Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Āḷāra Kālāma

2026-05-03T07:13:08Z

Debadrito Dutta: added - done

{{Short description|Teacher of Samana Gotama before his Enlightenment}}
{{Buddhism}}
'''Alara Kalama''' ([[Pāḷi]] & [[Sanskrit]] ''{{IAST|Āḷāra Kālāma/ Arāḍa Kālāma]

}}''), was a hermit and a teacher of meditation.{{sfn|Wynne|2007|p=10}}<ref>Laumakis, Stephen. ''An Introduction to Buddhist philosophy''. 2008. p. 8</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Upadhyaya |first= K. N. |title= Managing Diversity in Organizations: A Global Perspective |year= 2017 |publisher= María Triana |location= Wisconsin, USA |isbn= 978-1138917019 |page=163 }}</ref> He was a [[śramaṇa]] born in Brahmin-family (Buddhacarita) and, according to [[Buddhist scriptures]], the first teacher of [[Gautama Buddha]].<ref name="ariyapariyesana">{{cite web|title=Ariyapariyesana Sutta,translation by Thanissaro Bhikkhu|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.026.than.html|access-date=2014-06-29}}</ref><ref name="buddhaspace">{{cite web|title=阿羅邏迦藍|url=http://buddhaspace.org/dict/fk/data/%25E9%2598%25BF%25E7%25BE%2585%25E9%2582%258F%25E8%25BF%25A6%25E8%2597%258D.html}}</ref>

== History ==
Various recensions of the [[Mahāparinibbāna Sutta]] and other texts give an account of the Buddha being approached by a minister to the [[Malla (tribe)|Mallas]] named Putkasa (Pali: Pukkusa) who told him about his teacher Alara Kalama's skill in meditation. One day, while deep in meditation, Alara did not hear the sound of a caravan of five hundred wagons that passed by him. The Buddha shared a similar experience; while in the village of Ādumā, a rainstorm had frightened four cowherds and two workmen to death, while the Buddha remained calm due to his prowess in meditation.<ref name="wisdomlibrary">{{cite web|title=Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra: The Miracle of Ādumā|date=22 August 2018 |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/buddhism/book/maha-prajnaparamita-sastra/d/doc225649.html}}</ref>

The intrigued Gotama went to Alara Kalama, who taught a kind of early meditation at [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaiśālī]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Eliade |first= Mircea |title= Mindfulness Yoga: The Awakened Union of Breath, Body, and Mind |year= 2009 |publisher= Wisdom Publications |location= Boston, USA |isbn= 9780861713356 |page= 8}}</ref> Alara taught Gotama [[meditation]], especially a [[dhyāna in Buddhism|jhāna state]] called the "sphere of nothingness" (''{{lang|sa-latn|ākiṃcanyāyatana}}'').{{sfn|Wynne|2007|p=76}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/aa/aalara_kaalaama.htm|title=Ālāra Kālāma|access-date=2014-06-29|work=Article on Palikanon.com}}</ref>

Gotama eventually found himself on par with Alara, who could not teach him more, saying, "It is a gain for us, my friend, a great gain for us, that we have such a companion in the holy life ... As I am, so are you; as you are, so am I. Come friend, let us now lead this community together."<ref name="ariyapariyesana"/> Gotama was not interested in staying, as Alara's dharma did not lead to [[nirvana|freedom from samsara]]. After leaving, Siddhartha found a new teacher, [[Uddaka Ramaputta|Udraka Rāmaputra]].<ref name="The Buddha's First Teachers">{{cite web|title=The Buddha's First Teachers|url=http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/lifebuddha/13lbud.htm|work=Article on Buddhanet.net|access-date=20 April 2012}}</ref>

After attaining [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Enlightenment]], the Buddha went to search for Alara Kalama to teach him the [[Buddhist paths to liberation|Dhamma]], only to find that he had died seven days prior.<ref name="ariyapariyesana"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Wynne|first=Alexander|title=The Origin of Buddhist Meditation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ElIupyX_SYAC&pg=PP10|date=16 April 2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-09741-8}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Early Buddhism]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Buddhist ascetics]]
[[Category:Indian yoga teachers]]
[[Category:Samkhya]]

Surekha Yadav

2026-05-02T08:41:21Z

Debadrito Dutta: stub - done

{{Short description|Indian train driver}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Surekha Yadav.png
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Surekha R. Bhosale
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|9|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| spouse = Shankar Yadav
| parents = Sonabai & Ramchandra Bhosale
| children = 2
| known_for = India's first female (locopilot) train driver
| years_active = 1988-2025
| employer = [[Indian Railways]], CSTM, Central Railway.
}}

'''Surekha Shankar Yadav''' née '''Surekha Ramchandra Bhosale''' (born 2 September 1965) is the senior-most female locopilot (train driver) at the [[Indian Railways]]. {{Sfn||Rights|2001|p=185}}{{Sfn|Hanshaw|2003|p=96}} She became India's first female train driver in 1988. She drove the first "Ladies Special" local train for [[Central Railways]] when it was first introduced in the four metro cities by [[Mamata Banerjee]] the then Railway Minister, in April 2000.<ref name =Ladies>{{Cite web|url=http://cityplus.jagran.com/city-news/bold-bindaas-and-successful_1299736955.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150309102800/http://cityplus.jagran.com/city-news/bold-bindaas-and-successful_1299736955.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 9, 2015|title=Bold, Bindaas And Successful |date=10 March 2011|publisher=Cityplus}}</ref><ref name=Female>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scientificindians.com/hall-of-fame/people/indian-female-engine-loco-drivers|title=Indian Female Engine Loco Drivers|publisher= scientificindians.com}}</ref> She was suburban local train motor woman from 2000 to 2010. She then got promoted to Sr. Loco Pilot Mail in 2010. A momentous event in her career was on 8 March 2011, on the [[International Women's Day]], when she became [[Asia]]'s first woman train driver to drive the [[Deccan Queen]] from [[Pune]] to [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|CST]], through difficult but scenic topography,<ref name =Ladies/><ref name=Tracks>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/realigning-the-tracks/article4283366.ece|title=Realigning the tracks|date= 8 January 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name=Power>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-western-railway-believes-in-woman-power-1517476|title=Mumbai Western Railway believes in woman-power|date= 9 March 2011|publisher=DNAIndia}}</ref> where she was greeted by the then [[Mayor of Mumbai]] [[Shraddha Jadhav]], at CST, the headquarter of [[Central Railway zone]].<ref name=Power/><ref name= Costa>{{Cite web|last=Costa|first= Roana Maria |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Asias-first-motorwoman-to-pilot-Deccan-Queen/articleshow/7650938.cms|title=Asia's first motor woman to pilot Deccan Queen|date= 8 March 2011|work=The Times of India}}</ref> She repeated the feat ten years later driving an all-woman crew from Mumbai to Lucknow. A commonly heard comment in 2011 was that "Women don't drive railway engines'".{{Sfn||Rights|2001|p=185}}

==Early life==
Surekha was born in [[Satara (city)|Satara]] in [[Maharashtra]] on 2 September 1965 to Sonabai and Ramchandra Bhosale. Her father late Ramchandra Bhosale was a farmer; she is the eldest of his five children.<ref name=Nair>{{Cite web|last=Nair|first=Sulekha|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/fe/daily/20000531/faf28061.html|title=The woman in the engine |date=31 May 2000|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> She had initial schooling at Saint Paul Convent High School, Satara. After completion of schooling, she took admission for vocation training and then studied for a Diploma in Electrical Engineering from the Government Polytechnic at [[Karad]] in the [[Satara district]] of western Maharashtra {{Sfn|Hanshaw|2003|p=96}}<ref name=Railway>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hastingspress.co.uk/railwaywomen/world.html|title=Railwaywomen Around The World - A selection of press cuttings - India: Surekha Yadav (source: ''The Financial Express'')|year=2001|publisher=Hastings Press}}</ref> She wanted to continue her college studies to get graduate degrees of [[Bachelor of Science]] (B.Sc.) in mathematics and Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) to become a teacher, but a job opportunity in the Indian Railways put an end to her further studies.<ref name=Nair/>

==Professional life==
Surekha Bhosale was interviewed by the Railway Recruitment Board, [[Mumbai]], in 1987. She was selected and joined the Central Railway as a trainee assistant driver in 1986 at the Kalyan Training School where she trained for six months.<ref name=Railway/>{{sfn|Book|2006|p=230}}<ref name=Railway/> She became a regular assistant driver in 1989.<ref name= Costa/> The first local goods train that she piloted was numbered L-50, which runs between Wadi Bunder and [[Kalyan]] when she was assigned the task of checking the running condition of train's engine, the signals and all related works.<ref name=Nair/><ref name=Railway/> She was then assigned to work as a goods train driver in 1996. In 1998, she became a full-fledged goods train driver.<ref name=Railway/>{{sfn|Book|2006|p=230}} In 2010, she became a ghat driver on the [[Western Ghat]] railway line.<ref name= Costa/> She was Asia's first motorwoman to pilot [[Deccan Queen]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Roana Maria Costa|date=Mar 8, 2011|title=Asia's first motorwoman to pilot Deccan Queen {{!}} Mumbai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Asias-first-motorwoman-to-pilot-Deccan-Queen/articleshow/7650938.cms|access-date=2021-01-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> For driving a “ghat loco”, in the ghat (hill) section of the Western Ghats, she received special training to run the twin-engined passenger trains that negotiate the hills of western Maharashtra. She said that "Because I was the only woman, they were curious whether I could do it or not".<ref name="Female"/> As an assistant driver, she drove shunters.{{Sfn|Hanshaw|2003|p=96}} She was promoted as motor-woman in 2000. In this capacity her occupying motorman's cabin in the train attracted attention and there were admirers seeking her autograph.<ref name=Railway/> In May 2011, she was promoted as an express mail driver.<ref name =Ladies/> She is currently teaching in Driver's Training Centre (DTC) Kalyan, as Senior Instructor.

When Surekha Bhosale joined service with the Indian Railways, she realized that she was the first woman to drive a railway train in India, which till then was totally a male bastion. Other women were inspired by her, and as of 2011 there were 50 women locomotive drivers who were operating suburban trains and goods trains, and also as shunters or assistant drivers.<ref name=Tracks/> For pursuing a career as train driver in Mumbai, she said that she received full support from her family, friends and colleagues and has not experienced any discrimination as a woman. She is dedicated to run trains safely with full presence of mind, as the risks faced could be in the form of breakdowns due to mechanical problems, chain-pulling, ''[[rasta roko]]s'' (a form of protest in India to stop trains or block roads), and people or animals crossing the track suddenly, which need right thinking, prompt and quick action.<ref name= Costa/><ref name=paper>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_ET&Type=text/html&Path=ETM/2010/03/07&ID=Pc00807|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055404/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_ET&Type=text/html&Path=ETM/2010/03/07&ID=Pc00807|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 4, 2016|title=Driving 45,000 people to work Surekha YADAV (44) Train Driver, Mumbai|date=7 March 2010|publisher=The Times of India epaper}}</ref> She has no record of train accidents.<ref name=Nair/> She has so far driven many types of trains such as local suburban trains, ghat trains with twin engines (hill section train on the Western Ghat), goods and mail express trains.,<ref name=Tracks/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/photo-features.htm?961%2FModern+Indian+Women+The+Pioneers|title= Modern Indian Women: The Pioneers|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> and she works for ten hours a day.<ref name=Female/> Her ambition is to drive a long-distance passenger train.<ref name=Railway/> She has also participated in activities to check [[eve-teasing]].<ref name=Female/>

In 1991, Yadav acted in a television serial, ''Hum Bhi Kisise Kum Nahi'' (we are second to none). She has received praise from several organisations for her role as a woman train driver.{{Sfn|Hanshaw|2003|p=96}}

In 2021, she drove a special train from Mumbai to Lucknow with an all-woman crew to celebrate [[International Women's Day]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Women's Day: First woman driver of Indian Railways drives Mumbai-Lucknow special train|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/mar/08/international-womens-day-first-woman-driver-of-indian-railways-drives-mumbai-lucknow-special-train-2273863.html|access-date=2021-03-12|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

On Monday, 13 March 2023, she was the first woman to drive the semi-high-speed [[Vande Bharat Express]] train; she drove it from [[Solapur]] to [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] covering a distance of 455 kms .<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deshpande |first1=Abhinay |title=Asia’s first woman loco pilot Surekha Yadav operates new semi-high-speed Vande Bharat train |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/asias-first-woman-loco-pilot-surekha-yadav-operates-vande-bharat-express/article66617564.ece |access-date=17 March 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=14 March 2023}}</ref>

On Tuesday, 14 March 2023, Surekha took the Vande Bharat from CSMT to Solapur.

On Sunday, 26 March 2023, PM [[Narendra Modi]] mentioned Surekha Yadav in his 99th episode of [[Mann ki Baat]], appreciating her for being the First Lady to drive the [[Make in India|Make In India]] Vande Bharat Train 18, along with being First in every other category in her long service.

On Thursday, 18 September 2025, A farewell function and lunch was held on CSMT railway station premises, after Yadav piloted the Rajdhani Express (22222, Hazrat Nizamuddin–CSMT) from Igatpuri, marking one of her last assignments. (Reference : Times of India, dated : 20 September 2025).

On the same evening of 18th September at 07.34 pm, Central Railway posted from its official twitter account as "Smt. Surekha Yadav, Asia’s First Woman Train Driver, will retire on 30th September after 36 glorious years of service. A true trailblazer, she broke barriers, inspired countless women, and proved that no dream is beyond reach. Her journey will forever remain a symbol of women empowerment in Indian Railways."

On Friday, 19 September 2025, however, it was not just the Central Railway and its staff members who congratulated the first woman loco pilot. [[Mahindra Group]] Chairman, [[Anand Mahindra]] took to his X (formerly Twitter) to congratulate Yadav for "being a pioneer". His tweet read as “Congratulations on being a pioneer, Surekha ji. And my best wishes upon your retirement after such a long career of serving the people. Thank you for reminding us today, that iconic change makers like you must be celebrated and your contributions never forgotten,” Mahindra wrote on his official X handle at 02.43 pm. (Reference : [[Hindustan Times]])

On Tuesday, 30 September 2025, she is set to retire at the age of 60, after 36+ years of a long service career.

==Personal life==
She got married in 1990 to Shankar Yadav,<ref name=Women>{{cite book|title=Documentation on Women, Children & Human Rights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlvaAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Sandarbhini, Library and Documentation Centre, All India Association for Christian Higher Education}}</ref> who is a Police Inspector in the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. They have two sons.<ref name=Railway/><ref name=Women/>

== Awards received ==
* Jijau puraskar (1998)
* Women achievers award (2001) (by lions)
* Rashtriya mahila aayog, delhi (2001)
* Lokmat sakhi manch (2002)
* S.B.I. Platinum jubilee year celebrations (2003-2004)
* Sahyadri hirkani award (2004)
* Prerna puraskar (2005)<ref name="awards">{{cite news |last1=Bordoloi |first1=Monali |title=First Woman Train Driver In India And Asia, Surekha Yadav Interview - Parentcircle |url=https://www.parentcircle.com/article/first-woman-train-driver-india-surekha-yadav-interview/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |work=www.parentcircle.com |date=2020-02-28 |language=en-gb}}</ref>
* G.M.award (2011)
* Woman achievers award (2011) (by central railway)
* RWCC Best Women award of year 2013. For first lady locopilot on Indian Railways on date 5 April 2013
* GM award for first lady locopilot on Indian Railways. April 2011

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}15. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/surekha-yadav-asias-first-woman-locomotive-pilot-to-retire-after-36-years-of-service-anand-mahindra-reacts-101758275220883.html
* http://epaper.eprahaar.in/detail.php?cords=22,136,1472,2268&id=story2&pageno=http://epaper.eprahaar.in/08032015/Mumbai/Suppl/Page8.jpg
* http://epaper.loksatta.com/451544/indian-express/04-03-2015?show=touch#page/28/3
*

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Book|title=Limca Book of Records|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Py9LAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Bisleri Beverages Limited}}
*{{cite book|last= Hanshaw |first=Brigitta Natasha |title=The World Through Our Eyes: A Collaboration of Essays by International Students|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P4Zb4ULm1_IC&pg=PA96|date=1 September 2003|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-28831-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rights|title=Documentation on Women, Children & Human Rights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlvaAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Sandarbhini, Library and Documentation Centre, All India Association for Christian Higher Education}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Surekha}}
[[Category:Indian people in rail transport]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

Magneto The Mall

2026-04-29T06:18:53Z

Debadrito Dutta: Put up first stub from scratch

{{Short description|Shopping mall in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{primary sources|date=January 2025}}
{{unreliable sources|date=January 2025}}
}}

{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Magneto The Mall, Raipur
| location = [[Raipur, Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|21.240|N|81.684|E|display=inline,title}}
| address = NH-53, Great Eastern Rd, beside Signature Homes 2, Labhandi, Raipur
| opening_date = 5 February 2010
| owner = Avinash Group
| number_of_stores = 120
| floor_area = 1,035,000 sq. ft.
| floors = 6
| parking = Multilevel
| website = {{URL|https://www.magnetothemall.com/}}
}}

'''Magneto The Mall''' (officially known as '''Avinash Magneto The Mall''') is a shopping mall located at [[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]. It was opened on February 5, 2010<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |title=Raipur News: अविनाश मैग्नेटो माॅल के 10 साल पूरे |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/chhattisgarh-news-avinash-magneto-mal-completes-10-years-083555-6548244.html |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterji |first=Riddhi |date=2023-12-04 |title=Magneto The Mall Raipur: Retail, dining and beyond |url=https://housing.com/news/magneto-the-mall-raipurs-recreational-hotspot/ |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Housing News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sahu |first=Chitrsen |date=6 July 2025 |title=Raipur Top 10 Shopping Mall List: ये हैं रायपुर के टॉप 10 शॉपिंग मॉल, मनोरंजन के साथ कर सकेंगे खरीदारी |url=https://npg.news/business/raipur-ke-top-10-shopping-mall-kon-se-hai-latest-hindi-news-2025-07-06-1290655 |access-date=11 September 2025 |work=NPG News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=3 Shopping Malls in Raipur To Go On A Shopping Spree in 2024 |url=https://www.holidify.com/pages/shopping-malls-in-raipur-1775.html |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=www.holidify.com}}</ref> by Avinash Group.

== Information ==
The mall is situated on the G.E. Road and it is split into 6 floors with a dedicated area of 1,035,000 sq.ft.{{cn|date=September 2025}} It is home to 120 national and international brands. It also has a 4-screen multiplex and a gaming zone.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.magnetothemall.com/ Official Website]

{{Shopping malls in India}}

[[Category:Shopping malls in India]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]

Romanisation of Malayalam

2026-04-28T13:56:01Z

Debadrito Dutta: Adding...

{{Short description|Schemes for the Malayalam script}}
There are several [[romanisation]] schemes for the [[Malayalam script]], including
[[ITRANS]] and [[ISO 15919]].

==ASCII schemes==
Typesetting Malayalam on computers became an issue with their spread in the late 20th century. The lack of diacritics on keyboards led to the adoption of [[ASCII]] only romanisation schemes. ASCII only schemes remain popular in email correspondence and input methods because of their ease of entry. These schemes are also called Manglish. The disadvantage of ASCII schemes is that letter case is meaningful, so that transliterated names may not be capitalised.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

===Mozhi===
The '''Mozhi''' system of transliteration<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/cibu/mozhi/mozhi2 Mozhi transliteration scheme detailed specification]</ref> is an unofficial system used to transliterate [[Malayalam]], it can also be used for [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. This system does not need the use of diacritics.
Even though it has more elaborate scheme, [[Mozhi_(transliteration) | Mozhi]]<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/cibu/mozhi/mozhi2 Mozhi transliteration scheme]</ref> is as follows:


aa i ii u uu R RR
e E ai o O au Ll Lll am aH

k kh g gh ng
ch chh j jh nj
T Th D Dh N
th thh d dh n
p ph b bh m

y r l v
S sh s h
L zh rr t

=== ITRANS ===
[[ITRANS]] is an ASCII scheme which does not use diacritics for transliteration to Latin script.

==National Library at Kolkata romanisation==
The "[[National Library at Kolkata romanisation]]" is one of the most widely used [[transliteration]] schemes in dictionaries and grammars of [[Indo-Aryan languages]] and [[Dravidian languages]] including Malayalam. This transliteration scheme is also known as '(American) Library of Congress' scheme and is nearly identical to one of the possible [[ISO 15919]] variants. The scheme is an extension of the [[IAST]] scheme that is used for transliteration of [[Sanskrit]].

== ISO 15919 ==

[[ISO 15919]] "Transliteration of Devanagari and related Indic scripts into Latin characters" is one of a [[List of ISO romanizations|series of international standards]] for [[romanisation]]. It was published in 2001 and uses [[diacritic]]s to map the much larger set of consonants and vowels in [[Brahmic scripts]] to the [[Latin script]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Romanization}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Romanisation Of Malayalam}}
[[Category:Malayalam script]]
[[Category:Romanization of Brahmic|Malayalam]]

{{latin-script-stub}}

News Broadcasters and Digital Association

2026-04-28T02:29:16Z

Debadrito Dutta: adding new page

{{Short description|Organisation of the Indian news broadcasters}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = News Broadcasters and Digital Association
| image = News Broadcasters & Digital Association logo.png
| image_border =
| image_size = 250px
| image_alt = 
| caption =
| map = 
| map_size = 
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| map2 =
| abbreviation = NBDA
| predecessor =
| successor =
| formation = 3 July 2007
| extinction = 
| type = Private organisation.
| status = 
| purpose = 
| headquarters =
| location =
| coordinates = 
| region_served =
| num_members =
| language = 
| general_secretary = 
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Avinash Pandey CEO (ABP Network) 
| leader_title2 = Vice President
| leader_name2 = [[M. V. Shreyams Kumar]] (JMD - [[Mathrubhumi News]]) 
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| key_people =
| main_organ = [[Board of Directors]]
| parent_organization = 
| affiliations = 
| budget =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| website = {{URL|www.nbdanewdelhi.com}}
| remarks =
| former_name =
}}
[[File:News Broadcasters Association Logo.jpg|thumb|alt= Logo of the organisation when it was known as the News Broadcasters Association|Logo of the NBDA when it was known as the News Broadcasters Association]]
The '''News Broadcasters and Digital Association''' (NBDA) formerly known as the '''News Broadcasters Association''' (NBA) is a private association of different current affairs and news television broadcasters in India.<ref name="Saxena">{{cite news |last1=Dev |first1=Atul |last2=Saxena |first2=Nikita |title=The Curious Case of Republic TV's Ratings, and the Official Rating Agency's Blind Eye To It |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/curious-case-republic-tvs-ratings-official-rating-agency-blind-eye |access-date=24 December 2020 |work=The Caravan |language=en}}</ref> It was established by Indian news broadcasters on 3 July 2007. The Association was set up to deal with ethical, operational, regulatory, technical and legal issues affecting news and current affairs channels.

In August 2021, News Broadcasters Association was renamed as News Broadcasters & Digital Association after inclusion of digital media news broadcasters in the association.<ref name="Mint Rename">{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Lata |title=News Broadcasters Association renamed News Broadcasters and Digital Association |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/news-broadcasters-association-renamed-news-broadcasters-digital-association-11628854687550.html |access-date=5 March 2022 |work=mint |date=13 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Membership ==
Membership in the association is governed by qualifying certain guidelines. Besides this, an annual subscription fee has also to be paid by the applicant/member. The association as of date has 27 members representing 70 channels.

==News Broadcasting and Digital Standards Authority==
The News Broadcasting and Digital Standards Authority ({{vanchor|NBDSA}}) is an independent body, set up by the News Broadcasters and Digital Association. The NBDSA was created to consider and adjudicate complaints about broadcasts. It was formerly known as the {{vanchor|News Broadcasting Standards Authority}} (NBSA).<ref name="ibfindia">{{cite news |title=News Broadcasting Standards Authority (NBSA) {{!}} Indian Broadcasting Foundation |url=https://www.ibfindia.com/news-broadcasting-standards-authority-nbsa |access-date=5 March 2022 |work=ibfindia.com}}</ref><ref name="Exchange4media">{{cite news |title=NBDSA not registered with central government under CTN Rules 2021: Anurag Thakur - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/nbdsa-not-registered-with-central-government-under-ctn-rules-2021-anurag-thakur-117355.html |access-date=5 March 2022 |work=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
The NBDA Board Members, who are linked to various print and electronic media outlets, were accused by many of adopting double standards, as they immediately called for the closure of [[TRP scam]] case investigation by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] in an FIR filed in [[Uttar Pradesh]] in October 2020, which could have possibly highlighted the involvement of many of the member channels role in the scam. However, many of the members had earlier given wide coverage to the TRP scam case, accusing a rival channel Republic TV of TRP fudging, when an investigation was launched into the TRP scam by the Mumbai Police accusing Republic TV.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/plugged-in/primetime/republic-vs-the-rest-aaj-tak-calls-out-trp-chor-ndtv-on-madaari-abp-says-people-betrayed/520087/|title=Republic Vs the Rest — Aajtak calls out 'TRP chor', NDTV on madaari, ABP says people betrayed|first=Bismee|last=Taskin|date=9 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/journalists-made-victims-due-to-republic-tv-mumbai-police-clash-broadcasters-body-slams-cbi-probe-3003230.html|title=Journalists Made Victims Due to Republic TV-Mumbai Police Clash: The Broadcasters' Body Slams the CBI Probe|date=24 October 2020|website=News18}}</ref>

==Members==
Its founding members of the NBDA were:
* Independent News Service Pvt Ltd
* Media Content and Communication Services (India) Ltd
* [[New Delhi Television Ltd]]
* [[TV18|TV18 Broadcast Ltd]]
* Times Global Broadcasting Company Ltd
* [[TV Today Network|TV Today Network Ltd]]
* [[Zee Media Corporation Ltd]]

==Board members of NBDA in the year 2019-20==
'''The Office Bearers''' '''of NBDA for the year 2019-20 are:'''

1. [[Rajat Sharma]] – President (Chairman & Editor-in-Chief (India TV) – Independent News Service Pvt. Ltd.)

2. I. Venkat - Vice President (Director - [[ETV Network|Eenadu Television Pvt Ltd]])

3. Anuradha Prasad Shukla – Honorary Treasurer (Chairperson-cum-Managing Director, [[News 24 (India)|BAG Network 24 Ltd]])

'''The other Members on the NBA Board are:'''

4. M.K. Anand, Managing Director & Chief Executive Officer – [[The Times Group|Times Network - Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd]]

5. M.V. Shreyams Kumar, Joint Managing Director, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Co. Ltd.

6. Rahul Joshi, CEO of News and Group Editor-in-Charge - [[TV18|TV18 Broadcast Ltd]]

7. Avinash Pandey, Chief Operating Officer - [[ABP News|ABP Network Pvt Ltd]]

8. Kalli Purie Bhandal, Vice-chairperson & Managing Director - [[TV Today Network|TV Today Network Ltd.]]

9. [[Sonia Singh (journalist)|Sonia Singh]], editorial director, [[New Delhi Television Ltd]]

10. [[Sudhir Chaudhary (journalist)|Sudhir Chaudhary]], chief executive officer - Cluster 1, [[TV Today Network|TV Today Network Ltd]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=About the NBDA - News Broadcasters and Digital Association |url=http://www.nbanewdelhi.com/about-nba |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218124820/http://www.nbanewdelhi.com/about-nba |url-status=usurped |archive-date=18 December 2016 |website=www.nbanewdelhi.com |access-date=5 March 2022}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:News Broadcasters and Digital Association}}
[[Category:Journalism organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2008]]
[[Category:Television organisations in India]]
[[Category:Broadcasting authorities]]

Paytm Payments Bank

2026-04-25T05:12:07Z

Debadrito Dutta: New

{{short description|Indian payments bank}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Paytm Payments Bank
| logo = Paytmbank-logo.4ba3db09.svg
| type = [[Private company]]
| traded_as =
| founded = {{Start date and age|28 November 2017|df=yes}}<ref name=businesstoday>{{cite news |title=Arun Jaitley launches Paytm Payments Bank, vouches for digital payments |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/it/arun-jaitley-digital-payments-govt-initiatives-for-digitalisation-financial-inclusion/story/264944.html |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=November 28, 2017}}</ref>
| founder = [[Vijay Shekhar Sharma]]
| location = [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| industry = [[Financial services]], [[Banking]]
| area_served = India
| products = [[Banking]], [[Savings Account]],
[[Retail Banking]], [[Online banking|Online Banking]]
| key_people = Arun Kumar Bansal (CEO)
| num_employees =
| owners = {{ubl|[[Vijay Shekhar Sharma]] (51%)|[[One97 Communications]] (49%)<ref>{{cite news |title=Why RBI lost patience with Paytm Payments Bank: Anti-money laundering lapses, related party transactions |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/why-rbi-lost-patience-with-paytm-payments-bank-anti-money-laundering-lapses-related-party-transactions-12179361.html |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=Moneycontrol |date=2 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.paytm.bank.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Paytm Payments Bank''' ('''PPBL''') was an Indian [[payments bank]], founded in 2017 and headquartered in [[Noida]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm Payments Bank Launched: All About India's Mobile-First Bank With Zero Minimum Balance |url=https://www.india.com/business/paytm-payments-bank-launched-all-about-indias-mobile-first-bank-with-zero-minimum-balance-2690461/ |publisher=[[India.com]] |date=November 29, 2017}}</ref> In the same year, it received the license to run a payments bank from the [[Reserve Bank of India]] and was launched in November 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/qEiZDfiN8jgOIOkANV2ALO/Paytm-launches-payments-bank-Gives-4-on-deposits.html|title=Paytm Payments Bank launched. Here's how it compares to rivals Airtel, India Post|work=livemint}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm gets a green signal from the RBI to formally launch its 'Payments Bank' |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/business-of-brands/paytm-gets-a-green-signal-from-the-rbi-to-formally-launch-its-payments-bank/56326150 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=January 4, 2017}}</ref><ref name=RBI/> In 2021, the bank received a scheduled bank status from the RBI.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/paytm-payments-bank-receives-scheduled-bank-status-from-rbi-121120900744_1.html|title=Paytm Payments Bank receives scheduled bank status from RBI|work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news |last1=Srivats |first1=KR |date=January 9, 2018 |title=Arun Jaitley launches Paytm Payments Bank |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/arun-jaitley-launches-paytm-payments-bank/article9975256.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]}}</ref>

[[Vijay Shekhar Sharma]] holds 51 percent in the entity with [[One97 Communications]] holding 49 percent. Vijay Shekhar Sharma is the promoter of Paytm Payments Bank, and One97 Communications Limited is not categorized as one of its promoters.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shetty |first1=Mayur |title=Paytm seeks in-principle nod on small bank licence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/paytm-seeks-in-principle-nod-on-small-bank-licence/articleshow/77813377.cms#:~:text=MUMBAI%3A%20Paytm%20Payments%20Bank%20has,enable%20it%20to%20extend%20loans. |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=August 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=One 97 Communication |work=BSEIndia |url=https://www.bseindia.com/corporates/download/350845/DRHP%20-%20One%2097%20Communications%20Limited_20210716130427.pdf}}</ref> He resigned as [[part-time job|part-time]] non-executive [[chairman]] and board member of Paytm Payments Bank, citing regulatory challenges with the Reserve Bank of India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm's Vijay Shekhar Sharma steps down from payments bank board |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/paytms-vijay-shekhar-sharma-steps-down-from-payments-bank-board/articleshow/108018841.cms |work=The Times of India |date=26 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Announcement under Regulation 30 (LODR)-Press Release / Media Release |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/0cf14b0d-2344-4904-91a7-ae05d5dccbce.pdf |website=BSE Limited |access-date=2024-02-26 |archive-date=2024-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305081819/https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/0cf14b0d-2344-4904-91a7-ae05d5dccbce.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On {{Date|Jan 31, 2024}}, Paytm Payments Bank was stopped from onboarding new customers onto their platform, due to persistent non-compliance and continued material supervisory concerns within the bank. It was also told to not accept deposits or credit transactions or top ups shall be allowed in any customer accounts, prepaid instruments, wallets, FASTags, NCMC cards after 15 March 2025.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Reserve Bank of India - Press Releases |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=57224 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131114729/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=57224 |archive-date=2024-01-31 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.rbi.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2024-01-31 |title=RBI bars Paytm from accepting deposits in any customer account after 29 February |url=https://www.livemint.com/economy/rbi-bars-paytm-payments-bank-from-accepting-deposits-in-any-customer-account-from-next-month-11706700713798.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131115528/https://www.livemint.com/economy/rbi-bars-paytm-payments-bank-from-accepting-deposits-in-any-customer-account-from-next-month-11706700713798.html |archive-date=2024-01-31 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> The [[Reserve Bank of India]] took this step under Section 35A of the [[Banking Regulation Act, 1949]]. According to the RBI, this decision aimed to address certain irregularities in Paytm Payments Bank's banking services, ensuring compliance with regulatory norms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-01 |title=Paytm Bank Faces Trouble as RBI imposes restrictions |work=The Hindu Voice |url=https://thehinduvoice.com/paytm-bank-faces-trouble-as-rbi-imposes-restrictions/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201063632/https://thehinduvoice.com/paytm-bank-faces-trouble-as-rbi-imposes-restrictions/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=2024-02-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

On {{Date|Apr 24, 2026}}, the RBI canceled the banking license of PayTM Payments Bank, citing non compliance with several sections of the [[Banking Regulation Act, 1949]], effective from close of business on the same day. <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/rbi-cancels-banking-licence-of-paytm-payments-bank/article70902129.ece|title=RBI cancels banking licence of Paytm Payments Bank|publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== History ==
In 2015, Paytm Payments Bank Limited received in-principle approval from the [[Reserve Bank of India]] to set up a payments bank and was formally inaugurated on November 28, 2017.<ref name=RBI>{{cite news |title=RBI gives licence for 11 payments banks |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/rbi-gives-licence-for-11-payments-banks/article7557836.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=January 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm Payments Bank Formally {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Inaugrated}}, To Invest $500 Mn In KYC |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/paytm-payments-bank-paytm/ |work=inc42}}</ref>

In the financial year 2020, the bank facilitated more than 485 crore transactions worth ₹4.6 lakh crore.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://business.paytm.com/blog/paytm-payments-bank-emerges-as-a-success-story-of-the-banking-model-registers-profit-for-the-2nd-consecutive-year/|title=Paytm Payments Bank emerges as a success story of the banking model, registers profit for the 2nd consecutive year|work=Business Blog}}</ref> It processed over 778 million UPI transactions amounting to ₹89,388 crore in June 2022<ref name="UPI Ecosystem Statistics">{{cite news|url=https://www.npci.org.in/what-we-do/upi/upi-ecosystem-statistics|title=UPI Ecosystem Statistics|work=npci}}</ref> and continues to be India's biggest UPI beneficiary bank,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/paytm-payments-bank-leads-upi-beneficiary-chart-sbi-biggest-remitter-in-december/articleshow/88881214.cms|title=Paytm Payments Bank leads UPI beneficiary chart; SBI biggest remitter in December|work=Economic Times}}</ref> with over 1,370 million digital transactions in June 2022.<ref name="UPI Ecosystem Statistics"/><ref name="Mint">{{cite news |date=April 13, 2021 |title=Paytm Payments Bank processes 970 million digital transactions in March |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/paytm-payments-bank-processes-970-million-digital-transactions-in-march-11618293150047.html |publisher=[[Livemint]]}}</ref>

In March 2021, the bank received approval from the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] for issuing payment mandates for initial public offerings (IPOs) through its "@paytm" [[Unified Payments Interface|UPI]] handle.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.paytmbank.com/blog/2021/03/sebi-approves-paytm-upi-handle-we-now-enable-seamless-applications-for-ipo/|title=sebi approves paytm upi handle we now enable seamless applications for ipo|work=paytmbank}}</ref><ref name=SEBI>{{cite news |title=Paytm Payments Bank can now issue payment mandates for IPOs as SEBI approves UPI handle |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/paytm-payments-bank-can-now-issue-payment-mandates-for-ipos-as-sebi-approves-upi-handle/2213082/ |publisher=Financial Express |date=March 15, 2021}}</ref>

After the RBI banned it from accepting deposits from {{Date|2024-03-15|}}, it had to quickly migrate the handle to another company with a valid banking license. The handle was transferred to [[Yes Bank]] one day before the deadline to ensure existing users and merchants did not face any issues with their UPI transactions and AutoPay mandates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-14 |title=NPCI grants approval to One97 Communications Limited (OCL) to participate in UPI as a Third-Party Application Provider (TPAP) under multi-bank model |url=https://www.npci.org.in/PDF/npci/press-releases/2024/NPCI-Press-Release-NPCI-grants-approval-to-One97-Communications-Limited-(OCL)-to-participate-in-UPI-as-a-Third-Party-Application-Provider-(TPAP).pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316192100/https://www.npci.org.in/PDF/npci/press-releases/2024/NPCI-Press-Release-NPCI-grants-approval-to-One97-Communications-Limited-%28OCL%29-to-participate-in-UPI-as-a-Third-Party-Application-Provider-%28TPAP%29.pdf |archive-date=2024-03-16 |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI)}}</ref>

== Products and services ==
Paytm Payments Bank offers [[Savings account|savings]] and [[current accounts]] with a [[debit card]], facilitating fast and easy payments.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Motiani |first1=Preeti |title=Payments bank deposit limit hiked to Rs 2 lakh by RBI |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/save/payments-bank-deposit-limit-hiked-to-rs-2-lakh-by-rbi/articleshow/81945184.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=April 7, 2021}}</ref> Paytm Payments Bank issued seven million Visa debit cards through its platform in FY 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm Payments Bank overachieved its target of issuing Visa debit cards at 7 million in FY21 as against goal of 1 million |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/business/corporates/news/paytm-payments-bank-overachieved-its-target-of-issuing-visa-debit-cards-at-7-million-in-fy21-as-against-goal-of-1-million/articleshow/89918699.cms |publisher=Business Insider |date=March 1, 2022 |archive-date=May 7, 2022 |access-date=November 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507224700/https://www.businessinsider.in/business/corporates/news/paytm-payments-bank-overachieved-its-target-of-issuing-visa-debit-cards-at-7-million-in-fy21-as-against-goal-of-1-million/articleshow/89918699.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Partnership ==
In January 2018, Paytm Payments Bank partnered with [[IndusInd Bank]] to offer fixed deposits.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anupam |first1=Suprita |title=Paytm Payments Bank Partners With IndusInd Bank To Offer Fixed Deposit |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/paytm-payments-bank-indusind-bank-fixed-deposit/ |publisher=Inc42 |date=January 8, 2018}}</ref> It entered into a partnership with [[MasterCard]] for the issuance of virtual and physical debit cards in April 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm Payments Bank partners with Mastercard |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/paytm-payments-bank-partners-with-mastercard/articleshow/75198763.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=April 17, 2020}}</ref> In January 2021, it tied up with [[Suryoday Small Finance Bank]] to offer fixed deposit services to its account holders.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm Bank account holders can now avail FD services from Suryoday Bank |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/paytm-bank-account-holders-can-now-avail-fd-services-from-suryoday-bank-11611032693989.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=January 19, 2021}}</ref> Since June 2021, it is not providing new fixed deposit creation with Suryodaya Bank.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1404660090716659719|user=paytmbankcare|title=@KanhapskStonie Hi, We would like to inform you that we are not providing new FD creation with Suryodaya Bank. Rest…|date=15 June 2021}}</ref>

== Financials ==
Paytm Payments Bank reported a ₹19 crore profit for the financial year 2018–2019, making it the first [[payments bank]] in India to become profitable.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Merwin |first1=Radhika |title=Why five out of the 11 payments banks have shut shop |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/five-out-of-the-11-payments-banks-have-shut-operations-why/article29381134.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=September 10, 2019}}</ref> The company registered a profit of ₹29.8 crore for the financial year 2020.<ref name="FY20">{{cite news |title=Paytm Payments Bank posts net profit of ₹30 crore in FY20 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/paytm-payments-bank-posts-net-profit-of-30-crore-in-fy20/article31787063.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=June 9, 2020}}</ref>

== Regulatory issues ==
In June 2018, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] barred Paytm Payment Bank from opening new customer accounts, following an audit by the [[Reserve Bank of India]], which made some observations about the process the company follows in acquiring new customers and its adherence to [[Know your customer|KYC]] norms.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raj |first1=Amrit |last2=Verma |first2=Shrutika |title=Paytm payments bank stops enrolling new users after RBI concerns |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/paytm-stops-enrolling-new-users-as-rbi-raises-concerns/story-ez3Dfrxc9lM3ZuZhthcrnM-amp.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=August 1, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm Payments Bank is still not allowed to add new customers, says CEO |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/paytm-payments-bank-is-still-not-allowed-to-add-new-customers-says-ceo-118082500050_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=August 25, 2019}}</ref> However, in January 2019, it received approval from the [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]] to resume on-boarding new customers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhakta |first1=Pratik |last2=Chanchani |first2=Madhav |title=RBI allows Paytm Bank to restart account opening t |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/rbi-allows-paytm-bank-to-restart-account-opening/articleshow/67329250.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=January 1, 2019}}</ref> In October 2021, RBI imposed a fine of ₹1 crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reserve Bank of India - Press Releases |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=52434 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=www.rbi.org.in}}</ref> on the bank for violating laws pertaining to payments and settlement. On 11 March 2022, RBI prohibited PPBL from onboarding new customers owing to "certain material supervisory concerns observed in the bank".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=RBI directs Paytm Payments Bank to stop onboarding new customers, orders IT audit |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/rbi-directs-paytm-payments-bank-to-stop-onboarding-new-customers-orders-it-audit-8222121.html |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Moneycontrol |date=11 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reserve Bank of India - Press Releases |url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=53405 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924093722/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=53405 |archive-date=2023-09-24 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=rbi.org.in}}</ref>

In continuation of these actions, and after the validation report of the external auditors revealed persistent non-compliance and continued material supervisory concerns in the bank, RBI ordered the bank to stop onboarding customers and not to accept deposits engaging in credit transactions, or making top-ups in customers accounts after {{Date|Feb 29, 2024}}.<ref name=":1" /> The prohibition order also includes not accepting additional deposits in prepaid instruments, wallets, [[FASTag]]s, or [[National Common Mobility Card]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Lalatendu |date=2024-01-31 |title=RBI curbs to render Paytm wallet and FASTag inoperative |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/rbi-stops-paytm-payments-bank-from-accepting-deposits-after-feb-29/article67796432.ece |access-date=2024-02-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The deadline was extended to 15 March 2024 by a press release a week later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Reserve Bank of India - Press Releases |url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=57345 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216200302/https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=57345 |archive-date=2024-02-16 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=rbi.org.in}}</ref>

On 24 April 2026, the RBI cancelled the banking licence of Paytm Payments Bank under Section 22(4) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 to carry on the banking business in the country with effect from close of business.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Lalatendu |date=2026-04-24 |title=RBI cancels banking licence of Paytm Payments Bank |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/rbi-cancels-banking-licence-of-paytm-payments-bank/article70902129.ece |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The regulator cited continued breaches of licensing conditions including activities done in a manner prejudicial to the interests of the bank and its depositors. The RBI said that it would move the High Court for starting the winding-up process of the bank. It confirmed that Paytm Payments Bank has adequate liquidity to pay all depositors in full during the winding up. This is the second time the bank has faced regulatory restrictions for breaches relating to customer due-diligence and KYC in 2022 and January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-24 |title=Why RBI cancelled Paytm Payments Bank’s banking licence |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/why-rbi-cancelled-paytm-payments-banks-banking-licence-10654383/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[Airtel Payments Bank]]
* [[Jio Payments Bank]]
* [[India Post Payments Bank]]
* [[Aditya Birla Payments Bank]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{URL|https://www.paytm.bank.in/|Official website}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite news |last1=Ramanathan |first1=Arundhati |last2=Kumar Gunjan |first2=Rounak |last3=Noronha |first3=Gaurav |date=1 February 2024 |title=Why RBl killed Paytm Payments Bank |url=https://the-ken.com/story/rbi-issues-a-death-sentence-to-paytm-payments-bank/?searchTerm=Bank |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=[[The Ken]]}}
{{Banking in India}}

[[Category:Payments banks]]
[[Category:Banks established in 2015]]
[[Category:Online payments]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Online financial services companies of India]]

Kunwar Satya Vir

2026-04-24T20:35:13Z

Debadrito Dutta: started a post!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kunwar Satya Vir
| office = [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| office2 = [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| office1 = [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_end = Mar 1967
| term_start = Mar 1962
| term_start2 = Mar 1967
| term_end2 = Apr 1968
| term_end1 = Jun 1980
| term_start1 = Feb 1977
}}

'''Kunwar Satya Vir''' is an Indian politician who was a member of the [[3rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|3rd]] [[4th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|4th]] and [[7th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] representing [[Bijnor Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Kunwar Satya Vir, Bijnor Assembly Elections 1977 LIVE Results {{!}} Election Dates, Exit Polls, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News, Articles & Statistics {{!}} LatestLY.com |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/1977/bijnor/kunwar-satya-vir/ |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bijnor Election Result 2022 LIVE: Bijnor MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/bijnor-assembly-elections-up-22/ |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-31 |title=Bijnor Uttar Pradesh MLA {{!}} ENTRANCE INDIA |url=https://entranceindia.com/tag/bijnor-uttar-pradesh-mla/ |access-date=2023-05-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Short description|Indian politician}}

[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1967–1969]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:People from Bijnor district]]

{{UttarPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Bhanu Banerjee

2026-04-20T05:18:15Z

Debadrito Dutta: Added First Entry More To Come

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhanu Banerjee
| image = Bhanu Banerjee in 1972.jpg
| caption = Bhanu Bandyopadhyay
| birth_name = {{nowrap|Samyamoy Banerjee}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1920|08|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bikrampur]], [[Dacca]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1983|03|04|1920|08|26|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor, voice actor, comedian, singer
| years_active = 1928–1983
| spouse = {{marriage|Nilima Mukherjee|1946}}
| father = Jitendranath Banerjee
| mother = Suniti Banerjee
| children = 3
}}

'''Bhanu Banerjee''', also known as '''Bhanu Bandyopadhyay''' (born as '''Samyamoy Banerjee'''; 26 August 1920<ref name="ABP birth centenary">{{cite news |title=জন্মশতবার্ষিকীতেও 'ভানু একাই একশো' |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bhanu-ekai-eksho-a-documentary-to-remember-the-legendary-actor-on-his-birth-centenary-dgtl-1.1194773?ref=home-more-news-stry-right-vertical-3 |access-date=26 August 2020 |work=anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref> – 4 March 1983), was an Indian actor, known for his work in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]]. He acted in over 300 movies, in numerous plays and performed frequently on the radio.

== Early life ==
Bhanu Banerjee was born on 26 August 1920 at [[Dhaka]], Bengal in a Kulin Brahmin family. His ancestral home was at a village called Panchgaon in [[Bikrampur]], [[Dhaka Division]], present day [[Bangladesh]]. Bhanu Banerjee was related to [[Sabitri Chatterjee]] through his maternal side. [[Aghorenath Chattopadhyay]] was his maternal grandfather's cousin. He studied at Kazir Pagla A. T. Institute, Lohajong, [[Pogose School]] and [[St. Gregory's High School]] in Dhaka followed by [[Jagannath University|Jagannath College]] for his B.A. He then moved to [[Calcutta]] in 1941.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bhanu Bandyopadhyay was favourite student of teacher Sir Satyen Bose | স্যার সত্যেন বোসের ছাত্র ছিলেন ভানু বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, তিনিই প্রথম পালন করেন মাস্টারমশাইয়ের জন্মদিন | Critical News | 2023 - bhanu-bandyopadhyay-student-of-satyen-bose | date=26 August 2022 | url=https://www.thewall.in/magazine/bhanu-bandyopadhyay-student-of-satyen-bose/tid/85238 }}</ref> In his initial years, Bandyopadhyay worked at the Iron & Steel Control Board.

== Political activity ==

He was associated with the freedom fighter group Anushilan Samity in the Dhaka District. As a teenager, he was kept under house arrest for 30 days because the police suspected him of involvement in seditious activities. Following the [[Quit India movement]], he joined the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]. He later founded the [[Kranti Shilpi Sangha]] with writer and filmmaker [[Salil Sen]], staging Sen's landmark play ''Natun Yahudi'' (1951, filmed 1953) to raise funds for East Bengal refugees in Calcutta.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiancine.ma/AOP/info|title= Bhanu Bannerjee (Cast) – Show Filmography}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-spy-tagore-was-being-watched-1152385 |title= 'Spy' Tagore was being watched|date= 23 February 2008}}</ref>

== Career ==
Bandyopadhyay started his acting career as a stand-up comedian in Dhaka. He performed at office parties and then moved on to larger venues. In 1943, he released his first major comic [[gramophone record]] ''Dhakar Gadoane''. Its success prompted him to release a new record every year during [[Durga Puja]].<ref name=other>{{cite book |title=Bengali Cinema: An Other Nation|last=Gooptu |first=Sharmistha |year=2010 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-57006-0 |pages=128–38}}</ref> He made his big screen debut with [[Devi Mukherjee]] and [[Sumitra Devi (actress)|Sumitra Devi]] starrer Bengali film ''Abhijog'' (1947).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qOfDwAAQBAJ&q=%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80&pg=PA73|title=Bhanu Samagra|last=Bandopadhyay|first=Bhanu|date=1 May 2019|publisher=PATRA BHARATI|isbn=9788183744751|language=bn}}</ref> Bandyopadhyay's breakthrough film role was in Nirmal Dey's ''Basu Parivar'' (1952) where he played a Bangal businessman. The next year his role as Kedar in ''[[Sharey Chuattar]]'' made him rise to fame. His line in the film, "''Mashima, malpoa khamu''" (Aunty, I want to eat [[Malpua|malpoa]]), became a highly popular catchphrase.<ref name=other />

He went on to act in over 300 movies like ''[[Bhranti Bilash]]'' and ''[[Pasher Bari]]''. In most of his films he played comedic roles in which he exaggerated Bengali accents and mannerisms for comic effect.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mourning the nation: Indian cinema in the wake of Partition|last= Sarkar|first=Bhaskur |year=2009 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-4411-7 |pages=159–60}}</ref> He teamed up with his best friend comedian [[Jahor Roy]] for many films like ''[[Bhanu Pelo Lottery]]'' and the humorous detective story ''[[Bhanu Goenda Jahar Assistant]]''.<ref name=TOI /> Typically, in the pair's films Bandyopadhyay would take the role of the [[Bangal]] and Roy would be the comical [[Ghotis|Ghoti]] character (although in real life, both were Bangals).<ref>{{cite book |title=Habitations of modernity: essays in the wake of subaltern studies |url=https://archive.org/details/habitationsmoder00chak |url-access=limited |last= Chakrabarty|first=Dipesh|year=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-10039-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/habitationsmoder00chak/page/n81 140]}}</ref> Although chiefly known as a comedian, Bandyopadhyay has played serious roles films like ''[[Galpo Holeo Satti]], [[Alor Pipasa]]'', ''[[Amrita Kumbher Sandhane]]''; ''Nirdharito Shilpir Onuposthitite'', and even negative roles in ''[[Baghini (1968 film)|Baghini]]'' and ''Bijayinee''. He played the lead role in many films including ''[[Jamalaye Jibanta Manush]]'', ''[[Mriter Martye Agaman]]'', ''Sworgo Mortyo'', ''Personal Assistant'', ''[[Miss Priyambada]]'' and ''[[Ashite Ashiona]]''. Later in his career Bandyopadhyay founded his own [[Jatra (Bengal)|Jatra]] group called ''Mukto Mancha''. He produced, directed and acted in his own productions, traveling around the country with the troupe.

== Personal life ==
Banerjee was married to Nilima Mukherjee, a [[playback singer]]. They had three children – Basabi Ghatak ([[née]] Banerjee), Gautam and Pinaki.<ref name=TOI>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Baba-thought-no-one-would-cry/articleshow/7112438.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323185550/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-17/news-interviews/28229384_1_baba-father-bangal |url-status=live |archive-date=23 March 2012 |title=Baba thought no one would cry... |author=Priyanka Dasgupta |date= 17 December 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/bhanu-bandyopadhyay |title=Bhanu Bandyopadhyay |author=Priyanka Dasgupta|work=Times of India |access-date=10 March 2011}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=November 2018}} Earlier the family stayed in Jubilee Park, [[Tollygunge]]. They later shifted to 42A, Charu Avenue, [[Rabindra Sarobar]] in 1960.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/patrika/some-unknown-facts-about-actor-bhanu-bandopadhyay-1.593861?ref=hm-new-stry |title=Some unknown facts about Bhanu Bandyopadhyay |author=Gautam Bandyopadhyay|work=Anandabazar |access-date=8 April 2017}}</ref>

== Death and legacy ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2025}}
Banerjee died of a heart-related illness on 4 March 1983. On 26 August 2011 his film ''Nirdharito Shilpir Onupasthitite'' (1959) was released on DVD. His son, Gautam Banerjee, has confirmed the release which coincided with his father's 91st birth anniversary.

