope="col" style="width:100px;"| Analysis by the CESS (%)
! scope="col" style="width:100px;"| Analysis by Louis & Kumar (%)
|-
! scope="row" style="width:30px;"| [[aluminium|Al]]
| 1.0
| 0.41
|-
! scope="row" | [[calcium|Ca]]
| 2.52
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[carbon|C]]
| 51.00
| 49.53
|-
! scope="row" | [[chlorine|Cl]]
|
| 0.12
|-
! scope="row" | [[hydrogen|H]]
|
| 4.43
|-
! scope="row" | [[iron|Fe]]
| 0.61
| 0.97
|-
! scope="row" | [[magnesium|Mg]]
| 1.48
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[nitrogen|N]]
|
| 1.84
|-
! scope="row" | [[oxygen|O]]
|
| 45.42
|-
! scope="row" | [[potassium|K]]
| 0.26
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[phosphorus|P]]
| 0.08
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[silicon|Si]]
| 7.50
| 2.85
|-
! scope="row" | [[sodium|Na]]
| 0.49
| 0.69
|}
[[File:Red rain Kerala optical microscope.jpg|thumb|right|[[Photomicrograph]] of particles from red rain sample]]

Some water samples were taken to the [[Centre for Earth Science Studies]] (CESS) in India, where they separated the suspended particles by filtration. The [[pH]] of the water was found to be around 7 (neutral). The [[electrical conductivity]] of the rainwater showed the absence of any dissolved [[Salt (chemistry)|salts]]. Sediment (red particles plus debris) was collected and analysed by the CESS using a combination of ion-coupled plasma [[mass spectrometry]], atomic absorption spectrometry and wet chemical methods. The major elements found are listed below.<ref name=CESS /> The CESS analysis also showed significant amounts of [[heavy metals]], including nickel (43 [[Parts per million|ppm]]), [[manganese]] (59 ppm), [[titanium]] (321 ppm), [[chromium]] (67ppm) and copper (55 ppm).

Physicists [[Godfrey Louis]] and Santhosh Kumar of the [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]], Kerala, used [[energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy]] analysis of the red solid and showed that the particles were composed of mostly carbon and oxygen, with trace amounts of silicon and iron.<ref name="L&K 2006" /> A [[CHN analyser]] showed content of 43.03% carbon, 4.43% hydrogen, and 1.84% nitrogen.<ref name="L&K 2006" />

[[Tom Brenna]] in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at [[Cornell University]] conducted carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses using a scanning electron microscope with X-ray micro-analysis, an elemental analyser, and an isotope ratio (IR) mass spectrometer. The red particles collapsed
when dried, which suggested that they were filled with fluid. The [[amino acids]] in the particles were analysed and seven were identified (in order of concentration): [[phenylalanine]], [[glutamic acid]]/[[glutamine]], [[serine]], [[aspartic acid]], [[threonine]], and [[arginine]]. The results were consistent with a marine origin or a terrestrial plant that uses a [[C4 carbon fixation|C4]] photosynthetic pathway.<ref name="isotope">{{cite journal |last=DiGregorio |first=Barry E. |date=2007 |title=What made the rain red in India? Isotopic analysis points to a terrestrial origin for the unusual organic particles that coloured the rain like blood. |journal=Analytical Chemistry |volume=79 |issue=9 |page=3238 |doi=10.1021/ac071901u |pmid=17523227 |quote=My chemical tests are consistent with a terrestrial origin for this material. This doesn't mean it is not extraterrestrial, but it certainly does not support it.|doi-access= }}</ref>

== Government report ==
[[File:Red rain Kerala TEM.png|thumb|upright|A single spore viewed with a [[transmission electron microscope]], purportedly showing a detached inner capsule.]]
Initially, the [[Centre for Earth Science Studies]] (CESS) stated that the likely cause of the red rain was an exploding meteor, which had dispersed about 1,000 kg (one ton) of material. A few days later, following a basic [[Optical microscope|light microscopy]] evaluation, the CESS retracted this as they noticed the particles resembled spores,<ref name='Rense'>{{cite news |last=Surendran |first=P.K. |url=http://www.rense.com/general28/scart.htm |title=Sonic Booms Adds To India 'Scarlet Rains' Mystery |work=Rense |date=22 August 2002 |access-date=2015-06-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721001800/http://www.rense.com/general28/scart.htm |archive-date=21 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=fungus>{{cite news |title=Red rain was fungus, not meteor |url=http://indianexpress.com/?s=Red+rain+was+fungus%2C+not+meteor |work=The Indian Express |date=6 August 2001 |access-date=31 May 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613061554/http://indianexpress.com/?s=Red+rain+was+fungus%2C+not+meteor |archive-date=13 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1029/2002EO000250 | volume=83 | title=Colored rain falls in Kerala, India | year=2002 | journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union | page=335 | last1 = Kumar | first1 = V. Sasi| issue=31 | doi-access=free }}</ref> and because debris from a meteor would not have continued to fall from the stratosphere onto the same area while unaffected by wind. A sample was, therefore, handed over to the [[Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute]] (TBGRI) for [[Microbiology|microbiological]] studies, where the spores were allowed to grow in a medium suitable for growth of algae and fungi. The inoculated petri dishes and conical flasks were incubated for three to seven days and the cultures were observed under a microscope.<ref name="report">{{cite web |url=http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_kerala12.htm |title=Coloured Rain – A report on the Phenomenon |date=2001 |access-date=2015-06-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718080031/http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_kerala12.htm |archive-date=18 July 2015}}</ref>

In November 2001, commissioned by the [[Government of India]]'s Department of Science & Technology, the Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS) and the Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute (TBGRI) issued a joint report, which concluded:<ref name=CESS/><ref name=fungus/>

{{quotation|The colour was found to be due to the presence of a large amount of spores of a [[lichen]]-forming [[algae|alga]] belonging to the genus ''[[Trentepohlia (alga)|Trentepohlia]]''. Field verification showed that the region had plenty of such lichens. Samples of lichen taken from [[Changanacherry]] area, when cultured in an algal growth medium, also showed the presence of the same species of algae. Both samples (from rainwater and from trees) produced the same kind of algae, indicating that the spores seen in the rainwater most probably came from local sources}}
[[File:Trentepohlia sp. on Cryptomeria japonica bark.JPG|thumb|upright|''[[Trentepohlia (alga)|Trentepohlia]]'' on ''[[Cryptomeria japonica]]'' bark]]
The site was again visited on 16 August 2001 and it was found that almost all the trees, rocks and even lamp posts in the region were covered with ''Trentepohlia'' estimated to be in sufficient amounts to generate the quantity of spores seen in the rainwater.<ref name=CESS/> Although red or orange, ''Trentepohlia'' is a [[Chlorophyta|chlorophyte]] green alga which can grow abundantly on tree bark or damp soil and rocks, but is also the photosynthetic [[symbiosis|symbiont]] or photobiont of many lichens, including some of those abundant on the trees in Changanassery area.<ref name=CESS/> The strong orange colour of the algae, which masks the green of the [[chlorophyll]], is caused by the presence of large quantities of orange [[carotenoid]] pigments. A [[lichen]] is not a single organism, but the result of a partnership ([[symbiosis]]) between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium.

The report also stated that there was no meteoric, volcanic or desert dust origin present in the rainwater and that its colour was not due to any dissolved gases or pollutants.<ref name=CESS/> The report concluded that heavy rains in Kerala – in the weeks preceding the red rains – could have caused the widespread growth of lichens, which had given rise to a large quantity of spores into the atmosphere. However, for these lichen to release their spores simultaneously, it is necessary for them to enter their reproductive phase at about the same time. The CESS report noted that while this may be a possibility, it is quite improbable.<ref name=CESS/> Also, they could find no satisfactory explanation for the apparently extraordinary dispersal, nor for the apparent uptake of the spores into clouds. CESS scientists noted that "While the cause of the colour in the rainfall has been identified, finding the answers to these questions is a challenge."<ref name=fungus/> Attempting to explain the unusual spore proliferation and dispersal, researcher Ian Goddard proposed several local atmospheric models.<ref>{{cite journal | title = The Coloured Rains of Kerala: An Exploration of Possible Causal Mechanisms | journal = Noesis – the Journal of the Mega Society | date = March 2006 | author = Ian Goddard | issue = 180 | url = http://megasociety.org/noesis/180.htm#Coloured_Rains | access-date = 2 October 2012 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120731080501/http://megasociety.org/noesis/180.htm#Coloured_Rains | archive-date = 31 July 2012}}</ref>

Parts of the CESS/TBGRI report were supported by [[Milton Wainwright]] at the [[University of Sheffield]], who, together with [[Chandra Wickramasinghe]], has studied [[stratosphere|stratospheric]] [[spore]]s.<ref name="gentleman"/><ref name="tmcnet 2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2006/03/03/1427866.htm|title=It's raining aliens |access-date=3 June 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830000344/http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2006/03/03/1427866.htm|archive-date=30 August 2008}}</ref> In March 2006 Wainwright said the particles were similar in appearance to spores of a [[rust (fungus)|rust fungus]],<ref name="yorkshire">{{cite news |first=Chris |last=Benfield |title=Is mysterious 'red rain' first evidence of life in space? |url=http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle2.aspx?SectionID=55&ArticleID=1375334 |publisher=Yorkshire Today |date=3 June 2008 |access-date=3 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070112041546/http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle2.aspx?SectionID=55&ArticleID=1375334 |archive-date=12 January 2007}}</ref> later saying that he had confirmed the presence of [[DNA]],<ref name="David Darling's Newsletter #39">[http://www.daviddarling.info/discussion/newsletters_past_39.html David Darling's Newsletter #39] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921170203/http://www.daviddarling.info/discussion/newsletters_past_39.html |date=21 September 2013 }}</ref> and reported their similarity to algal spores, and found no evidence to suggest that the rain contained dust, sand, fat globules, or blood. In November 2012, Rajkumar Gangappa and Stuart Hogg from the [[University of Glamorgan]], UK, confirmed that the red rain cells from Kerala contain DNA.<ref name='Rajkumar Gangappa and Stuart Hogg'>{{cite journal | title = DNA unmasked in the red rain cells of Kerala | journal = Microbiology | date = 22 November 2012 | first1 = Rajkumar Gangappa | author2 = Stuart Hogg | doi = 10.1099/mic.0.062711-0 | url = http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/early/2012/11/16/mic.0.062711-0.abstract | access-date = 5 December 2012 | pmid = 23175506 | volume = 159 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 107–11 | last1 = Gangappa | doi-access = free | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121212071538/http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/early/2012/11/16/mic.0.062711-0.abstract | archive-date = 12 December 2012| url-access = subscription }}</ref>

In February 2015, a team of scientists from India and Austria, also supported the identification of the algal spores as ''[[Trentepohlia (alga)|Trentepohlia annulata]]'', however, they speculate that the spores from the 2011 incident were carried by winds from Europe to the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="European alga">{{cite news |last=Nandakumar |first=T. |title=2011 red rain caused by European species of alga: experts |work=The Hindu |date=28 March 2015 }}</ref>

== Alternative hypotheses ==
History records many instances of unusual objects falling with the rain – in 2000, in an example of [[raining animals]], a small [[waterspout]] in the [[North Sea]] sucked up a school of fish a mile off shore, depositing them shortly afterwards on [[Great Yarmouth]] in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news | last = Lane | first = Megan | date = 7 August 2000 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/869482.stm | title = It's raining fish! | publisher = BBC | access-date = 6 March 2006 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070830153056/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/869482.stm | archive-date = 30 August 2007}}</ref> Coloured rain is by no means rare, and can often be explained by the airborne transport of [[rain dust]] from [[deserts]] or other dry regions which have been washed down by rain. "Red Rains" have been frequently described in southern Europe, with increasing reports in recent years.<ref name="Bücher">
Bücher, A and Lucas, C, 1984. Sédimentation éolienne intercontinentale, poussières sahariennes et géologie. Bull Centr Rech Explor Prod Elf-Aquitanie 8, pp. 151–65</ref><ref>
{{Cite journal
| last1 = Avila
| first1 = Anna
| last2 = Peñuelas
| first2 = Josep
| title = Increasing frequency of Saharan rains over northeastern Spain and its ecological consequences
| journal = The Science of the Total Environment
| volume = 228
| issue = 2–3
| pages = 153–56
| date = April 1999
| doi = 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00041-8
| bibcode = 1999ScTEn.228..153A
}}</ref> One such case occurred in England in 1903, when dust was carried from the [[Sahara]] and fell with rain in February of that year.<ref name="english_rain">Mill H. R., R. K. G. Lempfert, 1904,
''The great dust fall of February 1903 and its origin.'' Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 30:57.</ref>

At first, the red rain in Kerala was attributed to the same effect, with dust from the deserts of [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] initially the suspect.<ref name="indiatoday"/> [[LIDAR]] observations had detected a cloud of dust in the atmosphere near Kerala in the days preceding the outbreak of the red rain.<ref name="Satyanarayana">{{cite journal | last =Satyanarayana | first =M. | author2 =Veerabuthiran S. | author3 =Ramakrishna Rao | author4 =D. Presennakumar B. | date =2004 | title =Colored Rain on the West Coastal Region of India: Was it Due to a Dust Storm | url =https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233339558 | journal =Aerosol Science and Technology | volume =28 | issue =1 | pages =24–26 | doi =10.1080/02786820490247588 | bibcode =2004AerST..38...24S | url-status =live | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160115021906/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233339558_Colored_Rain_on_the_West_Coastal_Region_of_India_Was_it_Due_to_a_Dust_Storm | archive-date =15 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last =Veerabuthiran | first =S. | author2 =Satyanarayana, M. | date =June 2003 | title =Lidar observations on atmospheric dust transported from south-west Asia to Indian west coast region: A case study of colour rain event occurred during July 2001 | journal =Indian Journal of Radio & Space Physics | volume =32 | pages =158–65 | url =http://www.niscair.res.in/sciencecommunication/ResearchJournals/rejour/ijrsp/ijrsp2k3/ijrsp_jun03.htm#p6 | access-date =30 May 2008 | url-status =live | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20051028183349/http://www.niscair.res.in/ScienceCommunication/ResearchJournals/rejour/ijrsp/ijrsp2k3/ijrsp_jun03.htm#p6 | archive-date =28 October 2005}}</ref> However, laboratory tests from all involved teams ruled out the particles were desert sand.<ref name="Satyanarayana"/>

K.K. Sasidharan Pillai, a senior scientific assistant in the Indian Meteorological Department, proposed dust and acidic material from an eruption of [[Mayon Volcano]] in the Philippines as an explanation for the coloured rain and the "burnt" leaves.<ref>{{cite news | last = Varma | first = M. Dinesh | title = Theory links 'scarlet rain' to Mayon volcano | work = The Hindu | date = 1 September 2001 | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/09/01/stories/0401211v.htm | access-date = 26 May 2008 | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080329131315/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/09/01/stories/0401211v.htm | archive-date = 29 March 2008 }}</ref> The volcano was erupting in June and July 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/5ef2040d3ff5114cc1256a76005478c6|archive-url=https://archive.today/20050118112137/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/5ef2040d3ff5114cc1256a76005478c6|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2005|title=Mayon eruption status update June 2001|access-date=26 May 2008}}</ref> and Pillai calculated that the Eastern or Equatorial [[jet stream]] could have transported volcanic material to Kerala in 25–36 hours. The Equatorial jet stream is unusual in that it sometimes flows from east to west at about 10° N,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Jet_Stream| title=Jet Stream| publisher=SKYbrary| access-date=30 October 2015| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925231142/http://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Jet_Stream| archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> approximately the same latitude as Kerala (8° N) and Mayon Volcano (13° N). This hypothesis was also ruled out as the particles were neither acidic nor of volcanic origin, but were spores.<ref name=CESS/>

A study has been published showing a correlation between historic reports of coloured rains and of meteors;<ref name=mmcaf>{{cite journal | last =McCafferty | first =Partick | date =2008 | title =Bloody rain again! Red rain and meteors in history and myth | journal =International Journal of Astrobiology | volume =7 | issue =1 | doi =10.1017/S1473550407003904 | bibcode =2008IJAsB...7....9M | page =9| s2cid =123656159 }}</ref> the author of the paper, Patrick McCafferty, stated that sixty of these colored rain events, or 36%, were linked to meteoritic or cometary activity, though not always strongly. Sometimes the fall of red rain seems to have occurred after an air-burst, as from a meteor exploding in air; other times the odd rainfall is merely recorded in the same year as the appearance of a comet.<ref>[http://www.world-science.net/exclusives/080122_red-rain.htm Claim of alien cells in rain may fit historical accounts: study] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022142/http://www.world-science.net/exclusives/080122_red-rain.htm |date=5 March 2016 }}. ''World Science''. 22 January 2008</ref>

===Panspermia hypothesis===

In 2003 [[Godfrey Louis]] and Santhosh Kumar, physicists at the [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]] in [[Kottayam]], Kerala, posted an article entitled "Cometary [[panspermia]] explains the red rain of Kerala"<ref name=L&K2003a>{{cite arXiv |eprint=astro-ph/0310120 |title= Cometary panspermia explains the red rain of Kerala |last= Louis |first=Godfrey |author2= Kumar, A. Santhosh |date=5 October 2003 }}</ref> in the non-[[peer review]]ed [[arXiv]] web site. While the CESS report said there was no apparent relationship between the loud sound (possibly a [[sonic boom]]) and flash of light which preceded the red rain, to Louis and Kumar it was a key piece of evidence. They proposed that a meteor (from a comet containing the red particles) caused the sound and flash and when it disintegrated over Kerala it released the red particles which slowly fell to the ground. However, they omitted an explanation on how debris from a meteor continued to fall in the same area over a period of two months while unaffected by winds.

Their work indicated that the particles were of biological origin (consistent with the CESS report), however, they invoked the [[panspermia]] [[hypothesis]] to explain the presence of [[cell (biology)|cells]] in a supposed fall of meteoric material.<ref name=chandra>{{cite news |title='Extraterrestrial Life' in Red Rain of Kerala |url=http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_kerala11.htm |publisher=Earthfiles |date=6 August 2006 |access-date=11 October 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908131321/http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_kerala11.htm |archive-date=8 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2009/EPSC2009-707-1.pdf |title="Red rain cell research: A new perspective for interplanetary transfer of life." EPSC Abstracts, Vol. 4, EPSC2009-707-1, 2009. European Planetary Science Congress. |access-date=2015-10-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113206/http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2009/EPSC2009-707-1.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1117/12.826780 | title=An optical spectroscopic study correlating the yellow rain and cultured red rain microbes | year=2009 | journal=Instruments and Methods for Astrobiology and Planetary Missions XII | last1 = Kumar | first1 = A. Santhosh| volume=7441 | pages=74410N | bibcode=2009SPIE.7441E..0NK | s2cid=123070754 | editor4-first=Kurt D | editor4-last=Retherford | editor3-first=Alexei Y | editor3-last=Rozanov | editor2-first=Gilbert V | editor2-last=Levin | editor1-first=Richard B | editor1-last=Hoover }}</ref> Additionally, using [[ethidium bromide]] they were unable to detect [[DNA]] or [[RNA]] in the particles. Two months later they posted another paper on the same web site entitled "New biology of red rain extremophiles prove cometary panspermia"<ref name=L&K2003b>{{cite arXiv |eprint=astro-ph/0312639|title= New biology of red rain extremophiles prove cometary panspermia |last= Louis |first=Godfrey |author2= Kumar, A. Santhosh |date=29 December 2003 }}</ref> in which they reported that
<blockquote>The microorganism isolated from the red rain of Kerala shows very extraordinary characteristics, like the ability to grow optimally at {{cvt|300|°C}} and the capacity to metabolise a wide range of organic and inorganic materials.
</blockquote>
These claims and data have yet to be verified and reported in any peer reviewed publication. In 2006 Louis and Kumar published a paper in ''[[Astrophysics and Space Science]]'' entitled "The red rain phenomenon of Kerala and its possible extraterrestrial origin"<ref name="L&K 2006"/> which reiterated their arguments that the red rain was biological matter from an extraterrestrial source but made no mention of their previous claims to having induced the cells to grow. The team also observed the cells using [[Microscopy#Phase contrast|phase contrast]] fluorescence microscopy, and they concluded that: "The fluorescence behaviour of the red cells is shown to be in remarkable correspondence with the extended red emission observed in the [[Red Rectangle Nebula]] and other galactic and extragalactic [[Cosmic dust|dust clouds]], suggesting, though not proving an extraterrestrial origin."<ref name=121oC>{{cite book | title = Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology XIII | journal = Proceedings of the SPIE | date = 29 August 2010 | first = Rajkumar |last= Gangappa |author2=Chandra Wickramasinghe |author3=Milton Wainwright |author4=A. Santhosh Kumar |author5=Godfrey Louis | chapter = Growth and replication of red rain cells at 121°C and their red fluorescence | bibcode = 2010SPIE.7819E..0NG | volume = 7819 | page = 18 | doi = 10.1117/12.876393 | editor1-last = Hoover | editor1-first = Richard B | editor2-last = Levin | editor2-first = Gilbert V | editor3-last = Rozanov | editor3-first = Alexei Y | editor4-last = Davies | editor4-first = Paul C. W.|arxiv = 1008.4960 | s2cid = 118437731 }}</ref> One of their conclusions was that if the red rain particles are biological cells and are of cometary origin, then this phenomenon can be a case of cometary [[panspermia]].<ref name="L&K 2006"/>

In August 2008 Louis and Kumar again presented their case in an astrobiology conference.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Godfrey Louis |author2=A. Santhosh Kumar |name-list-style=amp |title=Unusual autofluorescence of cultured red-rain cells |journal=SPIE Digital Library |date=28 August 2008 |volume=7097 |pages=307–315 |url=https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/7097/1/Unusual-autofluorescence-characteristic-of-cultured-red-rain-cells/10.1117/12.794041.short |access-date=1 September 2009 |publisher=SPIE Symposium, San Diego, California 2008|doi=10.1117/12.794041 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The abstract for their paper states that <blockquote>The red cells found in the red rain in Kerala, India are now considered as a possible case of extraterrestrial life form. These cells can undergo rapid replication even at an extreme high temperature of {{cvt|300|°C}}. They can also be cultured in diverse unconventional chemical substrates. The molecular composition of these cells is yet to be identified.</blockquote>
In September 2010 a similar paper was presented at a conference in California, US.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Louis | first1 = Godfrey | author2 = A. Santhosh Kumar | title = Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology XIII | journal = Proceedings of the SPIE | publisher = Proc. SPIE Vol. 7819, 78190R | place = San Diego, California | date = 7 September 2010 | page = 78190R | doi = 10.1117/12.860807 | others = Richard B. Hoover, Gilbert V. Levin, Alexei Y. Rozanov, Paul C.W. Davies (editors) | chapter = Growth characteristics of red rain microbes at temperatures below 100 °C | editor4-first = Paul C. W | editor4-last = Davies | editor3-first = Alexei Y | editor3-last = Rozanov | editor2-first = Gilbert V | editor2-last = Levin | editor1-first = Richard B | editor1-last = Hoover | volume = 7819 | bibcode = 2010SPIE.7819E..0RL | s2cid = 120685022 }}</ref>

