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Entally Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T02:32:04Z

DeangeloWaley:

{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Entally
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Entally.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Entally Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Sandipan Saha]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]
| constituency_no = 163
| established = 1951
| electors = 230,726
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Entally Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is one of the seven vidhan sabha seats which fall under [[Kolkata Uttar Lok Sabha constituency | Kolkata Uttar]] Lok Sabha constituency.

==Overview==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in [[West Bengal]], Entally Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
* Ward Nos. [[Ward No. 54, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|54]], [[Ward No. 55, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|55]], [[Ward No. 56, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|56]], [[Ward No. 58, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|58]] and [[Ward No. 59, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|59]] of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date=22 February 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Borough
! Ward No.
! [[2021 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election|Councillor]]
! colspan="2" |2021 Winner
|-
|rowspan=2|VI
|[[Ward No. 54, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|54]]
|Amiruddin Wahab
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|-
|[[Ward No. 55, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|55]]
|Sabita Rani Das
|-
|rowspan=3|VII
|[[Ward No. 56, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|56]]
|Swapan Samaddar
|-
|[[Ward No. 58, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|58]]
|Sandipan Saha
|-
|[[Ward No. 59, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|59]]
|Jolly Bose
|}

Entally Assembly constituency is part of No. 24 [[Kolkata Uttar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation/><ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 2010-11-01 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Devendra Chandra Dev
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan="4"|Abu Asad Mohammed Obaidul Ghani
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Mohammed Nizamuddin
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Abu Asad Mohammed Obaidul Ghani
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1974^
|Sachindra Kumar Dhar
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="2"|Mohammed Nizamuddin
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|Sultan Ahmed
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Mohammed Nizamuddin
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Sultan Ahmed
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|Mohammed Salim
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3|dab=yes}}
|-
|2004^
|Mohammed Abu Sufayen
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Hashim Abdul Halim
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Swarna Kamal Saha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

* ^ by-election

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Entally}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Sandipan Saha|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=94,427|percentage=57.16|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Priyanka Tibrewal|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=60,421|percentage=36.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Abdul Rauf|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=4,904|percentage=2.97|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kashif Reza|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,599|percentage=0.97|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sams Mushafir|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|votes=553|percentage=0.33|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rashid Iqbal|party=Independent|votes=1193|percentage=0.72|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=692|percentage=0.42|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=34,006|percentage=20.59|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,65,207|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Entally]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Swarna Kamal Saha]]
|votes = 1,01,709
|percentage = 64.83
|change = +12.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Priyanka Tibrewal
|votes = 43,452
|percentage = 27.70
|change = +17.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian Secular Front
|candidate = Md. Iqbal Alam
|votes = 4,354
|percentage = 2.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 991
|percentage = 0.63
|change = -0.96
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 58,257
|percentage = 37.36
|change = +17.95
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,56,918
|percentage = 67.98
|change = -2.71
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Entally]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Swarna Kamal Saha]]
|votes = 75,841
|percentage = 51.97
|change = -4.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Debesh Das
|votes = 47,853
|percentage = 32.79
|change = -4.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sudhir Kumar Pandey
|votes = 14,682
|percentage = 10.06
|change = +7.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,321
|percentage = 1.59
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Anil Kumar
|votes = 1,266
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 27,988
|percentage = 19.18
|change = +0.65
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,45,944
|percentage = 70.68
|change = +1.15
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = -4.27
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Entally]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Swarna Kamal Saha]]
|votes = 75,891
|percentage = 56.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Debesh Das
|votes = 50,895
|percentage = 37.71
|change =

}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sudhir Kumar Pandey
|votes = 3,230
|percentage = 2.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Prasenjit Sarkar
|votes = 1,619
|percentage = 1.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Janam Kori
|votes = 824
|percentage = 0.61
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,996
|percentage = 18.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,35,005
|percentage = 69.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata constituencies}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Kolkata district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation

2026-05-07T16:40:56Z

DeangeloWaley: started new data v1

{{Short description|Transport corporation of Karnataka, India}}
{{pp-move-dispute|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox bus transit
| name = Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation
| logo = Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) Logo.jpg
| logo_size = 150px
| founded = * {{Start date and age|1997|08|15}} {{small|as Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation}}<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ksrtc.in/pages/history.html|title=KSRTC Official Website for Online Bus Ticket Booking - KSRTC.in|access-date=17 August 2022|archive-date=7 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607185521/https://www.ksrtc.in/pages/history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation | url=https://www.mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/History/en | title=BMTC History | date=14 May 2019}}</ref>
* {{Start date and age|2014|11|01}} {{small|as Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation}}
| headquarters = BMTC Central Office, Sarige Sadana, Kengal Hanumanthaiah Road, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee TTMC|Shantinagara]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Bengaluru Urban district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| locale = Majorly 25km outward from the boundaries of [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru City]] covering most of [[Bengaluru Urban district]], parts of [[Bengaluru North district]], [[Bengaluru South district]] and a few destinations in [[Chikkaballapura district]].
| service_area = Majorly within [[Bengaluru Metropolitan Region Development Authority|Bengaluru Metropolitan Region]] and few destinations in [[Chikkaballapura district]]
| service_type =
| fleet = 6340 vehicles<ref name="BMTC at a glance">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2022 |title=BMTC at a glance |url=https://mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/BMTC+Glance/en |access-date=31 August 2023 |website=Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524020458/https://mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/BMTC+Glance/en |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| parent = [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]]
| operator = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| website = {{URL|https://mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in/english/|mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in}}
|former_name=* Bangalore Transport Service (1948–1961)
* Bangalore Transport Service (1961–1997) as part of [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]]
* Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (1997–2014)
|ridership=4,910,000 (27 November 2017)
|hubs={{*}}[[Kempegowda Bus Station|Kempegowda Bus Station, Majestic]]
{{*}} [[Shivajinagar, Bangalore|Shivajinagar]]
{{*}}[[K. R. Market]]
|depots=50
|leader_type=Managing Director
|leader=Ramachandran R., [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|alliance=[[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation#Karnataka's Road Transport Undertakings|Karnataka's Road Transport Undertakings]]
|fuel_type=[[Diesel engine|Diesel]], [[Battery electric bus|Electric battery]]
|map=
|map_name=
|routes=5729
|commenced={{Start date and age|1997|08|15}}
}}

'''Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC)''', formerly '''Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation''', is a state-owned public road transport corporation in the Indian city of [[Bangalore]]. It is wholly owned by the [[Government of Karnataka]]. It serves the [[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority|Bangalore Metropolitan Region]]. As of 28 September 2024, it has a fleet of 6340 vehicles.<ref name="BMTC at a glance"/>

==History==
===Foundation===
Mysore Government Road Transport Department was inaugurated on 12 September 1948 with 120 buses.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ksrtc.in/pages/history.html|title=KSRTC Official Website for Online Bus Ticket Booking - KSRTC.in|access-date=17 August 2022|archive-date=7 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607185521/https://www.ksrtc.in/pages/history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The transport department of The Mysore state administered it until 1961.

===Corporatization===
It was subsequently converted into an independent corporation under Section 3 of the Road Transport Corporation Act, 1950 on 1 August 1961, In 1961, after successfully converting into an independent corporation all assets and liabilities of MGRTD were transferred to Mysore State Road Transport Corporation.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

=== Merger ===
On 1 October 1961, Bangalore Transport Service was merged with it.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

===Renaming===
On 1 November 1973, the Mysore state was renamed as Karnataka thus, renaming it [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]]'''.'''

===Bifurcation===
* On 15 August 1997, Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation was bifurcated to cater to the transportation needs of [[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]. It was formed by separating the Bangalore Transport Service'''.'''
* on 1 November 1997, [[North Western Karnataka Road Transport Corporation]] was bifurcated to cater to the transportation needs of Northwestern parts of Karnataka.
* On 15 August 2000, [[Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation]] (then North Eastern Karnataka Road Transport Corporation) was bifurcated to cater to the transportation needs of Northeastern parts of Karnataka.<ref name=KSRTChistory>{{cite news|title=KSRTC History|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Wheels-of-change-turn-Karnataka-State-Road-Transport-Corporation-into-a-winner/articleshow/15085055.cms|newspaper= The Times of India|date= 22 July 2012|access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref><ref name=KSRTCHIS>{{cite web|title=Ksrtc history|url=http://www.ksrtc.in/site/history|website=www.ksrtc.in|access-date=24 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317003217/http://www.ksrtc.in/site/history|archive-date=17 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us - Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|url=https://kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/About+Us/en|access-date=4 October 2021|website=kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004165120/https://kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/About+Us/en|url-status=dead}}</ref>
This left the corporation to serve the Southern part of Karnataka.

* On 23 November 2009, Bijapur division was transferred from NWKRTC to KKRTC.
* On 1 November 2014, It changed to the present name Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation along with other organisations in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=B. S. |date=1 November 2014 |title=Bangalore is now Bengaluru |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/bangalore-is-now-bengaluru-114110100927_1.html |access-date=27 August 2022}}</ref>

==Services==
[[File:Video of BMTC bus cleaning in bus depot, unit 33 (2024).ogv|thumb|right|Video of a BMTC bus being cleaned in bus depot unit 33, Purnapragnya Layout, Bangalore (2024)]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name of the Service
!Description
!Manufacturer
!Gallery
|-
!Astra
|Non-AC electric bus service with a turquoise livery for JBM brand buses, violet-white for [[Ashok Leyland]]'s Switch brand buses and light blue-dark blue for [[Tata Motors|Tata Motor]]'s Starbus EV brand buses..
|
* JBM
* [[Ashok Leyland|Ashok Leyland's Switch]]
* [[Tata Motors|Tata Motors's Starbus EV]]
|[[File:Switch Astra.jpg|250px|BMTC Switch EV]]
|-
![[Bengaluru Sarige]]
|Non-AC bus service built on [[Ashok Leyland]], [[Tata Motors|Tata]] and [[Eicher Motors|Eicher]] urban chassis with a dark blue-white livery for [[Bharat stage emission standards|Bharat Stage IV (BS IV)]] and light blue-white livery or turquoise-white livery for [[Bharat stage emission standards|Bharat Stage VI (BS VI)]] connecting all parts of the Metropolitan region.
|
* [[Ashok Leyland]]
* [[Tata Motors]]
* [[Eicher Motors]]
|[[File: Bengaluru Sarige.jpg|250px|BMTC Bengaluru Sarige]]
|-
!Bengaluru Darshini (Bengaluru Rounds)
|AC bus service built on [[Volvo Buses|Volvo]] 8400LE urban chassis with a special livery of pencil sketch depiction of important sites in Bangalore on a white background. This service was introduced for sightseeing in Bangalore. It covered routes connecting about twenty landmarks of great historical, religious and scientific significance.
|
* [[Volvo Buses]]
|[[File:Bangalore bus portraying tourist attractions in Bangalore.jpg|250px|BMTC's Bengaluru Darshini]]
[[File:BMTC Bengaluru Darshini.jpg|250px|BMTC's Bengaluru Darshini]]
|-
!Metro Feeder
|AC and Non-AC services that act as feeders to major metro stations and provide last mile connectivity. They are usually prefixed with 'MF'.<ref name="Non AC/Ordinary Services Fares">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2023 |title=Non AC/Ordinary Services Fares |url=https://mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/Services/Non%20AC%20Services/en |website=mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref>
|
* [[Ashok Leyland]]
* [[Tata Motors]]
* [[Eicher Motors]]
* JBM
|[[File:Metro feeder Midi bus(On Bengaluru Sarige Livery) in Vijaya Bank Layout.jpg|250px|Midi bus(On Bengaluru Sarige Livery) in [[Vijaya bank layout]]]]
|-
![[Vajra Bus, BMTC|Vajra]]
|AC bus service operated using [[Volvo Buses|Volvo]] 8400LE, Corona Skypak and [[Switch Mobility|Switch]] EiV 12 buses with a light blue livery running on important routes serving the tech parks, industrial areas, major bus stations and major residential areas.
|
* [[Volvo Buses]]
* Corona
* [[Switch Mobility]]
|[[File:BMTC Volvo 4530.jpg|250px|BMTC Vajra]] [[File: BMTC Corona AC.jpg|250px|BMTC Corona AC (Vajra)]] [[File:Vajra EV.jpg|250px|Vajra Electric Bus]]
|-
![[Vayu Vajra]]
|AC bus service built on [[Volvo Buses|Volvo]] 8400LE urban chassis with a light blue livery connecting 21 routes in the Metropolitan region to Bangalore's [[Kempegowda International Airport]]. Free Wi-Fi access is provided to the commuters on these buses.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=404982 BMTC to run Mercedes Benz buses on trial basis]</ref>
|
* [[Volvo Buses]]
* [[Switch Mobility]]
|[[File:Vayu Vajra 2.jpg|250px|BMTC's Vayu Vajra]] [[File:Vayu Vajra EV.jpg|250px|Vayu Vajra Electric Bus]]
|-
!Vegadootha Express
|Non-AC Express limited-stop bus service built on [[Ashok Leyland]], [[Tata Motors|Tata]] and [[Eicher Motors|Eicher]] urban chassis with a light blue-white livery for [[Bharat stage emission standards|Bharat Stage VI (BS VI)]] connecting the central parts to the periphery of the Metropolitan region. They are usually prefixed with 'EX'.
|
* [[Ashok Leyland]]
* [[Tata Motors]]
* [[Eicher Motors]]
|
|-
!Vajra Vistara
|AC bus service built on Volvo 8400LE urban chassis with a light blue livery. It was launched by the Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) in March 2026.Offers Express connectivity(Limited Stops) to suburban areas beyond 25km(40-50 km range) from the city center, such as [[Ramanagara]] and [[Kanakapura]]. They are usually prefixed with 'EX' in last place.eg:RMN-EX
|
* [[Volvo]]
|[[File:Vajra Vistara heading towards Ramanagara.jpg|250px]]
|}

==Former services==
*Parisara Vahini/Parisara Snehi: These buses had light blue and white, dark blue and white as well as grey colour livery with red graphics. These services have been merged with Bengaluru Sarige.
*Janti Vahana: These were non-AC vestibule bus service with a light blue and white as well as dark blue and white colour liveries. Currently defunct.
*Suvarna: These were non-AC bus service with a green or orange livery, similar fare to Jana Sarige buses served important feeder routes. Merged with Bengaluru Sarige but some buses continue to sport the older colours.
*Samartha/BIG Trunk: These were non-AC bus services green and black livery serving trunk routes from downtown to the suburbs. Merged with Bengaluru Sarige.
*Nera Sarige/BIG 10:[[File:Bangalore BMTC BIG 10 Bus.jpg|thumb|Bangalore BMTC BIG 10 Bus]]
These were non-AC bus services with a special green and bottle green livery serving 12 major corridors towards the [[Bangalore Central Business District|central business district]]. These buses are numbered with a '''G''' prefix. Merged with Bengaluru Sarige.
*Samvrutha/BIG Circle: These were non-AC bus service with a special white BIG Circle livery. These buses use to ply on [[Inner Ring Road, Bangalore|Bangalore Inner Ring Road]] and [[Outer Ring Road, Bangalore|Bangalore Outer Ring Road]]. Buses are numbered with a C prefix or a K prefix. Merged with Bengaluru Sarige.
*Atal Sarige: This was a non-AC Low fare bus service with an Indian tri-colour livery. Currently defunct<ref name="atalsarigeexpress">{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article124421.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222003229/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article124421.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2014|title=CM flags off Atal Sarige for the poor|date=31 May 2009|work=[[Indian Express|Express Buzz]]|access-date=8 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="atallaunched">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/31/stories/2009053153650400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701040059/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/31/stories/2009053153650400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 July 2009|title='Atal Sarige' launched in Bangalore|date=31 May 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|page=1|access-date=8 June 2009|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
*Pushpak Sarige/Janapriya Vahini/Pushpak Plus: These were non-AC buses with a beige-white livery which plied with a driver-cum-conductor. The service was discontinued and the single door buses were converted to double door ones.
*Marcopolo AC, UD AC and Corona AC: These were services with a white or light blue livery which plied on select routes. The Marcopolo buses have been taken off service, while some Coronas have been rebranded as Vajra buses.
*Nimbus: These are Bengaluru Sarige and Vajra buses that plied on special bus rapid transit lanes. The only service between [[Silk Board junction|Central Silk Board Junction]] and [[Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapura]] was temporarily withdrawn and converted to Bengaluru Sarige service as the bus lane had to be closed down due to a decrease in width of [[Outer Ring Road, Bangalore|Bangalore Outer Ring Road]] for the construction of [[Namma Metro]] [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|blue line]].
*Samparka: These are mini non-AC bus service built on [[Ashok Leyland]] and [[Tata Motors|Tata]] mini urban chassis with an orange livery connecting neighbourhoods to the nearby bus station. Usually covering shorter distances. Merged with [[Bengaluru Sarige]].

Note: The Parisara Vahini/Parisara Snehi, Suvarna Sarige, Samartha Sarige/BIG Trunk, Nera Sarige/BIG 10, Samvrutha Sarige/BIG Circle, Metro Feeder, Nimbus and Samparka still retain the same numbering and function despite the change in branding.

==List of depots==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Sl. No.
!Depot Number
!Depot Name
!Division
!District
! Ref
|-
|1
|2
|Shanthinagara
| rowspan="3" |South
| rowspan="33" |[[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
| rowspan="50" |<ref name=":46">{{Cite web|url=https://mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/Depots/en|title=BMTC Depot Landline Nos}}</ref><ref name=":47">{{Cite web|url=http://test.mybmtc.com/en/officer-list|title=BMTC Officers List Landline Nos KN}}</ref><ref name=":48">{{Cite web|url=https://mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/Officers+List/en|title=BMTC Officers List Landline Nos EN}}</ref><ref name=":49">{{Cite web|date=9 April 2018|title=Bengaluru BMTC Depots Map with contact numbers {{!}} {{!}} OpenCity.in|url=https://opencity.in/data/bengaluru-bmtc-depots-map|access-date=25 April 2021|website=Open City|language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|2
|3
|Shanthinagara
|-
|3
|4
|Jayanagara
|-
|4
|6
|Indiranagara
|East
|-
|5
|7
|Subashnagara
|Central
|-
|6
|8
|Yeshwanthapura
|North
|-
|7
|9
|Peenya
|North-West
|-
|8
|10
|Hennuru
|North-East
|-
|9
|11
|Yelahanka
|North
|-
|10
|12
|Kengeri
|West
|-
|11
|13
|Katriguppe
|Central
|-
|12
|14
|Rabindranath Tagore Nagara
|North-East
|-
|13
|15
|Koramangala
|East
|-
|14
|16
|Deepanjali Nagara
|West
|-
|15
|17
|Chandra Layout
|West
|-
|16
|18
|ITPL
|Central
|-
|17
|19
|Electronic City
|East
|-
|18
|20
|Banashankari
|South
|-
|19
|21
|Rajarajeshwarinagara
|West
|-
|20
|22
|Peenya
|North-West
|-
|21
|23
|Kalyannagara
|North-East
|-
|22
|24
|Krishnarajapura
|North-East
|-
|23
|25
|H. S. R. Layout
|Central
|-
|24
|26
|Yeshwanthapura
|North
|-
|25
|27
|Jigani
|South
|-
|26
|28
|Hebbala
|Central
|-
|27
|29
|Krishnarajapura
|North-East
|-
|28
|30
|Yelahanka
|North
|-
|29
|31
|Sumanahalli
|North-West
|-
|30
|32
|Surya City
|East
|-
|31
|33
|Poornapragna Layout
|West
|-
|32
|34
|Kothanuru Dinne
|South
|-
|33
|35
|Kannahalli
|North-West
|-
|34
|36
|Bidadi
|West
|[[Ramanagara district|Ramanagara]]
|-
|35
|37
|Kengeri
|West
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
|-
|36
|38
|Chikkanagamangala
|East
|-
|37
|39
|Hosakote
|North-East
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore Rural]]
|-
|38
|40
|Nelamangala (Makali)
|North-West
|-
|39
|41
|Gunjuru
|East
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
|-
|40
|42
|Kodathi
|East
|-
|41
|43
|Shivanapura
|North-West
|[[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore Rural]]
|-
|42
|44
|Anjanapura
|South
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
|-
|43
|45
|M. S. Palya
|North
|-
|44
|46
|Sadenahalli
|North
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore Rural]]
|-
|45
|47
|Manduru
|North-East
|-
|46
|48
|Byrathi
|North-East
|[[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
|-
|47
|49
|Bidadi
|West
|[[Ramanagara district|Ramanagara]]
|-
|48
|50
|Devanahalli
|North
|[[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore Rural]]
|-
|49
|51
|Sadaramangala
|East
|[[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
|-
|50
|52
|Uttanahalli
|North
|[[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore Rural]]
|-
|}

==National Common Mobility Card (NCMC)==
BMTC unveiled a smart card for its bus services for the first time in June 2016. The company introduced smart cards on trial-basis on BMTC Bus No. 335 operating between Majestic and Kadugodi bus stations in March 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Get smart @ Rs 5|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/get-smart-rs-5/articleshow/57380943.cms|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=28 February 2017}}</ref> Apart from serving as an identification document, the smart cards can be used to purchase bus tickets and also swiped at point-of-sale (POS) enabled merchant establishments. The card costs {{INRConvert|5}} and can be recharged for up to {{INRConvert|10000}}. Recharges higher than {{INR}}10,000 require the customer to provide identification. According to [[Axis Bank]], the BMTC's partner in the project, the smart card is India's "first open loop EMV contactless smart card". The cards "open-loop" structure allows other agencies to integrate their smart card schemes by adopting the standards of the BMTC smart card.<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=BMTC smart card by February 15|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/BMTC-smart-card-by-February-15/article17197667.ece|website=The Hindu|date=5 February 2017|access-date=10 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> This scheme was finally dropped and integration with [[National Common Mobility Card|National Common Mobility Card (NCMC)]] is already under process. City's [[Namma Metro]] is already using NCMC and [[Bengaluru Commuter Rail|Bengaluru Suburban Railway]] will also be using it in future when the system is completed so therefore, one will be used to travel seamlessly across different transit modes in the city and its suburbs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru rolls out National Common Mobility Card |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/bengaluru-rolls-out-national-common-mobility-card-10311651.html |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=Moneycontrol |date=25 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BMTC commuters' wait for Mobility cards continues – The Softcopy |date=28 March 2023 |url=http://thesoftcopy.in/2023/03/28/bmtc-commuters-wait-for-mobility-cards-continues/ |access-date=1 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Bus Day==
Introduced on 4 February 2010, Bus Day is an event calling all the citizens of Bangalore to use public transport. The idea behind Bus Day is to observe the changes which can be brought in the city in trying to respect environment, traffic situation, health of individuals perception.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangaloreaviation.com/2010/02/february-4th-is-bus-day-in-bangalore.html |title=February 4th is 'Bus Day' in Bangalore |publisher=Bangalore Aviation |date=1 February 2010 |access-date=28 August 2010}}</ref> The 4th of every month is observed as a "Bus Day".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/events/show/2010-bangalore-bus |title=Bangalore Bus Day- Feb 4th: Citizen Matters |publisher=Bangalore.citizenmatters.in |date=4 February 2010 |access-date=28 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414133606/http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/events/show/2010-bangalore-bus |archive-date=14 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Bus priority lane ==
BMTC along with BTP initiated the bus lanes between [[Silk Board junction|Central Silk Board Junction]] and [[Tin Factory junction|Tin Factory Junction]] on [[Outer Ring Road, Bangalore|Outer Ring Road]] branded as Nimbus. Bus lanes give priority to buses, cutting down on journey times where roads are congested with other traffic especially private cars and increasing the reliability of buses. The introduction of bus lanes can significantly assist in the reduction of air pollution due to individual cars and traffic pile up because of cars.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/operations-on-bus-priority-lane-stutters-on-first-day-of-trial-run/article29752181.ece | title = Bus Priority Lane Operational in Bangalore| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 20 October 2019| last1 = Kumar| first1 = Pranav}}</ref> Currently, the bus lane has been removed due to reduction in road width due to the ongoing work on [[Namma Metro|Namma Metro's]] [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] on the median.

==Welfare schemes==
[[File:BMTC-Shakthi-Yojana-Ticket.jpg|thumb|Ticket from Mayohall to Shivajinagara Bus Station under Shakti Scheme on BMTC bus]]
'Shakti Scheme' was announced by the [[Second Siddaramaiah ministry]] on 2 June 2023. It started on 11 June 2023, providing free-of-charge bus service to Karnataka-domiciled women. Beneficiaries show their government-issued photo identity and address proof for the first three months. Bus conductors issue them zero-fare tickets. Thereafter, beneficiaries obtain Shakti smartcards (named after the name of the scheme) through an application submitted via the government's [https://sevasindhugs.karnataka.gov.in/ Seva Sindhu website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002023018/http://sevasindhugs.karnataka.gov.in/ |date=2 October 2023 }}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2023 |title=Guidelines released for free travel bus scheme for women in Karnataka |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/guidelines-released-for-free-travel-bus-scheme-for-women-in-karnataka-1225093.html |access-date=5 June 2023 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Technologies==
To benefit the commuters and promote the usage of public transportation, the BMTC launched its Intelligent Transport System (ITS) on 25 May 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=BMTC launches Intelligent Transport Solution|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bmtc-launches-intelligent-transport-solution/article8645545.ece|access-date=25 May 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Under this project, BMTC buses were equipped with [[GPS]] in a phased manner which would transmit the location of the bus to the ITS control room. On 20 May 2023, A [[mobile app]] called '''Namma BMTC''' was launched on the android and iOS platform which was made available in two languages, English and Kannada. The app provides information about bus routes and bus stops. Real time location of buses on a particular route can also be tracked, which requires the users to switch on the GPS on their device.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2023 |title=BMTC app gets soft launch |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bmtc-app-gets-soft-launch/articleshow/99648478.cms |access-date=21 June 2023 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> In 2017, BMTC would be introduced prepaid smart cards for commuting, which eliminated the need to pay the exact amount of change, this was not introduced widely, instead NCMC cards are proposed to be released as an open loop payment system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2023 |title=Has common mobility missed the bus? |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/has-common-mobility-missed-the-bus/articleshow/97359856.cms |access-date=21 June 2023 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=BMTC to roll out smart cards in January|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/BMTC-to-roll-out-smart-cards-in-January/article16666898.ece|access-date=18 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> On 6 April 2022, Bus Passes started to be issued on '''TUMMOC''' mobile app, passengers have to scan the QR code in the bus to verify the pass bought on the app.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2022 |title=Bengaluru: Buy BMTC bus pass on mobile app, show your phone to travel |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-buy-bmtc-bus-pass-on-mobile-app-show-your-phone-to-travel/articleshow/90691502.cms |access-date=21 June 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2022, BMTC has also started to accept ticket payments using [[Unified Payments Interface|UPI]] in a ON and OFF manner, finally launching it properly in June 2023. A QR code card is either stuck in the bus or with the bus conductor, passengers can scan and pay for tickets.

An app named "Namma BMTC" launched in 2023 that allows users to track buses in real time, check schedules, plan journeys and calculate fare between stages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Gour |first=Deeksha |date=26 September 2023 |title=Good News for Bengalureans: New Namma BMTC App To Offer Real-Time Bus Tracking and More |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/good-news-for-bengalureans-new-namma-bmtc-app-to-offer-real-time-bus-tracking-and-more-article-103954124 |work=Times Now |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref> The app also includes an SOS feature for women to use in case of emergencies by alerting any nearby police station.<ref name=":0" />

==Karnataka's Road Transport Undertakings==
*[[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC, Bangalore]]: Covers Southern Karnataka, Udupi and Dakshina Kannada districts.
*[[North Western Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|NWKRTC, Hubli]]: Covers North-Western Karnataka and Uttara Kannada district, excluding Bijapur district.
*[[Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|KKRTC, Kalaburagi]]: Covers North-Eastern Karnataka and Bijapur district.
*BMTC, Bangalore: Covers Bangalore Metropolitan Region, including Bangalore Urban and parts of Bangalore Rural, Ramanagara, Kolar and Chikkaballapura districts. During festive rush seasons or other similar scenarios, Bengaluru Sarige buses are also allocated on Karnataka Sarige (Ordinary) Routes.

== Controversies and Corruption Allegations ==
In August 2025, it was reported that two women officers of the Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC), the parent body from which KKRTC was carved out, were accused of collecting bribes from employees via digital payment platforms. The state's transport corporations are also facing significant financial stress and have sought substantial loans to clear pending bills, with the government's failure to reimburse costs for schemes like the "Shakti Scheme" contributing to their financial burden.[https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bmtcs-ex-chief-traffic-manager-held-for-causing-a-loss-of-rs-1764-cr-6-other-officials-under-lens-2713171#:~:text=Police%20have%20arrested%20a%20former,(commercial)%20at%20the%20BMTC.]

There have been reports of corruption in job recruitment and transfers. In 2022, the KKRTC Chairman advised job aspirants not to bribe officials for positions, stating that the recruitment process was merit-based. An employee of KSRTC was suspended in July 2025 for allegedly forging signatures of senior officials to issue fake transfer orders for a fee.[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/kkrtc-staff-not-given-new-uniforms-for-three-years/articleshow/89462562.cms]

A dismissed KSRTC driver was arrested in a multi-crore job scam in 2021, where he allegedly cheated over 500 people with promises of employment. In 2015, allegations surfaced that officials were involved in irregularities related to scrapping roadworthy buses. [https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/karnataka-contractors-threaten-to-halt-work-if-rs-33000-cr-dues-not-cleared-by-dec-1]

==See also==
* [[List of bus depots in Karnataka]]
* [[List of bus stations in Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation}}
*[https://mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in/english Official website]

{{State agencies of Karnataka}}
{{State owned road transport companies in India}}
{{Bangalore topics|left}}

[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Bus companies of India]]
[[Category:State road transport corporations of India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Metropolitan transport agencies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1997]]
[[Category:Bus transport in Karnataka]]

Seema Kohli

2026-05-07T07:21:38Z

DeangeloWaley: adding basic article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian contemporary artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Seema Kohli
| honorific_suffix =
| image = File:Seema Kohli.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| birth_place = Delhi, India
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Miranda House|Miranda House, Delhi University]] South Delhi Polytechnic{{!}}South Delhi Polytechnic, Delhi University
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| style =
| movement =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| father = Krishnan Dev Kohli<ref>{{cite web |title=Seema Kohli's art performance based on her father's unpublished autobiography, Miter Pyaree Nu, combines inhabited land with the unified consciousness |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/art/2019/apr/12/seema-kohlis-art-performance-based-on-her-fathers-unpublished-autobiography-miter-pyaree-nu-comb-14110.html |website=Indulgexpress |date=11 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
| mother = Uma Kohli
| relatives =
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| website = {{URL|https://www.seemakohli.com}}
| module =
}}
'''Seema Kohli''' is a multidisciplinary [[artist]] working through the imagination of mythical and fantastical worlds from an eco-feminist eye.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imagining the universe as a womb and bringing a starfish home: Artist Seema Kohli on creating happy memories |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/imagining-the-universe-as-a-womb-and-bringing-a-starfish-home-artist-seema-kohli-on-creating-happy-memories-8249631.html |website=Moneycontrol |date=19 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A tryst with the yoginis |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/spirituality/2021/mar/07/a-tryst-with-the-yoginis-2272294.html |website=The New Indian Express|date=6 March 2021 }}</ref> Engaging with visual and performative media, Kohli explores the themes of beauty and sensuality echoed in philosophy and spirituality studies across civilisation. Her work primarily celebrates the cosmic feminine and its relationship to forces of creation and destruction. There is a focused engagement with the concept of ''Hiranayagarbha'' or The Golden Womb; she attempts to create new artistic identities by reshaping belongings, bringing the past and the present into a dialogue through a process of decay, hybridisation and transformation.<ref>{{cite web |title=This stirring exhibition is showcasing art with a potato-based twist |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/people/story/this-stirring-exhibition-is-showcasing-art-with-a-potato-based-twist-1170832-2018-02-16 |website=India Today |date=16 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Seema Kohli {{!}} Department of Visual Arts |url=https://dova.uchicago.edu/opc/seema-kohli |website=dova.uchicago.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Project Home |url=https://asiasociety.org/hong-kong/events/project-home |website=Asia Society |date=10 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Seema Kohli was born in 1960 in [[Delhi]], India. She graduated from [[Miranda House]], [[University of Delhi]].<ref name='fp'>{{cite web |title=Artist Seema Kohli on the India Art Fair 2022: 'Art is alive, physical and raw' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/artist-seema-kohli-on-the-india-art-fair-2022-art-is-alive-physical-and-raw-10623981.html |website=Firstpost |language=en |date=2 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="IE">{{cite web |title=The philosopher in her studio in Delhi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2019/jun/23/the-philosopher-in-her-studio-in-delhi-1993255.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=22 June 2019}}</ref>

Kohli received a gold medal at the [[Florence Biennale]] in 2009 for her film ''Swayamsiddha – Myth, Mind, and Movement''.<ref name="Swayam Siddha: The Self Realized">{{cite web |title=Swayam Siddha: The Self Realized |url=https://takeonartmagazine.com/accolade/swayam-siddha-the-self-realized/ |website=Take Art Magazine |date=5 November 2019}}</ref>

In 2016, she created a large-scale installation at the [[Kala Ghoda Arts Festival]] using 1,000 coloured cutting chai glasses and 700 glass holders.<ref>{{cite web |title=Walk through a wonderland at Kala Ghoda |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/walk-through-a-wonderland-at-kala-ghoda/story-wzFXgXTGAhcTAl5CKzKUlN.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=1 February 2016}}</ref>

In 2019, the Museum of Sacred Art (MOSA) hosted a six-month exhibition of Kohli's works at Radhadesh in Durbuy, Belgium.<ref name="IE"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Spirituality transcends religion: Artist Seema Kohli |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/spirituality-transcends-religion-artist-seema-kohli/story-ewWPNNxFbTcBYl0rvUS0KI.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=14 July 2019}}</ref>

Her exhibition ''Cut From The Same Cloth'' was showcased at [[Bikaner House]], New Delhi, from 28 July to 4 August 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Visual artist Seema Kohli celebrates feminine form through embroidery |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/visual-artist-seema-kohli-celebrates-feminine-form-through-embroidery-8867401/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=30 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nair |first=Uma |title=Seema Kohli's contemplative residues in acrylics and embroidery |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/plumage/seema-kohlis-contemplative-residues-in-acrylics-and-embroidery/ |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The exhibition was presented by Gallerie NVYA.<ref>{{cite web |title=PM Rishi Sunak very much looking forward to G20 summit in September: UK envoy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/pm-sunak-very-much-looking-forward-to-g20-summit-in-september-uk-envoy/articleshow/102226620.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=29 July 2023}}</ref>

==Selected exhibitions==
Her work has been shown at the [[Kochi-Muziris Biennale]], [[Florence Biennale]], Birth Rights Collective, [[Venice Biennale|Venice Biennale of Art]], [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], Arco, [[Art Basel]], [[Jaipur Literature Festival]], [[Jehangir Art Gallery]], and India Art Fair, as well as the Habiart Foundation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Home is where the heart is: Artist Seema Kohli shares her idea of home through art |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2022/jul/03/home-is-where-the-heart-is-artist-seema-kohli-shares-her-idea-of-home-through-art-2471528.html |website=The Indian Express|date=2 July 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Reliving Van Gogh |url=http://habiartfoundation.org/reliving-van-gogh.aspx |website=habiartfoundation.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Café Exposition: Reliving Van Gogh {{!}} India International Centre |url=https://iicdelhi.in/programmes/cafe-exposition-reliving-van-gogh |website=iicdelhi.in}}</ref><ref name='fp'/><ref>{{cite web |title=The Alchemy of Process {{!}} India International Centre |url=https://iicdelhi.in/programmes/alchemy-process |website=iicdelhi.in}}</ref>

*"Samsara and Metamorphosis: The Mythical World of Seema Kohli", a solo show at the Pacific Art League, USA<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-27 |title=Seema Kohli’s First Solo Exhibition in the United States: Samsara & Metamorphosis: The Mystical World of Seema Kohli |url=https://www.pacificartleague.org/community-events/seema-kohlis-first-solo-exhibition-in-the-united-states-samsara-metamorphosis-the-mystical-world-of-seema-kohli |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Pacific Art League |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seema Kohli Solo Exhibition in USA – Indian Art |url=https://laasyaart.com/events/seema-kohli-first-solo-exhibition-usa-2026/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Laasya Art |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zimmerman |first=Heather |date=2026-02-20 |title=Artist Seema Kohli's 'internal journey' |url=https://www.almanacnews.com/ae/features/2026/02/19/artist-seema-kohlis-internal-journey/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Almanac |language=en-US}}</ref>
*"Bodies of Sky, Bodies of Earth", a solo show at Shridharani Gallery, Triveni Kala Sangam, 2026<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bodies of Sky, Bodies of Earth |url=https://indiaartfair.in/programme/bodies-of-sky-bodies-of-earth |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=India Art Fair |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-20 |title=Two exhibitions in Delhi trace the artistic journey of Seema Kohli |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-today/two-exhibitions-in-delhi-trace-the-artistic-journey-of-seema-kohli-10484735/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
*"With Her Hair Running Wild", a solo show at Gallerie Nvya at Triveni, Triveni Kala Sangam, 2026<ref>{{Cite web |title=With her Hair Running Wild: Seema Kohli |url=https://indiaartfair.in/programme/with-her-hair-running-wild |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=India Art Fair |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhingra |first=Deepali |date=2026-03-08 |title=Line of Fire and Freedom |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/arts/2026/Mar/08/line-of-fire-and-freedom |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
*"Where Earth Writes Upon the Sky", a solo show at Lalit Kala Akademi, Chennai, 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where Earth Writes Upon the Sky: Seema Kohli |url=https://indiaartfair.in/programme/where-earth-writes-upon-the-sky-seema-kohli |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=India Art Fair |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-05 |title=Seema Kohli returns to Chennai with a rewritten sky in her latest exhibition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/seema-kohli-returns-to-chennai-with-a-rewritten-sky-in-her-latest-exhibition/articleshow/125783213.cms |access-date=2026-05-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-12-01 |title=Earth, sky, and in-betweens |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2025/Dec/01/earth-sky-and-in-betweens |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
*"Kaal Netra- Sacred Matrices: Seema Kohli's Living Mythic Matrices", a solo show at the National Gallery of Modern Art, Bengaluru, 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaal Netra – Sacred Matrices: Seema Kohli |url=https://indiaartfair.in/programme/kaal-netra-sacred-matrices-seema-kohli |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=India Art Fair |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhanaraj |first=Ruth |date=2025-10-08 |title=Kaal Netra by Seema Kohli pays homage to the feminine divine |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/kaal-netra-by-seema-kohli-pays-homage-to-the-feminine-divine/article70055686.ece |access-date=2026-05-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*'Khula Aasman', a solo show at Partition Museum and Seema Kohli Studio, Delhi, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khula Aasman : Seema Kohli |url=https://indiaartfair.in/programme/khula-aasman-seema-kohli |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=India Art Fair |language=en-US}}</ref>
*'When the Moon is Nine Months Full', a solo show at Tao Art Gallery, Mumbai, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When the Moon is Nine Months Full : Seema Kohli |url=https://indiaartfair.in/programme/when-the-moon-is-nine-months-full-seema-kohli#:~:text=Tao%20Art%20Gallery%20presents%20When,called%20the%20%E2%80%9Cthird%20self%E2%80%9D. |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=India Art Fair |language=en-US}}</ref>
*'Between Realms and Dreams- Along Reality's Edge', a solo show at Bihar Museum, Patna, Bihar, 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Museum - Event detail |url=https://www.biharmuseum.org/between-realms-and-dreams/ |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=www.biharmuseum.org}}</ref>
*'I tell you: Suns Exist', Archer Art Gallery, [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]] 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Ahmedabad News – Latest & Breaking Ahmedabad News |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/we-are-all-connected/81863473.html |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
*"World Within World", [[Hong Kong Visual Arts Centre]], Hong Kong 2023<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Uma |title=Seema Kohli's solo in Hong Kong |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/plumage/seema-kohlis-solo-in-hong-kong/?val=3728 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*"Cut From The Same Cloth", a solo show at [[Bikaner House]], [[New Delhi]] 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=11 new art shows in India to add to your July 2023 calendar |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/new-art-shows-in-india-to-add-to-your-july-2023-calendar |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN |date=4 July 2023}}</ref>
*[[Jaipur Literature Festival]] 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Seema Kohli - Jaipur Literature Festival |url=https://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/speaker/seema-kohli |website=Jaipurliteraturefestival.org |language=en |date=17 September 2013}}</ref>
* Tat Tvam Asi, a solo exhibition at Cromwell Place Galleries, London by SA Fine Art, 2022<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite web |title=Home is where the heart is: Artist Seema Kohli shares her idea of home through art |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2022/jul/03/home-is-where-the-heart-is-artist-seema-kohli-shares-her-idea-of-home-through-art-2471528.html |website=The New Indian Express|date=2 July 2022 }}</ref>
*The Feminine in the Divine, a solo exhibition at South Asian Art Gallery, [[Boston]], 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=The Feminine in the Divine {{!}} Seema Kohli |url=https://southasianart.gallery/collections/the-feminine-in-the-divine |website=South Asian Art Gallery}}</ref>
* Hiranyagarbha series shown in Yatra Nariyasathu, a group show at the [[National Gallery of Modern Art|NGMA, Delhi]], curated by [[Uma Nair]], 2021<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Uma |title=Butterfly Rain: Seema Kohli |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/plumage/butterfly-rain-seema-kohli/ |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*A Tapestry of Time, a group show at the Tao Art Gallery, Mumbai, 2020<ref>{{cite web |last1=Behrawala |first1=Krutika |title='Tao is our canvas' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/tao-is-our-canvas/article30933846.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=27 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai: Tao Art Gallery celebrates its 20th anniversary |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/mumbai-tao-art-gallery-celebrates-its-20th-anniversary-exhibition-painting-artists/ |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN |date=28 February 2020}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
Kohli's artist book, ''A Storm in My Teacup,'' was shown at ART HERITAGE at IAF and is now in the collection of [[Kiran Nadar Museum of Art]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Uma |title=Is this art? Seema Kohli Chai at Nehru Park, New Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/plumage/is-this-art-seema-kohli-chai-at-nehru-park-new-delhi/ |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Narayanan |first1=Chitra |title=India Art Fair opens in the Capital with pandemic and sustainability themes dominating |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/india-art-fair-opens-in-the-capital-with-pandemic-and-sustainability-themes-dominating/article65367400.ece |website=Thehindubusinessline |language=en |date=29 April 2022}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Ref.
|-
| 2017
| [[B. C. Sanyal]] Award
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Artists honoured with BC Sanyal Award |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/artists-honoured-with-bc-sanyal-award-117011701389_1.html |website=Business Standard |date=17 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| Female Empowerment Outstanding Achievement Award by Molecule Communication, Mumbai
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Seema Kohli: From the canvas of her life and art |url=https://thedailyeye.info/thought-box/seema-kohli-from-the-canvas-of-her-life-and-art/26652eb7ac5cb40f |website=The Daily Eye |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| Lalit Kala Akademi National Award for Women
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Seema Kohli |url=https://southasianart.gallery/collections/seema-kohli |website=South Asian Art Gallery}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://indiainclusionsummit.com/video/seema-kohli-at-india-inclusion-summit-2013/ Seema Kohli speaking at India Inclusion Summit ]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Er7-BWSpmII Artist at work: Seema Kohli]
* [https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/kaal-netra-by-seema-kohli-pays-homage-to-the-feminine-divine/article70055686.ece?fbclid=PAVERTVgNTUglleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABpwAerFqt_vE97icJSip4_DBwRUWUFRdukuWjIDzVVAxqFR9nmWswovqq2fPr_aem_c8Sg3zZjACG_PHiSHcEGUA/ Kaal Netra by Seema Kohli pays homage to the feminine divine]
* <bdi>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2025/Dec/01/earth-sky-and-in-betweens Earth, sky, and in-betweens]</bdi>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kohli, Seema}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian modern sculptors]]
[[Category:Indian contemporary artists]]
[[Category:Artists from Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women sculptors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Miranda House alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

W. A. G. Pinto

2026-05-03T18:28:33Z

DeangeloWaley: adding the info needs work

{{Short description|Indian Army General (1924–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| name = W A G Pinto
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]]
| image = File:Lt Gen WAG Pinto.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| nickname = WAG
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1924|07|1}}
| birth_place = [[Poona]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2021|03|25|1924|07|01}}
| death_place =
| allegiance = [[File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg|23px]] [[British Indian Empire]] {{flag|India}}
| branch = [[File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg|23px]] [[British Indian Army]] {{army|India}}
| service_years = 1943–1982
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant general]]
| service_number =
| unit = [[File:Badge_of_13th_Frontier_Force_Rifles.jpg|20px]] [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]] [[Assam Regiment|2 Assam]] [[Brigade of the Guards|3 Guards]]
| commands = [[File:IA_Central_Command.jpg|20px]] [[Central Command (India)|Central Army]] [[XXXIII Corps (India)|XXXIII Corps]] [[54th Infantry Division (India)|54 Infantry Division]] 66 Mountain Brigade [[Brigade of the Guards|4 Guards]]
| battles =
{{tree list}}
* [[World War II]]
* [[Sino-Indian War]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
{{tree list/end}}
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|25px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| memorials =
| spouse = 
| relations =
| other_work =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| module =
}}
[[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] '''Walter Anthony Gustavo 'WAG' Pinto''', [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]] (1 July 1924 – 25 March 2021) was a [[General Officer]] in the [[Indian Army]]. He last served as the 8th [[General officer commanding|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] of the [[Central Command (India)|Central Command]]. As a [[Major general (India)|major general]], he led the [[54th Infantry Division (India)|54th Infantry Division]] on the western front in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], for which he was awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]].

==Early life and education==
WAG Pinto was born on 1 July 1924, at [[Poona]], [[Bombay Presidency]], to Alexander Pinto, who worked in the Military Accounts Department, and his wife, Helen Agnes Pinto. Alexander was from the Gustave Pinto branch of the Pintos of [[Santa Cruz, Goa]], which was then part of [[Portuguese India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bash On Regardless: A General Reminisces (IANS Book Review) |url=https://www.firstpost.com/fwire/bash-on-regardless-a-general-reminisces-ians-book-review-991253.html |website=Firstpost}}</ref> Pinto was the youngest of three children.{{sfn|Pinto|2013|p=1}} His elder brother, Sydney Alexander, was also an [[Indian Army]] Officer who was commissioned in the [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]] as a [[Bombay Engineer Group|Bombay Sapper]]. He later transferred to the [[Bengal Engineer Group|Bengal Sappers]], and commanded an Infantry brigade and later [[2nd Infantry Division (India)|2 Mountain Division]]. His sister, Phyllis Mary, served in the [[Women's Auxiliary Corps (India)]] and later, [[Burmah Oil|Burma Shell]].{{sfn|Pinto|2013|p=4}}

Pinto was schooled in [[Bangalore]], [[Poona]] and at [[St. Aloysius Senior Secondary School]], [[Jabalpur]] from where he graduated his [[Senior Cambridge|Senior Cambridge School leaving certificate]] with 4 Ds (distinctions). He then attended college at [[Robertson College Jabalpur]], where he joined D Company, 10th Nagpur Battalion, [[Officers' Training Corps|University Training Corps]] (UTC). The UTC was a precursor to the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] (NCC).{{sfn|Pinto|2013}}

==Military career==
After clearing the Preliminary and Final Selection Boards held at [[Jabalpur]] and [[Lucknow]] respectively, he joined the Pre-Cadet Course at Datta College, [[Lahore]] in January 1943. In March 1943, he joined the [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Dehradun]] for a six months emergency commission training course.{{sfn|Pinto|2013|p=6}} Pinto was commissioned into the [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]], one of only four cadets who earned a commission in the infantry among the two hundred or so cadets being commissioned.{{sfn|Pinto|2013|pp=7–8}}

===World War II===

[[Second Lieutenant]] Pinto then proceeded to the [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]] Regimental Centre at [[Abbottabad]] and was then posted to the Machine Gun battalion of the regiment at [[Sultan Bathery|Sultan's Battery]].{{sfn|Pinto|2013|p=9}} The battalion then boarded a special train to [[Chaklala, Rawalpindi]] where they trained for a glider-borne role somewhere in [[Myanmar|Burma]]. They then made their way to [[Kohima]] via [[Agartala]] to join the [[7th Indian Infantry Division]]. They were to be launched into operations as part of then [[Frank Messervy|Lt Gen Frank Messervy's]] [[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|IV Corps]] offensive across the [[Irrawaddy River]].{{sfn|Pinto|2013|p=13}}

In Burma, Pinto commanded the [[Medium Machine Gun]] (MMG) [[Platoon]] of the battalion and participated in different operations against the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] and the [[Indian National Army]]. Pinto remained in Burma until the fall of [[Yangon|Rangoon]].
After the war, the division was flown out to [[Thailand]], with the task of repatriating the Japanese [[Prisoner of war|POWs]]. After a year in [[Thailand]], Pinto sailed to [[Madras]] via [[Singapore]]. A special train took them to [[Taxila]] from where they took the road to the Regimental Centre in [[Abbottabad]]. In 1946, Pinto was appointed Assistant [[Adjutant]] of the [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]] Regimental Centre.{{sfn|Pinto|2013|p=22}}

===Post-Independence===
After the [[Partition of India]], Pinto was earmarked for the [[5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)]] but was later assigned to the 2nd battalion of the [[Assam Regiment]].{{sfn|Pinto|2013|p=23}} Pinto was given command of A Company and sent on foot column protection duty. Later, Pinto's company moved to [[Shimla]] to provide ceremonial guard duties for the [[Governor-General of India]], [[C. Rajagopalachari]] at the [[Rashtrapati Niwas|Viceregal Lodge]] (Rashtrapati Niwas).
In 1949, the [[Brigade of the Guards]] was being raised from the four oldest battalions of the Indian Army (1 Raj Rif, 1 Rajput, 1 Grenadiers & 2/2 Punjab) by [[General (India)|General]] [[K. M. Cariappa]], the then [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[Indian Army]]. Pinto was selected for the 3rd battalion, [[Brigade of the Guards]] (3 Guards) and took over as A Company Commander in January 1950.