== Works ==

=== Filmography ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width: 500px;"
|-
! width = 10 | Year
! width=200 | Title
! width = 30 | Role
! width = 30 | Notes
|-
| 1928|| ''Nishiddha Phal'' || ||
|-
| 1930|| ''Kal Parinaya'' || ||
|-
| 1931|| ''Aparadhi'' || ||
|-
| 1931|| ''[[Dena Paona]]'' || Nirmal ||
|-
| 1931|| ''Chasher Meye'' || ||
|-
| 1932|| ''Sandigdha'' || ||
|-
| 1937|| ''Didi'' || Mr. Banerjee ||
|-
| 1938|| ''Abhigyan'' || Suresh ||
|-
| 1938|| ''Street Singer'' || ||
|-
| 1939|| ''Rajat Jayanti'' || Samirkanti ||
|-
| 1939|| ''Rikta'' || Sadhan ||
|-
| 1939|| ''Bardidi'' || Manorama's husband ||
|-
| 1939|| ''Parajay'' || Dilip ||
|-
| 1940|| ''[[Nartaki (1940 film)|Nartaki]]'' || Satyasundar ||
|-
| 1943|| ''Jogajog'' || Doctor ||
|-
| 1945|| ''Bhabhi Kaal'' || ||
|-
| 1947|| ''Jagaran'' || ||
|-
| 1947|| ''[[Abhijog]]'' || ||
|-
| 1948|| ''[[Sharbohara]]'' || ||
|-
| 1949|| ''Bandhur Path'' || ||
|-
| 1949|| ''[[Mantramugdha]]'' || ||
|-
| 1949|| ''[[Ja Hoi Na]]'' || ||
|-
| 1950|| ''[[Mandando]]'' || ||
|-
| 1950|| ''[[Tothapi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1950|| ''Sahodar'' || ||
|-
| 1950|| ''[[Digbhranta]]'' || ||
|-
| 1950|| ''Krishan'' || ||
|-
| 1950|| ''[[Dwairath]]'' || ||
|-
| 1951|| ''[[Barjatri]]'' || ||
|-
| 1951|| ''Niyoti'' || ||
|-
| 1951|| ''[[Rupantar]]'' || ||
|-
| 1951|| ''[[Shetu]]'' || ||
|-
| 1952|| ''[[Pasher Bari]]'' || Shyam Sundar Babu||
|-
| 1952|| ''[[Basu Paribar]]'' || ||
|-
| 1952|| ''[[Mahishashur Badh]]'' || ||
|-
| 1952|| ''[[Aladin O Ascharya Pradip]]'' || ||
|-
| 1952|| ''[[Kapalkundala]]'' || ||
|-
| 1952|| ''[[Jabanbondi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1952|| ''[[Darpachurna]]'' || ||
|-
| 1952|| ''[[Patri Chai]]'' || ||
|-
| 1952|| ''[[Prarthana (1952 film)|Prarthana]]'' || ||
|-
| 1952|| ''[[Ratrir Tapashya]]'' || ||
|-
| 1953|| ''[[Sharey Chuattor]]'' || Kedar ||
|-
| 1953|| ''[[Rami Chandidash]]'' || ||
|-
| 1953|| ''[[Lakh Taka]]'' || ||
|-
| 1953|| ''Bana Hansi'' || ||
|-
| 1953|| ''[[Sat Number Kayedi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1953|| ''[[Natun Ihudi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1953|| ''[[Shashurbari]]'' || ||
|-
| 1953|| ''[[Keranir Jiban]]'' || ||
|-
| 1953|| ''[[Adrishya Manush]]'' || ||
|-
| 1953|| ''[[Pathnirdesh]]'' || ||
|-
| 1953|| ''[[Banhangshi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1953|| ''[[Bastab]]'' || ||
|-
| 1953|| ''[[Bouthakuranir Hut]]'' || ||
|-
| 1953|| ''[[Boudir Bon]]'' || ||
|-
| 1953|| ''Maharaja Nandakumar'' || ||
|-
| 1953|| ''[[Rakhi (1953 film)|Rakhi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1953|| ''[[Harilakhhi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1954|| ''Atom Bomb'' || ||
|-
| 1954|| ''[[Nil Shari]]'' || ||
|-
| 1954|| ''[[Grihaprabesh]]'' || ||
|-
| 1954|| ''[[Mantra Shakti]]'' || ||
|-
| 1954|| ''[[Maner Mayur]]'' || ||
|-
| 1954|| ''[[Ora Thake Odhare]]'' || ||
|-
| 1954|| ''[[Sadanander Mela]]'' || ||
|-
| 1954|| ''[[Chhele Kar]]'' || Monty ||
|-
| 1954|| ''Jaidev'' || Guard ||
|-
| 1954|| ''[[Bhangagara]]'' || Nilamoni (Pratibha's nephew in law) ||
|-
| 1954|| ''[[Dukhhir Iman]]'' || ||
|-
| 1954|| ''[[Boloygrash]]'' || ||
|-
| 1954|| ''[[Satir Dehatyag]]'' || ||
|-
| 1954|| ''[[Kalyani (1954 film)|Kalyani]]'' || ||
|-
| 1954|| ''[[Jagrihi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1954|| ''[[Barbella (1954 film)|Barbella]]'' || ||
|-
| 1954|| ''[[Bikram Urbashi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1954|| ''[[Mani ar Manik]]'' || ||
|-
| 1954|| ''[[Moroner Pore]]'' || ||
|-
| 1954|| ''[[Ladies Seat]]'' || ||
|-
| 1955|| ''[[Sanjher Pradip]]'' || ||
|-
| 1955|| ''[[Rani Rasmani (film)|Rani Rasmani]]'' || ||
|-
| 1955|| ''[[Joi Ma Kali Boarding]]'' || ||
|-
| 1955|| ''[[Bandish (1955 film)|Bandish]]'' || || [[Hindi]]
|-
| 1955|| ''[[Nishidhha Fall]]'' || ||
|-
| 1955|| ''Shreebatsa Chinta'' || ||
|-
| 1955|| ''[[Sajghor]]'' || ||
|-
| 1955|| ''[[Aparadhi (1955 film)|Aparadhi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1955|| ''[[Ardhangini (1955 film)|Ardhangini]]'' || ||
|-
| 1955|| ''[[Atmadarshan]]'' || ||
|-
| 1955|| ''[[Chattujjay Barujjay]]'' || ||
|-
| 1955|| ''Chhoto Bou'' || ||
|-
| 1955|| ''Jyotishi'' || ||
|-
| 1955|| ''[[Dashyu Mohan]]'' || ||
|-
| 1955|| ''[[Durlav Janam]]'' || ||
|-
| 1955|| ''[[Devi malini]]'' || ||
|-
| 1955|| ''[[Bir Hambir (film)|Bir Hambir]]'' || ||
|-
| 1955|| ''[[Bratacharini]]'' || ||
|-
| 1955|| ''Bhalobasha'' || ||
|-
| 1956|| ''Tonsil'' || ||
|-
| 1956|| ''[[Ekti Raat]]'' || Chhakubabu ||
|-
| 1956|| ''[[Asomapta]]'' || ||
|-
| 1956|| ''[[Amar Bou]]'' || ||
|-
| 1956|| ''[[Shaheb Bibi Gholam]]'' || ||
|-
| 1956|| ''[[Daner Marjada]]'' || Boy ||
|-
| 1956|| ''[[Shuvoratri]]'' || ||
|-
| 1956|| ''Suryamukhi'' || ||
|-
| 1956|| ''[[Gobindadas]]'' || ||
|-
| 1956|| ''[[Taka Ana Pai (1956 film)|Taka Ana Pai]]'' || ||
|-
| 1956|| ''[[Mahanisha]]'' || ||
|-
| 1956|| ''[[Bhadurymoshai]]'' || ||
|-
| 1956|| ''[[Mamlar Fall]]'' || ||
|-
| 1956|| ''[[Lakhhahira]]'' || ||
|-
| 1956|| ''[[Shabdhan]]'' || ||
|-
| 1957|| ''[[Khela Bhangar Khela]]'' || ||
|-
| 1957|| ''[[Kanchamithe]]'' || ||
|-
| 1957|| ''[[Ogo Shunchho]]'' || ||
|-
| 1957|| ''[[Jiban Trishna]]'' || Bhaskar Das Mallik ||
|-
| 1957|| ''[[Nilachaley Mahaprabhu]]'' || ||
|-
| 1957|| ''[[Andhare Alo (1957 film)|Andhare Alo]]'' || ||
|-
| 1957|| ''Ektara'' || ||
|-
| 1957|| ''[[Ek Gaon Ki Kahani]]'' || || Hindi
|-
| 1957|| ''[[Ghum (film)|Ghum]]'' || ||
|-
| 1957|| ''[[Natun Prabhat]]'' || ||
|-
| 1957|| ''[[Bashantabahar]]'' || ||
|-
| 1957|| ''[[Baroma]]'' || ||
|-
| 1957|| ''Madhumalati'' || ||
|-
| 1957|| ''[[Shesh Parichoy]]'' || ||
|-
| 1957|| ''[[Srimatir Shangshar]]'' || ||
|-
| 1958|| ''[[Louhakapat]]'' || ||
|-
| 1958|| ''Kalamati'' || ||
|-
| 1958|| ''[[Suryatoron]]'' || ||
|-
| 1958|| ''[[Manmoyee Girls School]]'' || ||
|-
| 1958|| ''[[Jamalaye Jibanta Manush]]'' || Sidhu ||
|-
| 1958|| ''[[Bhanu Pelo Lottery]]'' || Bhanu Chitrakar ||
|-
| 1958|| ''[[Shargo marto]]'' || ||
|-
| 1958|| ''Jonakir Alo'' || ||
|-
| 1958|| ''[[Daktarbabu]]'' || ||
|-
| 1958|| ''[[Nupur (film)|Nupur]]'' || ||
|-
| 1959|| ''[[Sonar Horin]]'' || ||
|-
| 1959|| ''Personal Assistant'' || Rama Gupta ||
|-
| 1959|| ''[[Nirdharito Shilpir Anupasthite]]'' || ||
|-
| 1959|| ''[[Pushpadhanu]]'' || ||
|-
| 1959|| ''Nauka Bilash'' || ||
|-
| 1959|| ''[[Mriter Martye Agaman]]'' || ||
|-
| 1960|| ''[[Shaharer Itikatha]]'' || ||
|-
| 1960|| ''Hospital'' || ||
|-
| 1960|| ''[[Shesh Parjanto]]'' || ||
|-
| 1960|| ''[[Shokher Chor]]'' || ||
|-
| 1960|| ''[[Surer Piyashi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1961|| ''[[Mr and Mrs Chowdhury]]'' || ||
|-
| 1961|| ''[[Bishkanya]]'' || ||
|-
| 1961|| ''[[Kathin Maya]]'' || ||
|-
| 1961|| ''[[Kanchanmulya]]'' || ||
|-
| 1961|| ''Aaj Kal Parshu'' || ||
|-
| 1961|| ''[[Kanamachhi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1961|| ''Roybahadur'' || ||
|-
| 1961|| ''[[Shayombara]]'' || ||
|-
| 1962|| ''[[Mayar Shangshar]]'' || ||
|-
| 1962|| ''Badhu'' || ||
|-
| 1962|| ''[[Agnishikha]]'' || ||
|-
| 1962|| ''[[Abhisharika]]'' || ||
|-
| 1962|| ''[[Atal Jaler Ahwan]]'' || Nanda ||
|-
| 1962|| ''[[Dadathakur]]'' || ||
|-
| 1963|| ''[[Akash Pradip]]'' || ||
|-
| 1963|| ''[[Dui Bari]]'' || ||
|-
| 1963|| ''[[Barnochora]]'' || ||
|-
| 1963|| ''[[Satbhai]]'' || ||
|-
| 1963|| ''[[High Heel]]'' || ||
|-
| 1963|| ''[[Dui Nari]]'' || ||
|-
| 1963|| ''[[Hashi Shudhu hashi Noi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1963|| ''[[Preyashi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1963|| ''[[Chhayasurya]]'' || ||
|-
| 1963|| ''[[Bhranti Bilas]]'' ||Shakti Kinkar and Bhakti Kinkar||
|-
| 1964|| ''[[Jiban kahini]]'' || ||
|-
| 1964|| ''[[Bingshati Janani]]'' || ||
|-
| 1964|| ''[[Dip Neve Nai]]'' || ||
|-
| 1965|| ''[[Alor Pipasha]]'' || ||
|-
| 1965|| ''[[Mahalogno]]'' || ||
|-
| 1965|| ''[[Etotuku Basha]]'' || ||
|-
| 1965|| ''[[Rajkanya (bengali film 1965)|Rajkanya]]'' || ||
|-
| 1965|| ''[[Abhoya O Srikanta]]'' || Nanda Mistry ||
|-
| 1965|| ''Dolna'' || ||
|-
| 1965|| ''[[Mukhujjay Paribar]]'' || ||
|-
| 1965|| ''[[Gulmohor]]'' || ||
|-
| 1965|| ''Tapashi'' || ||
|-
| 1965|| ''[[Debotar Deep]]'' || ||
|-
| 1965|| ''[[Pati Shangshodhini Shamity]]'' || ||
|-
| 1966|| ''[[Mayabini Lane]]'' || ||
|-
| 1966|| ''[[Shesh Tin Din]]'' || ||
|-
| 1966|| ''[[Galpo Holeo Satti]]'' || Chhoto Khoka ||
|-
| 1966|| ''[[Joradighir Chowdhury Paribar]]'' || ||
|-
| 1966|| ''Kal Tumi Aleya'' || Care take babu Abhoy ||
|-
| 1967|| ''[[Antony Firingee (film)|Anthony Firingee]]'' || ||
|-
| 1967|| ''[[Hathat Dekha]]'' || ||
|-
| 1967|| ''Kheya'' || ||
|-
| 1967|| ''[[Prastar Shakhhor]]'' || Goya, the Servant ||
|-
| 1967|| ''[[Hate Bajare]]'' || Ajoblal ||
|-
| 1967|| ''[[Ashite Ashiona]]'' || Sadananda ||
|-
| 1967|| ''[[Miss Priyangbada]]'' || Halder / Miss Priyambada ||
|-
| 1967|| ''[[Nayika Sangbad]]'' || ||
|-
| 1968|| ''Rakta Rekha'' || ||
|-
| 1968|| ''[[Garh Nashimpur]]'' || ||
|-
| 1968|| ''Chowrangee'' || Nityahari Babu ||
|-
| 1968|| ''[[Apanjon]]'' || Bhanu Ghosh (Politician) ||
|-
| 1968|| ''[[Baghini]]'' || ||
|-
| 1968|| ''[[Pathe Holo Dekha]]'' || ||
|-
| 1969|| ''Dadu'' || ||
|-
| 1969|| ''[[Shabarmati]]'' || Behari ||
|-
| 1969|| ''[[Pratham Kadam Phul]]'' || Servant (Kakoli's home) ||
|-
| 1969|| ''Basanta Bahar'' || ||
|-
| 1969|| ''[[Ma O Meye]]'' || ||
|-
| 1969|| ''[[Shukshari]]'' || ||
|-
| 1970|| ''[[Aleyar Alo]]'' || ||
|-
| 1970|| ''[[Rajkumari (film)|Rajkumari]]'' || Prashanna Bhattacharya||
|-
| 1970|| ''[[Sagina Mahato]]'' || ||
|-
| 1971|| ''[[Ekhane Pinjar]]'' || ||
|-
| 1971|| ''[[Pratham Bashanta]]'' || ||
|-
| 1971|| ''[[Malyadan]]'' || ||
|-
| 1971|| ''[[Bhanu Goenda Jahar Assistant]]'' || Bhanu Roy ||
|-
| 1972|| ''[[Stree (1972 film)|Stree]]'' || ||
|-
| 1973|| ''[[Roudrachhaya]]'' || ||
|-
| 1973|| ''[[Bindur Chhele]]'' || Bhola ||
|-
| 1973|| ''[[Nishikanya]]'' || ||
|-
| 1973|| ''[[Nakal Shona]]'' || ||
|-
| 1974|| ''Sangini'' || ||
|-
| 1974|| ''[[Shangini]]'' || ||
|-
| 1974|| ''[[Prantorekha]]'' || ||
|-
| 1975|| ''[[Priyo Bandhabi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1975|| ''[[Shayongswhidhha]]'' || ||
|-
| 1975|| ''[[Nishimrigaya]]'' || ||
|-
| 1975|| ''[[Kabi (film)|Kabi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1975|| ''[[Sangshar Shimante]]'' || ||
|-
| 1976|| ''[[Shikarokti]]'' || ||
|-
| 1976|| ''Mohunbaganer Meye'' || ||
|-
| 1976|| ''[[Harmonium (1976 film)|Harmonium]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| 1976|| ''Nidhiram Sardar'' || ||
|-
| 1976|| ''[[Nandita (film)|Nandita]]'' || ||
|-
| 1977|| ''[[Chhotto Nayak]]'' || ||
|-
| 1977|| ''[[Ashadharon]]'' || ||
|-
| 1977|| ''[[Ek Je Chhilo Desh]]'' || ||
|-
| 1977|| ''[[Ramer Shumati]]'' || ||
|-
| 1978|| ''Bandi'' || ||
|-
| 1979|| ''[[Devdas]]'' || ||
|-
| 1980|| ''[[Priyatoma]]'' || ||
|-
| 1980|| ''[[Banchharamer Bagaan]]'' || ||
|-
| 1980|| ''Bhagyachakra'' || ||
|-
| 1980|| ''[[Shondhi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1980|| ''[[Dorpochurna]]'' || ||
|-
| 1980|| ''[[Matribhokto Ramprashad]]'' || ||
|-
| 1981|| ''[[Shubarnolata]]'' || ||
|-
| 1981|| ''[[Pratishodh]]'' || ||
|-
| 1981|| ''Shahar Theke Dooray'' || Gokul Mukherjee (Jaya's father) ||
|-
| 1981|| ''[[Kapalkundala (1981 film)|Kapalkundala]]'' || ||
|-
| 1981|| ''Father'' || ||
|-
| 1982|| ''Pipasa'' || ||
|-
| 1982|| ''Maa Bhabani Maa Aamar'' || ||
|-
| 1982|| ''[[Preyoshi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1982|| ''Matir Swarga'' || ||
|-
| 1982|| ''Rajbabhu'' || ||
|-
| 1982|| ''Amrita Kumbher Sandhaney'' || ||
|-
| 1982|| ''Bijoyinee'' || ||
|-
| 1983|| ''[[Shahar Theke Dure]]'' || ||
|-
| 1983|| ''[[Shargadapi Gariyashi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1984|| ''[[Shorgol]]'' || || (final film role)
|}

=== Records (Comedy audio clips) ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* ''Dhakar Garoan'' (1943)
* ''Cinema Bibhrat'' with [[Sabitri Chatterjee]]
* ''Babhharambhe Loghukria'' with Sabitri Chatterjee
* ''Shwami Chai''
* ''Lady Typist''
* ''Pujor Bajar''
* ''Bibaha Bima''
* ''Chandragupta''
* ''Sputnik''
* ''Sangeet Chayan''
* ''Fatiklal''
* ''Election'' with [[Chinmoy Roy]]
* ''Kartababur Deshbhraman''
* ''Hanumaner Nagar Darshan''
* ''Lord Bhanu''
* ''Bhanu Elo Kolkataye''
* ''Telephone Bibhrat''
* ''Karta Banam Ginni''
* ''Paribar parikalpana''
* ''Naba Ramayan''
* ''Amon Din O Ashbe''
* ''Bhanushharananda''
* ''Rajjotak'' with [[Gita Dey]]
* ''Juger Abhijog''
* ''Ghatak Shangbad''
* ''Chatujjay Barujjay''
* ''Sarbojonin Jom Pujo''
* ''Nayikar Shandhane''
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://sites.google.com/a/bhanubanerjee.com/bhanubanerjee/ Official website]
* {{IMDb name|0052322}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bandopadhyay, Bhanu}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Bengali male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male radio actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Dhaka]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors from British India]]
[[Category:St. Gregory's High School and College alumni]]
[[Category:Pogose School alumni]]

Sameer Kumar Misra

2026-04-19T16:30:06Z

Debadrito Dutta: added

{{Short description|Indian Social entrepreneur, innovator, and mechanical engineer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=February 2026}}
{{No significant coverage|date=February 2026}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=February 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sameer Kumar Misra
| image = Sameer.jpg
| caption = Sameer at IIT Bombay Convocation
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]], [[Manipal University Jaipur]]
| occupation = [[Social entrepreneurship|Social entrepreneur]], Innovator, Educator
| years_active = Since 2012
| known_for = [[SBI Youth for India]], NavKaushal
| awards = SME 30 Under 30 (2023), SBI Fellowship, Recognized by NASA,DLR,USRA
| website = {{URL|https://navkaushal.org}}
}}

'''Sameer Kumar Misra''' is an Indian innovator, educator & [[Social entrepreneurship|social entrepreneur]], known for his work in grassroots science and innovation in rural Odisha and Maharashtra, India. He is the founder of NavKaushal, an organisation focused on promoting innovation and entrepreneurship in underserved schools. In 2023, he was featured by the [[Society of Manufacturing Engineers|Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME)]] “30 Under 30” list.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-01 |title=Sameer Kumar Misra |url=https://www.advancedmanufacturing.org/30-under-30/sameer-kumar-misra/article_ae2db15c-0ba6-11ef-a8a1-43a44fd4b97c.html |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Advanced Manufacturing |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Sameer Kumar Misra was born in [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh, India. He completed his undergraduate studies in mechanical engineering at [[Manipal University Jaipur]]. During his internship at the [[IIT Ropar|Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Ropar]], he developed an improved a surgical cutter for plastic surgery in collaboration with [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research|PGIMER, Chandigarh]]. Sameer later pursued a Master of Technology degree (M.Tech) from the [[IIT Bombay|Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay]] from the Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (CTARA).<ref>https://www.ctara.iitb.ac.in/en/students/sameer-kumar-misra</ref>

== Career ==
===SBI Youth for India Fellowship and rural education work===

After completing his engineering studies, Sameer worked at a metal recycling industry through a pre-placement offer. But left the job midway after getting selected for the [[SBI Youth for India |SBI Youth for India Fellowship]], a 13-month rural development programme.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sameer Misra – SBI {{!}} YOUTH FOR INDIA |url=https://youthforindia.org/fellow-profile/sameer-misra/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=youthforindia.org}}</ref> As a fellow he worked with [[Gram Vikas Residential School|Gram Vikas Vidya Vihar school]] in Odisha, where he was instrumental in developing several initiatives, including sports leagues and film clubs. He also introduced low-cost and hands-on science activities using locally available materials.

During this period, Sameer worked mostly in forested areas, including areas near elephant reserves with irregular electricity, limited network, and poor road connectivity. He established '''Navonmesh Prayogshala''', an innovation lab where students built working scientific models like windmills and water rockets.<ref name=":1" />

===Innovation labs and NavKaushal===

Misra founded NavKaushal to scale experiential science education in rural and marginalised communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |date=2021-11-15 |title=Pune: 9th National Conference on Social Innovation to Begin on Nov 17th |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/pune-9th-national-conference-on-social-innovation-to-begin-on-nov-17th/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Punekar News |language=en-US}}</ref> Through the initiative, innovation labs were established in multiple schools, including Atal Tinkering Labs supported by Government of India’s [[Atal Innovation Mission]] for which he secured a funding of 2 million rupees from [[NITI Aayog]]. <ref>{{cite web
| title = Gram Vikas High School selected as ATL School of the Month for May–June
| url = https://indiaeducationdiary.in/gram-vikas-high-school-selected-as-atl-school-of-the-month-for-may-june/
| website = India Education Diary
| access-date = 12 January 2026
}}</ref> An Atal Tinkering Lab established at [[Gram Vikas Residential School]] in Odisha under his coordination was inaugurated by Speaker of Odisha Legislative Assembly, and he received a formal appreciation letter from [[NITI Aayog]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niti Aayog Sends Appreciation Letter to STEM Coordinator of Gram Vikas High School, Odisha – India Education |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/niti-aayog-sends-appreciation-letter-to-stem-coordinator-of-gram-vikas-high-school-odisha/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240909155229/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/niti-aayog-sends-appreciation-letter-to-stem-coordinator-of-gram-vikas-high-school-odisha/ |archive-date=2024-09-09 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=indiaeducationdiary.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = Odisha's Speaker inaugurates Atal Tinkering Lab in Gram Vikas High School, Kankia
| url = https://orissadiary.com/odishas-speaker-inaugurates-atal-tinkering-lab-in-gram-vikas-high-school-kankia/
| website = Orissa Diary
| access-date = 12 January 2026
}}</ref>

His work in rural education has been featured in media coverage associated with [[UNESCO]]’s ''#KindnessMatters campaign''. Sameer contributes as a Commonwealth Correspondent at the YourCommonwealth platform, where he brings out the story of underprivileged rural Indian youth.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Commonwealth correspondent lands coveted spot in Society of Manufacturing Engineers 30 Under 30
| url = https://yourcommonwealth.org/technology-innovation/commonwealth-correspondent-lands-coveted-spot-in-society-of-manufacturing-engineers-30-under-30/
| website = YourCommonwealth
| publisher = Commonwealth Youth Programme
| access-date = 15 January 2026
}}</ref>

==Impact==
Misra's work in education impacted over 5000 kids from marginalised communities, including children from Kondha and Saura tribal groups in Odisha. His activities engaged more than 200 teachers and benefited students from over 20 schools in nearby regions through science and innovation fairs.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_wRAyCHGBs |title=Science Laboratory में ये आदिवासी बच्चे कमाल कर रहे हैं । Jagriti Yatra 2019 |date=2020-01-08 |last=The Lallantop |access-date=2026-01-15 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

Apart from these, Misra also guided and mentored students academically, including girls from families of fishermen and truck drivers, some of these girls secured full scholarships to merchant navy training. Some girls who had previously been married at an early age were learning and trained in technologies such as 3D printing and prototyping.<ref name=":1" /> Students who had dropped out to work in factories and labor jobs were brought back with these innovation labs and later pursued higher technical education and teaching roles. One student received the <nowiki>'''</nowiki>INSPIRE Award–MANAK<nowiki>'''</nowiki> from the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, for his project of a bamboo stretcher to transport patients in remote areas during the COVID-19 lockdown.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2021 INSPIRE Awards - MANAK goes to children from Gram Vikas Residential Schools |url=https://www.gramvikas.org/blg/the-2021-inspire-manak-award-goes-to-children-from-gram-vikas-residential-schools/ |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Gram Vikas}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* Sameer was featured in the '''SME “30 Under 30”''' list in 2023 by the [[Society of Manufacturing Engineers]] (USA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=SME Announces 2023 '30 Under 30' Honorees |url=https://preproduction.sme.org/aboutsme/newsroom/press-releases/2023/sme-announces-2023-30-under-30-honorees/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=SME |language=en}}</ref>
* Received international recognition at the ''Humans in Space Youth Art Symposium'' organised by NASA, the Universities Space Research Association, and the German Aerospace Center.<ref name=":1" />
* Won the Social Impact Award at the [[TiE|TIE]] Global Pitch Competition.
* ''Received the Aryabhatta Award at the Bihar Awards ceremony by the former chief minister.''<ref name=":1" />
* Fellow at the [[SBI Youth for India]] (Batch 2016-17).<ref name=":0" />
* Awarded the Shri Ram Murti Pratibha Alankaran 2023.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Shri Ram Murti Smarak Trust honors nation builders with Pratibha Alankaran
| url = https://www.srms.ac.in/shri-ram-murti-smarak-trust-honors-nation-builders-with-pratibha-alankaran/
| website = SRMS Smarak Trust
| publisher = Shri Ram Murti Smarak Trust
| access-date = 15 January 2026
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Lucknow]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:Founders of educational institutions]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Shoukheeen

2026-04-16T14:37:28Z

Debadrito Dutta: details - done

{{short description|1982 film by Basu Chatterjee}}
{{About|the 1982 film|the 2014 film|The Shaukeens}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shoukheeen
| image = Shoukheen (1982) film poster.jpeg
| caption =
| director = [[Basu Chatterjee]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1 = Based on
| note1 = ''Ram Naam Kewalam'' by [[ Samaresh Basu]]
}}
| producer = Devika Mitar
| screenplay = Basu Chatterjee
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1 = Dialogues by
| note1 = '''Bengali:''' Basu Chatterjee '''Hindi:''' Shani
}}
| story = Samaresh Basu
| starring = [[Ashok Kumar]] [[Utpal Dutt]] [[A.K. Hangal]] [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Rati Agnihotri]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = Ajay Prabhakar
| editing = V. N. Mayekar
| studio = Senmit Movie Visuals
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1982|04|16}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bengali Hindi
| budget = 
}}
'''''Shoukheeen''''' ({{IPA|bn|ʃou̯.kʰeen}}; {{translation|'''''Enthusiast'''''}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[comedy film]] co-written and directed by [[Basu Chatterjee]]. Produced by Devika Mitar under the banner of Senmit Movie Visuals, the film is based on [[Samaresh Basu]]'s story ''Ram Nam Kewalam'',<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-11|title=Samaresh Basu Birth Anniversary: Here Are 5 Films Based on His Novels|url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/samaresh-basu-birth-anniversary-here-are-5-films-based-on-his-novels-2419565.html|access-date=2021-12-26|website=News18}}</ref> and also draws inspirations from the 1962 American film ''[[Boys' Night Out (film)|Boys' Night Out]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shaukeen (1981) |url=https://indiancine.ma/WCQ |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gulazāra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&dq=shaukeen+Samaresh+Basu&pg=PA337 |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |last2=Nihalani |first2=Govind |last3=Chatterjee |first3=Saibal |date=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5 |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Utpal Dutt]], [[A. K. Hangal]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and [[Rati Agnihotri]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2014-11-07 |title='The Shaukeens' review: Three dirty old men meet their match in Akshay Kumar |url=https://scroll.in/reel/687701/the-shaukeens-review-three-dirty-old-men-meet-their-match-in-akshay-kumar |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Basu Chatterjee: The God of small films |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/basu-chatterjee-the-god-of-small-films-41347.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> It plots three lecherous, aging friends' spicing up their lives by vacationing in Goa, where they woo a young woman to be comically outsmarted by their driver, as well as her secret lover.

Basu Chaterjee loved the song "Nitol Paye Rinik Jhinik" sung and composed by [[S. D. Burman]] since childhood and requested S. D.'s son R. D. Burman to compose song ''Jab Bhi Koi'' using same tune in the film.

==Plot==
''Shaukeen'' has 3 lecherous old men, played by [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Utpal Dutt]] and [[A.K. Hangal]]. And all the three old men had one weakness i.e. Women. One day they meet up at Ashok kumar's place for drinks and decide to go away for a while on a vacation and enjoy the last years of their life before becoming completely senile.

They hire a driver Ravi ([[Mithun Chakraborty]]), a friend of the son of Choudhuri ([[Ashok Kumar]]), who takes the name Sakharam. He ends up convincing them to go to Goa where his lover, who works as a singer/dancer at a local club, resides. While in Goa, the three old men get into hilarious situations with Anita ([[Rati Agnihotri]]) as they try to impress her and try to get lucky with her, oblivious to the fact that she is their driver's love interest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Video: Shaukeen |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Shaukeen/0IZKS8MHGPLI3TX9XP4W3U7PKO |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=www.primevideo.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Ashok Kumar]] as Om Prakash Chaudhary
* [[Utpal Dutt]] as Jagdishbhai
*[[A.K. Hangal]] as Indrasen (Anderson)
*[[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Ravi Anand
*[[Rati Agnihotri]] as Anita
* [[Gita Siddharth]] as Anuradha Devi
* [[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]]
* [[Jayshree T.]] Girl passing on the street

==Songs==
The music of the film was composed by [[R. D. Burman]], while lyrics were penned by [[Yogesh (lyricist)|Yogesh]].

*"Jab Bhi Koi Kanganaa Bole Paayal Chhanak Jaaye" - [[Kishore Kumar]]
* "Ye Range Mehfil" - [[Asha Bhosle]]
*"Aa Wahin Chal Mere Dil Khushi Jisne Di Hai" - [[Suresh Wadkar]]
*"Chalo Haseen Geet Ek Banaye" - [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Chirashree Bhattacharya]]
*"Suhani Sham Aayi Hai" - [[Asha Bhosle]]
*"Hum Tum Aur Ye Nasha" - Sapan Chakravarty, Chirashree Bhattacharya

== Awards ==
'''[[30th Filmfare Awards]]:'''

'''Nominated'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Comedian]] – [[Ashok Kumar]]
* Best Comedian – [[Utpal Dutt]]

==Remakes==
{{Main|The Shaukeens|}}

The film was remade in Telugu as [[Prema Pichollu]] with [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] and [[Allu Ramalingaiah]].

A remake of ''Shaukeen'' released under the title of ''[[The Shaukeens]]'' on 7 November 2014. The remake featured actors [[Piyush Mishra]], [[Anupam Kher]] and [[Annu Kapoor]] along with [[Lisa Haydon]] as the female lead. The film was produced by [[Grazing Goat Pictures]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0158213|Shaukeen}}
*[http://www.ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Shaukeen Shaukeen on IBOS]

{{Basu Chatterjee}}
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1982 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Basu Chatterjee]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:1980s sex comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about vacationing]]
[[Category:Indian sex comedy films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1981 comedy films]]
[[Category:1982 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Samaresh Basu]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1980s-comedy-film-stub}}
[[Category:Bengali films remade in other languages]]

M. C. Nanaiah

2026-04-16T03:44:08Z

Debadrito Dutta: Put up the post with sources

{{short description|India politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = 
| image =
| caption =
| office = Minister for Law and Parliamentary Affairs, [[Government of Karnataka]]
| term_start = 17 December 1994
| term_end = 10 August 1999
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = Minister for Rural Development and Panchayat Raj
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 = Minister for Forests
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office3 = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Council]]
| term_start3 = 1986
| term_end3 = 1998
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| office4 = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 28 February 1978
| term_end4 = 6 January 1983
| predecessor4 = A. M. Bellaippa
| successor4 = M. M. Nanaiah
| constituency4 = [[Madikeri Assembly constituency|Madikeri]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(2018–present)}}
| other_party = [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] [[All India Progressive Janata Dal]]<ref>{{cite news |title=I won't join Congress, says M.C. Nanaiah |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/18/stories/2004021803180300.htm |access-date=2 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=18 February 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050329172730/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/18/stories/2004021803180300.htm |archive-date=29 March 2005}}</ref> [[Janata Dal]] [[Janata Party]] [[Karnataka Kranti Ranga]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1939|4|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| spouse = Rupa
| children = 2
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|lawyer}}
}}

'''Meriyanda Chengappa Nanaiah''' (born 26 April 1939) is an Indian politician and lawyer from the State of [[Karnataka]]. He held as multiple portfolios during his career including the Ministry of Law and Parliamentary Affairs as part of [[Deve Gowda ministry (Karnataka)|Deve Gowda ministry]] between 1994 and 1996. Nanaiah has been politically active for over 30 years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2010/apr/24/biography-of-an-honest-politician-149869.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826043150/http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2010/apr/24/biography-of-an-honest-politician-149869.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 August 2019|title=Biography of an honest politician|date=24 April 2010|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref> He is five-time member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Council]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ramakrishna-hegde-award-presented-to-m-c-nanaiah-400808.html|title=Ramakrishna Hegde award presented to M C Nanaiah|website=News18|access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref> and served once as the leader of the opposition in the Council. A book titled ''Nenapugalu Maasuva Munna'' (Before memories fade) (2005) has also been published by a journalist on Nanaiah's life.<ref name=":0" />

== Biography ==
Nanaiah's career in public life began in the [[Cooperative movement in India|cooperative sector]]. In 1962, he was elected president of the Cardamom Cooperative Society, a hitherto powerful body, in [[Kodagu]]. He contested the [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967 Mysore election]] (now Karnataka) to the legislative assembly from [[Madikeri Assembly constituency|Madikeri]] as an [[Independent politician|independent]] candidate, and lost to the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) candidate A. P. Appanna. Between 1970 and 1974, he served as president of the Madikeri City Municipal Council, before contesting Madikeri again in [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|the 1978 election]] as an INC candidate. He defeated [[A. K. Subbaiah]] and was elected to the Assembly. During this time, Nanaiah also practised as a lawyer handling both civil and criminal cases. In 1980, he was appointed chairman of the Karnataka State Cooperative Marketing Federation. In the 1980s, he quit the party to join the [[Karnataka Kranti Ranga]] and was elected to the [[Karnataka Legislative Council]]. The following year, he was elected as a full-member of the Council, now as member of the [[Janata Party]].<ref name="th2">{{cite news |last1=Chinnappa |first1=Jeevan |title=M.C. Nanaiah re-emerges from political hibernation |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 June 2008}}</ref>

In 1989, Nanaiah was appointed the leader of the opposition in the Council.<ref name="th2"/><ref name="biodata">{{cite web |title=Nanaiah M. C biodata |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/council/members/EXMEMBERS/NanaiahMC.htm |website=kla.kar.nic.in |access-date=2 May 2024}}</ref> He held the post till 1994.<ref name="th2"/> After joining the [[Janata Dal]], Nanaiah held the cabinet portfolio of Law and Parliamentary Affairs in the [[Deve Gowda]]-led government starting 1994. He also served as Cabinet Minister of Forest, and of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Between 1994 and 1999, he served as Kodagu district in-charge for the Janata Dal. In 1999, he resigned as minister after his party decided to ally with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nanaiah battles to clear 'defaulter' tag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/nanaiah-battles-to-clear-defaulter-tag/articleshow/2112084.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=2 May 2024 |date=10 June 2007}}</ref>

In the early 2000s, Nanaiah joined the [[All India Progressive Janata Dal]], and subsequently the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]].<ref>{{cite news |title=JD(S) veteran M C Nanaiah may join Congress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/jds-veteran-m-c-nanaiah-may-join-congress/articleshow/62629093.cms |access-date=2 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=24 January 2018}}</ref> He rejoined the INC in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=After 35 years, Nanaiah to re-join Cong on March 25 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/after-35-years-nanaiah-re-1925751 |access-date=2 May 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |date=18 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==

* Ramakrishna Hegde award<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nanaiah, M.C.}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}
{{Karnataka-JDS-politician-stub}}

Morena, Madhya Pradesh

2026-04-14T18:08:30Z

Debadrito Dutta:

{{About|the Morena Municipal Corporation in Madhya Pradesh, India|its namesake district|Morena District}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Morena
| official_name =
| native_name_lang = मुरैना
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Chausath Yogini Temple, Mitavli, Morena.jpg
| image_caption = Ekkatarso Mahadeva Temple, Morena
| nickname = City of Peacocks
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|26.5|N|78.0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Morena district|Morena]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gird, India|Gwalior Chambal]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| leader_title = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
| leader_name = Shivmangal Singh Tomar (BJP)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 80
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 177
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=471251|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref>
| population_total = 200483
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 154
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Dialect
| demographics1_info2 = [[Braj Bhasha]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 476001
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07532
| registration_plate = MP-06
| website = {{URL|https://morena.nic.in}}
| leader_title1 = [[District Magistrate|Collector]]
| leader_name1 = Shri Lokesh Kumar Jangid (IAS)
}}
'''Morena''' is a town and a district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of northern [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The place gets its name from ''mor'' (meaning peacock) and ''raina'', which means a place where [[peafowl|peacocks]] are found in abundance; Morena is home to the largest number of peacocks in India.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

Morena is situated on the border of three states: Madhya Pradesh, Rajsthan, and Uttar Pradesh. It is governed by a municipal corporation. It is also the administrative headquarters of the [[Chambal division]]. It is located {{convert|30|km}} from [[Dholpur]], {{convert|43|km}} from [[Gwalior]], {{convert|87|km}} from [[Agra]] and {{convert|100|km}} from [[Bhind]].

Morena is famous for [[National Chambal Sanctuary]] which is home to [[Gavialidae|Gharials]], which extends upto [[Etawah]]. Famous sweet "Gajak" trails its origin to Morena which is made from jaggary.

== Geography ==
Morena is located at {{Coord|26.5|N|78.0|E}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Morena.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Morena, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 177 metres (580 feet).It is very famous for its Chambal ravines (locally known as Chambal Bharka).It is formed due to Thousands of years of erosion and change in course of river.

==Demographics==
{{update section|date=February 2023}}
As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Morena had a population of {{formatnum:288303}}.<ref name=Cities>{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above | publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> 13.2% of the population is under six years old.<ref name="Cities" /> Literacy was 80.28%; male literacy was 89.08% and female literacy was 70.22%.<ref name="Cities" />

== Politics ==
There are six Vidhan Sabha constituencies in Morena district:
* [[Sabalgarh]],
* [[Joura]],
* [[Sumawali]],
* [[Morena (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Morena]],
* [[Dimani]], and
* [[Ambah]].

== Economy ==
Morena district has an agrarian economy where majority of people are engaged in the agriculture and livestock rearing for dairy. There is an industrial area in [[Banmore]] where several industrial units are functioning.

== Public amenities ==

=== Healthcare ===
Kunwar Jahar singh sharma district hospital is government owned District Hospital in Morena. It is a 350 bed hospital with facilities like in-house doctors, Ultrasound facility, in-house Blood bank, E.C.G and Lens transplantation.

=== Education ===
Morena has several government and private owned schools. Schools in the district include:
* Govt. Excellence Higher Secondary School No. 1, Morena<ref>{{cite web |title=Govt. Multipurpose Excellence H.S. School, No-1, Morena |url=https://osms.mponline.gov.in/Portal/SMS/Home/CitizenHome.aspx?ReqSchId=Kg/8G4zpRMO2WBaSj7mJdQ==}}</ref>
* Kerela convent school
* Saint mary high school
* GD School Joura
* Triveni High School<ref>{{cite web |title=KIDZ A First Step Pre-Primary School |url=http://kidzafirststep.com}}</ref>
* MG Memorial School<ref>{{cite web |title=MG Memorial School |url=http://mgmschoolmorena.com}}</ref>
* Neil World School<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neiil World School |url=https://neiilworldschool.com/ |website=neiilworldschool.com}}</ref>
* J. S. Public School (a day boarding school)<ref>{{cite web |title=J.S. PUBLIC SCHOOL – J.S. PUBLIC SCHOOL |url=http://jsschool.in/}}</ref>
* Academic Height Public School
* Krishna Convent School Khandoli
* Saraswati Shishu Vidya Mandir
*T.S.S INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
*T.R GANDHI PUBLIC SCHOOL
==== Government Colleges in Morena ====

* Government Maharaja College
* Government Polytechnic College
* Government Girls College
* Agriculture College in Morena

== Cuisines ==

* Gajak - Gajak is prepared with sesame seeds and jaggery with a method of preparation which is time consuming. It takes about 10–15 hours to prepare 5–8 kilograms of gajaks. The dough is hammered until all the sesame seeds break down and release their oils into the dough.
* Bedai sabji
* Kheer pua

==Tourist places==

* [[Chausath Yogini Temple|Chausath Yogini Mandir]]
* [[National Chambal Sanctuary]]

== Notable people ==
* [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], an Indian revolutionary from the village of Barbai
* [[Narendra Singh Tomar]], Former union minister
* [[V. D. Sharma]], MP and BJP state president
* [[Adal Singh Kansana]], Minister in the Madhya Pradesh government
* [[Paan Singh Tomar]], Athlete
* [[Manoj Kumar Sharma]], IPS officer
* [[Ram Bilas Pachori]], Indian Academician

== Transport ==

===Road===
Morena is situated on [[National Highway 3 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 3]]. The roadway connects all the parts of the state and nearby states such as [[Rajasthan]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The city is situated at the heart of India and can be reached from anywhere in the country through National Highway No. 3. The city has Mofussil (city-to-city) bus services with connections to nearby towns, villages and cities.

=== Indian railways ===
[[Morena railway station]] is connected by train services to all parts of the country. Direct connections by train are available to these cities. Express trains such as the [[Bhopal Express]], [[Taj Express]] and [[Bhopal Shatabdi]] and many more stop at Morena.

==See also==
* [[List of cities in Madhya Pradesh]]
* टीन का [[:hi:%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8 %E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE %E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE|टीन का पुरा]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chambal Division}}

[[Category:Morena, Madhya Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Morena district]]
[[Category:Cities in Madhya Pradesh]]

Dugai Tudu

2026-04-08T01:12:50Z

Debadrito Dutta: Made post!

{{Infobox writer
| name = Dugai Tudu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = sat
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[India]]
| occupation = Writer, poet
| language = Santali
| nationality = Indian
| genre = Children's literature, poetry
| notable_works = ''Miru Arang''
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] (2024)
}}

'''Dugai Tudu''' is an Indian [[Santali language|Santali]] writer.<ref>{{cite web
|title=भाषा के प्रति समर्पित संताल समाज
|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/jamshedpur/642233-
|website=Prabhat Khabar
|publisher=Prabhat Khabar
|date=5 December 2015
|access-date=12 March 2026
|language=hi
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|last=Yadav
|first=Sashiprabha
|title=हिंदी-बांग्ला की आदिवासी कथा साहित्य परंपरा
|journal=Sanchar Madhyam
|publisher=Indian Institute of Mass Communication
|date=January–March 2025
|url=https://iimc.gov.in/files/downloads_documents/SM-January-March-2025-for-web.pdf
|page=13
|language=hi
|access-date=12 March 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=সিঁগি মাহা রেনাঃ সাকাম “চেরেচ্ আড়াং” চেতান মানতান শ্রীকান্ত সরেন গোমকেয়াঃ তুলৗজখা
|url=https://www.abowagkatha.com/2021/07/Criticism-75.html
|website=Abowag Katha
|publisher=Abowag Katha
|date=29 July 2021
|language=sat
|access-date=12 March 2026
}}</ref> He received the [[Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] in 2024 for his poetry collection ''Miru Arang''.<ref name="SA2024">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2024 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_BSP-2024.pdf |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |date=18 June 2024 |access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Santali literature]]
* [[Ol Chiki]]
* [[Sahitya Akademi]]
* [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp Sahitya Akademi – Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners list]

[[Category:Santali writers]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kumardubi railway station

2026-04-02T20:31:36Z

Debadrito Dutta: started a biography!

{{Short description|Railway station in Dhanbad district, Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date= November 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kumardubi
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = Kumardubi Railway Station platform.JPG
| caption =
| address = [[Kumardubi]], [[Dhanbad District]], [[Jharkhand]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.74750|N|86.79304|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|130|m|}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| tracks = Broad gauge
| structure = At-grade
| platforms = 2
| parking = No
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = KMME
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Asansol}}
}}
| classification = '''NSG-5'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Railway – Asansol Division |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |publisher=Eastern Railway, Government of India |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>
| opened =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1960−61<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 20 April 2013}}</ref>
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]]
| passengers =
| map_type = India Jharkhand
| map_dot_label = Kumardubi railway station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| line = [[Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line]]
| other =
| accessible =
| route_map = {{Asansol–Gaya section|inline=1}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Kumardubi railway station''' (station code''': KMME''')is a railway station on the [[Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line]], located in [[Dhanbad district]] of [[Jharkhand]], India. It comes under the [[Asansol railway division]] of the [[Eastern Railway zone]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Stations on Asansol Division |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=19 Sep 2025 |website=er.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kumardubi Railway Station Forum/Discussion - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/blog/kumardubi-kmme/1365 |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kumardubi Station In Bengal’s Asansol Division Set For Major Overhaul Under Amrit Bharat Project - News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/india/kumardubi-station-in-bengals-asansol-division-set-for-major-overhaul-under-amrit-bharat-project-9025583.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001134802/https://www.news18.com/india/kumardubi-station-in-bengals-asansol-division-set-for-major-overhaul-under-amrit-bharat-project-9025583.html |archive-date=2024-10-01 |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kumardubi (KMME) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/kumardubi-kmme |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref> The station is located between Mugma and Barakar railway stations and serves [[Kumardubi]], and its nearby areas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Madankata Railway Station (MNC): Station Map/Info |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/madankata-mnc/3539 |website=India Rail Info |publisher=indiarailinfo.com |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=TTI |title=KMME / Kumardubi Railway Station {{!}} Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Kumardubi |url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/kmme/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=www.totaltraininfo.com |language=en}}</ref> Both Express as well as passenger EMU trains have scheduled halts here.<ref>{{Cite web |title=धनबाद के लोगों के लिए खुशखबरी, कुमारधुबी स्टेशन पर जल्द होगा इंटरसिटी और वनांचल एक्सप्रेस का ठहराव - Intercity and Vananchal Express will soon stop at Kumardhubi station dhanbad |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/dhanbad-intercity-and-vananchal-express-will-soon-stop-at-kumardhubi-station-dhanbad-23946502.html |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Trains at KUMARDUBI (KMME) Railway Station : etrain.info |url=https://etrain.info/station/Kumardubi-KMME/live |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=etrain.info |language=en}}</ref>

==Facilities==
The station has two platforms, which are linked by a foot overbridge. Basic passenger facilities include a ticket counter, platform shelters and a drinking water supply.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2019-08-03 |title=Eastern Railway utilises scrap sleepers to construct durable platforms |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/er-utilises-scrap-sleepers-to-construct-durable-platforms/articleshow/70505448.cms |access-date=2025-09-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, the station is being redeveloped under the [[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme]]. Upon completion, Kumardubi will feature upgraded platforms, a new station building with a spacious entrance, improved parking area, air conditioned waiting halls, modern restrooms, ramps for easy accessibility, and enhanced lighting.<ref name=":0" />

The redevelopment will also include free Wi-Fi, a One Station One Product stall and improved passenger information systems, offering upgraded amenities comparable to those at major railway stations.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-08-19 |title=20 Jharkhand railway stations to be redeveloped under Amrit Bharat Scheme |url=https://avenuemail.in/20-jharkhand-railway-stations-to-be-redeveloped-under-amrit-bharat-scheme/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-03-20 |title=Dhanbad News: कुमारधुबी स्टेशन पर जल्द लंबी दूरी की ट्रेनों का होगा ठहराव, अमृत योजना के तहत स्टेशन का होगा सौंदर्यीकरण |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/jharkhand/state/dhanbad/long-distance-trains-stoppage-at-kumardhubi-station-dhanbad/jh20230320171315737737472 |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

==Trains==
Several express and passenger trains halt at Kumardubi railway station, providing connectivity to major cities such as [[Howrah]], [[Delhi]] and [[Patna]] etc. The station serves both long distance and local commuters with trains like the [[Shaktipunj Express|Saktipunj Express]], [[Coalfield Express]] and [[Black Diamond Express]] among the regular services. Its strategic location on the [[Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line|Howrah–Gaya–Delhi]] main line makes it an important stop for passengers traveling across Jharkhand, Bihar and West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kumardubi Station - All Trains Timing through Kumardubi Railway Station, KMME Station All Trains Schedule |url=https://indianrailways.info/all_trains/KMME/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=indianrailways.info}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

==See also==
* [[Asansol railway division]]
* [[Eastern Railway zone]]
* [[Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line|Howrah–Gaya-Delhi main line]]
* [[Asansol–Gaya section]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Dhanbad district]]
[[Category:Asansol railway division]]

Lists of television channels in India

2026-03-29T09:19:26Z

Debadrito Dutta:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Indian television topics}}
{{Culture of India}}
There are currently 918 permitted private satellite television channels in India {{as of|2025|03|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 February 2021 |title=List of Permitted Private Satellite TV Channels (Updated as on 28.02.2021 by MIB on Broadcast Seva) |url=https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/Permitted_channels_25032021.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214004947/https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/Permitted_channels_25032021.pdf |archive-date=2024-12-14 |website=trai.gov.in |publisher=[[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]]}}</ref> Out of these 908 are available for downlinking in India. The remaining channels are either uplink-only or serve other geographies. Numerous regional channels are available throughout India, often distributed according to languages.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="5" |News
|-
|Zee News
|Zee 24 Gantalu
|Zee 24 Taas
|Zee 24 Ghanta
| rowspan="2" |Zee Punjabi
|-
|Zee Welts
|Zee 24 Manineram
|Zee 24 Kalak
|Zee 24 Ghantia
|}

==Lists==
===By video technology===
*[[List of HD channels in India|HD]]

===By language===
*[[List of Assamese-language television channels|Assamese]]
*[[List of Bengali-language television channels in India|Bengali]]
*[[List of Bhojpuri-language television channels|Bhojpuri]]
*[[List of English-language television channels in India|English]]
*[[List of Gujarati-language television channels|Gujarati]]
*[[List of Haryanvi-language television channels|Haryanvi]]
*[[List of Himachali-language television channels|Himachali]]
*[[List of Hindi television channels|Hindi]]
*[[List of Kannada-language television channels|Kannada]]
*[[List of Kashmiri-language television channels|Kashmiri]]
*[[List of Konkani-language television channels|Konkani]]
*[[List of Malayalam-language television channels|Malayalam]]
*[[List of Marathi-language television channels|Marathi]]
*[[List of Meitei-language television channels|Meitei]]
*[[List of Odia-language television channels|Odia]]
*[[List of Punjabi-language television channels|Punjabi]]
*[[List of Rajasthani-language television channels|Rajasthani]]
*[[List of Tamil-language television channels in India|Tamil]]
*[[List of Telugu-language television channels|Telugu]]
*[[List of Urdu television channels|Urdu]]

===By category===
*[[List of news channels in India|News]]
==See also==
*[[Lists of television channels|Lists of global television channels]]
*[[List of television networks by country|Lists of global television networks]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Television in India}}
{{Media of India}}
{{Asia topic|List of television stations in}}
{{list of lists|television}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India, Television Channels}}
[[Category:Lists of television channels in India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of television channels by country|Indian]]

Mirza Hamid Hussain

2026-03-26T18:05:09Z

Debadrito Dutta: general expanded layout after review and improved wording

{{Short description|Pakistan Army officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| name =Mirza Hamid Hussain
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date ={{Birth date|df=yes|1914|07|04}}
| death_date ={{Death date and age|df=yes|1987|07|12|1914|07|04}}
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial =[[Karachi]], [[Sindh]]
| birth_place =[[Delhi]] [[British Indian Empire]]
| death_place =Lahore, Pakistan
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}} {{small|(1935-47)}} {{PAK}} {{small|(1947-77)}}
| branch = {{flagicon|British India|army}} [[British Indian Army]] {{Army|Pakistan}}
| serviceyears =1935 – 1977
| rank =[[File:OF-6 Pakistan Army.svg|20px]] [[Brigadier]]
| servicenumber =
| unit =[[11th Sikh Regiment]] [[Indian Army Ordnance Corps]] [[Pakistan Army Ordnance Corps]]
| commands =Director [[Inter-Services Intelligence]]
| battles =
{{tree list}}
* [[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)|Third Waziristan Campaign]]
* [[World War II]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
{{tree list/end}}
| battles_label =
| awards =Orden del Mérito Militar
| relations =[[Nawab Qasim Jan]]
| laterwork =
}}

'''Mirza Hamid Hussain''' (4 July 1914 – 12 August 1987) was a Pakistan Army officer and [[intelligence officer]].<ref name=TFT/>

==Early life and education==
Hussain was born in 1914 at [[Delhi]]. He was educated at [[Aligarh Muslim University]], Aligarh and the 'Prince of Wales' Royal Military College [[RIMC]], [[Dehra Dun]] from 1926 to 1932, and the [[Indian Military Academy]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szaTAwAAQBAJ&dq=Mirza+Hamid+Hussain&pg=PA72|title=Fighting to the End, The Pakistan Army's Way of War (Mirza Hamid Hussain)|author=C. Christine Fair|date=25 April 2014 |page=72|isbn=9780199892709}}</ref>

==British Indian Army career==
He was commissioned from the [[Indian Military Academy]] on 1 February 1935 and was attached to a British Army regiment, 1st battalion [[The King's Shropshire Light Infantry]].<ref>January 1936 Indian Army List</ref> He joined the 5th battalion, 11th Sikh Regiment, on 16 March 1936.<ref>October 1939 Indian Army List</ref> His initial date of commission was antedated to 4 February 1934 and he was promoted to Lieutenant on 4 May 1936.<ref>October 1939 Indian Army List</ref> He saw active service on the Frontier [[Waziristan]] operations.

He was the first and senior most Muslim Commissioned Officer to join the Indian Army Ordnance Corps in 1940. He served in [[Iraq]] and [[Iran]] in various senior appointments such as DADOD 10th Army and Chief Ordnance Officer. He graduated from the Staff College, [[Quetta]], in 1945 and commanded various Ordnance Depots in India. He was then appointed ADOS in G.H.Q. India where he was in charge of Operation and training for the Ordnance Service.

==Pakistan Army career==
On the [[Partition of India|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, he opted for [[Pakistan Army]] and came to Pakistan as Deputy Director Ordnance Service G.H.Q. Rawalpindi. Later he was appointed Director of Weapon and Equipment in the General Staff Branch G.H.Q. and subsequently took over as Director of Staff Duties. He was promoted to the rank of Brigadier.<ref name=GoogleBooks2>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mirza+Hamid+Hussain|author=Mirza Hamid Hussain|title=The Battle Within|date=2003 |page=180|isbn=9789694072869}}</ref><ref name=GoogleBooks>{{cite book|author=Mirza Hamid Hussain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Qasim+Jan+Hamid+Hussain|page=1, 2, 35|title=The Battle Within| date=2003 | isbn=9789694072869}}</ref> On completion of tenure, he was appointed Director of [[Inter-Services Intelligence]], Pakistan.<ref name=TFT>{{cite news|url=https://thefridaytimes.com/07-May-2021/early-years-of-the-isi|date=7 May 2021|title=Early Years of the ISI|newspaper=The Friday Times newspaper|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250626201106/https://thefridaytimes.com/07-May-2021/early-years-of-the-isi|author=Syed Ali Hamid|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2025|access-date=26 June 2025}}</ref>

==Diplomatic appointments==
He was selected for [[Foreign Service of Pakistan]] in 1951 and was appointed Deputy Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign affairs in charge of the Middle East Division.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzGTDAAAQBAJ&dq=ISI+Pakistan+Mirza+Hamid+Hussain&pg=PA33|page=33|title=Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate - Covert action and internal operations (Mirza Hamid Hussain see page 33)|publisher=Routledge|author=Owen L. Sirrs|date=July 2016 |isbn=9781138677166}}</ref> Later, he became Chief of Protocol. In 1952, he was selected for the appointment of Counselor, [[High Commission of Pakistan, London]]. He was a counselor in Iraq, Iran and [[Turkey]]. He was ''charge d'affairs'' as Joint secretary, Chief of Protocol. He was honored with the 'Order of Monrovia' and 'Membership of the Civil Merit' from [[Spain]].

He was a direct descendant of [[Qasim Jan|Nawab Qasim Khan]] who came to India from [[Yarkant County|Yarkand]]. He died in 1987 at the age of 73 in [[Lahore]], Pakistan.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.hamidhussain.com/the_battle_within.htm''The Battle Within''], by Brigadier Mirza Hamid Hussain, Pakistan Army 33. 1970. {{ISBN|969-407-286-7}} -.([[ebook]])

{{Inter-Services Intelligence}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussain, Mirza Hamid}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Indian Military College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Pakistan Army brigadiers]]
[[Category:High commissioners of Pakistan to Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Directors-general of Inter-Services Intelligence]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]

Central Public Works Department

2026-03-25T20:41:47Z

Debadrito Dutta: Made new details

{{Short description|Department of India's central government for infrastructure}}
{{Infobox
| title = Central Public Works Department
| header1 = Service Overview
| headerstyle = background:#800080; color:white;
| image =
| label2 = Abbreviation
| data2 = CPWD
| label3 = Formed
| data3 = {{start date and age|1854|df=y|p=y}}
| label4 = Country
| data4 = {{Flag|India}}
| label6 = Group 'A' Services
| data6 = Central Engineering Service (CES) Central Electrical & Mechanical Engineering Service (CEMES) Central Architects Service (CAS)
| label7 = Training Ground
| data7 = National CPWD Academy, [[Ghaziabad]]
| label8 = Cadre Controlling Authority
| data8 = [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]
| label9 = Minister Responsible
| data9 = [[Manohar Lal Khattar]], [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs]]
| label10 = Legal personality
| data10 = [[Governmental]]; [[Civil Service]]
| label11 = Duties
| data11 = Execution of Public Works for [[Government of India]]
| label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]]
| data12 = 5400 approx
| label13 = Mode of Selection
| data13 = [[Indian Engineering Services]] Exam for Group 'A' Post
[[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] Exam for Deputy Architect Group 'A' Post
[[Staff Selection Commission]] JE Exam for Group 'B' Post
| label14 =
| data14 =
| image2 = [[File:Central Public Works Department Logo.png|100px]]
| label15 = Notable Officers
| data15 = {{ubl|Satinder Pal Singh (Director General)(Additional Charge)|SRINIVAS R KATIKITHALA (Secretary MoHUA)}}
| label16 = Website
| data16 = {{URL|www.cpwd.gov.in}}
| label17 = Headquarter
| data17 = A-Wing, Nirman Bhawan, Central Secretariat, [[New Delhi]] - 110011
}}

The '''Central Public Works Department''' ('''CPWD''', {{langx|hi|केंद्रीय लोक निर्माण विभाग}}) is a [[Ministry (government department)|department]] under the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs of India]] and is in charge of public sector works. It serves as the builder, developer and manager of Central government properties. With time, its area of operations has also expanded to [[Highway engineering|roadways and Bridge engineering]].

It is headed by the Director General (DG), who is also the Principal Technical Advisor to the Government of India. The regions and sub-regions are headed by Special DGs and Additional DGs, respectively, while the zones in all state capitals (except a few) are headed by the Chief Engineers. Nowadays, a Chief Project Manager (CPM) is also there to head major prestigious projects of CPWD. CPMs was equivalent to the rank of Chief Engineers in CPWD. The Chief Architect of CPWD also acts as the chairman of the local body to approve the Government Buildings. With a country -wide presence, the strength of CPWD is its ability to undertake the construction of Complex Projects even in difficult terrains and maintenance in post construction stage.<ref>{{cite web|title=CPWD WORKS MANUAL • 2012|url=http://cpwd.gov.in/Publication/worksmanual2012.PDF}}</ref>

CPWD consists of three wings in execution field – B&R (Buildings and Roads), E&M (Electrical and Mechanical) and horticulture.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

==History==

Centralised public works in India can be traced to the efforts of Lord Dalhousie and [[Arthur Cotton|Sir Arthur Cotton]] in the mid 19th century. Sir Arthur Cotton sumed up the early policy of the [[East India Company]] rulers thus,<ref name="Gilmartin105" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeJEXFnGS6AC&pg=PA757|title=Economic History of India: 1857-1956|date=2014 |publisher=Allied Publishers|language=en}}</ref>

<blockquote>
Public works have been almost entirely neglected throughout India. The motto hitherto has been: Do nothing, have nothing done, let nobody do anything. Bear any loss, let the people die of famine, let hundreds of lakhs be lost in revenue for want of water or roads, rather than do anything.

– Arthur Cotton (1854)<ref name="Gilmartin105">{{cite book | last=Gilmartin | first=David | title=Blood and water: the Indus River Basin in modern history | publisher=University of California Press | location=Oakland, California | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-520-28529-3 | page=105}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Lord Dalhousie established the Central Public Works Department, and [[irrigation in India|irrigation projects]] were among the earliest to be started.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gilmartin |first=David | title=Blood and Water: the Indus River Basin in modern history |publisher=University of California Press |location=Oakland, California |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-520-28529-3 |page=106}}</ref>

The Public Works Department was formally established in the year 1854 in the sixth year of [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]]'s tenure as Governor General. In the minutes of the meeting held on 12 July 1854, the Governor General resolved that a central agency be provided by creating an office of Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Public Works. The note recorded by Lord Dalhousie was as follows:

“The organisation of the Department of Public Works in the Indian Empire will be incomplete unless it shall be provided for the Supreme Government itself come into agency by which it may be enabled to exercise the universal control confided to it over public works in India with the best of scientific knowledge, authority, and system. The Government of India shall no longer be dependent on expedients, but should be provided with a permanent and highly qualified agency to assist in the direction of this important branch of public affairs. I have, therefore, now to propose that such an agency should be provided by creating an office of the Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Public Works. The person who holds it should always be a highly qualified officer of the Corps of Engineers.”

Colonel W.E. Baker of the Bengal Engineers was accordingly appointed first Secretary to the Department of Public Works, this is the genesis of the Central Public Works Department.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cpwd.gov.in/cpwdNew/AboutUs/CPWDGenesis.aspx|title=Central Public Works Department|website=cpwd.gov.in|access-date=2016-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220083909/http://cpwd.gov.in/cpwdNew/AboutUs/CPWDGenesis.aspx|archive-date=2016-12-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Teja Singh Malik|Sir Teja Singh Malik]] was the first Indian head of the CPWD.

CPWD has PAN India presence and has ability to undertake construction of complex projects even in difficult terrain and maintenance in post construction stage. In 1954, the CPWD played an important role in the International Exhibition on Low-Cost Housing held in New Delhi. The exhibition was sponsored by the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]], known as the Ministry of Works, Housing & Supply at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandate : Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India |url=https://mohua.gov.in/cms/mandate.php#:~:text=The%20Ministry%20was%20constituted%20on,Ministry%20of%20Supply%20came%20up. |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=mohua.gov.in}}</ref> The CPWD put on display 12 full-scale models of cheap housing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WORLD HOUSING EXHIBITION OPENS TOMORROW |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/WORK%20AND%20HOUSING/1953-JAN-DEC-WORKS-HOUSING-SUPPLY/WOR-1954-01-19_097.pdf |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> The CPWD also adopted one of the housing designs created by [[Habib Rahman (architect)|Habib Rahman]], who was Senior Architect in the CPWD, for the construction of quarters in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LOW-COST HOUSING EXHIBITION DESIGN ADOPTED |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/WORK%20AND%20HOUSING/1954-JAN-DEC-WORKS-HOUSING-SUPPLY/WOR-1954-07-19_047.pdf |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> CPWD had been involved in construction of stadiums and other infrastructure requirements for Asian Games 1982 and Commonwealth Games 2010.