====Cosmic ancestry====
Researcher [[Chandra Wickramasinghe]] used Louis and Kumar's "extraterrestrial origin" claim to further support his [[panspermia]] hypothesis called cosmic ancestry.<ref>[http://www.panspermia.org/thirdalt.htm ''Creationism versus Darwinism''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109222710/http://www.panspermia.org/thirdalt.htm |date=9 November 2016 }}. Published in Darwinism, Design, and Public Education (2003)</ref> This hypothesis postulates that life is neither the product of [[Intelligent Design|supernatural creation]], nor is it spontaneously generated through [[abiogenesis]], but that it has always existed in the [[universe]]. Cosmic ancestry speculates that higher life forms, including intelligent life, descend ultimately from pre-existing life which was at least as advanced as the descendants.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Fred Hoyle|author2=Chandra Wickramasinghe|title=Evolution from Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ccjjGAAACAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Touchstone|isbn=978-0-671-49263-2}}</ref><ref>
''Our Place in the Cosmos: The Unfinished Revolution'' by Wickramasinghe and Hoyle. (1993)</ref><ref>''Evolution From Space (The Omni Lecture) and Other Papers on the Origin of Life''. By Fred Hoyle (Enslow; Hillside, NJ; 1982)</ref><ref>[http://www.skeptictank.org/figlie.htm Figures don't Lie but Creationists Figure] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092535/http://www.skeptictank.org/figlie.htm |date=4 March 2016 }}. By Alec Grynspan ( 9 November 1997)</ref><ref>''Emergence of Life on Earth: A Historical and Scientific Overview''. By Iris Fry. Rutgers University Press, 2000. {{ISBN?}}</ref>

==== Criticism ====
Louis and Kumar made their first publication of their finding on a web site in 2003, and have presented papers at conferences and in astrophysics magazines a number of times since. The controversial conclusion of Louis et al. is the only hypothesis suggesting that these organisms are of extraterrestrial origin.<ref name=Homepage/> Such reports have been popular in the media, with major news agencies like CNN repeating the panspermia theory without critique.<ref name='Dunning'>{{Skeptoid|id=4224|number=224 | title = Alien Downpour: The Red Rain of India|date=21 September 2010 | access-date = 5 October 2012}}</ref>

The hypothesis' authors – G. Louis and Kumar – did not explain how debris from a meteor could have continued to fall on the same area over a period of two months, despite the changes in climatic conditions and wind pattern spanning over two months.<ref name=L&K2003a /><ref>{{cite web |author=moishecallow |url=http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/meteorology/news-unexplained-red-rain-kerala |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711014751/http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/meteorology/news-unexplained-red-rain-kerala |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-07-11 |title=The Unexplained Red Rain of Kerala |publisher=Environmentalgraffiti.com |access-date=2015-10-18 }}</ref> Samples of the red particles were also sent for analysis to his collaborators [[Milton Wainwright]] at the [[University of Sheffield]] and [[Chandra Wickramasinghe]] at [[Cardiff University]]. Louis then incorrectly reported on 29 August 2010 in the non-peer reviewed online physics archive "arxiv.org" that they were able to have these cells "reproduce" when incubated at high pressure saturated steam at 121 °C ([[autoclave]]d) for up to two hours.<ref name=121oC/> Their conclusion is that these cells reproduced, without DNA, at temperatures higher than any known life form on earth is able to.<ref name=121oC/> They claimed that the cells, however, were unable to reproduce at temperatures similar to known organisms.

Regarding the "absence" of DNA, Louis admits he has no training in biology,<ref name='Dunning'/><ref>[http://www.jewworldorder.org/fluorescence-mystery-in-red-rain-cells-of-kerala-india/ Fluorescence Mystery in Red Rain Cells of Kerala, India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224113806/http://www.jewworldorder.org/fluorescence-mystery-in-red-rain-cells-of-kerala-india/ |date=24 February 2018 }} (2009) From Earthfiles Archive 2009 by Linda Moulton Howe.</ref> and has not reported the use of any standard microbiology [[growth medium]] to culture and induce [[germination]] and growth of the spores, basing his claim of "biological growth" on light absorption measurements following aggregation by [[supercritical fluids#Nano and micro particle formation|supercritical fluids]],<ref name=L&K2003b/> an inert physical observation. Both his collaborators, Wickramasinghe<ref name=astro>{{cite web | url=http://cardiffcentreforastrobiology.com/redrain.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729154051/http://cardiffcentreforastrobiology.com/redrain.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 July 2013 | title=Cardiff Centre of Astrobiology: Analysis of Red Rain of Kerala | publisher=University of Cardiff | access-date=24 June 2008 }}</ref> and [[Milton Wainwright]]<ref name="David Darling's Newsletter #39"/> independently extracted and confirmed the presence of DNA from the spores. The absence of DNA was key to Louis and Kumar's hypothesis that the cells were of extraterrestrial origins.<ref name=L&K2003a/>

Louis' only reported attempt to stain the spores' DNA was by the use of [[malachite green]], which is generally used to stain bacterial endospores, not algal spores,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microbelibrary.org/ASMOnly/details.asp?id=1610&Lang |title=Spore Stain Tutorial |access-date=31 August 2009 |last=Mayberry |first=William |date=7 April 2004|publisher=American Society for Microbiology |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070823083501/http://www.microbelibrary.org/ASMOnly/details.asp?id=1610&Lang |archive-date = 23 August 2007}}</ref> whose primary function of their cell wall and their impermeability is to ensure its own survival through periods of environmental stress. They are therefore resistant to [[ultraviolet radiation|ultraviolet]] and [[gamma radiation]], [[desiccation]], [[lysozyme]], temperature, [[starvation]] and chemical [[disinfectants]]. Visualizing algal spore DNA under a light microscope can be difficult due to the impermeability of the highly resistant spore wall to dyes and stains used in normal staining procedures. The spores' DNA is tightly packed, encapsulated and desiccated, therefore, the spores must first be cultured in suitable [[growth medium]] and temperature to first induce [[germination]], then [[Lichen#Growth form|cell growth]] followed by [[Lichen#Reproduction and dispersal|reproduction]] before staining the DNA.<ref name='Dunning'/>

Other researchers have noted recurring instances of red rainfalls in 1818, 1846, 1872, 1880, 1896, and 1950<ref name='Dunning'/> and several times since then. Most recently, coloured rainfall occurred over Kerala during the summers of 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008,<ref name=Homepage>{{cite web |first=Godfrey |last=Louis |url=https://sites.google.com/site/godfreylouis/ |title=Home Page of Dr. Godfrey Louis |via=Google Sites |date=2008-10-06 |access-date=2015-10-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219195812/https://sites.google.com/site/godfreylouis/ |archive-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> and 2012; since 2001, the botanists have found the same ''Trentepohlia'' spores every time.<ref name='Dunning'/> This supports the notion that the red rain is a seasonal local environmental feature caused by [[algae|algal]] spores.<ref name='Dunning'/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2012/07/14/myserious-blood-rain-again1-falls-from-skies-over-kerala-india/ |title=Mysterious blood rain falls again from skies over Kerala, India |publisher=Theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com |date=2012-07-14 |access-date=2015-10-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115021906/https://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2012/07/14/myserious-blood-rain-again1-falls-from-skies-over-kerala-india/ |archive-date=15 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-21 |title=Red rain again in Kerala? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/red-rain-again-in-kerala/story-Mtpg5x02ahowjBHbGXb01O.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=1992&category=Environment |title=Fluorescence Mystery in Red Rain Cells of Kerala, India |date=6 July 2012 |publisher=Earthfiles.com |access-date=2015-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://globalrumblings.blogspot.com/2012/07/mysterious-bloody-rain.html |title=Panics Residents in Kerala, India Again |publisher=Globalrumblings.blogspot.com |date=2012-07-15 |access-date=2015-10-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115021906/http://globalrumblings.blogspot.com/2012/07/mysterious-bloody-rain.html |archive-date=15 January 2016}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* The [[science fiction]] film ''[[Red Rain (2013 film)|Red Rain]]'' was loosely based on the red rain in Kerala story. It was directed by Rahul Sadasivan and released in India on 6 December 2013.<ref name='film'>{{cite news | title = Red Rain film | date = October 2013 | url = https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/red-rain.html | work = One India Entertainment | access-date = 2014-01-02 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130909140314/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/movies/red-rain.html | archive-date = 9 September 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{annotated link|2015 Kerala meteorite}}
* {{annotated link|Panspermia}}
* {{annotated link|Yellow rain}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060613135746/http://www.geocities.com/iamgoddard/Sampath2001.pdf Sampath, S., Abraham, T. K., Sasi Kumar, V., & Mohanan, C.N. (2001). Colored Rain: A Report on the Phenomenon. CESS-PR-114-2001, Center for Earth Science Studies and Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute.]
* [https://www.newscientist.com/channel/life/evolution/mg18925411.100 "When aliens rained over India" by Hazel Muir in ''New Scientist'']
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6146292.stm "Searching for 'our alien origins'" by Andrew Thompson in ''BBC News'']
* [http://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=1526&category=Science "Fluorescence Mystery in Red Rain Cells of Kerala, India " Linda Moulton Howe ''Earthfiles'']
* [https://sites.google.com/site/asanthoshkumar70/ "Home page of Dr A Santhosh Kumar"]

{{good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Red Rain In Kerala}}
[[Category:2001 in India]]
[[Category:Meteorological events in 2001]]
[[Category:Anomalous weather]]
[[Category:Environment of Kerala]]
[[Category:Panspermia]]
[[Category:Weather events in India]]
[[Category:Rain]]
[[Category:Changanassery]]
[[Category:Meteorological hypotheses]]
[[Category:Trentepohliaceae]]

Noorpur Muzbida Harsana

2026-02-18T18:33:52Z

Debasish swain: starting new post

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2023}}
'''Noorpur Muzvita''' (also known as '''Noorpur Muzbida'''<ref>[http://bagpat.nic.in/villagelist.pdf "Local Government Directory - All Villages of Baghpat District, Uttar Pradesh State"]. ''District Baghpat Official Website''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106202023/http://bagpat.nic.in/villagelist.pdf |date=6 November 2015 }}</ref> or '''Noorpur Harsana''') is a village in the Khekra Tehsil, [[Bagpat district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name="Village Panchayat Names of Khekra">{{cite web|title=Village Panchayat Names of Khekra|url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=892&parenttype=B&ptype=V|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=4 September 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240526204028/https://www.webcitation.org/6JNGeBz5W?url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp%3Fselstate=892|archivedate=26 May 2024|url-status=live}} </ref> Having a population of more than 3,000,
this village is {{cvt|3|km}} from Khekra and {{cvt|9.2|km}} from [[Bagpat]], the main city of the district.

== Geography ==

Noorpur is located at 29.7°N 77.18°E. It has an average elevation of 230 metres (754 ft). The village is located on the banks of river Yamuna. It is 58 km from Meerut City and is on the main Delhi – Saharanpur Highway around 40 km from Delhi. In the north of the district [[Bagpat]] there is district [[Muzaffarnagar]], in the south district [[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]], in the west river Yamuna and district [[Rohtak]] of Haryana. The distance to [[New Delhi]] from this village is 40 km.

== Education ==

Educational institutions of Noorpur are:
* Gandhi Vidya Niketan Degree College, Ramala
* Sardar Patal High School Uttar Pradesh/Baghpat/Bali Mewla, baghpat U.P. 250601
* Aryabhatt College Of Engg. & Technology
* Dav English Medium School Uttar Pradesh/Baghpat/Baghpat
* Janta Inter College

== Economy/Agricultural ==

Noorpur has agriculture as its main industry. The area is fertile, being close to the river Yamuna/Jamuna. Main crops are wheat, sugarcane and mustard. In fruits guavas are grown and Grapes too. Watermelons, muskmelons and 'kakri' make their appearance during summers.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{coord|28.852676235348156|77.23514742876229|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Bagpat district]]

{{Bagpat-geo-stub}}

Chhattisgarh Council of Ministers

2026-02-17T14:29:37Z

Debasish swain: Created first info from scratch

{{Short description|Executive authority of Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}

{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Chhattisgarh Council of Ministers
| nativename_a = छत्तीसगढ़ मंत्रिमंडल
| seal = Coat of arms of Chhattisgarh.svg
| seal_width = 120px
| seal_caption = Emblem of Chhattisgarh
| formed = {{start date and age|df=yes|2000|11|01}}
| preceding1 = Government of Madhya Pradesh
| agency_type = Highest executive body of the [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
| jurisdiction = [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]
| headquarters = [[Mahanadi Bhawan]], Mantralaya, [[Nava Raipur]]
| chief1_name = [[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
| chief1_position = [[Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh|Chief Minister]]
| chief2_name = [[Arun Sao]]
| chief2_position = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Chhattisgarh|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| chief3_name = [[Vijay Sharma (politician)|Vijay Sharma]]
| chief3_position = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Chhattisgarh|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.cgstate.gov.in/}}
}}

The '''Chhattisgarh Council of Ministers''' is the [[Cabinet (government)|principal executive organ]] of the [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]. It is chaired by the [[chief minister of Chhattisgarh]] and consists of various cabinet-rank ministers responsible for different executive departments.<ref name="CG_Gov">{{cite web |title=Official Website of Chhattisgarh Government |url=https://www.cgstate.gov.in/ |publisher=Government of Chhattisgarh |access-date=13 February 2026}}</ref>

== History and formation ==
The current council was formed following the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], which saw the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) winning 54 out of 90 seats.<ref name="TOI_Sworn">{{cite news |title=Vishnu Deo Sai sworn in as Chhattisgarh CM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/vishnu-deo-sai-sworn-in-as-chhattisgarh-cm/articleshow/105958614.cms |work=The Times of India |date=13 December 2023}}</ref> [[Vishnu Deo Sai]] was sworn in as the 4th chief minister of the state on 13 December 2023.<ref name="Sai_Wiki">{{cite web |title=Vishnu Deo Sai Profile |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu_Deo_Sai |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=13 February 2026}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=February 2026}}

In August 2025, the cabinet was expanded to its full strength of 14 ministers (including the CM), following the "Haryana Model" for 90-member assemblies.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh's cabinet gets 14 ministers for first time |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Aug/20/chhattisgarhs-cabinet-gets-14-ministers-for-first-time-as-3-mlas-take-oath |work=The New Indian Express |date=20 August 2025}}</ref>

== Council of Ministers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Portfolio !! Minister !! Term Start !! Party !! Ref.
|-
| style="border-left: 5px solid #FF9933;" | '''[[Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh|Chief Minister]]''' General Administration, Mineral Resources, Energy, Public Relations, Aviation. || '''[[Vishnu Deo Sai]]''' || 13 Dec 2023 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || <ref name="TOI_Port">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh cabinet expansion and portfolio allocation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/chhattisgarh-cabinet-expansion-portfolios-allocated-to-new-ministers-reshuffle-for-others-too/articleshow/123414769.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
| style="border-left: 5px solid #FF9933;" | '''[[List of deputy chief ministers of Chhattisgarh|Deputy Chief Minister]]''' [[Ministry of Public Works Department (Chhattisgarh)|Public Works]], [[Ministry of Public Health Engineering (Chhattisgarh)|Public Health Engineering]], Urban Administration. || '''[[Arun Sao]]''' || 13 Dec 2023 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || <ref name="Hindu_Oath">{{cite news |title=Vishnu Deo Sai takes oath as Chhattisgarh CM; Arun Sao and Vijay Sharma as Deputy CMs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/vishnu-deo-sai-takes-oath-as-chhattisgarh-cm/article67633534.ece |work=The Hindu |date=13 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
| style="border-left: 5px solid #FF9933;" | '''[[List of deputy chief ministers of Chhattisgarh|Deputy Chief Minister]]''' [[Ministry of Home Department (Chhattisgarh)|Home Affairs]], Rural Development & Panchayat, Technical Education. || '''[[Vijay Sharma (politician)|Vijay Sharma]]''' || 13 Dec 2023 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || <ref name="Hindu_Oath" />
|-
| style="border-left: 5px solid #FF9933;" | '''[[Department of Finance (Chhattisgarh)|Finance]], Commercial Tax, Housing & Environment''' || '''[[O. P. Choudhary]]''' || 22 Dec 2023 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || <ref name="IE_Portfolios">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh Portfolios: OP Choudhary gets Finance, Vijay Sharma Home |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/raipur/chhattisgarh-portfolios-op-choudhary-finance-vijay-sharma-home-9087563/ |work=The Indian Express |date=29 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
| style="border-left: 5px solid #FF9933;" | '''Health & Family Welfare, Medical Education''' Other Backward Classes and Minorities Development. || '''[[Shyam Bihari Jaiswal]]''' || 22 Dec 2023 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || <ref name="IE_Portfolios" />
|-
| style="border-left: 5px solid #FF9933;" | '''Commerce and Industry, Labour''' || '''[[Lakhan Lal Dewangan]]''' || 22 Dec 2023 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || <ref name="TOI_Alloc_23">{{cite news |title=Portfolio allocation in Chhattisgarh: List of ministers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/chhattisgarh-portfolio-allocation-full-list-of-ministers/articleshow/106385210.cms |work=The Times of India |date=29 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
| style="border-left: 5px solid #FF9933;" | '''Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection''' || '''[[Dayaldas Baghel]]''' || 22 Dec 2023 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || <ref name="TOI_Alloc_23" />
|-
| style="border-left: 5px solid #FF9933;" | '''Parliamentary Affairs, Water Resources, Forest''' || '''[[Kedar Nath Kashyap]]''' || 22 Dec 2023 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || <ref name="IE_Portfolios" />
|-
| style="border-left: 5px solid #FF9933;" | '''Agriculture, Scheduled Tribes Development''' || '''[[Ramvichar Netam]]''' || 22 Dec 2023 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || <ref name="TOI_Alloc_23" />
|-
| style="border-left: 5px solid #FF9933;" | '''Tourism and Culture, Religious Trusts''' || '''[[Rajesh Agrawal]]''' || 20 Aug 2025 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || <ref name="RA_Update">{{cite news |title=Rajesh Agrawal Takes Charge as Minister for Tourism and Culture |url=https://travelworldonline.in/rajesh-agrawal-takes-charge-as-chhattisgarhs-new-tourism-culture-dharmaswa-minister/ |work=Travel World Online |date=21 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
| style="border-left: 5px solid #FF9933;" | '''Skill Development, Scheduled Caste Development''' || '''[[Guru Khushwant Saheb]]''' || 20 Aug 2025 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || <ref name="NIE_Expansion">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh's cabinet expansion: strength rises to 14 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Aug/20/chhattisgarhs-cabinet-gets-14-ministers-for-first-time |work=The New Indian Express |date=20 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
| style="border-left: 5px solid #FF9933;" | '''School Education, Law & Legislative Affairs''' || '''[[Gajendra Yadav]]''' || 20 Aug 2025 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || <ref name="NIE_Expansion" />
|-
| style="border-left: 5px solid #FF9933;" | '''Women and Child Development, Social Welfare''' || '''[[Laxmi Rajwade]]''' || 22 Dec 2023 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || <ref name="TOI_Alloc_23" />
|}

==Oath of office and secrecy==
In accordance with the [[Constitution of India]], the governor of Chhattisgarh administers the oath of office and secrecy to the chief minister and members of the Council of Ministers at [[Raj Bhavan, Raipur]].

===Oath of office===
{{Blockquote|text= I, <Name of Minister>, do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Minister for the State of '''Chhattisgarh''' and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.|sign=|source=[[Constitution of India]], Third Schedule}}

===Oath of secrecy===
{{Blockquote|text= I, <Name of Minister>, do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as a Minister for the State of '''Chhattisgarh''' except as may be required for the faithful discharge of my duties as such Minister.|sign=|source=[[Constitution of India]], Third Schedule}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:State council of ministers of India]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Cabinets established in 2000]]

First Nehru ministry

2026-02-15T20:30:09Z

Debasish swain:

{{Short description|Union Council of Ministers headed by Jawaharlal Nehru}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_name = First Jawaharlal Nehru ministry
| cabinet_number = First
| cabinet_type= ministry
| jurisdiction = the [[Dominion of India]] and later the [[Republic of India]]
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image = The first Cabinet of independent India.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = The cabinet of India on 31 January 1950, along with the newly appointed President [[Rajendra Prasad]].
| date_formed = {{Start date|df=yes|1947|08|15}}
| date_dissolved = {{Start date|df=yes|1952|04|15}}
| government_head_history =
| deputy_government_head = [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] (until 15 December 1950)
|state_head_title = [[List of heads of state of India|Head of State]]
|state_head = [[George VI]] (1947–50) [[Rajendra Prasad]] (1950–52)
|governor_general_title = [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]]
|governor_general = {{Plainlist|
* [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma]] (1947–48)
* [[C. Rajagopalachari|Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]] (1948–50)
}}
|government_head_title = Prime minister
|government_head = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| members_number =37
| former_members_number =
| total_number =
| political_party = {{Color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|border=darkgray}} [[Indian National Congress]]
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = ''None''
| opposition_leader = ''None''
| election = [[1946 Indian Constituent Assembly election]]
| last_election = [[1945 Indian general election]]
| legislature_term = [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = ''[[Interim Government of India#Cabinet of the Interim Government of India|Interim]]''
| successor = [[Second Nehru ministry]]
}}

After power transformation, on 15 August 1947, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] assumed office as the first [[Prime Minister of India]] and chose fifteen ministers to form the '''First Nehru ministry'''.

==Background==
The [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] was set up while India was still under [[British Raj|British rule]], following negotiations between Indian leaders and members of the [[1946 Cabinet Mission to India]] from the United Kingdom. The [[1946 Indian provincial elections|provincial assembly elections]] had been conducted early in 1946. The Constituent Assembly members were elected to it indirectly by the members of these newly elected provincial assemblies, and initially included representatives for those provinces which came to form part of [[Pakistan]], some of which are now within [[Bangladesh]]. The Constituent Assembly had 299 representatives, including nine women.