In 1951, The battalion moved to the North-East where there were reports of Chinese infiltration across the [[McMahon Line]]. Pinto led a [[Long-range reconnaissance patrol]] through un-mapped territory to the [[McMahon Line]] along the [[Subansiri River]] Valley. In May 1954, he was selected to attend the 8th Staff Course at the [[Defence Services Staff College]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PRESS NOTE |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1954%20DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1954-05-15_120.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=15 May 1954}}</ref> On completion, Pinto was posted as [[brigade major]] of 191 Independent Infantry Brigade in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].{{sfn|Pinto|2013|p=40}} After completing his tenure as Brigade Major, he was posted to the Regimental Centre at Kota. While at the centre, he was selected to attend the 26th Senior Officers' Course, at the [[Mhow#The Infantry School|Infantry School]], Mhow. Later in the year, Pinto was posted as [[Second-in-Command]] (Commandant designate) of 4th battalion, [[Brigade of the Guards]] (4 Guards).{{sfn|Pinto|2013|p=47}} He was promoted to [[lieutenant colonel]] and took over 4 Guards in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. After the tenure in J&K, in 1962, he later took the battalion to [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], [[Kolkata]] which was to be their peace station. But, the [[Sino-Indian War|Chinese invasion]] in [[North-East Frontier Agency]] had begun and the battalion moved to [[Sikkim]].

After the war, Pinto was posted as directing staff at the [[Defence Services Staff College]]. After the tenure at Staff College, he was posted to the [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]] (Military Wing) as staff officer grade 1 (Army). The Military wing comprised the three staff officers of [[lieutenant colonel]] or equivalent from the three services.

In 1967, Pinto was promoted to the rank of [[brigadier]] and posted as commander, 66 Mountain Brigade in [[Binnaguri]], [[West Bengal]].{{sfn|Pinto|2013|p=68}} After a tenure of 2 years, Brig. Pinto was posted back to [[Defence Services Staff College]] as the chief instructor (Army). He served at the Staff College for two more years.

As war clouds loomed large, Pinto was promoted to [[Major general (India)|major general]] and took over as the 3rd [[general officer commanding]] [[54th Infantry Division (India)|54 Infantry Division]] at [[Secunderabad]] in April 1971.{{sfn|Pinto|2013|p=72}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Curtain Raiser |url=https://issuu.com/unigross/docs/for_curtain_raiser |website=Issuu |language=en}}</ref>

===Indo-Pakistani War of 1971===
{{Main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}
The [[54th Infantry Division (India)|54 Infantry Division]] was a part of [[I Corps (India)|I Corps]], then the only Strike Corps of the Indian Army.{{sfn|Pinto|2013|p=74}} Pinto took the division from its peacetime location in Secunderabad to its operational location in the [[Punjab]] within three weeks.

After Pakistan's [[Operation Chengiz Khan|pre-emptive strikes on 3 December]], Pinto's division was to advance between Degh Nadi and Kirar river with a view of capturing line Laisarkalan - Bari - Darman, then Supwal and Barwal, and to be prepared to capture Deoli and Mirzapur.{{sfn|Rao|1991|p=227}}
54 Infantry Division under Pinto, crossed the border as planned at 2000 hrs on 6 December and captured the border outposts at Chamnakhurd, Danadout, Galar Tanda, Chak Jangu, Dhandhar, Mukhwal and Buru Chakby 0230 hrs 7 December.{{sfn|Rao|1991|p=228}}

====Battle of Basantar====
{{main|Battle of Basantar}}
The Battle of Basantar was among the most vital battles in the war. It was one of the greatest tank battles fought by the [[Indian Army]].{{sfn|Pinto|2013|p=103}} Pinto had the 47 Infantry Brigade, 91 Infantry Brigade and the 74 Infantry Brigade, [[Poona Horse]] and one squadron of [[4th Horse (Hodson's Horse)|Hodson's Horse]]. The date for the Basantar crossing was fixed for night 14/15 December, but was postponed by 24 hours by Pinto.{{sfn|Pinto|2013|p=92}} The Battle of Basantar was a decisive Indian victory. When the [[ceasefire]] was declared on 17 December, Pinto summed it up:{{sfn|Pinto|2013|p=102}}
{{Quote
|text=At 2000 hrs that night, the ceasefire was honoured by both sides and became effective. The guns were silent and an eerie calm pervaded over the bitterly cold night. It was a strange feeling, the sudden peace and quiet after the unending din and noise of the past fourteen days. Most of us were taken aback and felt lost. But, we couldn't waste time on this. We still had our hands full and soon got busy in dominating and securing every inch of the 388 square kilometers, which we had captured and over which the National Flag as well as the Divisional Flag proudly flew.}}

In what is an Indian Army record, Pinto's [[54th Infantry Division (India)|54 Infantry Division]] won as many as 196 gallantry medals in just 14 days of fierce fighting. These include 2 [[Param Vir Chakra|Param Vir Chakras]] and 9 [[Maha Vir Chakra|Mahavir Chakras]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet the Victor of Basantar- Lt General WAG Pinto |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-meet-the-victor-of-basantar-lt-general-wag-pinto-1586101 |website=www.dnaindia.com}}</ref>

===Post-war career===
After the war, Pinto was awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] which he felt was a sore disappointment as the award is generally a non-gallantry peacetime award.{{sfn|Pinto|2013|p=105}}
The division remained in Pakistan until the [[Simla Agreement]], after which it moved back to [[Secunderabad]] in March 1973. Pinto gifted a war trophy - a disabled Pakistani [[M47 Patton]] Tank to the Andhra Pradesh Government and had it installed on the [[Tank Bund Road, Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/War-hero-recalls-the-story-behind-tank-on-Tank-Bund/articleshow/8753213.cms | title=War hero recalls the story behind tank on Tank Bund | publisher=TOI | website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

In 1973, Pinto became the Colonel of the [[Rajput Regiment]]. [[Brigade of the Guards|4 Guards]], which he had commanded known earlier as 1 Rajput and was part of the Rajput regimental family.{{sfn|Pinto|2013|pp=112–113}}
Later that year, Pinto was appointed Director, Military Training (now [[Army Training Command]]) where he wore many hats - Chairman - Joint Training Committee, President - Services Sports Control Board, President - Army Mountaineering Federation, President - Army Rifle Association and later was Vice President - [[Indian Hockey Federation]] and Vice President - [[Indian Olympic Association]].{{sfn|Pinto|2013|p=119}}

After a three-year tenure, Pinto was promoted to [[Lieutenant General (India)|lieutenant general]] and took over as [[General officer commanding]] [[XXXIII Corps (India)|XXXIII Corps]] in Sukhna. In 1978, he took over as the [[Commandant of the National Defence College]]. The [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]] is the highest seat of strategic learning for Indian Defence and Civil Services officers of the rank of [[brigadier]] and [[Joint secretary to Government of India]].{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=234}}

In July 1980, Pinto was appointed Army Commander and took over the [[Central Command (India)|Central Command]] in [[Lucknow]]. He was the 8th [[General officer commanding|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] of the [[Central Command (India)|Central Command]].
After a 2-year tenure, Pinto retired on 30 June 1982 after nearly 4 decades in uniform.<ref name="Retirement">{{cite web |title=GENERAL H.C. DUTTA APPOINTED NEW GOC-IN-C CENTRAL COMMAND |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1982-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1982-06-30_270.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=30 June 1982}}</ref>

==Later life and death==
After retirement, the Pintos settled down in [[Pune]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Meet the Victor of Basantar- Lt General WAG Pinto |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-meet-the-victor-of-basantar-lt-general-wag-pinto-1586101 |website=www.dnaindia.com}}</ref> Pinto died on 25 March 2021, aged 96.<ref>{{cite web |title='Victor of Basantar' Lt Gen Pinto passes away at 96 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/victor-of-basantar-lt-gen-pinto-passes-away-at-97-101616765068642.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=26 March 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{citation|first1=W.A.G.|last1=Pinto|title=Bash on Regardless : A record of a life in war and peace |year=2013|isbn= 978-8181581983|publisher=Natraj Publishers}}
*{{citation|first1=K.V. Krishna|last1=Rao|title=Prepare or perish : a study of national security |year=1991|isbn=978-8172120016|publisher=Lancer Publ.}}
*{{citation|first1=J. J.|last1=Singh|title=A Soldier's General-An Autobiography|year=2012|isbn=978-9350291337|publisher=HarperCollins}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before = J. S. Nakai}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[General_officer_commanding#Usage_in_the_Indian_Army|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Central Command (India)|Central Command]]|years = 1980 - 1982}}
{{s-aft|after = H. C. Dutta}}
{{s-bef|before = Air Marshal T. N. Ghadiok}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Commandant of the National Defence College]]|years = 1979 - 1980}}
{{s-aft|after = Air Marshal D. G. Kinglee}}
{{s-bef|before=H. C. Rai}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[General officer commanding]] [[XXXIII Corps (India)|XXXIII Corps]]|years=1976 - 1978}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Krishnaswamy Sundarji]]}}
{{s-bef|before = [[K.A.S. Raja]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[General Officer Commanding]] [[54th Infantry Division (India)|54 Infantry Division]]|years = 1971 - 1974}}
{{s-aft|after = K. S. Bajwa}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pinto, WAG}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Commandants of National Defence College, India]]
[[Category:Generals of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Pune]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Defence Services Staff College]]
[[Category:People of Goan descent]]

Digpal Lanjekar

2026-05-02T17:42:26Z

DeangeloWaley:

{{Short description|Marathi film director and writer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}{{Infobox person
| name = Digpal Lanjekar
| image =
| caption =
| spouse =
| occupation = {{hlist|
[[Film director|Director]]|
[[writer]]
}}
| years_active = 2018–present
| known for = [[Shri Shivraj Ashtak (film series) | Shri Shivraj Ashtak]]
}}
'''Digpal Lanjekar''' is an Indian film director and writer who is known for the ''[[Shri Shivraj Ashtak]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2022 |title= ‘शिवराज अष्टका’तील पाचव्या चित्रपटाची घोषणा, मराठी सिनेपटलावर अवतरणार 'सुभेदार' |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/digpal-lanjekar-and-chinmay-mandlekar-next-movie-based-on-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-141665659182595.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302190345/https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/digpal-lanjekar-and-chinmay-mandlekar-next-movie-based-on-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-141665659182595.html |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=3 March 2023 |website= [[Hindustan Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2020 |title= Digpal Lanjekar: True Historical Movie Director |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/Digpal-Lanjekar--True-Historical-Movie-Director--22762234 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302194826/https://www.mid-day.com/amp/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/Digpal-Lanjekar--True-Historical-Movie-Director--22762234 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=3 March 2023 |website= [[Mid-Day]] |language=English
}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
''All films are in Marathi, unless mentioned.''{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Direction
! scope="col" | Acting
! scope="col" | Screenplay
! scope="col" | Story
! scope="col" | Lyrics
! scope="col" | Production
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" | Ref
|-
| 2018
! scope="row" | ''[[Farzand]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Debut
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2018 |title= पन्हाळा जिंकण्यासाठी जीवाजी बाजी लावणाऱ्या ‘फर्जंद’च्या धाडसाची गाथा |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/farzand-marathi-movie-new-poster-revealing-star-cast-1670626/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302201656/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/farzand-marathi-movie-new-poster-revealing-star-cast-1670626/ |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=3 March 2023 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
! scope="row" | ''[[Fatteshikast]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Played role as ''Shri Sarjerao Jedhe''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2019 |title= ‘बाजी सर्जेराव जेधे’ साकारणार दिग्दर्शक दिग्पाल लांजेकर |url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/digpal-lanjekar-will-play-role-fatteshikast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006000519/https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/digpal-lanjekar-will-play-role-fatteshikast/ |archive-date=6 October 2019 |access-date=3 March 2023 |website= [[Lokmat]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2019 |title= After Farzand, Digpal Lanjekar brings us another Shivaji tale, Fatteshikast |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/may/9/20557/after-farzand-digpal-lanjekar-brings-us-another-shivaji-tale-fatteshikast/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302192926/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/may/9/20557/after-farzand-digpal-lanjekar-brings-us-another-shivaji-tale-fatteshikast/amp |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=3 March 2023 |website= Cinestaan.com |language=English
}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
! scope="row" | ''[[Pawankhind]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2022 |title= Digpal Lanjekar Directorial Pawankhind's Trailer Packed With Great Visuals, Action Scenes |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/digpal-lanjekar-directorial-pawankhinds-trailer-packed-with-great-visuals-action-scenes-4760546.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211112639/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/digpal-lanjekar-directorial-pawankhinds-trailer-packed-with-great-visuals-action-scenes-4760546.html |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=3 March 2023 |website= [[News18 India]] |language=English
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sher Shivraj (film)|Sher Shivraj]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Played as [[Bahirji Naik]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2022 |title= Not Harish Dudhade, Digpal Lanjekar to Play the Role of Bahirji Naik in his Next |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/not-harish-dudhade-digpal-lanjekar-to-play-the-role-of-bahirji-naik-in-his-next-4959167.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503152629/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/not-harish-dudhade-digpal-lanjekar-to-play-the-role-of-bahirji-naik-in-his-next-4959167.html |archive-date=3 May 2022 |access-date=3 March 2023 |website= [[News18 India]] |language=English
}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
! scope="row" | ''[[Subhedar]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Played as [[Bahirji Naik]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2022 |title= Subhedar: शिवराज अष्टकातील पाचवा थरार!दिग्पालने केली 'सुभेदार'ची घोषणा.. |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/digpal-lanjekar-shared-poster-of-his-upcoming-movie-subhedar-release-date-june-2023-cast-nsa95 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302195510/https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/digpal-lanjekar-shared-poster-of-his-upcoming-movie-subhedar-release-date-june-2023-cast-nsa95 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=3 March 2023 |website= [[Sakal]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>
|-
|2024
! scope="row" | ''[[Shivrayancha Chhava]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी माझा एंटरटेनमेंट |date=2023-09-25 |title='सुभेदार'नंतर दिग्पाल लांजेकरांचा ‘शिवरायांचा छावा!’ सिनेमा येणार प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीस |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/shivrayancha-chava-movie-directed-by-digpal-lanjekar-will-release-on-16-february-2024-in-theaters-1212410 |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
! scope="row"|''[[Sant Dnyaneshwaranchi Muktai]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|Based on [[Muktabai]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-02 |title=Director Digpal Lanjekar Announces His Next Titled Muktai With Motion Poster |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/director-digpal-lanjekar-announces-his-next-titled-muktai-with-motion-poster-8688414.html |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Abhanga Tukaram]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-12 |title='अभंग तुकाराम'! दिग्पाल लांजेकरचा नवीन सिनेमा, मालिकाविश्वातील 'हा' लोकप्रिय अभिनेता झळकणार मुख्य भूमिकेत |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/digpal-lanjekar-announces-new-movie-abhang-tukaram-ajinkya-raut-to-play-lead-in-the-film-ads-02-5299129/ |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2026
!scope="row"|''[[Ranapati Shivray: Swari Agra]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-03 |title=‘रणपति शिवराय - स्वारी आग्रा’, शिवराज अष्टकातील सहावे चित्रपुष्प १९ फेब्रुवारीला चित्रपटगृहात |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/ranpati-shivaji-swari-agra-the-sixth-movie-will-be-in-theaters-on-february-19-mumbai-print-news-amy-95-5418078/ |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|{{tba}}
|{{Pending film|Bhadrakali}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|Upcoming film
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-07 |title='Bhadrakali': Prasad Oak and Digpal Lanjekar team up to bring the valour of Sarsenapati Umabai on the big screen |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/bhadrakali-prasad-oak-and-digpal-lanjekar-team-up-to-bring-the-valour-of-sarsenapati-umabai-on-the-big-screen/articleshow/83302112.cms |access-date=2023-05-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm9829530}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandlekar, Chinmay}}
[[Category:Marathi film directors]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}
{{Screen-writer-stub}}

A. N. M. Ehsanul Hoque Milan

2026-04-29T10:50:26Z

DeangeloWaley: made a info!

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable#Bangladesh|The Honourable]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|MP]]
| name = Ehsanul Hoque Milan
| native_name = {{no bold|এহসানুল হক মিলন}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = 2026-03-08 Education Minister A. N. M. Ehsanul Hoque Milan in Dhaka (cropped).jpg
| caption = Milan in 2026
| office = [[Minister of Education (Bangladesh)|Minister for Education]]
| term_start = 17 February 2026
| prime_minister = [[Tarique Rahman]]
| predecessor = [[Chowdhury Rafiqul Abrar]]
| office1 = [[Ministry of Primary and Mass Education|Minister for Primary and Mass Education]]
| term_start1 = 17 February 2026
| prime_minister1 = [[Tarique Rahman]]
| predecessor1 = [[Bidhan Ranjan Roy Poddar]]

| office2 = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]
| constituency2 = [[Chandpur-1]]
| parliament2 = Bangladesh
| term_start2 = 17 February 2026
| predecessor2 = [[Muhiuddin Khan Alamgir]]
| constituency3 = [[Chandpur-1]]
| term_start3 = 23 June 1996
| term_end3 = 29 October 2006
| predecessor3 = [[Mesbah Uddin Khan]]
| successor3 = Muhiuddin Khan Alamgir

| office4 = [[Minister of Education (Bangladesh)|Minister of State for Education]]
| term_start4 = 10 October 2001
| term_end4 = 29 October 2006
| prime_minister4 = [[Khaleda Zia]]
| predecessor4 = [[Zinnatunnessa Talukdar]]
| successor4 = [[Ismat Ara Sadek]]
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|01|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kachua Upazila, Chandpur|Kachua]], [[East Pakistan]], Pakistan
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[University of Dhaka]]|[[New York Institute of Technology]]|[[International Islamic University Malaysia]]}}
| spouse = Nazmun Nahar Baby
| children = Tanzida Nahar Hoque
}}

'''Abu Naser Muhammad Ehsanul Hoque Milan''' (আবু নাসের মুহাম্মদ এহসানুল হক মিলন) (born 1 January 1957)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gov.bd/members/list-of-members?view=current&searchBy=name&page=1&search=Milon|title=Member details|publisher=Bangladesh Parliament|accessdate=2026-03-01}}</ref> is a Bangladeshi politician affiliated with the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] (BNP). He is the incumbent [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member representing the [[Chandpur-1]] constituency and the incumbent [[Ministry of Primary and Mass Education|minister of primary and mass education]] since February 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gazette notification on allocation of portfolios to ministers, state ministers |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/government/nlsgfo6hl9 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=Prothom Alo|date=18 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> He represented the same constituency from 1996 to 2006 and was the state minister for education from 2001 to 2006 under Prime Minister [[Khaleda Zia]].<ref>{{cite news |date=10 March 2019 |title=HC clears way for BNP's Milan to go abroad |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/high-court-clears-way-bnp-ex-state-minister-ehsanul-haque-milan-go-abroad-1713097 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927205417/https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/high-court-clears-way-bnp-ex-state-minister-ehsanul-haque-milan-go-abroad-1713097 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Milan was born in [[Kachua Upazila, Chandpur|Kachua]], [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]] (then part of [[Comilla]]), on 1 January 1957. His father, Obaidul Haque, worked as a government officer, and his mother was Mahmuda Haque. He completed his secondary education at [[Sher-e-Bangla Nagar Government Boys' High School]] and higher secondary education at Government Intermediate Technical College (now [[Government Science College, Dhaka|Government Science College]]).<ref name=bio>{{Cite web|script-title=bn:মাননীয় মন্ত্রী|url=http://moedu.gov.bd/pages/biographies/699fc73a7e2a12e11600f44a |access-date=2026-03-01 |work=Ministry of Education |language=en}}</ref>

Milan earned a chemistry degree from the [[University of Dhaka]]. In 1982, Milon moved to the United States and obtained an MBA from the [[New York Institute of Technology]]. He served as an adjunct lecturer at [[Brooklyn College]] and [[Borough of Manhattan Community College]], and worked professionally as a chemist in the pharmaceutical industry. In 2018, he earned a PhD in political science from the [[International Islamic University Malaysia]]; his dissertation examined the role of technical and vocational education and training in Bangladesh's socioeconomic development.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile - ANM Ehsanul Hoque Milan |url=https://www.tritiyomatra.com/profile/115 |publisher=[[Tritiyo Matra]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227182146/https://www.tritiyomatra.com/profile/115 |language=en |access-date=27 December 2024 |archive-date=27 December 2024}}</ref>

==Political career==
Milan began his political career in the student movement. Elected as Sports Secretary of Fazlul Haque Hall Chhatra Sangsad (student council) in 1978–79 under the Jasad-backed Chhatra League, he later joined [[Bangladesh Jatiotabadi Chatra Dal]] and held leadership positions in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In 1993, BNP leader Khaleda Zia appointed him as international affairs secretary. He also founded and coordinated the BNP-USA chapter until 1996.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bangladesh Nationalist Party |url=https://www.bnpbd.org/home/profiles/1348 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921160739/https://www.bnpbd.org/home/profiles/1348 |archive-date=21 September 2016 |accessdate=25 December 2016 }}</ref>

Milan became a parliament member for the first time in the 7th national parliament election held in 1996 from the constituency 260, Chandpur-1, Kachua.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/former-mp-s/list-of-7th-parliament-members-bangla |title=List of 7th Parliament Members |language=bn |page=8 |website=Bangladesh Parliament}}</ref> In the election of the 8th national parliament held in 2001, he defeated the [[Awami League]] candidate, former minister [[Muhiuddin Khan Alamgir]], by a large margin. Prime Minister Begum Khaleda Zia appointed Milan as the state minister for education.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/bnp-leader-milon-gets-bail |title=BNP leader Milon gets bail |work=bdnews24.com |date=11 March 2014 |accessdate=25 December 2016}}</ref> After being responsible for Chandpur, he started a movement called ''Jatka Nidhon Protirodh Andolon'' (Stop Killing Small Hilsa Fish) on his own initiative.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_JCOcSkFlUg |title=Interview of Former State Minister Ehsanul Haque Milon With Shaifur Rahman By eurobdnewsonline.com |last=Eurobdnews |date=25 October 2013 |accessdate=25 December 2016 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

Milan won the [[2026 Bangladeshi general election]] contesting at the [[Chandpur-1 ]] constituency securing 133,032 votes while his nearest opponent [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]] candidate Abu Nohar Muhammad Makbul Ahmad got 70,368 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=BNP announces candidates for 237 seats |url=https://www.bssnews.net/news-flash/327957 |date=2025-11-03|access-date=2025-11-03 |work=BSS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=BNP candidate Ehsanul Hoque Milon wins unofficially from Chandpur-1|url=https://www.bssnews.net/national-parlament-election-2026/360563 |access-date=2026-03-01 |date=2026-02-13|website=BSS}}</ref>

=== Controversies and legal issues ===
After serving in office, Milon faced legal challenges. On 5 June 2012, he secured bail in numerous cases and subsequently traveled abroad.<ref name="jail">{{Cite news |date=2018-11-24 |title=25 Criminal Cases: BNP leader Milon sent to jail |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/news/bnp-leader-milon-arrested-ctg-1664185 |access-date=2018-11-23 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He returned to Bangladesh in November 2018 and was arrested in [[Chittagong]], accused in as many as 25 cases involving serious charges such as murder, smuggling, and vandalism.<ref name="jail" /> A Chandpur court sent him to jail, and over subsequent months, he was granted bail in many of those cases while some remained unresolved.<ref>{{Cite news |title=BNP leader Milon lands in jail |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/161586/bnp-leader-milon-lands-in-jail |access-date=2025-08-08 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=BNP leader Milon arrested in Chattogram |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/bnp-leader-milon-arrested-in-chattogram |access-date=2025-08-08 |work=bdnews24.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=BNP leader Milon gets bail in 18 cases |url=https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/bnp-leader-milon-gets-bail-in-18-cases/11556 |access-date=2025-08-08 |work=UNB |language=en}}</ref>

=== Involvement and views ===
In recent years, Milon has continued to engage in public discourse and education initiatives. In February 2025, as director of the ADUST Skill Development Institute, he spoke at a workshop urging youth to embrace technology and entrepreneurship in nation-building.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=Youths to Build New Bangladesh Using Technology, Says Former State Minister for Education |url=https://www.chichue.com/2025/02/bd-milon-youth-technology-adust.html |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=ChicHue|language=en}}</ref>

In May 2025, he publicly criticized the interim government's inefficiency and called for swift elections. Addressing students, he emphasized the importance of balancing activism with academic and moral development.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ehsanul links demand for quick polls to interim govt's ineffectiveness |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/381245/ex-state-minister-ehsanul-links-demand-for-quick |access-date=2025-08-08 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Milan is married to Nazmun Nahar Baby.<ref name=bio/> She is a zoology graduate from the [[University of Dhaka]] and Computer Information Science (CIS) graduate from the [[City University of New York]] (CUNY). She serves as vice-president of the central committee of [[Bangladesh Jatiotabadi Mohila Dal]].<ref name=bio/> They have a daughter, Tanjeeda Nahar Hoque. She graduated in international criminal law from [[John Jay College of Criminal Justice]].<ref name=bio/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons-inline}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Milan, A.N.M. Ehsanul Hoque}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:People from Chandpur District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittagong Division]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:New York Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Brooklyn College faculty]]
[[Category:International Islamic University Malaysia alumni]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:7th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:13th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:State ministers of education of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ministers of education of Bangladesh]]

Dipankar Sen

2026-04-25T02:46:19Z

DeangeloWaley: made info.

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| status =
| term_start = 2023
| subterm =
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| taoiseach =
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| deputy =
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| constituency = [[Belonia Assembly constituency|Belonia]]
| majority =
| predecessor = Arun Chandra Bhaumik
| successor =
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| taoiseach2 =
| governor2 =
| co-leader2 =
| deputy2 =
| lieutenant2 =
| succeeding2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency2 =
| majority2 =
| prior_term2 =
| parents = Narendra Kishore Sen (Father)
| birth_date = 1964
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| alma_mater =
| education = 12th
}}
'''Dipankar Sen''' is an Indian politician currently serving as a Member of the [[13th Tripura Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Belonia Assembly constituency|Belonia]] constituency.<ref>{{cite web |title=GENERAL ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MARCH-2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS2335.htm?ac=35}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura election result 2023: Full list of winners constituency-wise |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tripura-election-winner-list-2023-bjp-ipft-congress-left-winner-candidate-list-for-tripura-assembly-election-2023-leading-trailing-candidate-party-101677728980359.html |access-date=8 July 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |work=The Indian Express |date=2 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] from [[Tripura]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura CPIM MLA demands extension of express train service to Sabroom |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/tripura/story/tripura-cpim-mla-demands-extension-of-express-train-service-to-sabroom-676259-2023-09-11 |work=India Today NE |date=11 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura Girl Needs Second Pacemaker; CPIM MLA Seeks CM's Nod To Spend Fund |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2023/05/16/tripura-girl-needs-second-pacemaker-cpim-mla-seeks-cms-nod-to-spend-fund/ |work=Northeast Today |date=16 May 2023}}</ref>

Sen completed his higher secondary education from Vidyapith H.S. School, Belonia in 1983.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dipankar Sen(Communist Party of India (Marxist)(CPI(M))):Constituency- BELONIA(SOUTH TRIPURA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Tripura2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6771 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:SEN, DIPANKAR}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:People from South Tripura district]]
[[Category:1964 births]]

Pinapaka Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:33:02Z

DeangeloWaley: new.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pinapaka
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (110-Pinapaka highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Pinapaka Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Payam Venkateswarlu]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| electors = 5,67,676
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 110
| loksabha_cons = [[Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubabad]]
}}
'''Pinapaka Assembly constituency''' is a ST reserved constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of five constituencies in [[Bhadradri Kothagudem district]]. It is part of [[Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Payam Venkateswarlu]], of [[Indian National Congress]] in [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], is representing the constituency.

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Pinapaka]]
|-
| [[Manuguru]]
|-
| [[Gundala, Khammam|Gundala]]
|-
| [[Burgampahad]]
|-
| [[Aswapuram]]
|-
|[[Karakagudem]]
|-
|Allapally
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly Pinapaka==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| 2009
| Rega Kantha Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2014
| [[Payam Venkateswarlu]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| 2018
| Rega Kantha Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2023
| [[Payam Venkateswarlu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: [[Pinapaka]]<ref name="Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Pinapaka">{{cite news |title=Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Pinapaka |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S29110.htm |access-date=4 January 2025 |work=results.eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104160518/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S29110.htm |archive-date=4 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Pinapaka Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |title=Pinapaka Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/pinapaka |access-date=4 January 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104160344/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/pinapaka |archive-date=4 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Payam Venkateswarlu]]|votes=90,510|percentage=56.61|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Rega Kantha Rao|votes=56,004|percentage=35.03|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Podiyam Balaraju|votes=2,627|percentage=1.64|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Durga Palvancha|votes=2,167|percentage=1.36|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Punem Rajesh|votes=1,998|percentage=1.25|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Banoth Jagga Rao|votes=1,429|percentage=0.89|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Vasam Mangaiah|votes=1,028|percentage=0.64|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=905|percentage=0.57|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Vajja Samulu|votes=719|percentage=0.45|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=34,506|percentage=21.58|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=1,59,883|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box hold with party link
| winner =Indian National Congress
|loser =
| swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Pinapaka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Rega Kantha Rao]]
| votes = 72,283
| percentage = 50.13%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Payam Venkateswarlu]]
| votes = 52,718
| percentage = 36.56%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate =[[Katiboina Nageswara Rao]]
| votes = 2,581
| percentage =1.79%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Chanda Santosh Kumar]]
| votes = 2,292
| percentage = 1.59%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 868
| percentage = 0.60%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 19,565
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,44,187
| percentage = 81.96%
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = YSR Congress Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Pinapaka (Assembly constituency)}}<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043754/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=110 Pinapaka Results]}}</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Payam Venkateswarlu]]|votes=42,475|percentage=31.53%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Shankar Naik Nunavath|votes=28,410|percentage=21.09%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Lingaiah Chanda|votes=28,195|percentage=20.93%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Ramesh Tholem|votes=19,313|percentage=14.34%|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=14,065|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,34,697|percentage=80.33%|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|17.18|80.41|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Bhadradri Kothagudem district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Bastar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:24:03Z

DeangeloWaley: started initial article needs work.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bastar
| mla = [[Lakheshwar Baghel]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#19AAED|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]|border=solid 1px #000}}
| latest_election_year = [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| preceded_by = Subhau Kashyap
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| division = [[Bastar division|Bastar]]
| district = [[Bastar district|Bastar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency|Bastar]]
| reservation = ST
| established = 2008
| electors = {{formatnum:167919}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 85
| map_image = Bastar Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Bastar''' is one of the [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|90 constituencies]] of the [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name=ceoMap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Bastar district|Bastar]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Subhau Kashyap
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|rowspan=3|[[Lakheshwar Baghel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bastar<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lakheshwar Baghel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 68,401
|percentage = 47.92
|change = -10.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Maniram Kashyap|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=61,967|percentage=43.41|change=+11.50}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jagmohan Baghel|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=2,551|percentage=1.79|change=+0.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sonsay Kashyap|party=Janta Congress Chhattisgarh|votes=1,933|percentage=1.35|change=-1.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramdhar Baghel|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=1,751|percentage=1.23|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lakheshwar Kashyap|party=Hamar Raj Party|votes=1,379|percentage=0.97|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2,738|percentage=1.92|change=-2.04}}
{{Election box majority|votes=6,434|percentage=4.51|change=-22.67}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=142,742|percentage=85.01|change=+0.98}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
| title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bastar<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lakheshwar Baghel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 74,378
|percentage = 58.01
|change = +7.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subhau Kashyap|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=40,907|percentage=31.91|change=-1.94}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sonsay Kashyap|party=Janta Congress Chhattisgarh|votes=3,688|percentage=2.88|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jagmohan Baghel|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=2,121|percentage=1.65|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dulab Suryavanshi|party=Independent (politician)|votes=2,034|percentage=1.59|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=5,083|percentage=3.96|change=-0.87}}
{{Election box majority|votes=33,471|percentage=27.18|change=+10.44}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,29,232|percentage=84.03|change=-0.25}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 ===

{{Election box begin
| title=[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2013]]: Bastar<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2018 |title=Chhattisgarh 2013 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3884-chhattisgarh-2013/ |access-date=12 May 2023}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lakheshwar Baghel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 57,942
|percentage = 50.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subhau Kashyap|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=38,774|percentage=33.85|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mansingh Kashyap|party=Communist Party of India|votes=3,360|percentage=2.93|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jagmohan Baghel|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2,852|percentage=2.49|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Damru Mourya|party=Independent (politician)|votes=2,419|percentage=2.11|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Baldev Manjhi|party=Bharatiya Dalit Congress|votes=2,233|percentage=1.95|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Madhu Mourya|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=1,426|percentage=1.25|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=5,529|percentage=4.83|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=19,168|percentage=16.74|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,14,535|percentage=84.28|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 ===

{{Election box begin
| title=[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2008]]: Bastar<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2018 |title=Chhattisgarh 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3883-chhattisgarh-2008/ |access-date=12 May 2023}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Subhau Kashyap
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 39,991
|percentage = 41.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Lakheshwar Baghel]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=38,790|percentage=39.94|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Madhu Mourya|party=Independent (politician)|votes=6,040|percentage=6.22|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kunti Kashyap|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=4,550|percentage=4.68|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mansingh Kashyap|party=Communist Party of India|votes=2,844|percentage=2.93|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Narendra Kashyap|party=Gondwana Mukti Sena|votes=2,722|percentage=2.80|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Damrudhar Kashyap|party=Independent (politician)|votes=2,192|percentage=2.26|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=97,129|percentage=74.79|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<ref name="election2018" />

== See also ==

* [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bastar district]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{Coord|19.29|82.1|display=title}}
[[Category:Bastar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Sitamarhi Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:35:32Z

DeangeloWaley: adding a data first draft

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Sitamarhi
|type= SLA
| map_image = 28-Sitamarhi constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla =[[Sunil Kumar Pintu]] 
|incumbent_image =
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = 
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|28]]
|established = 1951
| electors = 305,766
|reservation = 
|abolished = 
}}
'''Sitamarhi Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Sitamarhi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. In [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Sitamarhi will be one of the 36 seats to have VVPAT enabled electronic voting machines.<ref name="election2043">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/36-seats-in-bihar-to-have-electronic-voting-machines-with-paper-trail-facility-1204308|title=36 Seats in Bihar to Have Electronic Voting Machines With Paper Trail Facility}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/poll-bound-bihar-to-get-36-evms-with-paper-trail-facility/|title=Poll-bound Bihar to get 36 EVMs with paper trail facility}}</ref>

==History==
In 1995 constituency was won by Hari Shankar Prasad. His son [[Sunil Kumar Pintu]] represented this constituency three times later.<ref name="election2070">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-former-mla-harishankar-prasad-was-committed-towards-development-20706007.html|title=Former MLA Hari Shankar Prasad was committed towards development}}</ref>

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, 28. Sitamarhi Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Dumra, Sitamarhi|Dumra]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Sitamarhi Assembly constituency is part of 5. [[Sitamarhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|title=Sitamarhi Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/sitamarhi.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Damodar Jha
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|K. Shahi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Shyam Sunder Das
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Ram Swarup Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Ram Sagar Prasad Yadav
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Pir Mohammad Ansari
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Khalil Ansari
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Shahid Ali Khan (politician)|Shahid Ali Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Hari Shankar Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Shahid Ali Khan (politician)|Shahid Ali Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sunil Kumar Pintu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Sunil Kushwaha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Mithilesh Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Sunil Kumar Pintu]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sitamarhi<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Sitamarhi">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Sitamarhi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0428.htm |accessdate=25 November 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125075655/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0428.htm |archivedate=25 November 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sunil Kumar Pintu]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:104226}}
|percentage = 48.11
|change = -1.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sunil Kushwaha|Sunil Kumar Kushwaha]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:98664}}
|percentage = 45.54
|change = +1.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Kishore Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:2867}}
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Jansambhavna Party
|candidate = Upendra Sahani
|votes = {{formatnum:2419}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2284}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change = -0.6
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5562}}
|percentage = 2.57
|change = -3.78
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:216653}}
|percentage = 70.86
|change = +9.0
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser = RJD
|swing = NDA
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sitamarhi<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mithilesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:90236}}
|percentage = 49.9
|change = +9.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Sunil Kushwaha|Sunil Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:78761}}
|percentage = 43.55
|change = -6.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar Tunna
|votes = {{formatnum:2035}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change = +0.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2979}}
|percentage = 1.65
|change = +0.66
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11475}}
|percentage = 6.35
|change = -2.61
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:180842}}
|percentage = 61.86
|change = -1.51
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sitamarhi<ref name="Sitamarhi Constituency Election Results 2015 -2025">{{cite news |title=Sitamarhi Constituency Election Results 2015 -2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/sitamarhi |accessdate=25 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125075712/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/sitamarhi |archivedate=25 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Sunil Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:81557}}
|percentage = 49.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sunil Kumar Alias Pintu
|votes = {{formatnum:66835}}
|percentage = 40.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nagina Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:3624}}
|percentage = 2.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janshanti Party
|candidate = Anup Mahto
|votes = {{formatnum:2236}}
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar Tunna
|votes = {{formatnum:2059}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1629}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14722}}
|percentage = 8.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:164358}}
|percentage = 63.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}
{{coord|26|36|N|85|29|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Sitamarhi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)

2026-04-09T04:45:50Z

DeangeloWaley:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Raja Rani Vijay TV Serial.jpg
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = Priya Thambi (S1-2)
| director = Praveen Bennett (S1-2)
| starring = Alya Manasa (S1-2) [[Sanjeev Karthick]] (S1) [[Riya Vishwanathan]] (S2) [[Sidhu Sid]] (S2) [[Praveena]] (S2) Asha V. Gowda (S2) [[Archana Ravichandran]] (S2)
| theme_music_composer = Ilayavan Kiran
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 1307
| list_episodes =
| producer = Venkatesh Babu
| cinematography = Saravanan
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Global Villagers
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2017|05|29}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2023|03|21}}
| screenplay = Maruthu Shanker
| channel = [[Star Vijay]]
| related = ''[[Ke Apon Ke Por]]'' (S1) ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'' (S2)
| caption = Season 2
}}

'''''Raja Rani''''' ({{translation|King Queen}}) is an Indian [[Tamil television drama|Tamil drama]] television series that debuted on [[Star Vijay]] on 29 May 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vijay TV launches new serial Raja Rani|newspaper=The Times of India |date=26 May 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vijay-tv-launches-new-serial-raja-rani/articleshow/58854462.cms|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=விஜய் டிவியில் புதிய தொடர் ராஜா ராணி|date=26 May 2017 |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/59593/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Raja-Rani---New-serial-in-vijay-tv.htm|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref> The show is produced by Global Villagers and directed by Praveen Bennett, and has two seasons.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tamil-daily-soap-raja-rani-2-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/78087545.cms|title=New Tamil daily soap Raja Rani 2 to premiere soon|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=13 September 2020 }}</ref>

The first season starring [[Sanjeev Karthick]] and Alya Manasa aired from 29 May 2017 to 13 July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 September 2019|title=Vijay TV's Alya Manasa secretly marries her beau Sanjeev Karthick|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-tvs-alya-manasa-secretly-marries-her-beau-sanjeev-karthick-805356|website=www.ibtimes.co.in}}</ref> The second season premiered on 12 October 2020 and ended with 725 episodes from 21 March 2023. Alya Manasa,<ref>{{cite web|title=Alya Manasa's Latest Serial Shooting Spot Pic with the Main Cast|date=9 September 2020 |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/alya-manasas-next-vijay-tv-serial-shoot-stills-entire-cast-here.html|publisher=Behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-alya-manasa-to-entertain-fans-soon-watch-rehearsal-video/articleshow/77820113.cms|title=Actress Alya Manasa to entertain fans soon; watch rehearsal video|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/alya-manasa-next-serial-with-raja-rani-connect-shoot-stills-promo-shoot.html|title=Raja Rani Combo Returns in Alya Manasa's Next Serial|date=4 September 2020 |publisher=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> [[Riya Vishwanathan]], [[Sidhu Sid]], Asha V. Gowda and [[Praveena]] are playing the lead roles in the television serial.

The first season is a remake of the Bengali serial ''[[Ke Apon Ke Por]]'' of [[Star Jalsha]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=TV serial Raja Rani crosses 400 episodes milestone|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-serial-raja-rani-crosses-400-episodes-milestone/articleshow/67150071.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210222175045/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-serial-raja-rani-crosses-400-episodes-milestone/articleshow/67150071.cms|archive-date=22 February 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 December 2018 |access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref> The second season is a remake of the Hindi serial [[Diya Aur Baati Hum]] of [[StarPlus]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=New Tamil daily soap Raja Rani 2 to premiere soon - The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tamil-daily-soap-raja-rani-2-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/78087545.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210222174100/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tamil-daily-soap-raja-rani-2-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/78087545.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=22 February 2021|access-date=2021-02-22|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Series overview==
{{series overview

| color1 = #FEA530 
| link1 = #Season 1
| episodes1 = 582
| start1 = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|5|29}}
| end1 = {{End date|df=yes|2019|7|13}}

| color2 = #30B39F 
| link2 = #Season 2
| episodes2 = 725
| start2 = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|10|12}}
| end2 = {{end date|df=yes|2023|03|21}}
}}

==Plot==
{{cleanup|section|reason=Per [[WP:TVPLOT]], the Plot section should not exceed 500 words per season and should remain focused on the general shape of each season, not episode-by-episode developments. Season 1 is currently over 960 words. If contributors wish to track episode-by-episode developments, they should create a list of episodes. See ''[[The Boys (TV series)|The Boys]]'' as an example.|date=January 2021}}
The story focuses on Semba {{Aka}} Sembaruthi, a maid working for the Rajasekar family. Both Rajasekar and his wife Lakshmi treat Semba as their own daughter, but their daughters-in-law Archana and Vadivu and Rajasekar's elder daughter worry that Semba will inherit part of the family property, reducing their own shares, so they mistreat Semba. Karthik is Rajasekar's youngest son and returns to Chennai after a period spent working as a scientist in Singapore. Karthik combats the difficulties Semba faces.

Karthik's girlfriend Divya comes from Singapore to visit his family. Vadivu's brother Sanjay attempts to seduce Semba but is stopped by Karthik, who decides that Semba should marry and uploads her profile to a marriage website. A groom comes to visit, but Sanjay intercepts him and tells him lies about Semba, so he leaves without meeting her. Archana brings in a groom who is a distant relative and an alcoholic. The groom's family proposes marriage within two days, and Rajasekar's family accepts the proposal. Preparations for the wedding are in full swing when it is discovered that the groom is still married to his first wife, whom he abandoned.

Meanwhile, Karthik and Divya are planning to get engaged on Semba's wedding day. Divya goes to the airport to fetch her parents, who are arriving from Singapore. Semba's marriage is stopped and Rajasekar is blamed by everyone for her pitiable position. Rajasekar is devastated and persuades Karthik to marry Semba to mitigate the disaster of the failed wedding. Divya arrives at the last moment, just in time to see the wedding become official. Divya asks Karthik whether he married Semba only out of pity, but he remains silent and leaves angrily.

After Divya leaves, Karthik expresses his anger by throwing things. His mother realises that her son has been sacrificed, and she becomes furious and turns against her husband, and eventually Semba. Semba does not expect Karthik to treat her like a real wife, so she continues to work as a maid. One day Lakshmi's friend comes to meet Semba, not knowing her history, and she criticises the family for marrying a maid to their son. Humiliated, Lakshmi is persuaded by Archana and Vadivu to call Divya back. Meanwhile, Rajasekar plans a reception for the newlyweds, but is only supported by his brother Chandrasekar, youngest daughter Vinodhini, and her fiancé Harish.

Divya comes to the reception and causes drama when Karthik accepts Semba as his wife. Then the couple prepares to spend their first night together, but Lakshmi suddenly begins to have chest pains. Karthik panics and stays with his mother. Since she is not allowed to see Lakshmi, Semba sleeps alone in the room that she was to share with Karthik. This event is a turning point, as Lakshmi and Karthik begin to appreciate her. Archana, Vadivu and Sanjay all try to undermine Semba and make her leave the house, but Karthik begins to fall in love with her.

A beauty competition leads Archana to overwork Semba by giving her beauty treatments. Karthik becomes angry, and makes Semba participate in the competition, which she eventually wins.

Karthik entrusts Semba with documents about his confidential project involving space and the military. Archana, Vadivu and Sanjay steal the documents and blame Semba. Karthik is angry and humiliates Semba, who finds the documents and reveals that Sanjay was the thief, but is so humiliated that she leaves the house. Karthik later finds her and brings her home.

Karthik and Semba's relationship becomes stronger, and he confesses his love to her and she accepts. Meanwhile, Divya offers Karthik a job without revealing her identity. He and Semba go to a party to celebrate his new job, and find Divya there. She was previously married to Vicky, a rich 65-year-old businessman, and is wealthy.

While Karthik is working at her company, Divya moves into his house as a guest and tries to get help from the family to separate Semba and Karthik. Archana, Vadivu and Sanjay agree to leave Karthik alone in the house, in return for {{Indian Rupee|link=yes|50000000}}. Divya drugs Karthik; while he is unconscious she tries to have sex with him, but Semba uncovers her plot.