== Functions of CPWD ==

Following are the core functions of CPWD
* Design, construction and maintenance of Central Government non- residential buildings other than those for Railways, Communications, Atomic Energy, Defense Services, All India Radio, Doordarshan and Airports (IAAI & NAA).
* Construction and maintenance of residential accommodation meant for Central Government Employees.
* Construction works for [[Central Armed Police Forces]]
* Construction works for establishments under the Cabinet Secretariat i.e. SSB, SIB etc.
* Construction works for public sector undertakings not having their engineering organization, other Government Organisations, Autonomous bodies and institutions as deposit work. “Deposit Works” are such works, which are undertaken at the discretion of the Director General, CPWD for which the outlay is provided wholly or in part from
** a) Funds of a public nature but not included in the financial estimates and accounts of the Union of India.
** b) Contributions from the public.
* Providing consultancy services in planning, designing and construction of civil engineering projects, as and when required by public undertaking and other autonomous bodies.
* Construction of Embassy and other buildings / projects abroad at the request of Ministry of External Affairs and other Ministries.
* Defence / Security related works assigned by the government such as border fencing & flood lighting works and Indo China Border Road Works (ICBR).
* Construction of roads under PMGSY and RSVY programme. To undertake works under PPP/Alternate Funding mode.

=== Consultation & advisory functions ===
The Director General of CPWD functions as Technical Advisor to the Government of India and is consulted in various technical matters relating to construction and maintenance. The Ministry of External Affairs consults CPWD with regard to construction and maintenance of the Embassy buildings abroad. As Technical Advisor to the Government of India, the Director General of CPWD or his nominee is associated with technical bodies and / or Standing Committees of various Institutions and Organisations. Some of the important organizations are:

# Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee
# Hindustan Prefab Limited, Delhi
# Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
# [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]], Delhi
# Indian National Group of the International Association for Bridges & Structural Engineering
# Indian National Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering
# Indian Roads Congress
# [[Bureau of Indian Standards]]
# [[Indian Institute of Public Administration]]
# Indian Council for Foresting Research Education
# National Buildings Organisation
# National Productivity Council
# National Defence Academy, Khadakvasla
# [[Central University of Rajasthan]]
# Central University of Haryana

== Recruitment ==
[[File:Image1 4 20 2018 4 20 52 PM.jpg|thumb|CPWD officers batch with the President of India at the end of Foundation Training|221x221px]]
The recruitment as entry level for middle management is made through [[Engineering Services Examination]] (ESE)/ Architects Group 'A' Recruitment conducted by [[Union Public Service Commission]]. Only top candidates in ESE get a chance to join CPWD strictly on merit basis. During probation period, the selected candidates undergo rigorous training of 52 weeks at National CPWD Academy situated in Ghaziabad (U.P). which transforms them into competent Architects/Engineers cum bureaucrats. During the normal career progression one rises to Chief Architect/Engineer, then to Additional Director General and further to Special Director General. The apex level post in CPWD is of Director General, CPWD who also acts as technical advisor to the Government of India. Recently the Government of India has given the approval for creation of one more post of Director General (Planning). So from now onwards CPWD has two Director General Posts.

There are three cadres in CPWD:

1) CAS (Central Architects Services)[[File:Image3 4 20 2018 4 07 51 PM.jpg|thumb|President of India interacting with CPWD Officers]]2) CES (Central Engineering Services) for Civil Engineers

3) CEMES (Central Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Services) for Mechanical & Electrical Engineers

These are Group A Civil Services. (List of all Group A Civil Services: [[Civil Services of India]])

Upon confirmation of service, a CPWD (CES and CEMES) officer through Engineering Services Exam serves as an Assistant Executive Engineer for a period of 4 years which include 52 weeks of Foundation Training at the National CPWD Academy, Ghaziabad. After selection through UPSC recruitment exam for Group A post in CAS cadre, the officers serve as Deputy Architect in CPWD. After the completion of 4 years, the officers are promoted to the grade of Executive Engineer/Architect which is equivalent to the Under Secretary to Government of India.

== Training ==
[[File:Image4 10 10 2017 5 54 15 PM.jpg|thumb|Academic block]]
National CPWD Academy is a Training Institute of Central Public Works Department (CPWD) which primarily focuses on the training needs of Group ‘A’ officers of CPWD via 52 weeks foundation course. Originally a training cell was set up in New Delhi in year 1965 for foundation training of Group ‘A’ officers. This training cell was developed into a full-fledged Training Institute at Ghaziabad which started functioning in 1995. The CPWD training Institute was renamed as National CPWD Academy in the year 2016.

The National CPWD Academy looks after the training needs of Engineers, Architects, Horticulturists all across the country. The main academy is located at Kamla Nehru Nagar, Hapur Road, Ghaziabad (U.P.). Regional Training Institutes are located in the four metros i.e. New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. The National CPWD Academy is located in Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad nearly {{convert|6|km|abbr=on}}. from Ghaziabad Railway Station, {{convert|30|km|abbr=on}}. from [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi Railway Station]] and about {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} from Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi.
[[File:Image2 10 10 2017 5 54 14 PM.jpg|thumb|Campus road]]
The academy imparts training/refresher courses in all the aspects of public works. The academy conducts training programs, workshops, brain-storming sessions, seminars etc. to upgrade the techno-managerial skills of CPWD officers as well as officers of other Central Government Departments, State Governments and PSUs etc. The training programs are conducted in diverse streams such as Civil Engineering, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Architecture, IT Applications and Management Techniques. A number of new courses on Green Buildings, their rating system and certification, energy efficient buildings, conservation of heritage buildings etc. have been introduced to cater to the current changing construction scenario.

To cater the training needs of Group B & C officials of the department, four Regional Training Institutes are functioning at following locations:

# Northern Region - R.K.Puram, New Delhi
# Western Region - New Marine Lines, Mumbai
# Eastern Region - Salt Lake City, Kolkata
# Southern Region - Besant Nagar, Chennai

These institutes conduct training courses for Group B & C officials. Workers Training Centres at above locations are also part of Regional Training Institutes. Workers Training Centres impart skill improvement training to workers in various trades like mason, carpenter, plumber, Mali, electrician, wireman etc. (erstwhile Group D staff). The skill development courses for workers are also conducted in association with Construction Industry Development Council (CIDC). After completion of the training, certification of the workers is also done through IGNOU.

== Designations and career progression ==

The various posts held by CPWD Gazetted Officers directly recruited through Engineering Services Examination/ UPSC Architects Group 'A' Recruitment is given in the table below.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ <big>Positions and designations held by CPWD officers in their career</big>
!<big>Position in the Government of India</big>
!<big>Pay Scale 6th CPC (Pay Level 7th CPC)</big>
!Position in the Central Government<ref name="Profile IAS">{{Cite web|url=http://persmin.gov.in/ais1/Docs/ServiceProfile.pdf|title=Service Profile for the Indian Administrative Service|publisher=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|language=en|access-date=13 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
|<big>Director General (Apex Scale)</big>
|<big>80000 (Pay Level 17)</big>
|[[Secretary to Government of India|Secretary]]
|-
|<big>Special Director General</big>
|<big>75500-80000 (Pay Level 16</big>)
| -
|-
|<big>Additional Director General</big>
|<big>67000-79000 (Pay Level 15</big>)
|[[Additional secretary to Government of India|Additional Secretary]]
|-
|<big>Chief Engineer/Chief Architect</big>
|<big>37400-67000 + 10000 Grade Pay (Pay Level 14)</big>
|[[Joint secretary to Government of India|Joint Secretary]]
|-
|<big>Superintending Engineer/ Senior Architect</big>
|<big>37400-67000 + 8700 Grade Pay (Pay Level 13)</big>
|Director
|-
|<big>Executive Engineer (NFU)/ Architect (NFSG)</big>
|<big>15600-39100 + 7600 Grade Pay (Pay Level 12)</big>
|Deputy Secretary
|-
|<big>Executive Engineer/ Architect</big>
|<big>15600-39100 + 6600 Grade Pay (Pay Level 11)</big>
|Under Secretary
|-
|<big>Assistant Executive Engineer/ Deputy Architect (Entry Level)</big>
|<big>15600-39100 + 5400 Grade Pay (Pay Level 10)</big>
|Assistant Secretary
|}

== State Public Works Departments in India ==
* [[Karnataka Public Works Department]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Public Works Department |url=https://kpwd.karnataka.gov.in/english |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=kpwd.karnataka.gov.in}}</ref>
* [[Kerala Public Works Department]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT {{!}} GOVT. OF KERALA |url=https://www.pwd.kerala.gov.in/IMF_website/index/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=www.pwd.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>
* [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=department {{!}} Tamil Nadu Government Portal |url=https://www.tn.gov.in/department/42 |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=www.tn.gov.in}}</ref>
* Maharashtra Public Works Department<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Works Department, Government Of Maharashtra, India |url=https://pwd.maharashtra.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=pwd.maharashtra.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
* Roads and Buildings Department, Gujarat<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roads and Buildings Department {{!}} Government of Gujarat |url=https://rnb.gujarat.gov.in |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=rnb.gujarat.gov.in }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
* Delhi Public Works Department<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Works Department, Govt. of NCT of Delhi |url=https://www.pwddelhi.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=www.pwddelhi.gov.in}}</ref>
* Madhya Pradesh Public Works Department<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Public Works Department, Madhya Pradesh {{!}} Government of Madhya Pradesh Logo |url=http://mppwd.gov.in/en-us/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=mppwd.gov.in}}</ref>
*[[Department of Public Works (West Bengal)|West Bengal Public Works Department]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Public Works Department, West Bengal |url=http://wbpwd.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=wbpwd.gov.in}}</ref>
*Rajasthan Public Works Department<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Public Works Department Rajasthan |url=https://pwd.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/roads/pwd/en/home.html}}</ref>
*[[Uttarakhand Public Works Department]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home: Public Works Department, Uttarakhand, India |url=https://pwd.uk.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=pwd.uk.gov.in}}</ref>
*Uttar Pradesh Public Works Department<ref>{{Cite web |title= UPPWD.gov.in {{!}} Official website of Public Works Department, Uttar Pradesh |url=http://uppwd.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=uppwd.gov.in |archive-date=2023-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212083927/http://uppwd.gov.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Odisha Public Works Department
*Nagaland Public Works Department <ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Works Department : Government of Nagaland – Just another WordPress site |url=https://npwd.nagaland.gov.in/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=npwd.nagaland.gov.in}}</ref>
*Assam Public Works Department <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} PUBLIC WORKS BUILDINGS & NH {{!}} Government Of Assam, India |url=https://pwdbnh.assam.gov.in/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=pwdbnh.assam.gov.in}}</ref>

== See also ==

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Public works ministries]]
[[Category:Ministry of Urban Development]]

Vajjika League

2026-03-25T10:35:12Z

Debadrito Dutta: minor edit

{{Short description|Republican confederacy in ancient India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name = Vṛji
| conventional_long_name = Vajjika League
| common_name = Vajji
| era = [[Iron Age]]
| government_type = [[Gaṇasaṅgha|Aristocratic Republic]]<ref name="Olivelle2006">{{cite book |last=Olivelle |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Olivelle |title=Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BC to 400 AD|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA15 |date=13 July 2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977507-1 |pages=15– }}</ref>
| legislature = [[Sabhā]]
| year_start = c. 6th century BCE
| status = [[Confederation]]
| year_end = c. 468 BCE
| event_end = Conquered by [[Ajatashatru|Ajātasattu]] of Magadha in 484–468 BCE
| p1 = Videha
| s1 = Haryanka dynasty{{!}}Magadha
| image_map = Gana_Sanghas_(c._500_BCE).jpg
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption = The constituent tribes of the Vajjika League, Licchavi, Videha, and Nāya, among the [[Gaṇasaṅgha|{{Transliteration|sa|Gaṇasaṅgha}}]]s
| image_map2 = Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png
| image_map2_caption = Vajji (the Licchavika dependencies within the Vajjika League), Malla, and other [[Mahajanapadas]] in the Post Vedic period
| leader1 = [[Chetaka|Ceḍaga]]
| capital = [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vesālī]]<ref name="Olivelle2006"/>
| common_languages = [[Prakrit]] [[Sanskrit]]
| religion = [[Historical Vedic religion]] [[Jainism]] [[Buddhism]]
| demonym = Vajjika
| currency =
| title_leader = {{Transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}}
| today = [[India]] [[Nepal]]
}}
{{History of Bihar}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}

The '''Vajjika''' ([[Pali|Pāli]]: {{transliteration|pi|Vajjika}}) or '''Vrijika''' ({{IAST3|Vṛjika}}) '''League''', '''Confederacy''', or '''Sangha''', also called simply '''Vajji''' ([[Pali|Pāli]]: {{transliteration|pi|Vajji}}) or '''Vriji''' ({{IAST3|Vṛji}}), was an ancient [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] tribal league which existed during the later [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]] period in north-east [[India]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=81-84}}

==Name==
The Vajjika League was named after one of its constituent tribes, the [[Vajji (tribe)|Vajjika]]s proper, who had once been the most powerful tribe in the region of the league's capital of Vesālī.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=81-84}} The larger region of the former Mahā-Videha kingdom in which the Vajjika League was located was in turn named after the confederacy.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=83}}

According to Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]], the name {{Transliteration|pi|Saṃvajji}}, meaning "united Vajjis," was given by the peoples of northern South Asia to the Vajjika League.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=81-84}}

==Constituent tribes==
The Vajjika League was a league of republican tribal states under the leadership of the [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavikas]] centred around the city of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vesālī]]. The other members of the league were the [[Videha|Vaidehas]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region,<ref>{{cite web|last=Thakur |first=Ripunjay Kumar |date=1 March 2022|title=Historical Geography of Early Medieval Mithila: From Videha to Tirhut.|url=https://www.academia.edu/72670545|publisher=New Archaeological & Genological Society, Kanpur, India|issn=2348-8301|access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref> the [[Nāya|Nāyika]]s of [[Kuṇḍapura]], and the [[Vajji (tribe)|Vajji]] tribe proper, who were dependencies of the Licchavikas. The [[Malla (tribe)|Mallakas]], who were organised into two separate republics, were also part of the Vajjika League, although they were not dependencies of the Licchavikas and therefore maintained their independence and sovereign rights within the confederation, hence why Jain sources considered the Licchavikas and the neighbouring [[Malla (tribe)|Mallakas]] of [[Kusinārā]] and [[Pāvā]] to be the republican states of [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kāsī]]-[[Kosala]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=81-84}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169-181}}

The once popular view among scholars that the Vajjika League was constituted of eight clans was based on a misreading of the 5th century CE Buddhist commentator [[Buddhaghosa]]'s mention that the legal tribunals of Vesālī included the {{Transliteration|pi|aṭṭhakulika}} ({{lang|pi|अट्ठकुलिक}}), which was interpreted as meaning "eight tribes." The [[Pali|Pāli]] term {{Transliteration|pi|kula}} ({{lang|pi|कुल}}) however means "clan" while the word for "tribe" is {{Transliteration|pi|jana}} ({{lang|pi|जन}}), meaning that the term {{Transliteration|pi|aṭṭhakulika}} instead referred to the heads of the eight leading ruling families of Vaisali and not to eight tribes.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=81-84}}

===Organisation===
The Vajjika League was administered by the Vajjika Council, which consisted of eighteen members, of which nine were from the confederacy's leading Licchavika tribe while the other nine members were from the Videha, Nāya, Vajji, and Malla tribes.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}

Since the Licchavikas were the leading tribe of the confederacy, their capital city of Vesālī was the headquarter of the Vajjika League,{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}} and their army also functioned as the Vajjika army, although the other confederated tribes were also required to furnish troops to the league.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=159-168}}
[[File:Anandastupa.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Ananda Stupa, with an [[Asokan pillar]], at [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vesālī]], the capital city of Vajji and Licchavi.]]

==Location==
The area of the Vajjika League was bounded to the north, east, south, and west, respectively, by the [[Himalayas|Himālaya mountains]], and the [[Mahananda River|Mahānanda]], [[Ganges|Gaṅgā]], and [[Gandaki River|Sadānirā]] rivers.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=81-84}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |date=1953 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |url= |location= |pages=118–126 |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |isbn=}}</ref>

Within the Vajjika League, the [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavika]]s lived in the southwest region, immediately to the north of the Gaṅgā river and to the east of the Sadānirā river.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}

The [[Videha|Vaideha]]s lived along the foothills of the Himālaya mountains between the Sadānirā and [[Kosi River|Kauśikī]] rivers, in what are now the [[Terai|Tarāī]] region and the south-eastern parts of [[Nepal]] including the lower hill ranges, as well as the northern part of what in present time is the Indian state of [[Bihar|Bihār]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}

The [[Nāya|Nāyika]]s were located in a small area around their capital, which was a minor town called either [[Kuṇḍagāma]] or [[Kuṇḍapura]], located somewhere close to the Licchavika and Vajjika capital of Vesālī to its northeast. Other Nāya settlements included a northeastern suburb of Vesālī named Kollāga, as well as a [[cetiya]] named Dūīpalāsa that was nominally part of the Nāyikas' settlement at Kollāga but physically outside of it.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=159-168}}

==History==
[[File:N-BR-69 Raja Vishal Garh (5).jpg|thumb|Excavated ruins in Vaishali known by locals as "Raja Vishal ka Garh" (Fort of Raja Vishala) and said to date to the time of the Vajjika league<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Sudipta |title=Ganges The Many Pasts of an Indian River |date=2019 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300119169 |pages=115–116 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Ganges/BHN_DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0}}</ref>]]
The Vajjika League was located on the territory of the former Mahā-Videha kingdom founded by the tribe of the [[Videha|Vaideha]]s, an Indo-Aryan tribe in the eastern Gangetic plain in the [[Greater Magadha]] cultural region.<ref name="Levman">{{cite journal |last=Levman |first=Bryan G. |date=2014 |title=Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276914202 |journal=Buddhist Studies Review |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=145–180 |doi=10.1558/bsrv.v30i2.145 |access-date=4 June 2022|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416 |title=Bronkhorst, J. (2007). Greater Magadha, Studies in the culture of Early India, p. 6. Leiden, Boston, MA: Brill.|year=2007|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416|last1=Bronkhorst|first1=Johannes|isbn=9789047419655}}</ref> Around 800 BCE the Mahā-Videha ("greater Videha") kingdom was established between the [[Gandaki River|Sadānirā]] river in the west, the [[Koshi River|Kauśikī]] river in the east, the [[Ganges]] river in the south, and the [[Himalayas|Himālaya mountains]] in the north.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}

Shortly before or during the lifetime of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], around the 7th or 6th century BCE, the Mahā-Videha kingdom was invaded by the [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavikas]], an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] tribe who temporarily occupied the Vaideha capital of [[Mithila (ancient city)|Mithilā]], from where they could best administer the territory of Videha. The consequence of the occupation of Videha by the republican Licchavikas was that the Licchavikas relatively peacefully overthrew the already weakened Vaideha monarchical system and replaced it by a republican system.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}

Facing the rising power of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] to the south of the Ganges, the Licchavikas established their republic in the southern part of the former Videha kingdom and moved their political centre to the until then marginal location of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vesālī]], which the Licchavikas turned into their largest city as well as their capital and stronghold. Meanwhile, the new Videha republic existed in a limited territory centred around Mithilā and located to the north of Licchavi. Many members of the Vaideha aristocracy who had submitted to the Licchavikas joined them in moving to Vesālī, and therefore became members of the Licchavika ruling aristocratic Assembly.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}

Once settled around Vesālī, the Licchavikas formed a state organised as a [[Gaṇasaṅgha|{{Transliteration|sa|gaṇasaṅgha}}]] (an [[aristocracy|aristocratic]] [[republic]]). The Licchavikas themselves henceforth became the leading power within the territory of the former Mahā-Videha kingdom, with the Licchavika Assembly holding the sovereign and supreme rights over this territory.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}} The Licchavikas founded the Vajjika League as a temporary league led by themselves, and named after the [[Vajji (tribe)|Vajji]] tribe proper, who had been the most powerful tribe in the region of Vesālī and were one of the constituent tribes of the league, within which they held their own sovereign rights.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=83}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=149}}

The Videha republic was ruled by an Assembly of the [[Kshatriya|{{Transliteration|sa|kṣatriya}}]]s residing in and around Mithilā, and governing in the name of the Licchavika Assembly: the Videha republic was thus under significant influence of the Licchavi republic, and it joined the Vajjika League, within which it had limited autonomy concerning their domestic administration under the supervision of Licchavi, who fully controlled Vaideha foreign policy.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}} The [[Nāya|Nāyika]]s, who were a sub-group of the Vaidehas who formed an independent tribe, were another constituent republic of the Licchavi-led Vajjika League, and hence they held autonomy in matters of internal policy while their war and foreign policies were handled by the Vajjika League. The Licchavikas and the [[Malla (tribe)|Mallaka]]s were considered to be the republican states of [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kāsī]]-[[Kosala]] by Jain sources, and both Mallaka republics joined the Licchavi-led Vajjika League to deal with danger they might have faced in common during periods of instability, and within which they held friendly relations with the Licchavikas, the Vaidehas, and the Nāyikas who were the other members of this league, although occasional quarrels did break out between these republics. Unlike the other confederate tribes such as the Vaidehas and Nāyikas, who had no sovereign rights of their own because they were dependencies of Licchavi, the Mallakas maintained their own sovereign rights within the Vajjika League.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169-181}}

During the 6th century BCE, the {{Transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} ("head of the republic") of the Licchavikas, that is the head of state of the Licchavikas and of their Council, was [[Chetaka|Ceṭaka]] or Ceḍaga, which also made him the head of the Council of the Vajjika League.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}} Ceḍaga's sister [[Trishala|Trisalā]] was married to the Nāyika {{Transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} [[Siddhartha of Kundagrama|Siddhārtha]], with this marriage having been contracted because of Siddhārtha's political importance due to the important geographical location close to Vesālī of the Nāya tribe he headed, as well as due to Siddhārtha's membership in the Vajjika Council. The son of Siddhārtha and Trisalā, that is Ceḍaga's nephew, was [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]], the 24th [[Jainism|Jain]] [[Tirthankara|Tīrthaṅkara]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=159-168}} Ceṭaka became an adept of the teachings of his nephew [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]] and adopted [[Jainism]], thus making the Licchavika and Vajjika capital of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vesālī]] a bastion of Jainism, and his sixth daughter, [[Sujyeṣṭhā]], became a Jain nun,{{sfn|Deo|1956|p=71}} while the diplomatic marriages of his other daughters to various leaders, in turn, contributed to the spreading of Jainism across northern South Asia:{{sfn|Jain|1974|p=67}} [[Prabhāvatī]] was married to the king [[Udāyana]] of [[Sindhu-Sauvīra]];{{sfn|Sikdar|1964|p=388-464}}{{sfn|Deo|1956|p=71}} [[Padmāvatī]] was married to king [[Dadhivāhana]] of [[Anga|Aṅga]];{{sfn|Deo|1956|p=71}} [[Mṛgāvatī]] was married to the king [[Śatānīka]] of [[Vatsa]], with their son being the famous [[Udayana (king)|Udayana]];{{sfn|Sikdar|1964|p=388-464}}{{sfn|Deo|1956|p=71}} [[Śivā]] was married to king [[Pradyota]] of [[Avanti (Ancient India)|Avanti]]; {{sfn|Jain|1974|p=66}}{{sfn|Deo|1956|p=71}} [[Jyeṣṭhā]] was married to Ceṭaka's nephew, [[Nandivardhana of Kundagrama|Nandivardhana]] of [[Kuṇḍagāma]], who was the son of Trisalā and the elder brother of Mahāvīra;{{sfn|Deo|1956|p=71}} [[Cellaṇā]] was married to the king [[Bimbisara|Bimbisāra]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=159-168}}{{sfn|Deo|1956|p=71}}

After the death of the Buddha, the Licchavikas, the Mallakas, and the [[Sakya (tribe)|Sakya]]s claimed shares of his relics while the Vaidehas and the Nāyikas did not appear among the list of states claiming a share because they were dependencies of the Licchavikas without their own sovereignty, and therefore could not put forth their own claim while Licchavi could.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}

===Conquest by Magadha===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| direction =vertical
| total_width=250
| image1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = The eastern Gangetic plain before Ajatasattu's, Vidudabha's and Udayana's conquests.jpg
| caption2 = Map of the eastern Gangetic plain before Ajātasattu's conquests (Malla shown within the Vajjika League)
| image3 = The eastern Gangetic plain after Ajatasattu's, Vidudabha's and Udayana's conquests.jpg
| caption3 = Map of the eastern Gangetic plain after Ajātasattu's conquest of the Vajjika League and of Moriya
| footer=
}}
{{See also|Magadha-Vajji war}}
The relations of the Licchavikas who led the Vajjika League with their southern neighbour, the kingdom of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], were initially good, and the wife of the Māgadhī king [[Bimbisara|Bimbisāra]] was the Vesālia princess Vāsavī, who was the daughter of the Licchavika {{Transliteration|sa|Nāyaka}} Sakala's son Siṃha. There were nevertheless occasional tensions between Licchavi and Magadha, such as the competition at the Mallaka capital of [[Kusinārā]] over acquiring the relics of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] after his death.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}

In another case, the Licchavikas once invaded Māgadhī territory from across the [[Ganges|Gaṅgā]], and at some point the relations between Magadha and Licchavi permanently deteriorated as result of a grave offence committed by the Licchavikas towards the Māgadhī king Bimbisāra.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}

The hostilities between Licchavi and Magadha continued under the rule of [[Ajatashatru|Ajātasattu]], who was Bimbisāra's son with another Licchavika princess, Vāsavī, after he had killed Bimbisāra and usurped the throne of Magadha. Eventually Licchavi supported a revolt against Ajātasattu by his younger step-brother and the governor of [[Anga|Aṅga]], Vehalla, who was the son of Bimbisāra by another Licchavika wife of his, Cellanā, a daughter of [[Chetaka|Ceḍaga]], who was the head of both the Licchavi republic and the Vajjika League; Bimbisāra had chosen Vehalla as his successor following Ajātasattu's falling out of his favour after the latter had been caught conspiring against him, and the Licchavikas had attempted to place Vehalla on the throne of Magadha after Ajātasattu's usurpation and had allowed Vehalla to use their capital Vesālī as base for his revolt. After the failure of this rebellion, Vehalla sought refuge at his grandfather's place in the Licchavika and Vajjika capital of Vesālī, following which Ajātasattu repeatedly attempted to negotiate with the Licchavikas-Vajjikas. After Ajātasattu's repeated negotiation attempts ended in failure, he declared war on the Vajjika League in 484 BCE.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}

Tensions between Licchavi and Magadha were exacerbated by the handling of the joint Māgadhī-Licchavika border post of Koṭigāma on the Gaṅgā by the Licchavika-led Vajjika League who would regularly collect all valuables from Koṭigāma and leave none to the Māgadhīs. Therefore, Ajātasattu decided to destroy the Vajjika League in retaliation, but also because, as an ambitious empire-builder whose mother Vāsavī was Licchavika princess of Vaidehī descent, he was interested in the territory of the former Mahā-Videha kingdom which by then was part of the Vajjika League. Ajātasattu's hostility towards the Vajjika League was also the result of the differing forms of political organisation between Magadha and the Vajjika League, with the former being monarchical and the latter being republican, not unlike the opposition of the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] kingdom of [[Sparta]] to the democratic form of government in [[Classical Athens|Athens]], and the [[Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II|hostilities]] between the [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|ancient Macedonian]] king [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]] to the Athenian and [[Thebes, Greece|Theban]] republics.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}

As members of the Vajjika League, the Vaidehas, Nāyikas, and Mallakas were also threatened by Ajātasattu, and the Vajjika {{transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} [[Chetaka|Ceḍaga]] held war consultations with the {{Transliteration|pi|rājā}}s of the Licchavikas and Mallikas before the fight started. The Vaidehas, Nāyikas, and Mallakas therefore fought on the side of the League against Magadha. The military forces of the Vajjika League were initially too strong for Ajātasattu to be successful against them, and it required him having recourse to diplomacy and intrigues over the span of a decade to finally defeat the Vajjika League by 468 BCE and annex its territories, including Licchavi, Videha, and Nāya to the kingdom of Magadha, while the Mallakas also became part of Ajātasattu's Māgadhī empire but were allowed a limited degree of autonomy in terms of their internal administration, and stopped existing as a republican tribe when the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya dynasty]] ruled Magadha or shortly after. The Licchavikas nevertheless survived their defeat by Ajātasattu, and the structures of the older Licchavi republic subsisted within a degree local autonomy under Māgadhī rule, as attested by how the Licchavika Council instituted a festival in the memory of the decease of the [[Jainism|Jain]] [[Tirthankara|Tīrthaṅkara]] [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169-181}}

==See also==
* [[Mahajanapada]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[History of Hinduism]]
* [[List of Indian monarchs]]
* [[History of Mithila Region]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Deo |first=Shantaram Bhalchandra |date=1956 |title=History of Jaina Monachism from Inscriptions and Literature |url= |location=[[Pune]], [[India]] |publisher=[[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute]] |isbn=978-9-333-68377-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |author-link= |date=1974 |title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385 |location=[[Delhi]], [[India]] |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |page=66 |isbn=978-8-120-80805-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=J. P. |author-link= |date=1968 |title=Republics in Ancient India, C. 1500 B.C.-500 B.C. |url= |location=[[Leiden]], [[Netherlands]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|E. J. Brill]] |page= |isbn=978-9-004-02015-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sikdar |first=Jogendra Chandra |author-link= |date=1964 |title=Studies in the Bhagawatīsūtra |url= |location=[[Muzaffarpur]], [[Bihar]], [[India]] |publisher=Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainology & Ahimsa |pages=388–464 |isbn= }}
{{refend}}

{{Mahajanapada |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Vajjika League| ]]
[[Category:Gaṇa saṅghas]]
[[Category:History of the Mithila region]]
[[Category:Mahajanapadas]]
[[Category:6th-century BC establishments in India]]
[[Category:5th-century BC disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Former republics in Indian history]]
[[Category:Ancient Nepal]]
[[Category:Former confederations]]
[[Category:Tribal confederacies]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 5th century BC]]

Mikhail Gandhi

2026-03-14T23:57:35Z

Debadrito Dutta: Put up new post v1

{{Short description|Indian male film actor}}
'''Mikail Gandhi''' is an Indian child actor who has performed in various films and TV series. He started his acting career with small roles in television commercials. His debut film was Telugu-language film ''[[Supreme (film)|Supreme]]'' (2016) which was followed by documentary film ''[[Sachin: A Billion Dreams]]'' (2017) where he played the role of young cricketer [[Sachin Tendulkar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sachin-a-billion-dreams-mikhail-gandhi-played-young-sachin-tendulkar-this-is-where-you-have-seen-him-before-watch-videos-4683022/ | title=Sachin A Billion Dreams: Mikail Gandhi played young Sachin Tendulkar. This is where you have seen him before, watch videos | work=Indian Express | date=31 May 2017 | accessdate=4 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/meet-8-year-old-mikhail-gandhi-the-boy-who-played-the-young-sachin-tendulkar-in-his-biopic-322824.html | title=Meet 8 Year-Old Mikail Gandhi, The Boy Who Played The Young Sachin Tendulkar In His Biopic | work=India Times | date=31 May 2017 | accessdate=4 May 2021 | author=Sethi, Prabhjeet Singh}}</ref> Later he played roles in Telugu films ''[[Hello (2017 film)|Hello]]'' (2017) and ''[[Bharath Ane Nenu]]'' (2018).

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Supreme (film)|Supreme]]'' || Rajan || Telugu || Film<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/movie-review-supreme-13220.html | title=Movie Review: Supreme | work=Filmfare | date=6 May 2016 | accessdate=4 May 2021 | author=Ogirala, Mohan Rao}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Sachin: A Billion Dreams]]'' || [[Sachin Tendulkar]] || Hindi || Documentary
|-
| ''[[Hello (2017 film)|Hello]]'' || Seenu || Telugu || Film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || ''[[Bharat Ane Nenu]]'' || Siddharth || Telugu || Film
|-
| ''Oliver'' || Oliver || English / Hindi || Short film
|}

=== Web series ===

* ''All web series are in Hindi, unless mentioned otherwise.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Typewriter (TV series)|Typewriter]]'' || Satyajit Tandon aka Gablu
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Mentalhood]]'' || Nikhil Sharma
|-
| 2021 || ''[[His Story (web series)|His Story]]'' || Shlok
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022 || ''[[Mai (TV series)|Mai: A Mother's Rage]]'' || Archit Chaudhary
|-
| ''[[Tanaav]]'' || Farhaan Farooqui
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023 || ''[[Dahaad]]'' || Harry
|-
| ''[[Kafas (TV series)|Kafas]]'' || Sunny Vashisht
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Mikhail}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Jessie Dias

2026-03-14T18:22:43Z

Debadrito Dutta: started a info

{{short description|Indian actress and singer (born 1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jessie Dias
| image = Jessie Dias at Tiatr Day, 2017 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Dias at the [[Kala Academy]], 2017
| birth_name = Maria Conceicao Cardozo
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1946|5|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] (now Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]], India)
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer}}
| years_active = 1955–1956; 1963–present
| relatives = {{ubl|
* [[Cyriaco Dias]]
* [[Leena Fernandes]]}}
}}

'''Maria Conceicao Cardozo e Dias''' ([[née]] '''Cardozo'''; born 30 May 1946), known professionally as '''Jessie Dias''', is an Indian actress, and singer known for her work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]], ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatr]]'', and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.

==Early life==
Dias, originally named Maria Conceicao Cardozo, was born on 30 May 1946, at [[JJ Hospital]] in [[Bombay]] which was part of the [[Bombay Presidency]] during the time of [[British India]]. Her parents, Jose Manuel Cardozo and Robertina Patrocina, raised her alongside two brothers, Bernard and Lucas. Lucas gained recognition as a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] playwright. Dias pursued her education at St. Stephen High School in Mumbai, where she cultivated her passion for the performing arts. ''[[Tiatr]]'', a form of [[musical theater]], held a special place in her family's heart, particularly her mother's.
Dias's connection to the ''tiatr'' community deepened through her brother Bernard's friendship with Konkani comedian Anthony Mendes. Through this association, Dias forged meaningful relationships with other ''[[tiatrist]]s''. Furthermore, Bernard often assisted them in stage arrangements and prompting, lending his support to their performances.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=de Sa |first=Victor |date=3 April 2012 |title=TAG: Meet the Artiste - Jessie Dias |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210194355/https://tiatracademyofgoa.com/ |archive-url=https://goanet.goanet.narkive.com/fDUpwaKa/tag-meet-the-artiste-jessie-dias |archive-date=3 April 2012 |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]]}}</ref>

==Career==
Dias embarked on her journey in the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]] during her childhood, making her debut as a young artist in her brother Lucas Cardozo's ''[[tiatr]]'' production titled ''Eksuro'' (Alone). It was during this time that she caught the attention of Francisco de Parra, a seasoned playwright and [[lyricist]] who recognized her potential. At the age of ten, Dias was introduced by de Parra in his ''tiatr Lagmodi Sun'', marking the beginning of her acting career. The turning point in Dias's life arrived in 1963 when she was given the opportunity to substitute for a female artist from [[Bombay]] in two dramas, ''Dotor Advogad'' (Doctor Advocate) and ''Director Saib'', written by [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]]. These productions were on tour in [[Goa]] at the time. Dias's talent in both acting and singing came to the forefront during these performances, impressing not only the [[Goan]] audiences but also garnering recognition from esteemed senior artists.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mai makes a comeback |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/mai-makes-a-comeback/2981.html |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114080542/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/mai-makes-a-comeback/2981.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following this breakthrough, Dias's career gained momentum, as she quickly became a sought-after artist by directors such as [[M. Boyer]], [[C. Alvares]], Remmie Colaco, Jacint Vaz, and Robin Vaz. She specialized in portraying [[Tragic character|tragic roles]] and excelled in singing [[duet]]s, particularly alongside C. Alvares. Dias's vocal prowess extended beyond live performances, as she recorded songs for [[Gramophone Company India]] and [[All India Radio]]. She also contributed her talents to various [[audio cassette]]s and embarked on ''tiatr'' tours to several [[Gulf countries]]. As of 2000, Dias continues to actively participate in the Konkani stage, frequently appearing in ''tiatrs'' and non-stop-shows.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=185 |language=en |access-date=2024-01-14 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dias has enjoyed a prolific career in the Konkani theater spanning over five decades, collaborating with more than 90 directors. She has made significant contributions to productions such as [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]]'s ''Kakut Naslolo'' (Merciless), ''Konnank Mhunnom Maim'' (Whom do I call Mother?), and ''Mortikar'' (Killer), as well as [[Minguel Rod]]'s ''Bapul Bhav'' (Cousin Brother) and ''Ghorchem Kestanv'' (Family Feud), Rico Rod's ''Paichem Vhoddponn'' (Father's Pride) and ''Bailek Lagon'' (Because of Women), Denis Sequeira's ''Dogui Mhuje Put'' (My Two Sons), Alfred Rose's ''Munis ou Denvchar'' (Human or Devil), Robin Vaz's ''Shantichem Login'' (Shanti's wedding), and C Alvares's ''Bhattkar de Goa'' (Landlord of Goa) and ''Mhuji Vonnim'' (Through Me). Her participation in ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatr]]'' productions, including A.M. Pacheco's ''Fator'' (Stone), Ligorio Fernandes's ''Orombh ani Xevott'', and Anthony San's ''Darvontto'', has also been noteworthy. However, her most notable collaboration in this genre was with Rosario Rodrigues.<ref name=":0" />

Dias has garnered recognition among ''[[tiatr]]'' enthusiasts for her [[duet]]s, not only on the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] stage but also in recordings, [[audio cassette]]s, and CDs. Throughout her extensive career, she has collaborated with artists such as [[Lawrence de Tiracol]], Francis de Parra, [[C. Alvares]], Bab Peter, Souza Ferrao, Robin Vaz, Greg, and Young Mendes. On stage, Dias has portrayed a wide range of roles, embodying characters as daughters, sisters, mothers, and grandmothers. Amongst these roles, her portrayal of a "Mother" stands out as her forte, showcasing her talent. This nurturing instinct extends beyond her performances, as Dias is known for her genuine care and affection towards her colleagues, regardless of their seniority. Writer Daniel F de Souza lauds her compassionate nature, emphasizing her support, both professionally and personally, as she readily extends a helping hand to those in need.<ref name=":0" />

==Select filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2007
|''Vadoll''
|Rosy
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-14 |title=Vadoll - Suspense Thriller Film By Valencio Vaz |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&si=vDKyXxpCmBqsIoOG&v=NaXwkEWSsQc&feature=youtu.be |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=YouTube|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114155646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&si=vDKyXxpCmBqsIoOG&v=NaXwkEWSsQc&feature=youtu.be |archive-date=2024-01-14 }}</ref>
|}

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1955
|''Eksuro''
|Child artiste
|Debut play
|rowspan="2"|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|1956
|''Lagmodi Sun''
|Actor
|Debut ''tiatr''
|-
|rowspan="3"|1963
|''Dotor Advogad''
|Actor
|Professional debut; [[understudy]]
|rowspan="2"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|''Director Saib''
|Actor
|Understudy
|-
|''Munis ou Denvchar''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=About – Rita Rose |url=https://ritarose.in/about/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114163953/https://ritarose.in/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Kakut Naslolo''
|
|
|rowspan="6"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Konnank Mhunnom Maim''
|
|
|-
|
|''Mortikar''
|
|
|-
|
|''Bapul Bhau''
|
|
|-
|
|''Ghorchem Kestaum''
|
|
|-
|
|''Paichem Vhoddponn''
|
|
|-
|1978
|''Bailek Lagon''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A voice that is eternal |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/A-voice-that-is-eternal/114352 |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=oHeraldo |date=23 April 2017 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107065533/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/A-voice-that-is-eternal/114352 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Dogui Mhuje Put''
|
|
|rowspan="4"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Shantichem Login''
|
|
|-
|
|''Bhattkar de Goa''
|
|
|-
|
|''Mhuji Vonnim''
|
|
|-
|1981
|''Fator''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-25 |title=A.M.Pacheco |url=https://tiatracademyofgoa.com/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210194355/https://tiatracademyofgoa.com/ |archive-date=2011-02-10 }}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Orombh ani Xevott''
|
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1984
|''Darvontto''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-08-30 |title=Meet Anthony San at TAG on August 31 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/meet-anthony-san-at-tag-on-august-31/articleshow/48727051.cms |access-date=2024-01-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114180301/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/meet-anthony-san-at-tag-on-august-31/articleshow/48727051.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Imdb name|id=13374057}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dias, Jessie}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]

1947 in India

2026-03-13T13:49:40Z

Debadrito Dutta: content update

{{short description|none}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2013}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}

{{Year in India|1947}}

The year [[1947]] was a turning point in Indian history, marking the end of the [[British Raj]]. On August 15, 1947, India gained [[Indian Independence Movement|independence]], leading to the creation of the [[Dominion of India]], which in [[1950 in India|1950]] would establish the [[Sovereign]], [[Democracy|Democratic]], [[Republic]] of India.

The year also witnessed the [[1947 Rawalpindi massacres|Rawalpindi Massacres]], [[Partition of India]], [[1947 Jammu massacres|Jammu Massacres]] and [[Violence against women during the Partition of India|violence against women]].
This culminated in creation of [[Pakistan]] and triggered one of the largest mass migrations in history.

==Incumbents==
* [[Emperor of India]] – [[George VI]] until 15 August
* [[King of India]] – [[George VI]] from 15 August
* Viceroy of India – [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|The Viscount Wavell]] (until 21 February)
* Viceroy of India – [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma]] (21 February – 15 August)
* Governor-General of the Union of India – The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma (from 16 August)
* [[Prime Minister of India]] – [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]

==Events==
{{Missing information|This article is missing important information about the subject.|date=April 2025}}

* National income - {{INR}}85,101 million{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

=== January - June ===
* 20 February - [[Clement Attlee]] informs of decision to leave India by 1948.{{sfn|Constitutionofindia.net|2025}}
* 1 March - Partition of India is finalised by Lord Mountbatten{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}. Boundary Commission under Sir Radcliffe was setup to partition Punjab & Bengal.
* 2 March - Sir [[Khizar Hayat Tiwana]], leader of the [[Unionist Party (Punjab)]] and Premier of pre-Partition Punjab, resigns in protest against the Partition.{{sfn|The Tribune|2025}}
* 5 March - On the eve of Hindu festival of [[Holi]], armed Muslim mobs started attacking Hindus and Sikhs in several cities of [[West Punjab]], including the cantonment town of [[Rawalpindi]] and [[Multan]], killing close to 200 in the latter with the casualties being mostly Hindu.{{sfn|Ahmed|2011|p=207}}{{sfn|Hajari|2015|p=104}} This marked the beginning of the [[1947 Rawalpindi massacres]].
* 15 March – [[Hindu]]s and [[Muslim]]s clash in [[Punjab region|Punjab]].
* 15 March - [[Lord Mountbatten]] attempts his first effort to stop the Partition of Bengal & conduct the partition of Muslim majority Kashmir{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}.
* 16 March - Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir disapproves of Lord Mountbatten's proposal{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}.
* 22 March - [[Lord Mountbatten]] arrives in India.{{sfn|Firstpost|2025}}
* 25 March - Lord Mountbatten attempts his second effort to stop the Partition of Bengal & conduct the partition of Muslim-majority Kashmir.
* 26 March - Jawaharlal Nehru disapproves of Lord Mountbatten's proposal but Muhammad Ali Jinnah accepts the proposal of Lord Mountbatten.
* 2 April - Lord Mountbatten attempts his third effort to stop the Partition of Bengal & conduct the partition of Muslim-majority Kashmir. Gandhi starts his fast to keep India united.
* 5 April - Talks on stopping the Partition of Bengal & conducting the partition of Muslim-majority Kashmir fails as Jawaharlal Nehru & Maharaja Hari Singh disapprove of Lord Mountbatten's proposal. Proposal stands 2-1 in favour of the Partition of Bengal.
* 15 April - On the Bengali new year's day, Lord Mountbatten attempts his last ditch effort to stop the Partition of Bengal & conduct the partition of Muslim-majority Kashmir. Sir Radcliffe lends support to Lord Mountbatten as the proposal stands tied 2-2.
* 1 May - Shyama Prasad Mukherjee writes to Lord Mountbatten & Sir Radcliffe demanding a plebiscite to decide on the Partition of Bengal. Proposal stands 3-2 in favour of the Partition of Bengal.
* 18 May - Gandhi gives approval to the Partition of India after massive riots break out in Punjab & Bengal
*23 May - The Partition of Bengal was finalized. West Bengal was slated to have Jessore, Khulna, Barisal, & Dinajpur Districts along with other Western districts of Undivided Bengal. A Total of {{convert|110000|km2|sqmi}} area was given to West Bengal.
* 31 May - First Illegal Plebiscite to decide on the Partition of Bengal happens. Kolkata, Sunderbans, Murshidabad, Malda, Jessore, Khulna, Barisal, Kushtia, Pabna, Rajshahi, & Rangpur divisions of Bengal vote.
* 1 June - Second Illegal Plebiscite to decide on the Partition of Bengal happens. Dhaka, Mymensingh, Sylhet, & Chattogram (Chittagong) vote in favour of joining East Pakistan.
* 4 June - [[Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]] participated despite Dr. [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]] pleading him not to participate. Mukherjee loses the Plebiscite. He becomes runner-up even after Fazlull Haque, the candidate of Muslim League abstained. The Muslim League then started '''Second Direct Action Day''' in Kolkata, to get Kolkata, Sundarbans, Murshidabad, Malda, Jessore, Khulna, Barisal, Kushtia, Pabna, Rajshahi, & Rangpur divisions to join East Pakistan. 1000-5000 people killed in Kolkata Riots on 4 June 1947. Again after 16 August 1946, Gopal Chandra Mukherjee also known as '''Gopal Patha''', his aides Gopalnath Bhattacharya also known as '''Boro Gopal''', & Chandi Upadhyay, cousin brother of Deendayal Upadhyay raided the second head office of Muslim League in Kolkata with 20,000 people to save Kolkata, Sundarbans, Jessore, Khulna, & Barisal from going into East Pakistan. All Muslim League leaders abandon second head office in Kolkata & flee to Dhaka.
* 7 June - Malda & Murshidabad, which were given to East Pakistan, were forcibly swapped with Jessore, Khulna, & Barisal. Kolkata was saved & Sundarbans was divided between India & East Pakistan. West Bengal lost {{convert|15,000|km2|sqmi}} due to this Illegal Plebiscite, became {{convert|95,000|km2|sqmi}} area. This was a huge mistake done by [[Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]] by participating in the Illegal Kolkata plebiscite, falling in trap of Muslim League.

=== July - December ===
* July - August – [[1947 Pakistani Constituent Assembly election]]
* 5 July – The Indian Independence Act was passed by the British Parliament.
* 18 July – The Indian Independence Act received royal assent from the then British monarch, George VI.
* 22 July – Constituent Assembly of India officially adopted the [[Flag of India|Tricolour flag]] as the National Flag.<ref>{{Cite web |title=My India My Pride - Indian Tricolor - Know India: National Portal of India |url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/my-india-my-pride/indian-tricolor.php |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=knowindia.india.gov.in}}</ref>
* 30 July – [[Travancore]] formally accedes to join [[Dominion of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-13 |title=Who was Sir CP, whose 'independent Travancore mission' ended with assassination bid |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sir-cp-whose-independent-travancore-mission-ended-with-assassination-bid-8265100/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Though it was integrated into the Dominion of India in July 1949.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-01 |title=Kerala is 67 years old: Here is how the state was formed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/kerala-is-60-years-old-here-is-how-the-state-was-formed-3732343/ |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 7 August – The [[Bombay Municipal Corporation]] formally takes over the [[Bombay Electric Supply and Transport]] (BEST).
* 15 August – [[British India]] is dissolved and the [[Dominion of India]] gains its independence from the United Kingdom. A largely [[Hindu]] India and a [[Muslim]] Pakistan are created by partitions of the subcontinent, with [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and [[Bengal]] divided along religious-demographic boundaries between the two. Hindu – Muslim riots break out along both the western and eastern borders. Mass transfer of refugees takes place from the successor states of India to Pakistan and vice versa. The monarch of [[Kashmir]] signs [[instrument of accession]] with India in the face of heavy attack from Pakistani tribals, but at the same time he had signed a [[Standstill agreement (India)|Standstill agreement]] with Pakistan. Mountbatten remains the Governor-general of India as wished by the Indians and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] becomes the first [[Prime Minister of India]]. Nehru unfurls the Indian [[Flag of India|tricolor]] on the ramparts of the [[Red Fort]], symbolically marking the end of British colonial rule.
* August – October – Thousands massacred & 1 million migrations in Punjab.<ref name="EverymanDictionary">''Everyman's Dictionary of Dates''; 6th ed. J. M. Dent, 1971; p. 263</ref>
* 13 September – Prime Minister [[Nehru]] suggests the transfer of 10 million Hindus and Muslims between India and Pakistan.
* 27 October – [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] formally accepts to join the Dominion of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-27 |title=HT This Day: 28 Oct 1947 – Kashmir accedes to India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ht-this-day-28-oct-1947-kashmir-accedes-to-india-101635356076783.html |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Indian military is airlifted to [[Kashmir]] to counter the invasion by tribal militias from Pakistan. [[War]] breaks out between Indian and Pakistani forces in Kashmir. Pakistani tribal militias temporarily surrendered the area of [[Azad Kashmir]] that they had barricaded, as Indian forces pushed them back. With this, India gained de facto control of all the regions Jammu and Kashmir but temporarily. Also, Jammu and Kashmir became the first state of the Dominion of India, as the former directly administered regions were called provinces until 1950, and the title for the indirectly ruled princely regions was simply ‘state’. Although most of the other princely regions acceded earlier, they were not administratively integrated, whereas Jammu and Kashmir was, due to the airlifting of Indian forces.
* 30 October – [[Sheikh Abdullah]] formed the Emergency Government in the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] to cooperate with the process of integration into India, thereby ending the monarch’s rule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kashmir Article 370 by Mohan Krishen Teng |url=https://ikashmir.net/article370/chapter2.html |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=ikashmir.net}}</ref>
* 31 October – The [[Government of Azad Kashmir|AJK government]] regained control over [[Muzaffarabad]] and other surrounding regions. This was followed by taking control over other regions of Kashmir in the following days, though some of them were taken back by India again before the 1949 ceasefire, except present day Azad Kashmir areas.
* 1 November – [[William Brown (British Army officer)|Major William Brown]] of the [[Gilgit Scouts]] led a coup against the Maharaja's appointed governor of the Gilgit region of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], Ghansara Singh, liberating the Gilgit region from India's rule and paving the way for its integration into Pakistan.
* 9 November – [[Junagadh]] joins the Dominion of India
* 16 November – Pakistan took control of Gilgit.

==Law==
* 10 August - Boundary Commission under Sir Radcliffe finally partitioned India. {{convert|300000|km2|sqmi}} of area in Punjab got divided with {{convert|204250|km2|sqmi}} going to West Pakistan (Only Pakistan since 1971). Remaining {{convert|95750|km2|sqmi}} joins India as East Punjab. {{convert|250000|km2|sqmi}} of area in Bengal got divided with {{convert|147750|km2|sqmi}} going to East Pakistan (Bangladesh since 1971). Remaining {{convert|102250|km2|sqmi}} joins India as West Bengal. (Later West Bengal lost {{convert|13,498|km2|sqmi}} more area to Bihar, Assam, & Odisha in 1948-53).
*Indian Independence Act
*Industrial Disputes Act
*Gauhati University Act
*Roorkee University Act
*Rubber (Production and Marketing) Act
*Indian Nursing Council Act
*Foreign Exchange Regulation Act
*Armed Forces (Emergency Duties) Act
*United Nations (Security Council) Act
*United Nations (Privileges and Immunities) Act

==Births==
*8 January – [[Harish Naval]], international literary journal chief editor.
*2 June – [[Saint Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]], Sikh theologian and leader (died 1984).
*19 June – [[Salman Rushdie]], novelist.
*1 July – [[Sharad Yadav]], politician (died 2023)
*5 July – [[Lalji Singh]], molecular biologist. (died 2017).
*6 August – [[Srinivasa Prasad]], politician (died 2024).
*15 August – [[Raakhee]], Bollywood actress.
*17 October – [[Simi Garewal]], actress.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

==Deaths==
*13 May – [[Sukanta Bhattacharya]], Bengali poet (born [[1926 in India|1926]]).

== See also ==
* [[Bollywood films of 1947]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web
| last = Constitutionofindia.net
| title = This Month in Constitution-Making (February 1947): Britain Announces …
| url = https://www.constitutionofindia.net/blog/this-month-in-constitution-making-february-1947-britain-announces-it-will-quit-india/
| date = 2025-04-20
| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20250420220609/https://www.constitutionofindia.net/blog/this-month-in-constitution-making-february-1947-britain-announces-it-will-quit-india/
| archivedate = 2025-04-20
}}
* {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |title=The Punjab Bloodied, Partitioned and Cleansed: Unravelling the 1947 Tragedy through Secret British Reports and First-Person Accounts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kooxugAACAAJ |publisher=Rupa/OUP Pakistan |year=2011 |isbn=978-93-5520-578-0 |id={{isbn|978-0-19-906470-0}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Hajari |first=Nisid |author-link=Nisid Hajari |title=Midnight's Furies: The Deadly Legacy of India's Partition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJGdBAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-547-66924-3}}
* {{cite web
| last = The Tribune
| title = Remembering Khizar Hayat Tiwana
| url = https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/comment/remembering-khizar-hayat-tiwana-371749/
| date = 2025-04-20
| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20250420223951/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/comment/remembering-khizar-hayat-tiwana-371749/
| archivedate = 2025-04-20
}}
* {{cite web
| last = Firstpost
| title = History Today: How Lord Mountbatten was appointed last viceroy and oversaw India's independence
| url = https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/history-today-how-lord-mountbatten-was-appointed-last-viceroy-and-oversaw-indias-independence-13864718.html
| date = 2025-04-20
| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20250420222404/https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/history-today-how-lord-mountbatten-was-appointed-last-viceroy-and-oversaw-indias-independence-13864718.html
| archivedate = 2025-04-20
}}
{{refend}}

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1947}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1947 In India}}
[[Category:1947 in India| ]]
[[Category:1947 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 20th century in India]]
[[Category:1947 in Asia]]
[[Category:1940s in India]]

Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami

2026-03-11T06:48:01Z

Debadrito Dutta: added references as per guidelines and fixed typos per standard format

{{Short description|Pakistani Islamist militant organisation}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox militant organization
| image = Flag of Jihad.svg
| name = Harakat ul-Jihad al-Islami
| caption = [[Jihadist flag]] used by Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami
| founders = [[Fazlur Rehman Khalil]] [[Qari Saifullah Akhtar]]{{KIA}}
| leader = [[Ilyas Kashmiri (militant)|Ilyas Kashmiri]]{{KIA}} Shah Sahib
| ideology = [[Islamism]] [[Islamic fundamentalism]] [[Deobandi]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gunaratna, Iqbal |first=Rohan, Khuram |title=Pakistan: Terrorism Ground Zero |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-86189-768-8 |location=London |pages=175, 176}}</ref>
| active = 1985–present
| battles = [[Soviet–Afghan War]] [[Kashmir insurgency]] [[Internal conflict in Bangladesh]] [[Kargil War]] [[War in North-West Pakistan]] [[Bangladesh drug war]] [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] [[Operation Clean and Beautiful Nation]]
| status = Active
| attacks = [[Beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar]]<ref>{{cite news|author1=Manu Pubby|title=24-yr-old sepoy was beheaded in 2000 LoC raid - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/24yrold-sepoy-was-beheaded-in-2000-loc-raid/520047/2|access-date=13 October 2016|work=Indian Express|date=22 September 2009}}</ref>
| designated_as_terror_group_by = *{{flag|Bangladesh}}
*{{flag|India}}
*{{flag|Israel}}
*{{flag|New Zealand}}
*{{nobr|{{flagdeco|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]}}
*{{flag|United States}}
| size = >400+ (claimed)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2015/257523.htm|title=Chapter 6. Foreign Terrorist Organizations|website=state.gov|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref>
| area = * [[Pakistan]]
* [[India]]
* [[Afghanistan]]
* [[Bangladesh]]
| successor =
| allies = {{flagicon image|Flag of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg}} [[Harakat-ul-Mujahedeen]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg}} [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] {{flagicon image|Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg}} [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] [[Haqqani Network]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Taliban.svg}} [[Taliban]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg}}{{flagicon image|Variant flag of the Islamic State.svg}} [[Pakistani Taliban]] [[Asian Tigers (militant group)|Asian Tigers]] {{flagicon image|Flag of AQIS.svg}} [[Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Indian Mujahideen]]<ref>[https://www.start.umd.edu/baad/database/indian-mujahideen-2012 Indian Mujahideen]. [[Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism]].</ref>
}}
'''Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami''' ({{langx|ar|حركة الجهاد الإسلامي|Ḥarkat al-Jihād al-Islāmiyah|lit=Islamic Jihad Movement"|engvar=gb}}, '''HuJI''') is a Pakistani [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist]] organisation affiliated with [[al-Qaeda]] and the [[Taliban]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Hussain |first=Zahid |year=2007 |title=Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=52 |isbn=978-0-231-14224-3 |quote=The first Pakistani jihadist group emerged in 1980 ... By 2002, Pakistan had become home to 24 militant groups ... among them were LeT, JeM, Harakat-ul-Mujahideen (HuM) and Harkat-al-Jihad-al-Islami (HJI). All these paramilitary groups, originally from the same source, had similar motivations and goals ... HuM and HJI were both strongly linked with the Taliban.}}</ref><ref>[http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/maps/view/pak Pakistan – ''Mapping Militants''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319070309/http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/maps/view/pak |date=19 March 2023 }}. [[Stanford University]].</ref>

It has been most active in the South Asian countries of [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]] since the early 1990s. The organisation has been designated as a terrorist group by [[India]], [[Israel]], [[New Zealand]], [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], and [[Bangladesh]] when its [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami Bangladesh|Bangladesh branch]] was banned in 2005.