The [[Interim Government of India]] was formed on 2 September 1946 from the newly elected Constituent Assembly. The Indian National Congress held a large majority in the Assembly, with 69 percent of all of the seats, while the Muslim League held almost all of the seats reserved in the Assembly for Muslims. There were also some members from smaller parties, such as the [[Scheduled Caste Federation]], the [[Communist Party of India]], and the [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]]. In June 1947, the delegations from the provinces of [[Sindh]], [[East Bengal]], [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioners Province)|Baluchistan]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]], and the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North West Frontier Province]] withdrew, to form the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]], meeting in [[Karachi]]. On 15 August 1947, the [[Dominion of India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan]] became independent nations, and the members of the Constituent Assembly who had not withdrawn to Karachi became [[Parliament of India|India's Parliament]]. Only 28 members of the Muslim League finally joined the Indian Assembly. Later, 93 members were nominated from the [[List of Indian Princely States|princely states]]. The Congress thus secured a majority of 82%

Jawaharlal Nehru took charge as the first [[Prime Minister of India]] on 15 August 1947, and chose 15 other members for his cabinet. Vallabhbhai Patel served as the first [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]] until his death on 15 December 1950. [[Lord Mountbatten]], and later [[C. Rajagopalachari]], served as [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] until 26 January 1950, when [[Rajendra Prasad]] was elected as the first [[President of India]].<ref name=indiasinceind>{{cite book|last=Krishna|first=Ananth V.|title=India Since Independence: Making Sense Of Indian Politics|year=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|location=India|isbn=9788131734650|pages=34–36|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC&pg=PA28|access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="GR">Ramachandra Guha, [http://www.waterstones.com/waterstonesweb/products/ramachandra+guha/india+after+gandhi/5902941/ "India After Gandhi"], Picador India, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-330-39610-3}}</ref>

== Cabinet members ==
[[File:Lord Mountbatten swears in Jawaharlal Nehru as the first Prime Minister of free India on Aug 15, 1947.jpg|thumb|Lord Mountbatten swears in Jawaharlal Nehru as the first Prime Minister of India on 15 August 1947.]]
There were members from [[Hindu]], [[Muslim]], [[Christians|Christian]], [[Sikh]] and [[Parsi]] communities represented in India's first ministry. There were two members from the [[Dalit]] community represented as well.<ref>{{cite news|title=The New Cabinet|url=http://www.sanjayhumania.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/15-Aug-1947.jpg|access-date=19 August 2011|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=15 August 1947|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330232513/http://www.sanjayhumania.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/15-Aug-1947.jpg|archive-date=30 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=New Cabinet of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshowpics/9552701.cms|access-date=19 August 2011|newspaper=The Times of India|date=15 August 1947|page=1}}</ref> [[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur]] was the only female Cabinet minister. The following is a list of the ministers in the first Cabinet.<ref name=indiasinceind/>

;Key
* {{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office
* {{note label|RES|RES|RES}} Resigned
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations]] [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of Scientific Research]]
| minister1 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = [[Second Nehru ministry]]
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| minister1 = [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 15 December 1950{{ref label|†|†|†}}
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs and States]]
| minister1 = [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 15 December 1950{{ref label|†|†|†}}
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[C. Rajagopalachari]]<ref name="livemint.com">{{cite web|author=Sidin Vadukut |url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/BDGqZmHMQlGbEuUT7jdObK/Dj-View--The-Chetty-affair.html |title=Déjà View | The Chetty Affair | Mint |publisher=Livemint.com |date=2014-11-08 |accessdate=2022-04-19}}</ref>
| minister2_termstart = 26 December 1950
| minister2_termend = 25 October 1951{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Kailash Nath Katju]]
| minister3_termstart = 1951
| minister3_termend = Second Nehru ministry
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]
| minister1 = [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 1 April 1949
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[R. R. Diwakar]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajya Sabha Members, Biographical Sketches, 1952 – 2003: D |url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/d.pdf }}</ref>
| minister2_termstart = 1 April 1949
| minister2_termend = 15 April 1952
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]
| minister1 = [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 1948
| minister1_party = [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]
| minister2 = [[John Matthai]]
| minister2_termstart = 6 May 1950
| minister2_termend = 1950{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
| minister2_party = Independent
| minister3 = [[C. D. Deshmukh]]
| minister3_termstart = 1950
| minister3_termend = Second Nehru ministry
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Law and Justice|Minister of Law and Justice]]
| minister1 = [[B. R. Ambedkar]]<ref name="livemint.com" />
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 6 October 1951{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
| minister1_party = Scheduled Castes Federation
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
| minister1 = [[Baldev Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = Second Nehru ministry
| minister1_party = Panthic Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]] and [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways (India)|Minister of Transport]]
| minister1 = [[John Matthai]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 22 September 1948
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 September 1948
| minister2_termend = Second Nehru ministry
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Human Resource Development (India)|Minister of Education]]
| minister1 = [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = Second Nehru ministry
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Agriculture (India)|Minister of Food and Agriculture]]
| minister1 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 14 Jan 1948
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Jairamdas Daulatram]]
| minister2_termstart = 19 Jan 1948
| minister2_termend = 13 May 1950{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Industries and Supplies]]
| minister1 = [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 6 April 1950{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
| minister1_party = [[Hindu Mahasabha]]
| minister2 = [[Harekrushna Mahatab]]
| minister2_termstart = 13 May 1950
| minister2_termend = 26 December 1950{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour]]
| minister1 = [[Jagjivan Ram]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 15 April 1952
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce]]
| minister1 = [[Cooverji Hormusji Bhabha]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 15 April 1952
| minister1_party = Independent
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications]]
| minister1 = [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 15 April 1952
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Minister of Health]]
| minister1 = [[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur|Amrit Kaur]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 15 April 1952
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Works]], [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Mines]] and [[Ministry of Power (India)|Power]]
| minister1 = [[Narhar Vishnu Gadgil]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 15 April 1952
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Minister of Relief and Rehabilitation]]
| minister1 = [[K. C. Neogy]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = April 1950{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister without portfolio]]
| minister1 = [[N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/highlights/story/article-370-issue-omar-abdullah-jammu-and-kashmir-jawaharlal-nehru-194780-2014-05-28 |title=10 facts about Article 370 that you need to know – Elections News |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date= |access-date=2022-04-19}}</ref>
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 22 September 1948
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Mohanlal Saksena|Mohanlal Saxena]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister2_termend = 15 April 1952
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
|}

== Deputy Ministers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!
!Name
! colspan="2" |
!Period
|-
! rowspan="2" |1.
|[[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Deputy Minister of Works, Mines and Power]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Surendranath Buragohain]]
|14 August 1950
|26 December 1950
|'''134 days'''
|-
|[[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Deputy Minister of Works, Production and Supply]]
|26 December 1950
|13 May 1952
|'''1 year 139 days'''
|-
!2.
|[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Deputy Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]
|[[R. R. Diwakar]]
|7 October 1948
|26 January 1950
|'''1 year 111 days'''
|-
!3.
|[[Minister of Finance (India)|Deputy Minister of Finance]]
|[[Mahavir Tyagi]]
|16 February 1951
|13 May 1952
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |4.
|[[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of State for Railways]]
| rowspan="2" |[[K. Santhanam]]
|1 October 1948
|10 March 1952
|'''3 years, 241 days'''
|-
|[[Minister of Road Transport and Highways]]
|1 October 1948
|17 April 1952
|'''3 years 199 days'''
|-
! rowspan="3" |5.
|[[Minister of Railways (India)|Deputy Minister of Railways]]
| rowspan="3" |[[B. V. Keskar]]
|10 March 1952
|13 May 1952
|'''64 days'''
|-
|[[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Deputy Minister of External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations]]
|7 December 1948
|26 January 1950
|'''1 year, 50 days'''
|-
|[[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Deputy Minister of External Affairs]]
|31 January 1950
|13 May 1952
|'''2 years, 103 days'''
|-
!6.
|[[Minister of Defence (India)|Deputy Minister of Defence]]
|[[Himmatsinhji (general)|Kumar Shree Himmatsinhji Jadeja]]
|14 August 1950
|29 February 1952
|'''1 year, 199 days'''
|-
!7.
|[[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Deputy Minister of Food and Agriculture]]
|[[Mosalikanti Thirumala Rao]]
|21 August 1950
|13 May 1952
|'''1 year, 266 days'''
|-
!8.
|[[Minister of Communications (India)|Deputy Minister of Communications]]
|[[Khurshed Lal]]
|1 October 1948
|29 January 1951
|'''2 years, 120 days'''
|-
!9.
|[[Minister of Communications (India)|Deputy Minister of Communications]]
|[[Raj Bahadur]]
|29 January 1951
|13 May 1952
|'''1 year, 105 days'''
|-
!10.
|[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Deputy Minister of Commerce and Industry]]
|[[D. P. Karmarkar|Dattatraya Parashuram Karmarkar]]
|August
|13 May
|
|-
!11.
|[[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Deputy Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]]
|[[Satya Narayan Sinha]]
|1 October 1948
|26 February 1949
|'''148 days'''
|-
!12.
|[[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Deputy Minister of Home Affairs]]
|[[Rustom Khurshedji Sidhwa]]
|11 October 1951
|13 May 1952
|'''215 days'''
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-star-wars-in-nehru-cabinet-1168827 Josy Joseph (5 June 2008) ''Star wars in Nehru cabinet'' – ''DNA'']

{{First Indian Cabinet}}
{{Indian federal ministries}}
{{Jawaharlal Nehru}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nehru ministry, 1}}
[[Category:First Nehru ministry| ]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Cabinets established in 1947]]
[[Category:Indian union ministries|Nehru I]]
[[Category:Ministries of George VI]]
[[Category:1952 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Cabinets disestablished in 1952]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1947|Nehru I]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1952|Nehru I]]

Meenakshi Amma Gurukkal

2026-02-11T07:05:05Z

Debasish swain: Adding New Post More To Come

{{Short description|Indian Kalarippayattu practitioner}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meenakshi Amma
| native_name =
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1942}}
| birth_place = [[Vadakara]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| alma_mater =
| citizenship = India
| occupation = [[Kalarippayattu]] teacher
| parents =
| spouse = V. P. Raghavan
| children = 4
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
| signature =
}}
'''Meenakshi Amma Gurukkal''' (born 1942) is an Indian martial artist known as a practitioner and teacher of [[Kalaripayattu]], the traditional [[martial arts]] form of [[Kerala]], India. In 2017, she received [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/six-decades-on-74-year-old-padma-shri-awardee-gurukkal-still-swirling-the-sword/story-lQPhIRbsS3FjBsjlvHdZrJ.html |title=Six decades on, 74-year-old Padma Shri awardee Gurukkal still swirling the sword |publisher=Hindustan Times |date= 29 January 2017|accessdate=2018-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Chethana Prakasan |url=http://www.india.com/lifestyle/meet-padmashree-2017-award-winner-meenakshi-amma-this-granny-with-a-sword-will-inspire-you-to-stay-active-1787911/ |title=Meet Padmashree 2017 award winner Meenakshi Amma: This granny with a sword will inspire you to stay active |publisher=India.com |date=2017-01-27 |accessdate=2018-01-29}}</ref>

==Biography==
Meenakshi Amma's family is from a Thiyya community in [[Vadakara]], a town in northern Kerala. She was born at a time when physical education was compulsory. All the people in the area, regardless of gender, would go to Kalari (Kalarippayattu training centre) that day.<ref name="Manorama"/> At the behest of her father, Meenakshi Amma joined Raghavan Gurukkal's Kalari at the age of seven to study Kalarippayattu.<ref name="Manorama"/>

Meenakshi Amma's Kadathanadan Kalari started in the year 1949.<ref name="Manorama"/> Every year, 150-160 students learn the martial arts in her school Kadathanadan Kalari Sangam, where she is teaching for more than 56 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/meenakshi-amma-granny-with-a-sword/photostory/56780566.cms |title=Padma Shri Awards: Meenakshi Amma: Granny with a sword |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2017-01-25 |accessdate=2018-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/lifestyle/society/meenakshiamma-kalari-maestro-kalaripayattu-vatakara.html |title=Meet Kerala's 'Iron Lady': Meenakshiamma, the 73-year-old Kalaripayattu maestro | Video | Meenakshiamma | Kalaripayattu | Vatakara | Kozhikode | Kerala | Kadathanad | Martial arts | kalari | traditional martial arts |publisher=English.manoramaonline.com |date=2016-08-25 |accessdate=2018-01-29}}</ref> Meenakshi Amma was introduced to Kalaripayattu at the age of seven under V P Raghavan Master, whom she married at the age of 17. After her husband's death in 2007, Meenakshi Amma took over the reins of the Kadathanattu Kalari Sangham established by her husband.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/defying-age-sword-meenakshi-gurrukkal-keralas-grand-old-kalaripayattu-dame-38620 |title=Defying age with a sword: Meenakshi Gurrukkal, Kerala's grand old Kalaripayattu dame |publisher=The News Minute |date=2016-02-06 |accessdate=2018-01-29}}</ref> She is well-versed in using all the weapons ranging from the stick to the urumi, which even the experts find difficult to master.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/580737/fight-betterment.html |title=The fight for betterment |publisher=Deccanherald.com |date= 13 November 2016|accessdate=2018-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/viral-videos-trending/meenakshiamma-kalaripayattu-2877207/ |title=Watch: 76-yr-old woman performs martial arts with man half her age |publisher=The Indian Express |date=2016-06-27 |accessdate=2018-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kadapa |first=Surekha |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/108429/meenakshi-gurukkal-oldest-kalaripayattu-practitioner-from-kerala/ |title=Kerala's Kalaripayattu Lady Is the Oldest Woman to Practice the Martial Art |publisher=Thebetterindia.com |date= 14 July 2017|accessdate=2018-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/meenakshi-amma-the-grand-old-dame-of-kalaripayattu/article25307782.ece|title = Meet Meenakshi Amma, the grand old dame of Kalaripayattu|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 25 October 2018|last1 = Sathyendran|first1 = Nita}}</ref>

The Kalari, which is visited by many students even from abroad, still maintains the traditional value system. There is no fee for the classes and money is accepted in the form of dakshina and expenses for the oil used in Kalari.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/padma-awards-moment-of-glory-for-kerala/articleshow/56788969.cms |title=Padma awards: Moment of glory for Kerala | Kochi News - Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date= 26 January 2017|accessdate=2018-01-29}}</ref>

Meenakshi Amma's family is also into Kalarippayattu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Padma Shri Meenakshi Gurukkal, the grand old dame of Kalaripayattu|newspaper=The News Minute|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/meet-padma-shri-meenakshi-gurukkal-grand-old-dame-kalaripayattu-56274.}}</ref> Her two sons and two daughters also started practicing Kalaripayattu from the young age of six. One of her sons is also a 'Gurukkal' (kalaripayattu teacher) now.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/170938-Padma-Shri-honour-for-Meenakshi-Amma-Kerala-s-oldest-woman-KalariGurukkal-now.aspx |title=Padma Shri honour for Meenakshi Amma - Kerala's oldest woman KalariGurukkal now in her seventies |publisher=Indiastudychannel.com |date=2017-02-22 |accessdate=2018-01-29}}</ref>

She is now performing as central character in a Kalaripayat centered movie named ''Look Back''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Daily |first1=Keralakaumudi |title=പത്മശ്രീ മീനാക്ഷിയമ്മ ഇനി വെള്ളിത്തിരയിലെ നായിക |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=690836&u=local-news-kozhikode |work=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=ml}}</ref> The film is set to release in June next year.<ref>{{cite news |title=കളരിപ്പയറ്റ് ഗുരു മീനാക്ഷിയമ്മ 'ലുക്ക് ബാക്ക്'; സിനിമ അടുത്ത ജൂണിൽ |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/kerala/2021/11/23/kalarippayat-meenakshiyamma-film-lookback-story.html |work=Manoramanews |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Her husband V. P. Raghavan Gurukkal from Puthuppanam Karimpanapalam was her first Kalarippayattu trainer.<ref name="Manorama">{{cite news |title=കടത്തനാടിന്റെ ശ്രീ ; ആത്മധൈര്യത്തിന്റെ കളരിച്ചുവടുകളുമായി മീനാക്ഷിയമ്മ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/women/interviews/inspirational-life-story-of-meenakshiamma-the-73-year-old-kalari-maestro.html |work=ManoramaOnline}}</ref> The couple have 4 children.<ref name="Manorama"/>

==See also==
* [[Kottackkal Kanaran Gurukkal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amma Gurukkal, Meenakshi}}
[[Category:Kalarippayattu practitioners]]
[[Category:Indian female martial artists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]
[[Category:1941 births]]

Panj Pyare

2026-02-05T09:20:31Z

Debasish swain: cleanup content further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Gathered quintet of five baptised Sikhs}}
{{About|a gathered quintet of five baptised Sikhs|the Sikh martial community|Khalsa}}
[[File:Panj Pyare, leading a procession.jpg|thumb|''Panj Pyare'' leading a procession in [[Wolverhampton]], U.K.]]
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
'''Panj Pyare''' ({{langx|pa|ਪੰਜ ਪਿਆਰੇ}}, ''{{IAST|Pañj Piārē}}'', the '''five beloved ones''') refers to a gathered [[ad hoc]] quintet of five baptised (''Amritdhari'') [[Khalsa]] [[Sikhs]] who act as institutionalized leaders for the wider Sikh community.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Victoria |title=Celebrating life customs around the world: from baby showers to funerals |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4408-3658-9 |location=Santa Barbara, California |pages=70 |chapter=Dastaar Bandi and Amrit Sanchar, Sikhism |oclc=956633929 |quote=During the ceremony the amrit is accompanied by a solemn oath in the presence of Sri Guru Granth Sahib and Panj Pyare, or the five beloved ones. Panj Pyare is a quintet of initiated Sikh men or women who act as leaders within the Sikh community. The Panj Pyare oversees the Amrit Sanchar ceremony by preparing the initiates and administering the Amrit to those ready to be initiated}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sandhu |first=Gian Singh |title=Who Are the Sikhs? An Exploration of the Beliefs, Practices, & Traditions of the Sikh People. |publisher=Archway Publishing |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-6657-3953-5 |chapter=34. Who are the current panj pyare? |oclc=1376370414 |quote=Today, the term panj pyare refers to an ad hoc group of five amritdhari Sikhs who are recognized by the congregation for their commitment to Sikhi and are asked to perform certain functions. The panj pyare are given the honour of conducting the amrit sanchar (initiation ceremony) and may also be called upon to perform other important services, such as laying the cornerstone of a gurdwara or leading a religious procession. They may also assist in dispute resolution, such as deciding issues confronting a family, the local Sikh sangat (community), or the greater Sikh panth as a whole. They must be of the highest moral standing and adhere strictly to Sikh principles and values. The panj pyare are all volunteers, and they are selected when the need arises. They maintain this status until the duty they were asked to perform has been fulfilled. At crucial moments of Sikh history, the panj pyare have collectively acted as supreme authority for the Sikhs. For example, during the battle of Chamkaur, the last five surviving Sikhs constituted themselves into the Council of Five, and they commanded Guru Gobind to leave the fortress and save himself by reassembling the Sikhs. Before Guru Gobind Singh passed away, he ended the line of living gurus. Through the institution of the panj pyare, the Guru envisioned a continuing society that would conduct itself democratically and choose its leaders based on merit.}}</ref>

== Function ==
The Panj Pyare are convened for pressing matters in the Sikh community, covering both local and international issues.<ref name=":3" /> The constituent members of a Panj Piare quintet are selected based on [[Meritocracy|meritocratic]] grounds.<ref name=":3" />

=== Ceremonies ===
They are responsible for leading a [[Nagar kirtan|Nagar Kirtan]] procession.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Jhutti-Johal |first=Jagbir |title=Sikhism Today |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4411-8140-4 |location=London |pages=49 |chapter=Sikhism and Women: Khalsa Women – Panj Pyare |oclc=721194810}}</ref> The Panj Pyare are also responsible for carrying out the ''[[Amrit Sanskar|Amrit Sanchar]]'' ceremony of baptizing new members into the Khalsa order of Sikhism.<ref name=":2" /> Until the [[Vaisakhi]] of AD 1699, the Sikh initiation ceremony was known as ''Charan Pahul''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charan pāhul {{!}} The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/charan-pahul |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=www.encyclopedia.com |quote=Charan pāhul (Pañjābī, ‘foot-initiation’). Hindu initiation ritual continued by Sikh Gurūs. Gurū Gobind Siṅgh replaced charan pāhul with khaṇḍe-dī-pāhul, initiation with the khaṇḍā on Baisākhī day 1699.}}</ref> They are responsible for laying the cornerstone of newly built [[gurdwara]]s.<ref name=":3" />

== Historical usage ==
In a historical sense, the term is used to refer to a collective name given to five men − [[Daya Singh|Bhai Daya Singh]], [[Dharam Singh (Sikhism)|Bhai Dharam Singh]], [[Himmat Singh (Sikhism)|Bhai Himmat Singh]], [[Mohkam Singh|Bhai Mohkam Singh]] and [[Sahib Singh (Sikh martyr)|Bhai Sahib Singh]] – by the tenth [[Sikh guru]], [[Guru Gobind Singh]] during the historic and monumental assembly at [[Anandpur Sahib]] in the [[Punjab]] region of India on March 30, 1699. (The Gregorian calendar skipped 11 days in 1752. So, in present times, Vaisakhi occurs near 13 April every year.)