Despite Vinodhini's engagement to Harish, Vadivu's father Devraj wants his son Sanjay to marry her instead, to gain control of Rajasekar's family. When Harish's family asks about the dowry, Devraj increases the dowry to stop the marriage. Rajasekar is not very well off, and tries to take {{Indian rupee|8000000}} in savings from his bank, but his cheque bounces. The bank manager says that Rajasekar's elder son Amudhan has forged his signature and emptied his account. Devraj, knowing this, has set a trap by making Rajasekar's house security for a loan of {{Indian rupee|5000000}} [[lakh]]s (500 billion), carrying interest of 0.2% per week. At Harish and Vinodhini's marriage, the money lender stops the proceedings by demanding his weekly interest, as Devraj planned. Finally, Rajasekar sells his house to cover the debt. Harish's family members are humiliated by this incident. Archana and Vadivu fight Harish's family and his mother is injured. Kathiresan, Harish's father, then cancels the marriage. The marriage hall manager demands to be paid for the costs of the wedding, and all the family members except Archana and Vadivu give up their gold and jewels including Semba's thaali, the marital holy [[mangala sutra]] necklace. The family is left almost destitute, and their family maid Shanthi finds them a modest house. Semba plays a Kabbadi game and Swarna is determined to win against her, and lets Archana and Vadivu join her team. Semba's team wins, angering Swarna. Karthik gets a job but is later rejected due to meddling by Divya. He decides to get a job as a taxi driver and meets Veni, the company owner. Veni likes his pleasant character and starts to fall in love with him not knowing that he is already married. She tells Semba to get them married, but Semba says that she's already married to him. Veni is initially hurt and upset but later forgives them. Harish puts all his effort into impressing Vinodhini, who is angry at him since the marriage incident. Vadivu runs for election against Swarna but loses. Archana sees Amudhan having an affair with another lady and tells Semba, who goes to the lady's house. After she returns, Semba tells Archana to be kind to Amudhan, and Archana starts to like her. Karthik, Semba, Vinodhini and Harish try to scare Vatti, who has just moved into Rajasekar's old house. Vatti catches them red-handed, but later is frightened and tells them if they give him half the sale amount in two days, they will regain their house. Harish promises his parents that after he gives Vinodhini money he will never see her again, and tries to give her money. She realises how much he loves her and rejects the money. Veni helps Karthik's family and gives them some money, and through much effort they are able to get enough money to regain their house. Lakshmi's sister visits the house and holds a competition for best daughter-in-law. Semba wins and Archana gets angry and turns against her again. Vinodhini asks{{who|date=July 2023}} if she can marry Harish and they agree to meet the family, but Harish's family insults them, provoking conflict. She attempts suicide but Semba stops her. She then decides to run away and marry Harish, but the next day she receives a voicemail from Semba saying that Rajasekar had a heart attack, so she returns and agrees to marry the man of her family's choosing. When the family goes to the temple, Harish's parents apologise and ask to have Vinodhini and Harish marry. They agree and the couple marry with the families' blessings. Semba's family goes to the village where she grew up. The villagers believe that Rajasekar killed Semba's father. She eventually discovers the truth and becomes upset with him, but later forgives him. Vinodhini becomes pregnant and the family is happy with the news. Karthik gets a transfer to Singapore and is leaving in a few days. Vadivu scolds her children for going near Semba, but she later realises her mistakes when Semba teaches her a lesson and she apologises to her. On her last day,{{who|date=July 2023}} Archana realises Semba's kind heart and stops her from going to Singapore, and apologises for all her mistakes.

==Cast==
===Season 1===
====Main====
* Alya Manasa as Sembaruthi "Semba"
* [[Sanjeev Karthick|Sanjeev]] as Karthick
* Nikitha Murali as Maya

====Supporting====
{{colbegin}}
* [[Sridevi Ashok]] as Archana
* VJ Shabnam as Vadivu<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.thehindu.com/society/women/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D/article9641798.ece|title=ஷப்னம், அடுத்து விஜய் தொலைக்காட்சிக்காக 'ராஜா ராணி' என்ற புதிய தொடரில் நடிக்க ஒப்பந்தமாகியுள்ளார்|date=22 April 2017 |publisher=tamil.thehindu.com}}</ref>
* [[Pavithra Janani]] (Epi 1-251) / Anshu Reddy (Epi 252-582) as Divya<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/69150/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Vaishali---Pavithra-out-in-Raja-Rani-serial.htm|title=ராஜா ராணி தொடரில் இருந்து விலகிய Pavithra & Vaishali|date=21 May 2018 |publisher=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref>
* Auditor Sridhar as Rajasekar
* [[Rajya Lakshmi]] as Lakshmi
* [[M. J. Shriram|M.Shriram]] as Chandrasekar
* [[Kovai Babu]] as Amudhan
* Eshwar (Epi 1-350) / KPY Kuraishi (Epi 351-582) as Chandhran
* Aishwarya Appaya as Nandhini
* Pradeep Raj as Dr. Vinoth
* Vaishali Taniga (Epi 1-252) / Geethanjali Sinha (Epi 253-331) / [[Rithika Tamil Selvi]] (Epi 332-582) as Vinodhini
* Akshay Kamal as Harish
* Karthik Sasidharan as Sanjay
* Andrew Jesudoss as Devaraj
* Chandhini Prakash as Swarna
* Anuradha Krishnamurthy as Saraswati
* Padmapriya Shrimali as Veni
* Jayalakshmi as Kausalya "Kaushi"
* Diya Palakkal as Priya
* Megna Saranlal as Rakshitha
* Master Nikhil Krishna as Rakshan
* Karate Venkatesan as Thangamuthu
* Yogesh as Vikram
* Madurai Mohan as Ramasamy
{{colend}}

====Guests====
{{colbegin}}
* [[Senthil Kumar]] as Mayan
* [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
* [[Rio Raj]]
* [[Raksha Holla]] as Devi
* [[Shivani Narayanan]] as Sneha
* [[V. J. Chitra]] as Mullai
* Hema Rajkumar as Meena
{{colend}}

===Season 2===
====Main====
* Alya Manasa (2020– March 2022) / [[Riya Vishwanathan]] (April 2022–Feb 2023) / Asha Venkatesh Gowda<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.instanews.city/cinema/raja-rani-2-serial-new-actress-name-1198459|title=இனி 'ராஜா ராணி 2' சீரியல் சந்தியா இவர்தான்|work=www.instanews.city|date=14 February 2023}}</ref> (2023) as Sandhya
* [[Sidhu Sid]] as Saravanan - Sandhya's husband
* [[Praveena]] as Sivagami-

====Supporting====
{{colbegin}}
* [[Archana Ravichandran]] (2020–2022) / Archana Kumar (2023) as Archana
* Vaishnavi Sundar as Parvathy
* Saivam Ravi as Ravi Sundaram
* Balaji Thiyagarajan Dayalan as Senthil
* VJ Britto Ravi as Vicky
* VJ Prathosh as Aditya
* Navya Suji as Mayil
* Sangeetha as Jessi
* Ashwin Kannan as Baskar
* Salsa Mani as Mani
* Niharika Rajjith as Janani
* Gayatri Priya
* Pasanga Sivakumar
* Srilekha Parthasarathy
* [[Uma Riyaz Khan]] as Gowri
* Dakshitha as Priya
* Mounika Devi as Kavita
* Unknown as Selvam
* Lokesh Baskar as Abdul
* Unknown as Jothi
{{colend}}

====Guests====
{{colbegin}}
* [[Roshini Haripriyan]] / [[Vinusha Devi]] as Kannamaa
* [[Arun Prasath]] as Dr. Bharathi
* [[Farina Azad]] as Dr. Venba
* [[Roopa Sree]] as Soundarya
* [[Kanmani Manoharan]] / Aruljothi Arokiyaraj as Anjali
* Agilan Pushparaj / Sugesh Kumar as Akhil
{{colend}}

==Production==
===Casting===
====Season 2====
Alya Manasa quit the series in 2022 for baby delivery and was replaced by [[Riya Vishwanathan]] as Santhiya. In February 2023 [[Riya Vishwanathan]] quit the series owing health issues and was replaced by Asha Venkatesh Gowda as Santhiya.

== Adaptations ==
===Season 1===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:LightBlue"| Language
! style="background:LightBlue"| Title
! style="background:LightBlue"| Original release
! style="background:LightBlue"| Network(s)
! style="background:LightBlue"| Last aired
! style="background:LightBlue"| Notes
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Ke Apon Ke Por]]'' কে আপন কে পর
| 25 July 2016
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| 27 December 2020
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Raja Rani'' ராஜா ராணி
| 29 May 2017
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 13 July 2019
| rowspan="5"| Remake
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Kathalo Rajakumari (TV series)|Kathalo Rajakumari]]'' కథలో రాజకుమారి
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| 7 September 2020
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| 24 March 2023
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| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2]]'' साथ निभाना साथिया २
| 19 October 2020
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|}

===Season 2===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:LightBlue"| Language
! style="background:LightBlue"| Title
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|-
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| ''[[Tomay Amay Mile]]'' তোমায় আমায় মিলে
| 11 March 2013
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| rowspan="5"| Remake
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
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| 22 July 2013
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| ''[[Phulala Sugandha Maticha]]'' फुलाला सुगंध मातीचा
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| 22 March 2021
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| 19 August 2023
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/raja-rani/14230 ''Raja Rani''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|tt10189508}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

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Keechaka Vadham

2026-04-07T01:13:01Z

DeangeloWaley: new first info w/ sources!

{{Short description|Silent film by R. Nataraja Mudaliar}}
{{featured article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Keechaka Vadham
| director = [[R. Nataraja Mudaliar]]
| producer = R. Nataraja Mudaliar
| writer = C. Rangavadivelu
| starring = {{ubl|Raju Mudaliar|Jeevarathnam}}
| cinematography = R. Nataraja Mudaliar
| editing = R. Nataraja Mudaliar
| studio = India Film Company
| released =
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Silent
| budget = [[Indian rupee sign|{{INR}}]]35,000{{Sfnm|1a1=Guy|1y=2002|2a1=Muthiah|2y=2009}}
| gross = {{INR}}50,000{{Sfn|Muthiah|2009}}
}}

'''''Keechaka Vadham''''' ({{translation|The Extermination of Keechaka}}){{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|p=14}} is an Indian [[silent film]] produced, directed, filmed and edited by [[R. Nataraja Mudaliar]]. The first film to have been made in [[South India]], it was shot in five weeks at Nataraja Mudaliar's production house, India Film Company. As the members of the cast were [[Tamils]], ''Keechaka Vadham'' is considered to be the first [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]]. No [[release print|print]] of it is known to have survived, making it a [[lost film]].

The screenplay, written by C. Rangavadivelu, is based on an episode from the ''[[Virata Parva]]'' segment of the [[Indian epic poetry|Hindu epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]'', focusing on [[Kichaka|Keechaka]]'s attempts to woo [[Draupadi]]. The film stars Raju Mudaliar and Jeevarathnam as the central characters.

Released in the late 1910s,{{efn|While film historians [[:de:Suresh Chabria|Suresh Chabria]] and [[Film News Anandan]] said the film was released in 1917,{{Sfnm|1a1=Film News Anandan|1y=1998|2a1=Chabria|2y=2005|2pp=451–452}} film historians [[Randor Guy]], [[S. Muthiah]] and history professor [[Knut A. Jacobsen]] asserted the film was released in 1918.{{Sfnm|1a1=Guy|1y=2002|2a1=Muthiah|2y=2009|3a1=Jacobsen|3y=2015|3p=337}}}} ''Keechaka Vadham'' was commercially successful and received positive critical feedback. The film's success prompted Nataraja Mudaliar to make a series of similar films based on Hindu mythology, which laid the foundation for the [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]] industry and led to him being recognised as "the father of Tamil cinema." Nataraja Mudaliar's works were an inspiration to other filmmakers including Raghupathi Surya Prakasa and [[J. C. Daniel]].

== Plot ==
Keechaka, the commander of King [[Virata]]'s forces, attempts to woo and marry Draupadi by any means necessary; he even tries to molest Draupadi, prompting her to tell [[Bhima]], her husband and one of the [[Pandava]] brothers, about it. Later, when Keechaka meets Draupadi, she requests him to meet her at a secret hiding place. He arrives there, only to find Bhima instead of Draupadi; Bhima kills him.{{Sfnm|1a1=Buck|1y=2000|1pp=215–222|2a1=Muthiah|2y=2009}}

== Cast ==
*Raju Mudaliar as [[Kichaka|Keechaka]]
*[[U. R. Jeevarathnam|Jeevarathnam]] as [[Draupadi]]

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Keechaka and Sairandhri, 1890.jpg|200px|thumb|right|alt=A painting by Raja Ravi Varma|Painting of Keechaka and Draupadi by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]]]
[[R. Nataraja Mudaliar]], a [[Car dealership|car dealer]] who was based in [[Chennai|Madras]],{{efn|The city was renamed Chennai in 1996.{{Sfn|Venkatesan|2014}}}} developed an interest in motion pictures after watching [[Dadasaheb Phalke]]'s 1913 [[fantasy film|mythological film]], ''[[Raja Harishchandra]]'' at the Gaiety theatre in Madras.{{Sfnm|1a1=Guy|1y=2000|2a1=Balakrishnan|2y=2015}} The former then learned the basics of photography and filmmaking from Stewart Smith, a [[Pune|Poona]]-based British cinematographer who had worked on a documentary that chronicled the [[Governor-General of India|viceroyship]] of [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]]
(1899–1905).{{Sfnm|1a1=Guy|1y=1997|1pp=21–22|2a1=Guy|2y=2002|3a1=Chabria|3y=2005|3pp=451–452}} Nataraja Mudaliar bought a Williamson 35 mm camera and [[Optical printer|printer]] from Mooppanar, a wealthy landowner based in [[Thanjavur]], for {{INR}}1,800.{{Sfnm|1a1=Guy|1y=1997|1p=22|2a1=Guy|2y=2002}}{{efn|The average exchange rate in 1917 was 13 [[Indian rupee]]s ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).{{Sfn|Roy|2015}}|name=exchange}} In 1915, he established the India Film Company, which was South India's first production company. He then set up a [[film studio]] on Miller's Road in [[Purasawalkam]] with the help of business associates who invested in his production house.{{Sfnm|1a1=Guy|1y=2002|2a1=Pinto|2a2=Srivastava|2y=2008|2pp=42–43|3a1=Rajadhyaksha|3a2=Willemen|3y=2014|3p=152}}{{efn|According to Baskaran and Tamil feminist writer [[C. S. Lakshmi]], the place where Nataraja Mudaliar founded the India Film Company was previously known as Tower House.{{Sfnm|1a1=Lakshmi|1y=2004|1p=80|2a1=Baskaran|2y=2013|2p=141}}}}

Nataraja Mudaliar sought advice from his friend, [[Theatre|theatrical]] artist [[Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar]], who suggested that he depict the story of [[Draupadi]] and [[Kichaka|Keechaka]] from the ''[[Virata Parva]]'' segment of the [[Hindu]] [[Indian epic poetry|epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]''.{{Sfnm|1a1=Guy|1y=2002|2a1=Muthiah|2y=2009}} Some of Nataraja Mudaliar's relatives objected, feeling that it was an inappropriate story for his debut venture, but Sambandha Mudaliar persuaded him to proceed with making the film as audiences were familiar with the story.{{Sfnm|1a1=Guy|1y=1997|1p=22|2a1=Guy|2y=2002|3a1=Pattanaik|3y=2010|3pp=203–206|4a1=Baskaran|4y=2013|4p=14}} Attorney C. Rangavadivelu, a close friend of Nataraja Mudaliar, assisted him in writing the screenplay as the latter was not a writer by profession.{{Sfn|Guy|2002}} The paintings of [[Raja Ravi Varma]] provided Nataraja Mudaliar with a source of inspiration for recreating the story on celluloid.{{Sfn|Guy|1997|p=23}} Nataraja Mudaliar cast stage actors Raju Mudaliar and Jeevarathnam as Keechaka and Draupadi, respectively.{{Sfn|Guy|2002}}

=== Filming ===
''Keechaka Vadham'' was filmed on a budget of {{INR}}35,000 (worth {{INR}}6 crore in 2021 prices). [[Principal photography]] began in 1916–1917, and the film was shot over 35–37 days.{{efn|While historian [[S. Muthiah]] wrote that principal photography began in 1917 and took five weeks (35 days) to complete, Pradeep Madhavan of ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]'' estimated that ''Keechaka Vadham'' was shot over the course of 37 days.{{Sfnm|1a1=Muthiah|1y=2009|2a1=Madhavan|2y=2014}} Nataraja Mudaliar said he began shooting the film {{circa|the end of 1916}}.{{Sfn|Mail|1936}}}} Nataraja Mudaliar imported the [[film stock]] from London with the help of an Englishman named Carpenter, who worked for the [[Mumbai|Bombay]] division of the photographic technology company, [[Kodak]].{{Sfn|Balakrishnan|2015}} Film historian [[Randor Guy]] noted in his 1997 book ''Starlight Starbright: The Early Tamil Cinema'' that a thin white piece of cloth was used as a ceiling for filming and [[sunlight]] was filtered through it onto the floor.{{Sfn|Guy|1997|p=22}} Rangavadivelu was also experienced in playing female roles on stage for the [[Suguna Vilasa Sabha]], and coached the artists on set.{{Sfnm|1a1=Guy|1y=2002|2a1=Baskaran|2y=2013|2p=141}} The film's production, cinematography and editing were handled by Nataraja Mudaliar himself.{{Sfnm|1a1=Film News Anandan|1y=1998|2a1=Guy|2y=2000}}

The film was shot with a speed of 16 frames per second, which was the standard rate for a silent film, at the India Film Company, with [[intertitle]]s in English, Tamil and [[Hindi]]. The Tamil and Hindi intertitles were written by Sambandha Mudaliar and [[Devdas Gandhi]] respectively, while Nataraja Mudaliar wrote the English intertitles himself with the assistance of Guruswami Mudaliar and Thiruvengada Mudaliar, a professor from [[Pachaiyappa's College]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Guy|1y=1997|1p=23|2a1=Guy|2y=2013}}

''Keechaka Vadham'' was the first film made in [[South India]]; as the cast was [[Tamils|Tamil]], it is also the first Tamil film.{{Sfnm|1a1=Muthiah|1y=2009|2a1=Thakur|2y=2010}} According to Guy, Nataraja Mudaliar established a laboratory in [[Bangalore]] to [[Photographic processing|process]] the [[Negative (photography)|film negatives]] since there was no film laboratory in Madras. Nataraja Mudaliar believed that Bangalore's colder climate "would be kind to his exposed film stock"; he processed the film negatives there each weekend and returned on Monday morning to resume filming.{{Sfnm|1a1=Guy|1y=2007|1p=6|2a1=Baskaran|2y=2013|2p=141}} The film's final [[Reel#Motion picture terminology|reel]] length was {{Convert|6000|ft|m|abbr=on}}.{{Sfnm|1a1=Guy|1y=2000|2a1=Muthiah|2y=2009|3a1=Baskaran|3y=2016}}

== Release, reception and legacy ==
According to Muthiah, ''Keechaka Vadham'' was first released at the Elphinstone Theatre in Madras;{{Sfn|Muthiah|2009}} the film netted {{INR}}50,000 after being screened in India, [[Myanmar|Burma]], [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]], the [[Federated Malay States]] and [[Singapore]]. The film yielded {{INR}}15,000 which Muthiah noted to be a "tidy profit in those days."{{Sfn|Muthiah|2009}} Writer Firoze Rangoonwalla notes that a reviewer for ''[[The Mail (Madras)|The Mail]]'' praised the film: "It has been prepared with great care and is drawing full houses".{{Sfn|Rangoonwalla|2003|p=31}} Guy pointed out that with the film's critical and commercial success, Nataraja Mudaliar had "created history".{{Sfn|Guy|2000}} Since no [[release print|print]] is known to have survived, it appears to be a [[lost film]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Thakur|1y=2010|2a1=Suganth|2y=2012}}

''Keechaka Vadham''{{'}}s success inspired Nataraja Mudaliar to make a series of films based on Hindu mythology: ''Draupadi Vastrapaharanam'' (1918), ''Lava Kusa'' (1919), ''Shiva Leela'' (1919), ''Rukmini Satyabhama'' (1922) and ''Mahi Ravana'' (1923).{{Sfnm|1a1=Guy|1y=2000|2a1=Guy|2y=2007|2p=6}} He retired from filmmaking in 1923 after a fire killed his son and destroyed his production house.{{Sfnm|1a1=Guy|1y=2000|2a1=Baskaran|2y=2013|2p=141}} Nataraja Mudaliar is widely regarded as "the father of [[Tamil cinema]]," and his films helped lay the foundation for the [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]] industry; his works inspired Raghupathi Surya Prakasa, the son of [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu]], and [[J. C. Daniel]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Thoraval|1y=2000|1p=16|2a1=Guy|2y=2002|3a1=Velayutham|3y=2008|3pp=2–3|4a1=Baskaran|4y=2011|5a1=Vats|5y=2013|6a1=Subramanian|6y=2013}}

== See also ==
* ''[[Raja Harishchandra]]'', the first Indian silent film
* ''[[Kalidas (film)|Kalidas]]'', the first [[sound film]] in Tamil and Telugu cinema
* [[List of lost films]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

=== Books ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |url=https://archive.org/details/eyeofserpentintr0000bask |title=The Eye of the Serpent: An Introduction To Tamil Cinema |date=15 December 2013 |publisher=[[Westland Books]] |isbn=978-93-83260-74-4 |location=[[Chennai]] |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |orig-year=1996 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Buck |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bgnHHqPg6R8C |title=Mahabharata |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass#Publications|Motilal Banarsidass Publications]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-2081-719-7 |location=[[Delhi]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chabria |first=Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFxwX-dM008CkC |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-415-23440-5 |editor-last=Abel |editor-first=Richard |editor-link=Richard Abel (cultural historian) |location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames]] |chapter=Mudaliar, R. Nataraja}}
* {{Cite book |last=Guy |first=Randor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tWVYGwAACAAJ |title=Starlight, Starbright: The Early Tamil Cinema |publisher=Amra Publishers |year=1997 |location=Chennai |oclc=52794531 |author-link=Randor Guy}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jacobsen |first=Knut A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--9WCgAAQBAJ |title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India |date=11 August 2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-40358-6 |location=Abingdon-on-Thames}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lakshmi |first=C. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LnflUVu0w2QC |title=The Unhurried City: Writings on Chennai |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-14-303026-3 |location=[[London]] |author-link=C. S. Lakshmi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzN2_fu0mIYC |title=Jaya: An Illustrated Retelling of the Mahabharata |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-14-310425-4 |location=London |author-link=Devdutt Pattanaik}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Pinto |first1=Jerry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Az1XFhjzmUwC |title=Talk of the Town |last2=Srivastava |first2=Rahul |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14-333013-4 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 |location=Abingdon-on-Thames |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-year=1999}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rangoonwalla |first=Firoze |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]], [[Popular Prakashan]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5 |editor-last=Gulzar |editor-link=Gulzar |location=[[Mumbai]] |chapter=1896–1930: The Early Days |editor-last2=Nihalani |editor-first2=Govind |editor-link2=Govind Nihalani |editor-last3=Chatterjee |editor-first3=Saibal}}
* {{Cite book |last=Thoraval |first=Yves |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OpkAAAAMAAJ |title=The cinemas of India |date=2000 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |isbn=978-0-333-93410-4 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Velayutham |first=Selvaraj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kuPaE3v22zAC |title=Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's other Film Industry |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-203-93037-3 |location=Abingdon-on-Thames}}
{{Refend}}

=== Newspapers ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite news |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |date=September 2011 |title=How old is Tamil Cinema? |url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2021%20No%2010/otherstories.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028050046/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2021%20No%2010/otherstories.html |archive-date=28 October 2015 |access-date=28 October 2015 |work=[[Madras Musings]] |volume=XXI |issue=10}}
* {{Cite news |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |date=30 January 2016 |title=From the shadows into the limelight |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/From-the-shadows-into-the-limelight/article14027204.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403055833/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/From-the-shadows-into-the-limelight/article14027204.ece |archive-date=3 April 2017 |access-date=6 April 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=10 July 2000 |title=The stamp of honour |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/07/10/stories/09100224.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918010758/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/07/10/stories/09100224.htm |archive-date=18 September 2015 |access-date=30 June 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=9 May 2002 |title=Remembering a pioneer |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/09/stories/2002050900170300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918005729/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/09/stories/2002050900170300.htm |archive-date=18 September 2015 |access-date=29 June 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=December 2007 |title=A Miller's Road Film Pioneer |url=http://madrasmusings.com/older-archives/Vol%2017/Vol%20XVII%20-%20No%2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028045458/http://madrasmusings.com/older-archives/Vol%2017/Vol%20XVII%20-%20No%2016.pdf |archive-date=28 October 2015 |access-date=28 October 2015 |work=[[Madras Musings]] |page=6 |volume=XVII |issue=16}}
* {{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=5 October 2013 |title=The forgotten heroes |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-forgotten-heroes/article5204125.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918010848/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-forgotten-heroes/article5204125.ece |archive-date=18 September 2015 |access-date=6 October 2013 |work=The Hindu}}
* {{Cite news |last=Madhavan |first=Pradeep |date=22 August 2014 |title=சென்னையும் சினிமாவும்: குதிரைகள் தயவால் உருவான கோடம்பாக்கம்! |trans-title=Chennai and cinema: Kodambakkam, a place that evolved with the help of horses! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/13778-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809133041/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/13778-.html |archive-date=9 August 2025 |access-date=16 April 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=Tamil}}
* {{Cite news |date=24 December 1936 |title=He Founded the Motion Picture Industry in South India |url=https://timestamil.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/nataraja-mudaliyar.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324102955/https://timestamil.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/nataraja-mudaliyar.jpg |archive-date=24 March 2018 |work=[[The Mail (Madras)|The Madras Mail]] |ref={{Sfnref|Mail|1936}}}}
* {{Cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S. |author-link=S. Muthiah |date=7 September 2009 |title=The pioneer 'Tamil' film-maker |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/the-pioneer-tamil-filmmaker/article15949.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918005505/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/the-pioneer-tamil-filmmaker/article15949.ece |archive-date=18 September 2015 |access-date=29 June 2011 |work=The Hindu}}
* {{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Anjan |date=4 June 2013 |title=The mystery of India's purchasing power parity |url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2013/06/04/the-mystery-of-indias-purchasing-power-parity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813072117/https://theshillongtimes.com/2013/06/04/the-mystery-of-indias-purchasing-power-parity/ |archive-date=13 August 2025 |access-date=29 October 2015 |work=[[The Shillong Times]] |ref={{Sfnref|Roy|2015}}}}
* {{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=29 May 2013 |title=Classics must be preserved, says B. Mahendra |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130529/entertainment-kollywood/article/classics-must-be-preserved-says-b-mahendra |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028022043/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130529/entertainment-kollywood/article/classics-must-be-preserved-says-b-mahendra |archive-date=28 October 2015 |access-date=5 June 2013 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |df=dmy-all}}
* {{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=2 March 2012 |title=Black and white films in Kollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Black-and-white-films-in-Kollywood/articleshowprint/12098170.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302112115/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Black-and-white-films-in-Kollywood/articleshowprint/12098170.cms |archive-date=2 March 2018 |access-date=25 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Thakur |first=Atul |date=1 May 2010 |title=Gone Forever |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Gone-forever/articleshow/5880201.cms? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814124456/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Gone-forever/articleshow/5880201.cms |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=29 June 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Venkatesan |first=Deepa |date=22 August 2014 |title=Madras Day: Tracing a city's transformation as Chennai turns 375 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-madras-day-tracing-a-city-s-transformation-as-chennai-turns-375-2012781 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629224156/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-madras-day-tracing-a-city-s-transformation-as-chennai-turns-375-2012781 |archive-date=29 June 2017 |access-date=28 October 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}
{{Refend}}

=== Websites ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite web |last=Balakrishnan |first=V. |date=12 August 2015 |title=தமிழ் சினிமா முன்னோடிகள் (4) : ஆர். நடராஜ முதலியார் |trans-title=Pioneers of Tamil Cinema (4) : R. Nataraja Mudaliar |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/others/cinema-serials/50885.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309123005/https://cinema.vikatan.com/others/cinema-serials/50885.html |archive-date=9 March 2018 |access-date=9 March 2018 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] }}
* {{Cite web |last=Film News Anandan |author-link=Film News Anandan |date=26 February 1998 |title=Tamil Cinema History – The Early Days |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Memories/98/fna/fna1.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028020625/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Memories/98/fna/fna1.htm |archive-date=28 October 2015 |access-date=28 October 2015 |website=Indolink }}
* {{Cite web |last=Vats |first=Rohit |date=1 March 2013 |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The founding fathers |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/100-years-of-indian-cinema-the-founding-fathers-593752.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170105085215/http://www.news18.com/news/india/100-years-of-indian-cinema-the-founding-fathers-593752.html |archive-date=5 January 2017 |access-date=24 April 2016 |website=[[News18]] }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
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Rudra

2026-03-29T19:45:01Z

DeangeloWaley: minor edit

{{Short description|Vedic storm and wind deity; epithet of Shiva}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Rudras}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = File:Part of Vyomamandala Showing Rudras - Circa 5th Century CE - Katra Keshav Dev - ACCN 13-362 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5476.JPG
| alt =
| caption = Part of Vyomamandala Showing Rudras - Circa 5th Century CE
| mantra = [[Mahamrityunjaya Mantra]] Om Namo Bhagavate Rudraya
| deity_of = God of Storm, Wind, Medicine, Hunt, Animals, Humans and [[Yagna]]
| weapons = [[Bow and Arrow]], [[Vajra]], [[Ankusha]]
| affiliation = [[Indra]], [[Maruts]], [[Ashvins]]
| consort =
| texts = ''[[Shri Rudram]]'', ''[[Rig Veda]]''
| height =
| image_size =
}}
{{Hinduism |deities}}

'''Rudra''' ({{langx|sa|रुद्र}}, {{ipa|sa|rud̪rɐ|ipa}}) is a [[Rigvedic deities|Rigvedic deity]] associated with [[Shiva]], the [[wind god|wind]] or [[weather god|storms]],{{sfnp|Basham|1989|p=15}} [[Vayu]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The Rigveda, with Dayananda Saraswati's Commentary, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3PXAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Sarvadeshik Arya Pratinidhi Sabha|date=1974|page=717|quote=The third meaning of Rudra is Vayu or air that causes pain to the wicked on the account of their evil actions...... Vayu or air is called Rudra as it makes a person weep causing pain as a result of bad deeds .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Outlines Of The History Of Religion To The Spread Of The Universal Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buaoulhbtLgC|page=113|author=C. P. Tiele|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|date=2005|isbn=978-8172681234}}</ref> medicine, and [[hunting god|the hunt]].<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&pg=PA406|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities|author1=Charles Russell Coulter|author2=Patricia Turner|publisher=Routledge|date=4 July 2013|isbn=978-1135963903}}</ref> One translation of the name is 'the roarer'.{{sfnp|Majumdar|1951|p=162}}{{sfnp|Zimmer|1972|p=181}}{{sfnp|Griffith|1973|loc=p. 75, note 1}} In the ''[[Rigveda]]'', Rudra is praised as the "mightiest of the mighty".<ref name="Kotob">{{cite book |author=A. B. Keith |title=All Four Vedas |chapter=Yajur Veda |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hDRCoMXMMYEC&pg=PA45 |publisher=Islamic Books |page=45 |id=GGKEY:K8CQJCCR1AX}}</ref> Rudra means "who eradicates problems from their roots". Depending upon the period, the name Rudra can be interpreted as 'the most severe roarer/howler' or 'the most frightening one'. This name appears in the [[Shiva Sahasranama]], and R. K. Sharma notes that it is often used as a name of [[Shiva]] in later languages. The "[[Shri Rudram]]" hymn from the ''[[Yajurveda]]'' is dedicated to Rudra and is important in the [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] sect.<ref name="Kramrisch1993_7174">For an overview of the Śatarudriya see: {{harvp|Kramrisch|1993|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=O5BanndcIgUC&pg=PA71 pp. 71–4]}}.</ref><ref>For a full translation of the complete hymn see {{harvp|Sivaramamurti|2004|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rOrilkdu-_MC&pg=PA13 p. 13]}}.</ref> In the Prathama Anuvaka of Namakam ([[Yajurveda|Taittiriya Samhita]] 4.5), Rudra is revered as [[Sadasiva]] (meaning 'mighty Shiva') and [[Shiva|Mahadeva]]. Sadashiva is the [[King of the gods|Supreme Being]], [[Parameshwara (god)|Paramashiva]], in the [[Saiva Siddhanta|Siddhanta sect]] of Shaivism.

==Etymology ==
The [[etymology]] of the [[theonym]] ''Rudra'' is uncertain.<ref name=Chakravarti1994_4>{{harvp|Chakravarti|1994|p=4}}.</ref> It is usually derived from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] (PIE) root ''rud-'' (related to English ''rude''), which means 'to cry, howl'.{{r|Chakravarti1994_4}}{{sfnp|Kramrisch|1993|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=O5BanndcIgUC&pg=PA5 p. 5]}} The name Rudra may thus be translated as 'the roarer'.{{sfnp|Majumdar|1951|p=162}} An alternative etymology interprets ''Rudra'' as the 'red one', the 'brilliant one', possibly derived from a lost root ''rud-'', 'red'{{sfnp|Griffith|1973|loc=p. 75, note 1}} or 'ruddy', or alternatively, according to Grassman, 'shining'.{{r|Chakravarti1994_4}}

Stella Kramrisch notes a different etymology connected with the adjectival form ''raudra'', which means 'wild', i.e., of ''rude'' (untamed) nature, and translates the name ''Rudra'' as 'the wild one' or 'the fierce god'.<ref>{{harvp|Kramrisch|1993|p=5}} cites "rudra" in M. Mayrhofer, ''Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary''.</ref> R. K. Śarmā follows this alternative etymology and translates the name as 'the terrible' in his glossary for the [[Shiva Sahasranama]].{{sfnp|Śarmā|1996|p=301}} [[J. P. Mallory|Mallory]] and [[Douglas Q. Adams|Adams]] also mention a [[Comparative mythology|comparison]] with the [[Old East Slavic|Old Russian]] deity Rŭglŭ to reconstruct a [[Proto-Indo-European mythology|Proto-Indo-European]] wild-god named ''*Rudlos'', though they remind that the issue of the etymology remains problematic: from PIE ''*reud-'' ('rend, tear apart'; cf. [[Latin]] ''rullus'', 'rustic'), or ''*reu-'' ('howl').<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Mallory|first1=J. P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNUSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA433 |title=The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World|last2=Adams|first2=D. Q.|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-929668-2|pages=434}}</ref>

The commentator [[Sayana|{{IAST|Sāyaṇa}}]] suggests six possible derivations for ''rudra''.{{sfnp|Chakravarti|1994|p=5}} However, another reference states that Sayana suggested ten derivations.<ref>Sri Rudram and Purushasuktam, by Swami Amiritananda, pp. 9-10, Sri Ramakrishna Math.</ref> The adjective ''śiva'' (''shiva'') in the sense of 'propitious' or 'kind' is first applied to the Rudra in [[Mandala 10|RV 10]].92.9.<ref>{{harvp|Kramrisch|1993|p=7}}. For the text of RV 10.92.9, see {{harvp|Arya|Joshi|2001|loc=vol. 4, p. 432}}.</ref>

Rudra is called 'the archer' (Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|Śarva}}''){{sfnp|Apte|1965|p=910}} and the arrow is an essential attribute of Rudra.<ref>For archer and arrow associations, see {{harvp|Kramrisch|1993|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=O5BanndcIgUC&pg=PA27 Chapter 2]}}; for the arrow as an "essential attribute" of Rudra, see {{harvp|Kramrisch|1993|p=32}}.</ref> This name appears in the [[Shiva Sahasranama]], and R. K. Śarmā notes that it is used as a name of [[Shiva]] often in later languages.{{sfnp|Śarmā|1996|p=306}} The word is derived from the Sanskrit root ''{{IAST|śarv}}-'' which means 'to injure' or 'to kill',{{sfnp|Apte|1965|p=910}} and Śarmā uses that general sense in his interpretive translation of the name {{IAST|Śarva}} as 'One who can kill the forces of darkness'.{{sfnp|Śarmā|1996|p=306}} The names {{IAST|Dhanvin}} ('bowman'){{sfnp|Chidbhavananda|1997|p=33}} and {{IAST|Bāṇahasta}} ('archer', [[Literal translation|literally]] 'Armed with a hand-full of arrows'){{sfnp|Chidbhavananda|1997|p=33}}<ref>For translation of {{IAST|Bāṇahasta}} as “Armed with arrows in his hands”, see: {{harvp|Śarmā|1996|p=294}}.</ref> also refer to archery.

In other contexts the word ''rudra'' can simply mean 'the number eleven'.{{sfnp|Apte|1965|p=804}} The word ''[[rudraksha]]'' (Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|rudrākṣa}}'' = ''rudra'' and ''{{IAST|akṣa}}'' 'eye' or tear), or 'eye or tears of Rudra', is used as a name for both the berry of the [[Elaeocarpus ganitrus|rudraksha tree]] and a name for a string of the prayer beads made from those seeds.{{sfnp|Apte|1965|p=804}}

Rudra is one of the names of [[Vishnu]] in [[Vishnu Sahasranama]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Nityananda Misra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e89eDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT248|title=The Om Mala: Meanings of the Mystic Sound|date=25 July 2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-9387471856|page=248}}</ref> [[Adi Shankara]] in his commentary to [[Vishnu Sahasranama]] defined the name Rudra as 'One who makes all beings cry at the time of cosmic dissolution'.<ref>{{cite book|author=M. M. Ninan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-8RTZcjg9awC|title=The Development of Hinduism|date=23 June 2008|publisher=Madathil Mammen Ninan|isbn=978-1438228204|page=378}}</ref> Author D. A. Desai in his glossary for the [[Vishnu Sahasranama]] says Vishnu in the form of Rudra is the one who does the total destruction at the time of great dissolution.<ref name="D. A. Desai 1998 58">{{cite book|author=D. A. Desai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1gpAAAAYAAJ|title=Shri Vishnu Sahasranama: In Sanskrit with Phonetics and Brief English Translation Explaining Its Grandeur and Procedural Rituals Etc|date=1998|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|page=58|quote=One who does this total destruction ( Pratardanah ) is the Lord in the form of Rudra at the time of great dissolution (Pralaya).}}</ref> This is only the context known where Vishnu is revered as Rudra.

==Rigvedic hymns==
The earliest known mentions of the Vedic deity Rudra, occur in the [[Rigveda]], where three entire hymns are devoted to him (RV 1.114, 2.33, and 7.46). Two further hymns are devoted to Rudra jointly with Soma (RV 1.43 and 6.74).<ref>For the three Rigvedic hymns devoted to Rudra, see {{harvp|Chakravarti|1994|p=1}}.</ref><ref>For discussion of four Rigvedic hymns (1.43, 1.114, 2.33, and 7.46) see: {{harvp|Michaels|2004|pp=216, 364 note 50}}.</ref> There are about seventy-five references to Rudra in the Rigveda overall.<ref>E.g., Rudra is also included in a litany given in RV 7.40.5.</ref>

===Form of Rudra===
In the [[Rigveda]] (RV) are verses which speak about the form of Rudra. Some of them are:
:{|
|-
! {{small|Sanskrit}} !! {{small|Transliteration}} !! {{small|Translation}} !! {{small|Source}}
|-
| त्र्यम्बकं यजामहे || ''tryambakaṃ yajāmahe'' &emsp;|| We worship the ''three-eyed one'' || [[Mandala 7|RV 7]].59.12
|-
| कपर्दिने || ''kapardine'' || Who has ''matted hair'' || [[Mandala 1|RV 1]].114.1
|-
| हिरण्यम् इव रोचते &emsp;|| ''hiraṇyam iva rocate'' || Who ''shines like gold'' || [[Mandala 1|RV 1]].43.5
|-
| शुक्र इव सूर्यो || ''śukra iva sūryo'' || Who ''shines like [the] Sun'' || [[Mandala 1|RV 1]].43.5
|-
| स्थीरेभिरंगै || ''sthīrebhiraṃgai'' || Who is with ''firm limbs'' || [[Mandala 2|RV 2]].33.9
|-
| पुरुरुप || ''pururupa'' || Who has ''multiforms'' || [[Mandala 2|RV 2]].33.9
|-
| यजतं विश्वरुपम् || ''yajataṃ viśvarupam'' &emsp;|| Who is of the form of the universe &emsp;|| [[Mandala 2|RV 2]].33.10
|-
| येभिः शिवः || ''yebhiḥ śivaḥ'' || Who is auspicious || [[Mandala 10|RV 10]].92.9
|}

===Epithets of fierceness and fright===
In the Rigveda, Rudra's role as a frightening god is apparent in references to him as ''ghora'' ('extremely terrifying'), or simply as ''asau devam'' ('that god').{{sfnp|Flood|2003|p=73}} He is 'fierce like a terrific wild beast' (RV 2.33.11).{{sfnp|Arya|Joshi|2001|loc=vol. 2, p. 81}} Chakravarti sums up the perception of Rudra by saying: 'Rudra is thus regarded with a kind of cringing fear, as a deity whose wrath is to be deprecated and whose favor curried'.{{sfnp|Chakravarti|1994|p=8}}

RV 1.114 is an appeal to Rudra for mercy, where he is referred to as 'mighty Rudra, the god with braided hair'.{{sfnp|Doniger|1981|pp=224-5}}

In [[Mandala 7|RV 7]].46, Rudra is described as armed with a bow and fast-flying arrows, although many other weapons are known to exist. As quoted by R. G. Bhandarkar, the hymn declare that Rudra discharges 'brilliant shafts which run about the heaven and the earth' (RV 7.46.3), which may be a reference to lightning.<ref name=Bhandarkar1995_146>{{harvp|Bhandarkar|1995|p=146}}.</ref>

Rudra was believed to cure diseases, and when people recovered from them or were free of them, that too was attributed to the agency of Rudra.{{r|Bhandarkar1995_146}} He is asked not to afflict children with disease (RV 7.46.2) and to keep villages free of illness (RV 1.114.1). He is said to have healing remedies (RV 1.43.4), as the best physician of physicians (RV 2.33.4), and as possessed of a thousand medicines (RV 7.46.3). So he is described with an alternative name, '''Vaidyanatha''' (Lord of Remedies).

===Epithets of supreme rule===

{{clear|left}}

A verse from the Rig Veda ([[Mandala 2|RV 2]].33.9) calls Rudra 'The Lord or Sovereign of the Universe' (''īśānādasya bhuvanasya''):
{{Verse transliteration-translation|स्थि॒रेभि॒रङ्गै॑: पुरु॒रूप॑ उ॒ग्रो ब॒भ्रुः शु॒क्रेभि॑: पिपिशे॒ हिर॑ण्यैः । ईशा॑नाद॒स्य भुव॑नस्य॒ भूरे॒र्न वा उ॑ योषद् रु॒द्राद॑सु॒र्य॑म् ॥|sthi̱rebhi̱raṅgai̍: puru̱rūpa̍ u̱gro ba̱bhruḥ śu̱krebhi̍: pipiśe̱ hira̍ṇyaiḥ .
īśā̍nāda̱sya bhuva̍nasya̱ bhūre̱rna vā u̍ yoṣad ru̱drāda̍su̱rya̍m.|With firm limbs, multiform, the strong, the tawny adorns himself with bright gold decorations:
The strength of Godhead never departs from Rudra, him who is Sovereign of this world, the mighty.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv02033.htm ''The Hymns of the Rig Veda,''] trans. [[Ralph T. H. Griffith]] (1896).</ref>||lang=sa|originalHeading=[[Devanagari]]|translationHeading=English|transliterationHeading=[[IAST]]}}

{{clear|left}}

A verse of Śrī Rudram (= Yajurveda 16.18) speaks of Rudra as Lord of the Universe: 
{{blockquote| '''जगताम् पतये नमः ।''' 
''jagatam pataye namaḥ'' । 
Homage to the Lord of the Universe.}}

Another verse (Yajurveda 16.46) locates Rudra in the heart of the gods, showing that he is the inner Self of all, even the gods:<ref>[http://sacred-texts.com/hin/wyv/wyvbk16.htm "The Texts of the White Yajurveda"], tr. [[Ralph T.H. Griffith]], [1899]</ref> 
{{blockquote| '''देवानां हृदयभ्यो नमो ।''' 
''devānāṃ hṛdayabhyo namo'' 
Salutations to him who is in heart of the gods.}}

In a verse popularly known as the [[Mahamrityunjaya Mantra]], both Rig Veda (7.59.12) and Yajur Veda (3.60) recommend worshipping Rudra to attain moksha (liberation):

{{Verse transliteration-translation|'''त्र्य॑म्बकं यजामहे सु॒गन्धिं॑ पुष्टि॒वर्ध॑नम् । उ॒र्वा॒रु॒कमि॑व॒ बन्ध॑नान्मृ॒त्योर्मु॑क्षीय॒ मामृता॑त् ॥'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/RgVedaWithSayanasCommentaryPart3|title=Rg Veda with Sayana's Commentary Part 3|language=English}}</ref>|tryàmbakaṃ yajāmahe sugándhiṃ puṣṭivárdhanam. urvārukámiva bándhanānmṛtyórmukṣīya mā́mṛ́tāt.|We sacrifice to Tryambaka the fragrant, increaser of prosperity. Like a cucumber from its stem, might I be freed from death, not from deathlessness.|lang=sa|originalHeading=[[Devanagari]]|translationHeading=Translation by [[Stephanie W. Jamison]] and Joel P. Brereton:<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jamison|first1=Stephanie|title=The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India|last2=Brereton|first2=Joel|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|url=https://www.academia.edu/30160889 |isbn=9780199370184|page=954}}</ref>|transliterationHeading=[[IAST]]}}

In the Taittiriya Aranyaka of [[Yajur Veda]] (10.24.1),<ref name=sanskritweb_net01>{{cite web |editor=Subramania Sarma |title=Taittiriya Aranyaka |website=sanskritweb.net |url=http://www.sanskritweb.net/yajurveda/ta-deva.pdf}}</ref> Rudra is identified as the universal existent ('all this') and thus as the [[Purusha]] (Supreme Person or inner Self) of the Vedas:

{{blockquote|
{{IAST|''sarvo vai rudrastasmai rudrāya namo astu ''}} 
{{IAST|''puruṣo vai rudraḥ sanmaho namo namaḥ ''}} 
{{IAST|''viśvaṃ bhūtaṃ bhuvanaṃ citraṃ bahudhā jātaṃ jāyamānaṃ ca yat ''}} 
{{IAST|''sarvo hyeṣa rudrastasmai rudrāya namo astu ॥ 1॥ ''}}

All this verily is Rudra. To Rudra who is such we offer our salutation. We salute again and again that Being, Rudra, who alone is the Purusha and the Soul of creatures. The material universe, the created beings, and whatever there is manifoldly and profusely created, in the past and in the present, in the form of the world—all that is indeed this Rudra. Salutations be to Rudra who is such. }}

The Taittiriya Aranyaka of [[Yajur Veda]] 1.10.1{{r|sanskritweb_net01}} identifies Rudra and [[Brihaspati]] as Sons and companions of Bhumi (Earth) and Heaven:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srihayagrivan.org/ebooks/038_ap_v2.pdf|title=SriHayagrivan – AruNa praSnam, vol. 2}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="background: white"
|-
!style="width:20%"| Sanskrit Romanized ([[IAST]]) !! style="width:25%" | Roman ([[Harvard-Kyoto]]) translation !! English translation
|-
| sahasravṛdiyaṃ bhūmiḥ || yam bhUmi: sahasravrt || This world is desired as a place of abode by thousands of Jeevaraasis
|-
| paraṃ vyŏmaḥ sahasravṛt || param vyOma: sahasravrt || The upper world is similarly desired by the thousands of Devas.
|-
| aśvinā bhujyū nāsatyā || rowspan="2" | bhujyU na asatyA viSvasya jagata: patI aSvinA || rowspan=2 | The earth and the heaven (Svarga lOkam) are like the twin gods, Asvini Devas, who banish diseases and bless us with bhOgams; Asvini Devas are the protectors of the universe and their sankalpam (volition) never fails.
|-
| viśvasya jagataspatī
|-
| jāyā bhūmiḥ patirvyoma || rowspan="2" | bhUmi: jAyA vyOma pati: taa mithunam aturyathu: || rowspan=2 | BhU lOkam is the wife and the Heaven is the husband; they are united like a couple.
|-
| mithunantā aturyathuḥ
|-
| putro bṛhaspatī rudraḥ || putra: brhaspatI rudra: || We have to consider Brhaspati and Rudran (aging here) as their sons
|-
| rowspan=2 | saramā iti strīpumam || saramA iti || The raised platform for the Yaagam, Yaaga meDai (Yajn~a Vedi) should be considered as a lady.
|-
| iti strI pumam || Thus we are instructed about the male-female aspects of the Earth and the Heaven.
|-
| colspan="3" style="padding-left: 2em"| [Now comes the prayer to the abhimAna devatais for BhUmi and the upper world.]
|-
| śukraṃ vāmanyadyajataṃ vāmanyat || vAm anyat Sukram vAm anyat yajatam || Among your forms, one is the day with white hue, the other is the night with dark hue.
|-
| viṣurūpe ahanī dyauriva sthaḥ || vishurUpe ahanI dyau iva stha: || Both of You stay steady as the Sooryan in the sky with equal, unique and alternating forms.
|}

===Relation to other deities===
Rudra is used both as a name of Shiva and collectively ('the [[Rudras]]') as the name for the [[Maruts]].<ref>For the terms "Maruts" and "Rudras" as equivalent, see {{harvp|Flood|1996|p=46}}.</ref> Maruts are 'storm gods' associated with the atmosphere.{{sfnp|Flood|1996|pp=45-6}} They are a group of gods whose number varies from two to sixty, sometimes also rendered as eleven, thirty-three{{sfnp|Macdonell|1996|p=256}} or a hundred and eighty in number (i. e., three times sixty. See RV 8.96.8.).