The operational commander of HuJI, [[Ilyas Kashmiri (militant)|Ilyas Kashmiri]], was killed in a U.S. [[drone strike]] in South Waziristan on 4 June 2011.<ref>{{cite news |author=M Ilyas Khan |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13653324 |title=US strike 'kills' key Pakistan militant Ilyas Kashmiri |work=BBC News |date=4 June 2011 |access-date=8 November 2011}}</ref> He was linked to the [[2010 Pune bombing|13 February 2010 bombing of a German bakery in Pune]]. A statement was released soon after the attack that claimed to be from Kashmiri; it threatened other cities and major sporting events in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/LB13Df03.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219231349/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/LB13Df03.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=19 February 2010 |title=Asia Times Online :: South Asia news, business and economy from India and Pakistan|work=Asia Times |date=13 February 2010 |access-date=8 November 2011}}</ref> A local Taliban commander, Shah Sahib, was named as Kashmiri's successor.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 August 2011 |title=Shah Sahib new chief of 313 Brigade |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/08/shah-sahib-new-chief-of-313-brigade/ |newspaper=Pakistan Today |access-date=7 March 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==History==
HuJI or HJI was formed in 1984, during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], by [[Fazlur Rehman Khalil]] and [[Qari Saifullah Akhtar]]. Khalil later broke away to form his own group, [[Harkat-ul-Ansar]] (HuA), which became a highly feared militant organisation in Kashmir.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hussain |first=Zahid |year=2007 |title=Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=71 |isbn=978-0-231-14224-3 |quote=In 1984 Khalil, along with another militant leader Saifullah Akhtar, founded Harkat-al-Jihad-al-Islami (HJI) ... A few years later he broke away to form his own group, Harkat-ul-Ansar (HuA). By 1990, HuA had emerged as one of the most feared militant groups fighting in Kashmir.}}</ref> This group re-formed as [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]] (HuM) when HuA was blacklisted by the [[United States]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hussain |first=Zahid |year=2007 |title=Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=72 |isbn=978-0-231-14224-3 |quote=HuA was one of the groups on the [1997 list of terrorist organisations]. After being blacklisted by the US administration it resurfaced under a new banner, HuM.}}</ref>

HuJI first mainly operated in Afghanistan to fight the Soviets, but after the Soviets retreated, the organisation also started operating in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. HuJI's influence expanded into [[Bangladesh]] when the [[Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Bangladesh|Bangladeshi branch of the organisation]] was established in 1992, with direct assistance from [[Osama bin Laden]].<ref name="Asia Times article">Sudha Ramachandran. [https://web.archive.o=rg/web/20041213084809/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FL10Df06.html 'PART 2: Behind the Harkat-ul Jihad al-Islami'] ''Asia Times Online'', 10 December 2004</ref>

==Ideology==
The organisation along with other jihadist terrorist groups such as [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]], [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], [[Al-Qaeda]] & [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] have similar motivations and goals. Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami and [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]] were both strongly backed by the [[Taliban]] and [[Al-Qaeda]] and the group professed [[Taliban]]-style [[Islamic fundamentalism|fundamentalist Islamist ideology]]. The organisation aims to spread [[Islamism|radical Islamist ideology]], to take over [[Kashmir]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Palestine]], and the rest of Muslim-majority lands from what it calls "enemies of [[Islam]]" and enforce its extremist interpretations of [[Sharia law|Sharia]] in all those regions.<ref name=":0"/>

==Activities in Bangladesh==
In the 1990s, HuJI gave [[Recruitment|recruitment training]] near the hilly areas of [[Chittagong]] and [[Cox's Bazar]].<ref name="Asia Times article"/><ref>John Wilson. [http://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2369092 'The Roots of Extremism in Bangladesh'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016202622/http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2369092 |date=16 October 2006}} ''Terrorism Monitor'', January 2005 issue, published by the ''Jamestown Foundation''</ref> In 1999, members of the organisation attacked Bangladeshi poet [[Shamsur Rahman (poet)|Shamsur Rahman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/19/obituaries/19rahman.html?_r=1&oref=slogin|title=Shamsur Rahman, Bangladeshi Poet, Dies|work=The New York Times|date=19 August 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423154021/http://www.nytimes.com/glogin?URI=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F08%2F19%2Fobituaries%2F19rahman.html&OQ=_rQ3D2Q26orefQ3Dslogin&OP=692a7388Q2FQ2AsE%2CQ2AQ60Q3DYgjQ3DQ3DipQ2ApttQ51Q2AtxQ2AUZQ2AQ3D%2CBikAjBEgQ2AUZjAJQ5CA2dJiQ5C6|archive-date=23 April 2009|url-status=live|df=dmy-all|access-date=22 February 2017}}</ref> HuJI claimed responsibility for the [[2001 Ramna Batamul bombings]], where 10 people were killed.<ref>Sudha Ramachandran. [http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=334&language_id=1 'The Threat of Islamic Extremism to Bangladesh'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106000627/http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=334&language_id=1 |date=6 November 2006}} ''PINR – Power and Interest News Report'', 27 July 2005</ref> It was also the prime suspect in a plot to assassinate former Bangladeshi prime minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/assassination-attempt-hasina-ten-huji-men-get-death-shooting-1451581|title=Assassination Attempt on Hasina: Ten Huji men get death by shooting|date=21 August 2017|work=The Daily Star|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822094048/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/assassination-attempt-hasina-ten-huji-men-get-death-shooting-1451581|archive-date=22 August 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2005, it was officially banned by the government of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/bengali/huji-arrests-12082016145943.html|title=Bangladesh Nabs Five Suspected HuJI Militants|date=8 December 2016|work=Benar News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209164312/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/bengali/huji-arrests-12082016145943.html|archive-date=9 December 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> HuJI has been condemned by various [[Islamist]] groups such as the [[Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.thereport24.com/article/12764/index.html|title=Al Qaeda won't gain ground in Bangladesh: Politicians|last=Azam|first=Kawsar|date=4 September 2014|newspaper=English24.com|access-date=17 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052106/http://english.thereport24.com/article/12764/index.html|archive-date=18 January 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imrcusa.org/condemnation-continues-to-pour-from-all-corners-against-al-qaeda-establishment-in-south-asia/|title=Condemnation continues to pour from all corners against Al-Qaeda establishment in South Asia|last=Mirsab|first=A|date=7 September 2014|website=Indian Muslim Relief and Charities|access-date=17 January 2017|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051949/https://www.imrcusa.org/condemnation-continues-to-pour-from-all-corners-against-al-qaeda-establishment-in-south-asia/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2008, the founders formed Islamic Democratic Party (IDP) and Abdus Salam was chosen as the leader.<ref>{{cite news |title=Huji adviser 'detained' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-119990 |access-date=26 November 2025 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=1 January 2010 |language=en}}</ref>

==Activities in India==
The [[government of India]] has declared HuJI a terrorist organisation and banned it.<ref name="MHA_BanList">{{cite web|title=List of Banned Organisations|url=https://mha.gov.in/banned-organisations|website=Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI|publisher=Government of India|access-date=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503233101/https://mha.gov.in/banned-organisations |archive-date=3 May 2018}}</ref> In 2006, the Indian state police [[Special Task Force (India)|Special Task Force]] uncovered a plot by six HuJI members, including the mastermind of the [[2006 Varanasi bombings]], involving the destruction of two [[Hindu]] temples in [[Varanasi]]. Maps of their plans were recovered during their arrest. The organisation has claimed responsibility for blasts at the [[Delhi High Court]] that killed 10 people and injured around 60.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/explosion-outside-delhi-high-court-several-injured-77954.html |title=NIA team of 20 to probe Delhi blast |work=Firstpost |date=7 September 2011 |access-date=8 November 2011}}</ref> [[Vikar Ahmed]], a member of an [[Islamist]] group connected to HuJI, has been accused of murdering police officers in Hyderabad. He is also a suspect in the [[Mecca Masjid bombing]].<ref>[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/andhra/data_sheets/islamistex.htm Islamist extremism related incidents in Andhra Pradesh since 2007] South Asia Terrorism Portal</ref>

HuJI claimed responsibility for the [[2011 Delhi bombing]], but this has not been confirmed by the [[National Investigation Agency]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/9-dead-47-injured-in-Delhi-High-Court-blast-Chidambaram/Article1-742586.aspx |title=11 dead, 76 injured in terror strike |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 September 2011 |access-date=8 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023003033/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/9-dead-47-injured-in-Delhi-High-Court-blast-Chidambaram/Article1-742586.aspx |archive-date=23 October 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Vishwa Mohan|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-07/india/30122504_1_huji-harkat-ul-jihad-delhi-high-court |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106104413/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-07/india/30122504_1_huji-harkat-ul-jihad-delhi-high-court |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2012 |title=HuJI claims responsibility for Delhi high court blast|date=7 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 November 2011}}</ref> 14 people were killed and 94 injured in the blast. Police have released two sketches of the suspects.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-07/delhi/30122233_1_delhi-high-court-bomb-explosion-car-bomb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106234214/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-07/delhi/30122233_1_delhi-high-court-bomb-explosion-car-bomb|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2011|title=Briefcase bomb at Delhi high court kills 11, injures 62|agency=TNN|date=7 September 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ppRvSD0D9g |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/6ppRvSD0D9g |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Another e-mail claims responsibility for Delhi blasts |publisher=YouTube |date=9 September 2011 |access-date=8 November 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53dmT_j3oh0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/53dmT_j3oh0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Delhi Police Releases Sketches of Two Blast Suspects |publisher=YouTube |date=7 September 2011 |access-date=8 November 2011|language=hi}}{{cbignore}}</ref> HuJI has threatened to target other Indian cities.

==Designation as a terrorist organisation==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|Country
|Date
|References
|-
|United Kingdom
|14 October 2005
|<ref>{{cite act |title=[[Terrorism Act 2000]] |number=11 |year=2000 |article=2 |articletype=Schedule |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2}}</ref>
|-
|India
|29 December 2004
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=30 December 2004 |title=The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2004 |url=https://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/2004-310320154.pdf |magazine=The Gazette of India |page=13 |access-date=10 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410202255/https://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/2004-310320154.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Bangladesh
|17 October 2005
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dhaka outlaws third Islamic group |first=Waliur |last=Rahman |publisher=BBC News |date=17 October 2005 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4350752.stm |access-date=24 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311042445/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4350752.stm|archive-date=11 March 2008|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|Israel
|2005
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.justice.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/9C960928-70AB-428A-BCCC-2E6091F2BDE3/40880/impa_terror_eng_17012013.doc |title=The Proclamation & Orders List |website=Ministry of Justice (Israel) |format=DOC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810135338/http://www.justice.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/9C960928-70AB-428A-BCCC-2E6091F2BDE3/40880/impa_terror_eng_17012013.doc |archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|New Zealand
|15 December 2010
|<ref name="NZ-r1373-terrorlist">{{cite web |url=http://www.police.govt.nz/advice/personal-community/counterterrorism/designated-entities/lists-associated-with-resolution-1373 |title=Lists associated with Resolution 1373 |publisher=New Zealand Police |date=20 July 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|United States
|6 August 2010
|<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/123085.htm|title=Foreign Terrorist Organizations|work=U.S. Department of State|access-date=20 May 2015}}</ref>
|}

On 6 August 2010, the [[United Nations]] designated Harakat-ul Jihad al-Islami a foreign terror group and blacklisted its commander, [[Ilyas Kashmiri (militant)|Ilyas Kashmiri]]. State Department counterterrorism coordinator [[Daniel Benjamin]] said this demonstrated the global community's resolve to counter the group's threat. "The linkages between HUJI and Al-Qaeda are clear, and today's designations convey the operational relationship between these organisations", he said.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 August 2010 |title=US, UN declare HuJI a terrorist organisation |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/us-un-declare-huji-a-terrorist-organisation/story-62YvbJtqfp9eg8CwbSnDpN.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times |agency=PTI |access-date=27 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=USState>{{cite press release |title=Designations of Harakat-ul Jihad Islami (HUJI) and its Leader Mohammad Ilyas Kashmiri |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2010/08/145779.htm |publisher=US Department of State |date=6 August 2010 |access-date=12 August 2010}}</ref>

==Militant attacks claimed by or attributed to HuJI==
{| class=wikitable
|-
!Date!!Country!!Description
|-
|1999||Bangladesh||Failed attempt to assassinate the humanist poet [[Shamsur Rahman (poet)|Shamsur Rahman]]
|-
|2000||Bangladesh||Alleged failed scheme to assassinate the [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]] [[Sheikh Hasina]]
|-
|14 April 2001||Bangladesh||[[Pahela Baishakh]] [[2001 Ramna Batamul bombings|attack on Ramna Batamul]]
|-
|2003||India||Role in assassination of the former [[Gujarat]] Home Minister [[Haren Pandya]].
|-
|2002 January||India||[[2002 attack on American cultural centre in Kolkata|Terror attack near the American Centre]] in [[Kolkata]], executed in collaboration with the Dawood-linked mafioso Aftab Ansari
|-
|2004||Bangladesh||[[2004 Dhaka grenade attack]] attempt to assassinate [[Sheikh Hasina]]
|-
|2005 June||India||Bombing of the Delhi-Patna [[Shramjeevi Express]] at Jaunpur
|-
|2005||India||Suicide bombing of the headquarters of the [[Andhra Pradesh]] Police's counter-terrorism Special Task Force. A Bangladeshi national, Mohatasin Bilal, had carried out the bombing
|-
|March 2006||[[Varanasi]], Uttar Pradesh, India||Bombing of the [[Sankat Mochan temple]], which was traced to HuJI's [[Bangladesh]]-based cells
|-
|25 August 2007||[[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], Andhra Pradesh, India||[[25 August 2007 Hyderabad bombings]] (suspected, but no evidence revealed as of early September)
|-
|13 May 2008||[[Jaipur]], Rajasthan, India|| [[13 May 2008 Jaipur bombings]] (suspected; evidence pending.)
|-
|25 July 2008||[[Bangalore]], India|| [[2008 Bengaluru serial blasts]] (suspected; evidence pending.)
|-
|26 July 2008||[[Ahmedabad|Ahmadabad]], India|| [[2008 Ahmedabad serial blasts]] (suspected; evidence pending.)
|-
|13 September 2008||[[Delhi]], India|| [[2008 Delhi serial blasts]] (suspected; evidence pending.)
|-
|{{nowrap|20 September 2008}}||[[Islamabad]], Pakistan|| [[2008 Marriott Hotel bombing]] (claimed by HuJI; evidence pending.)
|-
|1 October 2008||[[Agartala]], Tripura, India|| [[2008 Agartala bombings]] (HuJI suspected; evidence pending.)
|-
|30 October 2008||[[Guwahati]], [[Barpeta]], [[Kokrajhar]], [[Bongaigaon]], India||[[2008 Assam bombings]] (HuJI suspected; evidence pending.)
|-
|13 February 2010||[[Pune]], India|| [[2010 Pune bombing]] (HuJI suspected)<ref>{{cite news |date=23 February 2010|title=Pune blast probe: Maha ATS detains suspected HuJI member|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/pune-blast-probe-maha-ats-detains-suspected-huji-member_606397.html|newspaper=Zee News}}</ref>
|-
|7 September 2011||New Delhi, India|| [[2011 Delhi bombing]] (claimed by HuJI; evidence pending.)
|}

==See also==
* [[List of designated terrorist groups]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espionageinfo.com/Gu-In/Harakat-ul-Jihad-I-Islami-Bangladesh-HUJI-B-Movement-of-Islamic-Holy-War.html Profile of HuJI-Bangladesh (HuJI-B)]
* [https://fas.org/irp/world/para/huji.htm HuJI Profile on FAS.org]

{{US War on Terror}}
{{Militant Islamism in South Asia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harkat-Ul-Jihad Al-Islami}}
[[Category:Anti-Israeli sentiment in Asia]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Jihadist groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Jihadist groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Jihadist groups in India]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist]]
[[Category:Organizations established in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Deobandi organisations]]
[[Category:Jihadist groups in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Israel]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by New Zealand]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Deobandi jihadist organizations]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Azad Kashmir]]

Nishtha

2026-03-05T20:39:53Z

Debadrito Dutta: Pg...

{{Short description|Sanskrit word for "devotion"; Hindu philosophical concept}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
The Sanskrit word '''Nishtha''' (निष्ठा), in [[Hindu philosophy]], refers to '''devotion''' (a deep sense of belief or spiritual commitment), '''dedication''' (strong determination and unwavering focus in pursuit of a goal or duty), '''discipline''' (the inner strength to stay consistent and firm in thoughts or actions) and in [[Bhagavad Gita]], and other spiritual texts, Nishtha is often used to refer to '''unwavering commitment''' to a way.

==Meaning==

'''Nishtha''' ([[Sanskrit]]: निष्ठ or निष्ठा) means – 'being in or on', 'situated on', 'depending or 'resting on', 'referring' or 'relating to', 'devoted or attached to', 'practicing', 'intent on', 'skilled in', 'believing in', 'conducive to', 'effecting', 'position', 'condition', 'state', 'basis', 'foundation', 'fixity', 'fixedness', 'steadiness', 'devotion', 'application', 'close attachment', 'belief', 'firm adherencev, 'faith', 'excellence', 'skill', 'proficiency', 'perfection', conclusion', 'end', 'termination', 'the catastrophe or end of a drama', 'accomplishment', 'contemplation', 'the culminating point', 'death', 'destruction', 'disappearance from the world at the fixed time', 'fixed or certain knowledge', 'certainty', 'begging', 'suffering', 'trouble', 'distress', 'anxiety', 'a technical term for past participial terminations', and is one of the many names of [[Krishna]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sanskrit dictionary|url=http://sanskritdictionary.com/ni%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADha/18819/4}}</ref>

==Philosophical significance==

On the battle-field of [[Kurukshetra]], [[Krishna]] tells [[Arjuna]]:

: लोकेऽस्मिन् द्विविधा निष्ठा पुरा प्रोक्ता मयाऽनघ |
: ज्ञानयोगेन सांख्यानां कर्मयोगेन योगिनाम् ||

: "O sinless one! Two kinds of disciplines in this world were set forth by Me in times of yore – for the ''Samkhyas'' the discipline of knowledge (''Jnana-nishtha''), and for the ''yogins'', that of works (''Karma-nishtha''). " – ([[Bhagavad Gita]] III.3)

In his commentary on this ''sloka'', [[Adi Sankara|Sankara]] states – "तत्र का सा द्विविधा निष्ठा इति? आह - What is this two-fold discipline? Listen: (i) The discipline of knowledge (ज्ञानयोग),….(for) the renouncers of the ''Paramhamsa order'' who have established themselves in the ultimate Reality, and (ii) The discipline of works (कर्मयोग)…. (for) the performers of works…the discipline of works may promote life’s ends by endowing the agent with the fitness to adopt the discipline of knowledge, and not independently, by itself, whereas the discipline of knowledge, generated by that of works, is totally independent means to life’s supreme end."<ref>{{cite book|title=Bhagavad Gita Bhasya of Sri Sankaracarya|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math|pages=101–103}}</ref> In this [[Shloka|Sloka]], the word ''Nishtha'' means ‘devoted to’, ‘established in’. Faith with trust and dedication is called ''[[Śraddhā|shraddha]]''; faith with trust and confidence is ''nishtha'', in this ''sloka'', [[Krishna]] speaks about the twofold path of faith and confidence.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bhagavad Gita: The Elixir of Life|author=T.N.Dhar|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|page=32|isbn=9788170999218|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M8jlfTJ_0OMC&dq=Nishtha&pg=PA32}}</ref> Self-knowledge (''atma jnana'') can exist when self-knowledge is not fully established; ''Jnana-nishtha'' refers to self-knowledge that is fully assimilated and established.<ref>{{cite book|title=Be Free From "Me": Vedanta Notes|author=Paul Bahder|date=28 August 2013|publisher=Vision of Vedanta|isbn=9781908720955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdGwAAAAQBAJ&dq=Nishtha+vedanta&pg=PT92}}</ref>

[[Sanatkumara]] tells [[Narada]] ([[Chandogya Upanishad]] VII.xx.1 and VII.xxi.1) that when one serves devotedly, then one becomes endowed with faith; without serving devotedly one does not acquire faith, and that when one acts, then one serves devotedly. The word ''Nishtha'' or 'devotion', appearing in the former passage, is used to mean - 'steadiness'. Even though the text says nothing about a teacher, to Sankara it indicates the steadfast seeking of a teacher’s wisdom for acquiring knowledge of [[Brahman]]; and to [[Swami Prabhavananda|Prabhavananda]] it indicates gain of faith by attending on a teacher.<ref>{{cite book|title=Upanishad – Commentary-full|author=IslamKotob|publisher=Islamic Books|page=304|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FNzTC6Nmy6gC&dq=nishtha+++upanishads&pg=PA304}}</ref> Sankara states – A distinction has been made between ''Jnana-nishtha'' (ज्ञान-निष्ठा) and ''Karma-nishtha'' (कर्म-निष्ठा).Vedic works are intended for him only who has desires; the renunciation of these works is enjoined on him who seeks only the Self.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Vedanta Philosophy|author=Subodh Kapoor|date=July 2002|publisher=Genesis Publishing|page=560|isbn=9788177552928|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0XRJ8zZT8cC&dq=Nishtha+vedanta&pg=PA560}}</ref> To [[Vivekananda]] the word ''Nishtha'' meant –'singleness of attachment'; he states –" That singleness of attachment (Nishtha) to a loved object, without which no genuine love can grow, is very often also the cause of the denunciation of everything else. "<ref>{{cite book|title=Vedanta Philosophy: Lectures on Raja Yoga|author=Vivekananda|date=September 1996|page=252|isbn=9780787309107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWipfV9zHJgC&dq=Nishtha+vedanta&pg=PA252}}</ref>

==Grammatical significance==

[[Sutra]] I.i.26 of [[Pāṇini]] in his [[Ashtadhyayi]] defines ''Nishta'' in ''Sukta'' I.i.26 which reads - क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा – that the affixes of the Past Participles - ''kta'' and ''katavatu'', are called ''Nishtha''. In this text, Panini in accordance with the context of their use and application expounds and explains many rules relating to the duplication and reduplication of many words. The actual affixes are त, तवत्, the क and उ being indicatory; they being कित् are liable to कित् affixes such as - कृतः, कृतवान्, भुक्तः, भुक्तवान्, in accordance with rule I.i.5, the force of indicatory उ to indicate that in forming the feminine of nouns ending in an affix having an indicatory vowel of uk pratyahara – उ, ऋ, लृ ङीप् (ई) must be added such as – कृतवत् (masculine), कृतवती (feminine).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Astadhyayi of Panini|year=1980|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=22|isbn=9788120804098|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TbzVy6vqyCkC&dq=Nishtha&pg=PA80}}</ref>

When the ''nishta'' follows (निष्ठावान्) there is vocalization such as in the case of वचिस्वपियजादिनां किति (VI.1.15) – The semivowels of the roots वच्, स्वप् and यजादि verbs are vocalized when followed by an affix having an indicatory क; thus with the Past Participle क्त and क्तवतु, उक्तः, उक्तवान्; सुप्तः, सुप्तवान्; इष्टः, इष्टवान्; or as in the case of सत्यः पूर्वस्य (VI.1.23) – The verb स्त्या (स्त्यै and ष्ठ्यै) when preceded by प्र changes its semivowel to vowel, when a ''nishtha'' affix follows, प्रस्तीतः or प्रस्तीतवान् ||, then, त is optionally changed to न as प्रस्तीनः and प्रस्तीनवान् ||.The substitute of the ''nishtha'' is considered ''siddha'' or 'effective' when applying rules relating to the change of letter to प, to accent, to affix and to the addition of the augment इट्.<ref>{{cite book|title= Ashtadhyayi of Panini Vol.2|year=1962|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|pages=1047,1051,1048|isbn=9788120804111|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UTChci828qoC&dq=Nishtha&pg=PA51}}</ref> The rule - श्वीदितः निष्ठायाम् (VII.2.14) states that when following the verbal root श्वि or any root which has ईकारः as a इत्, a निष्ठा does not take the augment इट्. <ref>{{cite web|title=Tattvabodhini|publisher=Sanskrit.org|url=http://avg-sanskrit.org/avgupload/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=sutras:7-2-14}}</ref>

==Miscellany==

The logo of [[Delhi University]] and Delhi Sarvakalāshālā is - निष्ठा धृतिः सत्यम्, meaning - "Reverent dedication grasps the truth".<ref>{{cite web|title=Online Sanskrit Support|url=http://rajeshdeeg.blogspot.in/2012/10/blog-post_2973.html}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian philosophy|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]

Footage (film)

2026-03-03T09:38:01Z

Debadrito Dutta: Made pg!

{{Short description|2024 Malayalam film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Footage film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Saiju Sreedharan]]
| writer = {{Ubl|Shabna Muhammed
| Saiju Sreedharan}}
| producer = {{Ubl|Bineesh Chandran
| Saiju Sreedharan}}
| starring = {{plainlist|* [[Manju Warrier]]
* [[Vishak Nair]]
* [[Gayathri Ashok]]}}
| cinematography = Shinoz
| distributor = Movie Bucket
| released = {{Film date|2024|08|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 126 minutes<ref name=":HR" />
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}
'''''Footage''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by [[Saiju Sreedharan]], marking his directorial debut. The film stars [[Manju Warrier]] alongside [[Vishak Nair]] and [[Gayathri Ashok]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-12 |title='Footage' trailer: Manju Warrier plays a mysterious role in this found footage thriller about a couple during pandemic |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/footage-trailer-manju-warrier-plays-a-mysterious-role-in-this-found-footage-thriller-about-a-couple-during-pandemic/article68398178.ece |access-date=2024-07-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2024-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729102606/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/footage-trailer-manju-warrier-plays-a-mysterious-role-in-this-found-footage-thriller-about-a-couple-during-pandemic/article68398178.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is a [[Found footage (film technique)|found-footage]] film, a format presenting the narrative through video recordings created by the characters themselves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manju Warrier, Vishak Nair star in experimental found-footage film |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/02/15/manju-warrier-footage-movie-vishak-nair-malayalam-cinema.html |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Onmanorama |archive-date=2024-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425064319/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/02/15/manju-warrier-footage-movie-vishak-nair-malayalam-cinema.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-28 |title=Manju Warrier Film Footage Cleared For Release With An A Certificate |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/manju-warrier-film-footage-cleared-for-release-with-an-a-certificate-article-112069070 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729081841/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/manju-warrier-film-footage-cleared-for-release-with-an-a-certificate-article-112069070 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the second found footage movie in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] after [[Nirmal Baby Varghese]]'s ''[[Vazhiye]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Evan Evans to compose Malayalam's first found footage film 'Vazhiye'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/sep/18/evan-evans-to-compose-malayalams-first-found-footage-film-vazhiye-2198269.html|accessdate=1 August 2024|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=18 September 2020|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517010534/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/sep/18/evan-evans-to-compose-malayalams-first-found-footage-film-vazhiye-2198269.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A [[Found footage (film technique)|found-footage]] film revolving around the story of a curious couple.

== Cast ==
* [[Manju Warrier]] as The mysterious woman
* [[Vishak Nair]] as The young man
* [[Gayathri Ashok]] as The young girl

== Production ==
The film is produced by Bineesh Chandran and Saiju Sreedharan under the banners of Movie Bucket, Pale Blue Dot Films, Cast n Co Entertainments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-02-15 |title=Saiju Sreedharan's directorial debut 'Footage' gets first look |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Feb/15/saiju-sreedharans-directorial-debut-footage-gets-first-look |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729102607/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Feb/15/saiju-sreedharans-directorial-debut-footage-gets-first-look |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is co-produced by Rahul Rajeev and Suraj Menon, and presented by [[Anurag Kashyap]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-12 |title='Footage' trailer: Manju Warrier plays a mysterious role in this found footage thriller about a couple during pandemic |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/footage-trailer-manju-warrier-plays-a-mysterious-role-in-this-found-footage-thriller-about-a-couple-during-pandemic/article68398178.ece |access-date=2024-07-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2024-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901025034/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/footage-trailer-manju-warrier-plays-a-mysterious-role-in-this-found-footage-thriller-about-a-couple-during-pandemic/article68398178.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
The film features original [[soundtrack]]s by an Indian post-rock band [[Aswekeepsearching]].{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

== Release ==
The film was originally scheduled for a theatrical release on 2 August 2024. However, the release date was postponed to 23 August 2024, due to the [[2024 Wayanad landslides|Wayanad landslide]]. The film released digitally on [[Sun NXT]] from September 5, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-11 |title=New Release Date Of Manju Warrier's Footage Announced! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/new-release-date-of-manju-warriers-footage-announced-article-112439920 |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=2024-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811101537/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/new-release-date-of-manju-warriers-footage-announced-article-112439920 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sanjith Sidhardhan of ''[[OTTplay]]'' rated the film four out of five stars and wrote that "What truly makes this Manju Warrier-starrer a standout film is its immersive experience. It's a film that will keep you on the edge of your seat during its most thrilling portions."<ref>{{cite news |title=Footage movie review: Saiju Sreedharan pushes the envelope with this edgy, immersive thriller |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/footage-movie-review-saiju-sreedharan-pushes-the-envelope-with-this-edgy-immersive-thriller/945fdd1243187 |work=www.ottplay.com |date=23 August 2024}}</ref> Rohit Panikker of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film four out of five stars and wrote that "The film begins on a sluggish note as it takes the time to introduce and explore its primary characters, but once the narrative moves beyond this point, the pace picks up and the thrills keep building as well."<ref>{{cite news |title=Footage Film Review: An Experimental Film That Offers A Thrilling Experience |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/footage-film-review-an-experimental-film-that-offers-a-thrilling-experience-review-112738184/amp |work=Times Now |date=23 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Vivek Santhosh of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "A technically sleek film that's refreshing despite the roadblocks".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Santhosh |first1=Vivek |title='Footage' movie review: A technically sleek film that's refreshing despite the roadblocks |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Aug/24/footage-movie-review-a-technically-sleek-film-thats-refreshing-despite-the-roadblocks |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 August 2024 |language=en |access-date=1 September 2024 |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829155326/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/review/2024/Aug/24/footage-movie-review-a-technically-sleek-film-thats-refreshing-despite-the-roadblocks |url-status=live }}</ref> Arjun Ramachandran of ''The South First'' gave it three out of five stars and wrote that "''Footage'' excels as an experimental film, with fine performances from the lead actors, particularly Manju Warrier."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Arjun |title=Footage review: Saiju Sreedharan's experimental mystery thriller excels in technical aspects |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/malayalam/footage-malayalam-movie-review/ |work=The South First |date=23 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "In his debut directorial, film editor Saiju Sreedharan leans heavily on the experimental element to take forward the narrative, which is not helped much by the sparse screenplay and thin material".<ref name=":HR">{{cite news |last1=Praveen |first1=S. R. |title='Footage' movie review: Manju Warrier, Saiju Sreedharan's found footage film lacks the writing to complement its experimentation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/footage-movie-review-manju-warrier-saiju-sreedharans-found-footage-film-lacks-the-writing-to-complement-its-experimentation/article68558475.ece/ |work=The Hindu |date=23 August 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]

Mix Up (film)

2026-03-03T09:12:56Z

Debadrito Dutta: Put up first page v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mix Up
| image = Mix Up (film).jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| director = Aakash Bikki
| writer = Hyma Varshini
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = Thirumal Reddy Amireddy
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Kamal Kamaraju]]
* [[Akshara Gowda]]
}}
| cinematography = Dinesh K. Babu
| editing = Satya Giduturi
| music = Koushik
| studio = Sprint Films
| distributor = [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|3|15}}
| runtime = 89 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mix Up''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Erotic]] [[drama film]] directed by Aakash Bikki and written by Hyma Varshini. Produced by Sprint Films, the film stars [[Kamal Kamaraju]] and [[Akshara Gowda]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bureau |first=Entertainment |title=Why Akshara Gowda's Erotic Drama Mix-Up Is A Must-watch |website=News18 |date=23 April 2024 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/why-akshara-gowdas-erotic-drama-mix-up-is-a-must-watch-8863248.html |access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref> The film premiered on 15 March 2024 on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Aha's Original Movie "Mix-Up", an erotic drama is all set captivate Telugu Audience on March 15th |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=25 February 2024 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/aha-original-erotic-thriller-mix-up-ott-release-date-confirmed-883274 |access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Kamal Kamaraju]]<ref name="Cast">{{cite web |last=Mohammad |first=Avad |title=Here's when and where you can stream the Akshara Gowda, Aadarsha Balakrishna starrer online |website=OTTPlay |date=27 February 2024 |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mix-up-ott-release-date-heres-when-and-where-you-can-stream-the-akshara-gowda-aadarsha-balakrishna-starrer-online/9db03cccb9647 |access-date=23 July 2024}}</ref> as Abhay; Nikki's husband
* [[Pooja Jhaveri]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Maithili, Sahu's wife
* [[Aadarsh Balakrishna]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Sahu
* [[Akshara Gowda]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Nikhita "Nikki"
* [[Kamakshi Bhaskarla]] as Ritu

== Production ==
The film was announced on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Mohammad |first=Avad |title=Aha shares a bold new poster of their new original film Mix Up; these 2 glamorous stars are the leads |website=OTTPlay |date=25 January 2024 |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/aha-unleashes-a-bold-new-poster-of-their-new-original-film-mix-up-these-two-glamorous-stars-to-play-leads/8cfb61e82d733 |access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref> The teaser was released on 24 February 2024<ref>{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Nelki Naresh |title=మొత్తం డ‌బుల్ మీనింగ్ డైలాగ్స్‌,ఇంటిమేట్ సీన్స్ |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |date=24 February 2024 |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/mixup-ott-release-date-akshara-gowda-bold-movie-streaming-on-aha-ott-from-march-15th-121708780539379.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301233835/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/mixup-ott-release-date-akshara-gowda-bold-movie-streaming-on-aha-ott-from-march-15th-121708780539379.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 March 2024 |language=te |access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref> followed by the trailer of the film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trailer of Akshara Gowda and Kamal Kamaraju's Mix-Up out |website=Cinema Express |date=8 March 2024 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/08/trailer-of-akshara-gowda-and-kamal-kamarajus-mix-up-out |access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mohammad |first=Avad |title=An over-the-top, silly, and emotionless adult drama |website=OTTPlay |date=15 March 2024 |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/mix-up-review-an-over-the-top-silly-and-emotionless-drama-that-fails-to-click-from-the-word-go/2cb5129ac7142 |access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref>

The film was reviewed by Bhavana Sharma for ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |title=Mix Up review: A messy mix up of all emotions |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=19 March 2024 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/aha-original-mix-up-review-885733 |access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref> and Neeshita Nyayapati for ''[[Hindustan Times]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |title=Mix Up review: This tale of love, lust and heartbreak leaves you wanting more |website=Hindustan Times |date=18 March 2024 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/mix-up-review-this-tale-of-love-lust-and-heartbreak-leaves-you-wanting-more-101710682581215.html |access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.aha.video/movie/mix-up ''Mix Up''] on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]

{{Portal bar|India|Film}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original films]]

Shivajirao Holkar

2026-03-02T18:31:07Z

Debadrito Dutta: correct formatting for clarity as per guidelines

{{Short description|Maharaja of Indore from 1886 to 1903}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Shivaji Rao
| image = Shivajirao Holkar 1859 1908.jpg
| caption =
| succession = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|33x30px]] 12th [[House of Holkar|Holkar]] [[Maharaja]] of [[Indore]]
| reign = 17 June 1886 – 31 January 1903
| coronation = 12 July 1886, [[Indore]]
| predecessor = [[Tukojirao Holkar II]]
| successor = [[Tukojirao Holkar III]]
| house = [[House of Holkar|Holkar]]
| spouse =
| father = Tukojirao Holkar II
| issue = Tukojirao Holkar III
Savitri bai,
Bhima bai changan
Thaku bai zannane
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1859|11|11}}
| birth_place = [[Indore]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1908|10|13|1859|11|11}}
| death_place = [[Maheshwar]], [[British Raj]]
}}

'''Maharajadhiraja Raj Rajeshwar Sawai Shri Sir Shivaji Rao Holkar Bahadur XII'''{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} (Indore, 11 November 1859 – Maheshwar, 13 October 1908) was the [[Maharaja]] of [[Indore]] ([[Indore State|Holkar State]]) in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] from 1886 until he abdicated in 1903. He belonged to the [[House of Holkar|Holkar]] dynasty of the [[Marathas]].

==Life==
He was the son of [[Tukojirao Holkar II]] and Maharani Shrimant Akhand Soubhagyavati Parvati Bai Sahib. He was educated at the [[Daly College]], Indore, a school in central India along with the rulers of the [[Ratlam State]], [[Dewas Sr. State|Dewas State (senior)]] & other [[Thakur (Indian title)|Thakurs]] of the princely states of the [[Central India Agency]].

He succeeded his father when he died on 17 June 1886. He visited England in 1887 to attend the celebrations of [[Queen Victoria|Victoria's]] [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria|Golden Jubilee]], and was made Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]] on 20 June 1887.

His administration was poor. The resident had been separately removed from Indore since 1854, but since 1899 the British appointed a new resident specifically for better oversight of the state. The currency of the state was replaced in 1902 by the currency of British India.

He was in poor health, and apparently had indicated a desire to abdicate several times before he formally said so to the Viceroy, [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]] in August 1902, delaying the actual ceremony until after the [[1903 Delhi Durbar]]. He abdicated on 31 January 1903 in favour of his 12-year old son [[Tukojirao Holkar III]], and retired to [[Barwaha]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Latest Intelligence - Abdication of the Maharajah Holkar|date=2 February 1903 |page=5 |issue=36993}}</ref>
[[File:ShivajiRaoHolkarCoin.jpg|thumb|left|300px|A silver rupee of Shivajirao Holkar 1886-1903, minted at Indore in [[Vikram Samvat]] 1948 (1891)]]

In 1865 he married Maharani Shrimant Akhand Soubhagyavati Girja Bai Sahib Holkar, later Maharani Shrimant Akhand Soubhagyavati Varanasi Bai Sahib Holkar, Shrimant Maharani Sahib Akhand Soubhagyavati Chandrabhaga Bai Holkar, Maharani Sita Bai Soubhagyavati Shrimant Akhand Sahib Holkar.

He died at Maheshwar on 13 October 1908. He had two sons and six daughters.

==Honours==
*[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (GCIE), ''1887''
*[[Queen Victoria Golden Jubilee Medal]], ''1887''

==See also==
{{Commons category}}
*[[House of Holkar|Holkar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{S-hou | [[House of Holkar|Holkar Dynasty]]|11 November|1859|13 October|1908}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Tukojirao Holkar II]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Maharaja Holkar|Maharaja Holkar of Indore]]|years=1886 - 1903}}
{{s-aft | after =[[Tukojirao Holkar III]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Indore State]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Monarchs who abdicated]]
[[Category:People from British India]]

Tirupati–Jammu Tawi Humsafar Express

2026-02-24T14:36:20Z

Debadrito Dutta: entry

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 20B2AA
| name = Tirupati – Jammu Tawi ''Humsafar Express''
| image = Tirupati jat.jpg
| image_width = 300
| caption = Tirupati – Jammu Tawi Humsafar Expres At [[Pathankot Cantonment railway station]]
| type = [[Humsafar Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2017|06|15}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Tirupati}} (TPTY)
| stops = 12
| end = {{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}} (JAT)
| distance = {{convert|2985|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 51 hours 55 minutes
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 3 tier
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach|LHB Humsafar]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 22705 / 22706
| speed = {{cvt|57|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:(Tirupati – Jammu Tawi) Humsafar Express route map.png|250px]] {{Tirupati–Jammu Tawi Humsafar Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The 22705 / 22706 '''Tirupati–Jammu Tawi Humsafar Express''' is a completely 3-tier AC sleeper train of the Indian Railways connecting {{stnlnk|Tirupati}} in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and {{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}} in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is currently being operated with 22705/22706 train numbers on a weekly basis.

== Service==

It averages 57 km/h as 22705/Tirupati–Jammu Tawi HumSafar Express starts on Tuesday and covering 2985 km in 51 hrs 50 mins & 55 km/h as 22706/Jammu Tawi–Tirupati Humsafar Express starts on Friday covering 2985 km in 53 hours 55 minutes.

==Coaches ==

The train is completely 3-tier AC [[LHB coach]] designed by [[Indian Railways]] with features of LED screen display to show information about stations and train speed. and will have announcement system as well. It also has vending machines for tea, coffee and milk, bio toilets in compartments and CCTV cameras.

=== Composition ===
This train consists of sixteen AC III tier coaches, one pantry car and two generator power car coaches.

* 13 AC III tier
* 1 pantry car
* 2 generator power car

==Route & halts==

* '''{{stnlnk|Tirupati}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Guntakal Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Raichur}}
* {{stnlnk|Secunderabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kazipet Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Balharshah Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Rani Kamalapati}}
* {{stnlnk|Jhansi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Safdarjung}}
* {{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jalandhar City Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}}'''

==Traction==

earlier was [[WAP-4]] now The train is hauled by a [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from [[Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda|Lallaguda Loco Shed]] on its entire journey.

== See also ==
* [[Howrah–Tirupati Humsafar Express]]
* [[Humsafar Express]]
* [[Jammu Tawi railway station]]
* [[Tirupati railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/tirupati-jammu-tawi-humsafar-express-22705/52000/837/81 22705/Tirupati - Jammu Tawi Humsafar Express] India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/jammu-tawi-tirupati-humsafar-express-22706/51999/81/837 22706/Jammu Tawi - Tirupati Humsafar Express] India Rail Info

{{Humsafar Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tirupati-Jammu Tawi Humsafar Express}}
[[Category:Humsafar Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Jammu]]
[[Category:Transport in Tirupati]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2017]]

List of Kodavas

2026-02-20T17:30:03Z

Debadrito Dutta: fix citations also and added references based on references

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2020}}

{{Infobox ethnic group
|image =


|group = Kodava People
|population=
|popplace =India
|languages = [[Kodava language]]
|religions =
|related =
}}
The following is a list of prominent '''[[Kodava people|Kodavas]]''' (also known as the Coorg or Coorgi community).
{{Dynamic list}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Sadguru Appayya Swamigalu.JPG|[[Appayya Swamigalu|Sadguru Appaiah Swami]]
File:General K. M. Cariappa.jpg|[[Kodandera Madappa Cariappa|Field Marshal K M Cariappa]]
File:General Kodandera Subayya Thimayya.jpg|[[K. S. Thimayya|General K S Thimayya]]
File:Kc cariappa AM.jpg|[[K. C. Cariappa|Air Marshal K. C. Cariappa]]
File:Lieutenant General C Bansi Ponnappa.jpg|[[Bansi Ponnappa|Lieutenant General Bansi Ponnappa]]
File:C M Poonacha.gif|[[C M Poonacha]]
File:Prema.jpg|[[Prema (Kannada actress)]]
File:Nikhil_chinappa.jpg|[[Nikhil Chinapa]]
File:Bopanna RG13 (3) (9415842989).jpg|[[Rohan Bopanna]]
File:Robin Uthappa 1.jpg|[[Robin Uthappa]]
File:Ashwini Ponnappa CWG.jpg|[[Ashwini Ponnappa]]
File:Gulshan Devaiya at a special screening of Lipstick Under My Burkha (cropped).jpg|[[Gulshan Devaiah]]
File:Rashmika_Mandanna_spotted_during_Goodbye_promotions_at_JW_Marriott.jpg|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]
File:Joshna Chinappa (cropped).jpg|[[Joshna Chinappa]]
File:Justice_A_S_Bopanna.jpg|[[A. S. Bopanna]]
File:N S Narendra .jpg|[[N. S. Narendra]]
File:Daisy bopanna ipl.jpg|[[Daisy Bopanna]]
File:K. C. Cariappa.jpg|[[K. C. Cariappa (cricketer)]]
File:SK Uthappa.jpg|[[S. K. Uthappa]]
</gallery>

== Religion ==
* [[Chandra Varma]], legendary ancestor of the Kodavas according to Kaveri Purana in the local [[Skanda Purana]].
* [[Kalyatanda Ponnappa]] (c.1600), religious leader and warrior who is now worshipped as a demi-god.
* [[Sadguru Appayya Swami]] (1885–1956), (born of Kodava parents) founder of Kaveri Ashram, a Hindu monastery in Virajpet, born as Palanganda Appaiah, ordained into Sannyas (monkhood) by Guru Ramgiri.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kamath|title=Karnataka State gazetteer, Volume 20|date=1993|publisher=Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press|location=Bangalore|page=659|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCELAQAAIAAJ&q=thimmayya+kodava|accessdate=11 October 2014}}</ref>
* [[Swami Narayanananda]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Narayanananda |first1=swami |title=Autobiography of Swami Narayanananda |date=2002 |publisher=N.U. Yoga Trust |isbn=9788779112193 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NiorQwAACAAJ&q=Swami+Narayanananda |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Swami Shambhavananda]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Muthanna |first1=I. M. |title=The Coorg Memoirs (the Story of the Kodavas): Muthanna Speaks Out |date=1971 |publisher=Copies available at Usha Press |page=211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uLEcAAAAMAAJ&q=Swami+Shambhavananda+coorg |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Beckerlegge |first1=Gwilym |title=Colonialism, Modernity, and Religious Identities: Religious Reform Movements in South Asia |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195692143 |pages=136, 137, 139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4XXAAAAMAAJ&q=Swami+Shambhavananda |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Freedom Fighters ==
* [[Kannanda Doddayya]], who defeated [[Hyder Ali]] thrice.
* [[Mathanda Appachu]], defeated the British in battle in 1834.
* [[Pandyanda Belliappa]] (also called Pandianda Belliappa or P I Belliappa) Gandhian, freedom fighter, politician, journalist.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nehru |first1=Jawaharlal |title=Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru: 16 July 1952 – 18 October 1952 |date=1996 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund |isbn=9780195641936 |page=528 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_zQIAAAAIAAJ&q=P+I+Belliappa |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Press in India |date=1958 |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D9EfAQAAIAAJ&q=P+I+Belliappa&pg=PA299 |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Congress |first1=Indian History |title=Proceedings - Indian History Congress |date=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQZDAAAAYAAJ&q=P+I+Belliappa |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Park |first1=Richard Leonard |title=Reports on the Indian general elections, 1951-52 |date=1956 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=klA5AQAAIAAJ&q=P+I+Belliappa |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Muthanna |first1=I. M. |title=The Coorg Memoirs (the Story of the Kodavas): Muthanna Speaks Out |date=1971 |publisher=Copies available at Usha Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uLEcAAAAMAAJ&q=Pandianda+Belliappa |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Gandhi's campaign against untouchability, 1933-34: an account from the Raj's secret official reports |date=1996 |publisher=Gandhi Peace Foundation |isbn=9788185411101 |page=111 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxRuAAAAMAAJ&q=P+I+Belliappa |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[C M Poonacha]] (Cheppudira Muthanna Poonacha) Gandhian, freedom fighter, politician.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Trilochan |title=Personalities: A Comprehensive and Authentic Biographical Dictionary of Men who Matter in India. [Northen India and Parliament] |date=1952 |publisher=Arunam & Sheel |page=109 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y40MAAAAYAAJ&q=C+M+Poonacha&pg=PA109 |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shashidhar |first1=Dr Melkunde |title=A HISTORY OF FREEDOM AND UNIFICATION MOVEMENT IN KARNATAKA |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=9781329825017 |page=191 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vG1mCwAAQBAJ&q=C+M+Poonacha&pg=PA191 |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Armed forces ==

* Field Marshal [[Kodandera Madappa Cariappa|K M Cariappa]] (Kodandera family), OBE, first Indian Commissioned Officer, later became first Indian General and then first Commander-in-Chief of India. High Commissioner (Ambassador in the Commonwealth) of India in Australia and New Zealand, Field Marshal in 1986. Residency Road and a park in Bangalore has been renamed after him.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Weis|first1=Edel|title=Field Marshal Cariappa: The Man who Touched the Sky|date=2002|publisher=Rupa Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VViciJOhfDUC&q=cariappa+kodava&pg=PT5|accessdate=11 October 2014|isbn=9788171679447}}</ref>
* General [[K. S. Thimayya]] (Kodandera), DSO, secured Ladakh for India during the Kashmir War of 1948, General and Chief of the Indian Army, after retirement he led the UN peacekeeping forces during when he won International acclaim, Chairman of the Repatriation Committee after Korean War, died in Cyprus, his statue was set up in Singapore Wax Museum, the Cyprus Govt. issued stamps in his honour. Richmond Road in Bangalore has been renamed after him.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Belliappa|first1=C. P.|title=Nuggets From Coorg History|date=2008|publisher=Rupa Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TMBXK_ROc4C&q=cariappa+kodava&pg=PT85|accessdate=11 October 2014|isbn=9788129113023}}</ref>
* [[Lieutenant General]] [[Apparanda Aiyappa|A C Iyappa]], first chief of [[Bharat Electronics Limited]].
* [[Lieutenant General]] [[Biddanda Chengappa Nanda]], GOC-in-C Northern Command, Karnataka Rajyothsava Awardee.
* [[Lieutenant General]] BK Bopanna, former director general of National cadet corps.
* Air Marshal [[K. C. Cariappa|Kodendera Cariappa Cariappa]], Son of Field Marshal K. M. Cariappa and served as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief (AOC-in-C) South Western Air Command.
* Squadron Leader [[Ajjamada B Devaiah|A B Devaiah]] (Ajjamada), who shot down an enemy aircraft before presumably dying in Pakistan during the 1965 war. He is the only Air Force officer to be awarded the Maha Vir Chakra posthumously.<ref name="Maha Vir Chakra Awardees">{{cite web|title=Maha Vir Chakra Awardees|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Awards/awards.php?qaward=MVC|work=Indian armed forces|publisher=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref>
* [[Mangerira Chinnappa Muthanna]] Army Martyr.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dinesh |first1=B C |title=Dedicated to nation's defence |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/dec/20/dedicated-to-nations-defence-212491.html |access-date=13 July 2019 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* [[M. A. Ganapathy|Squadron Leader Mandepanda Appachu Ganapathy]], Vir Chakra awardee, IAF fighter pilot who shot down a PAF sabre during the Battle of Boyra, Indo-Pakistan War of 1971.
* [[Bansi Ponnappa|Lieutenant General Channira Bansi Ponnappa]], former Adjutant General in Indian Army.
* [[Lieutenant General]] [[Pattacheruvanda C. Thimayya]], GOC-in-C Army Training Command.

== Sports ==
* [[Ashwini Ponnappa]] - Indian [[badminton]] player <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/badminton/athlete-profile-n6018891-ashwini-ponnappa.htm|title=Badminton | Athlete Profile: Ashwini PONNAPPA - Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games|website=results.gc2018.com|publisher=Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation|language=en-AU|access-date=2018-08-29}}{{dead link|date=August 2025}}</ref>
* [[Jagat and Anita Nanjappa]] - motor racers<ref>{{cite web |title=Racing duo on full throttle - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/racing-duo-on-full-throttle/articleshow/549127404.cms |website=The Times of India |accessdate=13 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=K - 1000 anyone? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/08/05/stories/2004080501470400.htm |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=2004-08-05 |accessdate=13 July 2019}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* [[Joshna Chinappa]] - Indian [[Squash (sport)|squash]] player <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://psaworldtour.com/players/view/7884/joshna-chinappa|title=Joshna Chinappa - Professional Squash Association|website=psaworldtour.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-30}}</ref>
* [[Rohan Bopanna]] - Indian tennis player <ref name=dc-sc2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/scorecards/scorecards-2010.aspx|title=Scorecards - 2010|publisher=Davis Cup|accessdate=2011-11-12}}</ref><ref name=uso-yearbyyear>{{cite web|url=http://www.usopen.org/en_US/about/history/years.html|title=Year by Year|publisher=US Open|accessdate=2011-11-12|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113081042/http://www.usopen.org/en_US/about/history/years.html|archivedate=13 November 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Reeth Abraham]] Indian athlete, Asian Games champion, [[Arjuna Award]], [[Rajyotsava Award]]
* [[K. C. Cariappa (cricketer)|K. C. Cariappa]], professional cricketer
* [[Robin Uthappa]], Indian Cricketer
*[[Ashwini Nachappa]], Arjuna Awardee, India's sprint queen
*[[Vidwath Kaverappa]], Indian Cricketer
* [[Neravanda Aiyappa]] - Cricketer
* [[K. P. Appanna]] - Cricketer
* [[Harshitha Bopaiah|Kelettira Harshitha Bopaiah]] - Indian basketball player

=== Hockey ===
Kodavas have a long history of association with the game of [[field hockey]]. The district of [[Kodagu]] is considered as the ''cradle of Indian hockey''.<ref name="cradle">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/06/13/stories/2004061300490800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040830000602/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/06/13/stories/2004061300490800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-08-30|title=Time-out|accessdate=2007-06-21|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-06-13}}</ref><ref name="dh">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/apr42006/spectrum162126200643.asp|title=Coorg: A nursery of Indian hockey|work=Online Edition of The Deccan Herald, dated 2006-04-04|publisher=2005, The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd.|accessdate=2007-06-21|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929115244/http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/apr42006/spectrum162126200643.asp|archivedate=2007-09-29}}</ref>
* [[A B Subbaiah]], Indian field hockey goalkeeper and coach.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aiyappa |first1=Manu |title=Why Kodavas, who once blazed through the hockey pitch and Army battles, are abandoning both - Times of India ► |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-kodavas-who-once-blazed-through-the-hockey-pitch-and-army-battles-are-abandoning-both/articleshow/69482855.cms |accessdate=10 July 2019 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=24 May 2019}}</ref>
* [[Len Aiyappa]], Indian field hockey player.<ref>{{cite news |title= Hockey: Len gives up on India |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/top-stories/Hockey-Len-gives-up-on-India/articleshow/1406937.cms |work= [[The Times of India]] |date= 2006-02-09 |accessdate= 2013-01-17}}</ref>
* [[M. M. Somaya]], Indian field hockey player.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/holnus/007200906241782.htm|title=Olympians join forces to wrest control of MHA|date=24 June 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=4 December 2009|archive-date=7 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107155235/http://www.hindu.com/holnus/007200906241782.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[M. P. Ganesh]], Indian field hockey captain and coach.<ref>{{cite news |title= M.P. Ganesh: a man of many hats |url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-neighbourhood/mp-ganesh-a-man-of-many-hats/article911733.ece |work= The Hindu |date= 2010-11-25 |accessdate= 2013-01-20}}</ref>
* [[Cheppudira Poonacha]], Olympian
* [[S. K. Uthappa]], Indian field hockey player.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kodagu's Hockey Olympian S K Uthappa (24) Gets Ekalavya Award|url=http://www.mangalorean.com/kodagus-hockey-olympian-s-k-uthappa-24-gets-ekalavya-award/|publisher=mangalorean.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516133137/http://www.mangalorean.com/kodagus-hockey-olympian-s-k-uthappa-24-gets-ekalavya-award|archivedate=16 May 2016|accessdate=12 February 2017}}</ref>

== Law, Law Enforcement and Civil Services ==
* [[B. B. Ashok Kumar]], police officer<ref>{{cite web |title=Shankar Mahadev Bidari and BB Ashok Kumar on Zee Kannada's Weekend with Ramesh 4 |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/shankar-mahadev-bidari-bb-ashok-kumar-zee-kannadas-weekend-ramesh-4-800600 |website=International Business Times, India Edition |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=english |date=29 June 2019}}</ref>
* [[C B Muthamma]] (Chonira), first woman [[Indian Foreign Service]] officer<ref>{{cite book|last1=Belliappa|first1=C. P.|title=Nuggets From Coorg History|date=2008|publisher=Rupa Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TMBXK_ROc4C&q=muthamma+kodava&pg=PT85|accessdate=11 October 2014|isbn=9788129113023}}</ref>
* [[C. G. Somiah]], first IAS Officer from [[Coorg]] to rise to be the Home Secretary, Chief Vigilance Commissioner (CVC) and Comptroller and Auditor General.<ref name="confident">{{cite news|last=Bhattacharya|first=A K|title=The confidential bureaucrat|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-confidential-bureaucrat-110090900070_1.html|accessdate=3 January 2014|newspaper=Business Standard|date=9 September 2010}}</ref>
*Diwan Bahadur [[Ketoli Chengappa]], administrator (Chief Commissioner of Coorg province)<ref>{{cite web |title=Provinces of British India |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm |website=www.worldstatesmen.org |accessdate=13 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Provinces of British India |url=http://rulers.org/indprov.html |website=rulers.org |accessdate=13 July 2019}}</ref>
* [[Rao Bahadur IGP P.K.Monnappa]] (Pemmanda), IPS Officer, DGP of Madras, helped suppress the Nizam's rebellion in Hyderabad in 1950 as part of the Police Action led by Sardar Patel, IGP of Hyderabad then of Mysore, also first police chief of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kumar|first1=Satinder|title=Encyclopaedia of South-Asian tribes, Volume 1|date=2000|publisher=Anmol Publications|page=1470|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtkjAQAAIAAJ&q=thimmayya+kodava|accessdate=11 October 2014|isbn=9788126105175}}</ref>
* [[A. S. Bopanna]] (Ajjikuttira Somaiah Bopanna) is a Judge of Supreme Court of India. He is former Chief Justice of Gauhati High Court. He is also former Judge of Karnataka High Court. He was born in Madikeri, Kodagu on 20 May 1959.

== Actors ==
* [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan Toogudeepa]]
* [[Prema (Kannada actress)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=News headlines |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=23741 |website=www.daijiworld.com |accessdate=13 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Upendra, Prema combination back after 17 years |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/may/23/upendra-prema-combination-back-after-17-years-906869.html |access-date=13 July 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=23 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lifetime Achievement award for Rajkumar - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Lifetime-Achievement-award-for-Rajkumar/articleshow/41760311.cms |accessdate=13 July 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=14 May 2001}}</ref>
* [[Rashmika Mandanna]]
* [[Reeshma Nanaiah]]
* [[Gulshan Devaiah]]
* [[Harshika Poonacha]]
* [[Ashwini Nachappa]]
* [[Daisy Bopanna]]
* [[A. T. Raghu|A. T Raghu]]
* [[Nishan (actor)|Nishan Nanaiah]]
* [[Varsha Bollamma]]
* [[Shwetha Chengappa]], actress
* [[Nidhi Subbaiah]], actress

== Literature ==
* [[Nadikerianda Chinnappa]], folklore compiler<ref name="hindu story time" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Venkatesha |first1=M N |title=Pattole Palame: Kodava Culture – Folksongs and Traditions |journal=Indian Folklore Research |pages=124–129 |url=http://indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/IFRJ/article/download/182/189 |accessdate=13 July 2019}}</ref>
* [[Appachcha Kavi]] (also called Appachu Kavi), playwright<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=Biswajit |title=South Indian theatre |date=2007 |publisher=Raj Publications |isbn=9788186208540 |page=381 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kloqAQAAIAAJ&q=appachu+kavi |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[B D Ganapathy]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Congress |first1=The Library of |title=LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress) |url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n81114543.html |website=id.loc.gov |accessdate=13 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=B D Ganapathi |url=http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n81-114543/ |website=Worldcat |accessdate=13 July 2019}}</ref>
* [[I. M. Muthanna]], author and translator<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhat |first1=Anil |title=Coorgis' peaceful agitation now to extend to French embassy |url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/011118/coorgis-peaceful-agitation-now-to-extend-to-french-embassy.html |accessdate=13 July 2019 |work=The Asian Age |date=1 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Will Kodagu, heaven on earth, cease to exist ? |url=https://starofmysore.com/will-kodagu-heaven-on-earth-cease-to-exist/ |accessdate=13 July 2019 |work=Star of Mysore |date=23 June 2018}}</ref>
* [[Boverianda Nanjamma and Chinnappa]], translators, authors <ref name="hindu story time">{{cite news |title=It's story time, folks |url=https://www.thehindu.com/mp/2003/10/16/stories/2003101600630300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2003-10-16 |accessdate=13 July 2019 }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
*[[Nitin Kushalappa]]
*[[Anjana Appachana]] (born into Somayanda Kodava family)

== Entrepreneurs ==
*[[N S Narendra]], Firepro founder<ref>{{cite news |title=N.S. Narendra: The Fire Fighter |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/zen-garden/ns-narendra-the-fire-fighter/23912/1 |accessdate=13 July 2019 |work=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Writankar |title=Panasonic acquires 76% stake in Firepro Systems |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/electronics/panasonic-acquires-76-stake-in-firepro-systems/articleshow/13094230.cms |accessdate=13 July 2019 |work=The Economic Times |date=11 May 2012}}</ref>

== Politics ==
* [[M. C. Nanaiah]], former [[Karnataka]] Minister of law and Forests, leader of opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Council, five-time [[Member of Legislative Council|MLC]], [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
* [[A. K. Subbaiah]], lawyer, former leader of opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Council, four-time [[Member of Legislative Council|MLC]]
* [[Prema Cariappa]], Mayor of Bangalore, Rajya Sabha MP<ref>{{cite book |last1=Darpan |first1=Pratiyogita |title=Pratiyogita Darpan |date=2008 |publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-gDAAAAMBAJ&q=prema+cariappa&pg=PT26 |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prema Cariappa, Politician, Personalities |url=https://www.karnataka.com/personalities/prema-cariappa/ |website=Karnataka.com |accessdate=13 July 2019 |date=15 November 2011}}</ref>
* [[Appachu Ranjan]], former sports minister, Government of Karnataka
* [[A. S. Ponnanna]], lawyer, [[Virajpet]] [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]

==Music==
* [[Biddu Appaiah]] is a Kodava (Coorgi) by birth. He is a British Indian musician and winner of Grammy award. He was pivotal in the career success of sister-brother duo, Nazia and Zoheb Hassan

== Entertainment ==
* [[Nikhil Chinapa]] [[Disc Jockey]] who popularised [[Electronic Dance Music]] (EDM) in India and is associated with [[MTV Roadies|Roadies]], [[Splitsville (How I Met Your Mother)|Splitsville]], [[MTV]] and [[Sunburn Festival]].