The inaugural group of ''Panj Piare'' formed the nucleus of the [[Khalsa]]: the first five persons to receive [[Khanda di Pahul]] initiation and rites (baptism) of the two-edged sword. They were the inaugural Panj Pyare. However, the term is not limited only to this inaugural group. After them, any group of five baptized Sikhs are also referred to as the Panj Pyare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pañj pyāre {{!}} The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/panj-pyare |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www.encyclopedia.com |quote=Pañj pyāre (Pañjābī, ‘five beloved ones’). 1. Five men who volunteered their heads for Gurū Gobind Siṅgh on Baisākhī 1699. All were renamed Siṅgh. They subsequently fought bravely for the Gurū. The pañj pyāre are remembered daily in Ardās, and a portion of kaṛāh praśād is taken out in their memory before general distribution. 2. Five baptized Sikhs who administer khaṇḍe-di-pahul. They are normally men and must be amritdhārī, physically whole, and known to observe the Sikh code of conduct (rahit). 3. The central and final authority for all Sikhs, located at Amritsar.}}</ref>

During the [[Battle of Chamkaur|Second Battle of Chamkaur]], it was a council of Panj Piare who commanded Guru Gobind Singh to leave the battlefield to preserve his life and continue leading the Sikhs, an order which the Guru obeyed.<ref name=":3" />
[[File:Binod Singh, Kahan Singh, Baj Singh, Daya Singh, and Ram Singh depicted as a Panj Piare group from a gilded panel from Takht Hazur Sahib, Nanded.jpeg|thumb|[[Binod Singh]], Kahan Singh, [[Baj Singh]], [[Daya Singh]], and Ram Singh depicted as a Panj Piare group from a gilded panel from [[Hazur Sahib|Takht Hazur Sahib]], [[Nanded]]]]
After the formation of the institution of Panj Piare in 1699, Guru Gobind Singh appointed five Sikhs in [[Nanded]] to accompany Madho Das (popularly known as [[Banda Singh Bahadur|Banda Bairagi]]) on his northwards mission to conquer [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]] in 1708.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Sagoo |first=Harbans Kaur |title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |year=2001 |isbn=9788176293006 |pages=119}}</ref> The names of these five Panj Piare were: [[Binod Singh]], Kahan Singh, [[Baj Singh]], Daya Singh, and Ram Singh.<ref name=":6" /> Guru Gobind Singh requested Banda to obey the counsel of the Panj Piare but since no accounts of Banda's life mention the institute of the Panj Piare beyond this, it is believed he may not have heeded their commands fully and went astray.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhanoa |first=Surain Singh |title=Raj Karega Khalsa |publisher=Sanbun Publishers |year=2005 |pages=173}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[Guru Nanak]] had organized his followers into ''[[Sangat (Sikhism)|sangats]]'', with a meeting between two Sikhs coming to be termed ''sadh sangat''. A gathering of five Sikhs came to be known as ''panj parmeshar''.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Dhillon |first=Balwant Singh |date=2014 |editor-last=Dhillon |editor-first=Balwant Singh |title=Formation of Early Sikh Identity, section Notes and References|url=https://researchjournals.gndu.ac.in/GuruGranthSahib/pdf/CurrentIssue.pdf |journal=Perspectives on Guru Granth Sahib |location=Amritsar |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |volume=9 |pages=17 |issn=2393-9745}}</ref> The idea of five beloved ones predate the formalization of the Khalsa Panth by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699. [[Guru Nanak]] alludes to the institution of "five beloved sons" in his [[gurbani]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jaspal |title=Guru Granth Sahib: The Sikh Scripture |publisher=K.K. Publications |year=2021 |pages=62}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text="Guru Nanak says, 'In Gurmat (Sikhism) five beloved ones are the sons of the Guru.' Maru M. 1"|author=Jaspal Singh|title=Guru Granth Sahib: The Sikh Scripture (2021)|source=page 62}}
[[File:Mural_of_Guru_Hargobind_(with_Bhai_Lakhu,_Bhai_Tiloka,_Bhai_Jetha,_Bhai_Bidhi_Chand,_and_Baba_Buddha)_from_an_unidentified_Samadhi_located_near_Gurdwara_Bhai_Than_Singh_at_Kot_Fateh_Khan,_Attock,_Punjab.jpg|thumb|Mural of Guru Hargobind, with Bhai Lakhu, Bhai Tiloka, Bhai Jetha, [[Bidhi Chand|Bhai Bidhi Chand]], and [[Baba Buddha]], from an unidentified [[Samadhi (shrine)|Samadhi]] located near Gurdwara Bhai Than Singh at Kot Fateh Khan, Attock, Punjab]]
Throughout Sikh history, there have been five beloved ones during different [[Guru Gaddi|guruship]] terms. Examples are given below for some of them:<ref name=":1" />

* Guru Nanak: His five beloved ones were [[Bhai Mardana]], [[Bhai Bala]], Bhai Ajita, [[Bhai Lalo]], and [[Guru Angad|Bhai Lehna]] (later successor).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Grewal |first=Dalvindar Singh |date=14 June 2010 |title=The Beloved Five |url=http://www.sikhnet.com/news/beloved-five |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=SikhNet |language=en}}</ref>
* Guru Angad: His five beloved ones were [[Baba Buddha]], Paro Julka, [[Guru Amar Das|Amar Das]] (later successor), Paida, and Sadharn.<ref name=":5" />
* Guru Amar Das: His five beloved ones were Baba Buddha, Paro, Malhan, Balu, and [[Guru Ram Das|Jetha]] (later successor).<ref name=":5" />
* Guru Ram Das: His five beloved ones were Baba Buddha, [[Bidhi Chand]], Teeratha, Dharam, and Guria.<ref name=":5" />
* Guru Arjan: His five beloved ones were Bidhi Chand, Bhai Jetha, Bhai Langah, Bhai Pirana, and Bhai Pera.<ref name=":1" />
* Guru Hargobind: His five beloved ones were [[Bhai Gurdas]], Bidhi Chand, Behlo, Kalayana, and Bhallan.<ref name=":5" />
* Guru Har Rai: His five beloved ones were Bhai Suthra, Feru, Dargah, Bhana, and Bhagta.<ref name=":5" />
* Guru Har Krishan: His five beloved ones were Bhai Dargah, Gurbakhsh, Baba Gurditta,{{Efn|Not to be confused with Guru Hargobind's son, [[Baba Gurditta|Baba Gurditta Sodhi]].|group=note}} Sant Ram, and Gurdas.<ref name=":5" />
* Guru Tegh Bahadur: His five beloved ones were [[Bhai Mati Das|Dewan Mati Dasa]], Gurdita,{{Efn|Not to be confused with Guru Hargobind's son, [[Baba Gurditta|Baba Gurditta Sodhi]].|group=note}} [[Bhai Dayala]], Bhai Ude, and [[Bhai Jiwan Singh|Bhai Jaita]] (later baptized as Jiwan Singh).<ref name=":1" />
* Guru Gobind Singh: His five beloved ones were the original/inaugural group of Panj Piare as already named in the article.<ref name=":1" />

== Establishment ==
[[File:Fresco depicting the birth of the Khalsa Panth on the occasion of Vaisakhi in Anandpur, 1699.jpg|thumb|Fresco from [[Gurdwara Baba Bakala Sahib|Gurdwara Baba Bakala]] depicting the birth of the Khalsa Panth on the occasion of Vaisakhi in Anandpur, 1699]]
Guru Gobind Rai was 33 years old when he had divine inspiration to actuate his designs and make an undying legacy. Every year at the time of [[Baisakhi]] (springtime), thousands of devotees would come to [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]] to pay their obeisance and seek the Guru's blessings. In early 1699, months before [[Baisakhi]] Day, Guru Gobind Rai sent special edicts to congregants far and wide that year the Baisakhi was going to be a unique affair. He asked them not to cut any of their hair—to come with unshorn hair under their turbans and chunis, and for the men to come with full beards.

On Baisakhi Day, March 30, 1699, hundreds of thousands of people gathered around his divine temporal seat at [[Anandpur Sahib]]. The Guru addressed the congregants with a most stirring oration on his divine mission of restoring their faith and preserving the [[Sikh]] religion. After his inspirational discourse, he flashed his unsheathed sword and said that every great deed was preceded by equally great sacrifice: He demanded one head for oblation. "I need a head", he declared. After some trepidation one person offered himself. The Guru took him inside a tent. A little later he reappeared with his sword dripping with blood, and asked for another head. One by one, four more earnest devotees offered their heads. Every time the Guru took a person inside the tent, he came out with a bloodied sword in his hand.

Thinking their Guru to have gone berserk, the congregants started to disperse. Then the Guru emerged with all five men dressed in orange suits with a blue bib. (These are the colors of Sikhism). He baptized the five in a new and unique ceremony called pahul, what Sikhs today know as the baptism ceremony called Amrit. Then the Guru asked those five baptized Sikhs to baptize him as well. This is how he became known as Guru Chela both teacher and student. He then proclaimed that the Panj Pyare—the Five Beloved Ones—would be the embodiment of the Guru himself: "Where there are Panj Pyare, there am I. When the Five meet, they are the holiest of the holy."

He said whenever and wherever five baptized (Amritdhari) [[Sikh]]s come together, the Guru would be present. All those who receive Amrit from five baptized Sikhs will be infused with the spirit of courage and strength to sacrifice. Thus with these principles he established [[Khalsa]] Panth, the Order of the Pure Ones.

=== Unique identity ===
At the same time the Guru gave his new '''[[Khalsa]]''' a unique, indisputable, and distinct identity. The Guru gave the gift of bana, the distinctive Sikh clothing and headwear. He also offered five emblems of purity and courage. These symbols, worn by all baptized Sikhs of both sexes, are popularly known today as [[Five Ks]]:
*[[Kesh (Sikhism)|Kesh]], unshorn hair this a gift from god;
*[[Kangha]], the wooden comb, which keeps the tangles out of Sikhs' hair, which shows that God keeps the tangles out of one's life;
*[[Kara (Sikhism)|Kara]], the iron (or steel) bracelet, which has no beginning or end, which shows that God has no beginning or end;
* [[Kirpan]], the sword, used only to defend others weaker than the bearer; and
*[[Kacchera|Kashera]], the underwear worn by Sikhs in battle so they can move freely.
By being identifiable, no Sikh could ever hide behind cowardice again.

Political tyranny and brutality by Islamic Rulers of the day was not the only circumstance that was lowering people's morale. Discriminatory class distinctions (the Indian "caste" system) were responsible for the people's sense of degradation. The Guru wanted to eliminate the anomalies caused by the caste system. The constitution of the Panj Pyare was the living example of his dream: both the high and low castes were amalgamated into one. Among the original Panj Pyare, there was one Khatri, shopkeeper; one jat, farmer one Chhimba, calico printer/tailor; one jheewar, one kumhar, water-carrier; and one Nai, a barber. Further the five were from distant regions - lahore, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and Karnataka odisha.. He gave the surname of Singh (Lion) to every Sikh and also took the name for himself. From Gobind Rai he became Guru Gobind Singh. Although he never pronounced that all Sikh women be given the surname [[Kaur]] (Princess), it became a custom in the early 20th century and used to this day. Early texts suggest the surname [[Devi]] be used, which is consistent with the post-Khalsa hukamnamas of Mata Sahib Devi where she is named as such. With the distinct [[Khalsa]] identity and consciousness of purity Guru Gobind Singh gave all Sikhs the opportunity to live lives of courage, sacrifice, and equality.[[File: Mural of Guru Gobind Singh being attended by the inaugural quintet of Panj Piare (Daya Singh, Dharam Singh, Sahib Singh, Mohkam Singh, Himmat Singh) from a Sikh Samadhi at Kot Fateh Khan.jpg|thumb|Fresco depiction of Guru Gobind Singh with the inaugural quintet of Panj Pyare from an abandoned Sikh samadhi in Kot Fateh Khan, Attock, Punjab, Pakistan]]The birth of the Khalsa is celebrated by [[Sikh]]s every Baisakhi Day on April 13. Baisakhi 1999 marks the 300th anniversary of Guru Gobind Singh's gift of [[Panth]] Khalsa to all [[Sikh]]s everywhere.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Inaugural group of Panj Pyare
! Name !! Birth - Death !! Religion !! Birthplace
|-
| [[Bhai Daya Singh]] || 1661–1708 || Sikh<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Macauliffe|first=Max Arthur|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139506595|title=The Sikh Religion|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50659-5|location=Cambridge|doi=10.1017/cbo9781139506595 }}</ref>|| [[Lahore]]
|-
| [[Bhai Dharam Singh]] || 1666–1708 || Sikh<ref name=":0" />|| [[Hastinapur]]
|-
| [[Bhai Himmat Singh]] || 1661–1705 || Sikh<ref name=":0" />|| [[Jagannath Puri|Puri]]
|-
| [[Bhai Mohkam Singh]] || 1663–1705 || Sikh<ref name=":0" />|| [[Bet Dwarka]]
|-
| [[Bhai Sahib Singh]] || 1662–1705 || Sikh<ref name=":0" />|| [[Bidar]]
|}

=== ''Panj Mukte'' ===
After the first five initiates into the Khalsa order, the next five (out of a total of ten) were termed the ''Panj Mukte'' ('five martyrs') and are named as follows:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=The Cherished Five in Sikh History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-19-753287-4 |location=New York |pages=48 |oclc=1157751641 |quote=As we can note, the sakhi contains the names of both the Panj Piare and the lesser known pañj mukte, or the Five Liberated Ones. The Five Liberated Ones, namely Ram Singh, Fateh Singh, Deva Singh, Ishar Singh, and Tahil Singh, were, according to Sikh tradition, the next five Sikh men to be administered the elixir of the double-edged sword after the Panj Piare. They are referred to as the five bhujangis or the mahan mukte (great liberated) in the late-eighteenth-century rahit-nama attributed to Daya Singh.}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist. |year=2007 |volume=2 |pages=790–791}}</ref>

# Ram Singh
# Fateh Singh
# Deva Singh{{Efn|Also spelt as 'Desa Singh'.|group=note}}
# Ishar Singh
# Tahil Singh{{Efn|Also spelt as 'Tehal Singh'.|group=note}}

=== After the first ten baptisms ===
According to the ''Guru Kian Sakhian'', after the first ten baptisms (''Panj Piare'' and ''Panj Mukte''), around 20,000 men were ready to accept the baptism whilst a few rejected it.<ref name=":7" /> The list of men in-sequence who then underwent the ''Pahul'' were: [[Bhai Mani Singh|Mani Ram]], Diwan Bachittar Das, Ude Rai, Anik Das, Ajaib Das, Ajaib Chand, Chaupat Rai, Diwan Dharam Chand, [[Alam Singh Nachna|Alam Chand Nachna]], and Sahib Ram Koer.<ref name=":7" /> This group was then followed by Rai Chand Multani, Gurbakhsh Rai, Pandit Kirpa Ram Dutt of Mattan, Subeg Chand, Gurmukh Das, Sanmukh Das, Amrik Chand, Purohit Daya Ram, Ratna, Gani Das, Lal Chand Peshauria, Rup Chand, Sodhi Dip Chand, Nand Chand, Nanu Rai of Diwali, and Hazari, Bhandari and Darbari of [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]].<ref name=":7" /> As many as 80,000 men are said to have been baptized in the first few days after Vaisakhi 1699.<ref name=":7" />

== Gender ==
Since the inaugural quintet that began the institution of Panj Pyare, and who had been appointed by Guru Gobind Singh himself, had been all-male, many Sikhs believe the Panj Pyare can only consist of men and that women cannot be initiated as representatives.<ref name=":4" /> However, this is challenged as being against the Sikh belief and practice of gender equality.<ref name=":4" /> The [[3HO]] sect of Sikhs allow baptized Sikh women to form the Panj Pyare.<ref name=":4" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Panj Pyare during Nagar Kirtan, Burj Bhalaike.jpg|Panj Pyare in [[Nagar kirtan|Nagar Kirtan]], Burj Bhalaike, Punjab, India
File:Full view of a fresco from the original Akal Takht building depicting preparation of Amrit for an Amrit Sanchar ceremony by Guru Gobind Singh and Mata Jito for the Panj Piare.jpg|Fresco of Guru Gobind Singh, [[Mata Jito]] and Panj Pyare
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Panj peer]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist|group=note}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite web
| url = http://globalsikhstudies.net/r_link/articles.htm
| title = Concepts in Sikhism
| publisher = Global Sikh Studies [www.globalsikhstudies.net]
| access-date = April 4, 2006
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090223193214/http://www.globalsikhstudies.net/r_link/articles.htm
| archive-date = February 23, 2009
| url-status = dead
}}

#Gurdas, Bhai, Varan
#Jaggi, Rattan Singh, ed., Bansavalinama. Chandigarh, 1972
#Kuir Singh, Gurbilas Patshahi 10. Patiala, 1968
#Bhangu, Ratan Singh, Prachin Panth Prakash. Amritsar, 1962
#Santokh Singh, Bhai, Sri Gur Pratap Suraj Granth, Amritsar, 1927–35
#Bhalla, Sarup Das, Mahima Prakash.
#Gian Singh, Giani, Panth Prakash, Patiala, 1970
#Sukha Singh, Gurbilas Dasvin Patshahi, Patiala, 1970

==References==
<references/>
* {{cite book | author=Singh, Patwant | title=The Golden Temple| publisher=South Asia Books| year=1989 | isbn=962-7375-01-2}}
{{Sikhism |state=autocollapse}}
{{Guru Gobind Singh}}

[[Category:Sikh practices]]

Chandrima Bhattacharya

2026-02-03T14:25:17Z

Debasish swain:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| name = Chandrima Bhattacharya
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age| 1955|12|05|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| residence = 57E Garcha Road, Kolkata
| death_date =
| death_place =
| profession = [[Politician]]
| office1 = [[Minister of State|Minister of State (Independent Charge)]], [[Government of West Bengal]]
| 1blankname1 = Department
| 1namedata1 = *[[Ministry of Finance (West Bengal)|Finance]] ''(I/C)''
*[[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)|Health and Family Welfare]] ''(MoS)''
*[[Ministry of Land & Land Reforms (West Bengal)|Land and Land Reforms]] ''(MoS)''
*Refugee and Rehabilitation ''(MoS)''
| 2blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of West Bengal|Chief Minister]]
| 2namedata1 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| governor1 = [[M. K. Narayanan]] [[D. Y. Patil]] ''(additional charge)'' 
[[Keshari Nath Tripathi]] [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] [[La. Ganesan]] ''(additional charge)'' [[C. V. Ananda Bose]]
| term_start1 = 2012
| term_end1 =
| office2 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2 May 2021
| constituency2 = [[Dum Dum Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum Uttar]]
| predecessor2 = Tanmoy Bhattacharya
| constituency3 = [[Kanthi Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanthi Dakshin]]
| term_start3 = 20 May 2016
| term_end3 = 2 May 2021
| predecessor3 = [[Dibyendu Adhikari]]
| successor3 = Arup Kumar Das
| constituency4 = [[Dum Dum Uttar]]
| term_start4 = 14 May 2011
| term_end4 = 20 May 2016
| predecessor4 = ''Constituency established''
| successor4 = Tanmoy Bhattacharya
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
}}

'''Chandrima Bhattacharya'''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-22|title=Chandrima Bhattacharya: One among Mamata's reliable lieutenants|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/chandrima-bhattacharya-bengal-elections-mamata-banerjee-tmc-7239228/|access-date=2021-03-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127113402/https://indianexpress.com/elections/chandrima-bhattacharya-bengal-elections-mamata-banerjee-tmc-7239228/|url-status=live}}</ref> is an [[Trinamool Congress]] politician in India and the current [[Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Finance (West Bengal)|Finance]] ''(Independent Charge)'', [[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)|Health and Family Welfare]], [[Ministry of Land & Land Reforms (West Bengal)|Land and Land Reforms]], Refugee and Rehabilitation<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wbcmo.gov.in/ministers.aspx |title=Chief Minister's Office - Government of West Bengal |access-date=29 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223173653/http://www.wbcmo.gov.in/ministers.aspx |archive-date=23 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> of the [[Government of West Bengal]]. Previously, she acted as a minister in the first reshuffle of the ministry in January 2012 after [[Mamata Banerjee]] took over as Chief Minister.<ref name=minister>{{cite web | url = http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/mamata-inducts-two-new-ministers/254/28644/ | archive-url = https://archive.today/20141215114436/http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/mamata-inducts-two-new-ministers/254/28644/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 15 December 2014 | title = Mamata inducts two new ministers | publisher = The Sunday Indian, 16 January 2012 | accessdate = 19 August 2014 }}</ref> She was also made the junior Law Minister in October 2012.<ref name=law>{{cite web| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121027/jsp/bengal/story_16128013.jsp#.U_86BWPYfIU| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903113844/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121027/jsp/bengal/story_16128013.jsp#.U_86BWPYfIU| url-status = dead| archive-date = 3 September 2014|title = Junior minister for legal leg-up |publisher= The Telegraph, 27 October 2012| accessdate = 19 August 2014}}</ref> She was promoted as a cabinet minister and given independent charge of [[Department of Law (West Bengal)|Law and Judicial Department]], [[Government of West Bengal]] in November 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/mamata-reshuffles-ministry-drops-one-minister-112112200043_1.html |title = Mamata reshuffles ministry, drops one minister |newspaper = Business Standard India |date = 22 November 2012 |publisher = Business Standard 22 November 2012 |accessdate = 29 October 2014 |agency = Press Trust of India |archive-date = 30 October 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141030145545/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/mamata-reshuffles-ministry-drops-one-minister-112112200043_1.html |url-status = live }}</ref>

Bhattacharya holds an [[LL.B]] (1976) degree from the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://myneta.info/westbengal2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=638 | title =Election Watch Reporter | publisher =My Neta | accessdate =19 August 2014 | archive-date =3 September 2014 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140903073129/http://myneta.info/westbengal2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=638 | url-status =live }}</ref> She was also a practising advocate in [[Calcutta High Court]] till the 2011 elections.<ref name=law/>

She had been elected a Member of the Legislative Assembly on an [[Trinamool Congress]] ticket from [[Dum Dum Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum Uttar]] in [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]] and [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]] and from [[Kanthi Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanthi Dakshin]] in 2017.<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf| title =General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal| work =Constituency-wise Data| publisher =Election Commission| accessdate =13 August 2014| archive-date =4 April 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140404205355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf| url-status =live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-wb-la}}
{{IN Assembly succession box
| state= West Bengal
| constituency = Dum Dum Uttar
| new=seat
| after= [[Tanmoy Bhattacharya]]
| years= 2011 – 2016}}
{{IN Assembly succession box
| state= West Bengal
| constituency = Kanthi Dakshin
| before= [[Dibyendu Adhikari]]
| after=Arup Kumar Das
| years= 2017 – 2021 }}
{{IN Assembly succession box|before=[[Tanmoy Bhattacharya]]|constituency=Dum Dum Uttar|state=West Bengal|years=2017 -}}{{Succession box
| title = [[Minister of State|Minister of State (Independent Charge)]] [[Government of West Bengal]]
| years = 2012 -
| before = Vacant
| after = Incumbent
}}
{{s-end}}
{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Chandrima}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:People from Barrackpore subdivision]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women lawyers]]

Zang Dhok Palri Phodang

2026-01-31T20:28:47Z

Debasish swain: small expand information for accuracy additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Tibetan Buddhist monastery in Kalimpong, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}

[[File:Zang Dhok Palri Phodang 01.jpg|thumb|Main Building]]
'''Zangdok Palri Monastery''' or '''Zang Dhok Palri Phodang''' is a [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] [[monastery]] of the [[Nyingma]] school, located at [[Kalimpong]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The monastery was founded by [[Dudjom Rinpoche]] in 1957<ref name=McClellan>Joseph McClellan, "Dudjom Rinpoche Jigdrel Yeshe Dorje", ''Treasury of Lives'', February 2024</ref> and built where Dudjom Rinpoche settled while in exile from Tibet, atop [[Durpin Hill]]. It represents [[Guru Rinpoche]]'s palace, the ''Glorious Copper Colored Mountain''.<ref name=McClellan/><ref>Tashi Deki, "Zangdok Palri, the Lotus Light Palace of Guru Rinpoche", ''The Bhutanese'', August 8, 2012</ref> In 1975, Dudjom Rinpoche then moved from Kalimpong to Nepal,<ref>Yeshe Thaye, "A Short Life Story of His Holiness Kyabje Dudjom Rinpoche (1904-1987)", ''Dudjom Buddhist International''</ref> and the monastery was additionally consecrated in 1976 by the visiting [[Dalai Lama]].