The Rudras are sometimes referred to as 'the sons of Rudra'{{sfnp|Flood|1996|p=46}} while Rudra is referred to as 'Father of the Maruts' (RV 2.33.1).<ref>{{harvp|Arya|Joshi|2001|loc=vol. 2, p. 78}}. For Shiva as the head or father of the group see {{harvp|Apte|1965|p=804}}. For Rudra as the head of a host of "storm spirits, the Maruts" see: {{harvp|Basham|1989|p=14}}.</ref>

Rudra is mentioned along with a litany of other deities in [[Mandala 7|RV 7]].40.5. Here is the reference to Rudra, whose name appears as one of many gods who are called upon:

{{cquote|This ''{{IAST|Varuṇa}}'', the leader of the rite, and the royal ''Mitra'' and ''Aryaman'', uphold my acts, and the divine unopposed ''Aditi'', earnestly invoked: may they convey us safe beyond evil. I propitiate with oblations the ramifications ({{IAST|vayāḥ}}) of that divine attainable ''{{IAST|Viṣṇu}}'', the showerer of benefits. ''Rudra'', bestow upon us the magnificence of his nature. The ''{{IAST|Aśvins}}'' have come down to our dwelling abounding with (sacrificial) food.<ref>RV 7.40.4–5 as translated in {{harvp|Arya|Joshi|2001|pp=243-4}}.</ref>
}}

==Non-Rigvedic hymns==

In the various recensions of the [[Yajurveda]] is included a litany of stanzas praising Rudra: ''Maitrāyaṇī-Saṃhitā'' 2.9.2, ''Kāṭhaka-Saṃhitā'' 17.11, ''Taittirīya-Saṃhitā'' 4.5.1 and ''Vājasaneyi-Saṃhitā'' 16.1–14. This litany is subsequently referred to variously as the ''[[Rudram Chamakam|Śatarudriyam]]'' and the ''Namakam'' (because many of the verses commence with the word ''namaḥ'', meaning 'homage'), or simply the ''[[Rudram]]''. This litany was recited during the ''[[Agnicayana]]'' ritual ('the piling of Agni'), and it later became a standard element in Rudra liturgy.

A selection of similar stanzas is included in the ''Paippalāda-Saṃhitā'' of the [[Atharvaveda]] (PS 14.3–4). This selection, with further PS additions at the end, circulated more widely as the ''Nīlarudra'' (or ''Nīlarudra Upaniṣad'').{{r|Kramrisch1993_7174}}{{sfnp|Lubin|2007}} Lubin suggests that in the ''Nīlarudra'', lightning is envisioned both as Rudra's arrows and as the deity himself:

{{cquote|1. I saw you descending from the sky, down to earth; I saw Rudra shooting [his arrows], blue-necked, crested.
2. From the sky the mighty one has descended; he has taken his stand upon the earth. O people, look at him: the blue-necked, the red one. ...
10. They have seen you descending, blue-necked, red: both the herdsmen have seen you, and the women fetching water [have seen] you, and all beings [have seen] you: Homage to you who are seen! ..."{{sfnp|Lubin|2007}}
}}

The Hindu god [[Shiva]] shares several features with Rudra. The [[theonym]] ''Śiva'' ('kind') originated as a euphemistic epithet for Rudra, who is similarly invoked as Aghora ('not frightful') and Abhayaṅkara ('providing safety').{{sfnp|Zimmer|1972|p=181}} Although ''Rudra'' remains the primary designation of the god, e.g., in the Pāśupata ascetic tradition, lay devotees preferred to address him as ''Śiva,'' ''Maheśvara'' ('Great Lord'), or ''Mahādeva'' ('Great God'), as in the [[Śivadharma]] literature, the [[Sanskrit epics]], and the [[Purāṇas]]. Those epithets come to be the primary names of the deity.

===Shri Rudram===

The president of the [[Ramakrishna Mission]], at [[Chennai]], in commentating on the foreword to Swami Amritananda's translation of ''Sri Rudram and Purushasuktam'', states, 'Rudra to whom these prayers are addressed is not a sectarian deity, but the [[King of the gods|Supreme Being]] who is omnipresent and manifests Himself in myriad forms for the sake of the diverse spiritual aspirants'. [[Shri Rudram]] occurs in the fourth Kanda of the Taittiriya Samhita in the Yajurveda.
It is a preeminent Vedic hymn to [[Shiva]] as the God of dissolution and it is chanted daily in Shiva temples throughout India.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/H4hLtzCeVds Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20131124094612/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4hLtzCeVds&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4hLtzCeVds|title=SHRI RUDRAM FROM YAJURVEDA (Full)|last=Karthik Satchitanandam|date=9 July 2011|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The prayer depicts the diverse aspects of the Almighty. The Shri Rudram hymn is unique in that it shows the presence of divinity throughout the entire universe. We cannot confine the qualities of the divine to those that are favourable to us. The Lord is both garden and graveyard, the slayer and the most benevolent one. The Almighty is impartial and ubiquitous.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/vQjBQJqi0Ak Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20140123024641/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vQjBQJqi0Ak Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vQjBQJqi0Ak|title=Sri Rudram|last=Vasudev R|date=1 January 2012|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In the hymn, Rudra is described as the most dreaded terroriser (frightening). Shri Rudram describes Rudra the Vedic deity as the personification of 'terror'. The name Rudra comes from ''ru'', meaning 'Roar or howl' (the words ''dreaded'' or ''fearsome'' could only be used as adjectives to Rudra and not as Rudra because Rudra is the personification of terror) and ''dra'', which is a superlative meaning 'the most'. So Rudra, depending on the poetic situation, can mean 'the most severe roarer/howler' or a hurricane or tempest or 'the most frightening one'.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vedam Tutorials |website=Sri Sathya Sai Books & Publication Trust |url=http://www.sssbpt.org/sri-rudram/instructions-to-user.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sanskritdictionary.com/?iencoding=iast&q=Rudra&lang=sans&action=Search|title=Sanskrit Dictionary}}</ref>

==Rudra and Shiva==

[[File:ThreeHeadedShivaGandhara2ndCentury.jpg|upright|thumb|Three-headed Shiva, [[Gandhara]], 2nd century AD]]
[[Shiva]] as known today shares many features with Rudra,{{sfnp|Michaels|2004|pp=316}} and Shiva and Rudra are viewed as the same personality in [[Hindu texts|Hindu scriptures]]. The two names are used synonymously. Rudra, the god of the roaring storm, is usually portrayed in accordance with the element he represents as a fierce, destructive deity.{{sfnp|Flood|2003|p=73}}

The oldest surviving text of Hinduism is the [[Rigveda|Rig Veda]], which is dated to between 1700 and 1100 BC based on [[Linguistics|linguistic]] and [[philology|philological]] evidence.<ref>For dating based on "cumulative evidence" see {{harvp|Oberlies|1998|p=158}}</ref> A god named Rudra is mentioned in the Rig Veda. The name Rudra is still used as a name for Shiva. In RV 2.33, he is described as the 'Father of the [[Rudras]]', a group of storm gods.{{sfnp|Doniger|1981|pp=221–3}}

Hymn 10.92 of the Rigveda states that the deity Rudra has two natures, one wild and cruel (''rudra''), and another that is kind and tranquil (''shiva'').{{sfnp|Kramrisch|1993|p=7}} The Vedic texts mention a horse as the vehicle (''vahana'') of Rudra, the "Hero on horseback" that "should be indulgent" to the singer (RV. 2.33.1). Whereas post-Vedic texts such as the Mahabharata and the Puranas mention [[Nandi (mythology)|Nandi]] the bull and the [[zebu]] as the vehicles of Rudra and of Shiva, thereby unmistakably linking them as the same.{{sfnp|Kramrisch|1993|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=O5BanndcIgUC&pg=PA14 p. 14–5]}}

==In Buddhism==
In [[Tibetan Buddhism]], according to the ''[[Orgyen Lingpa|Padma Thang Yig]]'', Rudra are devas (beings who live in heaven) at [[Shiva|Maheśvara]] heaven. Or formerly a human monk of noble origin named Koukuntri and then Tharpa Nakpo, who misunderstands dharma and engages in a life of vice and is condemned to [[Naraka (Buddhism)|Naraka]]. After 20.000 impure lives, he is eventually reborn as a demon in [[Sri Lanka]] by a prostitute who sleeps with three kinds of supernatural creatures, giving him three heads. His birth brings about plague and famine, so he is banished to a charnel ground, but he survives by devouring his mother's corpse and returns in order to conquer the world. Becoming the lover of the [[rakshasa]] queen Krodhishvari, he battles the gods, who are terrified of his extraordinary power and call the Buddhas and boddhisattvas for help.

The Buddha [[Vajrasattva]], who in a previous life was Tharpa Nakpo's master Thupka Zhonu, receives the mission to destroy Rudra, for which he is accompanied by [[Vajrapani]], himself a reborn Pramadeva or Denphak, Nakpo's servant and fellow disciple. They both assume the [[Wrathful deities|wrathful]] forms [[Hayagriva (Buddhism)|Hayagriva]] and [[Vajravārāhī|Vajravarahi]], who challenge Rudra with nine dances and battle him. Hayagriva turns diminutive and enters Rudra's anus, after which he becomes gigantic and destroys his body from inside out, submitting the demon and converting him to true dharma.<ref>{{cite book|author=Matthew T. Kapstein|title=The Tibetan Assimilation of Buddhism: Conversion, Contestation, and Memory|url=|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190288204|pages=170–174}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Robert A. Paul|title=The Sherpas of Nepal in the Tibetan Cultural Context: (The Tibetan Symbolic World : a Psychoanalytic Exploration)|url=|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120805682|pages=153–155}}</ref>

In another version, Hayagriva impersonates Rudra and impregnates Krodishvari. As a result, he is reborn as the resultant child, [[Vajrakilaya|Vajrarakshasa]]. He takes over Rudra's realm and defeats him by plunging a three-pointed ''[[khaṭvāṅga]]'' into his chest. He then devours Rudra, purifies him in his stomach and excretes him as a protector of dharma, who hands over his army of demons to Vajrarakshasha as attendants.<ref>{{cite book|author= Jacob P. Dalton|title=The Taming of the Demons: Violence and Liberation in Tibetan Buddhism|url=|year=2011|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300153927|pages=184–190}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art|author=John C. Huntington, Dina Bangdel|date=2003|publisher=Serindia Publications|isbn=9781932476019|page=335}}</ref> Other versions replace Hayagriva with [[Ucchusma]], an emanation that Vajrapani draws from his own anus.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ruthless Compassion: Wrathful Deities in Early Indo-Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art|author=Robert N. Linrothe|date=1999|publisher=Serindia Publications|isbn= 9780906026519|page=216}}</ref>

==In Sikhism==
The 10th Sikh Guru, [[Guru Gobind Singh]], describes the [[incarnation]] of Rudra in a composition titled '[[Rudra Avtar]]' in his book the [[Dasam Granth]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

==See also==
* [[Rigvedic deities]]
* [[Rudra (spider)|''Rudra'' (spider)]], a genus of spiders named after the deity
* [[Rudra Sampradaya]]
* [[Vayu]], Hindu wind god
* [[Fūjin]], Shinto ''Kami'' of winds
* [[Aeolus (son of Hippotes)|Aeolus (''Odyssey'')]]
* [[Rudrabhisheka]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book |last=Apte |first=Vaman Shivram |title=The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary |date=1965 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |location=Delhi |isbn=81-208-0567-4 |edition=fourth revised & enlarged
}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Arya |editor1-first=Ravi Prakash |editor2-last=Joshi |editor2-first=Kireet L. |date=2001 |title={{IAST|Ṛgveda Saṃhitā}} |others=Sanskrit text, English translation, notes & index of verses |series=Parimal Sanskrit Series No. 45 |edition=Second revised |volume=Four volumes (2003 reprint) |location=Delhi |publisher=Parimal Publications |isbn=9788171101405
}} This revised edition updates H. H. Wilson's translation by replacing obsolete English forms with more modern equivalents, giving the English translation along with the original Sanskrit text in [[Devanagari]] script, along with a critical apparatus. {{cite web |date=2004 |title=Rgveda-Samhita |publisher=Parimal Publications |access-date=15 November 2012 |url=http://www.parimalpublication.com/Bookdesc.aspx?id=41 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101092518/http://www.parimalpublication.com/Bookdesc.aspx?id=41 |archive-date=1 November 2012
}}
*{{cite book |last=Basham |first=A. L. |date=1989 |editor=Zysk, Kenneth |title=The Origins and Development of Classical Hinduism |location=New York City |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-507349-5
}}
*{{cite book |last=Bhandarkar |first=Ramakrishna Gopal |date=1995 |orig-date=1913 |title=Vaisnavism, Śaivism, and Minor Religious Systems |edition=Third reprint |location=Delhi |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=81-206-0122-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5zKrCIBmBwC
}}
*{{cite book |last=Chakravarti |first=Mahadev |date=1994 |title=The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through The Ages |location=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=81-208-0053-2 }} (Second Revised Edition; Reprint, Delhi, 2002).
*{{cite book |last=Chidbhavananda |first=Swami |date=1997 |title=Siva Sahasranama Stotram: With Navavali, Introduction, and English Rendering |edition=Third |publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam |isbn=81-208-0567-4 }} The version provided by Chidbhavananda is from chapter 17 of the Anuśāsana Parva of the Mahābharata.
* {{cite book |editor-last=Doniger |editor-first=Wendy |editor-link=Wendy Doniger |date=1981 |title=The Rig Veda: An Anthology : One Hundred and Eight Hymns, Selected, Translated and Annotated |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9780140444025
}}
*{{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin |date=1996 |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-43878-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo
}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Flood |editor-first=Gavin |date=2003 |title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism |location=[[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]] MA |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=1-4051-3251-5
}}
*{{cite book |last=Griffith |first=Ralph T.H. |date=1973 |orig-date=1896 |title=the Hymns of the {{IAST|Ṛgveda}} |edition=new revised |location=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn= 81-208-0046-X
}}
*{{cite book |last=Kramrisch |first=Stella |date=1993 |title=The Presence of Śiva |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-01930-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5BanndcIgUC
}}
* {{cite book |last=Lubin |first=Timothy |date=2007 |chapter=The Nīlarudropaniṣad and the Paippalādasaṃhitā: A Critical Edition and Translation of the Upaniṣad and Nārāyaṇa's Dīpikā |editor1-last=Griffiths |editor1-first=A. |editor2-last=Schmiedchen |editor2-first=A. |title=The Atharvaveda and its Paippalāda Śākhā: Historical and Philological Papers on a Vedic Tradition |pages=81–139 |series=(Indologica Halensis 11) |location=Aachen |publisher=[[Shaker Verlag]] |isbn=9783832262556
}}
*{{cite book |last=Macdonell |first=Arthur Anthony |date=1996 |title=A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary |location=Delhi |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=81-215-0715-4
}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Majumdar |editor-first=R. C. |editor-link=R. C. Majumdar |date=1951 |title=[[The History and Culture of the Indian People]] |volume=1 The Vedic Age |publisher=George Allen & Unwin
}}
*{{cite book |last=Michaels |first=Axel|title=Hinduism: Past and Present |date=2004 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=0-691-08953-1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Oberlies |first=Thomas |date=1998 |title=Die Religion des Rgveda |location=Vienna
}}
*{{cite book |last=Śarmā |first=Rāmakaraṇa |date=1996 |title=Śivasahasranāmāṣṭakam : eight collections of hymns containing one thousand and eight names of Śiva |publisher=Nag Publishers |location=Delhi |isbn=9788170813507 |oclc=36990863 }} Includes ''Śivasahasranāmakoṣa'', a dictionary of names. This work compares eight versions of the ''Śivasahasranāmāstotra''. The preface and introduction (in English) by Ram Karan Sharma provide an analysis of how the eight versions compare with one another. The text of the eight versions is given in Sanskrit.
*{{cite book |last=Sivaramamurti |first=C. |date=2004 |title=Śatarudrīya: Vibhūti of Śiva's Iconography |location=Delhi |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170170389 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOrilkdu-_MC
}}
*{{cite book |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |date=1972 |title=Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization |location=[[Princeton, NJ]] |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-01778-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/mythssymbolsinin00zimmrich }}
{{Refend}}

{{Shaivism}}
{{VaisnavaSampradayas}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Forms of Shiva]]
[[Category:Health gods]]
[[Category:Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Hunting gods]]
[[Category:Rigvedic deities]]
[[Category:Sky and weather gods]]
[[Category:Wind gods]]
[[Category:Death gods]]
[[Category:Destroyer gods]]
[[Category:Time and fate gods]]
[[Category:Animal gods]]
[[Category:Fortune gods]]
[[Category:Mythological archers]]

Rail (2024 film)

2026-03-28T17:29:35Z

DeangeloWaley:

{{Short description|Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Rail (2024 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Bhaskar Sakthi
| writer = Bhaskar Sakthi
| producer = [[:ta:வேடியப்பன்_முனுசாமி|M. Vediyappan]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Kungumaraj Muthusamy
* Parvaiz Mahroo
* Vairamala
}}
| cinematography = [[Theni Eswar]]
| editing = [[Nagooran Ramachandran]]
| music = [[S. J. Jananiy]]
| studio = Discovery Cinemas
| distributor = [[Thirrupathi Brothers]] Cinema Palace Private Limited
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|6|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
''''' Rail''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film|drama]] film written and directed by Bhaskar Sakthi. The film stars Kungumaraj Muthusamy, Parvaiz Mahroo, Vairamala and Ramesh Vaidya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-02 |title=Writer Bhaskar Sakthi's debut directorial explores the north-south conﬂict |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/writer-bhaskar-sakthis-debut-directorial-explores-the-north-south-conflict/articleshow/108158187.cms |access-date=2024-06-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619143416/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/writer-bhaskar-sakthis-debut-directorial-explores-the-north-south-conflict/articleshow/108158187.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was produced by [[:ta:வேடியப்பன்_முனுசாமி|M. Vediyappan]] under the banner of Discovery Cinemas, and had a theatrical release on 21 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2023-02-23 |title=Bhaskar Sakthi's Vadakkan goes on floors |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Feb/23/bhaskar-sakthis-vadakkan-goes-on-floors-40301.html |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619143416/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Feb/23/bhaskar-sakthis-vadakkan-goes-on-floors-40301.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-22 |title='வடக்கன்' இன்றைய காலத்துக்கு தேவையான படம்: பாஸ்கர் சக்தி |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1203871-vadakkan-movie-director-baskar-sakthi.html |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta |archive-date=2024-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619143417/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1203871-vadakkan-movie-director-baskar-sakthi.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Kungumaraj Muthusamy as Muthaiah
* Parvaiz Mahroo as Sunil
* Vairamala as Chellama
* Ramesh Vaidya as Varadhan
* Shameera as Dimple
* Senthil Kochadai as Dhandapani

== Production ==
The film was produced by [[:ta:வேடியப்பன்_முனுசாமி|M. Vediyappan]]. The cinematography of the film was by [[Theni Eswar]], and the editing was handled by Nagooran Ramachandran. Earlier, film was titled as "Vadakkan"<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-06 |title=Bhaskar Sakthi's Vadakkan to release on May 24 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bhaskar-sakthis-vadakkan-to-release-on-may-24/articleshow/109879567.cms |access-date=2024-06-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and later [[Central Board of Film Certification]] requested to change title and renamed as "Rail"<ref>{{Cite web |title=புதுமுக நடிகர் குங்குமராஜ் நடிக்கும் 'ரயில்' திரைப்படத்தின் வெளியீட்டுத் திகதி அறிவிப்பு ! |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/185608 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619143416/https://www.virakesari.lk/article/185608 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=WebDesk |title=சென்சார் போர்டு கடும் எதிர்ப்பு : ரயில் என மாறிய வடக்கன் படம் ; காரணம் என்ன? |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema-vadakkan-movie-nama-changed-rail-updated-4739672 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=tamil.indianexpress.com |language=ta |archive-date=2024-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619143807/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema-vadakkan-movie-nama-changed-rail-updated-4739672 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/May/29/this-is-the-new-name-of-vadakkan |title='வடக்கன்' படத்தின் புதிய பெயர் இதுதான்! |date=29 May 2024 |access-date=2024-06-19 |archive-date=2024-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619143807/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/May/29/this-is-the-new-name-of-vadakkan |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Manigandan KR of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated three out of five and noted that "Rail might not be your conventional commercial entertainer but it certainly is a neat, convincing, meaningful film that has a point to make."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-17 |title=Rail Review: A Meaningful Film That Manages To Make A Pertinent Point |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/rail-review-a-meaningful-film-that-manages-to-make-a-pertinent-point-review-111065404 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618133750/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/rail-review-a-meaningful-film-that-manages-to-make-a-pertinent-point-review-111065404 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that "Kungumaraj and Vairamala did what the script asked, and they’re solid. Ramesh Vaidya’s screenscape is decent and some of his comedy lands."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rail Movie Review : A story lost on the tracks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/rail/movie-review/111105087.cms |access-date=2024-06-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619065441/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/rail/movie-review/111105087.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Akshay Kumar of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film three out of five stars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-06-21 |title=Rail Movie Review: A much-needed message saves this lengthy drama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Jun/21/rail-review-a-much-needed-message-saves-this-lengthy-drama |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622092620/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Jun/21/rail-review-a-much-needed-message-saves-this-lengthy-drama |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Minnambalam'' also reviewed the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 Jun 2024 |title=ரயில் : விமர்சனம்! |url=https://minnambalam.com/cinema/writer-baskar-sakthis-rail-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624125025/https://minnambalam.com/cinema/writer-baskar-sakthis-rail-movie-review/ |archive-date=24 Jun 2024 |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=Minnambalam}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt28020734}}

[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Khantoli

2026-03-27T08:12:27Z

DeangeloWaley: new some info nd citations!

{{short description|Village in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khantoli
| native_name_lang = hi
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Khantoli.jpg
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India#Asia
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| pushpin_relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|29.829956|N|79.9256112|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Uttarakhand|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bageshwar District|Bageshwar]]
| established_title = 
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| area_total_ha = 154.37
| population_total = 426
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = [http://www.citypincode.in/PinCodeOf.jsp?area=Bageshwar%20&district=Bageshwar 263642]
| registration_plate = UK-02
| website = {{URL|uk.gov.in}}
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] [[Sanskrit]]
}}

'''Khantoli''' is a small village located at an elevation of 5000 ft in [[Bageshwar]] district of [[Uttarakhand|Uttrakhand]]. The village is located in Himalayan rage of Uttrakhand. The total geographical area is 154.37 hectares and the total population is 426.<ref>https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/api/tables/data/2011/PC11_PCA-TV/255?_source=dt&labels=indicator&state=5&district=63&subdistrict=322&town_village=50760&geo_level=4&format=csv</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=India |first=The Government of |title=English: The government of India - Population of Khantoli |date=2021-12-08 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Khantoli_Population.pdf |access-date=2024-11-21}}</ref> There are about 102 houses (more in ruin than occupied). The sub-district headquarters Kanda is 8 km. away by the road and the district headquarters, [[Bageshwar]], is 34 km away.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Khantoli Village in Bageshwar Block, Bageshwar, Uttarakhand - Population, Literacy, Sex Ratio, Census 2011 |url=https://myroots.euttaranchal.com/village-khantoli-bageshwar-50760.html |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=myroots.euttaranchal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khantoli Village Population - Kanda - Bageshwar, Uttarakhand |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/50760-khantoli-uttarakhand.html |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gram Panchayat (ग्राम पंचायत): KHANTOLI |url=https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayat-khantoli-21802 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=localbodydata.com}}</ref>

== Description ==
Khantoli is essentially a village of Brahmins with the surname [[Pant (surname)|Pant]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/pt.-devidutt-pant-among-rare-gandhians |title=Pt. Devidutt Pant – Among Rare Gandhians |date=2009-03-09}}</ref>

A local deity Dhoulinag (white Snake) on Khantoli hill top overseas around 50 villages, of the Valley. All religious functions are managed by two priests one of Pant Community and other of Rajput Dhami community. Both held the post as hereditary functions assigned to particular family.<ref name=":1" />

Dhoulinag Temple is more than 150 year old. Old small temple is now replaced with a temple complex that has adjacent flat ground for village fairs and possible helipad area in future.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

The village has two distinct groups of houses called Pargaon and Naghar, and a high school. Panchayat Ghar and Community Health centre are located in Naghar. Oldest Primary school is located almost in the middle of the village at the place called Kartekhalli, a big natural stone slab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAD Khantoli {{!}} Bageshwar Website of District Administration Bageshwar {{!}} India |url=https://bageshwar.nic.in/public-utility/sad-khantoli/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Village (गाव): Khantoli |url=https://localbodydata.com/village-Khantoli-50760 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=localbodydata.com}}</ref>

== Notable people ==


*[[Devidutt Pant]] (1907–1982), Indian freedom fighter<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devi Pant Family History & Historical Records |url=https://www.myheritage.com/names/devi_pant?tr_id=m_vzwpb9rqr2_tnfndot4wd |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=MyHeritage |language=EN}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* Census details of Khantoli Village from Government of India website - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Khantoli_Population.pdf

[[Category:2000 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Bageshwar district]]

Imperial Legislative Council

2026-03-26T08:59:48Z

DeangeloWaley: added info

{{Short description|Legislature issued in the British Raj (1861–1947)}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Imperial Legislative Council
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| transcription_name =
| legislature =
| coa_pic = Star of the Order of the Star of India (gold).svg
| coa_res = 200px
| coa_alt =
| logo_pic =
| logo_res =
| logo_alt =
| house_type = [[Unicameral]] (1861–1919) [[Bicameral]] (1919–1947)
| body =
| houses = [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]] (upper) [[Central Legislative Assembly]] (lower)
| term_limits = 5 years (Council of State) 3 years (Central Legislative Assembly)
| foundation = {{Start date|df=yes|1861}}
| disbanded = {{End date|1947|08|14|df=yes}}
| preceded_by = [[Council of Four (India)|Governor-General's Council]]
| succeeded_by = [[Constituent Assembly of India]] [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]
| new_session =
| leader1_type =
| leader1 =
| party1 =
| election1 =
| leader2_type =
| leader2 =
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type =
| leader3 =
| party3 =
| election3 =
| leader4_type =
| leader4 =
| party4 =
| election4 =
| leader5_type =
| leader5 =
| party5 =
| election5 =
| leader6_type =
| leader6 =
| party6 =
| election6 =
| seats = 60 (Council of States) 145 (Central Legislative Assembly)
| house1 =
| house2 =
| voting_system1 =
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 =
| last_election2 =
| meeting_place = [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Council House]], [[New Delhi]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(from 1927)}}
| website = 
| footnotes =
| motto =
}}

The '''Imperial Legislative Council''' ('''ILC''') was the [[legislature]] of [[British Raj|British India]] from 1861 to 1947. It was established under the "Charter Act of 1853" by providing for the addition of six additional members to the Governor General Council for legislative purposes. Thus, the act separated the legislative and executive functions of the council and it was this body within the Governor General's Council which came to known as the '''Indian/Central Legislative Council'''. In 1861 it was renamed as ''Imperial Legislative Council'' and the strength was increased.
It succeeded the [[Council of Four (India)|Council of the Governor-General of India]], and was succeeded by the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] and after 1950, was succeeded by [[Parliament of India]].

During the rule of the [[East India Company]], the council of the [[Governor-General of India|governor-general of India]] had both executive and legislative responsibilities. The council had four members elected by the Court of Directors. The first three members were permitted to participate on all occasions, but the fourth member was only allowed to sit and vote when legislation was being debated.
By [[Government of India Act 1858]], the British Crown took over the administration from the East India Company. The Court of Directors of the company, which had the power to elect members of the Governor-General's Council, ceased to have this power. Instead, the one member who had a vote only on legislative questions came to be appointed by the Sovereign, and the other three members by the [[Secretary of State for India]].

==Predecessors==
The [[Regulating Act 1773]] limited the influence of the [[Governor-General of India]] and established the [[Council of Four (India)|Council of Four]], elected by the [[East India Company]]'s Court of Directors. [[Pitt's India Act]] of 1784 reduced the membership to three, and also established the [[India Board]].

==1861 to 1892==
The [[Indian Councils Act 1861]] made several changes to the council's composition. The council was now called the '''Governor-General's Legislative Council''' or the Imperial Legislative Council. Three members were to be appointed by the [[Secretary of State for India]], and two by the Sovereign. (The power to appoint all five members passed to the Crown in 1869.) The viceroy was empowered to appoint an additional six to twelve members.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} The five individuals appointed by the Indian Secretary or Sovereign headed the executive departments, while those appointed by the Governor-General debated and voted on legislation.

===Indians in the Council===
There were 45 Indians nominated as additional non-official members from 1862 to 1892. Out of these 25 were [[zamindars]] and seven were rulers of [[princely states]]. The others were lawyers, magistrates, journalists and merchants.<ref>{{cite book|last=Banerjee|first=Anil Chandra|title=English Law in India|year=1984|page=143|isbn=9788170171836|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7MXExXXb9usC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Bipan|title=India's Struggle for Independence|date=9 August 2016|isbn=9788184751833|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0q7xH06NrFkC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Buckland|first=Charles|title=Dictionary of Indian Biography|year=1999|isbn=9788170208976|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_dA0RAwd4oC}}</ref> The participation of the Indian members in the council meetings was negligible.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhattacharya|first=Sabyasachi|title=The Financial Foundations of the British Raj|year=2005|page=57|isbn=9788125029038|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BABluVWfMp8C}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kashyap|first=Subhash|title=History of the Parliament of India|year=1994|isbn=9788185402345|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6KKbAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

* Raja Sir Deo Narayan Singh of Benaras (Jan 1862–1866)
*[[Maharaja of Patiala|Maharaja]] [[Narinder Singh of Patiala|Narinder Singh]] of [[Patiala State|Patiala]] (Jan 1862 – Nov 1862)
*[[Dinkar Rao]] (Jan 1862–1864)
*[[Yusef Ali Khan]], Nawab of Rampur (Sep 1863–1864)
* Maharaja Sir Mirza Gajapati Viziaram, Raj Bahadur of Vizianagram (Jan 1864–1866)(Apr 1872–1876)
* Bir Bar Raja Sir Sahib Dayal of Kishen Kot (Jan 1864–1866)
* [[Bardhaman Raj#Mahtabchand Bahadur|Mahtabchand Bahadur]], Raja of Burdwan (Nov 1864–1867)
* [[Kalb Ali Khan]], Nawab of Rampur (Jan 1867–)(1878–1887)
* [[Khwaja Abdul Ghani]], Nawab of Dacca (Dec 1867–1869)
* [[Prasanna Coomar Tagore]] (Dec 1867–1873)
* Raja Sheoraj Singh of Kashipur (Jan 1868–1870)
* [[Ram Singh II]], Maharaja of Jaipur (Aug 1868–1870) and (Aug 1871–1875)
* Digvijay Singh, Raja of Balrampur (Oct 1868–1870)
* [[Ramanath Tagore]] (Feb 1873–1875)
* Raja Shamsher Parkash of [[Sirmur State|Sirmur]]
* [[Ishwari Prasad Narayan Singh]], Maharaja of Benaras (1876)
* [[Sovabazar Raj|Sir Narendra Krishna Deb]] (1876)
* [[Muhammad Faiz Ali Khan]], Nawab Bahadur of [[Pahasu]] (Dec 1877)
* [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] (1878–1882)
* [[Jatindramohan Tagore]] (Bengal Zamindars) (1880–1881)
* [[Raghubir Singh of Jind]] (1880)
* [[Raja Sivaprasad]] of Benaras
* Durga Charan Laha, Maharaja of Shyampukur (1882–1889)
* [[Kristo Das Pal]] (1883)
* [[Syed Ameer Ali]] (1883–1885)
* [[Vishvanath Narayan Mandlik]] (1884–1887)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/publiclife.html |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers – Greater Bombay District |publisher=Cultural.maharashtra.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2022-08-11}}</ref>
* [[Lakshmeshwar Singh]] (1885–1888)
* Peary Mohan Mukherjea (1885–1888)
* Syud Ameer Hossain (1886–1889)
* [[Mohammad Amir Hasan Khan]] (1886)
* Sir Shankar Bakhsh Singh (1886–1888)
* [[Dinshaw Maneckji Petit]] (1886–1888)
* Nawab Nawazish Ali Khan (Jul 1887-Sep 1888)
* [[Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju]] (1888–1889)
* Muhammad Ali Khan (1889–1891)
* [[Khem Singh Bedi]] (1889)
* [[Khwaja Ahsanullah]] (1890–1892)
* Sir [[Romesh Chandra Mitra]] (1890–1891)
* [[Krishnaji Lakshman Nulkar]], Bombay (1890–1891)
* [[Udai Pratap Singh of Bhinga]] (1891–1892)
* [[Rashbihari Ghosh]] (1892)
* [[P. Chentsal Rao]] (1892)

==1892 to 1909==
The [[Indian Councils Act 1892]] increased the number of legislative members with a minimum of ten and maximum of sixteen members. The council now had 6 officials, 5 nominated non-officials, 4 nominated by the provincial legislative councils of [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[Madras Presidency]] and [[North-Western Provinces]] and 1 nominated by the chamber of commerce in Calcutta. The members were allowed to ask questions in the council but not allowed to ask supplementaries or discuss the answer. They were however empowered to discuss the annual financial statement under certain restrictions but could not vote on it.

===Indians in the Council===
*[[Pherozeshah Mehta]], Bombay (1893–1896) (1898–1901)
*[[Lakshmeshwar Singh]], Bengal (1893–1898)
*[[Khem Singh Bedi]], Punjab nominated (1893–1897), Punjab (1897–1905)
*[[Udai Pratap Singh of Bhinga]] (1893)
*Fazulbhai Vishram, Bombay nominated (1893–)
*[[Gangadhar Rao Chitnavis]], Central Provinces nominated (1893–1909)
*[[Mir Humayun Jah Bahadur]] (1893–)
*[[Rashbihari Ghosh]] (1894–1908)
*Babu Mohini Mohan Roy (1894)
*[[Anandacharlu|P. Ananda Charlu]], Madras (1895–1903)
*[[Rahimtulla M. Sayani]], Bombay (1896–1898)
*Nawab Amiruddin Ahmad Khan of [[Loharu]] (1897)
*Balwant Rao Bhuskute, Central Provinces (1896–1897)
*Pandit Bishambar Nath (1897)
*Joy Gobind Laha (1897)
*[[Nawab Faiyaz Ali Khan]], Nawab Bahadur of [[Pahasu]], North-West Provinces (1898–1900)
*[[Rameshwar Singh Bahadur]], Bengal nominated (1899–1904), Bengal (1904–)
*[[Apcar Alexander Apcar]], Bengal Chamber of Commerce (1900–1903)
*[[Syed Hussain Bilgrami]] (1902–1908)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Abdul|first1=Latif Sayyid|title=Addresses Poems and Other Writings|date=30 November 1924|publisher=The Government Central Press|url=https://archive.org/details/addressespoemsan031005mbp}}</ref>
*Raja [[Surendra Bikram Prakash|Surindar Bikram Prakash Bahadur]] of [[Sirmur State|Sirmur]] (1902–1907)
*[[Aga Khan III]], nominated (1903)
*[[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], Bombay (1903–1909)
*[[Ernest Cable, 1st Baron Cable|Ernest Cable]], Bengal Chamber of Commerce (1903–)
* Rai [[Sri Ram]] Bahadur, United Provinces (1903–)
*[[Bipin Krishna Bose]], Central Provinces (1903–)
* Wadero Ghulam Kadir M.B.E Nominated Ratodero Larrkanao(1913)
*[[Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur]], Madras (1903–1909)
*[[Nawab Fateh Ali Khan Kazilbash]], Punjab (1904)
*[[R. G. Bhandarkar]] (1903)
*[[Ripudaman Singh]] (1906–1908)
*Nawab [[Khwaja Salimullah]] (1908)
*[[Asutosh Mookerjee]] (1908)
*Munshi Madho Lal, United Provinces (1907–1909)
*[[Theodore Morison]] (1908)
*Maing Ba Tow (1908)

==1909 to 1920==
The [[Indian Councils Act 1909]] increased the number of members of the Legislative Council to 60, of whom 27 were to be elected. For the first time, Indians were admitted to membership, and there were six Muslim representatives, the first time that such representation had been given to a religious group.

The composition of the council was as follows:<ref>{{cite book|last=Mukherji|first=P.|title=Indian constitutional documents, 1773–1915|year=1915|publisher=Calcutta, Spink|url=https://archive.org/stream/indianconstituti00mukeuoft#page/306/mode/2up}}</ref>
* Ex-officio members from the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]] (9)
* Nominated officials (28)
* Nominated non-officials (5): Indian commercial community (1), Punjab Muslims (1), Punjab Landholders (1), Others (2)
* Elected from provincial legislatures (27)
** General (13): Bombay(2), Madras(2), Bengal(2), United Provinces(2), Central Provinces, Assam, Bihar & Orissa, Punjab, Burma
** Landholders (6): Bombay, Madras, Bengal, United Provinces, Central Provinces, Bihar & Orissa
** Muslim (6): Bengal (2), Madras, Bombay, United Provinces, Bihar & Orissa
** Commerce (2): Bengal Chamber of Commerce (1), Bombay Chamber of Commerce

==Indians in the Council (1909–20)==
===Nominated Officials===
*Kiran Chandra De

===Nominated Non-Officials===
* [[Surendranath Banerjee]] (1913–1920),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiavideo.org/text/surendranath-banerji-1223.php|title=Surendranath Banerji, freedom fighter, India}}</ref> Raja Peary Mohan Mukherjee (1915), Sir Fazalbhoy [[Currimbhoy Ebrahim]] (−1920), [[Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata]] (1920)

===Bengal===
* General: [[Sachchidananda Sinha]] (1910–12), [[Bhupendra Nath Bose]] (1911–19), Lalit Mohan Chatterjee,<ref name="BL">{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselect/PhotoEnqFull.asp?PrintID=21643|title=Login|access-date=2013-08-21|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225354/http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselect/PhotoEnqFull.asp?PrintID=21643|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rai Sita Nath Ray Bahadur (1916–19)
* Muslims: [[Nawaab Syed Shamsul Huda|Syed Shamsul Huda]] (1911–15), [[Abdul Karim Ghaznavi]] (1911), Maulvi Abdul Rahim (1916–1919), [[Nawab Bahadur Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury]] (1916–20)
* Landholders: [[Bijoy Chand Mahtab]] (1909–12), [[Manindra Chandra Nandy]] (1916–19)

===Bihar & Orissa===
* General: [[Sachchidananda Sinha]] (1912–20), [[Madhusudan Das]] (1913), Rai Bahadur Krishna Sahay (1916–1919)
* Muslims: [[Maulana Mazharul Haque]] (1910–11), [[Syed Ali Imam]] (1912)<ref>[[Wikisource:Page:The Indian Biographical Dictionary.djvu/239]]</ref> Quamrul Huda (1915),<ref>[[Wikisource:Page:The Indian Biographical Dictionary.djvu/375]]</ref> [[Mohammad Yunus (Indian politician)|Mohammad Yunus]] (1916)
* Landholders: Rajendra Narayan Bhanja Deo Raja of Kanika (1916–1920)<ref name="BL"/>

===Bombay===
*General: [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] (1909–1915), [[Vithalbhai Patel]] (1912), [[Dinshaw Edulji Wacha]] (1916–1920), [[Lallubhai Samaldas]], [[Pheroze Sethna]], Sir [[Vithaldas Thackersey]]
* Muslim: [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] (1910–1911) and (1916–1919), [[Ghulam Muhammad Khan Bhurgri]] (1911–1912), [[Ibrahim Rahimtoola]] (1913–1919), Sir [[Shah Nawaz Bhutto]]
* Landholders: [[Sir Sassoon David, 1st Baronet]] (1910), Wadero Ghulam Kadir Dayo 1913 1914, Khan Bahadur Saiyed Allahondo Shah (1916–1919)

===Burma===
* General: [[Maung Mye]] (1915), Maing Ba Tu (1911–1920)

===Central Provinces===
* General: [[Maneckji Byramji Dadabhoy|Sir Maneckji Byramji Dadabhoy]] (1911–1917), [[Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar]] (1911–1912), V. R. Pandit, General (1915),<ref name="TIBD">{{cite book |last1=Rao |first1=C. Hayavando |url=https://archive.org/details/indianbiographic00raoc |title=The Indian Biographical Dictionary |date=1915 |publisher=Pillar & Co |location=Madras |page=606}}</ref> [[Ganesh Shrikrishna Khaparde]] (1918–1920), Rai Sahib Seth Nath Mal<ref name="BL"/>
*Landholders: Sir [[Gangadhar Rao Chitnavis]] (1893–1916), Pandit Bishan Dutt Shukul (1916–1919)<ref>{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Judith M.|title=Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915–1922|date=26 September 1974|page=162|isbn=9780521098731|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUo4AAAAIAAJ}}</ref>

===East Bengal & Assam===
* General: Kamini Kumar Chanda (1920)<ref>{{cite book|last=Bakshi|first=S. R.|title=Punjab Through the Ages|page=22}}</ref>
* Landholders: Pramathanath Roy, Raja of Dighapatia (1911–1915)

===Madras===
* General: [[N. Subba Rao Pantulu]] (1910–1913), [[C. Vijayaraghavachariar]] (1913–1916), [[V. S. Srinivasa Sastri]] (1916–1919), [[B. N. Sarma]] (1916–1919), [[Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu]] (1920),<ref name="BL"/> [[T. Rangachari]], [[M. Ct. Muthiah Chettiar]]
* Muslim: [[Ghulam Muhammad Ali Khan]] (1910–1913), [[Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur]] (1909–1919), Khan Bahadur Mir Asad Ali (1916–1919)<ref name="BL"/>
* Landholders: [[Veerabhadra Raju Bahadur]] (1912), [[Raja of Panagal]] (1912–1915), K. V. Rangaswamy Iyengar (1916–1919)

===Punjab===
* General: Raja Sir [[Daljit Singh (politician, born 1882)|Daljit Singh]] (1913–1915),{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Sir Ranbir Singh of Patiala (1915),<ref name="TIBD"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Griffin |first=Lepel H. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7228 |title=Chiefs and families of note in the Punjab |date= |publisher=Government Printing |year=1910 |volume=2 |location=Lahore |page=397}}</ref> Dewan Tek Chand (1915–1917), [[Sundar Singh Majithia]] (1917–1920)
* Muslims: Sir [[Zulfikar Ali Khan]] (1910–1920),<ref name="BL"/> [[Muhammad Shafi]] (1917)
* Landholders: [[Pratap Singh of Kapurthala]] (1910–1911), Col. Raja Jai Chand, Sir [[Malik Umar Hayat Khan]] (1911–1920)
* Chiefs : Sultan Karam Dad Khan of Pharwala (1918)

===United Provinces===
* General: [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]] (1911–1919), [[Bishan Narayan Dar]] (1914–1920),<ref name="TIBD"/> [[Tej Bahadur Sapru]] (1916–1919)
* Muslims: Sir [[Mohammad Ali Mohammad Khan]] [[Raja]] of [[Mahmudabad, India|Mahmudabad]] (1909–1912),<ref name="BL2">{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselect/PhotoEnqFull.asp?PrintID=53620&RecNo=2&intPhSearchNo=3422890|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130821101636/http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselect/PhotoEnqFull.asp?PrintID=53620&RecNo=2&intPhSearchNo=3422890|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 21, 2013|title=Login}}</ref> Nawab Abdul Majid (1912),<ref name="BL2"/> [[Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan]]<ref name="BL"/>
* Landholders: Raja Sir Rampal Singh of Kurri Sudauli<ref name="BL"/>

==1920 to 1947==
{{Main|Central Legislative Assembly|Council of State (India)}}
Under the [[Government of India Act 1919]], the Imperial Legislative Council was converted into a bicameral legislature with the [[Central Legislative Assembly|Imperial Legislative Assembly]] (also known as the Central Legislative Assembly) as the lower house of a [[bicameral]] legislature and the [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]] as the upper house, reviewing legislation passed by the Assembly. The Governor-General nonetheless retained significant power over legislation. He could authorise the expenditure of money without the Legislature's consent for "ecclesiastical, political [and] defence" purposes, and for any purpose during "emergencies". He was permitted to veto, or even stop debate on, any bill. If he recommended the passage of a bill, but only one chamber co-operated, he could declare the bill passed over the objections of the other chamber. The legislature had no authority over foreign affairs and defence. The President of the Council of State was appointed by the Governor-General; the Central Legislative Assembly elected its own President, apart from the first, but the election required the Governor-General's approval.

Under the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], the Imperial Legislative Council and its houses were dissolved on 14 August 1947 and was replaced by the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] and the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]].

==See also==
* [[Supreme Council of Bengal]]
* [[India Board]]
* [[Secretary of State for India]]
* [[East India Company]]
* [[Council of India]]
* [[Council of State (India)]]
* [[Viceroy's Executive Council]]
* [[Central Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Interim Government of India]]
* [[Government of British Raj]]
* [[List of acts of the Parliament of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://delhiassembly.nic.in/history_assembly.htm History of Assembly (Old Secretariat)] at [[Legislative Assembly of Delhi]] website

{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:Imperial Legislative Council of India| ]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Defunct bicameral legislatures]]

Sino-Indian border dispute

2026-03-22T13:27:29Z

DeangeloWaley: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Border dispute between China and India}}
{{about|the Sino-Indian border dispute|China–India relations|China–India relations}}
{{Too few opinions|discuss=Talk:Sino-Indian War#Sources|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Sino–Indian border dispute
| image = China India CIA map border disputes.jpg
| caption = Line of Actual Control between China and India (map by the CIA)
| date = 20 October 1962 – present
 ({{Age in years, months and days|month1=10|day1=20|year1=1962}})
| place = [[Line of Actual Control]]
| status = Ongoing
| combatant1 = {{flag|China}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|India}}
}}

The '''Sino–Indian border dispute''' is an ongoing [[territorial dispute]] over the sovereignty of two relatively large, and several smaller, separated pieces of territory between [[China]] and [[India]]. The territorial disputes between the two countries stem from the legacy of British colonial-era border agreements, particularly the [[McMahon Line]] in the eastern sector, which was drawn in 1914 during the [[Simla Convention]] between British India and Tibet but was never accepted by China. In the western sector, the dispute involves [[Aksai Chin]], a region historically linked to the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]] but effectively controlled by China after the [[Sino-Indian War|1962 war]]. The lack of mutually recognized boundary agreements has led to ongoing tensions and occasional military clashes.