==Science==
* [[K. T. Achaya]] (Konganda Thammu Achayya) is an Indian chemist born in [[Kollegal]] into the [[Kodava people|Kodava]] Konganda family.
* [[Jagadeesh Moodera]], Indian-origin American physicist at MIT

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Indian people by community|Kodavas]]
[[Category:Kodava people|*]]

Joachim Hayward Stocqueler

2026-02-09T17:40:29Z

Debadrito Dutta: started new details!

{{short description|British writer}}
{{infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = {{nowrap|Joachim Hayward Stocqueler}}
| honorific_suffix =
| image = J_Stocqueler.jpg
| caption = Portrait by [[Colesworthey Grant]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1801|7|21}}
| birth_place = {{nowrap|Abchurch Lane, [[London]], England}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1886|3|14|1801|7|21}}
| death_place = [[Washington, D.C.]]
| resting_place =
| education = Brochard's academy, [[London Borough of Camden|Camden]], London, England
| alma_mater =
| father = {{nowrap|Joachim Christian Stocqueler}}
| mother = Elizabeth Hayward
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Jane Spencer|1828|1870|end=died}}
* {{marriage|Eliza Wilson Pepper|1844}}
* {{marriage|Mary Cameron|1870}}
}}
| children = 9
| occupation = {{nowrap|Journalist, writer}}
| relatives = [[Edwin Roper Loftus Stocqueler]] (son)
}}

'''J. H. Stocqueler''' (21 July 1801 – 14 March 1886) was a journalist, author and lecturer with interests in the theatre and in Indian and military affairs; he lived in England, India, and the United States of America.

==Biography==
Joachim Hayward Stocqueler was born 21 July 1801 in Abchurch Lane, City of London and baptized 25 August 1801 at the Portuguese Embassy Chapel in London. His father was Joachim Christian Stocqueler, son of the Italian opera singer [[Giovanna Sestini]] and her Portuguese husband José Christiano Stocqueler. His mother was Elizabeth Hayward, a daughter of Francis Hayward, physician of Hackney.

He was educated at Brochard's academy in Camden. After occasional jobs in a bank and with a traveling theatre company, he trained at Chatham as a non-commissioned officer in the East India Company Army, and then sailed for Bombay in 1819 on the East Indiaman ''Hythe'', in charge of 100 men.<ref>''Memoirs of a Journalist'' Chapters 1 and 2</ref>

Stocqueler purchased his discharge from the army in 1824; he had obtained a clerical job with the Chief Secretary to the Bombay Government but his increasingly radical views and interest in the press made him unpopular. He made a visit to England returning to Bombay in 1827 with printing materials. He edited the ''Bombay Courier'', started the ''Bombay Sporting Magazine'' and ''Racing Calendar'', helped with the foundation of the Bombay Public Library, but found himself seriously in debt.

Leaving Bombay hurriedly in a small Arab boat bound for the Persian Gulf, Stocqueler embarked on a perilous journey during 1831 and 1832. Plans to investigate an overland route from the river Euphrates to Europe via Baghdad were foiled by war and plague and he was obliged to travel via the hazardous Buctarian mountains in Persia, apparently never before crossed by a white man. He survived sickness and attack and eventually reached the Black Sea and a ship to Odessa, where he was quarantined. He then journeyed across Europe encountering the exiled Polish general [[Jan Zygmunt Skrzynecki]] in Linz and [[Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge]], Viceroy in Hanover. He gave thanks for his survival when he reached London in May 1832 and published the account of his journeys in two volumes entitled ''Fifteen Months Pilgrimage through Untrodden Tracts in Khuzistan and Persia'' .

[[File:Stocqueler Iago.png|thumb|Stocqueler as [[Iago]] in an amateur production of ''Hamlet'', Calcutta, 1838]]
Early in 1833 Stocqueler was back in India, but now in Calcutta where, with the help of the Bengali entrepreneur [[Dwarkanath Tagore]], he purchased the newspaper ''John Bull''.<ref>Dewar, Douglas, ''Bygone Days in India'' (London, 1922) p76</ref> He changed its name to ''The Englishman'' and, as its editor, gave it a liberal focus but at times annoyed local residents. Stocqueler also published the ''Bengal Sporting Magazine'' (1833–1845) and ''East India United Services Journal''. In 1836, the [[National Library of India|Calcutta Public Library]] was established at his suggestion. He was involved with theatrical performances in fashionable [[Chowringhee]] and with the new ''[[Sans Souci Theatre (Calcutta)|Sans Souci]]'' theatre there.

As a journalist Stocqueler observed the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]], but on his return to Calcutta financial problems landed him in the Debtors’ Prison there from October 1840 until February 1841.<ref>''London Gazette'', 6 August 1841, p2025</ref> He sold ''The Englishman'' (which continued successfully) and left India on the new P&O paddle steamer [[SS Hindostan (1842)|''Hindostan'']] in 1843, bound for Suez. He travelled via Egypt and Italy to London, which he made his home for the next 16 years.

[[File:Harvey Tuckett as Falstaff.png|thumb|Stoqueler (standing, with sword) as [[Prince Hal]] in ''[[Henry IV, Part 1]]'' at the [[Lyceum Theatre, London]], 1844. He had played the role in Calcutta.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lyceum Theatre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PqhPAQAAMAAJ&dq=harvey+tuckett+actor&pg=PA77 |work=[[The Illustrated London News]] |date=3 February 1844 |page=77}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stocqueler |first1=J. H. |title=The Memoirs of a Journalist |date=1873 |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |location=Fleet Street, London |oclc=500159826 |page=132|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_memoirs_of_a_journalist_Enlarged_rev/-pUIAAAAQAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Stocqueler+tuckett&pg=PA132&printsec=frontcover}}</ref>]]Stocqueler was a prolific writer, making use of his experiences of India, the military and his travels. He wrote for the theatre, including the text for successful spectacles such as ''The Battle of The Alma'' and ''The Fall of Sebastopol'', both elaborately staged at [[Astley's Amphitheatre]] in south London.<ref>''The Examiner'', 28 October 1854; ''The Era'', 4 March 1855.</ref> He was a charismatic lecturer and provided the commentary for dioramas at the [[Gallery of Illustration]] in Regent Street: subjects included the Overland Route to Australia,<ref>''The Times'', 29 March 1850. Altick, Richard D., ''The Shows of London'' (Cambridge MA, 1978) p208.</ref> the continuing story of the Crimean War, and the exploits of the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]], whose biography Stocqueler also wrote. He was less successful as a newspaperman in London, but was army editor of the ''United Service Gazette'' for several years. He tutored candidates for military colleges and was involved with the short-lived Cavalry College in Richmond.<ref>Stevenson, Richard, ‘The Cavalry College at Richmond’, ''Soldiers of the Queen'' Vol. 145 (June 2012)</ref> His reputation was not helped by suggestions of involvement in the illegal sale of army commissions.

Despite his varied occupations, during his years in London Stocqueler was frequently in financial difficulties. He used family money (including all the assets of a wealthy maiden aunt) and faced bankruptcy on several occasions, even once using sequestration under Scottish law to evade further imprisonment in London. Then sensationally, in 1859 he ran away during a court hearing in Maidstone, Kent<ref>''The Times'', 21 December 1859</ref> and escaped, under the pseudonym of Siddons, to New York.

In North America he continued to write and lecture;<ref>''New York Times'' 14 Feb, 6 Mar, 17 May 1860.</ref> a post at [[Columbia College, Columbia University|Columbia College]] in New York was interrupted by the onset of the Civil War but Siddons (as he was now known) offered some military instruction to Unionist recruits. He then lectured in Canada and New England,<ref>''Toronto Globe'', 26 March 1863; ''Cambridge Chronicle'', 24 October 1863</ref> before going back to England to recruit artisans who would emigrate and take up manufacturing work in the States.

Life was not easy in London, or briefly in Ireland, and in 1875 Stocqueler returned again to the United States, settling in Washington DC where found clerical work as a civil servant and gained some reputation as a Shakespearean scholar. Stocqueler, known at the time as Professor J H Siddons, died at home at 2006 13th Street NW, Washington, DC on 14 March 1886,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Deaths|newspaper=Washington Evening Star|date=16 March 1866}}</ref> not 1885 in [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], England, as is sometimes stated.

At intervals from 1860 to his death, Stocqueler used the surname Siddons, mainly in the United States of America and, at times in Britain, claiming that he was the illegitimate son of George Siddons, son of [[Sarah Siddons]] the actress. Although apparently believed by some of his family, this claim was vehemently disputed by Sarah Siddons’s true great-grand-daughter, the actress [[Mary Frances Scott-Siddons]].

===Family life===
Stocqueler married Jane Spencer in Bombay in 1828; their son [[Edwin Roper Loftus Stocqueler]] was born in the following year. A second son born in Calcutta died in infancy. Following a long separation from her husband, and time in England, Jane Stocqueler and Edwin departed for the Victorian gold fields in Australia. Edwin, an artist, was present on the Bendigo gold fields during the mid-1850s, where he painted several scenes of the diggings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Australian gold diggings, ca.1855 [picture] / [Edwin Stocqueler]|website=National Gallery of Australia: Catalogue|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/catalog/1861686|access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref> Jane Stocqueler died in Bombay in 1870, and Edwin in London in 1895.

In 1844 Joachim Hayward Stocqueler was married by the Rev. Charles Wesley at [[St Paul's, Covent Garden]], to Eliza Wilson Pepper of Deal, Kent.<ref>Westminster, London, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754-1935</ref> This was a bigamous marriage as he was already married to Jane. Eliza bore him four children, two of whom (Fanny and Edgar) survived. The family joined Stocqueler in New York in 1860. Fanny Stocqueler became a musical theatre artiste in America.<ref name=atc>{{cite book|last1 = Carpenter|first1 = Audrey T.| title = A Resourceful Rogue: Joachim Hayward Stocqueler (1801-1886)| publisher = FeedaRead.com|page = 261 |date = May 2018|isbn = 9781788763707}}</ref> Edgar Stocqueler became a master mariner who married in England and whose large family all emigrated to New South Wales. Eliza Stocqueler was married secondly, in New Jersey in 1868, to the disgraced British lawyer [[Edwin James (barrister)|Edwin John James]], and then returned to England.

Stocqueler also fathered three children, between 1852 and 1857, in an adulterous affair with Mrs Louisa Wardroper. Two children, Arthur and Marion Stocqueler Wardroper, survived. Arthur became a clergyman and Marion was the mother of the songwriter and film actor [[Arthur Margetson|Arthur Charles Margetson]].

When in the United States Stocqueler met aspiring actress Mary Agnes Cameron, nearly forty years his junior. They performed together, giving readings in Canada and New England, where he pretended she was his niece. They sailed together to England in 1864 and their son was born later that year. Two daughters followed and then in London, when he was almost 69 and Jane Stocqueler had died in Bombay, Stocqueler married Mary Cameron at Holy Trinity, [[Haverstock Hill]] on 19 July 1870.<ref>London, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754-1938</ref> In 1875, the family settled in the United States. The most famous of the three children was [[Frederick Lincoln Siddons]], who later became a United States federal judge, and is remembered ''inter alia'' for his part in the [[Teapot Dome scandal]] and as the grandfather-in-law of the writer [[Anne Rivers Siddons]].

==Writings==

===Authored===
* ''Fifteen Months Pilgrimage through Untrodden Tracts in Khuzistan and Persia... in the Years 1831 and 1832''. 2 vols London: Saunders & Otley, 1832.
* ''The Wellington Manual, being a compilation from the dispatches of ... the Duke of Wellington, embracing his sentiments on various points relating to military discipline and administration, &c''. Calcutta: W. Rushton & Co., 1840.
* ''Memorials of Affghanistan... between the Years 1838 and 1842''. Calcutta: 1843.
* ''Lucretia Borgia, a romance of history''. London: William Barth, 1844
* ''The Handbook of India, A guide to the Stranger and the Traveller, and a Companion to the Resident''. London: W.H. Allen, 1844.
* ''The Oriental Interpreter and Treasury of East India Knowledge : companion to The Handbook of British India''. London: C. Cox, 1848.
* ''Maid Marian: the Forest Queen''. London: George Peirce, 1849. Originally serialized in 31 parts.
* ''A Catechism of Field Fortifications''. London: United Service Gazette Press, 1850
* ''The Overland Companion: being a guide for the traveller to India via Egypt''. London: Wm. H. Allen & Co., 1850.
* ''The British Officer, His Position, Duties and Emoluments and Privileges''. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1851.
* ''The Victory must be won''. Song: Words by J H Stocqueler. Music composed by Miss Harriet Georgina Willoughby. London: T. E. Purday, 1852
* ''The Old Field Officer; or, the military and sporting adventures of Major Worthington''. Edinburgh: A. & C. Black, 1853
* ''The Military Encyclopædia; A Technical, Biographical, and Historical Dictionary, referring exclusively to the Military Sciences, the Memoirs of Distinguished Soldiers, and the Narratives of Remarkable Battles''. London: Wm. H. Allen & Co., 1853.
* ''India: its history, climate, productions, and field sports; with notices of European life and manners, and of the various travelling routes''. London: G. Routledge and Co., 1853.
* ''The Life of Field-Marshal the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]]''. Two volumes. London: Ingram, Cooke, and Company, 1853; Philadelphia: 1855.
* ''Memoirs and Correspondence of Major-General Sir [[William Nott (British general)|William Nott]]''. 2 vols. London: Hurst & Blackett, 1854.
* ''Military Catechism and Handbook of Regimental Standing Orders'' by Anthony Walshe, revised and enlarged by J H Stocqueler. London: W. Thacker & Co., 1855.
* ''The British Soldier: an anecdotal history of the British Army from its earliest formation to the present time''. London: Orr & Co., 1857.
* ''The True Causes of the Revolt of the Bengal army''. London: Charles Evans, 1858.
* ''A Familiar History of [[British India]], from the earliest period to the transfer of the government of India to the British crown in 1858''. London: Darton, 1859.
* ''The War in Italy, and all about it''. London: Henry Lea, 1859.
* ''Norton’s Hand-book to Europe: or, How to Travel in the Old World''. By J H Siddons (J H Stocqueler). New York: Charles B Norton, 1860
* ''The Canadian Volunteers' hand-book : a compendium of military facts and suggestions adapted to field service''. By J H Siddons (J H Stocqueler). Toronto: Rollo & Adam, 1863.
* ''The Emigrant's Friend; a true guide to the emigrant proceeding to New York, Boston, Philadelphia or the Canadas''. Liverpool: W. Gilling, 1864.
* ''Yankeeland in her Trouble: An Englishman's Correspondence during the War''. By J H Siddons (J H Stocqueler). Pamphlet (no publisher), 1864.
* ''A Familiar History of the United States of America from the date of the earliest settlements down to the present time''. London: Darton & Hodge, 1865.
* ''A Familiar History of the British army, from the Restoration in 1660 to the Present Time''. London: Stanford, 1871.
* ''A Personal History of [[Royal Horse Guards|The Horse-Guards]] from 1750 to 1872''. London: Hurst & Blackett, 1873.
* ''The Memoirs of a Journalist''. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1873.
* ''A Review of the Life and Labours of Dr. G.W. Leitner'', (reprinted from ''The Oriental''). Brighton: Tower Press, 1875
* ''The Rajahate of Saràwak'', (reprinted from ''The Oriental''). Brighton: Tower Press, 1875
* ''Utterance and Expression: a few words on the importance of high art reading and effective speaking''. By J H Siddons (J H Stocqueler). New York: Sheldon & Co., 1876.
* ''The Language and Literature of Shakespeare''. By J H Siddons (J H Stocqueler). Washington: Gibson brothers, printers, 1884.
* ''The Shakespearian Referee''. By J H Siddons (J H Stocqueler). Washington: W.H. Lowdermilk & Co., 1886

====Minor Plays====
* ''Polkamania: an apropos bagatelle in one act''. 1844
* ''The Three Fra Diavolos''. 1844
* ''A Good Name''. 1845
* ''An Object of Interest''. 1845
* ''The Seven Champions of Christendom''. 1845
* ''Robin Hood and Richard Coeur de Lion''. 1846
* ''The Marble Maiden''. 1846
* ''Crusoe the Second''. 1847
* ''Emigration, the Remedy''. 1848
* ''The Fortress''. 1848
* ''The Provisional Government''. 1848
* ''Any Port in a Storm''. 1853
* ''The Butterfly’s Ball''. 1855
* ''Dead Heart''. (as J.H. Siddons). 1860

====Productions at Astley’s Amphitheatre and Elsewhere====
* The Sikh Invasion. 1846
* The Camp of Silesia; or the Gypsy Queen. 1847
* ''[[The Revolt of the Harem]]''. 1848
* The Battle of the Alma. 1854
* The Fall of Sebastopol. 1855
* England and France in the Days of Chivalry. 1855
* The Bombardment and Capture of Canton. 1858
* La Belle France and the Maid of Orleans. 1868

====Newspapers edited====
Bombay (1822–1830){{indent|5}}* ''Iris''{{indent|5}}* ''Bombay Chronicle'' (formerly ''The Argus''){{indent|5}}* ''Bombay Sporting Magazine''{{indent|5}}* ''Bombay Racing Calendar''{{indent|}}
Calcutta (1833–1842){{indent|5}}* ''The Englishman''{{indent|5}}* ''The Oriental Observer''{{indent|5}}* ''The Bengal Sporting Magazine''{{indent|5}}* ''The Indian Racing Calendar for 1836-37''{{indent|5}}*''The East Indian United Service Journal and Military Magazine''{{indent|}}London (1843–1859; 1865–1875){{indent|5}}* ''The English Gentleman''{{indent|5}}* ''Pictorial Times''{{indent|5}}* ''The Court Journal''{{indent|5}}* ''United Service Gazette'' (military section){{indent|5}}* ''The Oriental''
==Further reading==
* {{cite journal | last1 = Carpenter| first1 = Audrey T. | title = From Soldier to Newspaperman: The Varied Experiences of Joachim Hayward Stocqueler in Bombay and Calcutta from 1819 to 1843 | journal = FIBIS: The Journal of the Families in British India Society | volume = 33 | pages = 3–15 | publisher = FIBIS| date = Spring 2015|url=https://www.fibis.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/J33.pdf}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Carpenter| first1 = Audrey T. | title = Which Is the Pseudonym: J. H. Stocqueler or J. H. Siddons? | journal = Notes and Queries | volume = 63 | issue = 2 | pages = 254–55 | publisher = OUP | date = April 11, 2016| doi = 10.1093/notesj/gjw055 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Carpenter | first1 = Audrey T. | title = A Resouceful Rogue: Joachim Hayward Stocqueler (1801-1886) | publisher = FeedaRead.com | pages = 304 | date = May 2018 | isbn = 9781788763707 }}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Stocqueler}}
[[Category:1801 births]]
[[Category:1886 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from London]]

Rathnamala Prakash

2026-02-09T06:05:39Z

Debadrito Dutta: Info...

{{Short description|Indian singer (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rathnamala Prakash
| image = Rathnamala Prakash.jpg
| caption =
| genre = Sugama sangeetha, [[filmi]]
| occupation = Playback singer
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|08|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Karnataka State]], India
| alias = Haadu hakki, voice of Karnataka, Rathnakka
}}

'''Ratnamala Prakash''' (born 19 August 1952) is an Indian singer who sings in [[Kannada]] language. Along with playback signing, she is known for her songs in [[Sugama Sangeetha]], a light musical genre in Kannada. Her father [[R. K. Srikantan]] was a [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] classical musician.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/feauters/friday-review/music/haadu-hakki-gets-feted/article5660262.ece |title=Haadu Hakki gets feted |work=The Hindu |date=2014-02-06 |accessdate=2015-07-22|last1=Ganesh |first1=Deepa }}</ref>
In 2016, Rathnamala was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award|Sangeet Natak Academy Award]] for her contribution to the field of Sugama Sangeetha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/Awardees.php|website=Sangeet Natak Academy official website|title=Awardees list|access-date=25 February 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Apart from numerous Bhaavageethas she has sung many film songs. Ratnamala's first film song is ''Tangaaliyante baalalli bande'' a duet with [[Dr.Rajkumar]] from the super hit movie [[Guri]]. Then she sang many songs for [[L. Vaidyanathan]], [[C. Ashwath]], [[M. Ranga Rao]], [[Vijaya bhaskar]], [[Rajan–Nagendra]], [[Hamsalekha]] and others. Ratnmala prakash has sung many songs, including ''Santhasa araluva samaya'' a duet with [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|SPB]] from the movie ''Elu suttina kote'', ''Meru giriyane neeli kadalaane'' a duet with [[K. J. Yesudas]] from the movie ''SP Sangliyana Part 2'', "Raayaru bandaru maavana manege" and "yava mohana murali kareyitho" from the movie Mysoru mallige, "Gediyabeku magala", "Hudugi hoo hudugi" from the movie Naga mandala.

==Discography==
Film songs recorded by Rathnamala Prakash.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/rathnamala-prakash|title=Rathnamala Prakash : Kannada Singer, Movies}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! width="200"|Song !! width="150"|Film !! width="30"|Year !! width="200"|Music !! width="150"|Lyrics !! width="150"|Co-singer !! width="150"|Actress 
|-
| ''Jwalamukhiya Hage'' || [[Mohini 9886788888]] || 2006|| rowspan=3|[[Hamsalekha]] || rowspan=3|Hamsalekha || [[Shankar Mahadevan]] || [[Sadha]]
|-
| ''Shrungarada Kavyavo'' || [[Yare Nee Abhimani]] || 2000|| [[S. P. B.]] || [[Ramya Krishnan]]
|-jjJJ
|-
| ''Baare Baare Rukkamma'' || [[Gadibidi Krishna]] || 1998 || [[Rajesh Krishnan]] || [[Indraja]]
|-
| ''Hudugi Hoo Hudugi'', ''Gediyabeku Magala'' || [[Nagamandala]] || 1997|| [[C. Ashwath]] || Gopal Yagnik || Solo (1st two) ||[[Vijayalakshmi (actress)|Vijayalakshmi]], [[B. Jayashree]]
|-
| ''Teru hoitaithavva'' || [[Kotreshi Kanasu]] || 1995||rowspan=| C. Ashwath ||rowspan=| [[H. S. Venkateshamurthy]] || rowspan=|[[Manjula Gururaj]], Master Sharma ||
|-
| ''O Gulabiye'' || [[Om (1995 film)|Om]] || 1995|| [[Hamsalekha]] || Hamsalekha ||Dr. Rajkumar || Prema
|-
| ''Rayaru bandaru'' || [[Mysore Mallige (film)|Mysore Mallige]] || 1992|| C. Ashwath || [[K. S. Narasimhaswamy]] || Solo ||[[Sudha Rani]]
|-
| ''Aaha Aaha Yarivalu'', ''Lo Lo Lo Ee Pathi'' || Bhale Keshava || 1992|| Manoranjan Prabhakar || M. N. Vysa Rao || S. P. B, Solo (2nd One) ||Shivaranjini, Anjali
|-
| ''Nannake Nakkaga'' || [[Bombay Dada]] || 1991|| [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || Sriranga || S. P. B. ||Shanthamma, Madhuri
|-
| ''Beku Beku'' || ''Nanagu Hendthi Beku'' || 1991|| Manoranjan Prabhakar ||Hamsalekha || [[Vinod Raj]] ||
|-
| ''Thanuvalla Thanu Odayanu'', ''Nammadesha Bharatha'', ''Bettadha Melondu'', ''Shiva Mantravenage'', ''Saavillada Kedillada'', ''Chilipili Endhoduva'', ''Maraviddu Phalavenu'' || Shivayogi Akkamahadevi || 1991|| [[Mysore Ananthaswamy]] || (1st two) Basavaraja Maharushi, Vachana || Solo || Usha
|-
| ''Devaritta Varave Hennu'' || [[Chapala Chennigaraya]] || 1990|| [[Rajan–Nagendra]] || || S. P. B. ||Kalpana
|-
| ''Meru Giriyane''|| [[S. P. Sangliyana Part 2]] || 1990|| [[Hamsalekha]] || Hamsalekha ||[[K. J. Yesudas]]||[[Bhavya]]
|-
|''Santasa Araluva Samaya''|| [[Elu Suttina Kote]] || 1987|| L. Vaidyanath || || S. P. B. ||[[Gautami]]
|-
| ''Ullavara Manege''|| ''Kendada Male'' || 1987|| L. Vaidyanath || ||Ramprasad||Chandralekha, Shanthamma
|-
| ''Mallige Hoovinantha'', ''Mutthonda Thande'' || [[Ondu Muttina Kathe]] || 1987|| [[L. Vaidyanathan]] || Chi. Udaya Shankar || Dr. Rajkumar || Archana
|-
|-
| ''Mahodyayanithyaya''|| Sampradaya || 1987|| P. Vajrappa || K. Prabhakara Shashtry|| [[P. B. Srinivas]], Chorus || [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan]], [[Hema Choudhary]]
|-
| ''Thangaliyante Balalli Bande'' || [[Guri (1986 film)|Guri]] || 1986|| [[Rajan–Nagendra]] ||[[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] || Dr. Rajkumar ||[[Archana (actress)|Archana]]
|-
| ''Utthada Holava Kande'' || |Shankha Nada || 1986|| C. Ashwath || Dodda Rangegowda || Solo || Abhinaya
|}

==Awards==
'''National Awards''':
# 2016 - [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award|Sangeet Natak Academy Award for Other Major Traditions of Music-Sugama Sangeetha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/Awardees.php |title=SNA {{!}}{{!}} List of Awardees |website=sangeetnatak.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817135029/http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/Awardees.php |archive-date=2016-08-17}}</ref>

'''State Awards''':
# 2016 - ''Santa Shishunala Sharif Award'' by The Kannada and Culture Department, [[Government of Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/580274/t-chowdiah-award-tabla-artiste.html|title = T Chowdiah Award for tabla artiste Talwalkar|date = 10 November 2016}}</ref>
# 1991 - [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Karnataka Rajyotsava Award]] by [[Karnataka Government]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=1896&at=2 |title=CUR_TITLE |website=sangeetnatak.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912101120/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=1896&at=2 |archive-date=2018-09-12}}</ref>
# 1990 - ''Karnataka Kalashree Award'' by Karnataka Sangeetha Nrithya Academy.
'''Other awards''':
# 2017 - ''Alwa's Nudisiri Award''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starofmysore.com/three-day-alvas-nudisiri-moodbidri-dec-1/|title=Three-day Alva's Nudisiri at Moodbidri from Dec.1|date=29 November 2017}}</ref>
#2014 - ''Vocational Excellence Award'' by Rotary Club
#2012 - ''Artist of The Year'' award by Bala Samaja
# ''K. S. Narasimhaswamy Pratishtana Award''
# ''Excellent Achievement in Sugama Sangeetha'' by D. Subbaramaiah Trust
#2010 - ''Krishna Hanagal Award'' by Hanagal Foundation<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/ratnamala-prakash-presented-award/article760350.ece|title = Ratnamala Prakash presented award|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 3 May 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Rathnamala}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]

Yanaon

2026-02-03T10:45:44Z

Debadrito Dutta:

{{Short description|French colony in India (1731–1954)}}
{{For|Yanaon after independence|Yanam}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name = {{lang|fr|Établissement français de Yanaon}}
| conventional_long_name = French settlement of Yanam
| common_name = Yanaon
| era = Imperialism
| nation = France
| year_start = January 1723
| year_end = August 1962
| event_end = De jure transfer to [[India]]
| date_event1 = 1727
| event1 = Abandoned
| date_event2 = 30 July 1731
| event2 = Re-established
| date_event3 = 1751
| event3 = Sovereignty granted by Nizam [[Muzaffar Jung]]
| date_event4 = 1753
| event4 = Sovereignty ratified by Mughal emperor [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]]
| date_event5 = 13 June 1954
| event5 = [[Coup d'État de Yanaon|Coup d'État]] {{small|(France lost Sovereignty)}}
| date_event6 = 1 November 1954
| event6 = De facto transfer to [[India]]
| event_start =
| date_start =
| date_end = 16 August
| p1 = Hyderabad State
| flag_p1 = Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg
| s1 = Yanam (India)
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag = Flag_of_France.svg
| flag = French colonial flags
| image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg
| symbol = Coat of arms of France
| symbol_type = Coat of arms
| image_map = French India 1741-1754.png
| image_map_caption = Maximum extent of French influence (1741–1754)
| capital = [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondichéry]]
| stat_year1 = 1948
| stat_pop1 = 5,853
| stat_year2 = 1936
| stat_pop2 = 5,220
| stat_year3 = 1885
| stat_pop3 = 4,266
| stat_year4 = 1843
| stat_pop4 = 4,000
| government_type = Republic
| title_leader = [[President of France]]
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| today =
}}
'''Yanaon''' ({{IPA|fr|janaˈɔ̃|lang}}, {{IPA|te|jaːnaːm|lang}}, {{IPA|ta|eːnaːm|lang}}) was one of the five principal settlements of [[French India]] between 1731 and 1954. It was referred to in British records as '''Yanam'''.

==Early years==
=== Reason for European interests ===
The French in their earlier records does mention their interest in establishing trade in the [[Northern Circars]], which lie in the coastal regions of the Hyderabad sultanate. The Northern circars are very important as they sway a big influence in the court of Deccan Subah. This Subah is indeed the most important among all other provinces of the Mughal empire in the Indian peninsula. The Mughal Empire considers Deccan as their principal power. In some old records, it was mentioned as '''''Ayanaon''', a big village in the [[Rajamundry Sarkar|Circar of Rajamindri]], situated along the Ingiram river''. This French establishment very well flourished before the setback and failures of the French during the [[Seven Years' War]]. From this town and its surroundings, beautiful towels are manufactured. These towels are referred as '''guinées du Nord'''.<ref name="ImportanceOfCircarsReference">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K84_AQAAMAAJ|title= Essai historique, géographique et politique sur l'Indoustan, avec le tableau de son commerce, ce dernier pris dans une année moyenne, depuis 1702 jusqu'en 1770, époque de la suppression du privilège de l'ancienne Compagnie des Indes Orientales|publisher= Pougin|author=Alexandre Legoux de Flaix|year=1807|language=French}}</ref>{{rp|343}} As per the 1783 report by French, "one judges the fineness of this cloth by the number of '''Conjons'''...These guineas of Yanaon were made of 'roui' Cotton which has very long threads" (sic).<ref name="WeavingVillages">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5XlI91kP3YC|title= The World of the Weaver in Northern Coromandel, C.1750-c.1850 |publisher= Orient Blackswan|author=P. Swarnalatha |year=2005|isbn=9788125028680|page=69}}</ref>

Apart from the above political reason, the areas in and around Yanaon were very fertile and the textile industry flourished. The English and Dutch also established many colonies in the Circars of Rajamundry and Ellore. In these circars, the English had colonies in '''[[Draksharama]]''' (1633), '''[[Veeravasaram]]''' (1634),<ref name="DutchPresenceReference1"/>{{rp|272}} '''[[Narsapuram]]'''/Madapollam (1679),<ref name="DutchPresenceReference1"/>{{rp|273}} '''[[Injaram]]''' (1708), '''[[Coringa, East Godavari district|Coringa]]''' (1759), '''[[Neelapalli]]''' (1751),<ref name="DutchPresenceReference1"/>{{rp|275}} '''[[Bendamurulanka]]''' (1751)<ref name="DutchPresenceReference1"/>{{rp|275}} and the Dutch made their presence in '''[[Palakollu]]''' (1613), '''[[Kakinada|Jagannathapuram]]''' (1734).

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Administrative location of Yanaon at the time of French establishment in 1723<ref name="ParawanaReferences"/>{{rp|37}}
!Village
![[Paragana]]
![[Circar]]
![[Subah]]
![[Empire]]
|-
| Yanaon
| [[Injaram]]
| [[Rajamundry Sarkar|Rajahmundry]]
| [[Deccan]]
| [[Mughal Empire]]
|}
The Subah of Deccan (i.e. Hyderabad) had 22 Circars<ref name="PeddapuraSamsthanamReference"/><ref name="Yanam1706Reference"/><ref name="22CircarsofHyderabadReference">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PqcWAQAAMAAJ|title=District Census Handbook, Andhra Pradesh, Census 1961: East Godavari|publisher= Government of Andhra Pradesh|author=Superintendent of Census Operations|year=1964}}</ref>{{rp|IX}} and '''[[Rajamundry Sarkar|Rajamundry circar]]''' had 17 paraganas<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Buo9AQAAIAAJ|title=An Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps with Detailed Notes, Bibliography and Index|author=[[Irfan Habib]]|publisher=Centre of Advanced Study in History, [[Aligarh Muslim University]]|page=60|year=1982|isbn=978-0-19-560379-8 |access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref> comprising 24 mahals<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRweAAAAMAAJ|title=Mughal Administration of Deccan Under Nizamul Mulk Asaf Jah, 1720-48 A.D.|author=M. A. Nayeem|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|year=1985|page=102|isbn=9788172243258}}</ref> in it with Injaram being on them.

===Possible Dutch presence===
In the west of Yanam, there are still {{transliteration|te|ISO|Nīlikunḍīlu}} ([[Indigo]] wells). People say that the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] constructed a fort here.<ref name="YanamGovernmentWebsiteReference">{{cite web|url=https://yanam.gov.in/history/|title= History|publisher= Government of Puducherry|access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref> It is being called by locals as "saali kota" because previously weavers (''Saalivandru'') used to weave clothes. Some people believe that the Dutch used to keep their currency, [[Mint (coin)|mint]]ed in the mint at [[Neelapalli]], in this fort. The Dutch were very active during the seventeenth century and by the start of the eighteen century, their presence in India became very nominal. The records office of Madras presidency do mention some file regarding '''Yanam Dutch settlements''' when mentioning the Godavari district records (Yanaon is an enclave in [[East Godavari district]]).<ref name="DutchYanaonPresenceReference">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jk8AAAAMAAJ|title=Guide to the Records of the Godavari District: 1770-1835|author1= Madras (India: Presidency). Record Office |page=14|publisher= Superintendent, Government Press, Madras|year=1935}}</ref>
As per British records, the nearest Dutch settlements to Yanaon are ''Draksharam'' and ''Jaggernaikpoeram''.<ref name="DutchPresenceReference1">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJ8IAAAAQAAJ|title= Manual of the Administration of the Madras Presidency, in Illustration of the Records of Government & the Yearly Administration Reports|author1= E. Keys|page=80|publisher= Madras Presidency|year=1885}}</ref> At Injaram, a whopping number of 2000 weavers worked for the Dutch and around 700 for the English. As the textile industry flourished in Godavari districts where the French colony of Yanaon is an enclave, perhaps the Dutch may have made some presence in Yanaon as well.<ref name="DutchPresenceReference2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncxAAAAAMAAJ|title= History of Modern Andhra Pradesh|author1= P. Raghunanda Rao|page=30|publisher= Sterling Publishers|year=1988|isbn= 9788120708785}}</ref> The Dutch factors in Draksharama refer to the villages of Dulla and [[Vemagiri]] as being particularly important sources of cloth. Perhaps they may have some trade relationship with the weavers of Yanaon. The Dutch must have left Yanaon well before the French arrival in 1723.

=== Uncertainty in early history ===
It is not known exactly when the French founded Yanaon before 1723. It was assumed that Yanaon did not exist as a Human settlement before 1706<ref name="Yanam1706Reference"/> as that area was densely forested and got ravaged by a severe cyclone in 1706 as narrated by an eye-witness Gollapoondi Nagichitty (Gollapudi Nagishetty).<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Trübner|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jj0QAAAAYAAJ|title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras|author=Henry Morris|year=1878|pages=52–53}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mémoires et documents publiés par l'Académie salésienne, Volume 13|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=F20YAAAAYAAJ|language=French|publisher= Académie salésienne (Annecy, France)|year=1890|pages=169}}</ref> Thus, unlike other major French settlements in India, the year when French got sovereignty (i.e.circa 1750) is usually mentioned as the year of establishment in some French records.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=University of Nebraska|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=d2yTAwAAQBAJ|title=Scars of Partition: Postcolonial Legacies in French and British Borderlands |author=William F. S. Miles|year=2014|pages=169|isbn=9780803267725}}</ref><ref name="Yanam1706Reference">{{cite web|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press|url= https://archive.org/details/godavaridistrict01frhe|title=GODAVARI DISTRICT GAZETTEER (reprint)|author=William F. R. Hemingway|year=1915|pages=217}}</ref> However, there is an old Vishnu temple located in the ''rue Vichenou'' of Yanaon and popular belief is that it was built many centuries ago (i.e. well before French presence).<ref name="YanamGovernmentWebsiteReference"/> However there two more nearby villages along the mouths of Godavari in Andhra Pradesh that bear the similar name. They are [[Surasaniyanam|Surasani Yanam]] (S. Yanam){{refn|group=note|There is a popular legend that this village was given as ''Inam'' by a local ruler to {{transliteration|ur|ISO|Sūrasāni}}, a dancing girl (courtesan) and it was known as Surasani Inam in the past which over the time got corrupted as Surasani Yanam. The word ''{{transliteration|ur|ISO|sāni}}'' in the Telugu language implies courtesan or a dancing girl.<ref name="SurasaniYanamReference"/>}}<ref name="SurasaniYanamReference">{{cite web|publisher=Manager of Publications|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1fccAQAAMAAJ|title=Census of India, 1961, Volume 2, Issue 3|author=Office of the Registrar General|year=1962|pages=42}}</ref> in [[Uppalaguptam]] Mandal and Chirra Yanam in [[Katrenikona]] mandal. The name Yanaon may have come from the word Inam.{{refn|group=note|The word ''Inām'' is of [[Arabic]] origin and means a gift and in medieval Indian political sense 'a grant of land'. The Inām grants were originally rent-free and perpetual. They were given for services previously rendered. The holder of an Inām was referred to as ''Īnāmdār''.<ref name="InamMeaning">{{cite web|publisher=K. Paul, Trench& Co., London|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hShgAAAAMAAJ|title=An Anglo-Indian Dictionary: A Glossary of Indian Terms Used in English, and of Such English Or Other Non-Indian Terms as Have Obtained Special Meanings in India|author=George Clifford Whitworth|year=1885|pages=128}}</ref>}}

== 1723 Establishment ==
The main colonial history of Yanam starts in the early 18th century. French agent '''M. Courton''' was resident since 1721 at the French Colony of Masulipatam and played a major role in the establishment of the French presence in Yanaon. As per the letter dated 24 January 1723 by M. Courton to the Superior Council of French India at Pondichéry, it was mentioned that he purchased some land by the [[Godavari River]], near the (Paragana of) '''[[Injaram|Ingiron]]-Yanaon''' to establish a ''magasin'' (i.e. trading post).<ref name="EstablishmentofYanaonReference">{{cite thesis|last=Cultru|first=Prosper|type=Doctoral thesis|language=French|chapter=V|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCxXAAAAMAAJ|title=Dupleix: ses plans politiques; sa disgrace. Étude d'histoire coloniale|publisher= Université de Paris|year=1901|page=91|access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref> Its affairs were supervised by the French colony Masulipatam, which was by then already an important colony for European powers (English, Dutch, and French). French trade got permitted at Masulipatam by a firm from the [[Golconda Sultanate|King of Golconda]] dated 15 October 1669.<ref name="FirstChefdeYanaonReference"/>{{rp|121}} In 1687, the [[Mughal empire]] annexed Golconda and later the Deccan subah came under the rule of its governor [[Mubariz Khan]] who ruled from 1712 until 1724. The establishment of Yanam roughly coincided with the cession of Deccan Subah from [[Mughal Empire]] and forming the [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad sultanate]] right after the 1724 [[Battle of Shakar Kheda]].

=== 1727 Abandonment ===
As per the letter of Dupleix dated January 1928, Yanaon became so profitless and the future seemed to be dim. Under the pretext of the tyranny of local nawabs and governors, the Superior council in Pondicherry forced then French agents at Yanaon, '''M. Fouquet''' and '''M. Guillard''' to wind up the affairs and abandon it.<ref name="1927AbandonReference">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnHwlKc2IosC|title= Dupleix and His Letters (1742-1754)|publisher= R. O. Ballou|editor=Virigia Thomson|page=81|author=Joseph-François Marquis Dupleix, Virigia Thomson|year=1933}}</ref><ref name="1931RestablishmentReference">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K84_AQAAMAAJ|title= Annuaire des Établissements français dans l'Inde|publisher= Impimerie de Gouvernement, Pondichéry|date=June 1988}}</ref>{{rp|17}}
[[File:French East Indies Cannon de 4 bronze 1755 Douai 84mm 237cm 545kg iron ball 2kg.jpg|thumb|A [[French Indies Company]] [[cannon]] ("Canon de 4"). [[Bronze]], 1733, [[Douai]]. Caliber: 84mm, length: 237cm, weight: 545kg, ammunition: 2kg iron balls. The company's coat of arms can be seen on the Canon. |300x300px]]

== 1731 Re-establishment ==
The possession of Rajahmundry and Chicacole circars was disputed between the Nizam of Deccan and the [[Jeypore Estate|Gajapatis]]. [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Mir Qamaruddin]], then Nizam of Deccan, settled this issue in 1713. [[Anwaruddin Khan]] was appointed Faujdār for these two provinces.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQAJAAAAQAAJ|title=Report on the Census of the Madras Presidency, 1871: With Appendix Containing the Results of the Census Arranged in Standard Forms Prescribed by the Government of India, Volume 2–7|publisher=Government Gazette Press|date=1874|page=201}}</ref><ref name="PeddapuraSamsthanamReference"/>{{rp|55}} He appointed his ''Tabedār'' Rustum Khan alias Haji Mohammad Hussain to collect the arrears of tribute from Zamindars in these two circars.<ref name="Yanam1706Reference"/><ref name="PeddapuraSamsthanamReference">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/peddapurasamstha00jagasher|title=Śrī Peddāpura Samsthāna Charitramu|author=V. R. Jagapati Varma Garu|language=Telugu|publisher=Sri Mary Mudraksharasala, Rajahmundry|date=1915}}</ref> Rustum Khan was a Turkish officer who was Nawab (i.e. Faujdar) of Rajahmundry between 1730 and 1737.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXxXJEVuQVwC|title=Madras District Gazetteers, Volume 1|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press|date=1915|page=235}}</ref>

=== 1731 Paravana ===
A ''paravana'' dated 24 May 1731 from Haji Mohammad Hussain,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WFNmAAAAMAAJ|title=Numismatic Society of Bombay, Volume 23-24|publisher=Numismatic Society of Bombay|date=2001|page=99}}</ref> Nawab of Rajahmundry (i.e. Faujdar of this Circar{{refn|group=note|A Faujdar is ranked next to Nizam (governor) and is the head of the Sarkar, which was an administrative and a revenue division of a 'Subah'.}}) authorised the French Representative '''Fouquet''', then chief of the Company at [[Machilipatnam]] to re-establish up a ''loge''{{refn|group=note|Loge implies a trade zone where the French enjoyed legal and fiscal privileges.}} at Déchavarom (Draksharama) near Yanaon.<ref name="ParawanaReferences"/>{{rp|24}}<ref name="Annuaire1883"/>{{rp|13}} As per Puducherry government records, this parawana was meant for re-establishment loge at Yanaon.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s3UtAAAAMAAJ|title= Union Territory of Pondicherry, Volume 1, Gazetteer of India|publisher=Administration of the Union Territory of Pondicherry|year=1982}}</ref>

French re-established in Yanaon on '''30 July 1731'''.<ref name="Annuaire1883"/>{{rp|17}} '''M. Guillard''' became the first chief of Yanam, holding office for 17 long years.<ref name="FirstChefdeYanaonReference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dk5uAAAAMAAJ|title= Glimpses of Pondicherry|author=P.Raja and Rita Nath Keshari|publisher=Busy Bee Books|year=2005|isbn= 9788187619093}}</ref>{{rp|121}} The French records also credit '''M. Guillard''' for the establishment of a ''loge'' at Yanaon, which was within the ''[[paragana]] of [[Injaram|Venjaram]]'', in the ''[[Sarkar (administrative division)|Circar]] of Rajamahendri'' for the purpose of trading teakwood and towels (handkerchiefs). Guillard was a great merchant and a great captain.<ref name="ParawanaReferences"/>{{rp|37}}

=== 1734 Paravana ===
During June (or July) 1934, a ''paravana'' has been issued by the Nawab [[Dost Ali Khan Bahadur]] of Carnatic to M. Guillard for making the Pagodas of Pondichéry as the legal tender in Yanaon.<ref name="ParawanaReferences"/>{{rp|36}} [[Chanda Sahib]] who allied with French during the [[Carnatic wars]] was the son-in-law of Nawab Dost Ali Khan.

=== 1735 Paravana ===
Nawab Rustum khan (i.e. Haji Mohammad Hussain) granted a ''paravana'' dated 4 February 1735 for French commerce in Yanaon.<ref name="ParawanaReferences">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qt1QAQAAIAAJ|title= Lettres & conventions des gouverneurs de Pondichéry avec différents princes hindous, 1666 à 1793|publisher=Société de l'histoire de l'Inde française|year=1914}}</ref>{{rp|37}}

After 1742 political motives began to overshadow the desire for commercial gains of the French East India Company. All factories were fortified for the purpose of defense. '''M. De Choisy''' administered it.<ref name="ParawanaReferences"/>{{rp|153}} He died here on 24 October 1747.<ref name="ReferenceB">Annuaire des Établissements français dans l'Inde pour 1918-1919, 1919.</ref> Monsieur [[Sinfray]] succeeded him. Until 1743, the French paid an annual rent for their possessions in Yanaon to the Nawab of Rajamundry. This annual rent was waived by a ''paravana'' that was issued in 1743.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rK73DwAAQBAJ|title=Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu and South India under French Rule: From François Martin to Dupleix 1674-1754 |author= J.B.P. More|publisher=Routledge|year=2020|page=99|isbn=9781000263725 }}</ref> [[Anwaruddin Khan]], [[Nawab of Arcot]], granted all the rights on the lands situated before the quarters at Yanam to the French on 9 November 1748.<ref name="Annuaire1883"/>{{rp|25}}

== Era of Nasir Jung ==
After the death of [[Asaf Jah I]], his son [[Nasir Jung]] succeeded him. However, a succession war broke out between Nasir Jung and his nephew [[Muzaffar Jung]] (grandson of Asaf Jah I).<ref name="Siege_of_Yanam_1750"/>{{rp|19}} The French sided with the latter and this angered Nasir Jung who ordered his forces in 1750 to capture the French factories located in Masulipatam and Yanaon.<ref name="PeddapuraSamsthanamReference"/>{{rp|70}} In that year, Masulipatam was captured during May and Yanaon was besieged during July.<ref name="Siege_of_Yanam_1750">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Fb26pWqhScC|title= Nizam-British Relations, 1724-1857|author=Sarojini Regani|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1988|isbn= 9788170221951}}</ref>{{rp|48}}

== Era of Muzaffar Jung ==
However, on '''20 September 1750''', Yanaon along with Masulipatam was returned to M. Guillard, Chef de Yanaon, who was representing the French.<ref name="1931RestablishmentReference"/>{{rp|21}}

Later, [[Muzaffar Jang]], [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nawab Subedar of the Deccan]] (1750–1751) succeeded Nasir Jung. As a token of gratitude for the French support, Muzaffar Jang conferred on the French the '''Circar of Masulipatam''' (''Yanaon was governed as a dependence of Masulipatam colony by French''). Additionally to that, he granted sovereignty of '''Yanaon''', '''Karaikal''', and some adjoining areas of '''Pondicherry''' to the French during his visit to Pondicherry in December 1750.<ref name="MuzaffarJang1750Reference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Fb26pWqhScC|title=History of the French in India: From the Founding of Pondicherry in 1674 to the Capture of that Place in 1761|publisher=W.H. Allen & Company, Limited|author=George Bruce Malleson|year=1893|isbn=9788170221951 }}</ref>{{rp|274}}

Since the [[Nizam]] was only a subedar of Deccan, Muzzafar Jung technically does not hold any right to give away territories to the French without the permission or consent of his liege lord, the ''Padishah of Hindustan'' (i.e. Mughal Emperor). But the ''Mughal Padishah'' [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]], unlike his father, was only a figurehead and his imperial firmans were respected by subordinates (such as subedars, faujdars, etc) only when it suited their purposes. A ''firman'' (or {{transliteration|fa|farmānā}}) is a royal decree issued by the Emperor and meant to be irrevocable. For decrees issued by royalty lower than the Emperor then such decrees as named as ''{{transliteration|fa|hasbul hukum}}'', ''{{transliteration|fa|nishān}}'' and '' {{transliteration|fa|parwānā}}'' (or Paravana).

== Era of Salabat Jung ==
[[Salabat Jang]], the son of the [[Asaf Jah I|Nizam al Mulk]], who was indebted for his elevation to the throne to the [[French Indies Company]], granted the district of [[Guntur#Kondaveedu|Kondavid]] to the French in return for their services, and soon afterward the other [[Circars]]. He confirmed all the grants made by Muzaffar Jung to the French and allowed them to rebuild the factory at Yanaon that was completely destroyed by the forces of Nasir Jung during the siege of Yanaon by his army.<ref name="Siege_of_Yanam_1750"/><ref name="Yanam1706Reference"/>

An imperial '''[[firman (decree)|firman]]''' dated '''14 May 1753''' was issued by the Mughal emperor [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]], confirming all the concessions made to the French by [[Salabat Jang]], the [[Subedar of Deccan]].<ref name="JBPMoreReference">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQ1uAAAAMAAJ|title=The Telugus of Yanam and Masulipatnam: From French rule to Integration with India|author= J.B.P. More|year=2007}}</ref>{{rp|11}}

In December 1753, a ''paravana'' of Salabat Jang, Subedar of Deccan conceded to [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau|Bussy]] the circars of [[Chicacole]], [[Ellore]], [[Rajahmundry]] and [[Kondapalli|Mustafanagar]] with an annual revenue Rs. 2,00,000 for the maintenance of the French troops in the [[Subah (province)|Subah]] in recognition of the help of these Circars amounted up to 10 lakhs of Rupees per year. These four circars were part of [[Northern Circars]]. Bussy helped Salabat Jang to be the ''Subedar of Deccan''. The agreement made between the French and Salabat Jang in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] bears the signature of Said Loukshur, Minister of Salabat Jang. Yanam acquired considerable importance during the occupation of the [[Northern Circars]] by the French.

One street in Yanaon and another in Pondicherry are named in remembrance of [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau|Bussy]]. However, the street in Pondicherry has been renamed 'Lal Bahadur Shastri Street'.

==First British occupation==
There is again a dearth of information regarding this place from 1753 to 1765. Another important event in history was the war between the French and the English fought at Chandurthi in 1758 in which the French were defeated. Yanam fell into the hands of the British around the same year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDQ5SzWIDg8C|title= The Bengal and Agra Annual Guide and Gazetteer|publisher= W. Rushton and Company|page=422|year=1841}}</ref> [[Salabat Jang]] made a treaty with British and gave the [[Northern Circars]] under a ''[[firman (decree)|firman]]'' to the English. Later [[Nizam]] rebelled against the English. A second treaty was the result of war and Northern Circars remained permanently under the control of the [[British India|British]]. After 1760 the French lost hold in [[South India]], especially on Northern Circars. In 1765 Lord [[Robert Clive]], the then-existing Chief and Council at [[Vizagapatam]] obtained from the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Shah Alam]] a grant of the five Circars.

The Article XI of the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)]] ensured that the English to handover all the possessions the French held as of 1749.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris763.asp|title=Treaty of Paris (1963)|access-date=31 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontenac-ameriques.org/histoire-et-memoire/article/le-traite-de-paris-du-10-fevrier|title=Le Traité de Paris du 10 février 1763|language=French|year=2009|access-date=31 July 2022}}</ref>
The '''Article XI''' of this treaty stated that,
<blockquote>{{lang|fr|(Dans les Indes Orientales La Grande Bretagne restituera à la France, dans l'Etat où ils sont aujourd'hui, les differens Comptoirs, que cette Couronne possedoit tant sur la Côte de Choromandel & d'Orixa, que sur celle de Malabar, ainsi que dans le Bengale, au Commencement de l'Année mil sept cent quarante neuf; Et Sa Majesté Très Chretienne renonce à toute Pretension aux Acquisitions, qu'Elle avoit faites sur la Côte de Choromandel, & d'Orixa, depuis le dit Commencement de l'Année mil sept centquarante neuf.
Sa Majeste Très Chretienne restituera, de son Coté, tout ce qu'Elle pourroit avoir conquis sur la Grande Bretagne dans les Indes Orientales pendant la presente Guerre, & fera restituer nommement Natal & Tapanouly dans l'Isle de Sumatra. Elle s'engage de plus à ne point eriger de Fortifications, & à ne point entretenir de Troupes dans aucune Partie des Etats du Subah de Bengale.

Et afin de conserver la Paix future sur la Côte de Choromandel & d'Orixa, les Anglois & les François reconnoitront Mahomet Ali Khan pour legitime Nabob du Carnate, & Salabat Jing pour legitime Subah de Decan; Et les deux Parties renonceront à toute Demande ou Pretension de Satisfaction qu'Elles pourroient former à la Charge, l'une de l'autre, ou à celle de leurs Alliés Indiens pour les Depredations ou Degats commis soit d'un Coté, soit de l'autre pendant la Guerre.)}} (In the East Indies [[Great Britain]] shall restore to France, in the condition they are now in, the different factories which that Crown possessed, as well as on the coast of [[Coromandel Coast|Coromandel]] and [[Orissa|Orixa]] as on that of [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]], as also in [[Bengal]], at the beginning of the year 1749. And his Most Christian Majesty renounces all pretension to the acquisitions which he has made on the coast of Coromandel and Orixa since the said beginning of the year 1749. His Most Christian Majesty shall restore, on his side, all that he may have conquered from Great Britain in the East Indies during the present war; and will expressly cause Nattal and Tapanoully, in the island of Sumatra, to be restored; he engages farther, not to erect fortifications, or to keep troops in any part of the dominions of the Subah of Bengal. And in order to preserve future peace on the coast of Coromandel and Orixa, the English and French shall acknowledge [[Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah|Mahomet Ally Khan]] for lawful [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Nabob of the Carnatick]], and [[Salabat Jung|Salabat Jing]] for lawful [[Hyderabad state|Subah of the Decan]]; and both parties shall renounce all demands and pretensions of satisfaction with which they might charge each other, or their Indian allies, for the depredations or pillage committed on the one side or on the other during the war.).</blockquote>

A document dated 15 May 1765 showed that the villages of Yanam and Kapulapalem (Capouloupalém) with other lands were handed over by Jean white hill and George Dolben, the Englishmen deputed by Mr. Jean Pybus, the head of the English settlement in [[Masulipatam]] to Mr. Jean Jacques Panon, French Commissioner deputed by [[Jean Law de Lauriston]] the then Governor General of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondichéry]], for taking them over.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxhuAAAAMAAJ|title= The French in India, 1763-1816|publisher= Munshiram Manoharlal|author=Siba Pada Sen|page=109|year=1971|isbn= 9788121503747}}</ref> This document mentions that France entered into possession of Yanam and its dependent territories with exemption from all export and import duties. Soon after taking possession of this settlement, Mr. Panon obtained a ''firman'' from the ruler of [[Rajahmundry]] granting the French full liberty of trade at Yanam and another one from the [[Nizam Ali Khan|Nawab Mir Nizam Ali Khan Bahadur]] (Asaf Jah II) calling upon the [[Zamindar]]s of the Circar [[Kondapalli|Mustafanagar]] not to hinder the commerce of the French.

After the transfer of [[Northern Circars]] to the English, Yanam came under the province of [[Peddapuram]] in the jurisdiction of Sri Raja Vatsavaya Kala Thimma Jagapathi Bahadhoor (Timma Raja). The French had a modest building in Yanam situated a [[league (unit)|league]] from the sea, on the [[Coringa River]] into which small vessels could enter.
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box| before= [[French Indies Company]]| title=First British Occupation of Yanaon | after=[[French Indies Company]] | years=1758–1765}}
{{S-end}}

==1765 dispute of market==
The documents of 1765 throw light on a dispute of a weekly market or fair in Yanam. A weekly market used to be held here every Tuesday (Even now market occurs in Yanam on this Tuesday only). People used to come to it for purchasing all their essential commodities once a week. Neelapalli (Nélapilly), a neighboring village of Yanam was under the British at that time. It is nearly 3  kilometres away from Yanam. The people in this village also used to hold a fair on Tuesdays. Thus there was a clash of interests between Yanam and Neelapalli. After prolonged correspondence with the English authorities at [[Madras]], the French authorities in Yanam succeeded in changing the fair of Neelapalli to another day of the week, Saturday. In this way, Yanam triumphed over its neighboring village Neelapalli.<ref>Frenchi Palanalo Yanam (2013), by Bolloju Baba.</ref><ref name="YanamGovernmentWebsiteReference"/>

==1767 memoire by Lauriston==
{{Quote box
| quote =It is from Yanam that we get our best 'Guinness' (fine cloth). It is possible to have commerce here worth more than a million [[French livre|livres]] per year under circumstances more favorable than those in which we are placed now, but always by giving advances much earlier, which we have never been in a position to do. From this place, we also procured [[teakwood]], oils, rice, and other grains both for the men as well as for the animals. A port from commerce, Yanam enjoyed another kind of importance. "The advantages which may be derived in a time of war from the alliances that we the French may conclude with several [[Raja]]s who sooner or later cannot fail to be dissatisfied with the English'." Although the English gained effective control over the Circars, Yanam enabled the French to enter into secret relations with the local chieftains. Yanam had some commercial importance.
| source = — Extract from [[Jean Law de Lauriston]]'s memoire on Yanaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3IBAAAAMAAJ|title=Mémoire sur quelques affaires de l'Empire mogol, 1756-1761|author= John Law (Jean Law de Lauriston)|editor=Alfred Martineau|language=French|publisher=E. Champion|year=1913}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 50%
}}
[[Jean Law de Lauriston]], Governor of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondichéry]] (1765–1766) stated in his "Memoire of 1767".
During that time, it was a center for the production of salt and this salt constituted the major part of the quantity imported by the French into [[Bengal]] region. It was also an important center of cotton goods and supplied a large part of the return cargo of the French ships visiting India. A few French citizens in Yanam were fully occupied by these two kinds of profitable business and they had no interest in political and administrative matters that were left entirely to the chief or [[commandant]]. Indian residents wanted nothing better than to be left in peace to carry on their trading activities.

==Second British occupation==
During 1783 many French settlements along with Yanaon went under British occupation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5ZeAAAAcAAJ|title=Commercial Tariffs and Regulations, Resources, and Trade, of the Several States of Europe and America: Together with the Commercial Treaties Between England and Foreign Countries. India, Ceylon, and other oriental countries, Part 23|page=79|author=John Macgregor (Member of Parliament.)|publisher=Great Britain Board of Trade, Great Britain Parliament|year=1848}}</ref> There is again lack of information because of its subsequent English occupation. Yanam was restored again to the French in '''February 1785''' and Masulipatam along with Francepeth was retroceded on 16 March 1785.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mV0wAQAAIAAJ|title=The Beautiful India - Pondicherry|page=75|author=Syed Amanur Rahman, Balraj Verma|year=2006|publisher=Reference Press |isbn=9788184050288 }}</ref> The 1787 Convention between Great Britain and France on the subject of the French establishments and commerce in India mentions about the restoration of Yanaon factory to the French.<ref name="1787ConventionBetweenFranceAndGreatBritainReference">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EFNAQAAMAAJ|title=Recueil de traités: 1785-1790|pages=284–285|author=Georg Friedrich Martens |publisher=Dieterich|year=1818}}</ref>

The '''Article IX''' of this convention states that,
<blockquote>{{lang|fr|(La factorerie d'Yanam, avec ses dependances, ayant, en exécution dudit traité de paix , été délivrée par le Sr. Guillaume Hamilton , de la part de S. M.{{refn|group=note|It is an abbreviation of ''Sa Majesté'' (i.e. His Majesty)}} Britannique, au Sr. Pierre- Paul Martin, de la part de S. M. T. C.{{refn|group=note|It is an abbreviation of ''Sa Majesté Très Chrétienne'' (i.e. His Majesty Most Christian)}} la restitution en est confirmée par la présente Convention , dans les termes de l'instrument, daté du 7 Mars 1785, et signé par les sieurs Hamilton et Martin)}} (The Factory of Yanam, with its dependencies, having, in pursuance of the said treaty of peace, been delivered up by Mr. William Hamilton, on the part of his Britannic Majesty, to Mr. Peter Paul Martin, on the part of his Most Christian Majesty, the restitution thereof is consumed by the present Convention, in the terms of the instrument bearing date the seventh of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty five, and signed by Messieurs Hamilton and Martin.).</blockquote>

Mr. Mallhendre took possession after the retrocession of Yanaon and Mr. Bluter succeeded him.
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box| before= [[French Indies Company]]| title=Second British Occupation of Yanaon | after=[[French Colonial Empire]] | years=1778–1785}}
{{S-end}}

==During the French Revolution==
The [[French Revolution]] had its effects in different ways in all the former French settlements. The French trade at Yanam was considerable at that time.