A series of important Nyingma school lineage transmissions given by Dudjom Rinpoche to the Tibetan exile communities were first held at Zangdok Palri in 1961.<ref name=McClellan/><ref>"Durpin Monastery", ''Treasury of Lives''</ref> The monastery houses many rare Tibetan Buddhist and specifically Nyingma lineage texts that were brought by Dudjom Rinpoche into Sikkim, India, then moved to Kalimpong<ref name=McClellan/> after the invasion of Tibet by China in 1949/1950. It also houses the 108 volumes of the Buddhist [[Kangyur]] translated into Tibetan. It is popularly known as the Durpin Monastery.

Dudjom Rinpoche was gifted another monastery in Kalimpong, the '''Jangsa Dechen Choling Monastery''', where he trained lamas and students.<ref name= McClellan/> The Jangsa Gompa was built in 1692 by the government of [[Bhutan]],<ref>" Introduction to Kalimpong", GuruSambhava Tours and Treks</ref> when Bhutan controlled Kalimpong, and was gifted to Dudjom Rinpoche by Bhutan's Queen Mother [[Choying Wangmo]] in the 1960s.<ref name= McClellan/>
<gallery>
Chortens at Zang Dhok Palri Phodang alias Durpin Monastery, Kalimpong 05.jpg|[[Chortens]]
Prayer Wheels of Zang Dhok Palri Phodang alias Durpin Monastery, Kalimpong 06.jpg|[[Prayer wheel|Prayer wheels]]
Zang Dhok Palri Phodang 13 - Interior.jpg|Interior
Durpin Padmasambhava.jpg|[[Padmasambhava]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|27|2|17.3|N|88|27|38.8|E|region:JP|display=title}}
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Kalimpong district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kalimpong district]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India]]

{{India-Tibetan-Buddhism-monastery-stub}}
{{WestBengal-stub}}

Ravindra Bhavan, Margao

2026-01-20T19:52:19Z

Debasish swain:

{{Short description|Cultural center in Fatorda, Goa, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=January 2026|reason=Since earliest 2024 versions and other edits by article creator; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in promotional tone, vocab distribution typical of 2024 LLMs, etc.; both here and in user's other edits}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Ravindra Bhavan, Margao
| logo = RBM Logo.jpg
| logo_size = 120px
| logo_caption = The official logo of RBM
| image = Ravindra Bhavan.jpg
| caption = The main entrance of RBM, 2016
| building_type = Government-owned [[cultural center]]
| inauguration_date = {{start date and age|2008|7|20|df=y}}
| opened_date = {{start date and age|2008|7|20|df=y}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|15|17|7.12|N|73|57|45.04|E|display=inline,title}}
| status = Completed
| cost = {{INRConvert|22|c|year=2008}} (first phase)
| client = [[Government of Goa]]
| owner = Government of Goa
| main_contractor = Public Works Department, Goa (renovation)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/curtains-down-repairs-of-margao-ravindra-bhavan-auditorium-may-go-into-extra-time/111394.html|title=Curtains down! Repairs of Margao Ravindra Bhavan auditorium may go into extra time|website=The Goan EveryDay}}</ref>
| other_dimensions = Area {{Convert|30539|m2}}
| website = {{URL|ravindrabhavanmargao.com}}
| location = [[Fatorda, Goa]], India
| seating_capacity = {{ubl|
* Pai Tiatrist Joao Agostinho Fernandes auditorium 1,069
* Conference hall 275
* Black Box 100
* Open-air stage 3,000
* Mini auditorium 150
* '''Total 4,594'''}}
| parking = Parking lane (150 cars and 400 bikes)
}}

The '''Ravindra Bhavan, Margao (RBM)''' is a [[cultural center]] situated in [[Fatorda, Goa]], India. It is administered by the Directorate of Art and Culture, which is part of the [[Government of Goa]]. The center was founded in July 2008 and was inaugurated under the governance of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] in [[Goa]] at the time. It serves as a venue for a diverse range of cultural activities and events, featuring programs and performances in languages such as [[Konkani-language|Konkani]], English, [[Hindi]], and [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. In addition to hosting local cultural programming, the center serves as a prominent venue that hosts a variety of important national and international events. It functions as a central nexus for a wide range of cultural events and activities within the [[Salcete]] [[taluka]] district of [[South Goa]].

==History==
Ravindra Bhavan, Margao (RBM) was inaugurated on 20 July 2008<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Annexure 'A' |url=https://static.gladns.in/goalpub/docs/question_docs/file_8f936341-a032-4991-8561-18001502265e.pdf |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=static.gladns.in}}</ref> during the tenure of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party-led]] [[government of Goa]]. The Ravindra Bhavan was established under the auspices of the Directorate of Art and Culture, a department of the Government of Goa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Desai |first=Nishtha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jiILFErjNZcC |title=Liberation Vs Armed Aggression: The Media Response to Goa's Liberation |date=2011 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |isbn=978-81-920271-1-1 |pages=4 |language=en}}</ref> It is officially recognized as an independent organization established according to the regulations set forth in the [[Societies Registration Act, 1860]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-08 |title=Constitution {{!}} Directorate of Art and Culture, Government of Goa, India |url=https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/constitution-4 |access-date=2024-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708030005/https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/constitution-4 |archive-date=2022-07-08 }}</ref> The first phase of the center's construction was completed at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|22|c|year=2008}}. Since its inauguration, the Ravindra Bhavan has functioned as a significant location for a wide spectrum of cultural activities and presentations, encompassing the traditional [[Goan]] performance style known as ''[[tiatr]]s''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=umbrellas turning into medium for spreading information |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/umbrellas-turning-into-medium-for-spreading-information/30731 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2024-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803004939/https://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/umbrellas-turning-into-medium-for-spreading-information/30731 |url-status=live }}</ref> The center's [[auditorium]] has a seating capacity of 1,069 people.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Revamped Pai Tiatrist Auditorium at Ravindra Bhavan to reopen on May 22 |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Revamped-Pai-Tiatrist-Auditorium-at-Ravindra-Bhavan-to-reopen-on-May-22/221516 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=oHeraldo |date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=2024-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731101101/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Revamped-Pai-Tiatrist-Auditorium-at-Ravindra-Bhavan-to-reopen-on-May-22/221516 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2009, shortly after the Ravindra Bhavan opened, there were reports of water seepage and [[Damp (structural)|damp issues]], particularly around the building's joints and walls. The administrative body of the center had confirmed that the structural concerns would be rectified during the implementation of the upcoming phase of construction and renovation projects facilitated by the state government.<ref name=":1" /> As a cultural hub in Margao, the Ravindra Bhavan plays an important role in promoting and preserving the arts, traditions, and [[Culture of Goa|heritage of the Goa region]]. The center's establishment by the Government of Goa aims to support and develop the state's vibrant cultural landscape.<ref name=":0" />

The establishment of Ravindra Bhavan in Margao led to a recognition of the need for similar centers in other parts of [[Goa]], prompting the government to approve the construction of analogous "''Bhavans''" (buildings) across various [[taluka]]s (administrative divisions) of the state.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be4vAQAAIAAJ |title=India Today International |date=2008 |publisher=Living Media International Limited |pages=33 |language=en |access-date=2024-07-31 |archive-date=2024-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803004926/https://books.google.com/books?id=be4vAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ravindra Bhavan, Margao is located on a spacious area and acts as a primary venue for a wide range of cultural events and initiatives in the [[Salcete]] taluka region. Within the center, there is a significant auditorium named in honor of [[João Agostinho Fernandes]], a popular [[Goan]] actor, playwright, and influential figure in the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]'' tradition. Fernandes played a pivotal role in fostering the careers of several leading ''[[tiatrist]]s'' in the area.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Abhijeet |date=25 April 2016 |title=Ravindra Bhavan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/margao/ravindra-bhavan/ps51907905.cms |access-date=2024-07-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729193621/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/margao/ravindra-bhavan/ps51907905.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Clubs==
In November 2023, the cultural center established an affiliated club known as the Ravindra Bhavan Club. The club was founded under the oversight of the Ravindra Bhavan, Margao (RBM) committee, which is chaired by filmmaker [[Rajendra Talak]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Now, Ravindra Bhavan Club for artistes at Margao |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/now-ravindra-bhavan-club-for-artistes-at-margao/106571.html |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731141654/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/now-ravindra-bhavan-club-for-artistes-at-margao/106571.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Ravindra Bhavan Club was open to registered members of the organization. These members were given permission to utilize the club's facilities for the purpose of conducting group assemblies and participating in dialogues concerning cultural and societal themes. However, the club prohibited the hosting of business, political, or religious meetings and debates on its premises.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Now, opportunity for budding artistes to showcase talent as Ravindra Bhavan unveils programmes |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/now-opportunity-for-budding-artistes-to-showcase-talent-as-ravindra-bhavan-unveils-programmes/106057.html |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731140551/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/now-opportunity-for-budding-artistes-to-showcase-talent-as-ravindra-bhavan-unveils-programmes/106057.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Ravindra Bhavan Club maintained an open membership policy, welcoming individuals with experience or involvement in theater, music, dance, or cultural pursuits, as well as institutions operating in those domains. Membership required an annual fee of {{INRConvert|100|year=2023}} and obligated members to attend the organization's meetings. Members were able to make advance reservations to secure a table for a group of up to 8 individuals for a duration of up to 3 hours at these gatherings, depending on the availability of tables.<ref name=":2" />

In June 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |title=#GOA365 VIDEO: Margao Ravidra Bhavan Film Club to be Inaugurated on June 30 {{!}}{{!}} GOA365 TV |url=https://www.goa365.tv/Art%20Culture/E/margao-ravidra-bhavan-film-club-to-be-inaugurated-on-june-30-goa365-tv/www.goa365.tv/Art%20Culture/E/margao-ravidra-bhavan-film-club-to-be-inaugurated-on-june-30-goa365-tv/16820.html |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Goa365 |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731141014/https://www.goa365.tv/Art%20Culture/E/margao-ravidra-bhavan-film-club-to-be-inaugurated-on-june-30-goa365-tv/www.goa365.tv/Art%20Culture/E/margao-ravidra-bhavan-film-club-to-be-inaugurated-on-june-30-goa365-tv/16820.html |url-status=live }}</ref> a new cinema-focused [[Film society|film club]] known as the Ravindra Bhavan Film Club was established. The club was founded by chairman Rajendra Talak. Membership in the Ravindra Bhavan Film Club was made available to interested parties upon payment of a {{INRConvert|1000|year=2024}}. As part of the club's programming, members of the club were guaranteed at least 20 [[film screening]]s each year. Furthermore, the club agreed to organize an annual [[international film festival]] and a separate festival specifically focusing on showcasing [[Indian film]]s that had won [[National Film Awards]].<ref name=":3" />

At the film screening events hosted by the Ravindra Bhavan Film Club, the objective was to foster engaging discussions and interactions between the audience and [[film critics]] and celebrities. The club's intended to provide members with opportunities for engagement and [[discourse]] around the selected cinematic works. By offering a regular slate of screenings, festivals, and speaker events, the club sought to create a space for [[cinephile]]s to engage with diverse domestic and international films.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pai Tiatrist Auditorium To Be Open to Public on May 22, 2024 |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/News-Today/Pai-Tiatrist-Auditorium-To-Be-Open-to-Public-on-May-22-2024/221492 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=oHeraldo|date=17 May 2024 }}</ref>

==Criticism==
The establishment of the Ravindra Bhavan Film Club drew criticism from the [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency|South Goa]] [[MP (India)|MP]], [[Viriato Fernandes]]. He expressed doubts regarding the choice to give precedence to the [[film society|film club]] project instead of addressing what he perceived as the immediate necessity for music, dance, and theatre programs for the local populace. Fernandes raised issues regarding a perceived possible conflict of interest, indicating that Ravindra Bhavan, Margao, the organization managing the film club, might be favoring the concerns of private entities over the wider cultural requirements of the [[Goan]] community.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Viriato questions launch of Film Club at Ravindra Bhavan amidst demand for cultural training |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Viriato-questions-launch-of-Film-Club-at-Ravindra-Bhavan-amidst-demand-for-cultural-training/222927 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=oHeraldo|date=27 June 2024 }}</ref>

Fernandes recommended that Ravindra Bhavan, Margao to shift its focus towards enhancing arts and culture by providing [[educational program]]s and training opportunities specifically tailored for the youth and children within the local community.<ref name=":4" /> Fernandes' criticism of the film club initiative was supported by Moreno Rebello, the [[general secretary]] of the [[Goa Pradesh Congress Committee|Goa unit]] of the [[Indian National Congress party]]. Rebello echoed Fernandes' view that the community's needs for music, dance, and theatre education should take precedence over the establishment of a new film club.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-30 |title=Start classes at Margao Ravindra Bhavan: Cong |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/start-classes-at-margao-ravindra-bhavan-cong/articleshow/111369980.cms |access-date=2024-07-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803005934/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/start-classes-at-margao-ravindra-bhavan-cong/articleshow/111369980.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tiatr]]
[[Category:Culture of Goa]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Margao]]
[[Category:Performing arts centres in India]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Goa]]
[[Category:Cultural centres in India]]

Rajdhani Park metro station

2026-01-18T22:09:18Z

Debasish swain: minor edit

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Rajdhani Park
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Green}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = Rajdhani Park.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Rohtak Rd, New Delhi, 110041
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = {{ubl|[[Side platform]]|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|L}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|R|type=main}} / {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|R|type=branch}}}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|2010|4|2|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| owned = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers = 3,161 /day 97,996/ Month average
| pass_year = Jan 2015
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Green|left=Mundka|right=Nangloi Railway Station}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Green Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Green}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Rajdhani Park''' is a station on the [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]] and is located in the [[West Delhi]] [[Districts of Delhi|district]] of [[Delhi]]. It is an elevated station and was inaugurated on 2 April 2010.<ref name="Green1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Metro-s-Green-Line-opened/Article1-526172.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606122515/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Metro-s-Green-Line-opened/Article1-526172.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2011|title=Metro's Green Line opened|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=2010-04-02|access-date=2010-05-25}}</ref><ref name="Green2">{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/railways/Delhi-Metro-to-add-fifth-line-tomorrow/articleshow/5751009.cms|title=Delhi Metro to add fifth line tomorrow|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=2010-04-01|access-date=2010-05-25}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|R|type=main}} / {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|R|type=branch}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Nangloi Railway Station}}
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Mundka}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

==Facilities==

List of available [[Cash machine|ATM]] at Rajdhani Park metro station are
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ATM_details.aspx |title=DMRC : ATM Details |website=www.delhimetrorail.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024082331/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ATM_details.aspx |archive-date=2015-10-24}}</ref>

==Entry/Exit==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Green}};"| Rajdhani Park metro station Entry/exits
|-
! style="width:5%;"|Gate No-1 {{access icon}}
! style="width:5%;"|Gate No-2
|-
|Shree Shyam Garments And Sons||Shree Shyam Paint And Sanitary
|-
|The Computer Junction||Sita Ram & Co.PVT Ltd
|-
|Dada Tekram Marg|| Planet Telecom
|-
| ||Assam Timber Market
|}

==Gallery==
[[File:Rajdhani Park metro st. sign board.jpg|200px|Rajdhani Park metro st. sign board]]

==See also==
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]

{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information |work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010 |df=dmy}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|green line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2010]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in West Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}

2020 Indian Super League playoffs

2026-01-01T09:17:30Z

Debasish swain: adding the entry and citations.

{{main|2019–20 Indian Super League}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{infobox football tournament season
| year = 2020
| country = India
| image =
| num_teams = 4
| defending champions =
| champions =[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
| runner-up = [[Chennaiyin FC]]
| semi-finalist1 = [[FC Goa]]
| semi-finalist2 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
| matches = 5
| goals = 20
| top goal scorer =
| prevseason = [[2019 ISL Cup playoffs|2019]]
| nextseason = [[2021 ISL Cup playoffs|2021]]
}}
The '''2020 Indian Super League Cup playoffs''' was sixth playoffs series in the [[Indian Super League]], one of the top Indian professional [[association football|football]] leagues. The playoffs began in March 2020 and concluded with the [[2020 Indian Super League final|final]] in March 2020 in [[Goa]].

The top four teams from the [[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20 ISL regular season]] had qualified for the playoffs. The semi-finals took place over two legs while the final was a one-off match at the [[Fatorda Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/goa-to-host-indian-super-league-2019-20-final-fatorda-stadium-afc-cup-qualifier-berth-isl-shield-indian-football/article30894797.ece|title=Goa to host Indian Super League 2019–20 final|date=23 February 2020}}</ref>

==Season table==
{{:2019–20 Indian Super League}}

==Teams==
* [[FC Goa]]
* [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
* [[Bengaluru FC]]
* [[Chennaiyin FC]]

==Playoffs stage==
===Bracket===
<section begin=Bracket />{{4TeamBracket|legs=2/1|aggregate=score|nowrap=y
| RD1=[[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
| RD2=[[#Final|Final]]

| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| RD1-score1-1= 1
| RD1-score1-2= 4
| RD1-score1-agg= 5
| RD1-seed2 = 4
| RD1-team2 = '''[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]'''
| RD1-score2-1= 4
| RD1-score2-2= 2
| RD1-score2-agg= '''6'''

| RD1-seed3 = 2
| RD1-team3 = '''[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]'''
| RD1-score3-1= 0
| RD1-score3-2= 3
| RD1-score3-agg= '''3'''
| RD1-seed4 = 3
| RD1-team4 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| RD1-score4-1= 1
| RD1-score4-2= 1
| RD1-score4-agg= 2

| RD2-seed1 = 4
| RD2-team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| RD2-score1 = 1
| RD2-seed2 = 2
| RD2-team2 = '''[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]'''
| RD2-score2 = '''3'''
}}<section end=Bracket />

===Semi-finals===
<section begin=semis />
{{TwoLegStart}}
{{TwoLegResult| [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] || 6–5 | [[FC Goa|Goa]] || [[#Chennaiyin v Goa|4–1]] | [[#Goa v Chennaiyin|2–4]] }}
{{TwoLegResult| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] || 2–3 | [[ATK (football club)|ATK]] || [[#Bengaluru v ATK|1–0]] | [[#ATK v Bengaluru|1–3]]}}
|}<section end=semis />

====Leg 1====
{{football box
|id = Chennaiyin v Goa
|date = 29 February 2020
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|score = 4–1
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/rampant-chennaiyin-leave-goa-with-a-mountain-to-climb-in-the-second-leg
|team2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|goals1 =
* [[Lucian Goian|Goian]] {{goal|54}}
* [[Anirudh Thapa|Thapa]] {{goal|61}}
* [[Eli Sabiá|Sabiá]] {{goal|77}}
* [[Lallianzuala Chhangte|Chhangte]] {{goal|79}}
|goals2 =
* [[Saviour Gama|Gama]] {{goal|85}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
|attendance = 17,915
|referee = [[Ali Abdulnabi]] ([[Bahrain]])
}}
----
{{football box
|id = Bengaluru v ATK
|date = 1 March 2020
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/bengaluru-edge-out-atk-to-take-narrow-advantage-into-the-second-leg
|team2 = [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|goals1 =
* [[Deshorn Brown|Brown]] {{goal|31}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
|attendance = 20,754
|referee = [[Muhammad Taqi (referee)|Muhammad Taqi]] ([[Football Association of Singapore|Singapore]])
}}

====Leg 2====
{{football box
|id = Goa v Chennaiyin
|date = 7 March 2020
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|score = 4–2
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/chennaiyin-reach-third-hero-isl-final-after-seeing-off-spirited-goa-challenge
|team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|goals1 =
* [[Lucian Goian|Goian]] {{goal|11|o.g.}}
* [[Mourtada Fall|Fall]] {{goal|21||83}}
* [[Edu Bedia|Bedia]] {{goal|81}}
|goals2 =
* [[Lallianzuala Chhangte|Chhangte]] {{goal|52}}
* [[Nerijus Valskis|Valskis]] {{goal|59}}
|stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]], [[Margao]]
|attendance = 18,263
|referee = Ilgiz Tantashev ([[Uzbekistan]])
}}
''Chennaiyin won 6–5 on aggregate''
----
{{football box
|id = ATK v Bengaluru
|date = 8 March 2020
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|score = 3–1
|report = https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/isl-2019-20-atk-end-bengaluru-fc-title-defence-final-chennaiyin-fc-1653739-2020-03-08
|team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|goals1 =
* [[Roy Krishna|Krishna]] {{goal|30}}
* [[David Williams (Australian soccer)|Williams]] {{goal|63|pen.|79}}
|goals2 =
* [[Ashique Kuruniyan|Kuruniyan]] {{goal|5}}
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 50,102
|referee = [[Ali Abdulnabi]] ([[Bahrain]])
}}
''ATK won 3–2 on aggregate''

===Final===
Owing to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] the final was played [[Behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/refund-process-for-hero-isl-2019-20-final-ticket-holders|title=Refund process for Hero ISL 2019–20 final ticket holders}}</ref>
<section begin=final />
{{main|2020 ISL Cup final}}
{{Football box
| id =
| date = {{Start date|2020|3|14|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
| score = 3–1
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|goals1 =
* [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Hernández]] {{goal|10||90+3}}
* [[Edu Garcia|Garcia]] {{goal|48}}
|goals2 =
* [[Nerijus Valskis|Valskis]] {{goal|69}}
| stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]], [[Margao]]
| attendance = 0
| referee = Kasimov Sherzod ([[Uzbekistan Football Association|Uzbekistan]])
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/atk-best-chennaiyin-in-hero-isl-2019-20-final-to-clinch-record-third-title
}}<section end=final />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Super League}}
{{2019–20 in Indian football}}
{{2020 in Asian football (AFC)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2020 Indian Super League final}}
[[Category:2019–20 Indian Super League season]]
[[Category:Indian Super League playoffs]]

Elappully

2025-12-20T19:50:04Z

Debasish swain:

{{Short description|Gram Panchayat in Palakkad district of Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Elappully''' is a village panchayat in the [[Palakkad district]], state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is a local government organisation that serves the villages of Elappully-I and Elappully-II.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224707&rlbtype=V |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |access-date=30 December 2013 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232944/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224707&rlbtype=V |archive-date=30 December 2013 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India census, Elappully-I had a population of 18,175 with 8,905 males and 9,270 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elappully-I Village Population - Palakkad - Palakkad, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627646-elappully-i-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=2008-12-08 }}</ref>

{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Elappully-II had a population of 20,857 with 10,286 males and 10,571 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elappully-II Village Population - Palakkad - Palakkad, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627645-elappully-ii-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=2008-12-08 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Palakkad district]]

{{Palakkad-geo-stub}}

Sikkim Express

2025-12-14T05:19:41Z

Debasish swain: fixed information for accuracy and fixed typos

{{Short description|English daily newspaper published from Sikkim, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Sikkim Express
| school =
| logo = sikkimexpresslogo.jpg
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_alt =
| image = SikkimExpressCover.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto = '''OF THIS LAND, FOR ITS PEOPLE'''
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| owner = 
| founder = 
| publisher =
| president =
| editor =
| chief_editor =
| deputy_editor =
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor =
| general_manager =
| news_editor =
| campus_editor =
| campus_chief =
| metro_editor =
| metro_chief =
| opinion_editor =
| photo_editor =
| staff_writers =
| founded = 1976
| political_position = Left
| language = English
| ceased_publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = Kashiraj Pradhan Road, Nam Nam, [[Gangtok]], [[Sikkim]], 737101<ref>http://www.sikkimexpress.com/ContactUs {{Dead link|date=August 2022}}</ref>
| publishing_city =
| publishing_country = [[India]]
| circulation =
| circulation_date =
| circulation_ref =
| readership =
| sister_newspapers =
| ISSN =
| oclc =
| RNI =
| website = {{URL|http://www.sikkimexpress.com/}}
| free = {{URL|http://epaper.sikkimexpress.com/}}
}}
'''''Sikkim Express''''' is an English daily newspaper published from [[Gangtok]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Newspapers |url=http://www.onlinenewspapers.com/india.htm|publisher=onlinenewspapers.com|accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref>
It is the oldest and largest circulated English daily newspaper in Sikkim.
The news paper started as weekly in 1976 and converted as daily in 2003 and it is the first English newspaper of Sikkim state.<ref name=website/> It won Best Small Newspaper (English) in India at All India Conference of Small and Medium Newspaper in 1986.<ref name=website>{{cite web|title=Backdrop|url=http://www.sikkimexpress.com/aboutus.html|publisher=Sikkim Express|accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{official website|https://www.sikkimexpress.com}}

{{Newspapers in India}}

[[Category:Mass media in Sikkim]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1976]]

{{India-newspaper-stub}}

Aurad

2025-12-11T16:47:46Z

Debasish swain: quick refine article further and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aurad
| other_name =
| official_name = Aurad (B)
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Amareshwar God (Aurad).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Sri Amareshwar Temple, Aurad
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India3#Asia
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates ={{coord|18.2548557|N|77.4151663|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 ={{seal|Karnataka}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kalyana-Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Bidar district]]
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =
| subdivision_type3 = [[Divisions of Karnataka|Division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kalaburagi division]]
| named_for = [[Inscriptions|10th century Inscriptions]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 6
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_type = Municipal Council
| governing_body = [[Aurad Town Panchayath]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://auradtown.mrc.gov.in/ |title=Official website of Aurad Town Municipal Council |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref>
| leader_title = President of Municipality
| leader_name = Sarubai Vaijinath Ghule<ref name="Official">{{cite web |title=ಔರಾದ ಪಟ್ಟಣ ಪಂಚಾಯತ್ ಪೌರಾಡಳಿತ ನಿರ್ದೇಶನಾಲಯದ ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಜಾಲತಾಣ |url=http://auradtown.mrc.gov.in/ |website=auradtown.mrc.gov.in |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = Vice President of Municipality
| leader_name2 = Radhabai Narote<ref name="Official" />
| leader_title3 =Chief Officer of Municipality
| leader_name3 = Swamidas<ref name="Official" />
| leader_title4 = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| leader_name4 = [[Prabhu Chauhan]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| area_total_km2 = 66
| elevation_m = 542
| population_total = 23957
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/><ref name="Census2011Gov_Sub"/>
| population_urban = 19849
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| population_rural = 4108
| population_rural_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov_Sub"/>
| population_demonym =
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[National highways of India|Major National Highway]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{jct|NH|161A|country=IND}}
| blank_name_sec2 =[[List of state highways in Karnataka|State Highways]]
| blank_info_sec2 =
*SH 15
*SH 34
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=10 March 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| elevation_max_m =609.9048
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code]]
| postal_code = 585326
| registration_plate = KA 38
| website = {{URL|auradtown.mrc.gov.in/}}
|area_code_type = [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD Code]]
|area_code = 08485
| timezone2 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] summer
| utc_offset2 = +5:30
| area_metro_km2 =99.09
| population_density_km2 = auto
| etymology = {{transliteration|kn|ISO|Vikhyātanagaravaravāḍi}}
| blank1_name_sec1 =[[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =[[Aurad Assembly constituency|Aurad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 =[[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bidar Lok Sabha constituency|Bidar]]
}}

'''Aurad''' is a town and [[municipal council]] in the [[Bidar district]] of the [[Kalyana-Karnataka]] region in [[States and union territories of India|Indian]] state of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Karnataka/Bidar/Aurad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622012117/http://www.indiagrowing.com/Karnataka/Bidar/Aurad |url-status=usurped |archive-date=22 June 2014 |title=Aurad Population (2020/2021), Taluka Village List in Bidar, Karnataka}}</ref> It passes through the [[National Highway 161A (India)|National Highway 161A]]. It is {{convert|42|km|mi}} from the district headquarters [[Bidar]].

==Geography==
Aurad is located at {{Coord|18.25|N|77.43|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Aurad.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Aurad]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert| 542|m|ft}}. Aurad is {{convert| 840|km|mi}} from Bengaluru and {{convert|42|km|mi}} from District Headquarters Bidar. The area of Aurad taluka is 1,227.20 km2 having 6 circles, 149 villages and 177 thandas. It is located {{convert| 542-610|m|ft}} above sea level. Aurad is the largest of the five [[Tehsil|talukas]] in Bidar District.

=== River ===
{{Unclear section|date=April 2024}}
Manjra is the tributary of Godavari, which enters into Aurad at Horandi and flows as taluka boundary through Sonal, Kalgapur, Hulsur, Khed, Halalli, Nidoda, Nittur, Babli, Bachepalli. Ladha, Koutha(B), Khanapur and at the end it leaves Aurad at Kandgul village.

=== Climate ===
The climate is generally dry and healthy. The average rainfall of the taluka is 840 mm. Average number of rainy days are about 51 days. Though the climate is dry throughout the year, temperatures can become as high as 40-43°C during the summer. Temperatures in the town during winter can get as low as 10-15°C.

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Indian Census]], Aurad town panchayat had a total population of 19,849, of which 10,058 were males and 9,791 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 2,769. The total number of literates in Aurad was 12,226, which constituted 61.6% of the population with male literacy of 68.7% and female literacy of 54.3%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Aurad was 71.6%, of which male literacy rate was 79.8% and female literacy rate was 63.2%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 6,066 and 1,207 respectively. Aurad had 3810 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Aurad |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=681842 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>

Aurad suburb had a population of 4,108, of which 2,056 were males and 2,052 were females, with 494 under the age of seven.<ref name="Census2011Gov_Sub">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Aurad Suburb |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=681962 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>

==Places of interest==
*Sri Amareshwar Temple<ref>{{cite web |author=Rishikesh Bahadur Desai |title=A 'cattle bank' for poor farmers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2005/08/29/stories/2005082908330400.htm |access-date=26 March 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 August 2005}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> in the center of the town and is estimated to be from the [[10th century]]. The Amareshwar Jaatra is held here every year during [[Maha Shivratri]]. Thousands of devotees visit to seek the blessings of the Lord and get sanctified.

==Notable people==
*[[Bhagwanth Khuba]] — politician and former Minister of State for Chemicals and Fertilizers, New and Renewable Energy in the Government of India.
*[[Narsingrao Suryawanshi]] — former member of Parliament from Bidar Lok Sabha constituency.
*[[Vaijnath Patil]], member of the [[Indian National Congress]]
*[[Prabhu Chauhan]] — member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly and former minister in government of Karnataka

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}
{{Historical places of Chalukyas}}
{{Settlements in Bidar district}}
{{Bidar topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bidar district]]
[[Category:Western Chalukya Empire]]
[[Category:Chalukya dynasty]]

Guwahati College

2025-11-05T04:08:04Z

Debasish swain: Content refreshed with new edits

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Guwahati College
| address = Bamunimaidan
| city = [[Guwahati]]
| image = File:Guwahati College.jpg
| state = [[Assam]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord| 26.1861|91.7879|display=title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10

| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1964}}
| website = {{URL|guwahaticollege.org.in}}
| pushpin_map =
| affiliation = [[Gauhati University]]
| principal = Dr. Pranab Sandilya|
}}
'''Guwahati College''' is a general degree college in [[Guwahati]] city of Assam, India. This college is affiliated with [[Gauhati University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of Gauhati University |url=http://www.gauhati.ac.in/college-affiliated%20colleges.php |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606080313/http://www.gauhati.ac.in/college-affiliated%20colleges.php |archive-date=6 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== History ==
The college was established in 1964, There were no classroom buildings at first and the classes were initially held in borrowed premises of the Mohurris' Training Institute with only 75 students on site at Bamunimaidan in Guwahati city.

==Departments==
===Arts===
#[[Assamese language|Assamese]]
#English
#[[Education]]
#[[Economics]]
#[[Geography]]
#[[History]]
#[[Political Science]]

===Science===
#[[Botany]]
#[[Chemistry]]
#[[Economics]]
#[[Geography]]
#[[Mathematics]]
#[[Physics]]
#[[Zoology]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://guwahaticollege.org.in/courses.htm|publisher=Guwahati College|title=Courses|access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref>

==Accreditation==
In 2015 the college has been awarded B grade by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Gauhati University}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Gauhati University]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Colleges in Assam]]

Bengal Buddhist Association

2025-10-22T00:46:25Z

Debasish swain: adding basic post and citations.

{{Short description|Indian Buddhist organisation}}
'''Bengal Buddhist Association''' ({{langx|bn|বৌদ্ধ ধর্মাঙ্কুর সভা}}, '''Bôuddhô Dhôrmāṅkurô Sôbhā''') is a Buddhist organisation based in [[Kolkata]].

==History==
This institution was established by [[Kripasaran|Kṛpāśaraṇa Mahāsthabira]] on 5 October 1892.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeVmDAAAQBAJ&dq=Bengal+Buddhist+Association&pg=PA127|title=A Cry for Dignity: Religion, Violence and the Struggle of Dalit Women in India|last=Mary Grey|date=16 June 2016|isbn=9781315478401|access-date=March 6, 2019}}</ref> It was influenced by modernist South Asian Buddhist currents such as [[Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan]] [[Buddhist modernism]] as well as Western Oriental scholarship and spiritual movements like [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophy]]. The aim of the organisation was to revive, practice and propagate the principles of [[Buddhism]] in [[India]] and nurture [[Buddhist studies]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bengalbuddhist.com/AboutUs.html|title=ABOUT US|access-date=March 6, 2019}}</ref> In 1903, Dharmankur Buddhist Temple was set up in [[Bow Barracks]] in Kolkata by the association.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bauddha_Dharmankur_Sabha|title=Bauddha Dharmankur Sabha|access-date=March 6, 2019}}</ref> In 1908 their journal ''Jagajjyoti'' was first published.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/Englisch/fachinfo/suedasien/zeitschriften/bengali/jagajjyotih.html|title=Jagajjyotih (Calcutta, Bengal Buddhist Association|access-date=March 6, 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1892]]
[[Category:1892 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Buddhism in West Bengal]]

Lloyd Law College

2025-09-28T19:29:22Z

Debasish swain: updated details

{{Short description|Private college in Nodia, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox university
| image = Llyod.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| image_alt = Lloyd Law College
| caption = Lloyd Law College campus
| name = Lloyd Law College
| type = [[Law school]], [[private university]]
| established = 2003
| founder = Manohar Thairani
| administrative_staff =
| faculty =
| director = Mohd Salim
| city = [[Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh]]
| postalcode =
| coor = {{coord|28.4585|77.491|type:edu_region:IN-UP|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| address =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| campus = Urban
| campus_size = {{Convert|10|acre}}
| academic_affiliations = [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]]
| accreditation = [[Bar Council of India|BCI]]
| website = {{url|www.lloydlawcollege.edu.in}}
| logo =
| president = Manohar Thairani
}}
'''Lloyd Law College''' is a [[Private university|private]] [[law school]] in India located in [[Noida, Uttar Pradesh]] offering [[legal education]] since year 2003 in affiliation with [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University|CCS University]], Meerut, U.P (state university established in 1965), and approved by the Bar Council of India (Statutory body of professional legal education in India).<ref>{{Cite web |title=LLB College list |url=https://www.ccsuniversity.ac.in/ccsum/colleges/LLB-college-list-23.pdf |website=ccsuniversity.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Extension of approval of affiliation to Lloyd Law College, Noida, UP for imparting three year LL.B course with an intake of five sections of 60 students in each section and five year BA LL.B with existing strength | url=https://lloydlawcollege.edu.in/naac/pdf/BCI-Approval-letter.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303122137/http://lloydlawcollege.edu.in:80/naac/pdf/BCI-Approval-letter.pdf | archive-date=2019-03-03}}</ref>

==Academics==

Lloyd Law College offered conjoined degree course of B.A. and LL.B. that combine law degrees with papers in [[Liberal arts education|liberal arts]]. It offers five years integrated course as B.A.LL.B and 3 years [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]] course with specialisation in different areas of law.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CK UPDATED LLB College |url=https://www.ccsuniversity.ac.in/ccsum/colleges/LLB-college-list-23.pdf |website=ccsuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>

==Campus==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2015}}
Lloyd Law College is located in Knowledge Park - II, Greater Noida, [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The law college is spread over 4.5 acres of non-residential campus comprising three multi-storey blocks.

==Infrastructure==
{{uncited-section|date=April 2024}}

===Library===
The college has a Law Library. All class rooms are ICT equipped.

===Moot Court Rooms===
The college has two Moot Court halls with total seating capacity of 250.

===Seminar Hall===
The hall has a seating capacity of 300 and is used for events such as moot court, conferences, etc.

==Admissions==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2015}}
Students are admitted to the institute through a written common test, which is generally conducted in the month of May. Apart from the score in the LET a student must have passed the 10+2 or equivalent examination in any stream with at least 45% marks with English as a compulsory subject. The students after successfully clearing the respective law entrance exams have to give a personal interview after which the candidate is selected.

== Rankings ==
{{Infobox India university ranking
|OUTLOOK_L_P_2022=4}}
Lloyd Law College was Ranked fourth among private law colleges in India by ''[[Outlook India]]'' in 2022.<ref name=Rankings_OUTLOOK_L_P_2022/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

[[Category:Law schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Noida]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2003]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Greater Noida]]

Bhagwati Bhola Nauth

2025-08-12T11:45:45Z

Debasish swain: adding basic post added tags.

{{Infobox person
| image = Indian Suffragettes on the Women's Coronation Procession.jpg
| caption = Indian suffragists on the Women's Coronation Procession of 1911, including Nauth on the far left
| birth_date = c. 1882
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], British India
| occupation = social reformer, activist and suffragist
}}
{{Short description|Indian social reformer, activist and suffragist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{Use British English|date=January 2025}}

'''Bhagwati Bhola Nauth''' (born c. 1882) was an Indian social reformer, activist and [[Suffrage|suffragist]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Mariam |date=2023-02-27 |title=Forgotten Indian women who dedicated their lives to fighting for women's rights |url=https://www.mylondon.news/news/nostalgia/gallery/forgotten-ground-breaking-indian-women-26320156 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=My London |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310002148/https://www.mylondon.news/news/nostalgia/gallery/forgotten-ground-breaking-indian-women-26320156 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Life ==
Nauth was born in [[Lahore]], British India, around 1882. She married Major Bhola Nauth,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sumita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfxdDwAAQBAJ&q=Bhagwati+Bhola+Nauth |title=Indian Suffragettes: Female Identities and Transnational Networks |date=2018-04-16 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909370-0 |pages=33–35 |language=en}}</ref> a doctor who worked in the [[Indian Medical Service]], and they had two sons.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Crawford |first=Elizabeth |author-link=Elizabeth Crawford (historian) |date=2018-02-11 |title=The black and Asian women who fought for a vote |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/in-pictures-42837451 |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=19 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319164051/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/in-pictures-42837451 |url-status=live }}</ref> She lived in England from 1908.<ref name=":0" />

Nauth was the honorary secretary of the [[Indian Women’s Educational Fund]] was also a member of the Eastern League''.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoque |first=Nikhat |date=2019-02-03 |title=Meet 7 Indian Suffragettes Of The British Suffrage Movement |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2019/02/04/7-indian-suffragettes-british/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB |archive-date=19 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119204747/https://feminisminindia.com/2019/02/04/7-indian-suffragettes-british/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 17 June 1911, the [[Women's Social and Political Union]] (WSPU)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Lolita Roy and Indian Suffragettes, Coronation Procession - Museum of London |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/lolita-roy-and-indian-suffragettes-coronation-procession-museum-of-london/cgEtCMXce-TcPg |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> organised a Women's Coronation Procession, using the coronation of [[George V|King George V]] to demand the vote for white women.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Sumita |date=2017-10-30 |title=Black History Month: Diversity and the British female Suffrage movement |url=https://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/blog/diversity-british-female-suffrage-movement |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=[[The Fawcett Society]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Have Women of Color Been Written Out of The Women's Movement ? |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/JgWBmw1uoojs9w |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en |archive-date=11 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311234105/https://artsandculture.google.com/story/JgWBmw1uoojs9w |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jane Cobden]] and [[Lolita Roy]] gathered an Indian contingent in advance of the procession, forming 'part of the 'Imperial contingent'. Nauth was among the group of Indian women who marched.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Perry |first=Sarah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7vrDwAAQBAJ&dq=Bhagwati+Bhola+Nauth&pg=PT40 |title=Essex Girls: For Profane and Opinionated Women Everywhere |date=2020-10-01 |publisher=Serpent's Tail |isbn=978-1-78283-821-0 |language=en}}</ref>

The women were invited to attend to appear "exotic"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santos |first=Inês |date=2021-03-17 |title=On the trail of the Indian suffragettes – Dr Sumita Mukherjee, Associate Professor in Modern History at the University of Bristol |url=https://www.womanthology.co.uk/on-the-trail-of-the-indian-suffragettes-dr-sumita-mukherjee-associate-professor-in-modern-history-at-the-university-of-bristol/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Womanthology |language=en-US}}</ref> and to demonstrate "the strength of support for women's suffrage throughout the [[British Empire|Empire]]."<ref name=":2" /> Their "beautiful dresses" ([[Sari|saris]]) drew admiring glances from the public.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raw |first=Louise |date=2020-07-12 |title=Standing on the shoulders of giantesses: working-class women suffragettes: Louise Raw |url=https://womansplaceuk.org/2020/07/12/standing-shoulders-giantesses-working-class-women-suffragettes/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Woman's Place UK |language=en-US |archive-date=5 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305185940/https://womansplaceuk.org/2020/07/12/standing-shoulders-giantesses-working-class-women-suffragettes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Nauth has been identified as one of the women marching with an appliquéd banner in a photograph from the procession.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-02-06 |title=Plinth to mark centenary of women's suffrage includes South Asian and Jewish women |url=http://religiousreader.org/plinth-to-mark-centenary-of-womens-suffrage-includes-south-asian-and-jewish-women/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Religious Reader |language=en |archive-date=12 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212142351/https://religiousreader.org/plinth-to-mark-centenary-of-womens-suffrage-includes-south-asian-and-jewish-women/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cowman |first=Krista |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNkTEQAAQBAJ&dq=Bhagwati+Bhola+Nauth&pg=PT76 |title=The Routledge Companion to British Women's Suffrage |date=2024-07-31 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-36571-0 |language=en}}</ref>

Nauth was later involved in petitioning the British government for the enfranchisement of Indian women.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mukherjee |first=Sumita |date=2022-07-04 |title=Mobility, race and the politicisation of Indian students in Britain before the Second World War |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0046760X.2021.2010815 |journal=History of Education |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=560–577 |doi=10.1080/0046760X.2021.2010815 |issn=0046-760X|hdl=1983/b1e10f74-5e23-400f-8552-e5ecb8ef6eb7 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Her date of death is unknown.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nauth, Bhagwati Bhola}}

[[Category:1880s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

[[Category:Date of death unknown]]

[[Category:Activists from Lahore]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Indian suffragists]]
[[Category:Women's Social and Political Union]]

Q (Sanna's Post) Battery Royal Artillery

2025-07-16T22:38:37Z

Debasish swain: typo fix

{{More footnotes|date=August 2019}}
{{short description|British Army artillery battery}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{infobox military unit
|unit_name=Q (Sanna's Post) Battery Royal Horse Artillery Q (Sanna's Post) Battery Royal Artillery
|image=
|caption=
|dates= 1 March 1824{{snd}}present
|country={{flag|United Kingdom|23px}}
|allegiance=[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|25px]] Hon East India Coy (till 1858) {{flag|United Kingdom}} (post 1858)
|branch={{army|United Kingdom|23px}}
|type=[[Artillery]]
|role= [[Headquarters (military)|Headquarters]]
|size= [[Artillery battery|Battery]]
|command_structure= [[5th Regiment Royal Artillery]]
|garrison= [[Catterick Garrison]]
|garrison_label= Location
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|colors_label=
|march=
|mascot=
|equipment=
|equipment_label= Equipment
|battles=
|anniversaries=Sanna's Post Day – 31 March
|decorations=[[Sanna's Post]]
|battle_honours= [[Ubiquitous|Ubique]]
|disbanded=

|commander1=
|commander1_label=
|commander2=
|commander2_label=
|commander3=
|commander3_label=
|commander4=
|commander4_label=
|notable_commanders=[[Edmund Phipps-Hornby]] {{postnom|VC}}

|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_label=
|identification_symbol_2=
|identification_symbol_2_label=
|identification_symbol_3=
|identification_symbol_3_label=
|identification_symbol_4=
|identification_symbol_4_label=
}}
'''Q (Sanna's Post) Battery''' is the [[Headquarters#Military|Headquarters]] [[Artillery battery|Battery]] of [[5th Regiment Royal Artillery]] in the [[Royal Artillery]]. It currently serves as the Headquarters Battery for the British Army's [[Surveillance and Target Acquisition]] regiment.