The first of the territories, [[Aksai Chin]], is administered by China and claimed by India; it is mostly uninhabited high-altitude wasteland but with some significant pasture lands at the margins.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Aakash |last1=Hassan |first2=Hannah |last2=Ellis-Petersen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/03/our-pastures-have-been-taken-india-china-himalayan-land-grab |title='Our pastures have been taken': Indians rue China's Himalayan land grab |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217102639/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/03/our-pastures-have-been-taken-india-china-himalayan-land-grab|archive-date=17 December 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=3 July 2020}}</ref> It lies at the intersection of [[Kashmir]], [[Tibet]] and [[Xinjiang]], and is crossed by China's [[China National Highway 219|Xinjiang-Tibet Highway]]; the other disputed territory is south of the [[McMahon Line]], in the area formerly known as the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] and now a [[States and union territories of India|state]] called [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. It is administered by India and claimed by China. The McMahon Line was signed between [[British Raj|British India]] and [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]] to form part of the 1914 [[Simla Convention]], but the latter was never ratified by China.{{sfnp|Hoffmann|1990|p=19}} China disowns the McMahon Line agreement, stating that Tibet was not independent when it signed the Simla Convention.

The 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]] was fought in both disputed areas. Chinese troops attacked Indian border posts in Ladakh in the west and crossed the McMahon Line in the east. There was a brief border clash in 1967 in the region of [[Sikkim]], despite there being an agreed border in that region. In 1987 and in 2013, potential conflicts over the Lines of Actual Control were successfully de-escalated. A [[2017 China–India border standoff|conflict]] involving a Bhutanese-controlled area on the [[Bhutan–China border|border between Bhutan and China]] was successfully de-escalated in 2017 following injuries to both Indian and Chinese troops.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramachandran|first=Sudha|date=15 July 2020|title=Beijing Asserts a More Aggressive Posture in Its Border Dispute with India|url=https://jamestown.org/program/beijing-asserts-a-more-aggressive-posture-in-its-border-dispute-with-india/|access-date=17 July 2020|website=[[Jamestown Foundation]]|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717001654/https://jamestown.org/program/beijing-asserts-a-more-aggressive-posture-in-its-border-dispute-with-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> Multiple [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|skirmishes]] broke out in 2020, escalating to dozens of deaths in June 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goldman |first1=Russell |title=India–China Border Dispute: A Conflict Explained |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/17/world/asia/india-china-border-clashes.html |access-date=27 June 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626233609/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/17/world/asia/india-china-border-clashes.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Agreements signed pending the ultimate resolution of the boundary question were concluded in 1993 and 1996. This included "confidence-building measures" and the [[Line of Actual Control]]. To address the boundary question, formalised groups were created, such as the Joint Working Group (JWG) on the boundary question. It was to be assisted by the Diplomatic and Military Expert Group. In 2003, the [[Special Representative mechanism on the India-China boundary question|Special Representatives]] (SRs) mechanism was constituted.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India-China |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=April 11, 2005|location=India|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=2021-02-20|url=https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/6534/Agreement+between+the+Government+of+the+Republic+of+India+and+the+Government+of+the+Peoples+Republic+of+China+on+the+Political+Parameters+and+Guiding+Principles+for+the+Settlement+of+the+IndiaChina+Boundary+Question|archive-date=23 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223233309/https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl%2F6534%2FAgreement+between+the+Government+of+the+Republic+of+India+and+the+Government+of+the+Peoples+Republic+of+China+on+the+Political+Parameters+and+Guiding+Principles+for+the+Settlement+of+the+IndiaChina+Boundary+Question|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012 another dispute resolution mechanism, the [[Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India–China Border Affairs|Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination]] (WMCC), was framed.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=2012-01-17|title=India, China to set up working mechanism on border management|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/India-China-to-set-up-working-mechanism-on-border-management/article13369753.ece|access-date=2021-02-22|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005133349/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/India-China-to-set-up-working-mechanism-on-border-management/article13369753.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Background ==
The territorial disputes between the two countries result from the historical consequences of colonialism in Asia and the lack of clear historical boundary demarcations.<ref name=":Wang2">{{Cite book |last=Wang |first=Frances Yaping |title=The Art of State Persuasion: China's Strategic Use of Media in Interstate Disputes |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2024 |isbn=9780197757512 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197757505.001.0001}}</ref>{{Rp|page=251}} There was one historical attempt to set a proposed boundary, the McMahon Line, by the United Kingdom during the [[Simla Convention|1913–1914 Simla Convention]].<ref name=":Wang2" />{{Rp|page=251}} The [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] rejected the proposed boundary.<ref name=":Wang2" />{{Rp|page=251}} The unresolved dispute over the boundary became contentious after India gained its independence and the People's Republic of China was established.<ref name=":Wang2" />{{Rp|page=251}} The disputed borders are complicated by the lack of administrative presence in the disputed areas, which are remote.<ref name=":Wang2" />{{Rp|page=251}} Disagreements also result from the fact that the Line of Actual Control has never been distinctly demarcated, with China and India often disagreeing over its precise location.<ref name=":Wang2" />{{Rp|page=270}}

=== Aksai Chin ===
{{main|Aksai Chin}}

[[File:Kashmir Region November 2019.jpg|thumb|The western portion of the Line of Actual Control, separating the [[Leh district|Eastern Ladakh]] and [[Aksai Chin]]. In the southern [[Demchok sector|Demchok region]], only two claim lines are shown (map by the CIA).]]
From the area's lowest point on the [[Karakash River]] at about {{convert|14000|ft|m}} to the glaciated peaks up to {{convert|22500|ft|m}} above sea level, Aksai Chin is a desolate, largely uninhabited area. It covers an area of about {{convert|37244|km2|sqmi}}. The desolation of this area meant that it had no significant human importance other than ancient trade routes crossing it, providing brief passage during summer for caravans of yaks from Xinjiang and Tibet.<ref name="Neville_Maxwell">{{harvp|Maxwell|1970}}</ref>

One of the earliest treaties regarding the boundaries in the western sector was issued in 1842 following the [[Dogra–Tibetan War]]. The [[Sikh Empire]] of the [[Punjab region]] had annexed [[Ladakh]] into the state of [[Jammu]] in 1834. In 1841, they invaded Tibet with an army. Tibetan forces defeated the Sikh army and, in turn, entered Ladakh and besieged [[Leh]]. After being checked by the Sikh forces, the Tibetans and the Sikhs signed the [[Treaty of Chushul]] in September 1842, which stipulated no transgressions or interference in the other country's frontiers.<ref name="Rubin">{{cite journal |title=The Sino-Indian Border Disputes |first=Alfred P. |last=Rubin |journal=The International and Comparative Law Quarterly |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=January 1960 |pages=96–125 |doi=10.1093/iclqaj/9.1.96 |jstor=756256}}</ref> The [[Second Anglo-Sikh War|British defeat of the Sikhs in 1846]] resulted in transfer of sovereignty over Ladakh to the British, and British commissioners attempted to meet with Chinese officials to discuss the border they now shared. However, both sides were sufficiently satisfied that a traditional border was recognised and defined by natural elements, and the border was not demarcated.<ref name="Rubin"/> The boundaries at the two extremities, [[Pangong Lake]] and [[Karakoram Pass]], were reasonably well-defined, but the Aksai Chin area in between lay largely undefined.<ref name="Neville_Maxwell"/><ref name="Guruswamy2006">{{cite book |title=Emerging Trends in India-China Relations |last=Guruswamy |first=Mohan |year=2006 |publisher=Hope India Publications |location=India |isbn=978-81-7871-101-0 |page=222 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=trAb0KxP_ocC&pg=PA222 |access-date=27 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625084204/https://books.google.com/books?id=trAb0KxP_ocC&pg=PA222 |archive-date=25 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=October 2019|reason=See [[Talk:Sino-Indian War#Sources]]}}

==== The Johnson Line ====
{{main|Ardagh–Johnson Line}}
[[File:Hindutagh-pass-aksai-chin-center2-1873.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Map of Central Asia (1878) showing [[Khotan]] (near top right corner). The previous border claimed by the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]] is shown in the two-toned purple and pink band with [[Shahidulla]] and the Kilik, Kilian, and Sanju Passes clearly north of the border.]]
[[File:Aksai Chin Sino-Indian border map.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|The map shows the Indian and Chinese claims of the border in the Aksai Chin region, the Macartney-MacDonald line, the Foreign Office Line, as well as the progress of Chinese forces as they occupied areas during the Sino-Indian War.]]
[[William Johnson (surveyor)|W. H. Johnson]], a civil servant with the Survey of India, proposed the "Johnson Line" in 1865, which put Aksai Chin in Jammu and Kashmir. This was the time of the [[Dungan revolt (1862–1877)|Dungan revolt]], when China did not control [[Xinjiang]], so this line was never presented to the Chinese. Johnson presented this line to the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, who then claimed the 18,000 square kilometres contained within his territory<ref name="Guruswamy">{{cite web |last=Guruswamy |first=Mohan |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jun/20spec.htm |title=The Great India-China Game |website=Rediff |date=23 June 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930222001/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jun/20spec.htm |archive-date=30 September 2016 }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=October 2019|reason=See [[Talk:Sino-Indian War#Sources]]}} and by some accounts{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} he claimed territory further north as far as the [[Sanju Pass]] in the [[Kun Lun Mountains]]. The Maharajah of Jammu and Kashmir constructed a fort at Shahidulla (modern-day [[Xaidulla]]), and had troops stationed there for some years to protect caravans.{{sfnp|Woodman|1970|p=51}} Eventually, most sources placed Shahidulla and the upper [[Karakash River]] firmly within the territory of Xinjiang (see accompanying map). According to [[Francis Younghusband]], who explored the region in the late 1880s, there was only an abandoned fort and not one inhabited house at Shahidulla when he was there – it was just a convenient staging post and a convenient headquarters for the nomadic [[Kyrgyz people|Kirghiz]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Younghusband |first=Francis E. |orig-date=1st pub. John Murray 1896 |title=The Heart of a Continent |edition=facsimile reprint |year=2005 |publisher=Elbiron Classics |pages=223–224}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=October 2019}} The abandoned fort had apparently been built a few years earlier by the [[Dogras]].<ref>{{|=Grenard, |=Fernand |=1st pub. Hutchison 1904 |=Tibet: The Country and its Inhabitants |translator-first=A. |translator-last=Teixeira de Mattos |publisher=Cosmo Publications |location=Delhi |year=1974 |pages=28–30}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=October 2019}} In 1878, the Chinese had reconquered Xinjiang, and by 1890, they already had Shahidulla before the issue was decided.<ref name="Guruswamy"/>{{unreliable source?|date=October 2019|reason=See [[Talk:Sino-Indian War#Sources]]}} By 1892, China had erected boundary markers at [[Karakoram Pass]].{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

In 1897, a British military officer, Sir John Ardagh, proposed a boundary line along the crest of the [[Kun Lun Mountains]] north of the [[Yarkand River]].{{sfnp|Woodman|1970|pp=360–}} At the time Britain was concerned at the danger of Russian expansion as China weakened, and Ardagh argued that his line was more defensible. The Ardagh line was effectively a modification of the Johnson line, and became known as the "Johnson-Ardagh Line".{{cn|date=September 2024}}

==== The Macartney-Macdonald Line ====
{{Main|Macartney–MacDonald Line}}
[[File:Hung Ta-Chen's Map.jpg|thumb|right|The map given by Hung Ta-chen to the British consul at Kashgar in 1893. The boundary, marked with a thin dot-dashed line, matches the Johnson line<ref name=HimalayanFrontiers />]]
In 1893, Hung Ta-chen, a senior Chinese official at [[St. Petersburg]], gave maps of the region to [[George Macartney (British consul)|George Macartney]], the British consul general at Kashgar, which coincided in broad details.<ref name=HimalayanFrontiers>{{harvp|Woodman|1970|pp=73, 78}}</ref> In 1899, Britain proposed a revised boundary, initially suggested by Macartney and developed by the Governor General of India [[Lord Elgin]]. This boundary placed the Lingzi Tang plains, which are south of the Laktsang range, in India, and Aksai Chin proper, which is north of the Laktsang range, in China. This border, along the [[Karakoram Mountain]]s, was proposed and supported by British officials for a number of reasons. The Karakoram Mountains formed a natural boundary, which would set the British borders up to the [[Indus River]] [[Water divide|watershed]] while leaving the [[Tarim River]] watershed in Chinese control, and Chinese control of this tract would present a further obstacle to Russian advance in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Noorani">{{Citation |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |date=30 August 2003|title=Fact of History |magazine=Frontline |volume=26 |issue=18 |url=http://frontlineonnet.com/fl2018/stories/20030912002104800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002095213/http://frontlineonnet.com/fl2018/stories/20030912002104800.htm |archive-date=2 October 2011}}</ref> The British presented this line, known as the Macartney-MacDonald Line, to the Chinese in 1899 in a note by Sir [[Claude MacDonald]]. The Qing government did not respond to the note.<ref>{{harvp|Woodman|1970|pp=102}}: "The proposed boundary seems never to have been considered in the same form again until Alastair Lamb revived it in 1964".</ref> According to some commentators, China believed that this had been the accepted boundary.<ref name=middlepath>{{cite journal
| last1 = Verma
| first1 = Virendra Sahai
| year =2006
| title =Sino-Indian Border Dispute at Aksai Chin – A Middle Path For Resolution
| volume =25
| issue =3
| pages =6–8
| issn =1651-9728
| url = http://chinaindiaborderdispute.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/virendravermapaperborderdispute.pdf
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131019060751/http://chinaindiaborderdispute.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/virendravermapaperborderdispute.pdf
| archive-date= 19 October 2013 | journal = Journal of Development Alternatives and Area Studies
}}</ref>

==== 1899 to 1947 ====
Both the Johnson-Ardagh and the Macartney-MacDonald lines were used on British maps of India.<ref name="Guruswamy"/>{{unreliable source?|date=October 2019|reason=See [[Talk:Sino-Indian War#Sources]]}} Until at least 1908, the British took the Macdonald line to be the boundary,{{sfnp|Woodman|1970|pp=79}} but in 1911, the [[Xinhai Revolution]] resulted in the collapse of central power in China, and by the end of [[World War I]], the British officially used the Johnson Line. However, they took no steps to establish outposts or assert actual control on the ground. In 1927, the line was adjusted again as the government of British India abandoned the Johnson line in favour of a line along the Karakoram range further south. However, the maps were not updated and still showed the Johnson Line.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

[[File:Postal Map of China ,1917.jpg|thumb|right|Postal map of China published by the Government of China in 1917. The boundary in Aksai Chin is as per the Johnson line.]]
From 1917 to 1933, the ''Postal Atlas of China'', published by the Government of China in Peking had shown the boundary in Aksai Chin as per the Johnson line, which runs along the [[Kunlun Mountains]].<ref name=HimalayanFrontiers /><ref name=middlepath /> The ''Peking University Atlas'', published in 1925, also put the Aksai Chin in India.<ref name="HimalayanBground" />{{rp|101}} When British officials learned of Soviet officials surveying the Aksai Chin for [[Sheng Shicai]], warlord of [[Xinjiang]] in 1940–1941, they again advocated the Johnson Line. At this point, the British had still made no attempts to establish outposts or control over the Aksai Chin, nor was the issue ever discussed with the governments of China or Tibet, and the boundary remained undemarcated at India's independence.<ref name="Calvin1">{{cite book
| last =Calvin
| first =James Barnard
| date =April 1984
| url =
| title =The China-India Border War
| publisher =Marine Corps Command and Staff College
}}</ref><ref name="Orton p. 24">{{cite book | last=Orton | first=A. | title=India's Borderland Disputes: China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal | publisher=Epitome Books | isbn=978-93-80297-25-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vcwkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 | page=24 | access-date=25 February 2024 | archive-date=13 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813235315/https://books.google.com/books?id=vcwkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Since 1947 ====
Upon [[Indian independence movement|independence]] in 1947, the government of India fixed its official boundary in the west, which included the Aksai Chin, in a manner that resembled the Ardagh–Johnson Line. India's basis for defining the border was "chiefly by long usage and custom".{{sfnp|Raghavan|2010|p=235}} Unlike the Johnson line, India did not claim the northern areas near [[Shahidulla]] and [[Khotan]]. From the Karakoram Pass (which is not under dispute), the Indian claim line extends northeast of the Karakoram Mountains north of the salt flats of the Aksai Chin, to set a boundary at the [[Kunlun Mountains]], and incorporating part of the [[Karakash River]] and [[Yarkand River]] watersheds. From there, it runs east along the Kunlun Mountains, before turning southwest through the Aksai Chin salt flats, through the Karakoram Mountains, and then to [[Pangong Lake]].<ref name="Neville_Maxwell"/>

On 1 July 1954, Prime Minister [[Nehru]] wrote a memo directing that the maps of India be revised to show definite boundaries on all frontiers. Up to this point, the boundary in the [[Aksai Chin]] sector, based on the Johnson Line, had been described as "undemarcated".<ref name="Noorani"/>

=== Trans-Karakoram Tract ===
{{main|Trans-Karakoram Tract}}
The Johnson Line is not used west of the [[Karakoram Pass]], where China adjoins Pakistan-administered [[Gilgit–Baltistan]]. On 13 October 1962, China and Pakistan began negotiations over the boundary west of the Karakoram Pass. In 1963, the two countries settled their boundaries largely based on the Macartney–MacDonald Line, which left the [[Trans Karakoram Tract]] approximately {{cvt|5,180|km2}} to {{cvt|5,300|km2}} in China, although the agreement provided for renegotiation in the event of a settlement of the Kashmir conflict. India does not recognise that Pakistan and China have a common border, and claims the tract as part of the domains of the pre-1947 state of Kashmir and Jammu. However, India's claim line in that area does not extend as far north of the [[Karakoram]] Mountains as the Johnson Line. China and India still have disputes over these borders.<ref name="Neville_Maxwell"/>

=== The McMahon Line ===
{{main|McMahon Line}}
[[File:China India eastern border 88.jpg|thumb|right|The McMahon Line is the northern border of the red tinted disputed area.]]

British India annexed [[Assam]] in northeastern India in 1826, by [[Treaty of Yandabo]] at the conclusion of the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]] (1824–1826). After subsequent [[Anglo-Burmese Wars]], the whole of Burma was annexed, giving the British a border with China's [[Yunnan]] province. In 1913–14, representatives of the United Kingdom, China, and [[Tibet]] attended a conference in [[Shimla|Simla]], India, and drew up an agreement concerning Tibet's status and borders. The McMahon Line, a proposed boundary between Tibet and India for the eastern sector, was drawn by British negotiator [[Henry McMahon (diplomat)|Henry McMahon]] on a map attached to the agreement. All three representatives initialled the agreement, but Beijing soon objected to the proposed Sino-Tibet boundary and repudiated the agreement, refusing to sign the final, more detailed map. After approving a note which stated that China could not enjoy rights under the agreement unless it ratified it, the British and Tibetan negotiators signed the Simla Convention and a more detailed map as a bilateral accord. [[Neville Maxwell]] states that McMahon had been instructed not to sign bilaterally with Tibetans if China refused, but he did so without the Chinese representative present and then kept the declaration secret.<ref name="Neville_Maxwell"/>

V. K. Singh argues that the basis of these boundaries, accepted by British India and Tibet, was that the historical boundaries of India were the [[Himalayas]] and the areas south of the Himalayas were traditionally Indian and associated with India. The high watershed of the Himalayas was proposed as the border between India and its northern neighbours. India's government held the view that the Himalayas were the ancient boundaries of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and thus should be the modern boundaries of British India and later the [[India|Republic of India]].<ref name="VKSingh">{{cite journal |first=V. K. |last=Singh |url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2006/562/562-vk-singh.htm |title=Resolving the boundary dispute |date=June 2006 |journal=Seminar |issue=562 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018213033/http://www.india-seminar.com/2006/562/562-vk-singh.htm |archive-date=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Chinese boundary markers, including one set up by the newly created Chinese Republic, stood near [[Walong]] until January 1914, when T. O'Callaghan, an assistant administrator of [[North East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA)'s eastern sector, relocated them north to locations closer to the McMahon Line (albeit still South of the Line). He then went to Rima, met with Tibetan officials, and saw no Chinese influence in the area.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

By signing the [[Simla Convention]] with Tibet, the British had violated the [[Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907]], in which both parties were not to negotiate with Tibet, "except through the intermediary of the Chinese Government", as well as the [[Anglo-Chinese Convention of 1906]], which bound the British government "not to annex Tibetan territory".<ref name="Gupta">{{cite magazine |first=Karunakar |last=Gupta |title=The McMahon Line 1911–45: The British Legacy |magazine=The China Quarterly |issue=47 |date=July–September 1971 |pages=521–545 |jstor=652324}}</ref> Because of doubts concerning the legal status of the accord, the British did not put the McMahon Line on their maps until 1937, nor did they publish the Simla Convention in the treaty record until 1938. Rejecting Tibet's 1913 declaration of independence, China argued that the Simla Convention and McMahon Line were illegal and that the Tibetan government was merely a local government without treaty-making powers.<ref name="Neville_Maxwell" />

The British records show that the Tibetan government's acceptance of the new border in 1914 was conditional on China accepting the Simla Convention. Since the British were not able to get acceptance from China, Tibetans considered the McMahon Line invalid.<ref name="Shakya1999">{{cite book|first=Tsering|last=Shakya|title=The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dosnYnxzTD4C&pg=PA279|year=1999|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-11814-9|pages=279ff|access-date=31 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330183541/https://books.google.com/books?id=dosnYnxzTD4C&pg=PA279|archive-date=30 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Tibetan officials continued to administer [[Tawang District|Tawang]] and refused to concede territory during negotiations in 1938. The governor of Assam asserted that Tawang was "undoubtedly British" but noted that it was "controlled by Tibet, and none of its inhabitants have any idea that they are not Tibetan". During World War II, with India's east threatened by Japanese troops and with the threat of Chinese expansionism, British troops secured Tawang for extra defence.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

China's claim on areas south of the McMahon Line, encompassed in the NEFA, was based on the traditional boundaries. India believes that the boundaries China proposed in [[Ladakh]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]] have no written basis and no documentation of acceptance by anyone apart from China. The Indian government has argued that China claims the territory on the basis that it was under Chinese imperial control in the past,<ref name="VKSingh"/> while the Chinese government argues that India claims the territory on the basis that it was under British imperial control in the past.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Arthur A. |last=Stahnke |title=The Place of International Law in Chinese Strategy and Tactics: The Case of the Sino-Indian Boundary Dispute |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=30 |issue=1 |date=November 1970 |pages=95–119|doi=10.2307/2942725 |jstor=2942725 }}</ref> The last [[Qing Dynasty|Qing]] emperor's 1912 edict of abdication authorised its succeeding [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|republican government]] to form a union of "five peoples, namely, [[Manchus]], [[Han Chinese]], [[Mongols]], [[Hui people|Muslims]], and [[Tibetans]] ''together with their territory in its integrity''" (emphasis added).<ref>Qing Dynasty Edict of Abdication, translated by [[Bertram Lenox Simpson|Bertram Lenox Putnam Weale]], ''The Fight for the Republic in China'', London: Hurst & Blackett, Ltd. Paternoster House, E.C. 1918. "Muslims" was rendered as "Mohammedans" in the original translation.</ref> However, the practice that India does not place a claim to the regions which previously had the presence of the [[Mauryan Empire]] and [[Chola Dynasty]], but which were heavily influenced by Indian culture, further complicates the issue.<ref name="VKSingh"/>

India's claim line in the eastern sector follows its interpretation of the McMahon Line. The line drawn by McMahon on the [[Simla Accord (1914)#Maps|detailed 24–25 March 1914 Simla Treaty maps]] clearly starts at 27°45'40"N, a trijunction between Bhutan, China, and India, and from there, extends eastwards.<ref name="Neville_Maxwell"/> Most of the fighting in the eastern sector before the start of the war would take place immediately north of this line.<ref>{{cite web |first=A. G. |last=Noorani |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050326174852/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2017/stories/20030829001604900.htm |archive-date=2005-03-26 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2017/stories/20030829001604900.htm |url-status=dead |title=Perseverance in peace process |work=Frontline |date=29 August 2003}}</ref> However, India claimed that the ''intent'' of the treaty was to follow the main watershed ridge divide of the Himalayas based on memos from McMahon and the fact that over 90% of the McMahon Line does in fact follow the main watershed ridge divide of the Himalayas.{{cn|date=September 2024}} They claimed that territory south of the high ridges here near Bhutan (as elsewhere along most of the McMahon Line) should be Indian territory and north of the high ridges should be Chinese territory. In the Indian claim, the two armies would be separated from each other by the highest mountains in the world.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

During and after the 1950s, when India began patrolling this area and mapping in greater detail, they confirmed what the 1914 Simla agreement map depicted: six river crossings that interrupted the main Himalayan watershed ridge. At the westernmost location near Bhutan, north of Tawang, they modified their maps to extend their claim line northwards to include features such as Thag La ridge, Longju, and Khinzemane as Indian territory.<ref name="Neville_Maxwell"/> Thus, the Indian version of the McMahon Line moves the Bhutan-China-India trijunction north to 27°51'30"N from 27°45'40"N.<ref name="Neville_Maxwell"/> India would claim that the treaty map ran along features such as Thag La ridge, though the actual treaty map itself is topographically vague (as the treaty was not accompanied with demarcation) in places, shows a straight line (not a watershed ridge) near Bhutan and near Thag La, and the treaty includes no verbal description of geographic features nor description of the highest ridges.<ref name="Neville_Maxwell"/><ref>{{cite journal|first1=T. S.|last1=Murty|first2=Neville|last2=Maxwell|jstor=652270 |title=Tawang and 'The Un-Negotiated Dispute'|journal=The China Quarterly|issue=46|date=April–June 1971|volume=46 |pages=357–362|doi=10.1017/S0305741000010754 |s2cid=154868693 }}</ref>

=== Sikkim ===
[[File:1967-12 1967年10月4日中印边境冲突后印度领取尸体.jpg|thumb|India receives the body of a soldier after the Sino-Indian border conflict, 1967]]
The [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes]] were a series of military clashes in 1967 between India and China alongside the border of the Himalayan [[Kingdom of Sikkim]], then an Indian [[protectorate]]. The end of the conflicts saw a Chinese military withdrawal from Sikkim.

In 1975, the Sikkimese monarchy held a [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|referendum]], in which the Sikkimese voted overwhelmingly in favour of joining India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikkim (Indien), 14. April 1975: Abschaffung der Monarchie |trans-title=Sikkim (India), 14 April 1975: abolition of the monarchy |language=de |website=Datenbank und Suchmaschine für direkte Demokratie |trans-website=Database and Search Engine for Direct Democracy |date=14 April 1975 |url=http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=in011975 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818220430/http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=in011975 |archive-date=18 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/16/archives/sikkim-votes-to-end-monarchy-merge-with-india.html |title=Sikkim Votes to End Monarchy, Merge With India |date=16 April 1975 |newspaper=The New York Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819022845/http://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/16/archives/sikkim-votes-to-end-monarchy-merge-with-india.html |archive-date=19 August 2017}}</ref> At the time China protested and rejected it as illegal. The Sino-Indian Memorandum of 2003 was hailed as a ''de facto'' Chinese acceptance of the annexation.<ref name="Rajan">{{cite web|first=D. S. |last=Rajan |date=10 June 2008 |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cpapers28%5Cpaper2732.html |title=China: An internal Account of Startling Inside Story of Sino-Indian Border Talks |publisher=South Asia Analysis Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613183426/http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cpapers28%5Cpaper2732.html |archive-date=13 June 2010 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> China published a map showing Sikkim as a part of India and the Foreign Ministry deleted it from the list of China's "border countries and regions".<ref name="Rajan"/> However, the Sikkim-China border's northernmost point, "The Finger", continues to be the subject of dispute and military activity.<ref name="Sudha">{{cite news |first=Sudha |last=Ramachandran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905125703/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/JF27Df01.html |archive-date=2008-09-05 |title=China toys with India's border |website=Asia Times Online |date=27 June 2008 |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/JF27Df01.html |url-status=unfit}}</ref>

Chinese Prime Minister [[Wen Jiabao]] said in 2005 that "Sikkim is no longer the problem between China and India."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvCrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 |title=Handbook of India's International Relations |last=Scott |first=David |year=2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136811319 |pages=80 }}</ref>

== Boundary disputes ==
=== 1947–1962 ===
During the 1950s, the People's Republic of China built a {{convert|1200|km}} [[China National Highway 219|road]] connecting [[Xinjiang]] and western [[Tibet]], of which {{convert|179|km}} ran south of the Johnson Line through the Aksai Chin region claimed by India.<ref name="Neville_Maxwell"/> Aksai Chin was easily accessible from China, but for the Indians on the south side of the Karakoram, the mountain range proved to be a complication in their access to Aksai Chin.<ref name="Neville_Maxwell"/> The Indians did not learn of the existence of the road until 1957, which was confirmed when the road was shown in Chinese maps published in 1958.<ref name="Garver">* {{citation |last=Garver |first=John W. |chapter=China's Decision for War with India in 1962 |editor-first=Robert S. |editor-last=Ross |title=New Directions in the Study of China's Foreign Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCihrQEdPzAC |chapter-url=http://indianstrategicknowledgeonline.com/web/china%20decision%20for%201962%20war%202003.pdf |year=2006 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-5363-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828015135/https://books.google.com/books?id=DCihrQEdPzAC |archive-date=28 August 2017}}
</ref>

The Indian position, as argued by Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], was that the Aksai Chin was "part of the [[Ladakh]] region of India for centuries", in spite of the fact that Ladakh has been a traditional Tibetan kingdom.<ref name="Neville_Maxwell"/> The Chinese premier [[Zhou Enlai]] argued that the western border had never been delimited, that the Macartney-MacDonald Line, which left part of Aksai Chin within Chinese borders, was the only line ever proposed to a Chinese government. He also claimed that Aksai Chin was already under Chinese jurisdiction, and that negotiations should take into account the status quo.<ref name="Neville_Maxwell"/>

In 1960, Nehru and [[Zhou Enlai]] agreed to hold discussions between officials from India and China for examining the historical, political, and administrative basis of the boundary dispute.<ref name="HimalayanBground">{{harvp|Fisher|Rose|Huttenback|1963|p=91}}</ref> The two sides disagreed on the major watershed that defined the boundary in the western sector.<ref name="HimalayanBground" />{{rp|96}}

=== 1962 Sino-Indian War on Borderline ===
The 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]] was the boundary conflict in which boundary disputes formally resulting in a hot war. Based on the claims of [[McMahon Line]], India has been more and more provocative in the 1960s. For instance, in 1961 Indians built over 43 military strongholds on the Chinese side of line of the [[McMahon Line]].<ref>"Diplomatic Affairs of New China (First Series)", Editorial Office of Diplomatic History, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1990), p. 71. Quoted from "The CCP's Strategic Choices in Handling Border Disputes (1949-2009) — Verification of Defensive Realism", He Hanjie (2013), p. 154</ref> Despite several Chinese attempts of negotiations, Indians refused to negotiate, leading to tensions grew on the line of actual control. An editorial was published on 22 September named "If this can be tolerated, what cannot be tolerated?" by Chinese government on Chinese newspaper ''People's Daily'' as a warning to Indian provocation. <ref>"If this can be tolerated, what cannot be tolerated?" ''People's Daily'' (Beijing). 1962-09-22</ref>

On 20 October 1962 the People's Liberation Army had no choice but tried to protect the borderline and initiated counterattack to Indian forces. The battle has been an easy one for PLA as Indian forces failed to create effective defences. On 16 November 1962 four Chinese soldiers led by Guoxing Pang, unsupported and detached from other Chinese forces, even defeated a whole Indian artillery regiment unscathed and seized seven pieces of artillery.<ref>{{Cite web |title=战斗英雄--庞国兴_榆林市党史研究室 |url=http://www.yldsyjs.com/html/dangshiyinglie/2012/1017/29.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712155844/http://www.yldsyjs.com/html/dangshiyinglie/2012/1017/29.html |archive-date=2020-07-12 |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=www.yldsyjs.com}}</ref>

Indian defeat forced [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] ask [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]] for military aid. Two poles of cold war were then in great tension due to [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] until November 1962. Surprisingly China declared a unilateral ceasefire on 21 November 1962{{sfn|Maxwell|1970|p=}}{{pn|date=March 2026}} despite a huge military advantage and having expelled Indian army from all disputed areas. Many considered Chinese retreat was an attempt to avoidance of USA or Soviet intervention (and to a worsened Chinese diplomatic position) as the Cuban Missile Crisis had just been resolved. After this conflict the line of actual control remained unchanged.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

=== 1967 Nathu La and Cho La clashes ===
The [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes]] were a series of military clashes in 1967, between India and China alongside the border of the Himalayan Kingdom of Sikkim, then an Indian protectorate.<ref>{{cite news |last=Krishnan |first=Ananth|date=30 July 2017|title=The last Sikkim stand-off: When India gave China a bloody nose in 1967|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/asia/story/india-china-stand-off-sikkim-stand-off-tulung-la-nathu-la-pass-doklam-plateau-1021579-2017-06-30|newspaper=India Today|access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225173400/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/asia/story/india-china-stand-off-sikkim-stand-off-tulung-la-nathu-la-pass-doklam-plateau-1021579-2017-06-30|archive-date=25 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rana|first=Sonal|date=7 September 2018|title=Know about the Nathu La and Cho La clashes of 1967 that inspired Paltan|newspaper=The Statesman|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/1967-nathu-la-cho-la-clashes-paltan-story-1502681946.html|access-date=27 May 2020|archive-date=27 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127144459/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/1967-nathu-la-cho-la-clashes-paltan-story-1502681946.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Nathu La clashes started on 11 September 1967, when the People's Liberation Army (PLA) launched an attack on Indian posts at Nathu La, and lasted till 15 September 1967. In October 1967, another military duel took place at Cho La and ended on the same day.{{sfnp|Sali|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6y2E9gw5oIC&pg=PA101 101\ ]}} According to independent sources{{which|date=February 2023}}, the Indian forces achieved "decisive tactical advantage" and defeated the Chinese forces in these clashes. Many PLA fortifications at Nathu La were said to be destroyed, where the Indian troops drove back the attacking Chinese forces.<ref>{{cite news|last=Patranobis|first=Sutirtho |date=1 July 2017|title=Lessons for India and China from 1967 Nathu La clash|newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/lessons-for-india-and-china-from-1967-nathu-la-clash/story-IjZMtQb92D98pFgiCFN3ON.html|access-date=27 May 2020|url-status=live|archive-date=6 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106023950/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/lessons-for-india-and-china-from-1967-nathu-la-clash/story-IjZMtQb92D98pFgiCFN3ON.html}}</ref>

=== 1987 Sino Indian skirmish ===
{{Main|Sumdorong Chu standoff}}

The 1987 Sino-Indian skirmish was the third military conflict between the Chinese People's Liberation Army Ground Force and the Indian Army that occurred at the Sumdorong Chu Valley, with the previous one taking place 20 years earlier.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mil.qianlong.com/37076/2009/11/02/3943@5239534.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111110322/http://mil.qianlong.com/37076/2009/11/02/3943%405239534.htm|url-status=dead|title=1987中印边境冲突：印军最后时刻撤销攻击令 (1987 Sino-Indian skirmish military conflicts)|archive-date=11 November 2009}}</ref>

=== 1968–2017 ===
[[File:SINO-INDIAN BORDER DEFENSES CHUSHUL AREA CIA-RDP89B00569R000200120051-4.pdf|thumb|upright|right|SINO-INDIAN BORDER DEFENSES CHUSHUL AREA (CIA, 1963)]]
On 20 October 1975, 4 Indian soldiers were killed at [[Tulung La]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/forgotten-in-fog-of-war-the-last-firing-on-the-india-china-border/article31827344.ece|title=Forgotten in fog of war, the last firing on the India-China border|first=Ananth|last=Krishnan|date=14 June 2020|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=17 June 2020|archive-date=30 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230053651/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/forgotten-in-fog-of-war-the-last-firing-on-the-india-china-border/article31827344.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/1975-arunachal-ambush-the-last-time-indian-soldiers-died-in-clash-with-china-at-lac/442674/|title=1975 Arunachal ambush — the last time Indian soldiers died in clash with China at LAC|first=Srijan|last=Shukla|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=16 June 2020|access-date=17 June 2020|archive-date=17 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617075009/https://theprint.in/india/1975-arunachal-ambush-the-last-time-indian-soldiers-died-in-clash-with-china-at-lac/442674/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the official statement by the Indian government, a patrol of the Assam Rifles comprising a non-commissioned officer (NCO) and four other soldiers was ambushed by about 40 Chinese soldiers while in an area well within Indian territory, and which had been regularly patrolled for years without incident. Four members of the patrol unit were initially listed as missing before confirmation via diplomatic channels that they had been killed by the Chinese troops; their bodies were later returned. The Indian government registered a strong protest with the Chinese.<ref>{{cite web|title=Spokesman's Statement|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=1 November 1975|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EXTERNAL%20AFFAIRS/1975-SEPT-DEC-EXTERNAL-AFFAIRS-VOL-III/EXT-1975-11-01_145.pdf|access-date=23 June 2020|archive-date=26 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626122320/http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EXTERNAL%20AFFAIRS/1975-SEPT-DEC-EXTERNAL-AFFAIRS-VOL-III/EXT-1975-11-01_145.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2006, the Chinese ambassador to India claimed that all of Arunachal Pradesh is Chinese territory<ref name="Rediff">[http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/nov/14china.htm "Arunachal Pradesh is our territory": Chinese envoy] ''Rediff India Abroad,'' 14 November 2006. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108041416/http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/nov/14china.htm|date=8 November 2011}}</ref> amidst a military buildup.<ref>Subir Bhaumik, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11818840 "India to deploy 36,000 extra troops on Chinese border"], ''BBC'', 23 November 2010. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11818840]</ref> At the time, both countries claimed incursions as much as a kilometre at the northern tip of [[Sikkim]].<ref name="Sudha" /> In 2009, India announced it would deploy additional military forces along the border.<ref name="WSJ">{{citation|title=The China-India Border Brawl|date=24 June 2009|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124578881101543463.html|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923151949/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124578881101543463.html|archive-date=23 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, India proposed that China acknowledge a "One India" policy to resolve the border dispute.<ref>{{Cite news|last=何|first=宏儒|date=12 June 2014|title=外長會印向陸提一個印度政策|work=中央通訊社|location=新德里|url=http://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/201406120234-1.aspx|url-status=live|access-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227233221/http://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/201406120234-1.aspx|archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=印度外長敦促中國重申「一個印度」政策 |url=http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world/2014/09/140908_india_china|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227231948/http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world/2014/09/140908_india_china|archive-date=27 February 2017|access-date=27 February 2017|work=BBC 中文网|date=9 September 2014}}</ref>

{{Quote box
| align = left
| quote = The reactions of Indian officials to these successive incursions have also been to a pattern:
* Suppress information
* Deny
Who is misled when information is suppressed? […] Not the Chinese— […] Not other countries, be they the US or Vietnam [….] The people who are lulled are the people of India. And the object of lulling them is straightforward—not just that they should not come to think that their government has been negligent, but that they should not pressurize the government into doing anything more than what it is doing.
| author = [[Arun Shourie]]
| source = Self-Deception: India's China Policies, 2013<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shourie|first=Arun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNjiDwAAQBAJ|title=Self-Deception: India's China Policies|date=2013-09-01|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-93-5116-094-6|chapter=1|access-date=30 October 2020|archive-date=28 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228014759/https://books.google.com/books?id=iNjiDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
| width = 300px
}}

In April 2013 India claimed, referencing their own perception<ref name="Indian LAC perception">{{cite news
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chinas-Ladakh-intrusion-well-planned-but-govt-playing-it-down/articleshow/19733737.cms
| title = China's Ladakh Incursion Well-planned
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170819022845/http://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/16/archives/sikkim-votes-to-end-monarchy-merge-with-india.html
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| archive-date = 19 August 2017}}
</ref> of the Line of Actual Control (LAC) location, that [[People's Liberation Army|Chinese troops]] had [[2013 Daulat Beg Oldi Incident|established]] a camp in the [[Daulat Beg Oldi]] sector, {{cvt|10|km}} on their side of the Line of Actual Control. This figure was later revised to a {{cvt|19|km}} claim. According to Indian media, the incursion included Chinese military helicopters entering Indian airspace to drop supplies to the troops. However, Chinese officials denied any trespass having taken place.<ref>{{citation |title=India sends out doves, China sends in chopper |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/JAndK/After-incursion-China-s-helicopters-violate-Indian-airspace/Article1-1049762.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527155029/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/JAndK/After-incursion-China-s-helicopters-violate-Indian-airspace/Article1-1049762.aspx |archive-date=27 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/India-moves-in-more-troops-stand-off-with-china-escalates/Article1-1048784.aspx |title=India, China caught in a bitter face-off |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526205811/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/India-moves-in-more-troops-stand-off-with-China-escalates/Article1-1048784.aspx |archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> Soldiers from both countries briefly set up camps on the ill-defined frontier facing each other, but the tension was defused when both sides pulled back soldiers in early May.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-22423999 |title=India and China 'pull back troops' in disputed border area |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=14 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513174736/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-22423999 |archive-date=13 May 2015|date=6 May 2013 }}</ref> In September 2014, India and China had a standoff at the LAC, when Indian workers began constructing a canal in the border village of [[Demchok, Ladakh]], and Chinese civilians protested with the army's support. It ended after about three weeks, when both sides agreed to withdraw troops.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/27/world/asia/india-china-ladakh-dispute.html |title=India and China Step Back From Standoff in Kashmir |first=Hari |last=Kumar |date=26 September 2014a |newspaper=The New York Times|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720185413/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/27/world/asia/india-china-ladakh-dispute.html |archive-date=20 July 2016}}</ref> The Indian army claimed that the Chinese military had set up a camp {{cvt|3|km}} inside territory claimed by India.<ref>{{citation |title=Chinese and Indian troops in Himalayan standoff |work=Reuters |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-china-idINKCN0HI10C20140923 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911230230/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-china-idINKCN0HI10C20140923 |archive-date=11 September 2016|date=23 September 2014 }}</ref>

In September 2015, Chinese and Indian troops faced off in the Burtse region of [[Ladakh|northern Ladakh]] after Indian troops dismantled a disputed watchtower the Chinese were building close to the mutually agreed patrolling line.<ref>{{citation |title=India-China troops face-off near Line of Actual Control in Ladakh |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-china-troops-face-off-near-line-of-actual-control-in-ladakh/articleshow/48937565.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915004913/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-china-troops-face-off-near-line-of-actual-control-in-ladakh/articleshow/48937565.cms |archive-date=15 September 2015 |date=13 July 2018 }}</ref>

=== 2017 Doklam military standoff ===
{{image frame
| content={{Chart|definition=Incidents at the Sino-Indian border 2015-2019.chart|data=Incidents at the Sino-Indian border 2015-2019.tab|Width=300}}
| width=465
| caption=Major sites of Chinese transgressions on the LAC (2015–2019) per official [[Indian Army]] and [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] data<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chinese-transgression-line-of-actual-control-indian-territory-galwan-river-6423131/|title = Chinese troops focus on 4 LAC locations, test new areas in Ladakh|date = 23 May 2020|access-date = 24 February 2021|archive-date = 8 March 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210308165419/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chinese-transgression-line-of-actual-control-indian-territory-galwan-river-6423131///|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aksai-chin-army-big-surge-in-chinese-transgressions-most-of-them-in-ladakh-6421674/|title = Big surge in Chinese transgressions, most of them in Ladakh|date = 22 May 2020|access-date = 24 February 2021|archive-date = 8 March 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210308130307/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aksai-chin-army-big-surge-in-chinese-transgressions-most-of-them-in-ladakh-6421674/|url-status = live}}</ref>
| border=no
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In June, [[2017 China–India border standoff|a military standoff occurred between India and China]] in the disputed territory of [[Doklam]], near the Doka La pass. On 16 June 2017, the Chinese brought heavy road-building equipment to the Doklam region and began constructing a road in the disputed area.<ref name="cf.orfonline.org">Manoj Joshi, [http://cf.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/ORF_SpecialReport_40_Doklam.pdf/ Doklam: To Start at the Very Beginning] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030195901/http://cf.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/ORF_SpecialReport_40_Doklam.pdf |date=30 October 2017 }}</ref> Previously, China had built a dirt road terminating at Doka La, where Indian troops were stationed.<ref name="cf.orfonline.org"/> They would conduct foot patrol from this point up till the Royal Bhutanese Army (RBA) post at Jampheri Ridge.<ref name="cf.orfonline.org"/> The dispute that ensued post 16 June stemmed from the fact that the Chinese had begun building a road below Doka La, in what India and Bhutan claim to be disputed territory.<ref name="cf.orfonline.org"/> This resulted in Indian intervention in China's road construction on 18 June, two days after construction began. Bhutan claims that the Chinese have violated the written agreements between the two countries that were drawn up in 1988 and 1998 after extensive rounds of talks.<ref name="thewire.In">Manoj Joshi, [https://thewire.in/159407/doklam-india-china-bhutan/ Doklam, Gipmochi, Gyemochen: It's Hard Making Cartographic Sense of a Geopolitical Quagmire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804013614/https://thewire.in/159407/doklam-india-china-bhutan/ |date=4 August 2017 }}</ref> The agreements drawn state that the status quo must be maintained in the Doklam area as of before March 1959.<ref name="thewire.In"/> It is these agreements that China has violated by constructing a road below Doka La. A series of statements from each country's respective External Affairs ministries were issued defending each country's actions. Due to the ambiguity of earlier rounds of border talks beginning from the 1890 Anglo-Chinese Convention that was signed in Kolkata on 17 March 1890, each country refers to different agreements drawn when trying to defend its position on the border dispute.<ref name="cf.orfonline.org"/><ref name="thewire."/> Following the incursion, on 28 June, the Chinese military claimed that India had blocked the construction of a road that was taking place in China's sovereign territory.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">HT Correspondent [http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/blow-by-blow-a-timeline-of-india-china-face-off-over-doklam/story-qBIEwZI7kUcXxNmCfHzHCP.html/ Blow by blow: A timeline of India, China face-off over Doklam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107221256/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/blow-by-blow-a-timeline-of-india-china-face-off-over-doklam/story-qBIEwZI7kUcXxNmCfHzHCP.html |date=7 November 2017 }}</ref> On 30 June, India's Foreign Ministry claimed that China's road construction in violation of the status quo had security implications for India.<ref>A Staff Writer [http://www.livemint.com/Politics/cnn184rRa6dVvFKfivST8M/A-timeline-to-the-Doklam-standoff.html/ Doklam standoff ends: A timeline of events over the past 2 months] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102221257/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/cnn184rRa6dVvFKfivST8M/A-timeline-to-the-Doklam-standoff.html |date=2 November 2017 }}</ref> Following this, on 5 July, Bhutan issued a demarche asking China to restore the status quo as of before 16 June.<ref>Shishir Gupta, [http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bhutan-ticks-off-beijing-registers-protest-over-border-dispute-that-sparked-india-china-face-off-in-sikkim/story-fGygCbDjZbPi33qSPRBw6H.html/ Bhutan issues demarche to Beijing, protests over India-China border row] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102215149/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bhutan-ticks-off-beijing-registers-protest-over-border-dispute-that-sparked-india-china-face-off-in-sikkim/story-fGygCbDjZbPi33qSPRBw6H.html |date=2 November 2017 }}</ref> Throughout July and August, the Doklam issue remained unresolved. On 28 August, India issued a statement saying that both countries have agreed to "expeditious disengagement" in the Doklam region.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/>

In 2019, India and China decided to coordinate border patrolling at one disputed point along the LAC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2020: Annual Report to Congress|url=https://media.defense.gov/2020/Sep/01/2002488689/-1/-1/1/2020-DOD-CHINA-MILITARY-POWER-REPORT-FINAL.PDF|access-date=|website=30 January 2021|publisher=Office of the Secretary of Defense|page=10|archive-date=6 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106115720/https://media.defense.gov/2020/Sep/01/2002488689/-1/-1/1/2020-DOD-CHINA-MILITARY-POWER-REPORT-FINAL.PDF|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2020–2022 skirmishes ===
{{Main|2020–2022 China–India skirmishes|Timeline of the 2020–2022 China–India skirmishes}}