After Bluter, Mr. [[Pierre Sonnerat]] became chief in 1790 in Yanam. He was a scholar and writer. He had a profound interest in natural sciences.<ref>{{cite journal|year=1892|title=Pierre Sonnerat (1745-1814)|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25895648|journal=Gardeners' Chronicle|series=3|volume=12|pages=338, 378}}</ref> He wrote a book,''Voyages aux Indes Orientales et à la Chine'', in three volumes. He appreciated very much the sonority and the music of the [[Telugu language]]. He administered Yanam during the time of the French Revolution.

Sonnerat was involved in commercial businesses, along with other traders. His commercial involvement brought serious consequences to his administrative post. Petitions against him were presented to [[Camille Charles Leclerc, chevalier de Fresne]], the then-French Governor in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondichéry]]. On 5 June 1790, a Frenchman called De Mars complained about him for the first time. By that time Pondichéry, under the influence of the French Revolution, had already formed the first representative committee. But no action was taken in favor of De Mars either by the Governor or by this committee.

The slave trade that was rampant in Yanaon started diminishing due to the newly formed Colonial assembly in Pondicherry on 16 October 1792. The first article of the assembly's resolution '''banned''' slavery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDQ5SzWIDg8C|page=426|title=The Bengal and Agra Annual Guide and Gazetteer|publisher= W. Rushton and Company|year=1841}}</ref> M. de Bury was elected as Deputy to the Colonial assembly from Yanam in January 1793.<ref name="Annuaire1883">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K84_AQAAMAAJ|title=Annuaire des Établissements français dans l'Inde|publisher= Impimerie de Gouvernement, Pondichéry|year=1883}}</ref>

==Third British occupation==
Once again French lost control over Yanam to the British in June 1793.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5eHJDwAAQBAJ|pages=225|title=The Revolution and the French Establishments in India (1790-1793)|author1= Arghya Bose|publisher= Setu Prakashani|year=2019}}</ref> During 1793 and 1816 [[Puducherry (city)|Pondichéry]] was under British control. So, Yanam fell thrice into the hands of the British. After the [[Napoleonic Wars]], by the [[Treaty of Paris (1814)]] Yanam along with the factory at [[Machilipatnam]] was finally returned to the French on 26 September 1816. However some French records slightly differ on the dates of return: Pondichéry and Karikal 4 December 1816, Chandernagore 14 January 1817, '''Yanaon 12 April 1817''' and Mahé 22 February 1817.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPLvAAAAMAAJ|pages=50|title=Traité de législation coloniale, Volume 1|author1= Paul Dislère|publisher= P. Dupont|year=1886}}</ref> From then it was continuously under the control of French until it got independence. The third British occupation is also called as final British occupation.
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box| before= [[French Colonial Empire]]| title=Final British Occupation of Yanaon | after=[[French Colonial Empire]] | years=1793–1816}}
{{S-end}}

==1839 Cyclone==
On 25 November 1839 a severe [[Cyclone]] occurred that was accompanied by an inundation of the sea and the town was laid to waste. The cyclone and [[storm surge]] inundation that accompanies it are referred to in the local Telugu language as ''{{transliteration|te|ISO|Tufānu}}'' ({{langx|te|తుఫాను}}) and ''{{transliteration|te|ISO|Uppena}}'' ({{langx|te|ఉప్పెన}}). All the official records got destroyed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZEIAAAAQAAJ|pages=209|title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras|author1= Henry Morris|publisher= Trübner|year=1878}}</ref> It was said that the force of the wind was such as had never before been witnessed there, and the inroad of the sea was very dreadful. The factory and town suffered a loss of 1,500 inhabitants and could not recover from such a calamity for many years. To understand the scale of the loss, it was mentioned that one house at the nearby [[Tallarevu]] village in which 400 people have taken shelter was blown down and most of them killed. Also, at nearby Mallavaram village, only 19 out of 2000 inhabitants got survived.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDxDAQAAMAAJ|pages=531|title=The Gentleman's Magazine, Volume 167–168|publisher= F. Jefferies|year=1840}}</ref> The term '''cyclone''' was coined by a British official [[Henry Piddington]] after observing cyclones, especially at Coringa which was a busy port before 1839. It was estimated that around 20,000 vessels got destroyed and 3,00,000 people lost their lives in Coringa. A 40-foot tidal wave (storm surge) hit the Coringa port. Aftermath, it was never built and today it remained a simple village.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRzMOYIuLJEC|pages=242|title=Natural Disasters|author1= Lee Allyn Davis|publisher= Infobase Publishing|year=2008|isbn=9781438118789 }}</ref>

== Anglo-French Negotiations Regarding the Status of French India==
After the French possessions were returned back by the British to the French after the [[Napoleonic Wars]] in the early nineteenth century, the matter of these establishments and other minor lodges came into the dialogue between these two Imperial powers thrice; 1857, 1883-5, and April 1914. During the first instance in 1857, ''the British government wanted to secure all of French India barring Pondicherry and Karikal''. Had the first occasion of negotiations succeeded then Yanaon would have been ceded to British India long back and its importance would have been relegated to oblivion like some of its nearby ancient English settlements, [[Injaram]] and [[Neelapalle]]. During the second negotiation in the 1880s, ''the British government tried hard to secure the extinction of French rights in the French loges in return for compensation in the region of Pondicherry''. On the last occasion during the start of the [[First World War]], ''the negotiations were focused more particularly on the position of Chandernagore''. However, none of these three negotiations were fruitful and none of them could not reach an agreement.<ref name="AngloFrenchDialogue1952">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9mfzU9cyhAC|title=Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919-1939, First Series, Volume 4|author1= E.L. Woodward and Rohan Butler|publisher= Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London|page=466|year=1952}}</ref>

==C.P. Brown connection with Yanaon==
While the linguist [[C.P. Brown]] was working as a judge at [[Rajahmundry]] in 1834, he came to know that one Sri Majeti Sarvesalingam possessed a collection of old Telugu books. So Brown contacted the then chief de Yanaon, Capitaine de Lesparda, and requested him to arrange a meeting with Sarvesalingam. It seems he collected nearly 300 books and paid one hundred and fifty rupees for the manuscripts in the library of Majeti Sarvesalingam. Of the 613 manuscripts in this library, 386 were Sanskrit works, and the others contained works on grammar, spells (mantras), and on medicine.<ref>page 22, C.¨P. Brown, by Vaṭṭipalli Subbarāyuḍu, Jānamaddi Hamumacchāstri, Mahathi Publications, 2000</ref> Also, many of Brown's manuscripts and other possessions were kept by Mulupuri Sundara Ramayya in his house at Yanaon. He charged Brown Rs. 2,316 for storage of his manuscripts and possessions and for shipping them to Madras.<ref>Telugu letter from Sundara Ramayya to Brown, 10 March 1838, GOML: Tel.MSS. M. 401, pp-494-6</ref>

==Local administration==

===1840 Decree===
Local administration was started in Yanaon by a [[royal decree]] (Ordonnance Royale) dated 23 July 1840 during [[July Monarchy]]. According to that decree, Yanaon and [[Mahé, India|Mahé]] were Provided with a Chef de service (Service Chief) who resides in his official residence. After the merger, it is being resided by Regional Executive Officer, Yanam.<ref name="ReferenceA">La Gazette de I'Etat de Pondichéry (Gazette of Puducherry)</ref>

A colonial government was formed in 1840. According to ''Annuaire statistique des établissements français dans l'Inde- 1843'' by Pierre-Constant Sicé, the details of colonial government in 1843 were,
* [[Governor General|Gouverneur Général]] de [[French India|établissements français dans l'Inde]] – De Nourquer Du Camper (Paul)
* Gouvernement Colonial de Yanaon
** Chef de service – Jourdain (Jean-Philippe-Paul)
*** Administration – Ribeiro (Dominique-Grégoire), [[Accountant|écrivain]].
** Service de Santé – Pithois (Pamphile), [[Chief Medical Officer|officer de santé]].
** Administration financière – Ticanny Tiramalaram, percepteur des revenues à [[Machilipatnam|mazulipatam]].
** Justice
*** [[Tribunal d'instance|Tribunal de prèmiere instance]]
**** Sicé (Eugène), [[Prosecutor|procureur du Roi]]
**** Calmels (Jean-René-Eucher), [[Court clerk|greffier-notaire]]
**** Vingatramaya, [[Language interpretation#Judicial|interprête]].
*** [[Police]]
**** P.Condaya, [[Language interpretation#Public sector|interprête]].<ref>Annuaire statistique des établissements français dans l'Inde By Pierre-Constant Sicé</ref>

===1871 Decree===
According to a decree dated 1 February 1871, one person can be sent as a [[Legislator|député]] to the [[Chamber of Deputies of France|Chambre des députés]].<ref name="ReferenceA" />

===1872 Decree===
Another pivotal incident in local administration was a decree of 1872. It was dated 13 June 1872 and was issued during [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. According to that decree, Conseil locaux (Local councils) were created at each colony. The elected member was called a Conseiller local (Local councilor). Conseil local de Yanaon had a strength of four local councilors. The term of office was 6 years with one-half of membership renewed every three years.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

===1878 Decree===
According to a decree dated 24 February 1878, one person can be sent as a sénateur to the Sénat ([[French Senate]]). A senator will be elected by the Conseil colonial (Colonial Council) and Conseil local (Local council). The first elections were held on 26 March 1876.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

===1946 Decree===
By the decree of 1946, [[French India]] (Inde française) became Overseas territory ([[Territoire d'outre-mer]]) of France. Then a ''[[Représentative de l'Inde française]]'' (Representative Assembly of French India) was created for each colony. Yanaon was provided with two assembly representatives (Equivalent to [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]).

====Members of Representative Assembly of French India (1946-1955)====
{{See also|Representative Assembly of French India}}
{{further|1946 French India Representative Assembly election}}
{{further|1951 French India Representative Assembly election}}
* 1946: '''Madimchetty Satianarayanamourty'''; '''[[Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu]]''',<ref>Journal Officiel des établissements français de l'Inde, 1947.</ref>
* 1951: '''Madimchetty Satianarayanamourty'''; '''Canacala Tataya'''.<ref>Journal Officiel des établissements français de l'Inde, 1952.</ref>

====Members of Pondicherry Representative Assembly (1955-1963)====
{{See also|Pondicherry Representative Assembly}}
{{further|1955 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election}}
{{further|1959 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election}}
* 1955: '''Erra Jagannadha Rao''' (Congress); '''[[Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu]]''' (Congress).
* 1959: ''Kanakalapeta'' constituency: '''[[Kamichetty Savithri]]''' (Ind.);<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAkuAAAAYAAJ|title=Directory of Indian Women Today, 1976|page=251|work= Ajīta Kaura, Arpana Caur|publisher=India International Publications|year=1918}}</ref> ''Adiandhrapeta'' constituency: '''[[Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu]]''' (Ind.).

During the 1959 election from the Kanakalapeta constituency, two independents secured exactly 707 votes each and so to decide the winner, lots were cast. Finally, [[Kamichetty Savithri]] was declared the winner. In the same constituency, a Congress candidate polled only 8 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1959_11/37/pondicherry_assembly_electionsan_analysis.pdf|title=Pondicherry Assembly Elections|access-date=2023-09-03|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606152924/https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1959_11/37/pondicherry_assembly_electionsan_analysis.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Municipal administration==
{{Main|Municipal Administration in French India}}
Though the French established colonies in India in the seventeenth century, it was not until the end of the 19th century they started civil administration in [[French India]].

===French Metropolitan Decree===
A French Metropolitan Decree, dated 12 March 1880 adopted a six-year term of office for Mayors (Maire), municipal councilors (Conseil Municipaux), and commune panchayats (Communes). Thus French India has seen a French system of municipal administration. In the past, municipal administration was virtually the pivot of the whole administrative machinery in French India. It had several features that could serve as a role model for hassle-free administration.

Then a total of 10 communes were formed in which Yanaon became one commune with a strength of 12 Municipal Councillors (conseiller municipaux). The first municipal elections were held on 30 May 1880.

===Structure of municipality===
{{See also|Yanam Municipality}}
''La Mairie'' ([[Town Hall]]) in Yanaon is now called Municipality Building. It was built in the 19th century and is situated next to ''Court House'' on Thiagaraja Street in Yanaon Town. During French colonial rule, [[Yanam Municipality]] had 12 Sièges. Then, they were called previously as Sièges instead of wards. Each ward (Siège) was represented by a municipal councilor (Conseiller Municipal). Each [[Communes of France|commune]] possessed a Mayor (Maire) and a [[Municipal council]] (Conseil Municipal) which managed the commune from the ''Mairie''. The life span of a Municipal council was six years, with one-half of the membership renewed for every three years.

===Election results of 1948===
Elections held on 24 October 1948 and 18 October 1954 were the most crucial in the history of French India. In June 1948 the French and Indian Governments came to an agreement as to how the future of the French Settlements should be determined.

Municipal elections were held in [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondichéry]], [[Karikal]] and [[Yanam Municipality|Yanam]] on 24 October 1948. The two main parties were the French India Socialist Party ([Socialist]), which favored the continuance of French rule, and the French India Congress ([[Indian National Congress|Congress]]), which favored union with India. Socialist Party was headed by [[Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu]], a strong pro-French leader and later MLA of Yanam. and Congress Party was headed by Yerra Jaganatha Rao.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Among the Independents was Madimchetty Satianandam who got later elected as mayor and performed a key role in merging of Yanam in India.

*'''Yanam''' – 12
**'''Socialists''' – 3
**'''Independents''' – 9

Notable Municipal Councillors were, [[Bezawada Bapa Naidou]], [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] [[Bouloussou Soubramaniam Sastroulou]], [[Kamichetty Venougopala Rao Naidou]], [[Samatam Krishnayya]], Madimchetty Satianandam, Kamichetty Savithiry and [[Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu]].

==Glimpse of Official Holidays==
As per the decret dated 20 August 1947 the official holidays in French India (except Chandernagore) were given below:<ref>Journal Officiel des établissements de Inde français, 1948.</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!S. No.
!Name
!colspan=1|Number of Holidays
!Establishment
|-
!colspan=5|National festival
|-
|1
|[[Fête nationale]]{{small|(14 July)}}
|1
|Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon
|-
!colspan=5|Common religious festivals
|-
|2
|[[New Year's Day]] {{small|([[Christian festival|Christian]])}}
|2
|Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon
|-
|3
|[[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] {{small|([[Christian festival|Christian]])}}
|1
|Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon
|-
|4
|[[Mardi Gras]] {{small|([[Christian festival|Christian]])}}
|1
|Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon
|-
|5
|[[Good Friday]] and [[Holy Saturday]] {{small|([[Christian festival|Christian]])}}
|2
|Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon
|-
|6
|[[All Soul's Day]] {{small|([[Christian festival|Christian]])}}
|1
|Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon
|-
|7
|[[Christmas]] {{small|([[Christian festival|Christian]])}}
|1
|Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon
|-
|8
|[[Ramadan|Ramzan]] {{small|([[Muslim festival|Muslim]])}}
|1
|Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon
|-
|9
|[[Bakrid]] {{small|([[Muslim festival|Muslim]])}}
|1
|Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon
|-
|10
|[[Muharram]] {{small|([[Muslim festival|Muslim]])}}
|1
|Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon
|-
|11
|[[Milad-e-Nabi]] {{small|([[Muslim festival|Muslim]])}}
|1
|Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon
|-
|11
|[[Vinayaka Chaturthi]] {{small|([[Hindu festival|Hindu]])}}
|1
|Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon
|-
|12
|[[Ayudha Puja]] {{small|([[Hindu festival|Hindu]])}}
|1
|Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon
|-
|13
|[[Deepavali]] {{small|([[Hindu festival|Hindu]])}}
|1
|Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon
|-
|14
|[[Vaikunta Ekadasi]] {{small|([[Hindu festival|Hindu]])}}
|1
|Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon
|-
|15
|[[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] {{small|([[Hindu festival|Hindu]])}}
|1
|Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon
|-
|16
|Kari naal {{small|([[Hindu festival|Hindu]])}}
|1
|Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon
|-
|17
|Masi Magham {{small|([[Hindu festival|Hindu]])}}
|1
|Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon
|-
|18
|[[Tamil New Year's Day]] {{small|([[Hindu festival|Hindu]])}}
|1
|Pondichéry, Karikal
|-
|19
|Villianur festival {{small|([[Hindu festival|Hindu]])}}
|1
|Pondichéry
|-
|20
|Virampattinam festival {{small|([[Hindu festival|Hindu]])}}
|1
|Pondichéry
|-
|21
|Virampattinam festival {{small|([[Hindu festival|Hindu]])}}
|1
|Pondichéry
|-
|22
|Kandurai festival {{small|([[Muslim festival|Muslim]])}}
|1
|Karaikal
|-
|23
|Mango festival<ref name="MangofestivalKaraikal">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/karaikals-festival-of-mangoes-that-celebrates-a-saint/articleshow/76822712.cms|title=Karaikal's festival of mangoes that celebrates a saint|author= P Raja|publisher=Times of India|date=7 July 2020|access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref> {{small|([[Hindu festival|Hindu]])}}
|1
|Karaikal
|-
|24
|Sani Pethi festival {{small|([[Hindu festival|Hindu]])}}
|1
|Karaikal
|-
|25
|[[Yanam Venkanna Babu Kalyāṇōtsavam|Vishnu festival]] {{small|([[Hindu festival|Hindu]])}}
|1
|Yanaon
|-
|26
|[[Ugadi]] {{small|([[Hindu festival|Hindu]])}}
|1
|Yanaon
|}

==Yanam-Neelapalli Bridge==
The Yanam-Neelapalli bridge also called the Yanam Bridge over the 'Ātreya branch' (Korangi) of [[Godavari]] was constructed in the early 20th century. [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen|The 2nd Viscount Goschen]], then [[Governor of Madras Presidency]] laid the foundation stone for the bridge on 10 December 1927. A report of [[Madras presidency]]'s administration in 1928 mentioned that Governor Goschent left Madras on 4 December 1927 to lay the foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.108237/|title=Report on the Administration of the Madras Presidency, during the year 1927-28|publisher=The Superintendent, Government Press, Madras|year=1929|pages=4}}</ref> Madimchetty Bapanna donated some lands leading to the bridge for road construction.<ref name="JBPMoreReference"/>{{rp|119}}

[[File:Indian_Flag_Hoisting_in_Yanam,_1954.jpg|right|400px|thumb|An old photo of 1954 that captured the flag hoisting ceremony aftermath the liberation of Yanaon.]]

==Liberation of Yanam==

{{Main|Coup d'État de Yanaon}}
Yanam had a dominant [[pro-French]] atmosphere prevailing in its people and its leaders. In due course of time due to nationalist struggle by some leaders, conditions became intolerable in Yanam after its mayor and other representatives of Yanam adopted the merger resolution on 29 April 1954. The resolution remarked<ref>The Hindu, 4 May 1954</ref>
<blockquote>'' Firmly attached and sympathetic towards the [[India|Indian Union]], our Motherland, we the elected representatives of this establishment, ardently and unanimously desire the immediate integration and without a referendum of the territory of our establishment with that of the Indian Union to which our territory is tied geographically, economically, ethnically and culturally.''</blockquote>

Later, the mayor, deputy mayor, and over 200 people took refuge in the adjacent areas of India. Police and hired hoodlums from Yanam assaulted refugees on Indian soil. On 13 June 1954, these people under the guise of civilians marched into Yanam under the leadership of [[Dadala Raphael Ramanayya]]. The then-Mayor of Yanaon, Monsieur Madimchetty Satianarayanamourty alias Satia, aided them and took over the administration.<ref name="1954liberation"/> After hoisting the [[Indian Flag|Indian National Flag]], they formed the revolutionary [[provisional government]] of Yanam headed by Dadala Raphael Ramanayya <ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fBtAAAAMAAJ|title=Encyclopaedia of India: Pondicherry|publisher= Rima Publishing House|author=Pran Nath Chopra |year=1992|pages=124}}</ref> and adopted a resolution declaring "{{lang|fr|Yanaon a Libéré}}" ({{literal translation|Yanam liberated}}). The coup d'état of Yanam was announced by [[All India Radio]] and the Press.<ref name="coupdetatYanaonReference1"/>
{{S-start}}
{{s-bef | rows=3 | before=British Occupation}}
{{s-ttl | title=French Establishment of Yanam| years=26 September 1816 – 13 June 1954}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Provisional Government]] of Yanam {{small|([[de facto]] not recognized by France until October 1954 de facto transfer agreement) }}}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl | title=French Establishment of Yanam ([[de facto]]) | years=26 September 1816 – 1 November 1954}}
{{s-aft | after=India}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl | title=French Establishment of Yanam ([[de jure]]) | years=26 September 1816 – 16 August 1962}}
{{s-aft | after=India}}
{{S-end}}
Then prime minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] was annoyed by the direct involvement of Indian police in the liberation and wrote a letter to the then deputy chief minister of Andhra, [[Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy]] for immediate withdrawal of Indian armed forced from Yanam.<ref>The Selected Works of Nehru, Vol 26, p.435</ref>

==Transition period (1954-1962)==
The Yanam, coup d'état had enraged the French authorities of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondichéry]]. Rumors were spread to the effect that the [[French government]] were despatching a [[cruiser]] to Yanam to capture Merger Leaders and to re-establish their authority. After the coup, the last [[Administrator of the Government|administrator]] of Yanam, George Sala, was recalled by [[André Ménard]], then Governor General of Pondichéry, in June 1954.

[[Dadala]] was also appointed as Acting Commissioner for Yanam for 14 days. Towards the end of June 1954, Sri [[Kewal Singh]] paid a visit to Yanam and requested Dadala's return to [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondichéry]] to continue his activities there. On 3 July, on Kewal Singh's request, Dadala left Yanam, after making all arrangements for its proper administration.
[[File:Treaty of Cession of French India 1956Photo.png|right|400px|thumb|An old photo of signature of the Treaty of Cession of French Establishments of India dated 28 May 1956. Plenipotentiary Signatories: '''On behalf of [[Republic of India]]''', treaty was signed by the Indian [[Minister for External Affairs]], '''Shri [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]''' (''seated in the centre'') and '''On behalf of [[French Republic]]''', signed by the French Ambassador in India, H. E. '''Monsieur [[Stanislas Ostroróg]]''' (''seated second from the left''). Then [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Chief Commissioner of Pondicherry]], Hon'ble '''[[Kewal Singh]]''' can be seen standing second from the right.]]

===De facto transfer===
Yanam remained under French control until 13 June 1954, when it joined the Republic of India as a result of Indian military action. On 1 November 1954, after long years of the independence struggle, the four enclaves of [[Pondicherry district|Pondicherry]], Yanam, [[Mahé, India|Mahe]], and [[Karikal]] were transferred ''de facto'' to India.<ref name="DeFactoTransferAgreement1954">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/7706/Agreement+on+De+Facto+Transfer+of+French+Establishments|title=Agreement on De Facto Transfer of French Establishments|work=Ministry of External Affairs, India|publisher=Government of India|year=1954}}</ref><ref name="ref1958">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0mAQAAIAAJ|title=Civil Affairs|volume=5|publisher=Monthly Journal of Local Govt. and Public Administration in India|year=1958}}</ref>{{rp|103}} The first High Commissioner of Pondicherry, [[Kewal Singh]] was appointed immediately after the ''Kizhoor referendum'' on 21 October 1954 as per Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947.<ref name="ref2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ|title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature|author= G. C. Malhotra|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|year=2004|isbn=9788120004009}}</ref>{{rp|964}} The Chief Commissioner had the powers of the former French commissioner, but was under the direct control of the Union Government.<ref name="reference1963">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7We3DQAAQBAJ|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1963: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations|author=S. Steinberg|publisher=MACMILLAN&Co.LTD, London|year=1963|isbn=9780230270893 }}</ref>{{rp|198}}

The Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] visited [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] on 16 January 1955. He also paid a visit to Aurobindo Ashram on the same day.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYuGZyotZjsC|title=Mira to Mother |pages=148|author=Udhaya Kumar |publisher=Sura Books|year=2004|isbn=9788174784902 }}</ref> Messrs [[Edouard Goubert]], S. Perumal, Dadala and Sri [[Pakirisamy Pillai]] presented addresses to Pandit Nehru in a public meeting in the maidan of Gorimedu. Nehru assured the people of Pondicherry that the individuality of Pondicherry resulting from the influence of French institutions and culture would be preserved as windows of France and French culture.<ref>{{cite web|date= 1955|title=Indian Recorder & Digest, Volumes 1 to 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ |work= Diwan Chand Indian Information Centre|access-date=3 July 2022 }}</ref>{{rp|21}}

===1956 Treaty of Cession===
A treaty of cession was signed by the two countries on 28 May 1956.<ref name="Traité de Cession, 1956">{{cite web|url=https://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/asie/Inde-traite-cession-pondichery1956.htm|title=Traité de cession des Établissements français de Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé et Yanaon|language=French|year=1956|access-date=31 July 2022}}</ref> The ''de jure'' transfer was delayed until the end of the [[Algerian War]]. The treaty was ratified by the French parliament in May 1962. On 16 August 1962 (De Jure Day) India and France exchanged the instruments of ratification under which France ceded to India full sovereignty over the territories it held.<ref name="TreatofCessionDateReference"/> This treaty also confirmed that France was not responsible for any events after 13 June 1954 in Yanaon and thereby indirectly accepting the liberation of Yanaon.

===De jure transfer===
The treaty of cession was signed by the two countries in May 1956 and ratified by the [[French parliament]] in May 1962. On 16 August 1962, India and France exchanged the instruments of [[ratification]] under which France ceded to India full sovereignty over the territories it held. Every year on 16 August, the ''De jure Transfer Day'' (''Vidhitāntaraṇa Dinamu'' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]) was celebrated nominally throughout [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] Union Territory.<ref name="TreatofCessionDateReference"/> However, owing to the initiative by the Lt. Governor '''[[Kiran Bedi]]''', this day was celebrated for the first time by the government on 16 August 2016. Until then it was merely a public holiday in Pudicherry and no official celebrations took place before 2016.<ref name=newsminute>{{cite news |last=Mathew |first=Pheba |date=16 August 2016 |title=Liberated from France 55 years ago, Puducherry celebrated 'De Jure Day' for the first time ever |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/liberated-france-55-years-ago-puducherry-celebrates-de-jure-day-first-time-ever-48445 |work= The News Minute |access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref><ref name=DejureTransferDay2021>{{cite web|date=16 August 2016 |title=68th De Facto Merger Day of Puducherry to Be Celebrated on November 1 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/68th-de-facto-merger-day-of-puducherry-to-be-celebrated-on-november-1-4387469.html|work= News18 |access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref>

===Merger in Puducherry U.T.===
[[Pondicherry district|Pondicherry]] and the other enclaves of [[Karaikal]], Mahe and [[Yanam]] came to be administered as the [[Union Territory]] of Puducherry from 1 July 1963.<ref name="1963Act"/>

==Dates of important events of the merger of French India==
When [[British India]] became independent, [[French India]] consisted of '''five establishments''' (i.e. settlements) and '''twelve lodges''' (sites of old French factories scattered over the provinces of [[Madras State|Madras]], [[Bombay State|Bombay]], [[Orissa]] in India and [[East Pakistan]] in [[Pakistan]]){{refn|group=note|The original nine are located at Calicut, Surat, Masulipatam and Francepeth, Balasore, Patna, Jougdia (submerged later), Cassimbazar and Dacca. Later ones are at Chittagong, Sylhet, Serampur and Sala}}. The lodges that are enclaves in Indian Union are ceded by France as a friendly gesture (''{{native name|fr|par un geste d'amité}}'') on 6 October 1954 at a ceremony in [[Masulipatam]].<ref name="TreatofCessionDateReference"/>{{rp|306}}<ref name="Reference1918">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5MdJDwAAQBAJ|title=Self-Determination in Disputed Colonial Territories |author= Jamie Trinidad|publisher= Cambridge University Press|page=181|year=2018|isbn=978-11-08307-78-9}}</ref>

The cession of those loges was just a transfer of some land involving a mere 2000 people or so. However, the cession of the five French establishments did not happen overnight and it was a gradual process that got dragged on until 1962. The only exception was Chandernagore where a plebiscite was conducted in 1949 and got merged into Indian Union soon later.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ [[Inde française]]
! Establishment
! Liberation<ref name="1954liberation">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbHeDwAAQBAJ|title=The Legacy of French Rule in India (1674-1954): An investigation of a process of Creolization|author= Animesh Rai|publisher= Institut français de Pondichéry|page=211|year=2020|isbn=979-10-36549-89-2}}</ref><ref name="MastersThesis2011">{{cite thesis |last=Stech |first=Zorian |date= 15 September 2011 |title=Les possessions françaises en Inde dès les années 1920 jusqu'à l'indépendance|type=Masters thesis|chapter= |publisher=Université de Montréal |docket= |oclc= |url=https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1866/6047/Zorian_Stech_2011_memoire.pdf |access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>
! Referendum<ref name="HinduArticle2014">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry//article60086328.ece|title=Scant footfalls at memorials as De jure day comes and goes|date=25 August 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="TelegraphArticle2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/a-vote-for-india-then-and-now/cid/1289400|title=A vote for India, then and now|date=29 April 2014|publisher=The Telegraph|language=en-IN|access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>
! de facto transfer<ref name="HinduArticle2014"/><ref name="TreatofCessionChandernagoreDateReference"/>{{rp|180}}
! Treaty of Cession<ref name="TreatofCessionDateReference"/><ref name="TreatofCessionChandernagoreDateReference">{{cite book|last1=Sen |first1=Sailendra Nath|title=Chandernagore : From Bondage to Freedom, 1900-1955 |publisher=Primus Books|year=2012|isbn=978-93-80607-23-8}}</ref>{{rp|211}}
! de jure transfer<ref name="TreatofCessionDateReference">{{cite book|last1=Minnerop |first1=Petra|last2=Wolfrum|first2=Rüdiger |last3=Lachenmann|first3=Frauke |title=International Development Law: The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2019|isbn=978-01-98835-09-7|page=308}}</ref><ref name="MastersThesis2011"/><ref name="TreatofCessionChandernagoreDateReference"/>{{rp|280}}
! Merger<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bondyopadhyay|first1=Biswanath|title=Dictionary of Historical Places, Bengal, 1757 – 1947|year=2013 |publisher=Primus|isbn=978-93-80607-41-2|page=135}}</ref><ref name="1963Act">{{cite web |url=https://rajnivas.py.gov.in/rti/governmentunionterritoriesact1963.pdf |title=The Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Pondicherry district|Pondichéry]]
| Partial{{note label|†|†|†}}
| 18 October 1954{{note label|§|§|§}}
| 1 November 1954
| 28 May 1956
| 16 August 1962
| 1 July 1963 {{small|into '''[[Union Territory of Puducherry|UT of Pondicherry]]'''}}
|-
| [[Chandernagore]]
| N.A.
| 19 June 1949
| 2 May 1950
| 2 February 1951
| 9 June 1952
| 2 October 1954 {{small|into '''[[State of West Bengal]]'''}}
|-
| [[Karikal]]
| N.A.
| 18 October 1954{{note label|§|§|§}}
| 1 November 1954
| 28 May 1956
| 16 August 1962
| 1 July 1963 {{small|into '''[[Union Territory of Puducherry|UT of Pondicherry]]'''}}
|-
| [[Mahé, India|Mahé]]
| 16 June 1954
| N.A.
| 1 November 1954
| 28 May 1956
| 16 August 1962
| 1 July 1963 {{small|into '''[[Union Territory of Puducherry|UT of Pondicherry]]'''}}
|-
| '''Yanaon'''
| '''13 June 1954'''<ref name="coupdetatYanaonReference1">{{cite book|last1=Heimsath|first1=Charles Herman|last2=Mansingh|first2=Surjit|title=A Diplomatic History of Modern India|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=1971|page=323}}</ref>
| N.A
| '''1 November 1954'''
| '''28 May 1956'''
| '''16 August 1962'''
| '''1 July 1963''' {{small|into '''[[Union Territory of Puducherry|UT of Pondicherry]]'''}}
|}
{{note label|†|†|†}} Some communes of Pondicherry were liberated. The communes of '''Nettapacom''', '''Tiroubouvane''' were liberated on 31 March 1954 and 6 April 1954 respectively. Also, some villages of '''Bahour''' commune were liberated around the same time.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Liberated Communes in French India|date=17 May 1954|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="MastersThesis2011"/> In the de facto cession treaty signed in October 1954, France has recognized that they lost sovereignty of the two communes (Nettapacom and Tiroubouvane) and two establishments ('''Mahe''' and '''Yanam''') w.e.f. from their dates of liberation.

{{note label|§|§|§}} The elected members of the Representative Assembly and the municipal councilors of '''Pondicherry''' and '''Karaikal''' participated in the referendum at [[Kizhoor, Puducherry|Kizhoor]] village. A total of 178 members were present and the result of the referendum was for the merger of French Indian territories by a vote of 170 against 8.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://agri.py.gov.in/history.html|title=History the Department|author=Department of Agriculture|publisher=Government of Pondicherry|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=2 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702135412/https://agri.py.gov.in/history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A memorial has been erected to commemorate this historic event of '''Kizhur referendum'''.

==Notable people in colonial period==
''First Laurel Poet of [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]]'', Chellapilla Venkata Kavi (1870–1950), One of the duo of the famous ''[[Tirupati Venkata Kavulu]]'' lived here. Many poets such as the late Villa Reddi Naidu, V. Venkataswami Naidu. Some important politicians include Kanakala Tatayya Naidou, MD Abdul Razzaq, Majety Subbarao, and Guiry Madhavarao.
*[[Bezawada Bapa Naidou]]
*[[Bouloussou Soubramaniam Sastroulou]]
*[[Kamichetty Venugopala Rao Naidou]]
*[[Dadala Rafael Ramanayya]]
*[[Samatam Krouschnaya]]
*[[Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu]]
*[[Kamichetty Savithri]]
*[[Manyam Zamindar]]

==See also==
*[[Salabat Jung]]
*[[Yanam Municipality]]
*[[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau]]
*[[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
*[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
*[[French India]]
*[[Municipal Administration in French India]]
*[[Coup d'État de Yanaon]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Yanaon}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070429212650/http://yanam.nic.in/ District website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070419183848/http://pondicherry.nic.in/ Official website of the Government of the Union Territory of Puducherry]

{{Former French colonies}}

{{Coord|16|44|N|82|13|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yanam (Inde Francaise)}}
[[Category:Yanam]]
[[Category:French India]]

Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute

2026-01-22T13:52:34Z

Debadrito Dutta: Adding

{{Short description|Research and Development institute in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{self-published|date=January 2010}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2010}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}

'''Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute (NARI)''' is an Indian [[non-governmental organization]] and non-profit research and development institute in [[Phaltan]], [[Maharashtra]]. NARI undertakes research and development in the fields of [[agriculture]], [[renewable energy]], [[animal husbandry]] and [[sustainable development]].<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/Nimbkar-Agricultural-Research-Institute-125446618328 Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute]</ref> [[B. V. Nimbkar]] founded the institute in 1968 and remained its president until 1990. Currently, Dr. [[Anil K. Rajvanshi]] is the director of the institute, and Rajvanshi's wife Dr. [[Nandini Nimbkar]], is the president.

==Agriculture==
NARI has developed various [[safflower]] varieties and hybrids for both high oil content and petals.<ref>[http://www.thebetterindia.com/30018/hybrid-varieties-of-safflower-revolutionize-agriculture-farmer-income-dry-states These Hybrid Varieties of Safflower Can Shake Up Agriculture and Farmer Income in the Dry States]</ref> NARI is one of the research centers included in the All India Coordinated Research Project on Oilseeds for irrigated safflower under the aegis of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR, New Delhi).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icar-iior.org.in/index.php/aicrp-centres/safflower |title=AICRP-SAFFLOWER |website=www.icar-iior.org.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419115531/http://icar-iior.org.in/index.php/aicrp-centres/safflower |archive-date=2015-04-19}} </ref> The institute has developed high-yield varieties and hybrids of [[cotton]], [[sunflower]], [[safflower]], and [[sweet sorghum]] (named Madhura),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/92959/sweet-sorghum-syrup-health-food/|title=Syrup made from sweet sorghum could be next best health food|work=From the Better India|date=27 March 2017 }}</ref> as well as technology for producing [[ethanol]], [[jaggery]] and syrup from sweet sorghum.<ref>[https://www.boloji.com/articles/55147/untold-story-of-sweet-sorghum-rd-at-nari Sweet sorghum R&D at NARI]</ref>

==Renewable energy==
NARI's Work in this field has been done mostly in solar and biomass energy and recently in sustainable and environmental friendly transport systems, ethanol lighting/cooking and handicapped rickshaws.
*NARI has developed an efficient multifuel lantern called Noorie for rural areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010722/nation.htm|title=Lantern research at NARI|work=From The Tribune}}</ref>
*A complete technology for producing ethanol from [[sweet sorghum]] has been developed at the institute. A number of high ethanol yielding varieties have also been produced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hedon.info/NariEthanolStove|title=Ethanol Stove research at NARI}}</ref>
*NARI has developed a stove running on 50% (w/w) and more ethanol/water concentration.[http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/indian-ngo-awarded-for-its-innovative-lantern-cum-stove]
*The [[gasification]] technology for thermal applications has been developed at NARI, including technology for the gasification of loose leafy biomass fuels like sugarcane leaves and [[bagasse]], sweet sorghum stalks and bagasse.[http://gasifiers.bioenergylists.org/naribagassegas]
*Technology to increase the survival of tree seedlings in arid regions has been developed. [[Solar energy]] is used to collect water from the soil, which is then fed to the seedlings.<ref>[http://www.thebetterindia.com/51136/anil-rajvanshi-solar-energy-for-tree-seeds-maharashtra-drought This Experiment Using a Glass Cover and the Sun Can Generate Water Even in Drought Affected Areas!]</ref>
*In the late 1990s NARI pioneered the development of electric cycle rickshaws in India.<ref>[http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/sep252002/703.pdf Electric and improved cycle rickshaw as a sustainable transport system for India]</ref>
*NARI has developed a lantern cum stove running on [[ethanol]] for rural areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/008200901161341.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207213908/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/008200901161341.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=7 February 2009|title=The LanStove (Lantern+Stove) developed at NARI|work=From The Hindu}}</ref>
*Recently NARI has extended the ethanol Lanstove concept to that running on kerosene.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Kerosene-lamp-which-cooks-food-without-polluting/articleshow/22250592.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906090415/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-03/science/41725656_1_kerosene-lpg-nimbkar-agricultural-research-institute|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-09-06|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Kerosene lamp which cooks food without polluting}}</ref>
*NARI has recently developed a very low-cost water purification system using solar energy.<ref>[http://www.thebetterindia.com/23049/an-old-saree-glass-tubes-and-sun-all-you-need-for-a-revolutionary-water-purifier An Old Saree, Glass Tubes and Sun – All you need for a revolutionary Water Purifier!]</ref>

==Awards==
* [[B. V. Nimbkar]] was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2006.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | accessdate=21 July 2015 | archive-date=19 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* NARI was given the 2007 CSIR award for S&T for rural development for its sheep breeding work<ref>[http://www.csir.res.in/sites/default/files/rural2007.pdf CSIR Award for rural development 2007]</ref>
* NARI was awarded the Globe Award for its work in ethanol lantern cum stove (2009)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200906041831.htm|title=Globe Award to NARI|work=From The Hindu | location=Chennai, India|date=4 June 2009}}</ref>
* Dr. [[Anil K. Rajvanshi]] was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2022 <ref>[https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf Padma Awardees List for 2022, Ministry of Home Affairs, GOI]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nariphaltan.org/nari/index.php NARI website]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Agricultural research institutes in India]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Renewable energy organizations]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Animal husbandry in India]]
[[Category:Animal husbandry in Maharashtra]]

Ovaripada metro station

2026-01-12T10:51:55Z

Debadrito Dutta:

{{Short description|Mumbai Metro's Red Line 7 terminal metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Ovaripada
| native_name = {{white|{{nobold|ओवरीपाडा}}}}
| style = Mumbai Metro
| style2 = Red
| image = Ovaripada metro station.jpg
| image_upright = 1.3
| image_caption =
| address = Ovaripada, Borivali, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400068
| coordinates = {{coord|19.24346|72.86420|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Line 7|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = 2 [[side platforms]]
| owned = [[File:MMRDA logo cropped.svg|22px]] [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
| operator = {{rint|mumbai|m}} Maha Mumbai Metro Operation Corporation Ltd.
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking = No
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2022|04|02}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}

| code = '''701'''
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjstn|system=Mumbai Metro|line=7|right=Rashtriya Udyan|note-right='''702'''}}
| route_map = {{MM Line 7}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|Line 7}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Ovaripada''' is the elevated northern terminal metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Line 7 (Mumbai Metro)|Red Line 7]] of [[Mumbai Metro]]. This station is located in an elevated position on Western Express Highway in North Mumbai. This metro station was inaugurated on {{Date|April 2 2022|DMY}} by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Metro: Line 2A, Line 7 launched, check routes, station details here |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-metro-line-2a-line-7-launches-check-routes-station-details-here-3018021 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates two new Mumbai Metro Lines, projects in Maharashtra |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/pm-modi-flagged-off-mumbai-metro-new-line-inaugurates-projects-worth-rs38800-cr-554122 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-19 |title=PM Modi inaugurates two new Mumbai Metro lines, launches other development projects |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/pm-modi-inaugurates-two-new-mumbai-metro-lines-launches-other-development-projects/article66409349.ece |access-date=2023-08-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''2nd Floor'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|→}} towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 7|Right}} {{small|([[Rashtriya Udyan metro station|Rashtriya Udyan]])}} →
|-
| height=45|'''Platform 2'''
| ← Alighting only {{0|←}}(Inter-corridor services through {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dahisar (East)}} till {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Andheri (West)}})
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''1st Floor'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Mezzanine
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro QR ticket vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''Ground'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

=== Power and signaling system ===
Like all other stations and railways of [[Mumbai Metro|Mumbai metro]], Ovari Pada station also uses 25,000 volt AC power system by [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]] to operate the trains.

==Entry/Exits==
Being on the side of [[Western Express Highway|WEH]] it has only 1 extry/exit.{{cn|date=May 2025}} People wanting to go to nearby places like

* OvariPada
* Nancy Colony
* Ashok Van
* [[Dahisar railway station|Dahisar Station (Western Line)]]
Can get down at this Metro Station. There is no public parking around this station, but auto-rickshaws & BEST Buses are available for commute.

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Mumbai]]
*[[List of Mumbai Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Mumbai]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[M-Indicator]]
}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Mumbai Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Mumbai}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 7=yes}}

[[Category:Mumbai Metro stations]]

Neighbourhood

2026-01-01T17:36:54Z

Debadrito Dutta:

{{Short description|Localized community within a larger area}}
{{for|neighbourhoods in general topology|Neighbourhood (mathematics)}}{{Other uses|Neighbourhood (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2016}}
[[File:Chelsea1217.JPG|thumb|270px|The [[Chelsea, Manhattan|Chelsea]] neighbourhood of [[Manhattan]] in New York City]]
{{World city population tables}}

A '''neighbourhood''' (Commonwealth English) or '''neighborhood''' (American English) is a geographically localized [[community]] within a larger [[town]], [[city]], [[suburb]] or [[rural area]], sometimes consisting of a single [[street]] and the [[building]]s lining it. Neighbourhoods are often social communities with considerable [[face-to-face interaction]] among members. Researchers have not agreed on an exact definition, but the following may serve as a starting point: "Neighbourhood is generally defined spatially as a specific geographic area and functionally as a set of social networks. Neighbourhoods, then, are the [[Neighbourhood unit|spatial units]] in which face-to-face social interactions occur—the personal settings and situations where residents seek to realise common values, socialise youth, and maintain effective social control."{{clarify|date=April 2019}}<ref>Schuck, Amie and Dennis Rosenbuam 2006 "Promoting Safe and Healthy Neighborhoods: What Research Tells Us about Intervention." The Aspen Institute.</ref>

==Preindustrial cities==
In the words of the urban scholar [[Lewis Mumford]], "Neighborhoods, in some annoying, inchoate fashion exist wherever human beings congregate, in permanent family dwellings; and many of the functions of the city tend to be distributed naturally—that is, without any theoretical preoccupation or political direction—into neighborhoods."<ref>Mumford, Lewis (1954). The Neighborhood and the Neighborhood Unit. Town Planning Review 24:256–270, p. 258.</ref> Most of the earliest cities around the world as excavated by archaeologists have evidence for the presence of social neighbourhoods.<ref>For example, Spence, Michael W. (1992) Tlailotlacan, a Zapotec Enclave in Teotihuacan. In Art, Ideology, and the City of Teotihuacan, edited by Janet C. Berlo, pp. 59–88. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. Stone, Elizabeth C. (1987) Nippur Neighbourhoods. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization vol. 44. Oriental Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago</ref> Historical documents shed light on neighbourhood life in numerous historical preindustrial or nonwestern cities.<ref>Some examples: Heng, Chye Kiang (1999) Cities of Aristocrats and Bureaucrats: The Development of Medieval Chinese Cityscapes. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. Marcus, Abraham (1989) The Middle East on the Eve of Modernity: Aleppo in the Eighteenth Century. Columbia University Press, New York. Smail, Daniel Lord (2000). Imaginary Cartographies: Possession and Identity in Late Medieval Marseille. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.</ref>

Neighbourhoods are typically generated by social interaction among people living near one another. In this sense they are local social units larger than [[household]]s not directly under the control of city or state officials. In some preindustrial urban traditions, basic municipal functions such as protection, social regulation of births and marriages, cleaning and upkeep are handled informally by neighbourhoods and not by urban governments; this pattern is well documented for historical Islamic cities.<ref>Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1987) The Islamic City: Historic Myth, Islamic Essence, and Contemporary Relevance. International Journal of Middle East Studies 19:155–176.</ref>

In addition to social neighbourhoods, most ancient and historical cities also had administrative districts used by officials for taxation, record-keeping, and social control.<ref>Dickinson, Robert E. (1961) The West European City: A Geographical Interpretation. Routledge & Paul, London, p. 529. See also: Jacobs, Jane (1961) The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Random House, New York, p. 117.</ref> Administrative districts are typically larger than neighbourhoods and their boundaries may cut across neighbourhood divisions. In some cases, however, administrative districts coincided with neighbourhoods, leading to a high level of regulation of social life by officials. For example, in the Tang period Chinese capital city Chang'an, neighbourhoods were districts and there were state officials who carefully controlled life and activity at the neighbourhood level.<ref>Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000) Sui-Tang Chang'an: A Study in the Urban History of Medieval China. Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.</ref>

Neighbourhoods in preindustrial cities often had some degree of social specialization or differentiation. Ethnic neighbourhoods were important in many past cities and remain common in cities today. Economic specialists, including craft producers, merchants, and others, could be concentrated in neighbourhoods, and in societies with religious pluralism neighbourhoods were often specialized by religion. One factor contributing to neighbourhood distinctiveness and social cohesion in past cities was the role of rural to urban migration. This was a continual process in preindustrial cities, and migrants tended to move in with relatives and acquaintances from their rural past.<ref>Kemper, Robert V. (1977) Migration and Adaptation: Tzintzuntzan Peasants in Mexico City. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills. Greenshields, T. H. (1980) "Quarters" and Ethnicity. In The Changing Middle Eastern City, edited by G. H. Blake and R. I. Lawless, pp. 120–140. Croom Helm, London.</ref>

==Sociology==
'''Neighbourhood sociology''' is a subfield of [[urban sociology]] which studies local communities<ref>Wellman, B. & Leighton, B. (1979, March). Networks, neighbourhoods and communities: Approaches to the study of the community question. ''Urban Affairs Quarterly'', 14(3): 363-390.</ref><ref>Warren, D. (1977). The functional diversity of urban neighbourhoods. ''Urban Affairs Quarterly'', 13(2): 151-180.</ref> Neighbourhoods are also used in research studies from postal codes and [[health disparities]], to correlations with school drop out rates or use of drugs.<ref>Overman, H.G. (2002). Neighborhood effects in large and small neighborhoods. ''Urban Studies'', 39(1): 117-130.</ref> Some attention has also been devoted to viewing the neighbourhood as a small-scale [[democracy]], regulated primarily by ideas of reciprocity among neighbours.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rosenblum|first=Nancy L.|date=2020-12-01|title=The Democracy of Everyday Life in Disaster: Holding Our Lives in Their Hands|url=http://berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/democratic-theory/7/2/dt070209.xml|journal=Democratic Theory|volume=7|issue=2|pages=69–74|doi=10.3167/dt.2020.070209|issn=2332-8894|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Improvement==

[[File:NWAJeffcoSheriffSign.JPG|thumb|A [[neighbourhood watch]] sign in [[Jefferson County, Colorado]]]]

Neighbourhoods have been the site of service delivery or "service interventions" in part as efforts to provide local, quality services, and to increase the degree of local control and ownership.<ref>King, B. & Meyers, J. (1996). The Annie E. Casey Foundation's mental health initiative for urban children. (pp. 249-261). In: B. Stroul & R.M. Friedman, ''Children's Mental Health''. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.</ref> Alfred Kahn, as early as the mid-1970s, described the "experience, theory and fads" of neighbourhood service delivery over the prior decade, including discussion of income transfers and poverty.<ref>Kahn, A.J. (1976). Service delivery at the neighborhood level: Experience, theory and fads. ''Social Service Review'', 50(1): 23-56.</ref> Neighbourhoods, as a core aspect of community, also are the site of services for youth, including children with disabilities<ref>Kutash, K., Duchnowski, A.J., Meyers, J. & King, B. (1997). Ch. 3: Community and neighborhood-based services for youth. In: S. Henggeler & A. B. Santor, ''Innovative Approaches to Difficult to Treat Populations''. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.</ref> and coordinated approaches to low-income populations.<ref>Riessman, F. (1967). A neighborhood-based mental health approach. (pp.1620184). In: E. Cowen, E. Gardier, & M. Zak, ''Emergent Approaches to Mental Health Problems''. NY, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.</ref> While the term neighbourhood organization<ref>Cunningham, J V. & Kotler, M. (1983). ''Building Neighborhood Organizations''. Notre Dame & London: Notre Dame Press.</ref> is not as common in 2015, these organizations often are non-profit, sometimes grassroots or even core funded community development centres or branches.

Community and economic development activists have pressured for reinvestment in local communities and neighbourhoods. In the early 2000s, Community Development Corporations, Rehabilitation Networks, Neighbourhood Development Corporations, and Economic Development organizations would work together to address the housing stock and the infrastructures of communities and neighbourhoods (e.g., community centres).<ref>Rubin, H.J. (2000). ''Renewing Hope Within Neighborhoods of Despair: The Community-Based Development Model''. Albany, NY: State University of New York.</ref> Community and Economic Development may be understood in different ways, and may involve "faith-based" groups and congregations in cities.<ref>[http://www.nhi.org/online/issues/115/McRoberts.html Mc Roberts, O.M. (2001, January/February). Black Churches, community and development. ''Shelterforce Online''. Washington, DC: Author. at nhi.org]</ref>

==As a unit in urban design==

In the early 1900s, [[Clarence Perry]] described the idea of a [[neighbourhood unit]] as a self-contained residential area within a city. The concept is still influential in [[New Urbanism]]. Practitioners seek to revive traditional sociability in planned suburban housing based on a set of principles. At the same time, the neighbourhood is a site of interventions to create Age-Friendly Cities and Communities (AFCC) as many older adults tend to have narrower life space. Urban design studies thus use neighbourhood as a unit of analysis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gan|first1=Daniel R. Y.|last2=Fung|first2=John Chye|last3=Cho|first3=Im Sik|title=Neighborhood Experiences of People Over Age 50: Factor Structure and Validity of a Scale|journal=The Gerontologist|pages=e559–e571|doi=10.1093/geront/gnz111|year=2019|volume=60|issue=8|pmid=31504478|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Neighbourhoods around the world==

===Asia===
[[File:Segunbagicha (1).jpg|thumb|217x217px|[[Segunbagicha]], a neighbourhhood in [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh]]

====China====
In [[mainland China]], the term is generally used for the urban [[administrative division]] found immediately below the district level, although an intermediate, subdistrict level exists in some cities. They are also called streets (administrative terminology may vary from city to city). Neighbourhoods encompass 2,000 to 10,000 families. Within neighbourhoods, families are grouped into smaller residential [[residential unit|units]] or [[residential quarter|quarters]] of 100 to 600 families and supervised by a [[residents' committee]]; these are subdivided into residents' small groups of fifteen to forty families. In most urban areas of China, '''neighbourhood''', '''[[residential community|community]]''', '''residential community''', '''residential unit''', '''residential quarter''' have the same meaning: {{lang|zh-hans|社区}} or {{lang|zh-hans|小区}} or {{lang|zh-hans|居民区}} or {{lang|zh-hans|居住区}}, and is the direct sublevel of a [[Subdistricts of the People's Republic of China|subdistrict]] ({{lang|zh-hans|街道办事处}}), which is the direct sublevel of a [[Districts of the People's Republic of China|district]] ({{lang|zh-hans|区}}), which is the direct sublevel of a [[Cities of the People's Republic of China|city]] ({{lang|zh|市}}). (See [[Administrative divisions of China|Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China]])

===Europe===
[[File:Typical cypriot Neighbourhood in Aglandjia Nicosia Republic of Cyprus.jpg|thumb|Typical Cypriot neighbourhood in [[Aglandjia]], Nicosia, Cyprus]]
[[File:Vuores.jpg|thumb|[[Vuores]], a neighbourhood in the city of [[Tampere]], Finland]]

====United Kingdom====
The term has no general official or statistical purpose in the United Kingdom, but is often used by local [[borough]]s for sub-divisions of their area for the provision of services and functions, as for example in [[Kingston-upon-Thames]].<ref>[http://www.kingston.gov.uk/information/nhoodhome.htm What is the Neighbourhood system? The Leader of the Council Explains:...] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523033748/http://www.kingston.gov.uk/information/nhoodhome.htm |date=May 23, 2009 }}</ref> Kingston-upon-Thames has four neighbourhoods, each containing a number of wards, which are defined geographic areas, based on the electoral system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Learn more about your neighbourhood |url=https://www.kingston.gov.uk/neighbourhoods/learn-neighbourhood |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=www.kingston.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Local councils {{!}} Electoral Commission |url=https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/voting-and-elections/how-elections-work/types-elections/local-councils |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=www.electoralcommission.org.uk |language=en}}</ref>

Neighbourhood is also used as an informal term to refer to a small area within a town or city. It is commonly used to refer to organizations which relate to a specific local area, such as neighbourhood policing<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neighbourhoodpolicing.co.uk/|title=NHP|website=www.neighbourhoodpolicing.co.uk}}</ref> or [[Neighbourhood Watch (UK)|Neighbourhood watch]] schemes.

Another way the term is used is in relation to planning. Neighbourhood planning is the process for giving communities the ability to contribute to how their area develops.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-25 |title=Neighbourhood planning |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/neighbourhood-planning--2 |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> The [[Localism Act 2011]] introduced a right for communities to be able to shape their neighbourhoods.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neighbourhood planning |url=https://www.rtpi.org.uk/need-planning-advice/planning-aid-england/neighbourhood-planning/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=www.rtpi.org.uk |language=en}}</ref>

In addition, government statistics for local areas are often referred to as neighbourhood statistics,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-24 |title=Statistics: neighbourhood (absence and attainment) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/statistics-neighbourhood-absence-and-attainment |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> although the data is usually divided into [[district]]s and [[Ward (politics)|wards]] for local purposes. In many parts of the UK wards are roughly equivalent to neighbourhoods or a combination of them.

===North America===
In the [[United States]] and [[Canada]], neighbourhoods are often given official or semi-official status through [[neighbourhood association]]s, [[neighbourhood watch]]es or block watches. These may regulate such matters as [[lawn]] care and [[fence]] height, and they may provide such services as [[block party|block parties]], neighbourhood [[parks]] and community [[security]]. In some other places the equivalent organization is the [[Parish (administrative division)|parish]], though a parish may have several neighbourhoods within it depending on the area.

In localities where neighbourhoods do not have an official status, questions can arise as to where one neighbourhood begins and another ends. Many cities use ''districts'' and ''wards'' as official divisions of the city, rather than traditional neighbourhood boundaries. [[ZIP Code]] boundaries and post office names also sometimes reflect neighbourhood identities.

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Barangay]] (Philippines)
* [[Barrio]] (Spanish)
* [[Bairro]] (Portuguese)
* [[Block Parent Program]] (Canada)
* [[Borough]]
* [[Census-designated place]]
* [[Committees for the Defense of the Revolution]] (Cuba)
* [[Community]]
* [[Comparison of Home Owners' and Civic Associations]]
* [[Electoral precinct]]
* {{Lang|it|[[Frazione]]}} (Italian)
* [[Homeowners' association]]
* [[Kiez]] (German)
* [[Komshi]] ([[Balkan]] states during the [[Ottoman Empire]])
* [[Mahalle]]
* ''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]''
* [[Neighbourhood Watch]]
* [[New urbanism]]
* [[Pedestrian village]]
* [[Quarter (urban subdivision)|Quarter]]
* [[Residential community]]
* [[Suburbs]]
* [[Unincorporated area|Unincorporated community]]
* [[Viertel (disambiguation)]] (German)
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
; Citations
{{Reflist|40em}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Neighborhoods}}

{{Terms for types of administrative territorial entities}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods| ]]
[[Category:Types of populated places]]

PRK Productions

2025-12-22T10:39:19Z

Debadrito Dutta: New...