The name [[Sanna's Post]] was taken following the actions of the battery in an engagement during the [[Second Boer War]].

==Battery history==
Q Battery, [[Royal Horse Artillery]] was originally raised in [[Poona]], [[India]] on 1 March 1824 as 3rd [[Troop]], Bombay [[Horse artillery|Horse Artillery]], part of the [[Bombay Presidency Army]] of the [[Honourable East India Company]].<ref name=Clarke108>{{harvnb|Clarke|1993|p=108}}</ref> Between 1838 and 1857 the troop saw action in the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]], the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]], the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]], and the [[Anglo-Persian War]]. In 1858 the battery saw service during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian mutiny]].

On 19 February 1862, the Bombay Horse Artillery transferred to the [[Royal Artillery]], specifically as its 4th Horse Brigade.<ref name=FrederickIHA>{{harvnb|Frederick|1984|pp=428–429}}</ref> and 3rd Troop became '''C Battery, 4th Horse Brigade, RA'''.<ref name=Clarke108/> A reorganisation of artillery regiments on 13 April 1864 saw 1st Brigade split as A and B Brigades, 2nd Brigade become C Brigade, 3rd become D, 4th become E, and 5th become F Horse Brigade, Royal Artillery.<ref name=Clarke53>{{harvnb|Clarke|1993|p=53}}</ref> As the battery's designation was tied to the brigade it was assigned to, it was redesignated on the same date as '''C Battery, E Horse Brigade, RA'''.<ref name=Clarke108/> From 1866, the term "[[Royal Horse Artillery]]" appeared in Army List<ref name=Frederick431>{{harvnb|Frederick|1984|p=431}}</ref> hence the battery was designated '''C Battery, E Brigade, RHA''' from about this time. Between 1864 and 1889 the battery's title changed a further five times. In 1889 the battery assumed the title of Q Battery Royal Artillery.

The battery next saw service in the Boer war between 1899 and 1901. On 31 March 1900 the battery assisted the majority of General Broadwater's force from a Boer ambush at Koorn Spruit, near [[Sanna's Post]]. In 1926, the battery was granted the honour title "Sanna's Post". During the First World War the battery saw continuous action on the western front. At the end of the Great War the battery's name changed again twice before being renamed Q Battery Royal Field Artillery in 1924.

==See also==
{{Portal|United Kingdom}}
*[[British Army]]
*[[Royal Artillery]]
*[[Royal Horse Artillery]]
*[[List of Royal Artillery Batteries]]
*[[Bombay Horse Artillery Batteries]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book
| last = Becke | first = Major A.F.
| year = 1935
| title = Order of Battle of Divisions Part 1. The Regular British Divisions
| publisher = His Majesty's Stationery Office
| location = London
| isbn = 1-871167-09-4
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Clarke | first = W.G.
| year = 1993
| title = Horse Gunners: The Royal Horse Artillery, 200 Years of Panache and Professionalism
| publisher = The Royal Artillery Institution
| location = Woolwich
| isbn = 09520762-0-9
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Frederick | first = J.B.M.
| year = 1984
| title = Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978
| publisher = Microform Academic Publishers
| location = Wakefield, Yorkshire
| isbn = 1-85117-009-X
}}
* {{cite book
| year = 1918
| title = Order of Battle of the British Armies in France, November 11th, 1918
| publisher = General Staff, GHQ
| location = France
| ref = {{harvid|BEF GHQ|1918}}
}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.army.mod.uk/artillery/regiments/24678.aspx | title=5th Regiment Royal Artillery | publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)]] | access-date=18 November 2015 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303094652/http://www.forums.theraa.co.uk/index.php?name=Forums&file=viewtopic&t=1190 The Royal Artillery Association]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090512232301/http://www.36regimentra.org.uk/RARecTroop/id62.htm Royal Artillery Today]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110714113934/http://www.ubiquecollection.moonfruit.com/ Ubique Collection]
* [http://www.firepower.org.uk/ Fire Power Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426223239/http://www.firepower.org.uk/ |date=26 April 2016 }}

{{Royal Horse Artillery}}

[[Category:Royal Artillery batteries]]
[[Category:1824 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1824]]

Barrackpore mutiny of 1824

2025-07-07T10:13:58Z

Debasish swain: adding first info first draft

{{short description|Rising of native Indian sepoys against British officers in Barrackpore, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Barrackpore mutiny of 1824
| width =
| partof = the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]]
| image = Chaterbengal.jpg
| caption = A Subadar of the early nineteenth century from the Bengal Native Infantry in his army uniform (published in ''An Assemblage of Indian Army Soldiers & Uniforms from the original paintings by the late Chater Paul Chater'')
| date = Nov. 2, 1824
| place = [[Barrackpore]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]], [[Company rule in India|British India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.76|N|88.37|E|display=title}}
| map_type = India West Bengal
| map_size = 150
| map_caption = {{centre|Barrackpore (Barrackpur), [[West Bengal]], India}}
| map_label = Barrackpore
| result = British victory
* Barrackpore mutiny of 1824 suppressed
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[British East India Company]]
| combatant2 = Indian rebel sepoys
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} Commander-in-Chief, India [[Sir Edward Paget]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} Maj-Gen Dalzell, [[Bengal Presidency]]
:*{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} Lt-Col D'Aguilar, 26th BNI
:*{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} Lt-Col Cartwright, 47th BNI
:*{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} Major Roope, 62nd BNI
| commander2 = Bindee (Binda) Tiwary{{Executed}}
| units1 = * [[Royal Scots|1st (Royal) Regiment]]
* [[47th (Lancashire) Regiment of Foot|British 47th Regiment]]
* One squadron of horse artillery
* Governor General's body guards
* 62nd Regiment of BNI (Loyals)
* 26th Regiment of BNI (Loyals)
| units2 = Indian sepoys of
* 47th Regiment of BNI
* 62nd Regiment of BNI (Defectors)
* 26th Regiment of BNI (Defectors)
| casualties1 = 2 killed from friendly fire{{sfn|Pogson|1833|p=25}}
| casualties2 = 12 hanged 180 sepoys killed during the conflict.{{sfn|OHJGL|1827|p=139}}
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}

The '''Barrackpore mutiny''' was a [[mutiny|rising]] of native Indian [[sepoy]]s against their British officers in [[Barrackpore]] in November 1824. The incident occurred when the British [[East India Company]] was fighting the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]] (1824–1826) under the leadership of the [[Governor-General of Bengal]], [[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Barrackpore-Mutiny |title=Barrackpore Mutiny |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref>

The mutiny had its roots in British insensitivity towards Indian cultural sentiments, combined with negligence and poor supply arrangements, which caused growing resentment amongst the sepoys of several regiments of the [[Bengal Native Infantry]] after a long march from Mathura to Barrackpore. The lack of transport for personal effects and cultural concerns about being transported by sea caused apprehension, and when troops from the 47th Native Infantry appeared on parade, the troops refused to march towards Chittagong unless their grievances were remedied. Attempts to resolve the dispute failed and dissent spread to elements of the 26th and 62nd Regiments. The [[Commander-in-Chief, India]], General Sir [[Edward Paget]], ordered the troops to lay down their arms before considering their requests for redress. When the sepoys refused, their camp was surrounded by loyal soldiers from the 26th and 62nd Regiments and two British regiments. After a final ultimatum, the camp was attacked with artillery and infantry and around 180 sepoys were killed, as were a number of civilian bystanders.

In the aftermath, a number of mutineers were hanged and others sentenced to long periods of penal servitude. The 47th Regiment was disbanded and its Indian officers dismissed, while its European officers were transferred to other regiments. The incident was largely suppressed in the Indian and British media, with only limited information being released to the British public; despite this, there was [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliamentary]] criticism of the East India Company government for its heavy-handedness in dealing with the sepoys' grievances.{{sfn|Singh|2009|p=11}}

==Background==

===Prelude===

During the First Anglo-Burmese War, in October 1824, the 26th, 47th and 62nd Regiments of the [[Bengal Native Infantry]] were ordered to march {{convert|500|mi|km|abbr=on}} from [[Barrackpore]], a military [[cantonment]] in Bengal near [[Calcutta]], to [[Chittagong]] in preparation for entering Burmese territory.{{sfn|Pogson|1833|p=5}} The regiments had just marched almost {{convert|1000|mi|km|abbr=on}} from Mathura to Barrackpore and were reluctant to undertake another long march, this time against the Burmese, an unknown enemy. Rumours of magical Burmese prowess spread amongst the Indian sepoys, affecting their morale particularly after the Burmese victory [[Battle of Ramu|at Ramu]]. Moreover, these three regiments consisted mostly of Hindus, who had reservations about crossing the sea due to the [[Kala pani (taboo)|kala pani]] taboo.{{sfn|Singh|2009|p=13}}

===Immediate causes===

Apart from fear and fatigue, what disheartened the sepoys the most was the absence of carriage cattle. Each high caste soldier used his own brass cooking utensils, wrapped in a bundle that also included his bedding. Because of their weight, the bundles could not be carried by the soldiers in addition to their [[Backpack|knapsacks]], muskets and ammunition. At the time, [[Cattle|bullocks]] were generally used to pull the carts carrying the bundles. For the march to Chittagong, no bullocks could be found, since almost all the available animals had already been purchased for the sea-borne expedition to Rangoon. The few bullocks that were available were of inferior quality and cost exorbitant rates beyond the means of the sepoys, who requested that the government should provide the bullocks or pay them double [[batta]] (the allowance paid when in hostile territory) to cover the cost of purchasing them.{{sfn|Singh|2009|p=14}}{{sfn|OHJGL|1825|p=16}} These requests were disregarded and the sepoys were instead advised to carry whatever they could in their knapsacks and to leave the rest behind.{{sfn|Pogson|1833|p=8}} To resolve the situation, commanding officers offered a 4,000 rupee advance to each regiment.{{sfn|Pogson|1833|p=9}} The sepoys turned down this offer as it still meant paying baggage charges out of their own pocket.{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|p=111}} The situation was escalated by threats from a Muslim Indian [[subedar major]], that if they did not stop complaining about the bullocks, they would be sent by sea.{{sfn|Menezes|1993|p=107}}{{sfn|Singh|2009|p=14}}

==Events of the rebellion==

[[File:Martin Archer Shee (1769-1850) (attributed to) - General the Honourable Sir Edward Paget (1775–1849), GCB - 1175939 - National Trust.jpg|thumb|left|A portrait of General [[Edward Paget|Sir Edward Paget]], who suppressed the mutiny.]]

The 26th Regiment was ordered to march first, followed by the 47th and then the 62nd Regiment. In a last moment change of orders, the 47th Regiment was asked to commence the march on 1 November 1824, followed by the other two regiments who were ordered to start within a week of the 47th Regiment's departure.{{sfn|Pogson|1833|p=6}} A parade was held on 1 November, during which the soldiers of the 47th Native Infantry appeared without their knapsacks and refused to bring them even when ordered to do so. They again demanded their carriage bullocks or payment of double batta and refused to march without a redress of grievances.{{sfn|OHJGL|1825|p=23}} The commanding officer, General Dalzell, was unable to subdue the discontent and proceeded to Calcutta to consult the [[Commander-in-Chief, India]], General Sir [[Edward Paget]]. The other two regiments were also affected and twenty Indian sepoys from the 26th BNI and 160 from the 62nd BNI defected to the refractory sepoys of the 47th Regiment.{{sfn|OHJGL|1825|p=24}}{{sfn|EAR|1824|p=216}}

Under the leadership of Bindee Tiwari, the sepoys maintained order during the day and stayed on the parade ground all night, while a petition was sent to Paget, who arrived from Calcutta on hearing of the escalation.{{sfn|Ritchie|1846|p=279}} Sepoys presented their demands to Paget via an emissary and explained that their act was due to religious scruples and requested to be dismissed from service, if the demands were not met. Paget replied that legitimate demands would only be addressed after the sepoys laid down their arms.{{sfn|Pogson|1833|p=18}} This promise of reconsideration was not enough for the sepoys to give up their position. Paget, an old school martinet of Royal Service, considered this refusal an act of armed mutiny.{{sfn|Stevenson|2015|p=46}} He summoned two regiments of European troops, the [[47th (Lancashire) Regiment of Foot]] and the [[Royal Scots|1st (Royal) Regiment]], as well as troops of the Governor General's bodyguard from Calcutta. He also brought [[horse artillery]] from nearby [[Dum Dum]].{{sfn|OHJGL|1825|p=25}}{{sfn|Pogson|1833|p=22}}{{sfn|Ritchie|1846|p=279}}{{sfn |Wilson|1848|p=102}}

On the morning of 2 November, the reinforcements and the loyal members of the 26th and 62nd Regiments moved into position. They secretly surrounded the sepoy camp ground and a final message was sent to the mutineers, demanding that they lay down arms before any discussion on grievances but it is said that only ten minutes were offered to make up their minds.{{sfn|OHJGL|1825|p=28}} The sepoys either hesitated or rejected the ultimatum and Paget ordered two cannons to fire on the rebels, followed by an attack from the rear by the secretly placed horse artillery. Surprised by this sudden assault, the sepoys tried to flee but the rest of the British regiments attacked from all directions. Some of the sepoys jumped into the [[Hooghly River]] to escape and drowned, others entered local households for shelter but the loyalists chased them in and killed them with bayonets. Many bystanders, including women and children who happened to be in the neighbourhood, were killed during the operation.{{sfn|OHJGL|1825|p=29}} Afterwards, it was found that the muskets of the Indian sepoys were not loaded. Stevenson concludes that this implies no violence was intended by the rebels.{{sfn| Stevenson|2015|p=46}}

==Casualties==
[[File:Bindi Baba Temple in Barrackpore Cantonment 19.jpg|thumb|A board on Bindee Tiwari's revolt at Barrackpore Cantonment]]
Of about {{nowrap|1,400 mutineers,}} {{nowrap|180 were}} killed during the attack, although the death toll is disputed.{{sfn|Ritchie|1846|p=280}} [[The Bengal Hurkaru and Chronicle|Bengal Hurkaru]], a local semi-official newspaper, published a report in November 1824, stating that the number of deceased was {{nowrap|100, per}} a "perfect guess".{{sfn|OHJGL|1825|p=29}} In 1827, [[Joseph Hume]], an opposition MP, reported on the floor of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] that the number was from {{nowrap|400 to 600 per}} the "facts that had reached him from India".{{sfn|AJMM|1827|p=169}} In response [[Charles Williams-Wynn (1775–1850)|Charles Williams-Wynn]], a Tory MP, claimed on behalf of the government, that the number was no more {{nowrap|than 180.}}{{sfn|OHJGL|1827|p=139}}

==Aftermath==

===Punishment of the mutineers===

Most of the remaining mutineers were captured and on 2 November, eleven sepoys were identified as the ring leaders and received a swift trial, where they were sentenced to death by hanging. Six of these were from 47th BNI, four were from 62nd BNI and one was from 26th BNI, who were killed the same day in the parade ground.{{sfn|Pogson|1833|pp=28, 30}}{{sfn|Pogson|1833|p=30}}{{sfn|OHJGL|1825|p=30}} Around {{nowrap|52 sepoys}} were sentenced to fourteen years' hard labour, in chains, on roads; numerous others were sentenced with lesser terms.{{sfn|OHJGL|1825|p=33}} On 4 November, by a general order issued from [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], the 47th Regiment was disbanded and its Indian officers disgraced, discharged and declared unworthy of the confidence of the government, as it was thought mutiny could not have occurred without their knowledge.{{sfn|OHJGL|1827|p=199}} All the British officers were transferred to a new 69th Regiment.{{sfn|OHJGL|1825|p=29}} On 9 November, Bindee was arrested nearby, and suffered the especially harsh punishment of being [[Gibbeting|hung in chains]] on the next day. His body was left to rot for months in open public display.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Yash |date=10 December 2019 |title=Bindee Tewary: The 'Other' Mangal Pandey |url=https://www.peepultree.world/livehistoryindia/story/people/bindee-tewary-the-other-mangal-pandey |access-date=3 May 2023}}</ref>{{sfn|Pogson|1833|p=31}}{{sfn|OHJGL|1825|p=31}}

===Press censorship===

[[File:Earl Amherst.JPG|thumb|alt=Lord Amherst|Earl Amherst, Governor General of India, was harshly criticised by a British newspaper report.]]

The news of the unrest in Barrackpore, especially concerning the use of violence to subdue a peaceful protest, was suppressed in public media in Calcutta, London and elsewhere. The colonial government maintained its silence except for a short official paragraph published in the ''Calcutta Gazette'' on 4 November, where the incident was largely trivialised, with no mention of casualties.{{sfn|OHJGL|1825|p=14}}{{sfn|AJMM|1827|p=168}} ''Bengal Hurkaru'', a local semi-official newspaper under the editorship of a British Deputy Judge-Advocate, also published a short report in November 1824. The report played down the incident and lacked basic details including the cause of the mutiny, stating that they were not allowed to publish such details.{{sfn|OHJGL|1825|p=15}} Apart from these two reports, common Indians and Britons were largely kept uninformed about the incident, although rumours circulated.{{sfn|OHJGL|1825|pp=14–15}}

===Later criticism in press===

The ''Oriental Herald'' in London first published a story on the subject almost six months after the incident, calling it the "Barrackpore Massacre", based on a report by a British correspondent in Calcutta.{{sfn|OHJGL|1825|p=13}} The ''Oriental Herald'' severely criticised the conduct of the British officers present, Paget in particular for resorting to violence to suppress a peaceful protest, and demanded increased pay for the sepoys as well the provision of transport for luggage.{{sfn|OHJGL|1825|p=27}} It also sought a consistent and truthful account of the incident from the [[Government of the United Kingdom|government]].{{sfn|OHJGL|1825|p=24}} The report was particularly harsh in its criticism of Amherst, whom it labelled an "evil genius", blaming him for the escalation:{{sfn|OHJGL|1825|p=14}}

{{Blockquote|text=If this example was necessary to preserve the obedience of the native troops, how miserably precarious is the tenure of our authority! If it was not necessary, may God forgive those who have brought this stain upon British name.|title=Barrackpore Massacre – Burmese War – Present State of the Native Army in Bengal|source=''The Oriental Herald, Volume 5, 1825''.{{sfn|OHJGL|1825|p=14}}}}

===Consequences===

After the suppression of the mutiny, many sepoys deserted British service.{{sfn|OHJGL|1825|p=31}} A Court of Inquiry was set up to investigate the incident.{{sfn|OHJGL|1825|p=30}} All that is known about its report was that it agreed that the sepoys had justifiable grievances. Bengal units designated for 'General Service' were given all the concessions that the rebellious sepoys had originally demanded.{{sfn| Stevenson|2015|p=46}} The 1824 incident created an atmosphere of distrust across the native Indian regiments and irrevocably harmed relations between British officers and native Indian sepoys.{{sfn|OHJGL|1825|p=31}}{{sfn| Stevenson|2015|p=46}}

No disciplinary measures were taken against Paget or any other officer of the army, contrary to expectations.{{sfn|AJMM|1827|p=168}} Amherst came close to being recalled for mishandling the situation but ultimately retained his position.<ref name="Britannica"/>

===Debate in British Parliament===

On 22 March 1827, a parliamentary debate in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] discussed the Barrackpore Mutiny. Hume, a [[Radicals (UK)|Radical]] MP from the opposition, described the incident to his colleagues, criticising the conduct of the military, and appealed for a fresh investigation to identify those responsible; he perceived that Amherst was showing a lack of will in finding the real culprits.{{sfn|OHJGL|1827|p=182}} He also alleged that the report of the Court of Inquiry was being suppressed, demanded that the full report be produced in Parliament, and appealed for the House to hear both sides of the dispute and come to a just conclusion.{{sfn|OHJGL|1827|p=139}} [[Tory]] MPs from the government side, such as Wynn and Davies, objected to the proposal and supported Amherst and Paget. At the end of the debate, the motion for a fresh investigation and the presentation of the inquiry's report to the House was defeated, {{nowrap|44 votes}} for the motion and {{nowrap|176 against.}}{{sfn|OHJGL|1827|p=199}}

==Historical significance==

[[File:Mangal Pandey 1984 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|alt=Mangal Pandey| A 1984 postage stamp depicting sepoy Mangal Pandey, who was involved in a subsequent incident at Barrackpore that contributed to the Indian rebellion of 1857.|left]]
The Barrackpore cantonment was the site of another mutinous incident thirty-three years later on 29 March 1857 involving sepoy [[Mangal Pandey]]. The 24th Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army, Major General [[V.K. Singh]] (2010–2012), wrote extensively about the 1824 Barrackpore mutiny. He reflects:

{{Blockquote|text= What shocked everyone was not the mutiny itself but the brutal manner in which it was quelled. The bloodshed could have been avoided if the situation had been handled with tact and understanding by the officers, particularly General Paget. Though the mutiny was quickly suppressed – it lasted for less than a day – its long term effects were far reaching and had a bearing on the Great Indian Mutiny of 1857.|author=Gen V.K. Singh|title=Barrackpore Mutiny|source=''Contribution of the Armed Forces to the Freedom Movement in India''}}

The events of 1824 continued to haunt Britons and Indians for many years and many felt that it provided Indian sepoys the rationale to kill British officers in 1857.{{sfn|Singh|2009|p=19}}

==Memorial==
[[File:Bindi Baba Temple in Barrackpore Cantonment 15.jpg|thumb|Bindi Tiwari Temple in Barrackpore Cantonment]]
Bindee became a martyr and a fabled hero among the Indian sepoys especially after his death. To commemorate the incident, six months after Bindee's death, Indian sepoys and locals erected a temple near the site of his execution. Binda Baba temple as it is now known, still stands.{{sfn|Mazumdar|2008|p=23}}

==See also==
* [[Vellore Mutiny]]
* [[Bengal Native Infantry]]