In June 2020, Indian and Chinese troops engaged in a brawl in the [[Galwan River]] valley, which reportedly led to the deaths of 20 Indian soldiers. International media claimed 40+ Chinese soldiers had been killed, but this number was not confirmed by Chinese authorities.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Kumar|first2=Hari|last3=Yasir|first3=Sameer|date=16 June 2020|title=3 Indian Soldiers Killed in First Deadly Clash on Chinese Border in Decades|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/16/world/asia/indian-china-border-clash.html|access-date=16 June 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616084004/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/16/world/asia/indian-china-border-clash.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/over-40-chinese-troops-killed-in-galwan-valley-violent-clash-sources-2291138.html|title=Indian soldiers killed over 40 Chinese troops during Galwan Valley clashes, captured PLA Colonel|date=21 June 2020|website=Zee News|access-date=25 June 2020|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621131745/https://zeenews.india.com/india/over-40-chinese-troops-killed-in-galwan-valley-violent-clash-sources-2291138.html|url-status=live}}</ref> China has since enhanced its position in the border area through [[Chinese salami slicing strategy|salami-slicing]] tactics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mehrotra |first=Karishma |date=2025-11-12 |title=China made quiet border advances as ties warmed, Indian critics warn |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/11/12/india-china-border-ladakh/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

== Timeline ==
{{India China border timeline}}

== Boundary discussions ==
{{See also|2024 India-China Border Patrol Agreement}}
One of the first sets of formal talks between China and India on the border was following Zhou Enlai's visit to India from 19 to 25 April 1960.{{Sfnp|Westcott|2017|p=314}} Following this, there were a further three sessions of talks, the "Official's" talks, between 15 June-6 July 1960; 15 August-24 September 1960; and 7 November-12 December 1960.{{Sfnp|Westcott|2017|p=314}} These discussions produced the '[[Report of the Officials on the Boundary Question|Report of the Officials on the boundary question]]'.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Patranobis|first=Sutirtho|date=2017-12-21|title=India-China border talks and war: Here is how it all began|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/india-china-border-talks-and-war-here-is-how-it-all-began/story-ncZh1mxT2vRjwRRD4l2PMI.html|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525062406/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/india-china-border-talks-and-war-here-is-how-it-all-began/story-ncZh1mxT2vRjwRRD4l2PMI.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Boundary discussions have covered micro and macro issues of the dispute. At a local level, localised disputes and related events such as de-engagement and de-escalation are tackled. Wider overarching issues include discussion related to a package settlement versus sector-wise,{{Sfnp|Sali|1998|p=104}} clarification of the LAC and border and accordingly the exchange of maps,<ref>{{Cite web|date=1996|title=Agreement between India and China on Confidence-Building Measures in the Military Field along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas|url=https://peacemaker.un.org/chinaindiaconfidenceagreement96#:~:text=This%20agreement%20provides%20for%20border,levels%20in%20the%20border%20areas.|access-date=2021-02-27|website=peacemaker.un.org|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411110037/https://peacemaker.un.org/chinaindiaconfidenceagreement96#:~:text=This%20agreement%20provides%20for%20border,levels%20in%20the%20border%20areas.|url-status=live}}</ref> and delinking or linking the boundary dispute to other bilateral ties.<ref>{{cite news|date=5 August 2020|title=Keep border dispute & bilateral ties separate, China tells India|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/keep-border-dispute-bilateral-ties-separate-china-tells-india/articleshow/77362414.cms|access-date=16 September 2020|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928183434/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/keep-border-dispute-bilateral-ties-separate-china-tells-india/articleshow/77362414.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Package proposal ===
China made the so-called "package" offer in 1960, which again came to the table in 1980–85. As explained by former foreign secretary [[Shyam Saran]], China "would be prepared to accept an alignment in the Eastern Sector, in general conforming to the McMahon Line, but India would have to concede Aksai Chin to China in the Western Sector [...] For the Central Sector, the differences were regarded as relatively minor and manageable."<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Saran|first=Shyam|date=12 May 2015|title=An Out of the Box Solution to the India-China Boundary Dispute?|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/not-quite-out-of-the-box-right-yet|access-date=2021-03-05|website=The Wire|archive-date=13 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313050617/https://thewire.in/diplomacy/not-quite-out-of-the-box-right-yet|url-status=live}}</ref> In other words, China "offered to hold 26% of the disputed land".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fravel|first=M. Taylor|date=October 2005|title=Regime Insecurity and International Cooperation: Explaining China's Compromises in Territorial Disputes |journal=International Security|volume=30|issue=2|pages=56|doi=10.1162/016228805775124534|s2cid=56347789 |issn=0162-2889|quote=China offered to hold 26% of the disputed land}}</ref> In 1985, China made modifications to the package— "the Indian side would have to make significant and meaningful concessions in the Eastern Sector... for which China would make corresponding but undefined concessions in the Western Sector". Additionally, [[Tawang]] was brought up "as indispensable to any boundary settlement". These changes in the package proposal by China remained till at least 2015.<ref name=":7" />

=== Linking border and other bilateral relations ===
During the first round of renewed talks between China and India in December 1981, China suggested maintaining the status quo on the border question, and in the meantime other relations could be normalized.{{Sfnp|Ganguly|1989|p=1126}} By the fourth round in October 1983 the Indian negotiators agreed to normalization in other areas.{{Sfnp|Ganguly|1989|pp=1127–1128}} This aspect of linking or de-linking border relations resurfaced in the [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=5 August 2020|title=Keep border dispute & bilateral ties separate, China tells India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/keep-border-dispute-bilateral-ties-separate-china-tells-india/articleshow/77362414.cms|access-date=2021-03-06|website=The Times of India|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928183434/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/keep-border-dispute-bilateral-ties-separate-china-tells-india/articleshow/77362414.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Legal positions ===
In the 1980s, during the beginning of talks between the two countries, India made it clear that it would not discuss the legal position of either side as it had already been documented in the 1960 Official's report.{{Sfnp|Ganguly|1989|p=1127}}

=== Political initiatives ===
During the eighth round of talks in November 1987, in the background of the Sumdorong Chu standoff, the negotiators on both sides concluded that apart from these bureaucratic-level talks, a political move was needed.{{Sfnp|Ganguly|1989|p=1131}}

== Dispute management and resolution mechanism ==
Indian spokesperson for the Ministry of External Affairs stated in May 2020 that there were enough bilateral mechanisms to solve border disputes diplomatically.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Gill|first=Prabhjote|date=29 May 2020|title=India says there are five treaties to push the Chinese army behind the Line of Actual Control⁠ – while experts tell Modi to remain cautious|work=[[Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/five-treaties-to-address-india-china-border-issue-experts-warn-modi-to-remain-cautious/articleshow/76085340.cms|access-date=3 June 2020|archive-date=4 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604075816/https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/five-treaties-to-address-india-china-border-issue-experts-warn-modi-to-remain-cautious/articleshow/76085340.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|date=29 May 2020|title=India-China activate 5 pacts to defuse LAC tensions|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-china-activates-5-pacts-to-defuse-lac-tensions/articleshow/76083868.cms|access-date=3 June 2020|archive-date=29 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529192830/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-china-activates-5-pacts-to-defuse-lac-tensions/articleshow/76083868.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=11 April 2005|title=Agreement between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India-China Boundary Question|url=https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/6534/|access-date=20 June 2020|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703011309/https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/6534/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/External%20Affairs/16_External_Affairs_22.pdf|title=Sino-India relations including Doklam, Situation and Cooperation in International Organizations (2017–18)|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032852/http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/External%20Affairs/16_External_Affairs_22.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> However, some critics say that these agreements are "deeply flawed".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sudarshan|first=V.|date=1 June 2020|title=A phantom called the Line of Actual Control|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-phantom-called-the-line-of-actual-control/article31717488.ece|access-date=3 June 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603120445/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-phantom-called-the-line-of-actual-control/article31717488.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Bilateral mechanisms ===
Bodies/mechanisms have been formed as per bilateral agreements to consult on the boundary question:
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" width="25%" |Dispute resolution mechanism name
! rowspan="2" | Abbr.
! rowspan="2" | Date proposed
! colspan="2" width="35%" |Formed on/via
! rowspan="2" | First round
! rowspan="2" | Last round
! rowspan="2" | Total rounds
! rowspan="2" | Status
|-
! width="10%" |Date
! width="25%" |Statement/Agreement
|-
| [[India-China Joint Working Group on the boundary question]]
| JWG
| –
| 1988<ref name=":0" />
| Joint Press Communique
| 30 June-4 July 1989{{Sfnp|Westcott|2017|p=314}}
| –
| –
| –
|-
| India-China Diplomatic and Military Expert Group
| EG
| –
| 7 September 1993<ref name=":0" />
| Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement
| 2–4 February 1994{{Sfnp|Sali|1998|p=126}}
| –
| –
| –
|-
| [[Special Representative mechanism on the India-China boundary question|Special Representatives mechanism on the boundary question]]
| SR/SRM
| 1979
| 23 June 2003<ref name=":1" />
| Declaration on Principles for Relations and Comprehensive Cooperation
| 26 October 2003{{Sfnp|Westcott|2017|p=316}}
| 21 December 2019<ref>{{Cite web|title=22nd Meeting of Special Representatives of China and India Held in New Delhi (21 December 2019)|url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1726791.shtml|access-date=2021-03-01|website=www.fmprc.gov.cn|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304140231/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1726791.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 22
| Functional
|-
| [[Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs]]
| WMCC
| 2010
| 17 January 2012<ref name=":5" />
| Agreement on the Establishment of a Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination
| 6 March 2012{{Sfnp|Kumar|2014|p=86}}
| 18 December 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=20th meeting of Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs (December 18, 2020)|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33314/20th+meeting+of+Working+Mechanism+for+Consultation+amp+Coordination+on+IndiaChina+Border+Affairs|access-date=2021-03-01|website=www.mea.gov.in|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225102927/https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33314/20th+meeting+of+Working+Mechanism+for+Consultation+amp+Coordination+on+IndiaChina+Border+Affairs|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 20
| Functional
|-
| colspan="9" | Other: [[Border Personnel Meeting point]]s, Hotlines (6 hotlines as of July 2021),<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=1 August 2021|title=India, China establish sixth hotline between ground commanders along LAC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-china-establish-sixth-hotline-between-ground-commanders-along-lac/articleshow/84947628.cms|access-date=2021-08-02|website=The Times of India|archive-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801145524/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-china-establish-sixth-hotline-between-ground-commanders-along-lac/articleshow/84947628.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> normal diplomatic channels
|}
Following the 1962 boundary war, official border talks started in December 1981.{{Sfnp|Westcott|2017|p=314}} There were eight rounds of these talks, with the eighth round being in 1987.{{Sfnp|Westcott|2017|p=314}} In 1988, through a joint press communique, the border talks were formalized as the 'India-China Joint Working Group on the Boundary Question' (JWG). The JWG met 15 times, the final meeting being in 2005. In 2003, the Special Representatives Mechanism (SRM) was set up as per the 'Declaration on Principles for Relations and Comprehensive Cooperation'.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Shankar|first=Mahesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_t0DwAAQBAJ|title=The China-India Rivalry in the Globalization Era|date=2018-09-03|publisher=Georgetown University Press|isbn=978-1-62616-600-4|editor-last=Paul|editor-first=T. V.|pages=40–41|chapter=2: Territory and the China-India Competition|access-date=19 March 2021|archive-date=13 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813235327/https://books.google.com/books?id=3_t0DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2005, another agreement mentioned that the JWG, the "India-China Diplomatic and Military Expert Group", and the "Special Representatives on the boundary question" would carry on with their work and consultations.<ref name=":1" /> Other than agreements directly related to the border, there have been numerous agreements that worked on other aspects of the bilateral relations such as a memorandum of understanding on military relations that was signed in 2006, that in turn affected the border situation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Das|first=Rup Narayan|date=October 2010|title=India-China Defence Cooperation and Military Engagement|url=https://idsa.in/system/files/jds_4_4_rndas.pdf|journal=Journal of Defence Studies|volume=4|issue=4|pages=117|access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705203217/https://idsa.in/system/files/jds_4_4_rndas.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 April 2005|title=Joint Statement of the Republic of India and the People's Republic of China|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/6577/Joint_Statement_of_the_Republic_of_India_and_the_Peoples_Republic_of_China|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India|archive-date=6 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206073812/https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/6577/Joint_Statement_of_the_Republic_of_India_and_the_Peoples_Republic_of_China|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Bilateral agreements ===
{{Tree list}}
* India-China border-related agreements
** 1988: [[India-China Joint Working Group on the boundary question]]
** Trade
*** 1991: Memorandum on the Resumption of Border Trade
*** 1992: Protocol on Entry and Exit Procedures for Border Trade
*** 2003: Memorandum on Expanding Border Trade
** Confidence-building measures
*** 1993: [[Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993]]
*** 1996: [[Agreement on Military Confidence Building Measures, 1996|Agreement on Military Confidence Building Measures]]
*** 2005: Protocol for the Implementation of Military Confidence Building Measures
** Political measures
*** 2003: Declaration on Principles for Relations and Comprehensive Cooperation
*** 2005: [[Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India-China Boundary Question, 2005|Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India-China Boundary Question]]
** 2012: Agreement on the Establishment of a [[Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs]]
** 2013: [[Border Defence Cooperation Agreement]]
** 2020: 5-point statement
{{Tree list/end}}

=== Bilateral military communication channels ===
==== Border meeting points ====
{{OSM Location map
| float =
| width= 400
| coord = {{coord|33.0|84.0}}
| mark-coord = {{coord|33.556 |78.722 }} |label =Chushul |label-pos = right
| mark-coord1 = {{coord|27.386844 |88.831142}} |label1=Nathu La |label-pos1 = left
| mark-coord2 = {{coord|27.7233 |91.8916}} |label2=Bum La |label-pos2 = top
| mark-coord3 = {{coord|28.284167 |97.015556}} |label3=Kibithu |label-pos3 = left
| mark-coord4 = {{coord|35.39 |77.925 }} |label4=Daulet Beg Oldi|label-pos4 = right
| mark-coord5 = {{coord|30.23408 |81.028805}} |label5=Lipulekh Pass |label-pos5 = right | mark5 = Blue pog.svg | label-color5 = blue
| mark-coord6 = {{coord|31.354035 |79.212855}} |label6=proposed |label-pos6 = right | mark6 = Blue pog.svg | label-color6 = blue
| zoom = 4
| caption = '''Border Personnel Meeting points''' (existing in red, proposed/discussed in blue)
}}
There are five [[Border Personnel Meeting point]]s (BPM) for holding rounds of dispute resolution talks among the military personnel with a defined escalation path, such as first between colonels, then between brigadiers, and finally between major generals.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|last=Mitra|first=Devirupa|date=6 June 2020|title=Ahead of Border Talks With China, India Still Unclear of Reason Behind Troops Stand-Off|url=https://thewire.in/external-affairs/exclusive-india-china-ladakh-border-dialogue|access-date=6 June 2020|work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|quote=On Saturday, Indian and Chinese military officials of Lieutenant General-rank are likely to meet at a border personnel meeting (BPM)... The various BPM meetings – led first by colonels, then brigadiers, and then finally over three rounds by major general-rank officers – have until now yielded no results.|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606082915/https://thewire.in/external-affairs/exclusive-india-china-ladakh-border-dialogue|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Gupta|first=Shishir|date=5 June 2020|title=Ahead of today's meet over Ladakh standoff, India signals a realistic approach|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ahead-of-talks-with-china-over-ladakh-standoff-india-signals-a-realistic-approach/story-yhfSaZk0vucG6f1vPKZHrK.html|access-date=6 June 2020|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605154355/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ahead-of-talks-with-china-over-ladakh-standoff-india-signals-a-realistic-approach/story-yhfSaZk0vucG6f1vPKZHrK.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Of these five BPM, two are in the Indian [[Union Territory]] of [[Ladakh]] or India's western (northern) sector corresponding to China's Southern Xinxiang Military District, one in [[Sikkim]] and two in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in India's central and eastern sectors corresponding to China's Tibet Military District.

==== Hotlines ====
Negotiations for an inter-military hotline started in 2012. It was initially planned for communication between India's [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] and PLA's [[Chengdu Military Region|Chengdu Military Region Command]]. Negotiations for the Director General of Military Operations (DGMOs) level hotline continued in 2013. In 2014, a hotline was set up between the DGMOs of both countries.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Anit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQQBCwAAQBAJ|title=India's Naval Strategy and Asian Security|last2=Mohan|first2=C. Raja|date=2015-11-19|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-36134-3|pages=163|access-date=24 July 2021|archive-date=13 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813235327/https://books.google.com/books?id=mQQBCwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, both countries agreed to set up a hotline between their foreign ministers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=26 February 2021|title=India, China agree to set up hotline for sorting out issues|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/india-china-agree-to-set-up-hotline-for-sorting-out-issues-218002|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Tribune India|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183455/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/india-china-agree-to-set-up-hotline-for-sorting-out-issues-218002|url-status=live}}</ref> By 31 July 2021, six hotlines had been set up between commanders; 2 in Ladakh, 2 in Sikkim and 2 in Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name=":8" />

==== Corps Commander Level Meetings ====
'Corps Commander Level Meetings' during the [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes]] allowed both sides to exchange perspectives and was seen as an important way to keep communication open.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 April 2021|title=11th Round of India-China Corps Commander Level Meeting|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33792/11th_Round_of_IndiaChina_Corps_Commander_Level_Meeting|access-date=2021-08-02|website=www.mea.gov.in|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India|quote=The two sides had a detailed exchange of views for the resolution of the remaining issues...|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724013659/https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33792/11th_Round_of_IndiaChina_Corps_Commander_Level_Meeting|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Liu|first=Xuecheng|date=June 2021|title=Putting the Border Dispute in Historical Context|url=https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/JIPA/IndoPacificPerspectives/June%202021/IPP%20June%202021.pdf|journal=The Air Force Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs: Indo-Pacific Perspectives|quote=...mechanisms such as the China-India Corps Commander Level Meeting, which has played an important role in facilitating communication between the two sides.|via=Air University (United States Air Force)|access-date=2 August 2021|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802122547/https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/JIPA/IndoPacificPerspectives/June%202021/IPP%20June%202021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The length of these meetings varied from 9 hours<ref>{{Cite web|last=Negi|first=Manjeet|date=31 July 2021|title=Ladakh standoff: India, China end 12th Corps Commander-level talks after 9 hours|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ladakh-conflict-india-china-end-12th-corps-commander-level-talks-1835201-2021-07-31|access-date=2021-08-02|website=India Today|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731150533/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ladakh-conflict-india-china-end-12th-corps-commander-level-talks-1835201-2021-07-31|url-status=live}}</ref> to over 12 hours.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=21 September 2020|title=Army commanders of India, China hold over 12-hour-long talks to ease Ladakh standoff|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-commanders-of-india-china-hold-over-12-hour-long-talks-to-ease-ladakh-standoff/articleshow/78240398.cms|access-date=2021-08-02|website=The Times of India|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802122545/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-commanders-of-india-china-hold-over-12-hour-long-talks-to-ease-ladakh-standoff/articleshow/78240398.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the military, the chief of the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] and a Ministry of External Affairs representative were also present.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Philip|first1=Snehesh Alex|last2=Basu|first2=Nayanima|date=22 September 2020|title=India and China stick to demands, current ground positions in Ladakh could become status quo|work=ThePrint|url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-and-china-stick-to-demands-current-ground-positions-in-ladakh-could-become-status-quo/508449/|access-date=2 August 2021|archive-date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923020024/https://theprint.in/defence/india-and-china-stick-to-demands-current-ground-positions-in-ladakh-could-become-status-quo/508449/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=ANI|date=2020-09-21|title=India, China to hold sixth Corps Commander-level talks today: Report|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-china-to-hold-sixth-corps-commander-level-talks-today-report-120092100190_1.html|access-date=2021-08-02|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926061122/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-china-to-hold-sixth-corps-commander-level-talks-today-report-120092100190_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2024, India announced that it had reached an agreement over patrolling arrangements along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in the border area, which would lead to disengagement and resolution of the long-running conflict that began in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Amiti |date=2024-10-21 |title=LAC breakthrough: India, China agree on patrolling arrangements in border area |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/lac-breakthrough-india-china-agree-on-patrolling-arrangements-in-border-area/article68779840.ece |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

India and China started implementing an agreement to end a military standoff along their disputed Himalayan border. This marks a significant diplomatic development between the two countries since deadly clashes occurred between their armies four years ago. Both sides have agreed on phased disengagement steps aimed at reducing tensions along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), where troops have been deployed in proximity.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/india-china-start-pulling-back-troops-border-face-off-points-source-says-2024-10-25/ | title=India, China begin implementing new border pact, ending Himalayan face-off | work=Reuters | date=25 October 2024 | last1=Kaushik | first1=Krishn | last2=Chu | first2=Mei Mei | last3=Kaushik | first3=Krishn }}</ref>

== Geostrategic military aspects ==
=== Commands and troops deployment ===
{{anchor | Command | Sectors }}
{{see also|List of Indian Air Force stations|l1=Indian Airbases|List of People's Liberation Army Air Force airbases|l2=Chinese Airbases|:Category:Indian Army bases|l3=Indian Army bases|Western Theater Command|l4=China's bases along LAC|Patrol Point}}
[[File:Map_of_Western_Theatre_of_PLA.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Western Theater Command]] of China, area under integrated command.]]
{{multiple image |total_width=400 |direction=horizontal
| image1=Xinjiang prfc map2alt.png |caption1=Map of [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] with disputed areas claimed by China shown in blue.
| image2=Xizang prfc map.png |caption2=Map of [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] with disputed areas claimed by China shown in blue.
}}
[[Republic of China Armed Forces|Chinese Military]] has an integrated [[Western Theater Command]] (WTC) across the whole LAC with India. Western Theater Command also covers provinces of Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, and Chongqing. China has 5 integrated theater commands.<ref name=lac1>{{Cite web |url = http://tibet.net/2016/05/eye-on-india-china-raises-tibet-military-command-rank/ |title = Eye on India, China raises Tibet military command rank {{!}} Central Tibetan Administration |website = tibet.net |access-date = 1 October 2016 |archive-date = 7 November 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161107071553/http://tibet.net/2016/05/eye-on-india-china-raises-tibet-military-command-rank/ |url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Indian Armed Forces|Indian Military]] has divided the LAC into 3 sectors – the ''northern sector'' (some times also called ''western sector'') across [[Ladakh]] and the Chinese-held Aksai Chin, the ''central sector'' across [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttrakhand]] states, and the ''eastern sector'' across [[Sikkim]] and Arunachal Pradesh states.<ref name=euro1>[https://eurasiantimes.com/india-china-war-us-reports-explains-why-india-needs-to-use-its-air-force-to-incapacitate-china/ India-China War: US Study Explains Why Indian Air Force Could Outgun China In A Border Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727042837/https://eurasiantimes.com/india-china-war-us-reports-explains-why-india-needs-to-use-its-air-force-to-incapacitate-china/ |date=27 July 2020 }}, Eurasian Times, 24 July 2020.</ref><ref name=lac2>{{Cite web |url = https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/twisting-india-s-chicken-s-neck |title = Twisting India's Chicken's Neck |website = lowyinstitute.org |access-date = 18 July 2020 |archive-date = 18 July 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200718130100/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/twisting-india-s-chicken-s-neck |url-status = live }}</ref> Similarly, [[Indian Airforce]] has [[Prayagraj]]-based [[Western Air Command]], [[Delhi]]-based [[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]], and [[Shillong]]-based [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]] to cover the LAC.<ref name=euro1/> India, whose sole integrated command is [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]], is still going through [[Integrated Defence Staff|integration]] of its various geography and services based commands as of 2020.<ref name=int1>[https://theprint.in/defence/indian-armys-new-integrated-battle-groups-to-be-introduced-in-early-2020/326253/ Indian Army's new Integrated Battle Groups to be introduced in early 2020] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114053721/https://theprint.in/defence/indian-armys-new-integrated-battle-groups-to-be-introduced-in-early-2020/326253/ |date=14 January 2021 }}, [[The Print]], 26 November 2019.</ref><ref name=int2>[https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily- news-analysis/theatre-command-in-india Theatre Command in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807091734/https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily- |date=7 August 2020 }}, [[The Print]], 4 May 2019.</ref>

The [[Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs]] (BCSIA) carried out an independent analysis of troop deployment in 2020. Indian Army strike forces have 225,000 soldiers near its border, all of whom are focused on China. Numbers include 34,000 in the Northern Command, 15,500 in the Central Command, and 175,500 troops in the Eastern Command, including 3,000 soldiers of [[T-72]] tank brigade in Ladakh and 1,000 soldiers of [[BrahMos|BrahMos cruise missile]] regiment in Arunachal Pradesh. Of the 200,000 to 230,000 ground forces under China's Western Theater Command, only 110,000 are stationed on its border, while the rest are deployed on China's border with Russia in the North, inside Tibet and Xinjiang, or deployed elsewhere inside Western China. Of the Chinese troops stationed on the India border, mainly belonging to the [[76th Group Army]] and [[77th Group Army]], 70,000 are deployed in [[Southern Xinjiang Military District]] (corresponding to India's northern or western sector in Ladakh), and 40,000 are deployed in [[Tibet Military District]] (corresponding to India's central and eastern sector along with the rest of the LAC from Himachal Pradesh to Arunachal Pradesh). The remaining forces would not be available for deployment to the India border in the case of a wider conflict. This creates a disparity in terms of India's larger number of conventional troops (225,000) focused on the China border, compared to the smaller number of Chinese troops (90,000–120,000) focused on the Indian border, the majority of whom are deployed far from the Indian border, while Indian troops are deployed closer. In the case of conflict, while Indian troops are already in position on or near the border, China will have to mobilise troops mainly from Xinjiang and from other Western Theater Command troops inside China's interior.<ref name=euro1/>

Command deployment is as follows:<ref name=lac2/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="auto" style="text-align: center"
! colspan=2 | India
! rowspan=2 | China
|-
! Indian Army Sector / Commands
! Indian Air Force
|-
| Northern (also called "Western")<ref name=euro1/> (Ladakh)
| [[Western Air Command]] (Delhi)
| rowspan=3 | [[Western Theater Command]] (Xinjiang and Tibet)
|-
| Central (Himachal Pradesh and Uttrakhand)
| [[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]] (Prayagraj)
|-
| Eastern (Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh)
| [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]] (Shillong)
|}

=== Village construction ===
In 2024, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that, according to [[satellite imagery]], China had constructed villages along and inside of disputed territory within Arunachal Pradesh (territory which falls within India based on the McMahon Line, but is administered by China, due to it falling on the Chinese side of the Line of Actual Control).<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last1=Xiao |first1=Muyi |last2=Chang |first2=Agnes |date=2024-08-10 |title=China's Great Wall of Villages |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/08/10/world/asia/china-border-villages.html |access-date=2024-08-10 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=10 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810234238/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/08/10/world/asia/china-border-villages.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Chinese individuals, called "border guardians," received annual subsidies to relocate to newly built villages and paid to conduct border patrols.<ref name=":02" /> [[File:Arunachal Pradesh Actual Line of Control.webp|thumb|The Line of Actual Control vs the legally claimed McMahon Line in Arunachal Pradesh.]]

== List of disputed areas ==
{{anchor | Summary | Disputed | Disputed areas }}
List of disputed areas,<ref name=lac2/> each with several hundred to several thousand km2 area, is as follows:
{{OSM Location map
| float = right
| height= 350
| width= 420
| zoom = 6
| nolabels = 1
| caption = Red dots represent [[File:Red pog.svg|10px]] sensitive and disputed locations on the [[line of actual control]] (LAC) such as [[Depsang Plains|Depsang]], area of [[Kongka Pass]], north of [[Chang Chenmo River|Kugrang River]], north and south [[Pangong Tso]], [[Spanggur Tso|Spanggur Gap]], opposite [[Dumchele]], [[Demchok sector]], [[Kaurik]], [[Tashigang, Himachal Pradesh|Tashigang]], [[Barahoti]].<ref name=":LocationsViaIndianExpress">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Sushant |title=De-escalation process underway: 2 LAC flashpoints are not in list of identified areas still contested |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-ladakh-border-lac-galwan-6441494/ |access-date=8 November 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=4 June 2020 |archive-date=7 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107141448/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-ladakh-border-lac-galwan-6441494/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":LocationsViaET">{{cite news |last1=Gurung |first1=Shaurya Karanbir |title=Indian Army focussing on locations along LAC where Doklam-like flashpoints could happen |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-focussing-on-locations-along-lac-where-doklam-like-flashpoints-could-happen/articleshow/62593521.cms |access-date=8 November 2020 |work=Economic Times |date=21 January 2018 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726085222/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-focussing-on-locations-along-lac-where-doklam-like-flashpoints-could-happen/articleshow/62593521.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| coord = {{coord|33.193|78.882}}
| mark-coord = {{coord|35.4444|78.0300}} |label =North Samar Lungpa |label-pos = left | mark-size = 8| mark = Red pog.svg | mark-title = North of Samar Lungpa | mark-description= | label-size = 10 |label-angle=

| mark-coord1 = {{coord|34.3352449| 79.0357722}}| caption1 = Area of Kongka La|label1=Area of Kongka La|label-pos1 = right | mark-size1 = 8 | mark-title1 = Area of Kongka La | mark-description1= | label-size1 =10

| mark-coord2 = {{coord|34.3780|78.8463}}| caption2 =North of Kugrang River|label2=North of Kugrang River |label-pos2 = left | mark-size2 = 8| mark2 = Red pog.svg | mark-title2 = North of Kugrang River | mark-description2= | label-size2 = 10

| mark-coord3 = {{coord|33.7049|78.7435}}| caption3 =North and South Pangong Tso |label3=N&S Pangong Tso |label-pos3 =left| mark-size3 = 8| mark3 = Red pog.svg | mark-title3 = North and South Pangong Tso | mark-description3= | label-size3 = 10

| mark-coord4 = {{coord|33.5537700| 78.7400436}}| caption4 = Spanggur Gap|label4=Spanggur Gap |label-pos4 = right | mark-size4 = 8| mark4 = Red pog.svg | mark-title4 = Spanggur Gap | mark-description4= | label-size4 = 10

| mark-coord5 = {{coord|33.3203848| 79.0269091 }}| caption5 =East of Mt Sajum |label5= East of Mt Sajum |label-pos5 = left | mark-size5 = 8| mark5 = Red pog.svg | mark-title5 = Mt Sajum | mark-description5=East of Mt Sajum opposite Dumchele | label-size5 = 10

| mark-coord6 = {{coord|33.0761915| 79.1687747}}| caption6 = opposite Dumchele|label6=opposite Dumchele |label-pos6 = right | mark-size6 = 8| mark6 = Red pog.svg | label-color6 = | mark-title6 = Dumchele | mark-description6=East of Mt Sajum opposite Dumchele| label-size6 = 10

| mark-coord7 = {{coord|32.6453217| 78.5924985}}| caption7 = Chumar|label7=Chumar |label-pos7 = left | mark-size7 = 8| mark7 = Red pog.svg | label-color7 = | mark-title7 = Chumar | mark-description7=| label-size7 = 10

| mark-coord8 = {{coord|32.7040811| 79.4467432}}| caption8 =Demchok |label8=Demchok |label-pos8 = right | mark-size8 = 8| mark8 = Red pog.svg | label-color8 =| mark-title8 = Demchok| mark-description8=| label-size8 = 10

| mark-coord9 = {{coord|35.1648| 78.0606}}| caption9 = Trig Heights |label9= Trig Heights |label-pos9 = right | mark-size9 = 8| mark9 = Red pog.svg | label-color9 = | mark-title9= Trig Heights| mark-description9=| label-size9 = 10|label-angle9=

| mark-coord10 = {{coord|34.533333| 78.433333}}| caption10 =East of Point 6556 |label10= East of Point 6556 |label-pos10 = left | mark-size10 = 8| mark10 = Red pog.svg | label-color10 = | mark-title10= East of Point 6556| mark-description10=| label-size10 = 10

| mark-coord14 = {{coord|30.8333|79.9667}}| caption14 =Barahoti |label14= Barahoti |label-pos14 = right | mark-size14 = 8| mark14 = Red pog.svg | label-color14 = | mark-title14= Barahoti| mark-description14=| label-size14 = 10

| mark-coord15 = {{coord|31.8401|78.69669}}| caption15 =Tashigang |label15= Tashigang |label-pos15 = right | mark-size15 = 8| mark15 = Red pog.svg | label-color15 = | mark-title15= Tashigang| mark-description15=| label-size15 = 10

| mark-coord16 = {{coord|32.096|78.673}}| caption16 =Kaurik |label16= Kaurik |label-pos16 = right | mark-size16 = 8| mark16 = Red pog.svg | label-color16 = | mark-title16= Kaurik| mark-description16=| label-size16 = 10
}}
{{OSM Location map
| float = right
| height= 280
| width= 420
| zoom = 6
| nolabels = 1
| caption = Red dots represent [[File:Red pog.svg|10px]] sensitive and disputed locations on the [[line of actual control]] (LAC).<ref name=":LocationsViaIndianExpress" /><ref name=":LocationsViaET" /> Yellow dots [[File:Yellow pog.svg|10px]] represent select Chinese claims in Bhutan and tri-junction areas related to the Sino-India border dispute.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Joshua |first1=Anita |title=Beijing now bullies Bhutan |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/beijing-now-bullies-bhutan/cid/1785446 |website=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata |accessdate=12 July 2020 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205111457/https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/beijing-now-bullies-bhutan/cid/1785446 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Locations include [[Asaphila]], [[Doklam]], [[Longju]], [[Tawang]], [[Sumdorong Chu]], [[Jaldhaka River|Dichu area]], [[Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Doklam]].
| coord = {{coord|28.053|92.988}}

| mark-coord11 = {{coord|28.43|93.17}}| caption11 =Asaphila |label11= Asaphila |label-pos11 = left | mark-size11 = 8| mark11 = Red pog.svg | label-color11 = | mark-title11= Asaphila| mark-description11=| label-size11 = 10

| mark-coord12 = {{coord|27.3|88.933333}}| caption12 =Doklam |label12= Doklam |label-pos12 = right | mark-size12 = 8| mark12 = Yellow pog.svg | label-color12 = | mark-title12= Doklam| mark-description12=| label-size12 = 10

| mark-coord13 = {{coord|28.6404|93.3817}}| caption13 =Longju |label13= Longju |label-pos13 = left| mark-size13 = 8| mark13 = Red pog.svg | label-color13 = | mark-title13= Longju| mark-description13=| label-size13 = 10|label-offset-y13=-3

| mark-coord17 = {{coord|27.588333|91.865278}}| caption17 =Tawang (?) |label17= Tawang |label-pos17 = right | mark-size17 = 8| mark17 = Red pog.svg | label-color17 = | mark-title17= Tawang(?)| mark-description17=| label-size17 = 10|label-offset-y17=2

| mark-coord18 = {{coord|27.7818|91.7813}}| caption18 =Sumdorong Chu |label18= Sumdorong Chu |label-pos18 = right | mark-size18 = 8| mark18 = Red pog.svg | label-color18 = | mark-title18= Sumdorong Chu | mark-description18=| label-size18 = 10|label-offset-y18=-2

| mark-coord20= {{coord|28.2077998|97.2838434}}| caption20 =Dichu area |label20= Dichu area |label-pos20 = left | mark-size20 = 8| mark20 = Red pog.svg | label-color20 = | mark-title20= Dichu area | mark-description20=| label-size20 = 10

| mark-coord21= {{coord|29.0628031|96.1671497}}| caption21 =Fish-Tail -I |label21= Fish-Tail -I |label-pos21 =left | mark-size21 = 8| mark21 = Red pog.svg | label-color21 = | mark-title21= Fish-Tail -I | mark-description21=| label-size21 = 10

| mark-coord22= {{coord|28.5137267|96.4185297}}| caption22 =Fish-Tail -II |label22= Fish-Tail -II |label-pos22 = left | mark-size22 = 8| mark22 = Red pog.svg | label-color22 = | mark-title22= Fish-Tail -II | mark-description22=| label-size22 = 10

| mark-coord23= {{coord|28.8481|94.0435}}| caption23 =Lamang(?) |label23= Lamang(?) |label-pos23 = left | mark-size23 = 8| mark23 = Red pog.svg | label-color23 = | mark-title23= Lamang | mark-description23=| label-size23 = 10|label-offset-y23=-5

| mark-coord25= {{coord|27.3157|91.9576}}| caption25 =Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary |label25= Sakteng WLS |label-pos25 =bottom | mark-size25 = 8| mark25 = Yellow pog.svg | label-color25 = | mark-title25= Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary | mark-description25=| label-size25 = 10|label-offset-y25=-3

}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="text-align:left;" | SN
! Disputed area / sector (alternate names)
! Chinese Province
! Indian State/UT
! Operational control
! Incidents/comments
|-
| 1
| [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] (Shaksgam)
| [[Xinjiang]]
| [[Ladakh]]
| China
| Conditionally ceded by Pakistan to China subject to resolution with India. India-controlled [[Indira Col|Indira Col West]] lies on its southern border at the India-Pakistan-China westernmost "operational" trijunction.
|-
| 2
| [[Aksai Chin]]
| Xinjiang and [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]
| Ladakh
| China
| Served by [[Daulat Beg Oldi]] AGL,<ref name=padum1>[https://www.deccanherald.com/content/387892/india-plans-advanced-landing-strips.html India plans AGL strips] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807053949/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/387892/india-plans-advanced-landing-strips.html |date=7 August 2020 }}, Deccan Herald, 2014.</ref> and [[Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road]]. [[Padum]] AGL<ref name=padum1/> and [[Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport|Leh Airport]] are 2nd line of defence. China-controlled Shaksgam and Aksai Chin border the India-controlled [[Siachen]] area, disputed by Pakistan. See also [[2013 Daulat Beg Oldi Incident]], [[2020 China–India skirmishes]], [[Depsang Plains]], [[Galwan River|Galwan]], [[Pangong Tso]], [[Hot Springs, Chang Chenmo Valley|Hot Springs]], [[Kongka Pass]]. [[Shyok River|Shyok]] as hot spots in this sector. Other contested locations include [[Samar Lungpa]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Sushant|date=4 June 2020|title=De-escalation process underway: 2 LAC flashpoints are not in list of identified areas still contested|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-ladakh-border-lac-galwan-6441494/|access-date=31 October 2020|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107141448/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-ladakh-border-lac-galwan-6441494/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 3
| [[Demchok, Ladakh|Demchok]] / [[Dêmqog, Ngari Prefecture|Dêmqog]] (Demchok sector)
| Tibet
| Ladakh
| India / China
| Served by [[Fukche]] AGL.<ref name=padum1/> Padum AGL<ref name=padum1/> and Leh Airport are 2nd line of defence.
|-
| 4
| [[Chumar]] North
| Tibet
| Ladakh
| India
| rowspan=2 | Served by [[Nyoma]] AGL.<ref name=padum1/> Chumar sector has 2 noncontiguous areas, north and south. India has a road up to the claimed border. China does not have a road up to the border. Both India and China are also served by helipads.
|-
| 5
| Chumar South
| Tibet
| Ladakh
| India
|-
| 6
| [[Kaurik]] (Sumdo)
| Tibet
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| India
| rowspan=2 | Served by dual use [[Shimla Airport]] and [[Kullu-Manali Airport]].<ref name=none1/> [[Kibber]]-[[Rangrik]] AGL has been surveyed,<ref name=none1/> which Will be closest AGL to Chumar, Kaurik, and Tashigang-Shipki La disputed area, but as of July 2020 no progress has been made. Himachal Pradesh has a {{cvt|250|km}} border with China.<ref name=none1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/demand-for-airstrip-in-spiti-grows-amid-increasing-india-china-tension/articleshow/76453863.cms Himachal Pradesh: Demand for airstrip in Spiti area] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708232542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/demand-for-airstrip-in-spiti-grows-amid-increasing-india-china-tension/articleshow/76453863.cms |date=8 July 2020 }}, Times of India, 17 July 2020.</ref> India has a road up to the claimed border at Bakiala.
|-
| 7
| [[Tashigang, Himachal Pradesh|Tashigang]]-[[Shipki La]] ([[Khab]] and Namgia)
| Tibet
| Himachal Pradesh
| India
|-
| 8
| [[Jadh Ganga|Jadh Ganga Valley]] (also [[Mana Pass]])
| Tibet
| [[Uttrakhand]]<ref name=hint1/>
| India
| The valley of the Jadh Ganga is claimed by China. The Indians control the whole extent of the Jadh Ganga. Some of the villages in the area are [[Pulam Sumda]], [[Sang, Uttarakhand|Sang]], [[Jadhang]], [[Nelang]], and Tirpani, which all lie in the valley of the Jadh Ganga.
|-
| 9
| [[Barahoti|Bara Hoti]]
| Tibet
| [[Uttrakhand]]<ref name=hint1/>
| India
| [[Chinyalisaur Airport]] primarily and [[Pithoragarh Airport]] secondarily serve Bara Hoti and Nelang-Pulam Sumda sectors as AGLs. [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police|ITBP]] has 42 BoPs (border outposts) in the Bara Hoti sector and the Mana Pass area (Pulam Sumda sector).<ref name=hint1/> Uttrakhand has a {{cvt|350|km}} border with China.<ref name=hint1>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eyeing-national-security-uttarakhand-itbp-to-improve-border-infrastructure/story-UKZOI5g5xzJ5KDnCCM8V7K.html Eyeing national security, Uttarakhand, ITBP to improve border infrastructure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801075556/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eyeing-national-security-uttarakhand-itbp-to-improve-border-infrastructure/story-UKZOI5g5xzJ5KDnCCM8V7K.html |date=1 August 2020 }}, Hindustan Times, 18 July 2020.</ref> India is building [[India-China Border Roads#IBR|roads in this sector]],<ref name=be1>{{Cite web|date=26 December 2019|title=Joshimath-Malari highway inaugurated|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Joshimath-Malari-highway-inaugurated|access-date=19 June 2020|website=www.projectstoday.com|archive-date=9 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209115701/https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Joshimath-Malari-highway-inaugurated|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":61">{{Cite web|date=20 February 2018|title=BRO officials asked to speed up pending road projects|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/bro-officials-asked-to-speed-up-pending-road-projects/story-bAInj85nna4zQ3Z49sjadL.html|access-date=19 June 2020|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621234630/https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/bro-officials-asked-to-speed-up-pending-road-projects/story-bAInj85nna4zQ3Z49sjadL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> which will be completed by December 2020.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=3 March 2018|title=Govt. puts delayed road projects on Indo-China border on track|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-puts-delayed-road-projects-on-indo-china-border-on-track/article22920308.ece|access-date=18 June 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619134947/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-puts-delayed-road-projects-on-indo-china-border-on-track/article22920308.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Jitendra Bahadur|date=17 June 2020|title=India to accelerate construction of roads along Chinese border: Sources|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-to-accelerate-construction-of-roads-along-chinese-border-sources-1690060-2020-06-17|access-date=18 June 2020|website=India Today|archive-date=17 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617235109/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-to-accelerate-construction-of-roads-along-chinese-border-sources-1690060-2020-06-17|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 10
| Part of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (especially [[Tawang]])
| Tibet
| Arunachal Pradesh
| India
| [[Tawang Air Force Station]] and AGLs at [[Aalo]], [[Mechuka Advanced Landing Ground|Mechuka]], [[Pasighat]], [[Tuting]], [[Vijaynagar, Changlang|Vijoynagar]], [[Walong Advanced Landing Ground|Walong]] and [[Ziro]] serve this sector.<ref name=Arun1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/iaf-to-have-7-operational-advanced-landing-grounds-in-arunachal-pradesh-in-a-month/articleshow/49809013.cms?from=mdr IAF to have seven AGL in Arunachal Pradesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022203752/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/iaf-to-have-7-operational-advanced-landing-grounds-in-arunachal-pradesh-in-a-month/articleshow/49809013.cms?from=mdr |date=22 October 2020 }}, Economic Times, 2018.</ref> Most of India-controlled Arunachal Pradesh is also claimed by China, especially [[Tawang]]. See also [[1987 Sino-Indian skirmish]] at Tawang.
|}

Bhutan's [[Doklam]] area on the Sikkim-China-Bhutan tri-junction, disputed by China, in which Bhutan is assisted by India, has been kept out of this list, see also [[2017 China–India border standoff]] at Doklam and [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes]] in Sikkim. [[India]] and [[China]] will hold the 9th round of military commander level talks on 24 January 2021, The talks will be held in [[Moldo]] opposite to the [[Chushul]] sector in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=The Indian Hawk|first=Indian Defence News|date=24 January 2021|title=India-China to hold 9th round of military commander level talks today|work=[[The Indian Hawk]]|url=https://www.theindianhawk.com/2021/01/india-china-to-hold-9th-round-of-military-commander-level-talks-today.html|access-date=24 January 2021|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124021350/https://www.theindianhawk.com/2021/01/india-china-to-hold-9th-round-of-military-commander-level-talks-today.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{col div|colwidth=27em}}
* [[China–India relations]]
* [[2024 India-China Border Patrol Agreement]]
* [[Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China]]
* [[China containment policy]]
* [[Chinese salami slicing strategy]]
* [[Himalayan Rim]]
* [[India-China Border Roads]]
* [[:Category:Territorial disputes of China|List of disputed territories of China]]
* [[List of disputed territories of India]]
* [[List of territorial disputes]]
* [[McMahon Line]]
* [[Sino-Indian relations]]
* [[Sino-Indian War]]
{{colend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
'''Bibliography'''
* {{cite book|last1=Fisher |first1=Margaret W. |last2=Rose |first2=Leo E. |last3=Huttenback |first3=Robert A. |author-link3=Robert Huttenback |title=Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh |date=1963 |publisher=Praeger |url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanbattleg0000unse/mode/2up |via=archive.org |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Ganguly|first=Sumit|date=December 1989|title=The Sino-Indian Border Talks, 1981–1989: A View from New Delhi|journal=Asian Survey|volume=29|issue=12|pages=1123–1135 |doi=10.2307/2644760 |jstor=2644760 |hdl=2022/25945|hdl-access=free}}
* {{cite book|last=Hoffmann |first=Steven A. |title=India and the China Crisis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BpSRwC5_EPUC |year=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06537-6}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Satish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gsBcCgAAQBAJ|title=India's National Security: Annual Review 2013|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=9781317324614|editor-last=Kumar|editor-first=Satish |location=India|chapter=2(ii): External Security Situation}}
* {{cite book|last=Maxwell |first=Neville |author-link=Neville Maxwell |title=India's China War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=csbHAAAAIAAJ |year=1970 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-394-47051-1}} Also available on [https://www.scribd.com/doc/12249475/Indias-China-War-Neville-Maxwell scribd] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101121143/http://www.scribd.com/doc/12249475/Indias-China-War-Neville-Maxwell |date=1 November 2013 }}.
* {{citation |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |author-link=Srinath Raghavan |title=War and Peace in Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbtBJb1bsHUC |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-00737-7}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sali|first=M. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6y2E9gw5oIC|title=India-China Border Dispute: A Case Study of the Eastern Sector|publisher=APH Publishing|year=1998|isbn=8170249643 |location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite thesis|last=Westcott|first=Stephen|title=The Intractable Sino-Indian Border Dispute: A Theoretical and Historical Account|date=2017|publisher=Murdoch University|url=https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/41262/1/Westcott2017.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301060523/https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/41262/1/Westcott2017.pdf|archive-date=1 March 2021}}
* {{cite book|last=Woodman |first=Dorothy |title=Himalayan Frontiers: A Political Review of British, Chinese, Indian, and Russian Rivalries |publisher=Praeger |year=1970 |url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanfrontie00wood |via=archive.org}}

== Further reading ==
{{Library resources box}}{{Commons category|Maps of Sino-Indian border dispute}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Chervin|first1=Reed|year=2020|title='Cartographic Aggression': Media Politics, Propaganda, and the Sino-Indian Border Dispute|journal=Journal of Cold War Studies|volume=22|issue=3 |pages=225–247 |doi=10.1162/jcws_a_00911|s2cid=221117342|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|last=Chervin|first=Reed|title=The Cold War in the Himalayas: Multinational Perspectives on the Sino-Indian Border Conflict,1950–1970|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|year=2024|isbn=9789048559350}}
* {{Cite book|last=Gardner|first=Kyle|title=The Frontier Complex: Geopolitics and the Making of the India-China Border, 1846–1962|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2021|isbn=9781108840590}}
* {{cite news |last1=Johny |first1=Stanly |title='The McMahon Line – A Century of Discord' review: The disputed frontier |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-mcmahon-line-a-century-of-discord-review-the-disputed-frontier/article28585896.ece |access-date=18 October 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=20 July 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018141809/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-mcmahon-line-a-century-of-discord-review-the-disputed-frontier/article28585896.ece |archive-date=18 October 2019}}
* {{Cite book|last=Noorani|first=A. G.|title=India–China Boundary Problem 1846–1947: History and Diplomacy |publisher=Oxford University Press India|year=2010|isbn=9780199088393|author-link=A. G. Noorani}}
* {{Cite book|last=Rao|first=Nirupama|title=The Fractured Himalaya: India Tibet China 1949-62 |publisher=India Viking|year=2022|isbn=978-0670088294|author-link=Nirupama Rao}}
* {{citation |last=Singh|first=J. J.|author-link=Joginder Jaswant Singh|title=The McMahon Line – A Century of Discord |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=faSPDwAAQBAJ |year=2019|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=9789352777761}}, provides a detailed description of the border dispute between India and China.