{{Short description|Indian film production company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = PRK Productions
| logo =
| founder = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|2017|7|20}}
| key_people = [[Ashwini Puneeth Rajkumar]]<ref name="PRK Studios" />
| industry = Motion pictures
| products = Film production
| services = Film production Music
| type = [[Private Limited company]]
| location_city = [[Bangalore]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| website =
| subsid = PRK Audio
}}

'''PRK Productions''' is an Indian film production company founded by [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] and managed by his wife, [[Ashwini Puneeth Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad S. |first=Shyam |date=30 January 2020 |title=Puneeth Rajkumar: Mayabazar will decide future productions |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/mayabazar-will-decide-future-productions/articleshow/73744808.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131082036/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/mayabazar-will-decide-future-productions/articleshow/73744808.cms |archive-date=31 January 2020 |access-date=22 July 2020 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref><ref name="celebration" />

== History ==
PRK Productions was founded on 20 July 2017.<ref name="PRK Studios" /> The production house made its feature film debut with ''[[Kavaludaari]]'' (2019), a [[neo-noir]] [[thriller film]] starring [[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]] and [[Anant Nag]].<ref name="D" /> The studio's next film was ''[[Mayabazar 2016]]'' (2020), which featured an ensemble cast of [[Raj B. Shetty]], [[Vasishta N. Simha]], and [[Prakash Raj]].<ref name="B" /> Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the production house's next two ventures, ''[[Law (film)|Law]]'' and ''[[French Biriyani]]'', were directly released on [[Amazon Prime Video]] in 2020.<ref name="celebration" /> ''Law'' marked the film debut of Ragini, [[Prajwal Devaraj]]'s wife.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=14 July 2020 |title=Law best debut I could have had: Ragini Prajwal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/jul/14/law-best-debut-i-could-have-had-ragini-prajwal-2169291.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715170000/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/jul/14/law-best-debut-i-could-have-had-ragini-prajwal-2169291.html |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=21 July 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> ''French Biriyani'' starred [[Danish Sait]] and [[Sal Yusuf]] marked the film debut of [[TikTok]]er [[Disha Madan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yerasala |first=Ikyatha |date=13 January 2019 |title=Disha Madan's Kannada film industry debut |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/130119/disha-madans-kannada-film-industry-debut.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703200818/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/130119/disha-madans-kannada-film-industry-debut.html |archive-date=3 July 2019 |access-date=22 July 2020 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

The next three films of the banner- ''[[One Cut Two Cut]]'' starring [[Danish Sait]], ''[[Family Pack (2022 film)|Family Pack]]'' starring [[Likith Shetty]] and [[Amrutha Iyengar]] and ''[[Man of the Match (film)|Man of the Match]]'' directed by [[D. Satya Prakash|D.Satya Prakash]] of Rama Rama Re fame were a direct release on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2022-01-27 |title=Amazon Prime Video acquires three films from late Kannada actor's company |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/amazon-prime-video-acquires-three-films-from-late-kannada-actor-s-company-11643258995196.html |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=Three films of PRK Productions to stream on Prime |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/three-films-of-prk-productions-to-stream-on-prime-1073306.html |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Their next release was ''[[Gandhada Gudi (2022 film)|Gandhadagudi]]'', the last film of late [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], directed by the National Award winner [[Amoghavarsha JS|AmoghaVarasha JS]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=2022-10-28 |title='Gandhada Gudi' documentary review: Puneeth Rajkumar's beautiful ode to Karnataka's biodiversity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gandhada-gudi-documentary-review-puneeth-rajkumars-beautiful-ode-to-karnatakas-biodiversity/article66064758.ece |access-date=2024-04-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Ashwini took over the production house fully after Puneeth's death in October 2021 and continued their objective of supporting and bring in fresh faces and ideas into the industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive {{!}} Ashwini Puneeth Rajkumar on PRK Productions investing in new talent, OTT boom & more |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-ashwini-puneeth-rajkumar-on-prk-productions-investing-in-new-talent-ott-boom-more/7979b2e0de487 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, they released the comedy drama movie ''[[Aachar & Co]]''. directed and acted by Sindhu Sreenivas Murthy with a majority of cast as newbies and women.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Shashiprasad S. |date=2023-07-04 |title=Exclusive: 'Aachar & Co' is a slice-of-life comedy spearheaded by women, says Sindhu Sreenivasa Murthy |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/sindhu-sreenivasa-murthys-aachar-co-is-a-slice-of-life-comedy-spearheaded-by-women/ |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aachar & Co's Sindhu Sreenivasa Murthy on why she's got a newbie cast onboard |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/aachar-cos-sindhu-sreenivasa-murthy-on-why-shes-got-a-newbie-cast-onboard/a7d11487d4618 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The movie opened to positive to mixed reviews from critics but ran to full theatres with family audience across Karnataka for around 25 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Pranati A. |title=Kannada cinema: Debut directors shine in 2023 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/debut-directors-shine-in-2023-2829564 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Giriprakash |first=K. |date=2023-08-10 |title=How Kannada film Achar & Co weaves modern problems into a 1960s milieu |url=https://thefederal.com/entertainment/how-kannada-film-achar-co-weaves-modern-problems-into-a-1960s-milieu/ |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref>

To celebrate the birth anniversary of Puneeth, Ashwini joined hands with [[KRG Studios]] to re-release one of his most celebrated movie ''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]'' on 15 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puneeth Rajkumar's Jackie re-release: One of Appu's most celebrated films; will get wide release, says Karthik Gowda |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/puneeth-rajkumars-jackie-re-release-one-of-appus-most-celebrated-films-will-get-wide-release-says-karthik-gowda/5c423fb8f429 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Cast
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Kavaludaari]]''
|[[Hemanth M. Rao]]
|[[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]], [[Anant Nag]], [[Roshni Prakash]], [[Achyuth Kumar]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="D" />
|-
| rowspan="3"|2020
| ''[[Mayabazar 2016]]''
|Radhakrishna Reddy
|[[Raj B. Shetty|Raj.B.Shetty]], [[Vasishta N. Simha|Vasishta]], [[Achyuth Kumar]], Chaithra Rao
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="B" />
|-
| ''[[Law (film)|Law]]''
|Raghu Samarth
|Ragini Prajwal
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joy |first=Prathibha |date=10 July 2020 |title=Law reaffirms our commitment to making good Kannada cinema: Puneeth Rajkumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/law-reaffirms-our-commitment-to-making-good-kannada-cinema-puneeth-rajkumar/articleshow/76877920.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200723121718/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/law-reaffirms-our-commitment-to-making-good-kannada-cinema-puneeth-rajkumar/articleshow/76877920.cms |archive-date=23 July 2020 |access-date=21 July 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[French Biriyani]]''
|[[Pannaga Bharana]]
|[[Danish Sait]], [[Sal Yusuf]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Handoo |first=Ritika |date=14 July 2020 |title=Kannada movie 'French Biriyani' trailer to be out on this date! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/kannada-movie-french-biriyani-trailer-to-be-out-on-this-date-2295670.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717013257/https://zeenews.india.com/regional/kannada-movie-french-biriyani-trailer-to-be-out-on-this-date-2295670.html |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=22 July 2020 |website=[[Zee TV|Zee Kannada]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|''[[One Cut Two Cut]]''
|Vamshidhar Bhograj
|[[Danish Sait]], [[Samyukta Hornad]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite news |last=Anandraj |first=Shilpa |date=2 February 2022 |title=The Kannada film 'One Cut Two Cut' gets digital release |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-kannada-film-one-cut-two-cut-gets-digital-release/article38363038.ece |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204123844/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-kannada-film-one-cut-two-cut-gets-digital-release/article38363038.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Family Pack (2022 film)|Family Pack]]''
|Arjun Kumar S
|[[Likith Shetty]], [[Amrutha Iyengar]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=It's a wrap for 'Family Pack' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/jul/20/its-a-wrap-for-family-pack-2332948.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723072255/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/jul/20/its-a-wrap-for-family-pack-2332948.html |archive-date=23 July 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Man of the Match (film)|Man of the Match]]''
|[[D. Satya Prakash]]
|Nataraj S Bhat, Dharmanna Kadooru
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2021 |title=Vasuki Vaibhav plays a cameo in 'Man of The Match' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/jul/31/vasuki-vaibhav-plays-a-cameo-in-man-of-the-match-2337850.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731081941/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/jul/31/vasuki-vaibhav-plays-a-cameo-in-man-of-the-match-2337850.html |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gandhada Gudi (2022 film)|Gandhada Gudi]]''
|[[Amoghavarsha JS]]
|[[Puneeth Rajkumar]], [[Amoghavarsha JS]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Puneeth Rajkumar's dream project with Amoghavarsha titled ''Gandhada Gudi'' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/puneeth-rajkumars-dream-project-with-amoghavarsha-titled-gandhada-gudi/articleshow/88118871.cms |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=The Times of India|date=6 December 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Aachar & Co]]''
|Sindhu Srinivasa Murthy
|Sindhu Srinivasa Murthy, [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]], [[Sudha Belawadi]] and others
|
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Basavarajaiah |first=Harish |date=28 May 2022 |title=Exclusive: Sindhu Sreenivasa Murthy plays out Puneeth's dream with debut film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-sindhu-sreenivasa-murthy-plays-out-puneeths-dream-with-debut-film/articleshow/91835840.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612050138/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-sindhu-sreenivasa-murthy-plays-out-puneeths-dream-with-debut-film/articleshow/91835840.cms |archive-date=12 June 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=ಈ ವಾರ ಅಶ್ವಿನಿ ಪುನೀತ್‌ ರಾಜ್‌ಕುಮಾರ್ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣದ ʻಆಚಾರ್ ಆ್ಯಂಡ್ ಕೋʼ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ತೆರೆಗೆ! |url=https://vistaranews.com/cinema-film/ashwini-puneeth-rajkumaraachar-and-co-on-july-28/410952.html |website=Vistara news}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[O2 (2024 film)|O2]]''
|Raaghav Nayak Prashanth Raj
|[[Ashika Ranganath|Ashika Rangnath]], [[Praveen Tej]] and Others
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2021 |title=Ashika Ranganath starrer 'O2' to go on floors today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ashika-ranganath-starrer-o2-to-go-on-floors-today/articleshow/86861496.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128075428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ashika-ranganath-starrer-o2-to-go-on-floors-today/articleshow/86861496.cms |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=10 October 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Ekka (film)|Ekka]]''
|[[Rohit Padaki]]
|[[Yuva Rajkumar]], [[Sanjana Anand]], Sampada Hulivana
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Apr/26/yuva-rajkumars-ekka-look-mirrors-puneeth-rajkumars-jackie-aura|title=Yuva Rajkumar’s Ekka look mirrors Puneeth Rajkumar’s Jackie aura|date=26 April 2025|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="celebration">{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=16 July 2020 |title=Celebration of watching films in theatres will never fade: Puneeth Rajkumar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/jul/16/celebration-of-watching-films-in-theatres-will-never-fade-puneeth-rajkumar-2170266.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718084448/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/jul/16/celebration-of-watching-films-in-theatres-will-never-fade-puneeth-rajkumar-2170266.html |archive-date=18 July 2020 |access-date=22 July 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
<ref name="PRK Studios">{{Cite web |title=PRK Studios Private Limited |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/PRK-STUDIOS-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U74999KA2017PTC104834 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200722035706/https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/PRK-STUDIOS-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U74999KA2017PTC104834 |archive-date=22 July 2020 |access-date=22 July 2020 |website=Zauba Corp}}</ref>
<ref name="D">{{Cite web |last=Nagaraj |first=Suma |date=12 April 2019 |title='Kavaludaari' review: Rishi's film all the way |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/kavaludaari-review-rishi-s-film-all-the-way-728337.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129234603/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/kavaludaari-review-rishi-s-film-all-the-way-728337.html |archive-date=29 January 2020 |access-date=22 July 2020 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>
<ref name="B">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2018 |title=PRK productions second film titled Maya Bazaar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jan/21/prk-productions-second-film-titled-maya-bazaar-1760683.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621093053/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jan/21/prk-productions-second-film-titled-maya-bazaar-1760683.html |archive-date=21 June 2018 |access-date=22 July 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

</references>

{{PRK Productions}}

[[Category:Film production companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian film studios]]
[[Category:Film production companies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 2017]]

List of universities of Punjab, Pakistan

2025-11-29T17:02:00Z

Debadrito Dutta:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}
The province of [[Punjab, Pakistan]] has over 100 universities and higher education institutions. Lahore, the capital of Punjab, hosts the [[University of the Punjab]] one of the most prestigious universities in South Asia. The Punjab government, in collaboration with the [[Higher Education Commission (Pakistan)|Higher Education Commission (HEC)]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=HEC recognized Universities |url=https://www.hec.gov.pk/english/universities/pages/recognised.aspx}}</ref> has invested in infrastructure and research. Underfunding and the need for improved quality of education remain in certain areas.

== List of universities ==

{{static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
|-
! University
! Location
! Established
! Other Campuses
! Specialization
! Type
|-
| [[University of the Punjab]]
| rowspan="41" | [[Lahore]]
| 1882
| [[Gujranwala]], [[Jhelum]], [[Khanspur]]
| General
| Public
|-
| [[King Edward Medical University]]
| 1860
|
| General
| Public
|-
|| [[University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore]]
| 1921
| [[Faisalabad]], [[Sheikhupura]], [[Gujranwala]], [[Narowal]]
| General
| Public
|-
| [[Forman Christian College University]]
| 1864
|
| General
| Private
|-
| [[National College of Arts]]
| 1875
| [[Rawalpindi]]
| Arts & Design
| Public
|-
| [[University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences]]
| 1882
| [[Jhang]], [[Pattoki]], [[Narowal]], [[Layyah]]
| General
| Public
|-
| [[Punjab Tianjin University of Technology]]
| 2018
|
| Engineering & Technology
| Public
|-
| [[Kinnaird College for Women University]]
| 1913
|
| General
| Public
|-
| [[Government College University, Lahore]]
| 1864
|
| General
| Public
|-
|[[Lahore College for Women University]]
| 1922
|
| General
| Public
|-
| [[Fatima Jinnah Medical University]]
| 1941
|
| Medical
| Public
|-
|[[Lahore University of Management Sciences]]
|1984
|
|General
|Private
|-
|[[Institute of Management Sciences, Lahore]]
|1987
|
|General
|Private
|-
|[[University of Management and Technology, Lahore]]
|1990
|[[Sialkot]]
|General
|Private
|-
|[[National College of Business Administration and Economics]]
|1994
|[[Multan]], [[Bahawalpur]], [[Rahim Yar Khan]]
|General
|Private
|-
|[[University of Central Punjab]]
|1999
|
|General
|Private
|-
|[[University of Health Sciences, Lahore]]
|2002
|
|General
|Public
|-
|[[University of Education]]
|2002
|[[Attock]], [[Dera Ghazi Khan]], [[Faisalabad]], [[Jauharabad]], [[Multan]], [[Vehari]]
|General
|Public
|-
|[[University of Lahore]]
|1999
|[[Sargodha]]
|General
|Private
|-
|[[Beaconhouse National University]]
|2003
|
|General
|Private
|-
|[[University of South Asia (Pakistan)|University of South Asia]]
|2003
|
|General
|Private
|-
|[[Superior University]]
|2000
|[[Okara, Pakistan|Okara]], [[Sargodha]], [[Rahim Yar Khan]], [[Faisalabad]]
|General
|Private
|-
|[[Minhaj University, Lahore]]
|1986<ref>{{cite web |title=MUL an International University - about - Minhaj University Lahore |url=https://mul.edu.pk/english/about/mul-an-international-university/ |work=Minhaj University Lahore}}</ref>
|
|General
|Private
|-
|[[Pakistan Institute of Fashion and Design]]
|1994
|
|Arts & Design
|Public
|-
|[[Information Technology University|Information Technology University of the Punjab]]
|2012
|
|Engineering & Technology
|Public
|-
|[[Lahore School of Economics]]
|1997
|
|Medical
|Public
|-
|[[University of Home Economics Lahore]]
|1955
|
|General
|Public
|-
|[[NUR International University]]
|2015
|
|General
|Private
|-
|[[Qarshi University]]
|2011
|
|General
|Private
|-
|[[Hajvery University]]
|2002
|[[Sheikhupura]]
|General
|Private
|-
|[[Institute for Art and Culture]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute for Art & Culture |url=https://iac.edu.pk/}}</ref>
|2018
|
|Arts & Design
|Public
|-
|[[Green International University]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=GIU Lahore |url=https://giu.edu.pk/}}</ref>
|2020
|
|General
|Private
|-
|[[Lahore Institute of Science and Technology]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lahore Institute of Science & Technology |url=https://list.edu.pk/}}</ref>
|2022
|
|General
|Private
|-
|[[Rashid Latif Khan University]]
|2021
|
|General
|Private
|-
|[[Lahore Garrison University]]
|2010
|
|General
|Private
|-
|[[Ali Institute of Education]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ali Institute of education |url=http://www.aie.edu.pk/}}</ref>
|2010
|
|General
|Private
|-
|[[Global Institute, Lahore|Global Institute]] [HEC-NOC SUSPENDED] (ADMISSIONS HAVE BEEN STOPPED BY HEC FROM FALL 2016)
|2011
|
|General
|Private
|-
|[[Imperial College of Business Studies]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imperial College of Business Studies |url=http://www.imperial.edu.pk/}}</ref>
|2002
|
|General
|Private
|-
|[[Lahore Leads University]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lahore Leads University |url=https://leads.edu.pk/}}</ref>
|2001
|
|General
|Private
|-
|[[Lahore University of Biological and Applied Sciences]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lahore University of Biological and Applied Sciences, Lahore |url=https://ubas.edu.pk/}}</ref>
|2023
|
|General
|Private
|-
| [[University of Child Health Sciences]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore |url=http://www.chich.edu.pk}}</ref>
| 2021
|
| Medical
| Public
|-
| [[National University of Pakistan]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Rawalpindi]]
| 2023
|
| General
| Public
|-
| [[Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University]]
| 1970
|
| General
| Public
|-
|[[Fatima Jinnah Women University]]
|1998
|
|General
|Public
|-
|[[Rawalpindi Medical University]]
|1974
|
|Medical
|Public
|-
|[[National University of Medical Sciences]]
|2015
|
|Medical
|Public
|-
|[[Rawalpindi Women University]]
|2019
|
|General
|Public
|-
|[[Government Viqar-un-Nisa Women University]]
|2022
|
|General
|Public
|-
| [[University of Agriculture, Faisalabad]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Faisalabad]]
| 1906
| [[Burewala]], [[Toba Tek Singh]], [[Dipalpur|Depalpur]]
| General
| Public
|-
| [[Government College University, Faisalabad]]
| 1897
| [[Layyah]], [[Sahiwal]], [[Chiniot]]
| General
| Public
|-
| [[National Textile University]]
| 1959
| [[Karachi]]
| General
| Public
|-
|[[Faisalabad Medical University]]
|1973
|
|Medical
|Public
|-
|[[University of Faisalabad]]
|2002
|
|General
|Private
|-
|[[Government College Women University, Faisalabad]]
|2012
|
|General
|Public
|-
| [[Government Sadiq College Women University]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Bahawalpur]]
| 2012
|
| General
| Public
|-
| [[The Islamia University of Bahawalpur]]
| 1925
| [[Bahawalnagar]], [[Rahim Yar Khan]]
| General
| Public
|-
|[[Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences]]
|2014
|
|Agriculture & Veterinary
|Public
|-
| [[University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Taxila]]
| 1975
|
| General
| Public
|-
| [[HITEC University]]
| 2007
|
| General
| Private
|-
| [[University of Wah]]
| [[Wah (cantonment)|Wah]]
| 2005
|
| General
| Private
|-
| [[University of Sargodha]]
| [[Sargodha]]
| 1916<ref>{{cite web | url=https://su.edu.pk/page/our_history | title=Welcome to UOS | University of Sargodha }}</ref>
|
| General
| Public
|-
|[[Al-Karam International Institute]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-karam International Institute, Bhera |url=https://akii.edu.pk/}}</ref>
|[[Bhera]]
|2021
|
|General
|Private
|-
| [[International Institute of Science, Art and Technology]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Institute of Science, Arts and Technology, Gujranwala |url=https://www.iisat.edu.pk}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" | [[Gujranwala]]
| 2022
|
| General
| Private
|-
| [[GIFT University]]
| 2002
|
| General
| Private
|-
| [[International Institute of Science, Arts and Technology]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Institute of Science, Arts and Technology, Gujranwala |url=https://www.iisat.edu.pk}}</ref>
| 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=2024 Ranking and Overview |url=https://www.4icu.org/reviews/universities-urls/19306.shtm |website=UniRank |access-date=28 February 2025}}</ref>
|
| General
| Private
|-
| [[The University of Chenab]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The University of Chenab, Gujrat |url=https://uchenab.edu.pk/}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]]
| 1999
|
| General
| Private
|-
| [[University of Gujrat]]
| 2004
|[[Lahore]], [[Rawalpindi]],[[Mandi Bahauddin]]
| General
| Public
|-
| [[Government College Women University, Sialkot]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Sialkot]]
| 2012
|
| General
| Public
|-
| [[University of Sialkot]]
| 2013
|
| General
| Private
|-
| [[Grand Asian University Sialkot]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Grand Asian University, Sialkot |url=https://gaus.edu.pk/}}</ref>
| 2022
|
| General
| Private
|-
|[[NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology]]
| rowspan="10" |[[Multan]]
|1985
|
|Engineering & Technology
|Public
|-
|[[Bahauddin Zakariya University]]
|1975
|[[Layyah]], [[Vehari]]
|General
|Public
|-
| [[Women University Multan]]
| 2010
|
| General
| Public
|-
| [[Institute of Southern Punjab|University of Southern Punjab]]
| 2010
|
| General
| Private
|-
| [[Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture]]
| 2012
|
| Agriculture & Veterinary
| Public
|-
| [[Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Engineering and Technology]]
| 2012
|
| General
| Public
|-
|[[Multan University of Science & Technology]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Multan University of Science and Technology |url=https://www.multanust.edu.pk/}}</ref>
|2022
|
|General
|Private
|-
|[[Times Institute]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=TIMES INSTITUTE - MULTAN |url=https://www.t.edu.pk/}}</ref>
|2008
|
|General
|Private
|-
| [[Nishtar Medical University]]
| 1951
|
| Medical
| Public
|-
| [[Emerson University, Multan]]
| 1920
|
| General
| Public
|-
| [[Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology]]
| [[Rahim Yar Khan]]
| 2014
|
| Engineering & Technology
| Public
|-
| [[Punjab University of Technology, Rasul]]
| [[Mandi Bahauddin]]
| 1873
|
| Engineering & Technology
| Public
|-
| [[University of Sahiwal]]
| [[Sahiwal]]
| 2015
|
| General
| Public
|-
| [[University of Okara]]
| [[Okara, Pakistan|Okara]]
| 2015
|
| General
| Public
|-
| [[University of Jhang]]
| [[Jhang]]
| 2015
|
| General
| Public
|-
| [[Ghazi University]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Dera Ghazi Khan]]
| 2012
|
| General
| Public
|-
| [[Mir Chakar Khan Rind University of Technology]]
| 2019
|
| Engineering & Technology
| Public
|-
| [[Ghazi National Institute of Engineering & Sciences]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghazi National Institute of Engineering and Sciences, Dera Ghazi Khan |url=https://www.gnies.edu.pk/}}</ref>
| 2021
|
| General
| Private
|-
| [[University of Narowal]]
| [[Narowal]]
| 2018
|
| General
| Public
|-
| [[Al-Qadir University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://academiamag.com/al-qadir-university/|title=PM Inaugurates Al-Qadir University To Promote Science, Religious Education|date=May 6, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2019/05/05/pm-imran-to-lay-foundation-of-al-qadir-university-today/|title=Al-Qadir University to revive Islamic research culture, says PM | Pakistan Today|website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk|date=5 May 2019 }}</ref>
| [[Sohawa]]
| 2021
|
| [[Sufism]]
| Public
|-
| [[Baba Guru Nanak University]]
| [[Nankana Sahib]]
| 2021
|
| General
| Public
|-
| [[University of Chakwal]]
| [[Chakwal]]
| 2020
|
| General
| Public
|-
| [[University of Mianwali]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mianwali |url=https://umw.edu.pk/}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | [[Mianwali]]
| 2012
|
| General
| Public
|-
| [[Namal University]]
| 2008
|
| Engineering & Technology
| Private
|-
| [[Thal University]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thal University |url=https://tu.edu.pk/}}</ref>
| [[Bhakkar]]
| 2022
|
| General
| Public
|-
| [[Kohsar University Murree]]
| [[Murree]]
| 2020
|
| General
| Public
|-
| [[Institute of Management & Applied Sciences]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute of Management and Applied Sciences, Khanewal |url=https://www.imas.edu.pk/}}</ref>
| [[Khanewal]]
| 2017
|
| General
| Private
|-
| [[University of Layyah]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Layyah |url=https://ul.edu.pk/}}</ref>
| [[Layyah]]
| 2009
|
| General
| Public
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of universities in Pakistan]]
** [[List of universities in Islamabad]]
** [[List of universities in Sindh]]
** [[List of universities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
** [[List of universities in Balochistan]]
** [[List of universities in Azad Kashmir]]
** [[List of universities in Gilgit-Baltistan]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Pakistan education-related lists|Universities]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in Pakistan|Punjab]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in Punjab, Pakistan]]

2020 Gujarat Legislative Assembly by-elections

2025-11-29T13:34:05Z

Debadrito Dutta:

{{Short description|By-elections for the Gujarat Assembly, in India}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2020 Gujarat Legislative Assembly bypolls
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2017
| election_date = November 2020
| next_election = 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2022
| seats_for_election = 8 seats in the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats =
| opinion_polls =
| turnout =
| image_size = 100px

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Vijay Rupani.jpg|bSize=125 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=05 |oLeft=6 |Location=center}}
| leader1 = [[Vijay Rupani]]
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader_since1 =
| leaders_seat1 =
| seats_before1 = 0
| seats1 = 8
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}8
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand INC.svg||bSize=170|cWidth=110|cHeight=150|oLeft=27|oTop=0}}
| leader2 =
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| last_election2 =
| seats_before2 = 8
| seats2 = 0
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}8
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =

| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map =
| map_caption = Election result map
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Gujarat|CM]]
| before_election = [[Vijay Rupani]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Vijay Rupani]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
By-polls for 8 constituencies of the '''[[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]''' were carried out in November 2020. The bypolls were necessitated after sitting Congress MLAs resigned. Five of them then joined the ruling BJP, which fielded them from the same seats they had won in the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017 elections]]. As many as 81 candidates contested the bypolls across the eight seats. All 8 seats were won by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/gujarat-by-election-result-2020-gujarat-8-seats-vidhan-sabha-election-results-full-list-of-winners-live-updates-4206304/ |title=Gujarat Bypolls 2020 Result: BJP Sweeps Victory in All 8 Seats |date=10 November 2020 |access-date= 15 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12753-bye-elections-2020-parliamentary-and-assemblies |title=Bye Elections 2020 (Parliamentary and Assemblies) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=15 February 2022}}</ref>

== Results by constituency ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="4" |Winner
! colspan="4" |Runner-up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
|-
|[[Abdasa Assembly constituency|Abdasa]]
|[[Pradhyumansinh Mahipatsinh Jadeja]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|71,848
|Dr. Shantilal Senghani
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|35,070
|36,778
|-
|[[Limbdi Assembly constituency|Limbdi]]
|[[Kiritsinh Rana]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 88,928
| Khachar Chetanbhai Ramkubhai
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 56,878
| 32,050
|-
|[[Morbi Assembly constituency|Morbi]]
| Brijesh Merja
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 64,711
| Jayantilal Jerajbhai Patel
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 60,062
| 4,649
|-
|[[Dhari Assembly constituency|Dhari]]
| [[Jaysukhbhai Kakadiya|Kakadiya J.V.]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 49,695
| Sureshbhai Manubhai Kotadiya
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 32,592
| 17,209
|-
|[[Gadhada Assembly constituency|Gadhada]]
|[[Atmaram Parmar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|71,912
|Mohanbhai Shankarbhai Solanki
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|48,617
|23,295
|-
|[[Karjan Assembly constituency|Karjan]]
|Akshaykumar Patel
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|76,958
|Jadeja Kiritsinh Dolubha
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|60,533
|16,425
|-
|[[Dang Assembly constituency|Dang]]
| Vijaybhai Rameshbhai Patel
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 94,006
| Suryakantbhai Ratanbhai Gavit
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 33,911
| 60,095
|-
|[[Kaprada Assembly constituency|Kaprada]]
|Jitubhai Harjibhai Chaudhari
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,12,941
|Babubhai Jivlabhai Patel
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,875
|47,066
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Gujarat elections}}

[[Category:By-elections in India]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Gujarat]]
[[Category:2020 State Assembly elections in India]]

R. K. Singh

2025-11-25T09:04:08Z

Debadrito Dutta: Enhanced and reorganized content

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Other people|Raj Kumar Singh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raj Kumar Singh
| image = Raj Kumar Singh with PM Modi (cropped).jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1952|12|20}}
| birth_place = [[Supaul]], [[Bihar]], India
| residence = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], India [[New Delhi]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency2 = [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]]
| order =
| governor =
| office = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Power]] and
 [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of New and Renewable Energy]]
| term_start = 3 September 2017
| term_end = 11 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Piyush Goyal]]
| successor = [[Manohar Lal Khattar]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| office1 = [[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship|Minister of State for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]]
| term_start1 = 31 May 2019
| term_end1 = 7 July 2021
| predecessor1 = [[Anantkumar Hegde]]
| successor1 = [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]]
| primeminister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 16 May 2014
| term_end2 = 4 June 2024
| predecessor2 = [[Meena Singh]]
| successor2 = [[Sudama Prasad]]
| primeminister2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| office3 = [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]] of [[India]]
| term_start3 = 30 June 2011
| term_end3 = 30 June 2013
| predecessor3 = [[Gopal Krishna Pillai|G.K. Pillai]]
| successor3 = [[Anil Goswami]]
| primeminister3 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2013-2025)
| spouse = {{marriage|Sheila Singh|1975}}
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Delhi University]] [[Magadh University]] ([[LLB]]) [[Delft University of Technology]], [[Netherlands]]
| footnotes =
| website =
| native_name_lang =
}}

'''Raj Kumar Singh''' (born 20 December 1952) is a former Indian bureaucrat and former [[cabinet (government)|Union Cabinet Minister]] in the [[Government of India]] (2014 - 2024). He was the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of the Indian Parliament]] for [[Arrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arrah]], [[Bihar]], from May 2014 to 4 June 2024. Singh is a 1975 batch [[Bihar]] cadre [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer and former [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-only-party-protect-national-interest-former-home-secretary-rk-singh-joins-bjp-220735-2013-12-13|title=BJP is the only party to protect national interest: Former home secretary RK Singh as he dons saffron colours|publisher=India Today|date=14 December 2013|access-date=20 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219031109/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bjp-only-party-protect-national-interest-former-home-secretary-rk-singh-joins-bjp/1/331158.html|archive-date=19 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 3 September 2017, he was appointed the [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Power]] (Independent Charge) in Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s cabinet.<ref name="Desk">{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/r-k-singh-will-also-be-mos-ic-of-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy-2445424/|title=Former Home Secretary R K Singh Now MoS (I/C) of the Ministry of Power|last=Desk|first=India com News|date=3 September 2017|website=India.com|language=en|access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref> On 30 May 2019, he was appointed Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the [[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]], Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]] and Minister of State in the [[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]], [[Government of India]].

On 7 July 2021, he was elevated to the rank of [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet minister]].

==Early life and education==
Singh was born in [[Supaul]] in a [[Rajput]]<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Poornima |last2=Kala |first2=Rishi Ranjan |date=11 April 2024 |title=The problem with Bihar is its politicians and bureaucrats, says RK Singh |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/elections/the-problem-with-bihar-is-its-politicians-and-bureaucrats-says-rk-singh/article68054801.ece |work=BusinessLine |access-date=15 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419153839/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/elections/the-problem-with-bihar-is-its-politicians-and-bureaucrats-says-rk-singh/article68054801.ece |archive-date=19 April 2024 |quote=I decided that since I am a Rajput, I would send a clear message that caste is not a criteria or the basis of any bias.}}</ref> family in Bihar.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} He gained a [[Bachelor of Arts]] (Hons.) degree in [[English Literature]], an [[LL.B.]] and a diploma in Management. He was educated at [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]], [[Magadh University]] and [[Delft University of Technology]], [[Netherlands]].

==Bureaucrat career==
He was the district magistrate in [[East Champaran]] and [[Patna]] in the 1980s before joining the state home department in 1997.<ref name="Desk"/>

On 30 October 1990, R.K. Singh, who was then posted as Registrar Cooperatives, Govt. of Bihar in Patna, was asked to arrest Advani in Samastipur,<ref name="telegraphindia.com">{{Cite web|title=How I arrested Advani: Lalu Prasad Yadav|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/how-i-arrested-advani-lalu-prasad-yadav/cid/1690038|access-date=21 July 2020|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> while Advani's [[Ram Rath Yatra]] was en route to [[Ayodhya]] in Uttar Pradesh from [[Somnath]] in Gujarat. For this Mr. Singh was empowered through a special order by the then Chief Minister [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] and sent on deputation to Samastipur as Additional Magistrate.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SUPREMO|url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=2999&PageId=|access-date=21 July 2020|website=supremo.nic.in}}</ref> The arrest was made by order of the [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/ex-home-secy-rk-singh-likely-to-join-bjp-today_896468.html |title=Ex-Home Secy RK Singh joins BJP, likely to contest LS polls |date=13 December 2013 |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |access-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219051213/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/ex-home-secy-rk-singh-likely-to-join-bjp-today_896468.html |archive-date=19 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The complete operation was so secret that even the then DM and SP of Samastipur were not aware about the arrest plan.<ref name="telegraphindia.com"/>

During the [[Nitish Kumar]] government's first term (2004–2009), Singh, as principal secretary in the road construction department, played an important role in improving the condition of roads in Bihar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/patna/retired-home-secretary-rk-singh-to-be-bihar-advisor/article1-1109002.aspx |title=Retired home secretary RK Singh to be Bihar advisor |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225074704/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/patna/retired-home-secretary-rk-singh-to-be-bihar-advisor/article1-1109002.aspx |archive-date=25 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/Nitishs-A-team-Bihari-babus-show-their-mettle/articleshow/5428979.cms |title=Nitish's A-team: Bihari babus show their mettle|date=10 January 2010 |access-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219100222/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-10/special-report/28114727_1_ias-officer-nitish-kumar-central-deputation |archive-date=19 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]-led government, the then Home Minister, Advani, selected Singh to work as joint secretary in the Home Ministry for five years from 1999 to 2004.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/former-union-home-secretary-r-k-singh-joins-bjp-113121300823_1.html |title=Former union home secretary R K Singh joins BJP |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business Standard |date=13 December 2013 |access-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216100240/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/former-union-home-secretary-r-k-singh-joins-bjp-113121300823_1.html |archive-date=16 December 2013 |url-status=live |last1=Kaushal |first1=Akshat }}</ref> R.K. Singh was [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)#Former Home Secretaries of India|Union Home Secretary]] of India from 30 June 2011 to 30 June 2013, after that he retired from service.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/Anil-Goswami-to-be-next-home-secretary/articleshow/19749780.cms |title=Anil Goswami to be next home secretary |date=27 April 2013 |access-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126173528/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-27/india/38861108_1_ias-officer-home-secretary-jammu-and-kashmir-cadre |archive-date=26 January 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/RK-Singh-likely-to-be-new-home-secretary/articleshow/8945205.cms |title=RK Singh likely to be new home secretary |access-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219035857/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-22/india/29688981_1_home-secretary-ias-officer-defence-secretary |archive-date=19 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/rk-singh-to-succeed-pillai-as-home-secy/article1-713256.aspx |title=RK Singh to succeed Pillai as home secy |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=24 June 2011 |access-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225054537/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/rk-singh-to-succeed-pillai-as-home-secy/article1-713256.aspx |archive-date=25 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Special Correspondent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/rk-singh-takes-over-as-osd-home-ministry/article2133582.ece |title=R.K. Singh takes over as OSD, Home Ministry |newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 June 2011 |access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Special Correspondent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/rk-singh-likely-to-be-next-home-secretary/article2124682.ece |title=R.K. Singh likely to be next Home Secretary |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 June 2011 |access-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219030606/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/rk-singh-likely-to-be-next-home-secretary/article2124682.ece |archive-date=19 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, Singh was tipped to be adviser (infrastructure) in the Nitish Kumar-led Bihar government, a post created through cabinet approval. However, he did not accept the assignment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131214/jsp/frontpage/story_17677220.jsp#.UrGnStIW2Ao |title=BJP poaches Nitish aide |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=14 December 2013 |access-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219013822/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131214/jsp/frontpage/story_17677220.jsp#.UrGnStIW2Ao |archive-date=19 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Before his appointment as Union home Secretary, Union Defence Minister [[A. K. Antony]] had picked Singh to head the department of defence production in 2009 in view of his clean reputation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ex-home-secy-who-stopped-rath-yatra-to-join-bjp/article1-1162065.aspx |title=Ex-home secy who stopped Rath Yatra to join BJP |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=13 December 2013 |access-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215062031/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ex-home-secy-who-stopped-rath-yatra-to-join-bjp/article1-1162065.aspx |archive-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Nishit Dholabhai |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110624/jsp/nation/story_14154435.jsp |title=RK Singh to be home secy |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=24 June 2011 |access-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219012905/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110624/jsp/nation/story_14154435.jsp |archive-date=19 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Singh was chosen by the then Union Home Minister [[P. Chidambaram]] for his efficiency and no-nonsense attitude. Known to be a tough taskmaster, Chidambaram got along well with Singh at a professional level. However, Singh had several run-ins with Chidambaram's successor, [[Sushilkumar Shinde]], who was not happy with the home secretary's handling of the situation following 16 December [[2012 Delhi gang rape]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/video/delhi-gang-rape-rk-singh-085500397.html |title=Delhi gang-rape: RK Singh demands death penalty for accused &#124; Watch the video&nbsp;— Yahoo India |publisher=In.news.yahoo.com |access-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219151004/http://in.news.yahoo.com/video/delhi-gang-rape-rk-singh-085500397.html |archive-date=19 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

It was during the tenure of R.K. Singh as the Union home secretary that 26/11 Mumbai attack terrorist Ajmal Kasab and Parliament attack case convict Afzal Guru were hanged.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Raj Kumar Singh: Man who arrested LK Advani becomes minister in Modi govt|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rk-singh-the-officer-who-once-arrested-advani-in-bihar/articleshow/60350343.cms|access-date=21 July 2020}}</ref>

R.K. Singh after retirement also revealed Shinde's involvement in the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] Spot-fixing<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/r-k-singhs-allegations-against-shinde-come-after-long-feud-between-the-two-1342983.html |title = RK Singh's charges against Shinde: Result of a bad relationship| date=16 January 2014 }}</ref> case and how Shinde had interfered in that investigation. Shinde also met the accused Shahid Balwa at his North Block office even after R.K. Singh's statements regarding Shinde's involvement in the IPL spot-fixing case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/shinde-meets-2g-accused-shahid-balwa/story-ysP4PGigayhCWeFxql5u6L.html|title=Shinde meets 2G accused Shahid Balwa|date=22 March 2014|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109021330/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/shinde-meets-2g-accused-shahid-balwa/story-ysP4PGigayhCWeFxql5u6L.html|archive-date=9 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Political career ==
[[File:Shri Raj Kumar Singh taking charge as the Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Power, in New Delhi on May 31, 2019.jpg|thumb|Singh taking charge as the [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Power]], in New Delhi on 31 May 2019.]]
There was speculation that Singh would contest from the Bihar constituencies of either [[Arrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arrah]] or [[Supaul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Supaul]] in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 Lok Sabha polls]], though [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] objected to him contesting from Supaul.{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/videos/rss-opposes-rk-singh-contesting-from-supaul-lok-sabha-seat-300290.html|title=RSS opposes RK Singh contesting from Supaul Lok Sabha seat|publisher=News18|date=1 January 1970|access-date=20 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219025030/http://www.news18.com/videos/rss-opposes-rk-singh-contesting-from-supaul-lok-sabha-seat-300290.html|archive-date=19 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/ex-home-secy-rk-singh-joins-bjp-likely-to-contest-ls-polls_896468.html|title=Ex-Home Secy RK Singh joins BJP, likely to contest LS polls|date=13 December 2013|publisher=Zeenews.india.com|access-date=20 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219051217/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/ex-home-secy-rk-singh-joins-bjp-likely-to-contest-ls-polls_896468.html|archive-date=19 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/ex-home-secy-rk-singh-to-join-bjp-to-contest-ls-polls-1284649.html|title=Ex-Home Secy RK Singh to join BJP; to contest LS polls|publisher=Firstpost|date=23 October 1990|access-date=5 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414231655/http://www.firstpost.com/india/ex-home-secy-rk-singh-to-join-bjp-to-contest-ls-polls-1284649.html|archive-date=14 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Bihar-steeped-in-corruption-says-R-K-Singh/articleshow/28026828.cms|title=Bihar steeped in corruption, says R K Singh|date=28 December 2013|access-date=5 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231135703/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-28/patna/45651592_1_k-singh-north-bihar-bihar-government|archive-date=31 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/congress-hits-back-on-bureaucratturned-bjp-leader-rk-singh/442106-3-232.html|title=Congress hits back on bureaucrat-turned BJP leader RK Singh|publisher=Ibnlive.in.com|date=28 December 2013|access-date=5 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302015016/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/congress-hits-back-on-bureaucratturned-bjp-leader-rk-singh/442106-3-232.html|archive-date=2 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} On 13 December 2013, Singh joined the BJP.<ref>{{cite news|author=Special Correspondent|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-union-home-secy-rk-singh-joins-bjp/article5456417.ece|title=Former Union Home Secy RK Singh joins BJP|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 December 2013|access-date=20 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219031435/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-union-home-secy-rk-singh-joins-bjp/article5456417.ece|archive-date=19 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/XmwlpBTyudqpFhpAUVMalI/Former-home-secretary-RK-Singh-exPM-Shastris-son-join-BJP.html|title=Former home secretary RK Singh, ex-PM Shastri's son join BJP|publisher=Livemint|date=13 December 2013|access-date=20 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219010543/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/XmwlpBTyudqpFhpAUVMalI/Former-home-secretary-RK-Singh-exPM-Shastris-son-join-BJP.html|archive-date=19 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> He contested the election as a BJP candidate in Arrah, beating his nearest rival, Sribhagwan Singh Kushwaha of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] by a margin of over 1,35,000 votes.{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/RK-Singh-not-making-tall-promises-in-Ara/articleshow/33712872.cms|title=RK Singh not making tall promises in Ara|work=The Times Of India|date=14 April 2014|access-date=5 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417153017/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/RK-Singh-not-making-tall-promises-in-Ara/articleshow/33712872.cms|archive-date=17 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/general-elections-2014/videos/r-k-singh-incites-people-against-congress_29503.html|title=Latest News Video : R. K. Singh incites people against Congress|publisher=Zee News|date=15 October 2013|access-date=5 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419015524/http://zeenews.india.com/general-elections-2014/videos/r-k-singh-incites-people-against-congress_29503.html|archive-date=19 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/47221/former-home-secretary-battles-caste-bihar/|title=Former Home secretary battles caste in Bihar|publisher=OdishaSunTimes.com|date=28 November 2013|access-date=5 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419020726/http://odishasuntimes.com/47221/former-home-secretary-battles-caste-bihar/|archive-date=19 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref>}}

In the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 General Elections]] conducted for the formation of the [[17th Lok Sabha]], he again contested from [[Arrah]] and retained his seat becoming the first MP from Arrah since Chandradeo Prasad Verma to retain his seat in successive elections. He defeated his nearest rival Raju Yadav of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI (ML) Liberation]] by 1,47,285 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS0432.htm?ac=32|title=General Election 2019 - Election Commission of India|website=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref>

On 3 September 2017, Mr. Singh was appointed Minister of Power (Independent Charge) and Minister of New and Renewable Energy (Independent Charge) by [[Narendra Modi]]. This post was previously held by [[Piyush Goyal]].<ref name="Desk"/>

In May 2019, Singh was appointed Minister of State (Independent Charge) for [[Ministry of Power (India)|Power]] and [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|New and Renewable Energy]] and Minister of State for [[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship|Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]].<ref>{{citation|title=PM Modi allocates portfolios. Full list of new ministers|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=31 May 2019}}</ref>

In the [[2024 Indian general election]] he lost his MP seat from Arrah, Bihar to [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]] candidate [[Sudama Prasad]] by the margin of 59808 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=4 June 2024 |title=Arrah Lok Sabha Seat Results 2024: CPI (ML) (Liberation)'s Sudama Prasad Stuns BJP's Raj Kumar Singh |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/lok-sabha-election-2024-result-bihar-arrah-seat-winner-rk-singh-bjp-sudama-cpimll-latest-update-enn24060203239 |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2025, Singh claimed that his 2024 loss was due to a conspiracy by several BJP and [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] leaders, stating that the BJP had ignored his concerns about independent candidate [[Pawan Singh]] contesting against him and that several sitting [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]] and [[Member of the Legislative Council (India)|MLCs]] from the two parties had campaigned against him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 September 2025 |title=Ex-Ara MP alleges conspiracy by NDA netas for LS poll defeat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ex-ara-mp-alleges-conspiracy-by-nda-netas-for-ls-poll-defeat/articleshow/124075892.cms |access-date=16 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=7 November 2025 |title=Out in the cold, ex-Union minister R K Singh makes fresh allegations, says BJP can expel me |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/ex-union-minister-r-k-singh-makes-fresh-allegations-bjp-expel-me-10350712/ |access-date=16 November 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Later that month, he again came into conflict with the party leadership after asking Bihar deputy chief minister [[Samrat Choudhary]] (BJP) to either step down or respond to allegations made by [[Jan Suraaj Party|Jan Suraaj]] party leader [[Prashant Kishor]] that Choudhary had lied about his age to avoid prosecution in a 1995 murder case and had also misrepresented his educational qualifications on election affidavits.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Mayank Kumar, Neelam |date=11 November 2025 |title=‘Asked Bihar govt about Rs 62k cr power plant scam, was told all hunky-dory’—ex-Union minister RK Singh |url=https://theprint.in/india/asked-bihar-govt-about-rs-62k-cr-power-plant-scam-was-told-all-hunky-dory-ex-union-minister-rk-singh/2780894/ |access-date=16 November 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/come-clean-or-step-down-rk-singh-to-bihar-nda-leaders-under-attack-from-prashant-kishor/2941026 |access-date=16 November 2025 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref>

In November 2025, days before the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Singh accused the National Democratic Alliance-led Bihar government of purchasing electricity from [[Adani Power Limited]] at inflated prices, estimating that the markup would cost the state [[Indian rupee|₹]]62,000 crore over the span of 25 years<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=N. L. |date=6 November 2025 |title=ABP deletes post on ex-minister’s big allegations against Adani |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2025/11/06/abp-deletes-post-on-ex-ministers-big-allegations-against-adani |access-date=16 November 2025 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=R.K. Singh Blames Nitish Govt for ‘Rs 62,000-Crore Loss’ in Adani-Awarded Bhagalpur Power Project |url=https://thewire.in/government/r-k-singh-blames-nitish-govt-for-rs-62000-crore-loss-in-adani-awarded-bhagalpur-power-project |access-date=16 November 2025 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>. On 15 November, Singh resigned from the BJP after being suspended for anti-party activities, stating that he could not defend himself because no specific offence had been cited and that he believed he was being targeted for suggesting the party avoid giving tickets to members with criminal backgrounds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2025 |title=Hours after suspension over ‘anti party activities’, former Union Minister RK Singh quits BJP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rk-singh-quits-bjp-suspension-anti-party-activities-10367934/ |access-date=16 November 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He married Sheila Singh on 27 February 1975. They have a son and a daughter together.<ref name="Profile">{{cite web |title=Members : Lok Sabha |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4653 |website=loksabhaph.nic.in |access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZGaAwAAQBAJ&dq=rk+singh+bihar+flood&pg=PT134 Bihar Breakthrough - RK Singh]

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{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Meena Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Arrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arrah]] |years=2014 – Present}}
{{s-aft|after=Incumbent}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Piyush Goyal]] ''(Minister of State with Independent charge)''}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Power]] ''(Minister of State with Independent charge until 7 July 2021)''|years=3 September 2017 – Present}}
{{s-inc}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Piyush Goyal]] ''(Minister of State with Independent charge)''}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of New and Renewable Energy]] ''(Minister of State with Independent charge until 7 July 2021)''|years=3 September 2017 – Present}}
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{{Second Narendra Modi Cabinet}}
{{Home Ministry (India)}}
{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{16th LS members from Bihar}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, R. K.}}
[[Category:Bihar cadre civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Supaul district]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:People from Arrah]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:Ministers of power of India]]

O Amar Desher Mati

2025-11-07T17:45:23Z

Debadrito Dutta: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox song
| name = O Amar Desher Mati
| image = Rabindranath Tagore unknown location.jpg
| cover =

| cover_upright =
| type = song
| artist = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| English_title =
| written = 1905
| recorded =
| genre = [[Rabindra Sangeet]]
| writer = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| composer = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
}}
"'''O Amar Desher Mati'''" ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: ও আমার দেশের মাটি) is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] patriotic song written by [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.geetabitan.com/lyrics/O/o-aamar-desher-maati-lyric.html|title=Song o amar desher mati {{!}} Lyric and History|website=www.geetabitan.com|access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=রবীন্দ্রনাথের সঙ্গীত ও কবিতায় স্বদেশপ্রেম|url=https://www.bhorerkagoj.com/print-edition/2014/09/19/135.php|website=www.bhorerkagoj.com|language=bn|access-date=2020-05-12|archive-date=2019-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913072714/http://www.bhorerkagoj.com/print-edition/2014/09/19/135.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was written against the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] in 1905.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Krishna |year=2017 |chapter=1910 and the Evolution of Rabindranath Tagore’s Vernacular Nationalism |editor-last1=Tuteja |editor-first1=K. L. |editor-last2=Chakraborty |editor-first2=Kaustav |title=Tagore and Nationalism |publisher=Springer |page=42 |isbn=9788132236962}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tlxuAAAAMAAJ|last1=Sengupta|first1=Tapati|last2=Roy|first2=Shreela|title=Contesting Colonialism: Partition and Swadeshi Re-visited|pages=69|date=2007|publisher=Macmillan India|isbn=9781403931986|accessdate=6 May 2020|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ciGAwAAQBAJ|last=Silva|first=Neluka|title=The Gendered Nation: Contemporary Writings from South Asia|pages=139|date=14 April 2004|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9788132103172|accessdate=6 May 2020|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Indira Debi Chowdhurani provided the notation of the song.<ref name=":0" /> This song belongs to the "''Shawdesh''" (patriotic) group of Rabindra Sangeet. It was composed in ''Pilu-Baul'' [[Raga]] and ''Dadra'' [[Tala (music)|Taal.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rabindranath Tagore - Songs - স্বদেশ - ও আমার দেশের (o amar desher mati) |url=https://www.tagoreweb.in/Songs/swadesh-234/o-amar-desher-mati-5005 |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=www.tagoreweb.in}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Bengali revolutionary Krishnagopal Chowdhury sang this song on his way to death sentence given by the [[British Raj]] on charges of sedition in 1934.<ref>{{Cite web |last=জনকণ্ঠ |first=দৈনিক |title=বিপ্লবীর রিভলবার |url=https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/literature/news/661971 |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=দৈনিক জনকণ্ঠ {{!}}{{!}} Daily Janakantha |language=en}}</ref> The song inspired the Bengali fighters during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Liberation War of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahsan |first=Syed Badrul |date=2013-12-01 |title=1971 and the songs we sang |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/1971-and-the-songs-we-sang |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> The song was used in the Bengali film ''[[Ora Egaro Jon]]'' directed by [[Chashi Nazrul Islam]].{{fact|date=July 2025}}

== Synopsis ==
The song recounts the narrative of the motherland's role as a nurturing entity towards her people, as well as the lamentable realization of their failure to reciprocate in kind.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://rabindra-rachanabali.nltr.org/ rabindra-rachanabali.nltr.org] (Bengali)
* [http://kotharsur.com/bangla-lyrics/deshattobodhok-gaan/o-amar-desher-mati/ kotharsur.com] (Bengali)

[[Category:1905 songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Bengali]]
[[Category:Rabindra Sangeet]]
[[Category:Songs written by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Indian patriotic songs]]

{{India-music-stub}}

Nuvvu Nenu Prema

2025-10-19T21:25:16Z

Debadrito Dutta: Done...

{{Short description|Indian Telugu drama television series}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Nuvvu Nenu Prema.jpg
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| based_on =
| writer = Narendra Kumar Yenuganti
| story = Praja Prabhakar
| director = Sanjeev Reddy Lingala
| starring = {{ubl|
* Swaminathan Anantharaman
* Pavithra B.Naik
}}
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 777
| producer = Poluru Srikanth Bollareddy Manish Reddy
| cinematography = Saravanan
| editor = Dhanishtha, Shiva Sai
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company =
| network = [[Star Maa]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2022|05|16}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2024|11|11}}
| related = ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]''
}}

'''''Nuvvu Nenu Prema''''' ({{translation|''You, Me and Love''}}) is an Indian [[Telugu-language]] [[romantic drama]] television series that premiered on 16 May 2022 and ended on 11 November 2024 with 777 episodes on [[Star Maa]]. It is an official remake of [[StarPlus]]'s television series ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]''. It stars Swaminathan Anantharaman and Pavithra B. Naik. The story revolves around short-tempered businessman Vikramaditya and self-respecting middle-class woman Padmavathi when they cross paths.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Star Maa brings to life a new story, Nuvu Nenu Prema |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/star-maa-brings-to-life-a-new-story-nuvu-nenu-prema |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Telugu Cinema}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Vikramaditya, Vicky is a young short-tempered arrogant [[business magnate]] with a sour past who running manufacture of modern dresses. He believes money is everything. He encounters an entirely opposite girl Padmavati, who believes in emotions and who lives in Tirupati and a heartful devotee of Tirupati Venkateshwara Swami.

Things goes wrong when Padmavati's sister Anuradha, Anu's in laws demand for dowry and Padmavati try to inform this to Anu's fiancée. She by mislead to the stage were Vicky arranged a his new establishment launch. Vicky locks Padmavati and behaves rudely with her because he thinks she is deliberately disrupting his show. And it leads to called off Anu's wedding. An angry Vicky leaks the video were Padmavati falling to him leads them to follow their paternal aunt to Vizag. Murli Krishna save Padmavati from eve teasers.

In a rush to help her aunt Padmavati bumps into Vicky's car and accept to pay for the damage. She goes on to sell sarees to pay for Vicky's broken car, and she ends up at his house by mistake. Meanwhile, Arya fall for Anu. Padmavati meets Vicky's 's sister, Aravindha, and their maternal grandmother, Shanthadevi. Both of them take an instant liking to the lively and cheerful Padmavati as she reminds them of their hometown Tirupati. She successfully sells her sarees and gets an even bigger order from them, only to be falsely framed by Vicky's aunt, Kuchala, to have sold torn sarees. Thus, she loses the order and finds herself unable to gather the money to pay Vicky for the car damage.

Back at her aunt's, Murali, who is Aravindha's husband, reaches Padmavati's place as a bachelor wanting to get marry Padmavati. Padmavati asks Murali to help her get a job, and thus she reaches VA office. Padmavati's clumsiness irritates Vicky, so he does not want her in his office. Padmavati, not wanting to give up, taunts Vicky, and eventually, they sign a 15-day contract, which says if she quits before the end of the contract period, Padmavati would have to pay Vicky one lakh rupees. Padmavati takes up the challenge only to find Vicky going out of his way to make her quit the job somehow. He makes her miserable by assigning her humanely impossible tasks, but Padmavati does them all in stride. In a particularly life-threatening situation, Vicky rescues Padmavati and briefly regrets putting her in that predicament. Tired of these antics, Anu convinces Padmavati to quit the job, and the two sisters decide to go back to Tirupati.

Aravindha request Padmavati to join them on Gowri Pooja and so she is. Then reveals that Murli is husband of Aravindha. An unexpected meeting with Vicky, Padmavati decided to leave Vizag. But their parents were in debts. So an inspiration hits Padmavati, who believes that it is a sign from the god she had strong faith in. They decide to stay and open a new business and as luck would have it, Meanwhile, Arya feel joyful as Anu does not leave. Murali convinces Shanthadevi for Vicky and Maya's relationship even though Vicky were saying "she is my friend". With the help of Prem Singh Padmavati start new catering business. But hurdles face when a pervert misbehave with Padmavati. However Vicky help her out.

As this plain fail she take away food to the corporate companies, but still no use. At last they end up at the Vikramaditya's house to full fill an order for Aravindha and Murali's wedding anniversary celebrations. Hesitated by Granny's words Maya and Kuchala plot against Padmavati by destroying the food. Her sportive act impresses everyone and clean her out. Elsewhere Murali hide when he spot Padmavati and Aravindha cut her wedding cake lonely. Murali manipulate his absents.

Aravindha requests for Padmavati to train Maya to become like her to make Maya as Vicky's wife. As Bhaktha had a heart attack and for treatments Padmavati accept it. Murali was the cause for the paralysis that occurred to him. Meanwhile, Murali try to win Padmavati's family to pursue her. Maaya started to change like Padmavati to win Granny's heart. But as time flew by, Vicky was not that much attached to Maya but was towards Padmavathi by seeing her love and caring towards him and his family.

Vicky eventually proposes to Padmavathi about his love but she rejects him fearing what new problems will happen between their two families since that was the moment Anu and Arya's love was approved and Padmavathi did not want to affect that. Also, she was engaged to Murali too at that time due to her family requesting her to marry him for her father's health's sake. She maintained distance, wanted Maya and Vicky's marriage to happen, and did not want anyone's happiness spoiled by her. Eventually one day during Murali and Aravinda's Santana Salphaya Vratham, Padmavathi knew the true shades of Krishna (Murali) and immediately broke their engagement.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Swaminathan Anantharaman as Vikramaditya (Vicky)
* Pavithra B Naik as Padmavathi

=== Recurring ===
* Madhubala Vijaykumar as Aravindha
* Maneesh Reddy as Murali Krishna
* Navya Douala as Anuradha
* Vahini K as Andalu
* Yashwanth as Arya
* Raja Sridhar as Bhakta
* Poojitha as Kuchala
* [[Chinna (actor)|Chinna]] as Narayana
* Usha Sri as Shantha Devi
* Naveena as Jalaja
* Vanitha as Parvathi

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/nuvvu-nenu-prema/1260102233 ''Nuvvu Nenu Prema''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Star Maa original programming]]

Omkar Realtors & Developers

2025-10-03T12:53:56Z

Debadrito Dutta: Post...

{{Short description|Real estate company}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2023}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Omkar Realtors & Developers
| logo = Omkar Realtors & Developers.svg
| trading_name =
| type = [[Private limited company|Private]]
| founded = 2003
| founders = Babulal Varma<ref name="fbsi">{{cite news |title=How Omkar Cracked The Messy Business Of Slum Redevelopment |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/how-omkar-cracked-the-messy-business-of-slum-redevelopment/32730/1 |work=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Can't join hands with a vengeful complainant like ED, says court as it discharges duo held in PMLA case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-court-omkar-group-promoters-ed-case-8108784/ |work=The Indian Express |date=24 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| hq_location_city = Mumbai
| hq_location_country = India
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year =
| area_served = Mumbai Metropolitan Region
| key_people = Babulal Varma (Managing Director)<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |last1=Bundhun |first1=Rebecca |title=Supertall Buildings Lure Mumbai's Elite |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/04/realestate/supertall-buildings-lure-mumbais-elite.html |work=The New York Times |date=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="et">{{cite news |title=Omkar talking to L&T Realty for Rs 4,500 crore Bandra SRA project |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/omkar-talking-to-lt-realty-for-rs-4500-crore-bandra-sra-project/articleshow/69237334.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=8 May 2019}}</ref>
| industry = [[Real estate|Real Estate]] & [[Construction]]
| products = Residential, Commercial
| num_employees = 400 and growing
| num_employees_year =
| parent =
| website =
}}

'''Omkar Realtors''' is a company that was started by Babulal Varma in 2003.<ref name="fbsi"/> They work in the construction and redevelopment industry.<ref name="nyt"/> Over the first 10 years, they redeveloped 2.5 million square feet of space in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai gets world’s tallest rehabilitation towers at Dhobi Ghat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-worlds-tallest-rehabilitation-towers-dhobi-ghat-8902550/ |work=The Indian Express |date=21 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ceom">{{cite news |title=Babulal Varma, Managing Director of Omkar Realtors and Developers |url=https://www.theceomagazine.com/executive-interviews/construction-trades/building-the-future-babulal-varma/ |work=The CEO Magazine}}</ref> Some of the projects they have worked on include Omkar 1973, Omkar Vive, Sereno, and Omkar Alta Monte.<ref name="nyt"/> Their goal is to make Mumbai a slum-free city as soon as possible because it is one of the most crowded cities in the world, according to a UN report.<ref name="ceom"/>

Omkar Realtors bagged various awards for their work in different areas and projects like Sword of Honour Award for 2016 by the British Safety Council for its flagship project [[Omkar 1973]], Worli, India's Best Luxury Project of the Year, Slum Rehabilitation Developer of the Year 2016 and Super Luxury Project of the Year 2016’ for Omkar 1973, Worli.<ref name="om">{{cite web |title=Top Builders & Real Estate Companies in Mumbai - Omkar Realtors & Developers |url=https://www.omkar.com/about-us |website=www.omkar.com}}</ref><ref name="et"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Special court discharges city builders in money-laundering case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/special-court-discharges-city-builders-in-money-laundering-case-101661361859273.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bureau |first1=The Property Times News |title=Mumbai now home to world’s tallest SRA towers developed by Omkar Realtors |url=https://thepropertytimes.in/mumbai-now-home-to-worlds-tallest-sra-towers-developed-by-omkar-realtors/ |work=The Property Times {{!}} Real Estate News & Views Portal |date=21 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shaikh |first1=Aleem |title=Mumbai now home to world’s tallest SRA towers developed by Omkar Realtors |url=https://www.hellomumbainews.com/current-news/mumbai-now-home-to-worlds-tallest-sra-towers-developed-by-omkar-realtors/ |work=Hello Mumbai News |date=21 August 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 2003]]
[[Category:Real estate companies established in 2003]]
[[Category:Real estate companies of India]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Hockey Association of Odisha

2025-09-11T08:04:42Z

Debadrito Dutta: started page!