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author= |title=The Asiatic Journal And Monthly Miscellany |year=1827 |publisher=Parbury, Allen, & Co |location=London |volume=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QBMoAAAAYAAJ&q=Barrackpore+Mutiny+of+1824&pg=PA168 |ref={{harvid|AJMM|1827}} |oclc=1514448}}
* {{cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |title=History of Modern India, 1707 A. D. to 2000 A. D |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&q=barrackpore+mutiny+of+1824&pg=PA111 |isbn=978-81-269-0085-5}}
* {{cite book |author= |title=The Edinburgh Annual Register for 1824 |year=1825 |volume=17 |publisher=James Ballantyne and Co |location=Edinburgh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXdZAAAAIAAJ&q=Barrackpore&pg=PA215 |ref={{harvid|EAR|1824}} |oclc=4043682}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Mazumdar |first=Jaideep |title=The First Martyr |journal=The Outlook India |date=25 August 2008 |location=Chennai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDEEAAAAMBAJ&q=Barrackpore+Mutiny+Outlook&pg=PA23 |pages=20–22 |oclc=780044933}}
* {{cite book |last=Menezes |first=S. L. |title=Fidelity & Honour: The Indian Army from the Seventeenth to the Twenty-first Century |year=1993 |publisher=Viking |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-670-83995-7}}
* {{cite book |author= |title=The Oriental Herald and Journal of General Literature |year=1825 |volume=5 |publisher=Sandford Arnot |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lQIbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA13 |ref={{harvid|OHJGL|1825}} |oclc=231706887}}
* {{cite book |author= |title=The Oriental Herald and Journal of General Literature |year=1825 |volume=6 |publisher=Sandford Arnot |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X68EAAAAQAAJ&q=Barrackpore+Mutiny&pg=PA257 |oclc=231706887}}
* {{cite book |author= |title=The Oriental Herald And Journal of General Literature |year=1827 |volume=13 |publisher=Sandford Arnot |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AxoYAAAAYAAJ&q=Hume%20Barrackpore%20Mutiny&pg=PA177 |ref={{harvid|OHJGL|1827}} |oclc=457180515}}
* {{cite book |last=Pogson |first=Wredenhall Robert |title=Memoir of the Mutiny at Barrackpore |publisher=Serampore Press |year=1833 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikAIAAAAQAAJ&q=Barrackpore+Mutiny |oclc=913201086}}
* {{cite book |first=Leitch |last=Ritchie |series=The Making of the Modern World |title=The British World in the East – A Guide Historical, Moral, and Commercial, to India, China, Australia, South Africa, and the other Possessions or Connexions of Great Britain in Eastern and South Sea |volume=2 |publisher=W. H. Allen |year=1846 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V974Fy5aSBYC&q=Barrackpore&pg=PA270 |oclc=213828161}}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Vijay Kumar |title=Contribution of the Armed Forces to the Freedom Movement in India |publisher=KW |year=2009 |location=New Delhi |url=http://indianstrategicknowledgeonline.com/web/Contribution%20of%20the%20Armed%20Forces%20230109.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Richard |title=Beatson's Mutiny: The Turbulent Career of a Victorian Soldier |publisher=I. B. Tauris |year=2015 |location=London·New York |isbn=9780857736918 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34hhCQAAQBAJ&q=Barrackpore+Mutiny&pg=PA109}}
* {{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Horace Hayman |title=The History of British India From 1805 to 1835 |year=1848 |volume=3 |publisher=James Madden |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7gIAAAAQAAJ&q=General+dalzell&pg=PA102 |oclc=21056502}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Premansu Kumar |title=Tulsi Leaves and the Ganges Water: The Slogan of the First Sepoy Mutiny at Barrackpore 1824 |publisher=Bagchi & Co |location=Kolkata |year=2003 |isbn=978-8170742562}}
* {{cite book |last=Dempster |first=T.E. |title=The Barrackpore Mutiny of 1824 |publisher=Society for Army Historical Research |year=1976 |location=London |oclc=720673366}}
* {{cite book |last=Moon |first=Penderel |author-link=Penderel Moon |title=The British Conquest and Dominion of India |year=1989 |publisher=Duckworth |location=London |isbn=978-0715621691}}

[[Category:1824 in British India]]
[[Category:1824 in military history]]
[[Category:November 1824]]
[[Category:First Anglo-Burmese War]]
[[Category:Mutinies]]
[[Category:19th-century rebellions]]
[[Category:Military history of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Wars involving British India]]
[[Category:Rebellions against the British Empire]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Military history of Bengal]]
[[Category:Rebellions in India]]
[[Category:Barrackpore]]

Mihir Vatsa

2025-07-03T01:55:09Z

Debasish swain: Adding The Article W/ Refs...

{{Short description|Indian poet and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Mihir Kumar Jha''', better known by his adopted pseudonym "Mihir Vatsa", is an Indian poet and writer.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.stir.ac.uk/about/faculties/arts-humanities/our-research/centre-for-environment-heritageand-policy/people/honorary-and-associate-members/mihir-vatsa/|title= Mihir Vatsa - Author Profile|publisher= University of Stirling| date=2020-12-20|access-date=2022-09-08}}</ref> He won the [[Sahitya Akademi]] [[Yuva Puraskar]] in 2022 for his travel memoir ''Tales of Hazaribagh: An Intimate Exploration of Chhotanagpur Plateau''.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_YP-2022.pdf|title= Sahitya Akademi Youth Award 2022|work=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|date=2022-08-22|access-date=2022-09-08}}</ref> After Hansda Sowvendra Shekhar and [[Anuj Lugun]] (Baagh Aur Sugna Munda Ki Beti, 2019), he is the third writer from [[Jharkhand]] to win the Yuva Puraskar award in English language.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=2022-08-28 |title=Writer's Side Author Mihir Vatsa Wins the 2022 Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar |work=Writer's Side |url=https://writersside.com/news/k3poy5vktjy20h4wfjde1pou6q9ony |access-date=2022-09-20}}</ref> ''Tales of Hazaribagh'' received critical acclaim upon publication and was ranked among the top non-fiction books in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |date=2020-12-20 |title=Our Pick of Top Ten Books in 2021 |work=ThePrint |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/our-pick-of-top-10-books-in-2021/784330/ |access-date=2022-09-20}}</ref>

==Life and education==
Vatsa is an alumnus of DAV Public School, Canary Hill Road, [[Hazaribag]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DAV Alumni Honoured by Yuva Sahitya Akademi Award |work=The Pioneer |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/dav-alumni-honoured-by-yuva-sahitya-akademi-award.html |access-date=2022-09-20}}</ref> He obtained his bachelor's and master's degrees in [[English literature]] from [[Ramjas College]], [[University of Delhi]], and is presently a doctoral fellow at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://hss.iitd.ac.in/news/mihir-vatsa-awarded-sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar|title= Mihir Vatsa Awarded Sahitya Akademi Yuva Purashkar|publisher= IIT Delhi| author= Arjun Ghosh|access-date=2022-09-08}}</ref>

==Literary career==
Vatsa published his first poetry collection ''Painting That Red Circle White'' in 2014. A poetry chapbook ''Wingman'' followed in 2017 as part of a limited-edition, collaborative project ''FIVE'', which also included chapbooks by poets Arjun Rajendran, Nandini Dhar, Usha Akella and Manjiri Indurkar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TBLM |date=2018-05-21 |title=Review of Mihir Vatsa's WINGMAN |url=https://bombaylitmag.com/review-of-mihir-vatsas-wingman-by-medha-singh/ |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=The Bombay Literary Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> He has contributed poems to various Indian and international literary magazines, including ''The Island Review'' (UK), ''Eclectica'' (US), ''Stand'' (University of Leeds, UK), ''Softblow'' (Singapore), ''Rattle'' (US) and ''Poetry at Sangam'' (India), among others. His poems have been anthologized in ''Eclectica Magazine Best Poetry'' (Eclectica, 2016), ''40 Under 40: An Anthology of Post-Globalisation Poetry'' (Paperwall, 2016), ''A Map Called Home'' (Kitaab, 2018) and ''Witness: The Red River Book of Poetry of Dissent'' (Red River, 2021).{{fact|date=May 2023}}

In 2013, he was conferred with the Srinivas Rayaprol Poetry Prize, administered jointly by the Srinivas Rayaprol Literary Trust and the Department of English, [[University of Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Srinivas Rayaprol Award 2013 to Mihir Vatsa |publisher=University of Hyderabad |url=https://herald.uohyd.ac.in/srinivas-rayaprol-poetry-prize-2013-for-mihir-vatsa/ |access-date=2022-09-08}}</ref> In 2014, he received a Toto Funds the Arts award for Writing in English. In 2015, Vatsa was awarded the Charles Wallace Writing Fellowship at the University of Stirling, UK. At the age of 23, he became the youngest Charles Wallace Fellow in the history of the fellowship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Writers at Stirling {{!}} About |url=https://www.stir.ac.uk/about/faculties/arts-humanities/our-research/postcolonial-studies/charles-wallace-fellowship/indian-writers-at-stirling/ |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=University of Stirling |language=en}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* 2021: ''Tales of Hazaribagh: An Intimate Exploration of Chhotanagpur Plateau'' (Non-fiction)
* 2017: ''Wingman'' (Poetry)
* 2014: ''Painting That Red Circle White'' (Poetry)

==Awards and recognition==
* 2022: [[Sahitya Akademi]] Yuva Puraskar
* 2015: Charles Wallace Fellowship
* 2014: Toto Funds Arts Award
* 2013: [[Srinivas Rayaprol]] Poetry Prize

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vatsa, Mijir}}
[[Category:Poets from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]]
[[Category:Indian memoirists]]
[[Category:21st-century travel writers]]
[[Category:Ramjas College alumni]]

Wadakkancherry

2025-01-13T02:50:41Z

Debasish swain: quick update

#REDIRECT [[Wadakkancherry, Thrissur]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Divorce Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega

2025-01-06T08:57:01Z

Debasish swain: put up the stub w/ sources.

{{Unreliable sources|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Divorce Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega.jpg
| genre = [[Romantic comedy]]
| writer = Ghalib Asad Bhopali
| director = Ankush Bhatt
| starring = {{ubl|[[Abigail Pande]]|[[Rishab Chadha]]}}
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| producer = {{ubl|Shobhna Desai Productions|Zee Studios}}
| cinematography = Krishna Ramanan
| editor = Peter Gundra
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
}}
'''''Divorce Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega''''' is an Indian [[romantic comedy]] series directed by Ankush Bhatt and produced by Shobhna Desai Productions and [[Zee Studios]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-20 |title=Divorce Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega Trailer: Abigail, Rishab Investigate Marriage Court Scam |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/divorce-ke-liye-kuch-bhi-karega-trailer-abigail-pande-and-rishab-chadha-investigate-marriage-court-scam-in-this-rom-com-1732643 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Divorce Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega on way |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/divorce-ke-liye-kuch-bhi-karega-on-way/ |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> The lead roles are played by [[Abigail Jain|Abigail Pande]] and [[Rishab Chadha]] in key roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divorce Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega: Abigail Pande as journalist Nikki is the definition of 'sugar, spice, and everything nice' {{!}} Check out new poster |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/divorce-ke-liye-kuch-bhi-karega-abigail-pande-as-journalist-nikki-is-the-definition-of-sugar-spice-and-everything-nice-check-out-new-poster/e8879b1713721 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Iraa |date=2024-11-25 |title=Divorce Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega OTT release date Zee5: When to watch Abigail Pande's show |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/divorce-ke-liye-kuch-bhi-karega-ott-release-date-zee5-when-to-watch-abigail-pande-show-646733.html |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Plot summary ==
The series follows the story of Nikki (Abigail Pande) and Ashu (Rishab Chadha), two journalists with vastly different personalities and backgrounds. They are assigned to investigate a marriage court scam and decide to go undercover by applying for what they believe to be a fake marriage. However, things take a hilarious turn when they discover their marriage is legally binding! The duo must navigate the comedic chaos that ensues, while juggling their undercover mission, leading to a series of amusing and heartfelt misadventures.

== Cast and characters ==

=== Main cast ===

* [[Rishab Chadha]] as Ashutosh Chawda
* [[Abigail Jain]] as Nikhat AKA Nikki
* [[Pankit Thakker]] as Panchal

=== Other cast ===

* Cindrella D. Cruz as Laxmi
* Chaitali Jadhav as Jayawanti
* Akanksha Saini as Devyani
* Keshav Uppal as Ajay
* Jignesh Joshi as Rangila
* Amitabh Krishna Ghanekar as Lawyer Chougule
* Rutuja Chipade as Falguni
* Sunit Razdan as Harshad Chawda
* Dhara Trivedi as Rama
* Amit Ghosh as Abdul
* Adil Feroz Khan as Kailash
* Krunal Shrimali as Inspector
* Amit Sinha as Mayank Mishra
* Aekpath Singhal as Amrita
* Sonal Mathur as Janhvi

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=##9C958E |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |directorR= |writerR= |airdateR= |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Phir Se Hui Subah Hai
|DirectedBy = Ankush Bhatt
|WrittenBy = Ghalib Asad Bhopali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|29}}
|ShortSummary = Ashu, an eager reporter, meets Nikki, a respected senior reporter, at the news channel. They feel an instant connection, but soon find themselves in a tense situation where they must work together.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Marriage Scam
|DirectedBy = Ankush Bhatt
|WrittenBy = Ghalib Asad Bhopali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|29}}
|ShortSummary = Nikki and Ashu’s playful banter entertains their colleagues. When they are assigned to work together on a sting operation, they pose as a married couple to uncover a marriage registration scam.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Yeh Shaadi Nahi Ho Sakti
|DirectedBy = Ankush Bhatt
|WrittenBy = Ghalib Asad Bhopali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|29}}
|ShortSummary = The tension between Nikki and Ashu escalates as they clash over control of the prime-time slot. In an unexpected turn, their playful pranks are aired live, resulting in a surge in TRP for the channel.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Divorce Lawyer Ki Talaash
|DirectedBy = Ankush Bhatt
|WrittenBy = Ghalib Asad Bhopali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|29}}
|ShortSummary = Nikki and Ashu are stunned to discover that their fake marriage from the sting operation has been legally registered. When they seek a divorce from a lawyer, they are informed that they must wait for six months.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Counselling Ke Side Effects
|DirectedBy = Ankush Bhatt
|WrittenBy = Ghalib Asad Bhopali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|29}}
|ShortSummary = Ashu and Nikki are forced into mandatory counseling sessions. Nikki devises a plan to escape the sessions, putting Ashu in a difficult position. As they continue their fake marriage, it begins to impact their personal lives in unexpected ways.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Jaan Pehchan
|DirectedBy = Ankush Bhatt
|WrittenBy = Ghalib Asad Bhopali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|29}}
|ShortSummary = Nikki and Ashu keep attending the counseling sessions, but the lies are becoming harder to sustain. In an attempt to gather personal details about each other, they inadvertently make things more complicated, and their situation takes a turn for the worse.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Pyaar Toh Hona Hi Tha
|DirectedBy = Ankush Bhatt
|WrittenBy = Ghalib Asad Bhopali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|29}}
|ShortSummary = Nikki’s confession about the fake marriage sparks a confrontation between her fiancé and their families. As they navigate their personal and professional challenges, the day of their divorce finally arrives.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
}}

== Release and promotion ==
[[ZEE5]] announced the series by releasing the trailer on 20 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Anindita |date=2024-11-20 |title='Divorce Ke Liye...': Abigail Pande, Rishab Chadha in twisted tale of marriage |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/divorce-ke-liye-kuch-bhi-karega-abigail-pande-rishab-chadha-twisted-tale-of-marriage-2636440-2024-11-20 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Divorce Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega Trailer: Abigail Pande and Rishab Chadha bring the 'happily divorced' story of the year {{!}} Watch |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/divorce-ke-liye-kuch-bhi-karega-trailer-abigail-pande-and-rishab-chadha-bring-the-craziest-love-divorce-story-of-the-year-watch/8f320182b8379 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The makers dropped the character poster of [[Rishab Chadha]] on 24 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanabar |first=Nirali |title=Divorce Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega: Meet Ashutosh Chavda — the 'witty' journalist of Indiabuzz TV {{!}} See new poster |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/divorce-ke-liye-kuch-bhi-karega-meet-rishab-chadha-as-ashutosh-chavda-the-witty-journalist/56cacfb595500 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: Rishab Chadha and Abigail Pande talk about Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega, their journey from TV to OTT, facing rejection and more |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/exclusive-rishab-chadha-and-abigail-pande-talk-about-love-ke-liye-kuch-bhi-karega-their-journey-from-tv-to-ott-facing-rejection-and-more-article-12874371.html |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref> The show will premiere on ZEE5 on 29 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZEE5 Unveils New Romcom Series 'Divorce Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega' Starring Abigail Pande And Rishab Chadha |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/web-series/zee5-unveils-new-romcom-series-divorce-ke-liye-kuch-bhi-karega-starring-abigail-pande-and-rishab-chadha-2822712.html |website=}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Sarvjit Singh Chauhan of ''[[ABP News]]'' noted "Rishabh Chaddha got recognition when he appeared in Ajay Devgan's hit film Drishyam. In this series, he has done exactly what he was asked to do. However, while doing comedy, he seems to be working hard. Due to which his impact is not very special. But Abigail Pandey has played her role well. She looks flawless".<ref>{{Cite web |last=चौहान |first=सर्वजीत सिंह |date=2024-11-29 |title=जानें कैसी है 'दृश्यम' वाले एक्टर की 'डिवोर्स के लिए कुछ भी करेगा'? |url=https://www.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/ott-divorce-ke-liye-kuch-bhi-karega-review-rishabh-chadha-abigail-pande-zee-5-comedy-series-2832534 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]''<nowiki/>'s Sreeparna Sengupta rated the show 2.5 stars, noting that both Abigail Pande and Rishab Chadha deliver sincere performances and bring a fresh energy to the otherwise tepid show. She described "Divorce ke liye Kuch Bhi Karega" as a light-hearted, one-time watch.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Divorce Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega Season 1 Review : A light-hearted rom-com |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/divorce-ke-liye-kuch-bhi-karega/season-1/seasonreview/115643371.cms |access-date=2024-12-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Risha Ganguly of ''[[Times Now|Times Now News]]'' gave the show 3 stars. She mentioned that "while the show is an enjoyable watch for those seeking a breezy, laugh-filled rom-com, its predictable storytelling and uneven execution make it somewhat laborious to watch".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-29 |title=Divorce Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega Review: Abigail Jain, Rishab Chadha's Show Is Comedy Of Chaos And Competition |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/divorce-ke-liye-kuch-bhi-karega-review-abigail-jain-rishab-chadha-show-is-comedy-of-chaos-and-competition-review-115731600 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=34710668}}
* ''[https://www.zee5.com/hi/web-series/details/divorce-ke-liye-kuch-bhi-karega/0-6-4z5649768/divorce-ke-liye-kuch-bhi-karega-trailer/0-1-6z5657607 Divorce Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega]'' on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian comedy web series]]
[[Category:2024 web series debuts]]

Meer Abdul Wahid Bilgrami

2024-12-31T07:39:31Z

Debasish swain: Adding The Entry And Citations...

{{Short description|Author and Sufi saint}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| name = Syed Meer Abdul Wahid Bilgrami
| honorific prefix = ''[[Hazrat]]''
| birth_place = Bilgram Sharif
| lineage = [[Sayyid]]
| notable works = [[Haqaiq-e-Hindi]]
}}

'''Syed Meer Abdul Wahid Bilgrami''' (1509–1608; also spelt as '''Mir Abdul Waheed Bilgrami''') also known as '''Shahidi'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Śāligrāma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wLtjAAAAMAAJ |title=Mug̲h̲ala darabāra, kavi-saṅgītajña: san Ī. 1531-1707 |date=1999 |publisher=Sāhitya Bhavana |pages=108 |language=hi}}</ref> was a Sufi saint of [[Qadiriyya|Qadiriyya order]] and writer of [[Persian language|Persian]] language. He was the author of ''[[Haqaiq-e-Hindi]]'', ''Saba-e-Sanabil'', ''Kalimat-e-Chand'', ''Rush Nama''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Raj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JB-B7Hk_35AC&dq=abdul+wahid+bilgrami&pg=PA194 |title=Essays on Medieval India |date=2003 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7141-683-7 |pages=194 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohamed |first=Malik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPnZEAAAQBAJ&dq=abdul+wahid+bilgrami&pg=PT204 |title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India |date=2023-12-01 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-003-83095-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Alī |first=Saiyada Asad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbpjAAAAMAAJ |title=Influence of Islam on Hindi Literature |date=2000 |publisher=Idarah-i-Adabiyat-Delli |pages=36 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=इंसानियत के पैगाम दुनिया को दिए |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/hardoi/Hardoi-167720-37 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> He was a member of the Sadaat-e-Bilgram and a descendant of Syed Abul Faras bin Syed Abul Farah Wasti al-Zaidi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zia-e-Taiba |first=I. T. Department of |title=Hazrat Meer Abdul Wahid Bilgrami {{!}} Scholars {{!}} Islamic {{!}} Encyclopedia {{!}} Book Libraray {{!}} Articles {{!}} Blogs |url=https://scholars.pk/ur/scholar/hazrat-meer-abdul-wahid-bilgrami |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=scholars.pk |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʿAẓīmābādī |first=Ḥusayn Quli Khān |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zgP1DwAAQBAJ |title=Tadhkira-yi nishtar-i ʿishq. Volume 1 |date=2020-06-29 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-40713-8 |pages=730–731 |language=fa}}</ref>

== Early life ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
Bilgrami was born to Syed Meer Ibrahim Bilgrami, a disciple of Makhdoom Shah Safi.

== Literary works ==

* ''Haqaiq-e-Hindi''
* ''Saba-e-Sanabil''
* ''Kalimat-e-Chand''
* ''Deewan Shahidi''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commission |first=Indian Historical Records |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpM1NDy2wIYC |title=Proceedings of the Session |date=1956 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India |pages=148 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Rush Nama''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Raj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JB-B7Hk_35AC |title=Essays on Medieval India |date=2003 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7141-683-7 |pages=194 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{Cite journal |last=Pauwels |first=Heidi |date=September 1, 2014 |title=ʿAbd al-Wāḥid Bilgrāmī, Mīr |journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam |language=en |volume=3 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_24676 |via=Brill}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Pauwels |first=Heidi |year=1992 |title=A Sufi listening to Hindi religious poetry: Mir Abdul Wahid Bilgrami's Haqayaq-i Hindi |url=https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstreams/27933787-ed5b-4771-a0ea-4c74b48728f5/download |journal=Asian Languages and Literature Faculty Papers, University of Washington}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Orsini |first=Francesca |title=Krishna is the Truth of Man" Mir 'Abdul Wahid Bilgrami's Haqā'iq-i Hindī (Indian Truths) and the circulation of dhrupad and bishnupad |url=https://core.ac.uk/reader/2791005 |journal=Culture and Circulation. |via=Brill}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.rekhta.org/authors/abdul-wahid-bilgirami/all Meer Abdul Wahid Bilgrami] on [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]
* [https://sufinama.org/poets/mir-abdul-wahid-bilgarami/all?lang=en Meer Abdul Waheed Bilgrami] on Sufinama

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bilgrami, Meer Abdul Wahid}}
[[Category:1509 births]]
[[Category:1608 deaths]]