== External links ==
* [http://cdn.static-economist.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/full-width/images/2014/04/blogs/banyan/himalayan_201034fbc949.gif Disputed territories of India]

{{China–India relations}}
{{Territorial disputes in East, South, and Southeast Asia}}
[[Category:Sino-Indian border dispute|Sino-Indian border dispute]]

Kaikalas

2026-03-19T21:24:06Z

DeangeloWaley: expanded citations for consistency and fixed typos

{{short description|Hindu weavers caste}}
{{About|Kaikala caste|the village in West Bengal|Kaikala (village)|the Telugu film actor|Kaikala Satyanarayana}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}

{{infobox caste|caste_name=Karikala Bhaktulu|image=|caption=|religions=[[Hinduism]]|languages=[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|populated_states=[[Coastal Andhra]] and [[Rayalaseema]] regions of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamilnadu]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]|related=[[Senguntha Mudaliar]] of Tamilnadu|notable_members=[[List of Sengunthars]]}}

'''Kaikalas''' also known as Karikala Bhaktulu is a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking community. They were [[warriors]] by ancient heritage and traditional [[textile]] [[merchants]] and [[Weaving|weavers]], by occupation. Kaikalas live in the [[Coastal Andhra]] and [[Rayalaseema]] regions of the [[South India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. They are also known as Karikala Bhaktulu, Kaikala, Kaikkolar, [[Sengunthar|Sengundar.]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvYBtdZSrP4uO+ploAhiJHMitEMCkgxxsH/7oa9L5Zf2o2HH3BmrgcE|title=National Commission for Backward Classes|last=No.|first=47- Kaikala|date=|website=www.ncbc.nic.in|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2018-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&q=kaikala+caste+tamil|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles |last=Suresh Singh |first=Kumar |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-563357-3 |language=en}}</ref>'' In [[Tamil Nadu]], they are known as [[Senguntha Mudaliar|Senguntha Kaikola Mudaliar]], one of the dominant communities during the rule of [[Imperial Cholas]]''. During the rule of [[Chola dynasty]], they formed major portion of the [[Chola army]] and served as soldiers, commanders, chieftains and ministers to Chola emperors. They consider the Chola emperor [[Karikala|Karikala Choludu]] as their hero who is said to have conquered Andhra region around 3rd century CE.'' After the fall of Chola empire, the community adopted textile businesses and Weaving as full time profession.

The community is divided into sects based on [[Sampradaya]] as [[Shaiva]]s and [[Vaishnava]]s. While the Shaivas give preference to worshipping [[Shiva]], the Vaishnavas give preference to worshipping [[Thirumal]].

The Kaikalas form a very important part of the ''Thathayagunta Gangamma Jatara'', the annual folk festival held at [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Various-hues-mark-Ganga-Jatara/article15220634.ece|title=Various hues mark Ganga Jatara|date=2008-05-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-04-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sengunthar]]
*[[Devanga]]
*[[Padmasali]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Weaving communities of South Asia]]

Love Under Construction

2026-03-16T23:21:42Z

DeangeloWaley: stub

{{Infobox television
| genre = [[Romantic comedy]]
| image = Love Under Construction.jpeg
| director = [[Vishnu G Raghav]]
| starring = [[Neeraj Madhav]] [[Aju Varghese]] [[Gouri G. Kishan]] Anand Manmadhan
| music = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| runtime = 29-34 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = [[#Episodes|6]]
| cinematography = Ajay David Kachappilly
| editor = Arju Benn
| company = Rejaputhra Visual Media
| producer = M. Renjith
| network = [[JioHotstar]]
| released = {{Start date|2025|02|28|df=y}}
}}
'''''Love Under Construction''''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic comedy]] television series directed by [[Vishnu G Raghav]] starring [[Neeraj Madhav]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Love Under Construction trailer: Neeraj Madhav caught between dream home and lover in Disney+ Hotstar's Malayalam web series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/love-under-construction-trailer-neeraj-madhav-aju-varghese-gouri-g-kishan-hotstar-web-series/bbe2f0d720480 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref> [[Aju Varghese]], [[Gouri G. Kishan]], Anand Manmadhan and Ann Saleem in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=Express |date=2025-01-09 |title=First look of Love Under Construction unveiled |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Jan/23/first-look-of-love-under-construction-unveiled |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206194020/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Jan/23/first-look-of-love-under-construction-unveiled |url-status=live }}</ref> The series premiered on 28 February 2025 on [[JioHotstar]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=Express |date=2025-01-09 |title=First look of Love Under Construction unveiled |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Jan/23/first-look-of-love-under-construction-unveiled |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=ജിയോ ഹോട്ട്സ്റ്റാറിലൂടെ എത്തുന്ന ആദ്യ മലയാളം സിരീസ്; 'ലവ് അണ്ടര്‍ കണ്‍സ്ട്രക്ഷന്‍' 28 ന്|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/miniscreen/love-under-construction-malayalam-series-from-february-28-jio-hotstar-srxh62|access-date=2025-02-22|work=Asianet News|archive-date=2025-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219114041/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/miniscreen/love-under-construction-malayalam-series-from-february-28-jio-hotstar-srxh62|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The series revolve around Vinod, who wishes to construct his own house, ignoring his financial instability. While he wants to marry the girl he loves (Gouri), he has to face challenges, both from her parents and their society.

== Cast ==
*[[Neeraj Madhav]] as Vinod Sudhakaran
*[[Aju Varghese]] as Padmarajan aka Pappan
*[[Gouri G. Kishan]] as Gouri Gopakumar
*Anand Manmadhan as [[General contractor|Contractor]] Jiji
*Ann Saleem as Lisy
*Ganga Meera as Remya Ravi
*Kiran Peethambaran as Gopakumar
*Manju Sree Nair as Sindhu
*Thushara Pillai as Gouri's mother
*Saheer Mohammed as Sudhakaran Nair
*Thankamani Mohan as Sudha
*Krishnan Balakrishnan as Anil
*Dixon Poduthas as Abraham
*Suryadev Sajesh Marar as JR Vinod
*Arun Paavumba as Binu
*Santhosh Venjaramoodu as Suresh
*Sreejith Sreekumar as Assami worker
*Sreejith Babu as Bank staff
*Reghuchandran as Sub registrar
*Chandini Sasikumar as servant

== Production ==
The series directed by [[Vishnu G Raghav]], known for his debut film ''[[Vaashi (2022 film)|Vaashi]]'' was announced in September 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=Neeraj Madhav, Aju Varghese and Gouri G Kishan to star in new series, Love Under Construction|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Sep/27/neeraj-madhav-aju-varghese-and-gouri-g-kishan-to-star-in-new-series-love-under-constructionneera-48077.html|website=Cinema Express|date=27 September 2023|access-date=22 February 2025}}</ref>
The series began filming on 3 October 2023 and wrapped up on 21 January 2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=Love Under Construction: New web series starring Neeraj Madhav, Aju Varghese, and Gouri G Kishan starts rolling|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/love-under-construction-new-web-series-starring-neeraj-madhav-aju-varghese-and-gouri-g-kishan-starts-rolling/articleshow/104136421.cms|website=[[The Times Of India]]|date=3 October 2023|access-date=22 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Filming of Disney+ Hotstar series Love Under Construction wraps up|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jan/21/filming-of-disney-hotstar-serieslove-under-construction-wraps-up-51404.html|website=Cinema Express|date=21 January 2024|access-date=22 February 2025}}</ref>
===Marketing===
''Son of Sreenivasan'', a roast interview with [[Vishnu G Raghav]], [[Neeraj Madhav]] and [[Aju Varghese]] hosted by [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]] for promoting the series was released on 24 February 2025.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reporterlive.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/02/25/dhyan-sreenivasan-and-neeraj-madhav-troll-video-viral |title=ഇന്റർവ്യൂ കൊടുക്കാൻ താത്പര്യമില്ലെന്ന് നീരജ്; 'അതുകൊണ്ട് സിനിമയുമില്ല' എന്ന് ട്രോളി ധ്യാൻ|newspaper=Reporter TV |date=26 February 2025}}</ref>

==Release==
The series premiered on 28 February 2025 on [[JioHotstar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Love Under Construction OTT release date: When and where you can watch the new Malayalam rom-com series online|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/love-under-construction-ott-release-date-when-and-where-you-can-watch-the-new-malayalam-rom-com-series-online-1371572|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|date=9 February 2025|access-date=22 February 2025}}</ref> It is the first Malayalam series on JioHotstar, the rebranded platform of Disney+ Hotstar in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Love Under Construction trailer catches attention; Neeraj Madhav asks 'What would one do if Mohanlal's Mithunam and Varavelupu were to happen at once?'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/malayalam/love-under-construction-trailer-catches-attention-neeraj-madhav-asks-what-would-one-do-if-mohanlals-mithunam-and-varavelupu-were-to-happen-at-once/articleshow/118140288.cms|website=[[The Times Of India]]|date=11 February 2025|access-date=22 February 2025|archive-date=23 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223110408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/malayalam/love-under-construction-trailer-catches-attention-neeraj-madhav-asks-what-would-one-do-if-mohanlals-mithunam-and-varavelupu-were-to-happen-at-once/articleshow/118140288.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=9C2A5D |season= |title= |airdate= |total_width=75 |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Foundation of Love
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|28|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = FF8C00
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Building Bridges
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|28|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = FF8C00
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Reinforced marriage
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|28|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = FF8C00
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Bricks and Hearts
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|28|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = FF8C00
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Sealing the Hearts
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|28|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = FF8C00
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = The Final Coat
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|28|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = FF8C00
}}
}}
==Reception==
The series received positive reviews from critics and audience.<ref>{{cite web|title=Love Under Construction Twitter review: Know what netizens have to say about Neeraj Madhav's Malayalam web series|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/love-under-construction-twitter-review-know-what-netizens-have-to-say-about-neeraj-madhavs-malayalam-web-series-1375219|website=Pinkvilla|date=1 March 2025|access-date=2 March 2025}}</ref> Divya P of [[OTTPlay]] rated the series 3 out of 5 stars and wrote:"Neeraj Madhav builds on Vishnu Raghav's solid comedy-drama series".<ref>{{cite web|title=Love Under Construction review: Neeraj Madhav builds on Vishnu Raghav's solid comedy-drama series|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/love-under-construction-review-neeraj-madhav-builds-on-vishnu-raghavs-solid-comedy-drama-series/72be2952d3362|website=OTTPlay|date=28 February 2025|access-date=28 February 2025}}</ref> Vishal Menon of [[The Hollywood Reporter]] wrote:"Neeraj Madhav Stars in This Neatly-Written, Passive Viewing Comedy ".<ref>{{cite web|title='Love Under Construction' Series Review: Neeraj Madhav Stars in This Neatly-Written, Passive Viewing Comedy|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/love-under-construction-series-review-neeraj-madhav-stars-in-this-neatly-written-passive-viewing-comedy|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=28 February 2025|access-date=28 February 2025}}</ref>Vignesh Madhu of [[Cinema Express]] wrote:"This modern-day Mithunam-Varavelpu cocktail leaves a sweet aftertaste".<ref>{{cite web|title=Love Under Construction Series Review: This modern-day Mithunam-Varavelpu cocktail leaves a sweet aftertaste|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2025/Feb/28/love-under-construction-series-review-this-modern-day-mithunam-varavelpu-cocktail-leaves-a-sweet-aftertaste|website=Cinema Express|date=28 February 2025|access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref> Dhanya K Vilayil of [[The Indian Express]] wrote:"'Love Under Construction' gives Bright perspectives, natural performances".<ref>{{cite web|title=Love Under Construction Review: തെളിച്ചമുള്ള കാഴ്ചപ്പാടുകൾ, സ്വാഭാവികമായ പ്രകടനങ്ങൾ; രസക്കാഴ്ചയൊരുക്കി 'ലവ് അണ്ടർ കൺസ്ട്രക്ഷൻ' റിവ്യൂ|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/love-under-construction-web-series-review-jiohotstar-neeraj-madhav-aju-varghese-8763198|website=The Indian Express|date=28 February 2025|access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of [[Hindustan Times]] wrote:"Neeraj Madhav and Aju Varghese keep us engaged in this comedy drama".<ref>{{cite web|title=Love Under Construction Review: Neeraj Madhav and Aju Varghese keep us engaged in this comedy drama|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/love-under-construction-review-neeraj-madhav-and-aju-varghese-keep-us-engaged-in-this-comedy-drama-101740805285499.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=1 March 2025|access-date=2 March 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title| tt28755900}}

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language web series]]

Agartala Government Dental College

2026-03-14T17:16:59Z

DeangeloWaley:

{{Infobox college
|name = Agartala Government Dental College
|image =
|caption =
|motto =
|established = 2022
|city = [[Agartala]]
|state = [[Tripura]]
|country = India
|coordinates = {{Coord|23|49|51.8|N|91|16|32.82|E|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
|postcode =
|type = [[Dental school|Government Dental College]]
|campus = Urban
|chancellor =
|students = '''Total:'''
* BDS - (50-63)
|principal =
|affiliations = [[Dental Council of India|DCI]], [[Tripura University]]
|website = https://agdc.tripura.gov.in/
}}

'''Agartala Government Dental College''' ('''AGDC''') is a government dental college located in [[Agartala]], in the [[India]]n state of [[Tripura]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre approves establishment of Dental College in Tripura|url=https://tripuratimes.com/ttimes/centre-approves-establishment-of-dental-college-in-tripura-4925.html/|access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref> It is affiliated with the [[Tripura University]] and is recognized by [[Dental Council of India]]. It is the first dental college in Tripura.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tripura: PM Modi inaugurates Agartala Government Dental College|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/tripura/story/tripura-pm-modi-inaugurates-agartala-government-dental-college-485194-2022-12-18/|access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref>

DEPARTMENTS:

1. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
2. Oral Medicine and Radiology
3. Oral Pathology and Microbiology
4. Prosthodontics - Crown and Bridge
5. Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics
6. Periodontology and Implantology
7. Pediatric Dentistry
8. Public Health Dentistry or Community Dentistry
9. Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Dental colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Tripura]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Tripura]]

Gobhi paratha

2026-03-11T05:04:12Z

DeangeloWaley: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Paratha]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R from merge}}
{{R printworthy}}
{{R from more specific term}}
}}

[[Category:Paratha]]
[[Category:Indian breads]]
[[Category:Brassica oleracea dishes]]
[[Category:Stuffed dishes]]

Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)

2026-03-10T21:30:36Z

DeangeloWaley:

{{Short description|UK Government department responsible for defence}}
{{About|the department established in 1964|the department from 1947 to 1964|Ministry of Defence (1947–1964)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Ministry of Defence
| type = Department
| logo = [[File:MinistryOfDefence.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert|155px]]
| image = Ministry of Defence MoD Main Building, London MOD 45152986.jpg
| image_size = 240
| image_caption = [[Ministry of Defence Main Building (United Kingdom)|MoD Main Building]], Westminster
| formed = 1 April 1964 (as modern department)
| jurisdiction = [[Government of the United Kingdom]]
| headquarters = [[Ministry of Defence Main Building (United Kingdom)|Main Building]], Whitehall, Westminster, London
| coordinates = {{coord|51.5040|-0.1249|format=dms|type:landmark_region:GB|display=inline}}
| employees = {{ubl
| 60,000 (FTE) civilian staff (April 2021)<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/mod-biannual-civilian-personnel-report-2021/mod-biannual-civilian-personnel-report-bcpr-1-april-2021|title=MOD biannual civilian personnel report: 2021|accessdate=6 March 2022}}</ref>
| 198,940 military personnel<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/quarterly-service-personnel-statistics-2021/quarterly-service-personnel-statistics-1-october-2021|title=UK Armed Forces Quarterly Service Personnel Statistics 1 October 2021|accessdate=6 March 2022}}</ref>
}}
| budget = £55 billion; [[fiscal year|FY]]{{nbsp}}2021<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/budget-2020-documents/budget-2020|title=Budget 2020|publisher=HM Treasury|accessdate=12 March 2020}}</ref>
| minister_type = Secretary of State
| minister1_name = [[John Healey]] MP
| minister1_pfo = [[Secretary of State for Defence]]
| chief1_name = [[Air Chief Marshal|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rich Knighton|Sir Richard Knighton]]
| chief1_position = [[Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Defence Staff]]
| chief2_name = [[David Williams (civil servant)|David Williams]]
| chief2_position = [[Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence|Permanent Secretary]]
| child1_agency = [[Defence Equipment and Support]]
| child2_agency = [[Defence Science and Technology Laboratory]]
| child3_agency = [[United Kingdom Hydrographic Office]]
| website = {{Official URL}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Ministry of Defence''' ('''MOD''' or '''MoD''') is a [[Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom|ministerial department]] of the [[Government of the United Kingdom]]. It is responsible for implementing the defence policy set by the government and serves as the headquarters of the [[British Armed Forces]].

Officially, its principal objectives are to defend the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]] and its interests and to strengthen international peace and stability.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/Organisation/DefenceVision/TheDefenceVision.htm| title=The Defence Vision, Ministry of Defence website| accessdate=3 February 2021}}</ref> The MOD also manages day-to-day running of the armed forces, contingency planning and [[defence procurement]].

The expenditure, administration and policy of the MOD are scrutinised by the [[Defence Select Committee]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/24/defence-committee |title=Defence Committee |publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom |access-date=29 December 2021 |quote=The Defence Committee is appointed by the House of Commons to examine the expenditure, administration, and policy of the Ministry of Defence and its associated public bodies. |archive-date=29 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229204516/https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/24/defence-committee |url-status=dead }}</ref> except for [[Defence Intelligence]] which instead falls under the [[Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://isc.independent.gov.uk/ |title=Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament |work=gov.uk |access-date=29 December 2021 |quote=The ISC oversees the policies, expenditure, administration and operations of MI5, MI6, GCHQ, Defence Intelligence, the Joint Intelligence Organisation, the National Security Secretariat (NSS) and Homeland Security Group.}}</ref>

The Ministry of Defence has been involved in commercial activities; an example of which is their 2025 announcement to supply Norway with warships, the UK's largest warship export deal by value.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-31 |title=UK secures £10bn deal to supply Norway with warships |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cr5rgdpvn63o |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==History==
During the 1920s and 1930s, British [[civil servant]]s and politicians, looking back at the performance of the state during the [[First World War]], concluded that there was a need for greater co-ordination between the three services that made up the armed forces of the United Kingdom: the [[Royal Navy]], the [[British Army]] and the [[Royal Air Force]]. The formation of a united ministry of defence was rejected by the coalition government of [[David Lloyd George]] in 1921, but the [[Chiefs of Staff Committee]] was formed in 1923, for the purposes of inter-service co-ordination. As rearmament became a concern during the 1930s, [[Stanley Baldwin]] created the position of [[Minister for Co-ordination of Defence]]. [[Ernle Chatfield, 1st Baron Chatfield]] held the post until the fall of the [[Chamberlain war ministry|Chamberlain government]] in 1940. His success was limited by his lack of control over the existing Service departments, and his lack of political influence.

On forming his government in 1940, [[Winston Churchill]] created the office of Minister of Defence, to exercise ministerial control over the Chiefs of Staff Committee and to co-ordinate defence matters. The post was held by the Prime Minister of the day until [[Clement Attlee]]'s government introduced the [[Ministry of Defence (1947–1964)|Ministry of Defence Act of 1946]]. After 1946, the three posts of [[Secretary of State for War]], [[First Lord of the Admiralty]], and [[Secretary of State for Air]] were formally subordinated to the new [[Secretary of State for Defence|Minister of Defence]], who had a seat in the Cabinet. The three service ministers – Admiralty, War, Air – remained in direct operational control of their respective services, but ceased to attend Cabinet.

From 1946 to 1964, five Departments of State did the work of the modern Ministry of Defence: the [[United Kingdom Admiralty|Admiralty]], the [[War Office]], the [[Air Ministry]], the [[Ministry of Aviation]], and [[Ministry of Defence (1947–64)|an earlier form]] of the Ministry of Defence. The [[Ministry of Supply]] existed from 1939 to 1959. Those departments merged in 1964, and the defence functions of the [[Ministry of Aviation Supply]] were merged into the Ministry of Defence in 1971.<ref>{{cite web| author=Ministry of Defence |url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/History/HistoryOfTheMOD/ |title=History of the Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Defence website |publisher=Mod.uk |date=2012-12-10 |access-date=2013-06-03}}</ref> Thereafter the [[MoD Procurement Executive]] was established as a separate organisation to supervise all military procurement. The unification of all defence activities under a single ministry was motivated by a desire to curb [[interservice rivalry|interservice rivalries]] and followed the precedent set by the American [[National Security Act of 1947]].<ref>{{Cite journal| last=Hobkirk| first=Michael| date=1987-09-01| title=Reform across the sea: A comparison of defence policy making in the UK and the USA| url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03071848708522824| journal=The RUSI Journal| volume=132| issue=3| pages=55–60| doi=10.1080/03071848708522824| issn=0307-1847| url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Controversies===

===Fraud===
{{main|Gordon Foxley}}
The most notable fraud conviction has been that of [[Gordon Foxley]], Director of Ammunition Procurement at the Ministry of Defence from 1981 to 1984. Police claimed he received at least £3.5m in total in corrupt payments, such as substantial bribes from overseas arms contractors aiming to influence the allocation of contracts.<ref name="Mike Hall">{{cite news|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199596/cmhansrd/vo961016/debtext/61016-37.htm|title=House of Commons Debates – Wednesday 16 Oct 1996 – Mr. Mike Hall (Warrington, South)|date=16 October 1996|work=Hansard|access-date=19 January 2008|publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom}}</ref>

===Germ and chemical warfare tests===
A government report covered by ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper in 2002 indicated that between 1940 and 1979, the Ministry of Defence "turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret [[Biological warfare|germ warfare]] tests on the public" and many of these tests "involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swathes of the population without the public being told."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/apr/21/uk.medicalscience|title=Millions were in germ war tests|author=Antony Barnett|date=21 April 2002|work=The Guardian|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref> The Ministry of Defence claims that these trials were to simulate germ warfare and that the tests were harmless. However, families who have been in the area of many of the tests are experiencing children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps and many are asking for a public inquiry. The report estimated these tests affected millions of people, including during one period between 1961 and 1968 where "more than a million people along the south coast of England, from [[Torquay]] to the [[New Forest]], were exposed to bacteria including ''[[Escherichia coli|E.coli]]'' and ''[[Bacillus atrophaeus|Bacillus globigii]]'', which mimics [[anthrax]]." Two scientists commissioned by the Ministry of Defence stated that these trials posed no risk to the public. This was confirmed by Sue Ellison, a representative of the [[Defence Science and Technology Laboratory]] at [[Porton Down]] who said that the results from these trials "will save lives, should the country or our forces face an attack by chemical and biological weapons."

=== Civil action ===
In February 2019, former soldier Inoke Momonakaya won £458,000 payout after a legal battle for the racial harassment and bullying he received while serving in the army.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Savike |first=Jessica |title=$1.3m settlement |url=https://www.fijitimes.com/1-3m-settlement/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=FijiTimes |date=15 February 2019}}</ref> In August 2019, ''A Commons Defence Select Committee'' report revealed that several female and [[BAME]] military staff have raised concerns regarding discrimination, bullying and harassment.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-07 |title=Complaints by female and BAME military staff a 'serious concern'|publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49259115 |access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref> In September 2019, two former British army soldiers Nkululeko Zulu and Hani Gue won a racial discrimination claim against the Ministry of Defence (MoD).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-09-16 |title=Paratroopers win Colchester barracks racial harassment claim|publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-essex-49716541 |access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref> In November 2019, mixed race soldier Mark De Kretser sued MoD for £100k claiming he was subjected to "grindingly repetitive" racist taunts from colleagues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-06 |title=Mixed-race Norfolk soldier labelled Apu and Dr Huxtable by 'racist' comrades, court hears |url=https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/crime/20769654.mixed-race-norfolk-soldier-labelled-apu-dr-huxtable-racist-comrades-court-hears/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Eastern Daily Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Army racism: 'People called me Apu'|publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-50841544 |access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref>

===Territorial Army cuts===
In October 2009, the MOD was heavily criticised for withdrawing the bi-annual non-operational training £20m budget for the [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] (TA), ending all non-operational training for six months until April 2010. The government eventually backed down and restored the funding. The TA provides a small percentage of the UK's operational troops. Its members train on weekly evenings and monthly weekends, as well as two-week exercises generally annually and occasionally bi-annually for troops doing other courses. The cuts would have meant a significant loss of personnel and would have had adverse effects on recruitment.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8300530.stm "Cuts force TA to cease training"], BBC News, 10 October 2009</ref>

===Overspending===
In 2013, it was found that the Ministry of Defence had overspent on its equipment budget by £6.5bn on orders that could take up to 39 years to fulfil. The Ministry of Defence has been criticised in the past for poor management and financial control.<ref name='Sky News'>{{cite news |first=David |last=Bowden |title=MoD Overspends Equipment Budget By £6.5bn |date=10 January 2013 |publisher=Sky News |url=https://news.sky.com/story/mod-overspends-equipment-budget-by-6-5bn-10458392}}</ref>
Specific examples of overspending include:
* Eight [[Boeing Chinook (UK variants)#Chinook HC3|Boeing Chinook HC3]] were ordered in 1995 as dedicated [[special forces]] helicopters.<ref name='BBCChinook'/> The aircraft were to cost £259 million and the forecast in-service date was November 1998.<ref name='BBCChinook'/> However, although delivered in 2001, the Mk3 could not receive airworthiness certificates as it was not possible to certify the [[avionics]] [[software]], and would not enter service until 2017.<ref>[https://www.flightglobal.com/uk-signs-deal-to-get-grounded-chinook-hc3-helicopters-into-service/76757.article UK signs deal to get grounded Chinook HC3 helicopters into service] By Craig Hoyle 18 October 2007</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Perry |first=Dominic |date=29 March 2017 |title=PICTURES: RAF welcomes updated Chinook HC5 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/helicopters/pictures-raf-welcomes-updated-chinook-hc5/123525.article |work=/www.flightglobal.com |access-date=2020-05-27 }}</ref> The procurement was described by [[Edward Leigh]], then Chairman of the [[Public Accounts Committee (United Kingdom)|Public Accounts Committee]], as "one of the most incompetent procurements of all time" and the [[National Audit Office (United Kingdom)|National Audit Office]] (NAO) issued a scathing report on the affair, stating that the whole programme was likely to cost £500 million.<ref>{{cite news |title = £500m 'wasted' on Chinooks that have never flown|work = The Times |location= London |date = 4 June 2008 | first=Michael | last=Evans}}</ref><ref name='BBCChinook'>{{cite news |title = Chinook blunder 'left RAF short' |url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3606325.stm |publisher = BBC News |date = 7 April 2004}}</ref>
* In 2010, the [[BAE Systems Nimrod MRA4|Nimrod MRA4]] maritime patrol aircraft procurement was cancelled after £3.4 billion had been spent on the programme. In addition there were termination costs which were not disclosed.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/10121520-I.pdf|title=Ministry of Defence: The Major Projects Report 2011 |author= |date=16 November 2011 |website=nao.org |publisher=National Audit Office |access-date=2020-05-27 }}</ref> In January 2011 it was reported by the ''[[Financial Times]]'' that when the decision was taken to scrap the aircraft, "[it] was still riddled with flaws".<ref>{{cite news |title=A failure of UK budget surveillance |newspaper=Financial Times|location=London |date=30 January 2011}}</ref>
*Failure to manage stocks of supplies and spare parts, resulting in excess [[inventory#Defence inventory|inventory]] being held. The NAO raised concerns about inventory management from 1991 onwards, but a [[Public Accounts Committee (United Kingdom)|Committee of MPs]] argued in 2013 that "the root causes of the problem [had] not been addressed". MoD officials accepted that the department had "much to do" but informed MPs that "it has already introduced its own [[internal control|internal control measures]] to prevent over-ordering of inventory, some of which are showing early signs of success". The Department told the MPs that it was "on track to reduce spending on inventory by £300 million in 2012-13, and that it [planned] to reduce it by £500 million a year within the next three years".<ref>House of Commons, Committee of Public Accounts, [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmpubacc/745/74503.htm Ministry of Defence: Managing the defence inventory - Public Accounts Committee]: Summary, published on 28 February 2013, accessed on 14 November 2025</ref>

Following the 2025 [[Strategic Defence Review (2025)|Strategic Defence Review]], which suggested increased spending and large changes to the armed forces particularly toward [[autonomous weapon]]s, the Defence Investment Plan, expected in autumn 2025, was delayed amid warnings that there was a £28 billion funding gap over the next four years.<ref name=guardian-20260205>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2026/feb/05/minister-luke-pollard-defends-long-delays-uk-military-spending-plan |title=Minister defends long delays to UK military spending plan |last=Daniel |first=Alex |newspaper=The Guardian |date=5 February 2026 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref><ref name=bbc-20260109>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c14rj11ez5mo |title=UK facing £28bn defence spending gap claims |last=Seddon |first=Paul |work=BBC News |date=9 January 2026 |access-date=8 February 2026}}</ref>

=== Hacking ===
In May 2024, the ministry's payroll system was reportedly targeted multiple times in a [[cyberattack]] in which personnel and their bank details were compromised. While initial reports attributed the [[Cyberwarfare and China|cyberattack to China]], the Minister of Defence [[Grant Shapps]] said it would take some time to conclude who was to blame.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bulter |first=Alexander |date=2024-05-06 |title=UK's MoD 'hacked by China' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/china-mod-uk-hack-data-breach-b2540489.html |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref name=guardian-20240507>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/live/2024/may/07/tories-offering-britain-five-more-years-of-chaos-warns-rachel-reeves-in-major-economic-speech-uk-politics-live |title=Grant Shapps says it will 'take some time' to conclude who was to blame for cyber-attack on armed forces payroll – as it happened |last=Sparrow |first=Andrew |newspaper=The Guardian |date=7 May 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024}}</ref>

==Ministerial team==
The Ministers in the Ministry of Defence are as follows, with cabinet ministers in bold:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/government-and-opposition1/opposition-holding/| title=Her Majesty's Official Opposition| website=UK Parliament| language=en|access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Our ministers |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ministry-of-defence| website=GOV.UK|publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref>

{|class=wikitable
! width=95x|Minister
! Portrait
! Office
! Portfolio
|-
| '''[[John Healey (politician)|John Healey]]''' {{small|MP}}
| [[File:John Healey Official Cabinet Portrait, July 2024 (cropped) 2.jpg|alt=|123x123px]]
| [[Secretary of State for Defence]]
| Overall responsibility for the department; strategic operations and operational strategy, including as a member of the National Security Council; defence planning, programme and resource allocation; strategic international partnerships: US, France, Germany, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf, NATO; nuclear operations, policy and organisations; strategic communications.
|-
| [[Vernon Coaker|Lord Coaker]]
| [[File:Official portrait of Vernon Coaker crop 2.jpg|alt=|138x138px]]
| [[Minister of State for Defence]]
| Corporate governance including transformation programme; single departmental plan, risk reporting and health, safety and security; EU relations, including Brexit (excluding No Deal planning); engagement with retired senior Defence personnel and wider opinion formers; arms control and counter-proliferation, including strategic export licensing and chemical and biological weapons; UK Hydrographic Office; Statutory Instrument programme; Australia, Asia and Far East defence engagement; Defence Fire and Rescue; safety and security; Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland devolved authorities; ship wrecks, museums and heritage; Ministry of Defence Police; ministerial correspondence and PQs
|-
| [[Luke Pollard]] {{small|MP}}
| [[File:Official portrait of Luke Pollard MP crop 2, 2024.jpg|alt=|138x138px]]
| [[Minister of State for Defence Readiness and Industry]]
| Implementation of relevant SDR Vision and Recommendations; oversight of the National Armaments Director Group; departmental communications strategy and reform; armed forces readiness and stockpiles; Defence procurement, including reform and UK Defence Innovation; submarine delivery; Defence Industrial Strategy implementation and growth; Defence Exports Campaign and Office; Defence Readiness Bill; Ukraine support - military aid and industrial partnerships, including HIRST and KINDRED; Defence industry relationships and the Defence Industrial Joint Council; acquisition reform/UK Defence Innovation; climate change and sustainability; Defence estates, accommodation and Defence Infrastructure Organisation; artificial intelligence and innovation; science and technology; Defence Afghanistan Relocation and Assistance Programme (ARAP) including eligibility applications and asylum; oversight of Parliamentary engagement
|-
|[[Alistair Carns]] {{small|MP}}
| [[File:Official portrait of Al Carns MP crop 2.jpg|alt=|137x137px]]
| [[Minister of State for the Armed Forces|Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Armed Forces]]
| Implementation of relevant SDR Vision and Recommendations; oversight of Military Strategic Headquarters (MSHQ); legislation (including Armed Forces Bill); Northern Ireland Legacy; Ukraine support – operations; autonomy and drones, including Drone Centre of Excellence; Force Posture and Deployment; Intelligence; Global Operational policy and commitments; North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) operations and planning; crisis response; Permanent Joint Operational Bases and Overseas Bases (including Cyprus, Falkland Islands and Gibraltar); Military Aid to Civilian Authority (MACA); Homeland Defence; UN Peacekeeping and Human Security Call Out Orders; Overseas Security and Justice Assistance Reports
|-
|[[Louise Sandher-Jones]] {{small|MP}}
| [[File:Official portrait of Louise Jones MP crop 2.jpg|alt=|137x137px]]
| [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Veterans and People]]
|Implementation of relevant SDR Vision and Recommendations; recruitment and renewing the contract between the nation and those who serve; Veterans policy and delivery (including VALOUR); Office for Veterans Affairs; Armed Forces Commissioner; Armed Forces People and Families; civilian workforce (including RFA); Defence Business Services (including legal, pensions and compensation); Armed Forces Covenant; retention and incentivisation, including training skills and development; Service resettlement and transition; Reserves; Cadets; Defence culture – including oversight of the Raising our Standards Programme and Equality, Diversity and Inclusion; Armed Forces Parliamentary Scheme; Service Justice System and Service Complaints
|}

==Senior military officials==
[[File:191120-N-BD231-113 (49106133536) (Tony Radakin cropped 3-4).jpg|upright=0.75|alt=Admiral Sir Tony Radakin, former Chief of the Defence Staff.|left|thumb|[[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]] [[Tony Radakin|Sir Tony Radakin]], the Chief of the Defence Staff.]]
[[File:Coronation of Charles III and Camilla - Before King's Procession (078).jpg|thumb|left|Defence chiefs at the Coronation of Charles III in 2023]]

===Chiefs of the Defence Staff===
The [[Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Defence Staff]] (CDS) is the professional head of the British Armed Forces and the most senior uniformed military adviser to the [[Secretary of State for Defence]] and the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]].

The CDS is supported by the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff (VCDS) who deputises and is responsible for the day-to-day running of the armed services aspect of the MOD through the Central Staff, working closely alongside the Permanent Secretary. They are joined by the professional heads of the three British armed services ([[Royal Navy]], [[British Army]] and [[Royal Air Force]]) and the Commander of [[Strategic Command (United Kingdom)|Strategic Command]]. All personnel sit at [[Ranks and insignia of NATO|OF-9]] rank in the [[Ranks and insignia of NATO|NATO rank system]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web| url=https://data.gov.uk/organogram/ministry-of-defence|title=Organogram – Ministry of Defence|date=31 March 2016|website=data.gov.uk|access-date=18 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808114101/https://data.gov.uk/organogram/ministry-of-defence |archive-date=8 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Together the Chiefs of Staff form the [[Chiefs of Staff Committee]] with responsibility for providing advice on operational military matters and the preparation and conduct of military operations.

The current Chiefs of Staff are as follows.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ministry-of-defence|title=Ministry of Defence – Our senior military officials|website=GOV.UK|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>
* [[Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Defence Staff]] – [[Richard Knighton|Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Knighton]]
* [[Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff]] – [[Sharon Nesmith|General Sharon Nesmith]]
* [[First Sea Lord|First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff]] – [[Gwyn Jenkins|General Sir Gwyn Jenkins]] (Head of the [[Royal Navy]])
* [[Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the General Staff]] – [[Roland Walker|General Sir Roland Walker]] (Head of the [[British Army]])
* [[Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Air Staff]] – [[Rich Knighton|Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Knighton]] (Head of the [[Royal Air Force]])
* [[Commander Cyber & Specialist Operations Command]] – [[James Hockenhull|General Sir James Hockenhull]]

=== Other senior military officers ===
The Chief of Defence Staff is supported by several [[Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff|Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff]] and senior officers at [[OF-8]] rank.<ref name=":1" />
* Chief of Defence People – [[Vice-admiral (Royal Navy)|Vice Admiral]] [[Philip Hally|Phillip Hally]]
* Deputy Chief of Defence Staff (Military Strategy and Operations) – [[Air marshal|Air Marshal]] [[Harv Smyth]]
* Deputy Chief of Defence Staff (Financial and Military Capability) – [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]] [[Robert Magowan|Sir Robert Magowan]] RM
* Chief of Joint Operations – [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]] [[Charles Stickland]], based at [[Northwood Headquarters]]
* Defence Senior Adviser Middle East – [[Air marshal|Air Marshal]] [[Martin Sampson]]
* [[Chief of Defence Intelligence]] – Adrian Bird
* Director-General of the [[Defence Safety Authority]] – [[Air marshal|Air Marshal]] [[Alan Gillespie|Alan Gillespie]]

Additionally, there are a number of [[Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff|Assistant Chiefs of Defence Staff]], including the [[Defence Services Secretary]] in the [[Royal Household]] of the [[Monarch|Sovereign]] of the [[United Kingdom]], who is also the Assistant Chief of Defence Staff (Personnel).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/3A7A2BEA-C92D-431A-B146-AC9E9860EB36/0/central_tlb.pdf |title=Central Top Level Budget Organogram |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008043154/http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/3A7A2BEA-C92D-431A-B146-AC9E9860EB36/0/central_tlb.pdf |archive-date=2012-10-08 |date=30 June 2010 |accessdate=3 February 2021}}</ref>

==Senior management==
'''Permanent Secretary and other senior officials'''
The Ministers and Chiefs of the Defence Staff are supported by several civilian, scientific and professional military advisors. The [[Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence]] (generally known as the [[Permanent secretary (United Kingdom)|Permanent Secretary]]) is the senior civil servant at the MOD. Their role is to ensure that it operates effectively as a government department and has responsibility for the strategy, performance, reform, organisation and the finances of the MOD.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ministry-of-defence|title=Ministry of Defence – Our management|website=GOV.UK|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=18 December 2017}}</ref>
The role works closely with the Chief of the Defence Staff in leading the organisation and supporting Ministers in the conduct of business in the department across the full range of responsibilities.
* [[Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence]] – [[David Williams (civil servant)|David Williams]]
* Second Permanent Secretary – Laurence Lee
* Chief Operating Officer – Nina Cope
* Director General Finance – Charlie Pate
* Director General Nuclear – Vanessa Nicholls
* Director General Security Policy – Dominic Wilson
* Director General Commercial – Andrew Forzani
* Director General Strategy and International – Angus Lapsley
* [[Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence|MOD Chief Scientific Adviser]] – [[Angela McLean (biologist)|Dame Angela McLean]]
* MOD Chief Scientific Adviser (Nuclear) – Professor Robin Grimes
* Lead Non-Executive Board Member – [[Gerry Grimstone|Lord Grimstone]]
* Non-Executive Defence Board Member and Chair of the Defence Audit Committee – Simon Henry
* Non-Executive Defence Board Member and Chair of the Defence Equipment and Support Board – [[Paul Skinner]]
* Non-Executive Defence Board Member and Chair of the People Committee – Danuta Gray

==Defence policy==
{{See also|Foreign policy of the United Kingdom}}
The [[Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015]] included £178 billion investment in new equipment and capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |title=PM pledges £178 billion investment in defence kit |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-pledges-178-billion-investment-in-defence-kit |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=23 November 2015 |date=23 November 2015 |page=27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=UK announces rapid strike forces, more warships in new defence plan|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-defence-idUKKBN0TC0V120151123|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124125230/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2015/11/23/uk-britain-defence-idUKKBN0TC0V120151123|archive-date=24 November 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=23 November 2015|work=Reuters|date=23 November 2015}}</ref> The review set a defence policy with four primary missions for the Armed Forces:<ref name="SDSR2015">{{cite web|title=National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/478933/52309_Cm_9161_NSS_SD_Review_web_only.pdf|publisher=HM Government|date=November 2015|access-date=23 November 2015|pages=27, 29}}</ref>
* Defend and contribute to the security and resilience of the UK and Overseas Territories.
* Provide the nuclear deterrent.
* Contribute to improved understanding of the world through strategic intelligence and the global defence network.
* Reinforce international security and the collective capacity of our allies, partners and multilateral institutions.
The review stated the Armed Forces will also contribute to the government's response to crises by being prepared to:<ref name="SDSR2015" />
* Support humanitarian assistance and disaster response, and conduct rescue missions.
* Conduct strike operations.
* Conduct operations to restore peace and stability.
* Conduct major combat operations if required, including under NATO Article 5.

==Governance and departmental organisation==
[[File:Army Careers Oxford 20051022.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|A British armed forces careers office in [[Oxford]]]]

=== Governance ===
Defence is governed and managed by several committees.
* The [[Defence Council of the United Kingdom|Defence Council]] provides the formal legal basis for the conduct of defence in the UK through a range of powers vested in it by statute and Letters Patent. It too is chaired by the Secretary of State, and its members are ministers, the senior officers and senior civilian officials.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ministry-of-defence/about/our-governance|title=Our governance|website=GOV.UK|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=A Short Guide to the Ministry of Defence |url=https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/A-short-guide-to-the-Ministry-of-Defence.pdf |website=nao.org.uk |publisher=National Audit Office UK |access-date=19 September 2018 |date=September 2017}}</ref>
* The Defence Board is the main MOD corporate board chaired by the Secretary of State oversees the strategic direction and oversight of defence, supported by an Investment Approvals Committee, Audit Committee and People Committee. The board's membership comprises the Secretary of State, the Armed Forces Minister, the [[Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence|Permanent Secretary]], the Chief and Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, the [[Chief of Defence Materiel]], Director General Finance and three non-executive board members.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="auto"/>
* Head Office and Corporate Services (HOCS), which is made up of the Head Office and a range of corporate support functions. It has two joint heads the Chief of the Defence Staff and the Permanent Secretary who are the combined TLB holders for this unit they are responsible for directing the other TLB holders.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Head Office and Corporate Services Organogram |url=https://data.gov.uk/organogram/head-office-and-corporate-services-mod/2017-09-30 |website=data.gov.uk |publisher=MOD UK |access-date=19 September 2018|date=30 September 2017 |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919094440/https://data.gov.uk/organogram/head-office-and-corporate-services-mod/2017-09-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Departmental organisation ===
The following organisational groups come under the control of the MOD.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations#ministry-of-defence|title=Departments, agencies and public bodies|website=GOV.UK|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/A-short-guide-to-the-Ministry-of-Defence.pdf|title=A Short Guide to the Ministry of Defence|date=September 2017|website=National Audit Office|page=40|access-date=18 December 2017}}</ref>

'''Top level budgets'''

The MOD comprises four top-level [[budget]]s. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/defence-secretarys-speech-on-defence-reform--2|title=Defence Secretary's speech on Defence Reform|date=18 February 2025|accessdate=1 April 2025}}</ref>
*Operations ([[Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|Military Strategic Headquarters]])
*Readiness (Military Strategic Headquarters)
*Investment (National Armaments Director)
*[[Defence Nuclear Organisation]]

'''Executive agencies'''
* [[Defence Equipment and Support]] (DE&S)
* [[Defence Science and Technology Laboratory]] (Dstl)
* [[Submarine Delivery Agency]] (SDA)
* [[United Kingdom Hydrographic Office|UK Hydrographic Office]] (UKHO) – also has [[trading fund]] status.

'''Executive non-departmental public bodies'''
* [[National Museum of the Royal Navy]]
* [[National Army Museum]]
* [[Royal Air Force Museum]]
* [[Single Source Regulations Office]] (SSRO)
'''Advisory non-departmental public bodies'''
* Advisory Committee on Conscientious Objectors
* Advisory Group on Military Medicine
* [[Armed Forces' Pay Review Body|Armed Forces Pay Review Body]]
* Defence Nuclear Safety Committee
* Independent Medical Expert Group
* National Employer Advisory Board
* Nuclear Research Advisory Council
* [[Scientific Advisory Committee on the Medical Implications of Less-Lethal Weapons]]
* [[Veterans Advisory and Pensions Committee]]s
'''Ad-hoc advisory group'''
* Central Advisory Committee on Compensation
'''Other bodies'''
* [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]
* [[Defence Academy of the United Kingdom]]
* [[Defence and Security Media Advisory Committee]]
* [[Fleet Air Arm Museum]]
* [[Independent monitoring board]] for the [[Colchester Garrison#Military Corrective Training Centre (MCTC)|Military Corrective Training Centre]] ([[Colchester]])
* [[Reserve Forces and Cadets Association|Reserve Forces' and Cadets' Associations]]
* [[Royal Hospital Chelsea]]
* [[Royal Marines Museum]]
* [[Royal Navy Submarine Museum]]
* Service Complaints Ombudsman
* [[Service Prosecuting Authority]]
* United Kingdom Reserve Forces Association
'''Public corporations'''
* [[Oil and Pipelines Agency]] (OPA)
* [[Sheffield Forgemasters]]
'''Enabling organisation'''
* [[Defence Business Services]] (DBS)

In addition, the MOD is responsible for the administration of the Sovereign Base Areas of [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] in Cyprus.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/27626/overseas_territories.pdf|title=Overseas Territories: The Ministry of Defence's Contribution|publisher=Ministry of Defence, Directorate-General Security Policy}}</ref>

===Contracting===
Competitive procurement processes are used whenever possible,<ref>[[National Audit Office (United Kingdom)|National Audit Office]], [https://www.nao.org.uk/press-releases/improving-value-for-money-in-non-competitive-procurement-of-defence-equipment/ Improving value for money in non-competitive procurement of defence equipment], published 25 October 2017, accessed 10 February 2023</ref> and all new direct tender and contract opportunities valued over £10,000 are advertised on a system called the Defence Sourcing Portal. A separate internal policy generally operates in respect of low value purchasing below this threshold.<ref>Ministry of Defence, [https://www.gov.uk/guidance/the-ministry-of-defence-procurement-process The Ministry of Defence Procurement process], updated 15 February 2021, accessed 10 February 2023</ref>

DEFCON contract conditions are numbered defence [[contract term|contract conditions]] are in contracts issued by the MOD (not to be confused with [[DEFCON]] as used by the [[United States Armed Forces]], which refers to a level of military "defence readiness condition").