{{Short description|Field Hockey Organization in Odisha State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox sport governing body
|name = Hockey Association of Odisha
|native name = ଓଡିଶାର ହକି ଆସୋସିଏସନ୍ |
|abbrev = HAO
|logo =
|sport = [[Field hockey]]
|image =
|caption = Official Logo of the '''HAO'''
|jurisdiction = {{flagicon image|..Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
|founded =
|aff = [[Hockey India|HI]]
|affdate =
|region =
|regionyear =
|membership = 30 district association
|headquarters = Kalinga Stadium Complex, Nayapali [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]] 751012
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]
|president = [[Dilip Tirkey]]
|chair =
|chiefexec =
|secretary = Sanatan Sahu
|coach = Edgar Mascaren<ref>{{cite web |title=Edgar Mascaren has appointed as coach of odisha hockey teams |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/edgar-mascarenhas-appointed-as-coach-of-odisha-hockey-teams/articleshow/90132551.cms|website=Times of India |accessdate=10 March 2022}}</ref>
|key staff =
|url = https://hockeyassociationofodisha.com
|countryflag =
}}

The '''Hockey Association of Odisha''' ({{Langx|or|ଓଡିଶାର ହକି ଆସୋସିଏସନ୍ |}}) is the governing body of [[field hockey]] in the [[Odisha]] state of India and the [[Odisha field hockey team]] ({{Langx|or|ଓଡିଶା ହକି ଟିମ୍}}). Hockey Association of Odisha is the state member unit of [[Hockey India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hockey India - Member Units |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/about-hi/member-units/member-units-detail|website=Hockey India|accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hockey Association of Odisha |url=http://www.orisports.com/BodyDetails.aspx?pId=MjMw |website=Orisports |accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref> The Odisha hockey team has maintained its dominance in [[field hockey in India]] as the most successful team of Hockey India Championships. Hockey Odisha has given India some of its best players including [[Anupa Barla]], [[Binita Toppo]], [[Birendra Lakra]], [[Dilip Tirkey]], [[Ignace Tirkey]], [[Jyoti Sunita Kullu]], [[Lazarus Barla]], [[Prabodh Tirkey]], [[Subhadra Pradhan]] and [[Amit Rohidas]]. Odisha is now the capital of Indian hockey.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-24 |title=How Odisha became the capital of Indian hockey |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/how-odisha-became-the-capital-of-indian-hockey-1184190.html |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Home Grounds==
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|-
! Name !! City !! Capacity !!Image
|-
|[[Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium]]
|[[Rourkela]]
|21,800
|[[File:BirsaMundaHockeyStadium RKL1.jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[Kalinga Stadium|Kalinga Hockey Stadium]]
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|16,000
|[[File:Indian hockey team captain saradara sing at kalinga stadium.JPG|150px]]
|-
|[[Biju Patnaik Hockey Stadium]]
|[[Rourkela]]
|15,000
|[[File:HOCKEY STADIUM.JPG|150px]]
|-
|}

==Administration==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+HAO Executive Board
|-
! style="background: skyblue; color:darkblue" align="center" | Member
! style="background: skyblue; color:darkblue" align="center" | Designation
|-
|[[Dilip Tirkey]] ||President
|-
|Jeeban Mohanty ||Vice-president
|-
|Sanatan Sahu||Secretary
|-
|Lucela Ekka||Joint-secretary
|-
|PK Mohanty||Treasurer
|-
|Ranjan Das||Executive Member
|-
|Rina R Tirkey||Executive Member
|-
|Gouree Panda||Executive Member
|-
|Bharat Sahoo||Executive Member
|}

===District Associations===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+Full Members of the Odisha District Hockey Association
|-
! style="background: skyblue; color:darkblue" align="center" | District
! style="background: skyblue; color:darkblue" align="center" | Governing Body
|-
|[[Nuapada district|Nuapada]]|| Nuapada District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Angul district|Anugul]]|| Angul District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Boudh district|Boudh]]|| Boudh District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]]|| Jharsuguda District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]]|| Kandhamal District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Kendrapada district|Kendrapada]]|| Kendrapada District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]|| Mayurbhanj District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Nabarangpur district|Nabarangpur]]|| Nabarangpur District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]|| Nayagarh District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Puri district|Puri]]|| Puri District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]|| Sambalpur District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]|| Dhenkanal District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]]|| Jagatsinghpur District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Sundargarh district|Sundargarh]]|| Sundargarh District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Keonjhar district|Keonjhar]]|| Keonjhar District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]|| Bargarh District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Khagaria district|Khagaria]]|| Khagaria District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]|| Cuttack District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]]|| Malkangiri District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]|| Gajapati District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Balasore district|Balasore]]|| Balasore District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Balangir district|Balangir]]|| Balangir District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]]|| Subarnapur District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Khurda district|Khurda]]|| Khurda District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Deogarh district|Deogarh]]|| Deogarh District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]|| Kalahandi District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]|| Rayagada District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Koraput district|Koraput]]|| Koraput District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]|| Bhadrak District Hockey Association
|-
|[[Jajpur district|Jajpur]]|| Jajpur District Hockey Association
|-
|}

==Tally==

===Overall===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!colspan=9|Overall Record
|-
!Championship
!Gold
!Silver
!Bronze
|-
| [[Senior National Hockey Championship#Men's championships|Hockey India Senior Men National Hockey Championship]]
| 1
| 0
| 1
|-
| [[Senior National Hockey Championship#Women's championships|Hockey India Senior Women National Championship]]
| 1
| 0
| 1
|-
| Hockey India Junior Men National Championship
| 5
| 5
| 0
|-
| Hockey India Junior Women National Championship
| 1
| 0
| 1
|-
| Hockey India Sub Junior Men National Championship
| 9
| 1
| 1
|-
| Hockey India Sub Junior Women National Championship
| 1
| 2
| 4
|-
| Hockey India Sub Junior Boys National Championship
| 2
| 0
| 0
|-
| Hockey India Sub Junior Girls National Championship
| 0
| 0
| 1
|-
| '''Overall'''
| '''19'''
| '''8'''
| '''9'''
|}

==State team performances at National Level==
===2011===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
!Championship
!Rank
!Venue
|-
|
''1st Hockey India Senior Women National Championship''<ref>{{cite web|title=1st Hockey India Senior Women National Championship |url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/05/Stats-Sr.-Women1.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> 
''1st Hockey India Sub Junior Women National Championship - East Zone''<ref>{{cite web|title=1st Hockey India Sub Junior Men and Women National Championship - East Zone|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/05/Stats-East-Zone1.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> 
''1st Hockey India Sub Junior Men National Championship - East Zone''<ref>{{cite web|title=1st Hockey India Sub Junior Men and Women National Championship - East Zone|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/05/Stats-East-Zone1.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> 
''1st Hockey India Junior Women National Championship''<ref>{{cite web|title=1st Hockey India Junior Women National Championship |url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/05/Stats-Jr.-Women.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> 
''1st Hockey India Junior Men National Championship''<ref>{{cite web|title=1st Hockey India Junior Men National Championship|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/05/Stats-Jr.-Men.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> 
''1st Hockey India Sub Junior Boys National Championship''<ref>{{cite web|title=1st Hockey India Sub Junior Boys National Championship |url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/05/Stats-Sub-Jr.-Men1.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> 
''1st Hockey India Sub Junior Girls National Championship''<ref>{{cite web|title=1st Hockey India Sub Junior Girls National Championship |url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/05/Stats-Sub-Jr.-women.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref>
| <div class="center">
3 
1 
2 
4 
2 
1 
3</div>
|
[[Sonipat]], [[Haryana]] 
[[Patna]], [[Bihar]] 
[[Patna]], [[Bihar]] 
[[Sonipat]], [[Haryana]] 
[[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]] 
[[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]] 
[[Rajnandgaon]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|}

===2012===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
!Championship
!Rank
!Venue
|-
|
''2nd Hockey India Junior Men National Championship''<ref>{{cite web|title=2nd Hockey India Junior Men National Championship|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/05/Stats-Jr.-Men-20121.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305125436/http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/05/Stats-Jr.-Men-20121.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
''2nd Hockey India Sub Junior Men National Championship - East Zone''<ref>{{cite web|title=2nd Hockey India Sub Junior Men & Women National Championship 2012 - East Zone|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/05/Stats-East-Zone.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> 
''2nd Hockey India Sub Junior Women National Championship - East Zone''<ref>{{cite web|title=2nd Hockey India Sub Junior Men & Women National Championship 2012 - East Zone|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/05/Stats-East-Zone.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> 
''2nd Hockey India Sub Junior Boys National Championship''<ref>{{cite web|title=2nd Hockey India Sub Junior Boys National Championship|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/05/RES-2nd-HOCKEY-INDIA-SUB-JUNIOR-NATIONAL-CHAMPIONSHIPS-BOYS-AND-GIRLS-ROHTAK-HARYANA-FIXTURES-2012.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref>
| <div class="center">
2 
1 
3 
1</div>
|
[[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] 
[[Patna]], [[Bihar]] 
[[Patna]], [[Bihar]] 
[[Rohtak]], [[Haryana]]
|}

===2013===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
!Championship
!Rank
!Venue
|-
|
''3rd Hockey India Sub Junior Men National Championship - East Zone''<ref>{{cite web|title=3rd Hockey India Sub Junior Men & Women National Championship - East Zone|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/04/Stats-East-Zone.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> 
''3rd Hockey India Sub Junior Women National Championship - East Zone''<ref>{{cite web|title=3rd Hockey India Sub Junior Men & Women National Championship - East Zone|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/04/Stats-East-Zone.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> 
''3rd Hockey India Sub Junior Men National Championship Finals''<ref>{{cite web|title=3rd Hockey India Sub Junior Men National Championship Finals|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/04/Stats-3rd-HI-Sb-JR-stats-2013.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> 
''3rd Hockey India Junior Men National Championship''<ref>{{cite web|title=3rd Hockey India Junior Men National Championship|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/04/Stats-Jr.-Men.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref>
| <div class="center">
2 
2 
1 
2</div>
|
[[Nagaon]], [[Assam]] 
[[Nagaon]], [[Assam]] 
[[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] 
[[Sonipat]], [[Haryana]] 
|}

===2014===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
!Championship
!Rank
!Venue
|-
|
''4th Hockey India Senior Men National Championship - B Division''<ref>{{cite web|title=4th Hockey India Senior Men National Championship - B Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/09/Stats-Sr.Men-B-Division.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015|archive-date=17 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317092827/http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/09/Stats-Sr.Men-B-Division.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
''4th Hockey India Junior Women National Championship - B Division''<ref>{{cite web|title=4th Hockey India Junior Women National Championship - B Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2014/05/Stats-Junior-Women-B.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> 
''4th Hockey India Junior Women National Championship - A Division''<ref>{{cite web|title=4th Hockey India Junior Women National Championship - A Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/09/Stats-Junior-Women-A.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015|archive-date=3 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703113453/http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/09/Stats-Junior-Women-A.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
''4th Hockey India Junior Men National Championship - A Division''<ref>{{cite web|title=4th Hockey India Junior Men National Championship - A Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2014/04/Stats-Junior-Men-A.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> 
''4th Hockey India Sub Junior Men National Championship - B Division''<ref>{{cite web|title=4th Hockey India Sub Junior Men National Championship - B Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/09/Stats-HI-Sub-Jr.-Men-B.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> 
''4th Hockey India Sub Junior Women National Championship - B Division''<ref>{{cite web|title=4th Hockey India Sub Junior Women National Championship - B Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/09/Stats-4th-HI-Sub-Jr-Nat-W-B-Division.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> 
''4th Hockey India Sub Junior Men National Championship - A Division''<ref>{{cite web|title=4th Hockey India Sub Junior Men National Championship - A Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/09/Stats-HI-Sub-Jr-Men-A1.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref>
| <div class="center">
1 
3 
4 
2 
1 
1 
1</div>
|
[[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] 
[[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]] 
[[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]] 
[[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] 
[[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]] 
[[Haldwani]], [[Uttarakhand]] 
[[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]
|}

===2015===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
!Championship
!Rank
!Venue
|-
|
''5th Hockey India Junior Men National Championship - B Division''<ref>{{cite web|title=5th Hockey India Junior Men National Championship - B Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2014/05/JUNIOR-MEN-B3.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> 
''5th Hockey India Junior Men National Championship - A Division''<ref>{{cite web|title=5th Hockey India Junior Men National Championship - A Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2014/05/JUNIOR-MEN-A.pdf|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> 
''5th Hockey India Senior Men National Championship - A Division''<ref>{{cite web|title=5th Hockey India Senior Men National Championship - A Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2014/05/SENIOR-MEN-A.pdf|accessdate=28 April 2015}}</ref> 
''5th Hockey India Junior Women National Championship - B Division''<ref>{{cite web|title=5th Hockey India Junior Women National Championship - B Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2014/05/JUNIOR-WOMEN-B1.pdf|accessdate=7 May 2015}}</ref> 
''5th Hockey India Junior Women National Championship - A Division''<ref>{{cite web|title=5th Hockey India Junior Women National Championship - A Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2014/05/JUNIOR-WOMEN-A.pdf|accessdate=14 May 2015}}</ref> 
''5th Hockey India Sub Junior Men National Championship - A Division - Hockey Gangpur Odisha''<ref>{{cite web|title=5th Hockey India Sub Junior Men National Championship - A Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2014/05/SUB-JUNIOR-MEN-A.pdf|accessdate=24 May 2015}}</ref> 
''5th Hockey India Sub Junior Men National Championship - A Division - Hockey Odisha''<ref>{{cite web|title=5th Hockey India Sub Junior Men National Championship - A Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2014/05/SUB-JUNIOR-MEN-A.pdf|accessdate=24 May 2015}}</ref> 
''5th Hockey India Sub Junior Women National Championship - A Division''<ref>{{cite web|title=5th Hockey India Sub Junior Women National Championship - A Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2014/05/SUB-JUNIOR-WOMEN-A1.pdf|accessdate=14 June 2015}}
</ref>
| <div class="center">
1 
1 
4 
1 
4 
3 
1 
3</div>
|
[[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]] 
[[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]] 
[[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]] 
[[Rajnandgaon]], [[Chhattisgarh]] 
[[Rajnandgaon]], [[Chhattisgarh]] 
[[New Delhi]], [[India]] 
[[New Delhi]], [[India]] 
[[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]
|}

===2016===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
!Championship
!Rank
!Venue
|-
|
''6th Hockey India Senior Women National Championship 2016 - B Division - Hockey Gangpur Odisha''<ref>{{cite web|title=6th Hockey India Senior Women National Championship 2016 - B Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2015/06/Senior-Women-B.pdf|accessdate=4 October 2016}}</ref> 
''6th Hockey India Senior Women National Championship 2016 - A Division - Hockey Odisha''<ref>{{cite web|title=6th Hockey India Senior Women National Championship 2016 - A Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2015/06/6thHockeyIndiaSeniorA3.pdf|accessdate=4 October 2016}}</ref> 
''6th Hockey India Senior Men National Championship 2016 - A Division''<ref>{{cite web|title=6th Hockey India Senior Men National Championship 2016 - A Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2015/06/6thHockeyIndiaSeniorMenA1.pdf|accessdate=4 October 2016}}</ref> 
''6th Hockey India Junior Men National Championship - A Division - Hockey Odisha''<ref>{{cite web|title=6th Hockey India Junior Men National Championship - A Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2015/06/JUNIOR-MENF.pdf|accessdate=4 October 2016}}</ref> 
''6th Hockey India Junior Men National Championship - A Division - Hockey Gangpur Odisha''<ref>{{cite web|title=6th Hockey India Junior Men National Championship - A Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2015/06/JUNIOR-MENF.pdf|accessdate=4 October 2016}}</ref> 
''6th Hockey India Sub Junior Men National Championship - A Division''<ref>{{cite web|title=5th Hockey India Sub Junior Men National Championship - A Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2015/06/SUB-JUNIOR-MEN-A-201622.pdf|accessdate=4 October 2016}}
</ref> 
''6th Hockey India Junior Women National Championship 2016 - A Division''<ref>{{cite web|title=6th Hockey India Junior Women National Championship 2016 - A Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2015/06/JUNIOR-WOMEN-A-1111111.pdf|accessdate=4 October 2016}}</ref> 
| <div class="center">
1 
3 
3 
1 
2 
1 
3</div>
|
[[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]] 
[[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]] 
[[Saifai]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] 
[[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]] 
[[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]] 
[[Imphal]], [[Manipur]] 
[[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]
|}

===2017===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
!Championship
!Rank
!Venue
|-
|
''7th Hockey India Junior Men National Championship 2017 - A Division - Hockey Odisha''<ref>{{cite web|title=7th Hockey India Junior Men National Championship 2017 - A Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2016/05/JM-A-final1.pdf|accessdate=28 September 2017}}</ref> 
''7th Hockey India Sub Junior Men National Championship 2017 - A Division - Hockey Odisha''<ref>{{cite web|title=7th Hockey India Sub Junior Men National Championship 2017 - A Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2016/05/SUB-JUNIOR-MEN-A1.pdf|accessdate=28 September 2017}}</ref> 
| <div class="center">
1 
4</div>
|
[[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] 
[[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|}

===2018===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
!Championship
!Rank
!Venue
|-
|
''8th Hockey India Sub Junior Men National Championship 2018 - A Division - Hockey Odisha''<ref>{{cite web|title=8th Hockey India Sub Junior Men National Championship 2017 - A Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2016/12/SJM-A-20184.pdf|accessdate=14 May 2018}}</ref> 
''8th Hockey India Sub Junior Women National Championship 2018 - A Division - Hockey Gangpur Odisha''<ref>{{cite web|title=8th Hockey India Junior Men National Championship 2017 - A Division|url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2016/12/SJW-A-20185.pdf|accessdate=14 May 2018}}</ref> 
| <div class="center">
1 
3</div>
|
[[Saifai]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] 
[[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Haryana]]
|}

===2019===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
!Championship
!Rank
!Venue
|-
|''9th Hockey India Junior Men National Championship 2019 - A Division - Hockey Odisha''<ref>{{cite web|title=9th HOCKEY INDIA JUNIOR MEN NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIP 2019 (A DIV) |url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2018/07/Fixture-Jr.-Men-A-Division-RESULT-28Feb.pdf|accessdate=15 April 2019}}</ref> 
''9th Hockey India Sub Junior Men National Championship 2018 - A Division - Hockey Odisha''<ref>{{cite web|title=9th HOCKEY INDIA JUNIOR MEN NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIP 2019 (A DIV) |url=http://hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2018/07/SJM-A-2019-080420193128.pdf|accessdate=8 June 2019}}</ref> 
| <div class="center">
1 1</div>
|[[Aurangabad, Maharashtra]] [[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Field hockey in Odisha]]
[[Category:Field hockey governing bodies in India|Odisha]]

Tadipatri mandal

2025-07-20T03:11:02Z

Debadrito Dutta: stub - done

{{Short description|Mandal in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.9069|78.0098}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Tadipatri]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 - Andhra Pradesh - Series 29 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Anantapur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/160 |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |pages=290}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 116.85
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,65,872
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=250|frame-height=180|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}
}}

'''Tadipatri mandal''' or '''Tadpatri mandal''' is one of the 31 [[List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh|mandals]] in [[Anantapur district]] of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mandal {{!}} Ananthapuramu District, Government of Andhra Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://ananthapuramu.ap.gov.in/mandal/}}</ref> It is under the administration of [[Anantapuramu revenue division]] and the headquarters are located at [[Tadipatri]] town.

== Demographics ==

As of the 2011 [[Census of India]], Tadipatri mandal comprises 39,970 households. The total population is 1,65,872, with 83,197 males and 82,675 females. The child population is 18,440. Scheduled Castes constitute 22,861 of the population, while Scheduled Tribes account for 2,653 individuals. The number of literate individuals stands at 1,00,094. The workforce in Tadipatri mandal includes 73,119 workers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary Census Abstract Indicators Andhra Pradesh, Anantapur District, Tadipatri Sub-District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref>

== Villages ==
List of villages/settlements in Tadipatri mandal<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 - Andhra Pradesh - Series 29 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Anantapur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/160 |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |pages=291}}</ref>

#Alur
#Bhogasamudram
#Bodaipalle
#Bondaladinne
#Brahmanapalle
#Challavaripalle
#Chinnapolamada
#Chukkalur
#Diguvapalle
#Gangadevipalle
#Husenapuram
#Igudur
#Jambulapadu
#Kaverisamudram
#Komali
#Nandalapadu (R)
#Peddapolamada
#Puliproddatur
#Sajjaladinne
#Seetharampuram
#[[Tadipatri]] (R)
#Talaricheruvu
#Uruchinthala
#Vanganur
#Veerapuram
#Velamakur
#Venkatampalle

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Anantapur district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Anantapur district]]

Mehtab Singh (boxer)

2025-06-25T03:58:22Z

Debadrito Dutta: Put up new biography w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian boxer (1948–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Mehtab Singh
| full_name =
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = Indian
| sport = [[Boxing]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1948|1|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Isharwal, [[Haryana]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|1|6|1948|1|5|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Manesar]], Haryana
}}

'''Mehtab Singh''' (5 January 1948 – 6 January 2021) was an Indian [[boxing|boxer]]. He competed in the [[Boxing at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Light heavyweight|men's light heavyweight]] event at the [[1972 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/me/nghlhav-mehtabs-singh-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418111250/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/me/nghlhav-mehtabs-singh-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Nghlhav Mehtabs Singh Olympic Results |access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref> He died on 5 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/bhiwani-s-first-boxing-olympian-mehtab-singh-dies-at-72/story-U83k4VqiyTiIWXqsqR2mtK.html|title=Bhiwani's first boxing Olympian Mehtab Singh dies at 72|last=Duggal|first=Saurabh|date=6 January 2021|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|publisher=[[HT Media]]|access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Mehtab}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male boxers]]
[[Category:Olympic boxers for India]]
[[Category:Boxers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Boxers at the 1972 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in boxing]]
[[Category:Boxers at the 1974 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games boxers for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1974 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Light-heavyweight boxers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]

{{India-boxing-bio-stub}}

God and gender in Hinduism

2025-06-10T22:10:55Z

Debadrito Dutta:

{{Short description|none}}
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| width1 = 150
| width2 = 142
| width3 = 141
| footer = In Hinduism, god is sometimes visualized as a male god such as [[Shiva]] (left), or goddess such as [[Durga]] (center), bigender such as [[Ardhanarishvara]] (a composite of [[Shiva]] - male - and [[Parvati]] - female) (right), or as formless and genderless [[Brahman]] (Universal Absolute, Supreme Self as Oneness in everyone).
| image1 = The Hindu God Vishnu LACMA M.70.5.1 (1 of 12).jpg
| image2 = Durga_Slaying_the_Buffalo_Demon_LACMA_M.70.1.1_(1_of_7).jpg
| image3 = God marriage AS.jpg
}}
In [[Hinduism]], there are diverse approaches to conceptualizing [[Gender of God|God and gender]]. Many Hindus focus upon the impersonal [[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute]] ([[Brahman]]) which is genderless. Other Hindu traditions conceive God as [[bigender]] (both female and male), alternatively as either male or female, while cherishing gender [[henotheism]], that is without denying the existence of other gods in either gender.<ref>John Renard (1999), Responses to 101 Questions on Hinduism, Paulist, {{ISBN|978-0809138456}}, pages 74-76</ref><ref>{{Google books|9XC9bwMMPcwC|What is Hinduism?|page=PR17}}, Hinduism Today, Hawaii</ref>

The [[Shakta]] tradition conceives of God as a female. Other [[Bhakti]] traditions of Hinduism have both male and female gods. In ancient and medieval Indian mythology, each masculine [[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]] of the Hindu pantheon is partnered with a feminine who is often a [[devi]].<ref>[http://www.adishakti.org/forum/concept_of_shakti_hinduism_as_a_liberating_force_for_women_1-18-2005.htm The Concept of Shakti: Hinduism as a Liberating Force for Women] by Frank Morales</ref>

==Literature==
{{Hinduism}}
Male and female deities are extensively mentioned in the ''[[Vedas]]''. The earliest ''mandalas'' ("Books"; the authorship of each ''mandala'' is traditionally ascribed to a particular ''[[rishi]]'' or that ''rishi'''s family) of the [[Rigveda]], estimated to have been composed sometime in the 2nd millennium BCE, invoke and praise both gods and goddesses. ''[[Ushas]]'' ("Goddess of Dawns") is praised in twenty Hymns of Chapters VI.64, VI.65, VII.78 and X.172, with Hymn VI.64.5 declaring goddess Ushas as the one who must be worshipped first.<ref name=davidk/><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/rigvedasanhitac00websgoog#page/n19/mode/2up Rigveda] Hymn VI.64.5, HH Wilson (Translator), Trubner & Co London, page 7</ref>

{{Quote|
'''Hymn to Ushas''' (Abridged): 
The shining tints of the Dawn have spread like the waves of the waters, 
Beautifying the world, she renders all good roads easy to traverse, 
She who is replete with delight, excellence and health, 
Divine Ushas, though art seen auspicious, thou shinest afar, 
thy bright rays spread over the sky, lovely and radiant with great splendour; 
Do thou Ushas bring me opulence, daughter of heaven; 
thou who art divine, who art lovely, who art to be worshipped at the first daily rite; 
At thy dawning, divine Ushas, birds fly from their resting places, men arise to work; 
Thou, divine Ushas, bring ample wealth to the mortal, the offerer of these prayers.
|Rigveda|VI.64<ref>
*Original Sanskrit: '''एषा''' स्या नो दुहिता दिवोजाः क्षितीरुच्छन्ती मानुषीरजीगः । या भानुना रुशता राम्यास्वज्ञायि तिरस्तमसश्चिदक्तून् ॥१॥ वि तद्ययुररुणयुग्भिरश्वैश्चित्रं '''भान्त्युषसश्चन्द्ररथाः''' । अग्रं यज्ञस्य बृहतो नयन्तीर्वि ता बाधन्ते तम ऊर्म्यायाः ॥२॥ (...) इदा हि त '''उषो''' अद्रिसानो गोत्रा गवामङ्गिरसो गृणन्ति । व्यर्केण बिभिदुर्ब्रह्मणा च सत्या नृणामभवद्देवहूतिः ॥५॥ '''उच्छा''' दिवो दुहितः प्रत्नवन्नो भरद्वाजवद्विधते मघोनि । सुवीरं रयिं गृणते रिरीह्युरुगायमधि धेहि श्रवो नः ॥६॥ (Source: [http://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_६.६५ ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं ६.६५] Wikisource)
*English Translation: [https://archive.org/stream/rigvedasanhitac00websgoog#page/n19/mode/2up Rigveda] Hymn VI.64.5, HH Wilson (Translator), Trubner & Co London, page 7</ref>}}

Goddesses, other than Ushas, mentioned in early Vedic literature include ''[[Prthivi]]'' (earth), ''[[Aditi]]'' (mother of gods, abundance), ''[[Sarasvati]]'' (river, nourishment), ''[[Vāc|Vac]]'' (sound and speech), and ''[[Nirrti]]'' (death, destruction).<ref name=davidk/> Similarly male gods feature prominently in the Vedas, with ''[[Indra]]'' (rain, lightning), ''[[Agni]]'' (fire), ''[[Varuna]]'' (rta, law), ''[[Dyaus]]'' (sky, virility), ''[[Savitr]]'' (''Surya'', sun), and ''[[Soma (drink)|Soma]]'' (drink) some of the most mentioned. The two deities most mentioned in Rigveda are Indra and Agni, both male.<ref>David R. Kinsley (1986), Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520053939}}, pages 6-8</ref> Surya is the third most revered god, again a male.<ref name=wjw>William Joseph Wilkins, {{Google books|ZBUHAAAAQAAJ|Hindu Mythology: Vedic and Purānic|page=8}}, London Missionary Society, Calcutta</ref> Each is mentioned, anywhere rain and fire is evoked. They are profusely praised, with ceremonies and prayers to all gods and goddesses symbolically organized around fire (Agni [[yajna]]). The hymns seek strengthening of fire, and it is god Indra who increases the energy of the fire, while god Surya increases his brightness. [[Max Muller]] states that, while there are difference in frequency of mentions, gods and goddesses in Rig veda are "neither superior nor inferior; almost every one is represented as supreme and absolute".<ref name=wjw/>

Gross states that ancient and medieval Hindu literature is richly endowed with gods, goddesses and androgynous representations of God.<ref name=rmg>RM Gross (1978), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1463798 Hindu Female Deities as a Resource for the Contemporary Rediscovery of the Goddess], Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 46, No. 3 (Sep., 1978), pages 269-291</ref> This, states Gross, is in contrast with several monotheistic religions, where God is often synonymous with "He" and theism is replete with male anthropomorphisms.<ref name=rmg/> In Hinduism, goddess-imagery does not mean loss of male-god, rather the ancient literature presents the two genders as balancing each other and complementary. The Goddesses in Hinduism, states Gross,<ref name=rmg/> are strong, beautiful and confident, symbolizing their vitality in cycle of life. While masculine Gods are symbolically represented as those who act, the feminine Goddesses are symbolically portrayed as those who inspire action.<ref name=rmg/> Goddesses in Hinduism are envisioned as the patrons of arts, culture, nurture, learning, arts, joys, spirituality and liberation.<ref name=davidk>David R. Kinsley (1986), Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520053939}}</ref><ref name=rmg/>

God is not either male or female concept in ancient Indian literature. Androgynous concepts of god are common place as well.<ref name=rmg/>

===Brahman===
Most major schools of [[Hindu philosophy]] focus their philosophical discourse on the [[Absolute (philosophy)|Universal Absolute]], called [[Brahman]], which is a grammatically genderless noun.<ref name=hrz>Heinrich Robert Zimmer (1972), Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691017785}}, pages 123-128</ref> This Universal Absolute, states Zimmer, is "beyond the differentiating qualifications of sex, beyond any and all limitations, individualizing characteristics whatsoever". The ''Brahman'' is the Great Cosmic Spirit, the Ultimate True Reality, the Supreme Self. It is a transcendental concept that includes all virtues, forms, genders, characteristics, capacities, knowledge and being-ness.<ref name=hrz/> The history of the genderless concept of Brahman, as the omnipresent Absolute Spirit and Supreme Self, can be traced back to Vedas, and extensively in the earliest Upanishads, such as hymns 1.4.10 and 4.4.5 of [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]],<ref>Original Sanskrit: [http://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/बृहदारण्यकोपनिषद् बृहदारण्यकोपनिषद्] Wikisource; English Translation Hymn 1.4.10: [https://archive.org/stream/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda#page/n171/mode/2up Brihadaranyaka Upanishad - 1.4.10] pages 145-146; English Translation Hymn 4.4.5: [https://archive.org/stream/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda#page/n739/mode/2up Brihadaranyaka Upanishad - 4.4.5] pages 712-713;</ref> and hymn 6.2.1 of [[Chandogya Upanishad]] 6.2.1.<ref>Original Sanskrit: सर्वं खल्विदं ब्रह्म तज्जलानिति शान्त उपासीत । अथ खलु क्रतुमयः पुरुषो यथाक्रतुरस्मिँल्लोके पुरुषो भवति तथेतः प्रेत्य भवति स क्रतुं कुर्वीत ॥ १ ॥ ([http://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/छान्दोग्योपनिषद्_२ छान्दोग्योपनिषद्] Wikisource); English Translation 1: All this indeed is '''Brahman'''. From It the universe comes forth, in It the universe merges, and in It the universe breathes. Therefore a man should meditate on Brahman with a calm mind. Now, a man consists of free will. As he wills in this world, so does he become. Let him, with this knowledge in mind, form his free will. ([http://www.bharatadesam.com/spiritual/upanishads/chandogya_upanishad.php Chandogya Upanishad The Sandilya Doctrine - 3.14.1]); English Translation 2: [https://archive.org/stream/Shankara.Bhashya-Chandogya.Upanishad-Ganganath.Jha.1942.English#page/n165/mode/2up Chandogya Upanishad III.xiv.1] GN Jha (Translator), page 151</ref>

Zimmer clarifies the notion of gender in Sanskrit language and its relation to the concepts of Brahman and God in Hinduism, as follows:

{{Quote|
It must be understood that in Sanskrit, grammatical gender is not always a sign of physical sex. Gender infers function, sex infers form; so that an individual<ref>man or woman</ref> may be masculine from one point of view and feminine from another. (...) Brahman can be regarded as the "womb" of life, and as in Christianity "this man" and "this woman" are equally "feminine to God" [in Hinduism]. Absolutely, Brahman, although grammatically neuter, is the principle of all such differentiation. Essence and nature are respectively masculine and feminine, logically distinct, but "one in God," who is neither this nor that [in Hinduism], and therefore "It" rather than "He" or "She" specifically.
|[[Heinrich Zimmer]]|Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization<ref name=hrz/>}}

==Mythology==
Hindu mythology incorporates numerous devas (gods) and devis (goddesses). These are symbolic stories that synthesize God and gender, with ideas and values. The [[Vishnu Purana]], for example, recites one such myth describes gods and goddesses with names that are loaded with symbolism. An excerpt of the story is as follows,<ref name=vp/>

{{Quote|
The progeny of [[Dharma]] by the daughters of Daksha were as follows: by Sraddhá (devotion) he had [[Kama]] (desire); by Lakshmí (wealth, prosperity), was born Darpa (pride); by Dhriti (courage), the progeny was [[Niyama]] (precept); by Tusht́i (inner comfort), Santosha (contentment); by Pusht́i (opulence), the progeny was Lobha (cupidity, greed); by Medhá (wisdom, experience), Sruta (sacred tradition); by Kriyá (hard work, labour), the progeny were Dańd́a, Naya, and Vinaya (justice, politics, and education); by Buddhi (intellect), Bodha (understanding); by Lajjá (shame, humility), Vinaya (good behaviour); by Vapu (body, strength), Vyavasaya (perseverance). Shanti (peace) gave birth to Kshama (forgiveness); Siddhi (excellence) to Sukha (enjoyment); and Kírtti (glorious speech) gave birth to Yasha (reputation). These were the sons of Dharma; one of whom, Kama (love, emotional fulfillment) had baby Hersha (joy) by his wife Nandi (delight).

The wife of Adharma (vice, wrong, evil) was Hinsá (violence), on whom he begot a son Anrita (falsehood), and a daughter Nikriti (immorality): they intermarried, and had two sons, Bhaya (fear) and Naraka (hell); and twins to them, two daughters, Máyá (deceit) and Vedaná (torture), who became their wives. The son of Bhaya (fear) and Máyá (deceit) was the destroyer of living creatures, or Mrityu (death); and Dukha (pain) was the offspring of Naraka (hell) and Vedaná (torture). The children of Mrityu were Vyádhi (disease), Jará (decay), Soka (sorrow), Trishńa (greediness), and Krodha (wrath). These are all called the inflictors of misery, and are characterised as the progeny of Vice (Adharma). They are all without wives, without posterity, without the faculty to procreate; they perpetually operate as causes of the destruction of this world. On the contrary, Daksha and the other Rishis, the elders of mankind, tend perpetually to influence its renovation: whilst the Manus and their sons, the heroes endowed with mighty power, and treading in the path of truth, as constantly contribute to its preservation.|Vishnu Purana|Chapter 7, Translated by [[Horace Hayman Wilson]]<ref name=vp>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp041.htm Vishnu Purana] Chapter 7</ref>}}

==Examples==
{{refimprove section|date=February 2015}}

=== Smarta and Advaita ===
The [[Smarta]] tradition, which by and large, follows [[Advaita]] philosophy believes all forms, male and female, to be different forms of the impersonal Absolute, [[Brahman]] which is of neuter gender and can never be defined.
Brahman is viewed as without personal attributes ([[Nirguna Brahman]]) or with attributes ([[Saguna Brahman]], equated with [[Ishvara]]) as [[God]]. In [[Advaita Vedanta]], Ishvara is Brahman. Thus according to [[Smarta]] views, the divine can be with attributes, [[Saguna Brahman]], and also be viewed with whatever attributes, (e.g., a goddess) a devotee conceives.

===Shiva and Vishnu===
In [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaivism]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dvaita.org/docs/srv_faq.html#who= |title=Dvaita Documentation: Vaishnava FAQ |access-date=2008-02-24 |archive-date=2010-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722155749/http://www.dvaita.org/docs/srv_faq.html#who= |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.shaivam.org/shpintro.htm Shaivam – An Introduction]</ref> God, [[Vishnu]] or [[Shiva]] respectively, is personified as male. God, however, transcends gender in these sub-schools, and the male form is used as an icon to help focus the [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] (worship). The use of icons is not restricted to male forms. It takes various forms and shapes. The Shaivites and Vaishnavites worship God in non-anthropomorphic, symbolic male-female images as well, such as the [[linga|lingam]]-[[yoni]] and [[shaligram]] respectively. In their literature, the principle of God's true nature as sexless is emphasized as in the [[Vishnu sahasranama]].{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

Thus, the first few names,{{which|date=February 2015}} of Vishnu sahasranama, in particular, do not describe features of Vishnu in detail and hence are not [[anthropomorphic]].{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

=== Shakti ===
[[Shaktism]], on the other hand, is a denomination of Hinduism that worships [[Mahadevi|Adi Shakti]], or Mahadevi—the Hindu name for the [[Mother goddess|Great Divine Mother]]—in all of her forms whilst not rejecting the importance of masculine and neuter divinity (which are however deemed to be inactive in the absence of the Shakti). In pure Shaktism, the Great Goddess, or Devi, is worshiped. N. N. Bhattacharyya{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} explained that "[those] who worship the Supreme Deity exclusively as a Female Principle are called [[Shakta]].{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

Alternative interpretations of Shaktism, however—primarily those of [[Shaivite]] scholars, such as [[Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami]]—argue that the feminine manifest is ultimately only the vehicle through which the masculine Un-manifest [[Parasiva]] is ultimately reached.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

=== Divine couples ===
{{main|Radha Krishna|Lakshmi Narayana|Shiva Parvati}}
The common separation of ''[[shakti]]'' (energy) and ''shaktimana'' (energetic) principle in god arrives at the conclusion that ''shakti'' and ''shaktimana'' are the same.<ref>Surendranath Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy (1991) p. 31</ref> Every masculine form of god has their partner, female counterpart (''shakti'') and without this divine energy he is sometimes viewed as the one without the essential power.<ref>Santilata Dei, Del Santilata, Vaisnavism in Orissa (1988) p. 167</ref> In some Bhakti schools, devotees of Hinduism worship both the genders together as the divine couple rather than a specific gender.<ref>{{cite book |author=Beck, Guy L. |title=Alternative Krishnas: regional and vernacular variations on a Hindu deity |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany, N.Y |year=2005 |isbn=0-7914-6415-6 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C&dq=Radha+is+supreme&pg=PA68 p. 68]}}</ref><ref>Kakoli Basak, (1991) Rabindranath Tagore, a Humanist - p. 11</ref>
[[File:Vaikuntha Kamalaja (Podar Haveli Museum).jpg|thumb|Vaikuntha Kamalaja, a composite form of Lakshmi and Narayana]]
In the Vaishnava tradition, the divine feminine energy (''shakti'') implies a divine source of energy of the masculine aspect of God, "[[Sita]] relates to [[Rama]]; [[Lakshmi]] belongs to [[Narayana]]; [[Radha]] has Her [[Krishna]]." The female, in these divine pairs, is viewed as the source of energy and essence of the male form.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rosen|2002|p=54}}</ref><ref>Dave Symmons (1998), This is Hinduism, Nelson Thornes, {{ISBN|978-0748730933}}, page 20</ref><ref>Stella Kramrisch (1975), The Indian Great Goddess, History of Religions, Vol. 14, No. 4, pages 260-263</ref> In the [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] tradition, Lakshmi is described to be the mediatrix of Vishnu's grace, regarded by devotees to intercede on their behalf. Her forgiveness of sins is believed to allow devotees to be in the presence of her consort, highlighting her importance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carman |first=John Braisted |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyVfKEmEK2QC&pg=PA280 |title=Majesty and Meekness: A Comparative Study of Contrast and Harmony in the Concept of God |date=1994 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-0693-2 |pages=280 |language=en}}</ref>

In the Shaiva tradition, the supreme goddess Mahadevi is regarded to assume the form of [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] and later [[Parvati]] to become the divine energy of Shiva.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Markale |first=Jean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d3P2woLxXVsC&pg=PA173 |title=The Great Goddess: Reverence of the Divine Feminine from the Paleolithic to the Present |date=September 1999 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |isbn=978-0-89281-715-3 |pages=173 |language=en}}</ref>

One of the prominent features of [[Manipuri Vaishnavism|Vaishnavism in Manipur]] is the worship of the two genders together. Devotees do not worship Krishna or Radha alone, but they worship Radha-Krishna together.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=g-wbAAAAIAAJ&q=Manipur+Radha Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature - p. 4290], Amaresh Datta, Mohan Lal,1994</ref> ''[[Rasa (theology)|Rasa]]'' and other dances are a feature of the regional folk and religious tradition and often the dancer portrays both Krishna and his consort Radha in the same piece.<ref>{{Harvnb|Schwartz|2004|p=35}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Gender of God|God and gender]]
* [[Radha Krishna]]
* [[Ardhanarishvara]]
* [[Sky father]]
{{-}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{cite book
|last=Schwartz |first=Susan
|title=Rasa: performing the divine in India
|publisher=Columbia University Press
|location=New York
|year=2004
|isbn=0-231-13145-3
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/rasa00susa
}}
*{{cite book |last=Rosen |first=Steven |title=The hidden glory of India |publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] |location=[[Los Angeles]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-89213-351-1 }}
*{{cite book
|author=Valpey, Kenneth Russell
|title=Attending {{IAST|Kṛṣṇa}}'s image: {{IAST|Caitanya Vaiṣṇava mūrti-sevā}} as devotional truth
|publisher=Routledge
|location=New York
|year=2006
|isbn=0-415-38394-3
}}
*{{cite book
| author = Schweig, G.M.
| year = 2005
| title = Dance of divine love: The Rasa Lila of Krishna from the Bhagavata Purana, India's classic sacred love story.
| publisher = Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ; Oxford
| isbn = 0-691-11446-3
}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline}}

{{Hindudharma}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:God And Gender In Hinduism}}
[[Category:Hindu law]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Hinduism and society]]
[[Category:Gender and Hinduism]]

Abdul Hameed Azhari

2025-05-19T18:34:01Z

Debadrito Dutta: Added Initial Post From Scratch

{{orphan|date=December 2024}}
{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| name = Abdul Hameed Azhari
| honorific prefix = ''[[Hazrat]]'', ''[[Maulana]]''
| official_name = Abdul Hameed Azhari
| birth_date = 1944
| birth_place = Malegaon, Maharashtra
| nationality = British Indian (1944-1947) Indian (1947-2021)
| home_town = Malegaon
| movement = [[Deobandi movement]]
| death_date = 4 December 2021
| death_place = Malegaon
| education = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] [[Al-Azhar University]]
}}

'''Abdul Hameed Azhari''' (1944 — 4 December 2021) was an Indian Dalit Rights Activist and Islamic scholar. He was a Member of [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] and the National President of Rashtriya Muslim Morcha, an organization working under [[BAMCEF|The All India Backward and Minority Communities Employees Federation]], founded by [[Waman Meshram]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-12-04 |title=Maulana Abdul Hameed Azhari Passes Away In Malegaon |url=https://thecognate.com/maulana-abdul-hameed-azhari-passes-away-in-malegaon/?noamp=available |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=The Cognate |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2021-04-12 |title=لاک ڈاؤن کے دوران مساجد کھلی رکھنے سے متعلق مولانا عبدالحمید ازہری سے خاص بات چیت |trans-title=Exclusive conversation with Maulana Abdul Hameed Azhari about keeping mosques open during lockdown |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/maharashtra/talk-to-moulana-abdul-hameed-azhari-on-keeping-the-mosques-open-during-the-lockdown/na20210412070821390 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=قندیل |date=2021-12-04 |title=مہاراشٹر کے معروف عالم دین مولانا عبدالحمید ازہری کا انتقال |trans-title=Maulana Abdul Hameed Azhari passes away |url=https://qindeelonline.com/maharashtras-cleric-maulana-abdulhameed-azhari-passes-away/ |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=قندیل - Qindeel |language=ur}}</ref>

He was one of the founders and also served as the chief patron of Kul Tanzeem-e-Jamaat,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-11 |title=The scapegoats |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/the-scapegoats/article8580641.ece |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2021-03-28 |title=مالیگاؤں بم دھماکہ معاملہ میں انصاف کے لیے کل جماعتی تنظیم کا دھرنا |trans-title=Malegaon blast case: All-party organisation stages sit-in demanding justice |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/city/mumbai/kul-jamati-organization-protest-in-bara-qbristan-of-malegaon/na20210328204210845 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=ur}}</ref> an organization formed after [[2006 Malegaon bombings|2006 Malegaon blasts]] to seek legal justice for local youth arrested in the case.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-10-26 |title='Re-investigate '06 Malegaon blasts' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/re-investigate-06-malegaon-blasts/articleshow/3641833.cms |access-date=2024-12-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-26 |title=9 Muslims held for Malegaon blasts discharged, Mumbai court says no evidence |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/malegaon-blast-case-mumbai-court-discharges-all-eight-accused/ |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-11 |title=Malegaon’s innocents |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/malegaons-innocents/article8580609.ece |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malegaon resorts to an unusual protest |url=https://www.milligazette.com/dailyupdate/2006/200611111_malegaon_muslims.htm |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=www.milligazette.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-26 |title=Malegaon despairs: Only Allah can now do justice for my dead son, says victim’s father |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/malegaon-despairs-only-allah-can-now-do-justice-for-my-dead-son-says-victims-father/ |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
He was born in 1944 in Malegaon, Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Faizee |first=Aleem |title=Maulana Hameed Azhari: A Crusader has left for his heavenly abode |url=https://ummid.com/news/2021/december/07.12.2021/maulana-hameed-azhari-a-crusader-has-left-for-his-heavenly-abode.html |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=ummid |language=en}}</ref>

Abdul Hameed Azhari started his education from Madrasa Millat under the tutelage of Maulana Abdul Hameed Nomani. Upon completing early education, he went to [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. He later graduated from [[Al-Azhar University|Al-Azhar Cairo]], Egypt.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Maulana Abdul Hameed Azhari passes away in Malegaon |url=https://ummid.com/news/2021/december/04.12.2021/maulana-abdul-hameed-azhari-passes-away-in-malegaon.html |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=ummid |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
Abdul Hameed Azhari died on 4 December 2021 and was buried at Bada Qabristan, Malegaon. His [[Funeral prayer (Islam)|Namaz-e-Janaza]] was led by his son, Hifzur Rahman.<ref name=":0" />

On his death, [[Khalid Saifullah Rahmani|Maulana Khalid Saifullah Rahmani]], [[Mohammed Ismail Abdul Khalique|Mufti Ismail Abdul Khalique Qasmi]], [[Sajjad Nomani|Maulana Sajjad Nomani]] and others shown their grief and condolences.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 2021 |title=مولانا عبدالحمید ازہریؒ کی وفات ملت اسلامیہ کیلئے بڑا خسارہ ہے |trans-title=The death of Maulana Abdul Hameed Azhari is a great loss for the Nation of Islam |url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/the-death-of-maulana-abdul-hameed-azhari-is-a-great-loss-for-the-nation-of-islam-32103 |work=[[The Inquilab]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azhari, Abdul Hameed}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Al-Azhar University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]

Sanskar Bharti

2025-04-22T20:17:51Z

Debadrito Dutta: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2018}}
'''Sanskar Bharati''' is an organization that works to promote [[Indian art|Indian art, fine arts]], and [[Culture of India|culture]]. Notable contributors include Indian intellectuals like Bhaurao Devars, Haribhau Wakankar, [[Nanaji Deshmukh]], Madhavrao Devale, and [[Baba Yogendra|Yogendra]].

== History ==
The concept of Sanskar Bharati was first developed in 1954, and the first institute was established in [[Lucknow]] in 1981. In 1988, the [[Mirzapur]] unity was formed for the [[Ekadashi]] (Rangbhari Ekadashi) of the Falgun Shukla Party.

== Presence and motto ==
At present, there are over 1200 branches of Sanskar Bharati throughout the country. Its motto is "''Art gives freedom by cutting the straits of evil''". Sanskar Bharati works in various spheres of the society with the aim of awakening [[patriotism]], cultivating appreciation of Indian culture and values, and encouraging the development of various arts and novice [[artists]]. Since 1990, the annual session of Sanskar Bharati has been organized in the form of an 'Art Sekhak Sangam', in which various forms of arts like [[musicians|music]], [[Play (theatre)|plays]], [[painting]], [[poetry]], [[literature]], and [[dance]] are displayed. Various established and novice artists from across the country participate in this event.

== Working committee ==
The present organizational structure of Sanskar Bharati is as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sanskarbhartimunger.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817151300/http://www.sanskarbhartimunger.org/|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 August 2013|title=Welcome to Sanskar Bharati, Munger|date=17 August 2013|publisher=}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S. No
!Name
!Position
|-
|1
|[[Baba Yogendra]]
|National Guardian, [[Agra]]
|-
|2
|Vasudev Kamath
|National President, Mumbai
|-
|3
|Vishram Jamdar
|National Mahamantri, Nagpur
|-
|4
|Ravindra Bharti
|National Minister of State, Jaipur
|-
|5
|Anand Prakash Narayan Singh
|Provincial Speaker ([[Bihar]]), [[Patna]]
|-
|6
|Vinod Kumar Gupta
|Provincial Mahamantri (Bihar), Patna
|-
|7
|Dr. S. Pratam Singh
|Provincial President (Kashi Province)
|-
|8
|Dr. S. Ganesh Awasthi
|Provincial Executive President (Kashi Province)
|-
|9
|Shri Sujit Srivastava
|Provincial General Secretary (Kashi Province)
|-
|10
|Major Deendayal
|Patshak
|-
|11
|Dao Ajay Sharma
|President
|-
|12
|Nirmal Popli
|Vice President
|-
|13
|Suresh Vashishtha
|Vice President
|-
|14
|Shri Sampoor Singh
|Mahamantri
|-
|15
|Shri Abhishek Gupta
|Maha Pratham
|-
|16
|Shri Rakesh Kumar
|Treasurer
|-
|17
|Shri Uditendu Verma 'Nishchal'
|Minister
|-
|18
|Shrimati Swadesh Charaura
|Maternal Power Chief
|-
|19
|D.R. Raicha Gupta
|Organization Minister
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.sanskarbharti.org/ Official website]

[[Category:1981 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1981]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Lucknow]]

K. S. Saleekha

2025-04-08T09:38:51Z

Debadrito Dutta:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. S. Saleekha
| image =
| caption = K. S. Saleekha
| birth_date = 15 June 1961
| birth_place = Pazhaya Lakkidi
| residence = Kadampazhipuram
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2011
| term_end1 = 2016
| constituency1 = [[Shornur]]
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = Incumbent
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| constituency2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| spouse = A Kunjimon
| children = 2 (Nishad and Shameena)
| nationality = Indian
| religion =
| footnotes =
| date=
| year =
| source =
}}
'''K. S. Saleekha''' (born 15 June 1961) is an Indian politician. She Is A Member of Central Committee [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Shornur]] constituency from 2011 to 2016. and [[Sreekrishnapuram]] constituency from 2006 to 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/mem/k_s_saleekha.htm |title=Members – Kerala Legislature |website=niyamasabha.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512062848/http://niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/mem/k_s_saleekha.htm |archive-date=2012-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sreekrishnapuram assembly election results in Kerala |url=https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Sreekrishnapuram-in-Kerala |website=elections.traceall.in}}</ref>

==Positions held==
*Member, CPI(M) Central Committee (2025 onwards)
*Member, CPI(M) Kerala State Committee (2022 onwards)
*Member, CPI(M) Palakkad District Committee (2002 onwards)
*State Joint Secretary, All India Democratic Women's Association
*Member, District Panchayat, Palakkad (2000–2005)
*Palakkad District Secretary, All India Democratic Women's Association (1999–2010)
*President, Sreekrishnapuram Block Panchayat (1995–2000)
*Director, Kadampazhipuram Service Co-operative Bank (1988–1996)

==Personal life==
She was born at Pazhaya Lakkidi on 15 June 1961. She is the daughter of Saidali and Khadeeja.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saleekha, K. S.}}
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Govind Sharan Lohra

2025-02-17T14:53:42Z

Debadrito Dutta:

{{Short description|Indian folk singer (1955–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_name = Govind Sharan Lohra
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 5 May 1955
| birth_place = Itta Barahi, [[Lohardaga district]], [[Bihar]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2025|01|02|1955|05|05}}
| death_place = Itta Barahi, Lohardaga district, [[Jharkhand]], India
| education =
| occupation = Folk singer, Songwriter
| years_active = 1992–2025
| known for = [[Nagpuri culture#Folk music and dance|Nagpuri folk music]]
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = {{ubl|Akruti Sammaan (2002)|Peter Naurangi Sahitya Sammaan (2010)|Jharkhand Bibhuti Award (2012)|Jaishankar Prasad Smriti Award (2021)}}
}}

'''Govind Sharan Lohra''' (5 May 1955 – 2 January 2025) was an Indian folk artist. He was a Nagpuri folk singer, songwriter and dancer. He had performed in many national events. He was recipient of several awards including Akruti Samman, Peter Naurangi Sahitya Samman and Jharkhand Bibhuti.<ref name="prabhatkhabar">{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/vishesh-aalekh/1331105|title=ठेठ नागपुरी गीत-नृत्य के पुरोधा गोविंद शरण लोहरा|website=prabhatkhabar|date=20 September 2019|access-date=2 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/jharkhand/state/ranchi/folk-singer-govind-sharans-unique-battle-against-corona/jh20200330152254750|title=कोरोना के खिलाफ लोक गायक गोविंद शरण की अनोखी जंग, नागपुरी गीत से लोगों को कर रहे जागरुक|website=etvbharat|date=30 March 2020|access-date=2 April 2022}}</ref> He was awarded [[Jaishankar Prasad]] Smriti Award in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/local/jharkhand/ranchi/news/bsnl-honored-many-litterateurs-at-jaishankar-prasad-memorial-ceremony-128181870.html|title=जयशंकर प्रसाद स्मृति समारोह में बीएसएनएल ने कई साहित्यकारों को किया सम्मानित|website=bhaskar|date=January 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born in Itta village in [[Lohardaga district]] on 5 May 1955. He is well versed in field of Nagpuri song writing, singing, playing musical instruments and dancing.<ref name="Lagatar2025">{{Cite news|title=Lohardaga:nagpuri folk artist govind sharan lohara dies at the age of 70|url=https://lagatar.in/lohardaga-nagpuri-folk-artist-govind-sharan-lohara-dies-at-the-age-of-70/|work=Lagatar|date=2 January 2025|access-date=31 January 2025|lang=Hindi}}</ref><ref name="prabhatkhabar"/> He belonged to [[Lohra (tribe)|Lohra]] community.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-150-people-of-lohra-society-honored-3881958.html|title=लोहरा समाज के 150 लोगों को किया गया सम्मानित|publisher=livehindustan|date=28 February 2021|access-date=15 November 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
He performed in several national events such as ''Rastriya Janjatiya Sammelan'' (1992) in [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], ''Rastriya Ekta Sibir'' (1994) in [[Chittorgarh]], Rajasthan, National folk music event (1996) in [[Patna]], Chotanagpur Mohatsav (1999) in [[Bihar]] (Now Jharkhand), Bharatiya Kishan Sangh's national event (2000), [[Hastinapur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and 4th Vanvasi Krida Mahotsav (2000) in Ranchi.<ref name="prabhatkhabar"/>

He had helped researchers in regional language Department of [[Ranchi University]] about Nagpuri folk music. At old age he had paralysis but he wanted his knowledge to give next generation. He advised youth to not distort folk music in the name of modernization.<ref name="prabhatkhabar"/>

==Death==
He died on 2 January 2025 at his village.<ref name="Lagatar2025"/>

==Awards and recognition==
He has been awarded several awards including Akruti Samman (2002), Peter Naurangi Sahitya Samman (2010) and Jharkhand Bibhuti (2012). He also received several certificates from Youth Hostel of India, New Delhi (1992), Bihar Government (1996), Sur Tarangi Sammajik evam Sanskritik Sanstha, Patna.<ref name="prabhatkhabar"/> He was awarded Jaishankar Prasad Smriti Award in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-jaishankar-prasad-memorial-award-to-naresh-aggarwal-and-neeraj-neer-3825376.amp.html|title=नरेश अग्रवाल और नीरज नीर को जयशंकर प्रसाद स्मृति सम्मान|website=livehindustan|date=31 January 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lohra, Govind Sharan}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male folk singers]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:People from Lohardaga district]]
[[Category:Nagpuria people]]

Mannarpuram

2024-10-27T23:00:22Z

Debadrito Dutta: update references based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Mannarpuram
|other_name =
|native_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Trichy City
|motto =
|image_skyline =
|imagesize = 250px
|image_caption = Grade separator at Mannarpuram
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_map =
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = India Tiruchirapalli
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize=
|pushpin_map_caption =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 =
|subdivision_name2 =
|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 =
|area_land_km2 =
|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 =
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5.30
|coordinates = {{coord|10|47|26|N|78|41|12|E|display=inline}}
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code_type =
|postal_code =
|area_code =
|blank_name =
|blank_info =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Mannarpuram''' ({{langx|ta|மன்னார்புரம்}}) is a part of the city of [[Tiruchirappalli]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The headquarters of the Trichy division of the [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]] (TNEB) are located here.<ref name="tnebtrichy">{{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Electricity Board - Trichy Region|url=http://www.tneb.in/template_3.php?tempno=&cid=0&subcid=93|publisher=Tamil Nadu Electricity Board|access-date=17 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321065908/http://www.tneb.in/template_3.php?tempno=&cid=0&subcid=93|archive-date=21 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Trichy Cricket Association's Mannarpuram Coaching Academy, one of the city's important coaching academies is also located here.<ref name="trichycoaching_cricinfo">{{cite web|title=Coaching Academies in Trichy|url=http://static.cricinfo.com/db/INTERACTIVE/COACHING/ACADEMY/TRICHY-LIST.html|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=2011-05-17}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Tiruchirappalli}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods and suburbs of Tiruchirappalli]]