Examples include:
*DEFCON 534: Subcontracting and [[prompt payment]]
*DEFCON 620: a change control procedure<ref name=dc658>Ministry of Defence, [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/defence-condition-658-cyber-flow-down Defence condition 658: cyber (flow-down)], updated 10 September 2021, accessed 2 July 2022</ref>
*DEFCON 658 (cyber) applies to all suppliers down the [[supply chain]]<ref name=dc658 />
*DEFCON 659 relates to security measures for disclosure of "Secret Matters" including within the supply chain, requiring a contractor to ensure that employees "engaged on any work in connection with the Contract have notice that the [[Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1989|Official Secrets Acts 1911–1989]] apply to them and will continue so to apply after the completion or termination of the Contract", potentially also requiring employees to "sign a statement acknowledging that, both during the term of the Contract and after its completion or termination", they are bound by the Official Secrets Acts 1911–1989 (and where applicable by any other legislation).<ref>Cabinet Office, [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/710891/2018_May_Contractual_process.pdf Contractual Process], Appendix 1: DEFCON 659 Security Measures, Version 7.3, May 2018, accessed 2 July 2022</ref>
*DEFCON 705: the MOD's standard [[intellectual property|IPR]] condition for fully funded research and technology contracts.

A full set of the DEFCONs can be accessed via the MoD's Defence Gateway (registration required).<ref>Ministry of Defence, [https://www.defencegateway.mod.uk Defence Gateway]</ref>

The government noted in 2013 that the MoD's third-party expenditure was characterised by "complex, high-value contracts". Defence purchasing contributes to government ambitions to make supply chains more accessible to [[Small and medium-sized enterprises|small and medium-sized enterprise]]s, but the government commented that it had yet to secure good insight into the supply chain role of SMEs.<ref>{{OGL-attribution|Cabinet Office, [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7c1c5de5274a1f5cc75da9/SME_Two_Year_On_Report.pdf Making Government business more accessible to SMEs: Two Years On], published on 8 August 2013, accessed on 25 September 2024}}</ref>

===Consultation===
The '''National Defence Industries Council''' is a UK body through which the Ministry is able to consult strategically with its principal defence suppliers and, through the Council's sub-groups, to consult with bodies in specific industrial sectors. Membership consists of a range of companies and appointments are made "at the discretion of the Secretary of State".<ref>{{cite Hansard |jurisdiction=Parliament of the United Kingdom|title=National Defence Industries Council |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons%E2%80%8F/2003-12-10/debates/c8ea300b-1c8e-4a4f-a10e-fce95f3faf88/NationalDefenceIndustriesCouncil |house=House of Commons |date=10 December 2003 |column= |speaker= |volume=415}}</ref>

==Property portfolio==
The Ministry of Defence is one of the United Kingdom's largest landowners, owning 227,300 [[hectare]]s of land and foreshore (either freehold or leasehold) at April 2014, which was valued at "about £20 billion". The MOD also has "rights of access" to a further 222,000 hectares. In total, this is about 1.8% of the UK land mass. The total annual cost to support the defence estate is "in excess of £3.3 billion".<ref name="LHbulletin">{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/mod-land-holdings-bulletin-index|title=MOD land holdings bulletin: index|website=GOV.UK|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref>

The defence estate is consists of training areas and ranges (84.0%), [[research and development]] facilities (5.4%), [[airfield]]s (3.4%), [[barracks]] and camps (2.5%), storage and supply depots (1.6%), and other (3.0%).<ref name="LHbulletin"/> These are largely managed by the [[Defence Infrastructure Organisation]].

=== Main Building ===
{{Main|Ministry of Defence Main Building}}
[[File:Ministry of Defence Main Building Mars 2014.jpg|right|thumb|The MOD Main Building, Whitehall, London]]
The headquarters of the MOD are in [[Whitehall]] and is known as [[Ministry of Defence Main Building (United Kingdom)|MOD Main Building]]. This structure is [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] in style and was originally built between 1938 and 1959 to designs by [[Vincent Harris]] to house the [[Air Ministry]] and the [[Board of Trade]]. A major refurbishment of the building was completed under a [[Private Finance Initiative]] contract by [[Skanska]] in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/FE7BE9AA-DD65-4971-8C00-B913E1EA84FA/0/mainbuilding.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806040415/http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/FE7BE9AA-DD65-4971-8C00-B913E1EA84FA/0/mainbuilding.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Better Defence Builds Project Case Study|archivedate=6 August 2009}}</ref> The northern entrance in [[Horse Guards Avenue]] is flanked by two monumental statues, ''Earth'' and ''Water'', by [[Charles Wheeler (sculptor)|Charles Wheeler]]. Opposite stands the [[Gurkha]] Monument, sculpted by [[Philip Jackson (sculptor)|Philip Jackson]] and unveiled in 1997 by Queen [[Elizabeth II]]. Within it is the Victoria Cross and George Cross Memorial, and nearby are memorials to the [[Fleet Air Arm Memorial|Fleet Air Arm]] and [[Royal Air Force Memorial|RAF]] (to its east, facing the riverside).

[[Henry VIII]]'s wine cellar at the [[Palace of Whitehall]], built in 1514–1516 for [[Cardinal Wolsey]], is in the basement of Main Building, and is used for entertainment. The entire vaulted brick structure of the cellar was encased in steel and concrete and relocated nine feet to the west and nearly {{convert|19|ft|m}} deeper in 1949, when construction was resumed at the site after [[World War II]]. This was carried out without any significant damage to the structure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/49055/old_war_office_build.pdf|title=The Old War Office Building; a History|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Defence Review}}
* {{annotated link|Lancaster House Treaties}}
* {{annotated link|Stabilisation Unit}}
* {{annotated link|Budget of the United Kingdom}}
* {{annotated link|UK National Defence Association}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Chester, D. N and Willson, F. M. G. ''The Organisation of British Central Government 1914–1964'': Chapters VI and X (2nd edition). London: George Allen & Unwin, 1968.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)}}

* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/how-defence-works-the-defence-operating-model How Defence Works: the defence operating model ]

{{Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)}}
{{Departments of the United Kingdom Government|type=Ministerial|title=Defence}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)| ]]
[[Category:Ministerial departments of the Government of the United Kingdom|Defence]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Defence ministries|United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Government ministries established in 1964|United Kingdom, Defence]]
[[Category:Military of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1964]]
[[Category:Veterans' affairs ministries|United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British landowners]]
[[Category:NATO defence ministries|United Kingdom]]

List of Malayalam films of 2010

2026-03-07T04:39:11Z

DeangeloWaley: fixed structure

{{Short description|None}}
{{one source|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Malayalam films}}

==Released films==

The following is the list of [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]] released in the year 2010.

===Malayalam films===

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#B0E0E6" align="center"

! colspan="2" | '''Opening'''
! width="18%" |'''Title'''
! '''Director''' !! '''Cast''' !! '''Genre''' !! '''Ref'''
|-
| rowspan="9" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#FFA07A; textcolor:#000;" | <big> '''J A N U A R Y'''</big>
| rowspan="2" valign="center" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 8
| valign="center" | ''[[Black Stallion (film)|Black Stallion]]''
| valign="center" | Pramod – Pappan
| valign="center" | [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Namitha]], [[Bala (actor)|Bala]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
| valign="center" | Action ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/6559/malayalam/black-stallion/2452/review.htm| title=Black Stallion | publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=8 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
| valign="center" | ''Kanmazha Peyyum Munpe'' ( കന്മഴ പെയ്യും മുമ്പേ )
| valign="center" | Roy
| valign="center" |Shafna, Arun, [[Thilakan]]
| valign="center" | Romance ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | title=Kanmazha Peyyum Munpe | publisher=Nowrunning.com }}</ref>
|-
| valign="center" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 14
| valign="center" | ''[[Happy Husbands (2010 film)|Happy Husbands]]''
| valign="center" | Saji Surendran
| valign="center" | [[Jayaram]], [[Jayasurya]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]], [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]], [[Samvrutha Sunil|Samvrutha]], Vandana, [[Rima Kallingal|Rima]]
| valign="center" | [[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/6975/malayalam/happy-husbands/2457/review.htm| title=Happy Husbands | publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
| valign="center" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 21
| valign="center" | ''[[Brahmasthram (2010 film)|Brahmasthram]]'' ( ബ്രഹ്മാസ്ത്രം )
| valign="center" | V. Somanath
| valign="center" | [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar|Jagathy]]
| valign="center" | Action ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | title=Brahmasthram | publisher=Nowrunning.com }}</ref>
|-
| valign="center" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 22
| valign="center" | ''[[Punyam Aham]]'' ( പുണ്യം അഹം )
| valign="center" | Raj Nair
| valign="center" | [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]], [[Samvrutha Sunil|Samvrutha]], [[Nedumudi Venu]]
| valign="center" | Romance||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/6291/malayalam/punyam-aham/2466/review.htm| title=Punyam Aham| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=22 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
| valign="center" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 23
| valign="center" |''[[Body Guard (2010 film)|Body Guard]]''
| valign="center" | [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]
| valign="center" | [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Mithra Kurian]], [[Thyagarajan]], [[Undapakru]]
| valign="center" | Romance||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/6217/malayalam/bodyguard/2464/review.htm| title=Bodyguard| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=22 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
| valign="center" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 27
| valign="center" |''[[Drona 2010]]''
| valign="center" | [[Shaji Kailas]]
| valign="center" | [[Mammootty]], [[Kanika (actress)|Kanika]], [[Thilakan]], [[Navya Nair]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Dhanya Mary Varghese]]
| valign="center" | [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7148/malayalam/drona-2010/2468/review.htm| title=Drona 2010| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=22 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="center" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 29
| valign="center" | ''[[Senior Mandrake]]''
| valign="center" | Ali Akbar
| valign="center" | [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], Charutha, [[Jagadeesh]], [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]], [[Suraj Venjaramood]]
| valign="center" | [[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7326/malayalam/senior-mandrake/2474/review.htm| title=Senior Mandrake| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=29 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
| valign="center" | ''Thathwamasi'' ( തത്ത്വമസി )
| valign="center" | Viswa Chaithanya
| valign="center" | [[Vineeth]], [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]], [[Manikuttan]]
| valign="center" | [[Drama film|Drama]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | title=Thathwamasi | publisher=Nowrunning.com }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" valign="center" align="center" style="background:thistle; textcolor:#000;" | <big> '''F E B R U A R Y'''</big>
| style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;"| 5
| ''[[Yugapurushan]]'' ( യുഗപുരുഷൻ ) || [[R. Sukumaran]] || [[Thalaivasal Vijay]], [[Mammootty]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Babu Antony]], [[Navya Nair]], Jishnu Raghavan|| [[Docudrama]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/6321/malayalam/yugapurushan/2477/review.htm | title=Yugapurushan | publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;"| 12
| ''[[Aagathan]]'' ( ആഗതൻ) || [[Kamaluddin Mohammed|Kamal]]||[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Charmy Kaur|Charmy]], [[Sathyaraj]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Biju Menon]] ||Romance, [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7027/malayalam/agathan/2487/review.htm| title=Aagathan| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Twinkle Twinkle Little Star (film)|Twinkle Twinkle Little Star]]'' ||Vayalar Madhavan Kutty|| [[Tinnu Anand]], [[Divya Dutta]] ||Children's||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;"| 19
| ''[[Annarakkannanum Thannalayathu]]'' ( അണ്ണാറക്കണ്ണനും തന്നാലായതു്) ||Prakash||[[Kalabhavan Mani]], Jayashree, [[Suraaj]], Nakshatra, [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Thilakan]] ||Romance, [[Drama film|Drama]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7233/malayalam/annarakkannanum-thannalayathu/2494/review.htm| title=Annarakannanum Thannalayathu| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sufi Paranja Katha (film)|Sufi Paranja Katha]]'' (സൂഫി പറഞ്ഞ കഥ ) ||[[Priyanandanan]]||Prakash, Sona Nair, [[Sharbani Mukherjee]], Thampy Antony, [[Samvrutha Sunil|Samvrutha]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar|Jagathy]]||Romance, [[Drama film|Drama]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/6219/malayalam/sufi-paranja-kadha/2493/review.htm| title=Sufi Paranja Katha| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;"| 26
| ''[[Cheriya Kallanum Valiya Policum]]'' ( ചെറിയ കള്ളനും വലിയ പോലീസും ) ||Haridas Kesavan||[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Jagadish]], Vidya, [[Dhanya Mary Varghese]] ||[[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7382/malayalam/cheriya-kallanum-valiya-policeum/2500/review.htm| title=Cheriya Kallanum Valiya Policum| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
| ''Nanthuni'' ( നന്തുണി )||Hari Narayanan ||[[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]], Mithuna, Govindhan Kutty || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/6015/malayalam/nanthuni/2511/review.htm| title=Nanthuni| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#98FB98; textcolor:#000;" | <big> '''M A R C H'''</big>
| style="text-align:center; background:#E0F9E0; textcolor:#000;"| 4
| ''[[Valiyangadi (film)|Valiyangadi]]'' ( വലിയങ്ങാടി) ||Salim Baba || [[Manikuttan]], [[Shwetha Menon]] || Action ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/6997/malayalam/valiyangadi/2513/review.htm|title= Valiyangadi |publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=28 April 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#E0F9E0; textcolor:#000;"| 12
| ''[[Rhythm (2010 film)|Rhythm]]''|| M. S. PradeepKumar || Shanavas, Adithyan, Prashanth, Anjali|| ||<ref name="nowrunning">{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/5359/malayalam/rhythm/index.htm|title=Rhythm Malayalam Movie – Preview, Trailers, Gallery, Review, Events, Synopsis|publisher=nowrunning.com|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#E0F9E0; textcolor:#000;"| 6
| ''[[Kausthubham]]'' ( കൗസ്തുഭം ) ||Sajeev Kilikulam ||[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Sukumari]], [[Karthika Mathew|Karthika]] ||[[Drama film|Drama]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/5791/malayalam/kausthubham/2512/review.htm|title=Kausthubam|publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=28 April 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#E0F9E0; textcolor:#000;"| 19
| ''[[Nayakan (2010 film)|Nayakan]]'' ( നായകൻ ) ||Lijo Jose Pellisery||[[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]], [[Dhanya Mary Varghese]], [[Thilakan]] ||Action ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/6450/malayalam/nayakan/2533/review.htm|title=Nayakan|publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=28 April 2011}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thanthonni]]'' ( താന്തോന്നി ) || George Varghese ||[[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]], [[Sheela (Tamil actress)|Sheela]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]], [[Suraj Venjaramood]] ||Action, [[Drama film|Drama]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7131/malayalam/thanthonni/2528/review.htm|title=Thanthonni|publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=28 April 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#E0F9E0; textcolor:#000;"| 25
| ''[[In Ghost House Inn]]'' ||[[Lal (actor)|Lal]]|| [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Jagadish]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Lakshmi Rai]]||Horror, [[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/6941/malayalam/in-ghost-house-inn/2534/review.htm|title=In Ghost House Inn|publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=28 April 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#E0F9E0; textcolor:#000;"| 26
| ''[[Pramani]]'' ( പ്രമാണി ) || [[B. Unnikrishnan]] ||[[Mammootty]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], Fahad Fazil, [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Suraj Venjaramood]] ||[[Drama film|Drama]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/6915/malayalam/pramaani/2540/review.htm|title=Pramani|publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=28 April 2011}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kadaksham]]'' ( കടാക്ഷം )|| Sasi Paravoor||[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Shwetha Menon]], Shwetha Vijay ||[[Drama film|Drama]], Action ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7060/malayalam/kadaksham/2565/review.htm|title=Kadaksham|publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=28 April 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;" | <big> '''A P R I L'''</big>
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 1
| ''[[April Fool (2010 film)|April Fool]]'' ||[[Viji Thampi]] || [[Jagadish]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], Nayana, Maithili, [[Biju Menon]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7087/malayalam/april-fool/2553/review.htm| title=April Fool| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=28 April 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 8
| ''[[Janakan]]'' ( ജനകൻ)|| Sanjeev N.R||[[Mohanlal]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Jyothirmayi]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Harisree Asokan]]||Suspense, [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7043/malayalam/janakan/2557/review.htm| title= Janakan| publisher= Nowrunning.com| access-date= 28 April 2011| archive-date= 10 April 2016| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160410075153/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/reviews/moviereview.aspx?movie=7043&rid=2557| url-status= dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 14
| ''[[Paappi Appacha]]'' ( പാപ്പി അപ്പച്ചാ ) ||Mammas ||[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Kavya Madhavan]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], [[KPAC Lalitha]], [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]]||Action, [[Comedy film|Comedy]]||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7267/malayalam/pappy-appacha/2569/review.htm |title=Pappy Appacha|publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=28 April 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 15
| ''[[Pulliman (2010 film)|Pulliman]]'' ( പുള്ളിമാൻ ) ||Anil K. Nair||[[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Meera Nandan]], [[Salim Kumar]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]||Romance, [[Drama film|Drama]]||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7088/malayalam/pulliman/2573/review.htm |title=Puliman|publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=28 April 2011}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[T. D. Dasan Std. VI B]]'' ||Mohan Raghavan||[[Biju Menon]], [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], Valsala Menon ||[[Drama film|Drama]]||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7058/malayalam/t-d-dasan-std-vi-b/2570/review.htm|title=T D Dasan Std VI B|publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=28 April 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 17
| ''[[Njaan Sanchaari]]''|| Ajith Nair || || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" valign="center" align="center" style="background:thistle; textcolor:#000;" | <big> '''M A Y'''</big>
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;"| 7
| ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' ( പോക്കിരിരാജ ) ||Vaishakh Abraham|| [[Mammootty]], [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] ||Action, Comedy||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7203/malayalam/pokkiri-raja/2596/review.htm| title=Pokkiri Raja| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Alexander The Great (Malayalam film)|Alexander The Great]]'' ||Murali Nagavally||[[Mohanlal]], [[Bala (actor)|Bala]], Aswathy, [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Jagatheesh]] ||Comedy, [[thriller (genre)|Thriller]]||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/6799/malayalam/alexander-the-great/2598/review.htm| title=Alexander The Great| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kadha Thudarunnu]]'' ( കഥ തുടരുന്നു )||[[Sathyan Anthikkad]]||[[Jayaram]], [[Mamta Mohandas]], [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]||Drama||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7410/malayalam/katha-thudarunnu/2595/review.htm| title=Kadha Thudarunnu| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;"| 14
| ''[[Canvas (2010 film)|Canvas]]'' ||Shaji-Rajasekharan ||[[Kalabhavan Mani]], Vidya||Drama ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7175/malayalam/canvas/2602/review.htm| title=Canvas| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;"| 21
| ''[[Mummy & Me]]'' || Jeethu Joseph||[[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Archana Jose Kavi|Archana Kavi]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Uravashi]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Lalu Alex]] ||Family, Comedy ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7256/malayalam/mummy-me/2609/review.htm| title=Mummy & Me| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;" | <big> '''J U N E'''</big>
| style="text-align:center; background:#E0F9E0; textcolor:#000;"| 4
| ''[[Ringtone (film)|Ringtone]]''||Ajmal ||[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Bala (actor)|Bala]], [[Rajan P. Dev]], Megha Nair|| Action, [[thriller (genre)|Thriller]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/4985/malayalam/ring-tone/2624/review.htm| title=Ringtone| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#E0F9E0; textcolor:#000;"| 6
| ''Jalachhayam'' (ജലച്ചായം)||[[Sathish Kalathil]]||Baburaj Puthoor, Dr. B. Jayakrishnan, Prasanna Balan, Kripa, Master Navin Krishna||[[Experimental film]], [[Art film]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Film-shot-with-cell-phone-camera-premiered/article16253812.ece | title= Film shot with cell phone camera premiered | access-date=7 June 2010| newspaper= The Hindu | date= 7 June 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#E0F9E0; textcolor:#000;"| 20
| ''[[Thoovalkattu]]'' ( തൂവൽക്കാറ്റു്)||Venu B. Nair||[[Manoj K Jayan]], [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]]||Drama||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7059/malayalam/thoovalkattu/2638/review.htm| title=Thoovalkattu| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#E0F9E0; textcolor:#000;"| 25
| ''Nalla Pattukare'' ( നല്ല പാട്ടുകാരേ )||K. S. Sivachandran||Vijay Madhav, Najim Arshad, Sannidanandan ||[[Musical film|Musical]], Drama||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7295/malayalam/nalla-pattukare/2640/review.htm| title=Nalla Pattukare| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#E0F9E0; textcolor:#000;"| 27
| ''[[Text Book (2010 film)|Text Book]]''||Satheesh Kandanchira||Ganesh, Sony, Deckey||||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/7792/text-book.html |title=Text Book |publisher=Nowrunning.com |access-date=5 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609121654/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/7792/text-book.html |archive-date=9 June 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="12" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;" | <big> '''J U L Y'''</big>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 9
| ''[[Nallavan (2010 film)|Nallavan]]'' ( നല്ലവൻ )|| [[Aji John]]||[[Jayasurya]], [[Mythili]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Suraj Venjaramood]] ||Action, Romance ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7266/malayalam/nallavan/2659/review.htm | title=Nallavan| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Oru Naal Varum]]'' ( ഒരു നാൾ വരും ) ||[[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]] ||[[Mohanlal]], [[Sreenivasan]], [[Sameera Reddy]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], Suraj Venjaramood || Suspense, Comedy ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7209/malayalam/oru-naal-varum/2654/review.htm| title=Oru Naal Varum| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 16
|''[[Apoorvaragam]]'' ( അപൂർവരാഗം ) ||[[Sibi Malayil]] ||Nishan, Asif Ali, Vinay Forrt, [[Nithya Menon]] ||Romance, [[thriller (genre)|Thriller]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7315/malayalam/apoorva-ragam/2669/review.htm | title=Apoorvaragam| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Malarvaadi Arts Club]]'' ( മലർവാടി ആർട്ട്സ്‌ ക്ലബ്ബ്‌ ) ||[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] ||Nivin Pauly, Sharavan, Aju, Harikrishnan, Bhagath Manuel, [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], Praveen, Geetu, Revathy, [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Salim Kumar]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] ||[[Musical film|Musical]], Comedy ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7298/malayalam/malarvady-arts-club/2671/review.htm| title=Malarvadi Arts Club| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 23
|''[[Sakudumbam Shyamala]]'' ( സകുടുംബം ശ്യാമള ) ||Radhakrishnan Mangalath ||[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] ||Family, Comedy||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7456/malayalam/sakudumbam-shyamala/2678/review.htm| title=Sakudumbam Shyamala| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kutty Srank]]'' ( കുട്ടിസ്രാങ്കു് ) ||[[Shaji N. Karun]] ||[[Mammootty]], [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]], [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]], Meenakumari ||Drama ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/5502/malayalam/kutty-sranku/2677/review.htm| title=Kutty Srank| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 29
|''[[Penpattanam]]'' ( പെൺപട്ടണം ) || [[V. M. Vinu|V M Vinu]] ||Kailash, Vishnupriya, [[Shweta Menon]], [[K.P.A.C. Lalitha]], [[Revathy]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] || [[Family film|Family]], [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7782/malayalam/penpattanam/2679/review.htm| title=Penpattanam| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Upadeshiyude Makan]]'' ( ഉപദേശിയുടെ മകൻ ) ||Joshy Mathew || [[Ganesh Kumar]], [[Divya Unni]], Kavitha Nair ||[[Drama film|Drama]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Upadesiyude Makan Synopsis">{{cite web|title=Upadesiyude Makan Synopsis|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7975/malayalam/upadesiyude-makan/preview.htm|publisher=Nowrunning.com}}</ref><ref name="Upadesiyude Makan">{{cite web|title=Upadesiyude Makan|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7975/malayalam/upadesiyude-makan/index.htm|publisher=Nowrunning.com}}</ref><ref name="UPADESIYUDE MAKAN">{{cite web|title=UPADESIYUDE MAKAN|url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/9473/upadesiyude-makan.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218024235/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/9473/upadesiyude-makan.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2013|publisher=Popcorn.OneIndia}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 30
|''[[Advocate Lakshmanan – Ladies Only]]'' ( അഡ്വക്കേറ്റ്‌ ലക്ഷ്മണൻ – ലേഡീസ്‌ ഒൺലി ) ||Pappan Payattuvila ||[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Mallika Kapoor]], [[Suraj Venjaramood]] ||[[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7618/malayalam/advocate-lakshmanan-ladies-only/2685/review.htm| title=Advocate Lakshmana- Ladies Only| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Avan (2010 film)|Avan]]'' ( അവൻ ) ||Nandakumar Kavil ||[[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Bala (actor)|Bala]], [[Elsa Muktha George|Muktha]], Riaz Khan ||Action, [[Musical film|Musical]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7652/malayalam/avan/2681/review.htm| title=Avan| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thaskara Lahala|Taskkara Lahala]]'' ( തസ്ക്കര ലഹള ) ||Ramesh Das || [[Suraj Venjaramood]], Lakshmi Sharma, [[Salim Kumar]], Bijukuttan, Jaffer Idukki, Bheeman Reghu, Thesni Khan || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7648/malayalam/thaskara-lahala/2687/review.htm| title=Thaskara Lahala| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Raama Raavanan]]'' രാമരാവണൻ ||Biju Vattappara ||[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Mithra Kurian]] ||Romance ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7420/malayalam/raama-raavanan/2688/review.htm| title=Raama Raavanan| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="12" valign="center" align="center" style="background:thistle; textcolor:#000;" | <big> '''A U G U S T'''</big>
| style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;"| 6
|''Ammanilavu'' ( അമ്മനിലാവു് ) || M. D. Rajendran ||Sasi Ayyanchira, Aparna, Mallika ||Action||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7356/malayalam/ammanilavu/2723/review.htm| title=Ammanilavu| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;"| 13
|''[[Patham Adhyayam]]'' ( പത്താമദ്ധ്യായം ) ||P. K. Radhakrishnan ||[[Bala (actor)|Bala]], [[Udhayathara]] ||Romance ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/4490/malayalam/patham-adhyayam/2699/review.htm| title=Patham Adhyayam| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Plus Two (film)|Plus Two]]'' || Shebi Chavakkad ||Roshan, Vishnu Mohan, Shafna, Justing John, Deepak Murali ||[[Youth]]||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/6747/malayalam/plus-two/2698/review.htm| title=Plus Two| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Idayan]]'' ( ഇടയൻ )|| Santosh Sauparnika ||John Mathew, Rajeev Rangan, Santosh, Sidhraj ||[[Historical film|History]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://completemovie.blogspot.com/2010/08/idayan-profile.html| title=Idayan – Profile| publisher=completemovie | access-date=27 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="Edayan - Malayalam movie">{{cite web|title=Edayan – Malayalam movie|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8009/malayalam/edayan/index.htm|publisher=Nowruuning.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;"| 20
|''[[Yakshiyum Njanum]]'' ( യക്ഷിയും ഞാനും ) ||[[Vinayan]] || Gautham, [[Meghana Raj]], Jubil Raj, [[Thilakan]] ||Horror, Romance ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7293/malayalam/yakshiyum-njanum/2709/review.htm| title=Yakshiyum Njanum| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Paattinte Palazhy]]'' ( പാട്ടിന്റെ പാലാഴി ) || Rajeev Anchal || [[Manoj K.Jayan]], [[Meera Jasmine]], [[Revathy]], [[Nedumudi Venu]] ||[[Musical film|Musical]], Romance ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7208/malayalam/pattinte-palazhy/2703/review.htm| title=Paattinte Palazhy| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aathmakatha]]'' ( ആത്മകഥ ) || Prem Lal || [[Sreenivasan]], [[Sharbani Mukherjee]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] ||Drama ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7646/malayalam/athma-kadha/2711/review.htm | title=Athma Kadha| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Neelambari (2010 film)|Neelambari]]'' ( നീലാംബരി ) || Hari Narayanan ||[[Vineeth]], [[Anoop Menon]], [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]] || Drama ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7353/malayalam/neelambari/2710/review.htm | title=Neelambari| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[3 Char Sau Bees]]'' ( 3 ചാർ സൗ ബീസ് ) ||Govindan Kutty || Govindan Kutty, [[Dhanya Mary Varghese]], Rahul Menon, Anu Anandhan || Comedy ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7612/malayalam/3-char-sau-beas/2712/review.htm| title=3 Char Sau Beas| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;"| 27
|''[[Fiddle (film)|Fiddle]]'' ||Prabhakaran Muthana ||Varun J. Thilak, [[Ananya (actress)|Ayilya]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] ||Romance ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/5396/malayalam/fiddle/2719/review.htm| title=Fiddle| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nirakazhcha]]'' ( നിറക്കാഴ്ച ) ||Anish J. Karrinad ||[[Mamta Mohandas]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], Vincenzo Bocciarelli,Nicole || Romance ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7225/malayalam/nirakazhcha/2714/review.htm| title=Nirakazcha| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[9 KK Road]]'' ||Simon Kuruvila || [[Babu Antony]], [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]], Shammi Thilakan, Nishanth Sagar || Action, [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | title=9 KK Road| publisher=Nowrunning.com }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;" | <big> '''S E P T E M B E R'''</big>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#e0f9e0; textcolor:#000;"| 3
| ''Inganeyum Oral'' ( ഇങ്ങനെയും ഒരാൾ ) || Kabeer Rowther || [[Vinu Mohan]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], Praveena, [[Indrans]] || Family, Romance ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7780/malayalam/inganeyum-oral/2728/review.htm| title=Inganeyum Oral| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[24 Hrs (film)|24 Hrs]]'' || Aditya Sam ||Kuldeep, [[Manoj K. Jayan]], Komal || [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7396/malayalam/24-hours/2826/review.htm| title=24 Hours| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#e0f9e0; textcolor:#000;"| 9
| ''[[Shikkar]]'' ( ശിക്കാർ ) ||M. Padmakumar ||[[Mohanlal]], [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Mythili]], [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]], [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]] || Suspense, [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] ||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7089/malayalam/shikar/2729/review.htm| title=Shikkar| publisher=Nowrunning.com| access-date=5 July 2011| archive-date=22 July 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722000253/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7089/malayalam/shikar/2729/review.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#e0f9e0; textcolor:#000;"| 10
|''[[Elsamma Enna Aankutty]]'' ( എൽസമ്മ എന്ന ആൺകുട്ടി ) || [[Lal Jose]] ||[[Ann Augustine]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]], [[Kunchacko Boban]], Vani Kishore || Family ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7777/malayalam/elsamma-enna-aankutty/2736/review.htm| title=Elsamma Enna Aankutty| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pranchiyettan & the Saint]]'' ( പ്രാഞ്ചിയേട്ടൻ ആന്റ്‌ ദി സെയിന്റ്‌ ) || [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] || [[Mammootty]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Priyamani]] || [[Satirical film|Satire]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7806/malayalam/pranchiyettan-the-saint/2737/review.htm| title=Pranchiyettan and the Saint| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#e0f9e0; textcolor:#000;"| 17
|''[[Vandae Maatharam|Vande Matharam]]'' ( വന്ദേ മാതരം ) || Aravinda Raj || [[Mammootty]], [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Deepak Jethi]] || Patriotic ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/4057/malayalam/vande-matharam/2740/review.htm| title=Vande Matharam| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;" | <big> '''O C T O B E R'''</big>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 8
| ''[[Chekavar (film)|Chekavar]]'' ( ചേകവർ ) || Sajeevann || [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Samvrutha Sunil]], Sarayoo || Action, Family ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7380/malayalam/chekavar/2763/review.htm| title=Chekavar| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oridathoru Postman]]'' ( ഒരിടത്തൊരു പോസ്റ്റ്മാൻ ) || Shaji Aziz || [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Sarath Kumar]], [[Meera Nandan]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] || Drama ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7142/malayalam/oridathoru-postman/2762/review.htm| title=Oridathoru Postman| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 15
| ''[[Anwar (2010 film)|Anwar]]'' ( അന്‍വര്‍ ) ||[[Amal Neerad]] || [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]], [[Mamta Mohandas]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Prakash Raj]] || Action ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7257/malayalam/anwar/2772/review.htm| title=Anwar| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 20
|''Summer Palace''
|K. Murali
|[[Krishna Kumar (actor)|Krishna Kumar]], [[Mayoori (actress)|Mayoori]]
|
|
|- valign="top"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 22
| ''[[Cocktail (Malayalam film)|Cocktail]]'' ||[[Arun Kumar Aravind|Arun Kumar]] || [[Jayasurya]], [[Samvrutha Sunil]], [[Anoop Menon]] || [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Cocktail">{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7257/malayalam/anwar/2772/review.htm| title=Cocktail| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sadgamaya]]'' ( സദ്ഗമയ ) || Harikumar || [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Navya Nair]], [[Shweta Menon]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7133/malayalam/sadgamaya/2781/review.htm| title=Cocktail| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 28
| ''[[Four Friends (2010 film)|Four Friends]]'' || [[Saji Surendran]] || [[Jayaram]], [[Meera Jasmine]], [[Jayasurya]], [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Kamal Haasan]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Cocktail"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 30
| ''[[Nilavu]]'' (നിലാവ്) || Ajith Nair || Haridas, Sunita Nedungadi, Sreelekha || Romance ||
|-
| rowspan="12" valign="center" align="center" style="background:thistle; textcolor:#000;" | <big> '''N O V E M B E R'''</big>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;"| 5
|''[[Kaaryasthan]]'' ( കാര്യസ്ഥൻ ) || Thomson K Thomas ||[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], Akhila, Vandana Menon || [[Slapstick|Slapstick Comedy]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7861/malayalam/karyasthan/2800/review.htm| title=Kaaryasthan| publisher=Nowrunning.com| access-date=5 July 2011| archive-date=28 June 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628153241/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7861/malayalam/karyasthan/2800/review.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chithrakuzhal]]'' ( ചിത്രക്കുഴൽ ) || Majeed Gulistan || Amal Ashok, Sidharth, Meera Nair, [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]], [[Geetha Vijayan]] || Children's film ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8281/malayalam/chitrakuzhal/2803/review.htm| title=Chithrakuzhal| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;"| 12
|''[[Holidays (2010 film)|Holidays]]'' || M M Ramachandran || [[Vinu Mohan]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]], Ranjith Menon, [[Muktha Elsa George|Muktha]], [[Priya Lal]] || Romance ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7819/malayalam/holidays/2809/review.htm| title=Holidays| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pathinonnil Vyazham]]'' ( പതിനൊന്നിൽ വ്യാഴം ) || Suresh Krishna || [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Manya (actress)|Manya]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8019/malayalam/pathinonnil-vyazham/2823/review.htm| title=Pathinonnil Vyazham| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[De Nova (film)|De Nova]]'' || Swabri || [[Ajmal Ameer]], Auroshika, V.K Sriraman, Kannan Malhotra || [[Family film|Family]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="De Nova">{{cite web|title=De Nova|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7400/malayalam/de-nova/index.htm|publisher=Nowrunning.com}}</ref><ref name="D NOVA">{{cite web|title=D NOVA|url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/8535/d-nova.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218062943/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/8535/d-nova.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2013|publisher=popcorn.OneIndia}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;"| 17
|''[[The Thriller]]'' || [[B. Unnikrishnan]] || [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]], Katherine Theresa, [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Lalu Alex]], [[Sampath Raj]], [[Mallika Kapoor]] || [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7713/malayalam/the-thriller/2815/review.htm| title=The Thriller| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Best of Luck (2010 film)|Best of Luck]]'' || M. A. Nishad ||[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Mammootty]] (cameo) || Comedy ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7448/malayalam/best-of-luck/2820/review.htm| title=Best of Luck| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;"| 19
|''[[College Days (2010 film)|College Days]]'' || G. N. Krishnakumar || [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]], [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]], [[Sandhya (actress)|Sandhya]] || Campus, Romance ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7707/malayalam/college-days/2828/review.htm| title=College Days| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Koottukar (2010 film)|Koottukar]]'' ( കൂട്ടുകാർ ) ||Prasad Vaalacheril || [[Vinu Mohan]], [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]] || Youth, Romance ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7567/malayalam/koottukar/2827/review.htm| title=Koottukar| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kanyakumari Express (film)|Kanyakumari Express]]'' || T. S. Suresh Babu || [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Lena (actress)|Lena]], [[Babu Antony]], [[Sarayu (actress)|Sarayu]] || Action ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7367/malayalam/kanyakumari-express/2824/review.htm| title=Kanyakumari Express| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;"| 26
|''[[Oru Small Family]]'' ( ഒരു സ്മോൾ ഫാമിലി ) || [[Rajasenan]] || [[Rajasenan]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]], [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]] || [[Family film|Family]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8070/malayalam/oru-small-family/2840/review.htm| title=Oru Small Family| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Swantham Bharya Zindabad]]'' ( സ്വന്തം ഭാര്യ സിന്ദാബാദ്‌ ) || Biju Vattappara || [[Guinness Pakru]], Sruthilakshmi, [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] || [[Family film|Family]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8070/malayalam/oru-small-family/2840/review.htm| title=Swantham Bharya Zindabad| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;" | <big> '''D E C E M B E R'''</big>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#E0F9E0; textcolor:#000;"| 3
|''[[Sahasram (film)|Sahasram]]'' ( സഹസ്രം ) ||Dr. Janardhanan || [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]], [[Bala (actor)|Bala]], [[Sarayu (actress)|Sarayu]] || [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7711/malayalam/sahasram/2851/review.htm| title=Sahasram| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Again Kasargod Khader Bhai]]'' || Thulasidas || [[Jagadish]], Radha Varma, [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8209/malayalam/again-kasargod-kader-bhai/2852/review.htm| title=Again Kasargod Khader Bhai| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#E0F9E0; textcolor:#000;"| 9
|''[[Best Actor (film)|Best Actor]]'' || Martin Prackat ||[[Mammootty]], Shruthi Krishnan, Lal, [[Nedumudi Venu]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Family film|Family]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7722/malayalam/best-actor/2856/review.htm| title=Best Actor| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#E0F9E0; textcolor:#000;"| 10
|''[[Chaverpada]]'' (ചാവേർപ്പട) || T. S. Jaspal || [[Bala (actor)|Bala]] [[Manikuttan]], [[Arun (actor)|Arun]],[[Muktha (actress)|Muktha]]|| Action ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | title=Chaverpada| publisher=Nowrunning.com }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#E0F9E0; textcolor:#000;"| 16
|''[[Kandahar (2010 film)|Kandahar]]'' ( കാണ്ഡഹാർ ) || [[Major Ravi]] ||[[Mohanlal]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Kaveri Jha]], [[Parvathy Omanakuttan]] || [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7397/malayalam/kandahar/2859/review.htm| title=Kandahar| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#E0F9E0; textcolor:#000;"| 25
| ''[[Marykkundoru Kunjaadu]]'' ( മേരിക്കുണ്ടൊരു കുഞ്ഞാടു് ) || [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]] || [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]], [[Biju Menon]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8014/malayalam/marykkundoru-kunjadu/2882/review.htm| title=Marykkundoru Kunjaadu| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tournament (film)|Tournament]]'' || [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] || Fahad Fazil, Praveen, Manu, Roopa || Romance, [[Sport film|Sport]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8040/malayalam/tournament/2881/review.htm| title=Tournament| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#E0F9E0; textcolor:#000;"| 31
| ''[[Karayilekku Oru Kadal Dooram]]'' ( കരയിലേക്ക്‌ ഒരു കടൽ ദൂരം ) || [[Vinod Mankara]]|| [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]], [[Mamta Mohandas]], [[Dhanya Mary Varghese]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7708/malayalam/karayilekku-oru-kadal-dooram/2887/review.htm| title=Karayilekku Oru Kadal Dooram| publisher=Nowrunning.com | access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Puthumukhangal]]'' (പുതുമുഖങ്ങൾ) || Don Alex, Biju Majeed || Angel Agarwal, Silsil, Helan, Nima, Unnimaya, [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Salim Kumar]] || Campus ||style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | title=Puthumukhangal| publisher=Nowrunning.com }}</ref>
|}

== Dubbed films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; font-size:95%;"
|+Movies dubbed into Malayalam
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Opening
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Director(s)
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Original film
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Cast
! scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| {{tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Language
|-
| 8 January || ''Kerala KiranBedi'' (കേരള കിരൺബേഡി) || N. Om Prakash Rao || [[Kannadadda Kiran Bedi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/1774/kannadada-kiran-bedi.html |title=Kannadada Kiran Bedi | Reviews | Stills | Cast & Crew Details | Photos | Videos | Wallpapers | Synopsis | Kannada Movie | Oneindia.in |access-date=21 July 2010 |archive-date=14 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614050953/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/1774/kannadada-kiran-bedi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> || [[Kannada]] || [[Malashri]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]||
|-
| 5 February || ''Arya 2'' ( ആര്യ2 ) || [[Sukumar (director)|Sukumar]] || [[Arya 2]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Allu Arjun]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]]||
|-
| 9 June || ''Varan'' ( വരൻ ) || [[Gunasekhar]] ||[[Varudu]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Allu Arjun]], [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], Bhanu Sri Mehra ||
|-
| 30 July || ''Ishtam Enikkishtam'' ( ഇഷ്ടം എനിക്കിഷ്ടം ) || Prakash || [[Milana (film)|Milana]] || [[Kannada]] || [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] [[Pooja Gandhi]] ||
|-
| 20 August || ''Arjun'' ( അർജ്ജുൻ ) || Parasuram ||[[Anjaneyulu (film)|Anjaneyulu]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Ravi Teja]], [[Nayantara]]||
|-
| 15 October || ''Arundhati'' ( അരുന്ധതി ) || [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] || [[Arundhati (2009 film)|Arundhati]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Sonu Sood]], [[Arjan Bajwa]], [[Sayaji Shinde]]||
|-
| 22 October || ''Khilladi – The Robber'' ( കില്ലാടി ) || [[Krish (director)|Krish]]|| [[Vedam (film)|Vedam]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Allu Arjun]], [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Lekha Washington]] ||
|-
| 31 December || ''Pournami Nagam'' ( പൗർണ്ണമി നാഗം ) || Kodandarami Reddy || Punnami Nagu<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/5503/telugu/punnami-nagu/index.htm | title=Punnami Nagu (2009) – Punnami Nagu Telugu Movie | nowrunning}}</ref> || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Rajeev Kanakala, [[Mumaith Khan]], Amjad Khan||
|}

==Notable deaths==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; font-size:95%;"
|+Film personalities who died
|- style="background:#dae3e7; text-align:center;"
| '''Month''' || '''Date''' || '''Name''' || '''Age''' || '''Profession''' || '''Notable films'''
|- valign="top"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in February 2010|February]]'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 2 || [[Cochin Haneefa]] || style="text-align:center;"| 58 || style="text-align:center;"| Actor, director || ''[[Valtsalyam]]'' (Director) • ''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]]'' • ''[[Aniyathi Pravu]]'' • ''[[Punjabi House]]'' • ''[[Pulival Kalyanam]]'' • ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]''
|- valign="top"
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 10 || [[Girish Puthenchery]] || style="text-align:center;"| 49 || style="text-align:center;"| Lyricist, screenwriter || ''[[Madampi]]'' • ''[[Devaasuram]]'' • ''[[Thenmavin Kombath]]'' • ''[[Summer in Bethlahem]]'' • ''Balettan [[Johnnie Walker (film)|Johny Walker]], [[Pattalam (2003 film)|Pattalam]].''
|- valign="top"
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in April 2010|April]]'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 13 || [[Santhosh Jogi]] || style="text-align:center;"| 36 || style="text-align:center;"| Actor, singer|| ''[[Mayavi (2007 film)|Mayavi]]'' • ''[[Keerthichakra]]'' • ''[[Nasrani (film)|Nasrani]]''
|- valign="top"
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 20 || [[M. K. Kamalam]] || style="text-align:center;"| 86 || style="text-align:center;"| Actress (heroine of the first [[talkie]] in Malayalam), playback singer|| ''[[Balan (film)|Balan]]'' • ''Shayanam''
|- valign="top"
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 23 || [[Sreenath]] || style="text-align:center;"| 53 || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || ''Ithu Njangalude Katha'' • ''[[Shalini Ente Koottukari]]'' • ''[[Oru CBI Diary Kurippu]]'' • ''Sarvakalasala'' • ''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]]''
|- valign="top"
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in June 2010|June]]'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 5 || Chelangattu Gopalakrishnan<ref>[http://janayugomonline.com/php/newsDetails.php?nid=66780 "ചേലങ്ങാട് ഗോപാലകൃഷ്ണന്‍ നിര്യാതനായി"]</ref> || style="text-align:center;"| 77 || style="text-align:center;"| Film critic || ''Malayala Cinema Chartithram'' (author)
|- valign="top"
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 16 || [[P. G. Viswambharan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 64 || style="text-align:center;"| Director || ''Sphodanam'' • ''Sandhyaykku Virinja Poovu'' • ''Kaattu Kuthira'' • ''Gajakesariyogam''
|- valign="top"
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''26'' || [[Adoor Pankajam]] || style="text-align:center;"| 85 || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || ''[[Chemmeen]]'' • ''[[Aye Auto]]'' • ''[[Kathapurushan]]''
|- valign="top"
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in July 2010|July]]'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 2 || [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 73|| style="text-align:center;"| Music director, playback singer || ''[[Manichithrathazhu]]'' • ''[[Devasuram]]'' • ''[[Anandabhadram]]''
|- valign="top"
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in August 2010|August]]'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 4 || Nirmal Prakash<ref>[http://janayugomonline.com/php/newsDetails.php?nid=69516 "ചലച്ചിത്ര- സീരിയല്‍ നടന്‍ നിര്‍മല്‍ പ്രകാശ് അന്തരിച്ചു"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818202814/http://janayugomonline.com/php/newsDetails.php?nid=69516 |date=18 August 2011 }}</ref> || style="text-align:center;"| 53|| style="text-align:center;"| Dubbing artist, actor || ''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]]'' (dubbing artist) • ''[[Vesham]]'' • ''Sooryan'' (actor)
|- valign="top"
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 18 || [[Subair|Subair P. P.]] || style="text-align:center;"| 48|| style="text-align:center;"| Actor || ''[[Nadiya Kollappetta Rathri]]'' • ''[[Bharathchandran I.P.S.]]'' • ''[[Lelam]]'' • ''[[Roudram]]''
|- valign="top"
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 24 || [[Kunjikkuttan Thampuran (actor)|Ravi Varma Kunjikkuttan Thampuran]] || style="text-align:center;"| 74|| style="text-align:center;"| Actor || ''[[Kalyanaraman (2002 film)|Kalyanaraman]]'' • ''Ulladakkam'' • ''Mookkilla Rajyathu'' • ''[[Godfather (1991 film)|Godfather]]''
|- valign="top"
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 31 || S. Pavamani<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article605829.ece "S. Pavamani dead"]</ref> || style="text-align:center;"| 78|| style="text-align:center;"| Producer, distributor || ''Chenda'' • ''[[Avalude Ravukal]]'' • ''Ayodhya'' • ''[[Uyarangalil]]''
|- valign="top"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in September 2010|September]]'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 9 || [[Venu Nagavally]] || style="text-align:center;"| 61|| style="text-align:center;"| Actor, director || ''[[Yavanika]]'' • ''[[Sukhamo Devi]]'' (director) • ''[[Lal Salam (1990 film)|Lal Salam]]'' (director) • ''[[Minnaram]]'' • ''[[Shalini Ente Koottukari]]'' • ''[[Rakthasakshikal Sindabad]]'' (director)
|- valign="top"
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 12 || [[Swarnalatha]] || style="text-align:center;"| 37|| style="text-align:center;"| Playback singer || ''[[Ravanaprabhu]]'' • ''[[Varnapakittu]]'' • ''[[Punjabi House]]''
|- valign="top"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in November 2010|November]]'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 20 || [[Kozhikode Santha Devi]] || style="text-align:center;"| 85 || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || ''Moodupadam'' • ''Kunjali Marakkar'' • ''Iruttinte Aatmavu'' • ''Yamanam''
|- valign="top"
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 22 || [[Mankada Ravi Varma]] || style="text-align:center;"| 83 || style="text-align:center;"| Director, Cinematographer || ''Nokkukuthi'' (director) • ''[[Swayamvaram (1972 film)|Swayamvaram]]'' • ''[[Nizhalkuthu]]'' • ''[[Olavum Theeravum]]'' • ''[[Mathilukal]]''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Malayalam films|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{2010 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malayalam Films Of 2010}}
[[Category:Lists of Malayalam films by year|2010]]
[[Category:Lists of 2010 films by language]]
[[Category:2010 Malayalam-language films| 2010]]
[[Category:2010 in Indian cinema]]

Mappila dialects

2026-03-05T18:28:27Z

DeangeloWaley: done

{{Short description|Dialect of Malayalam used by Mappila Muslims}}
{{About|the spoken dialect of the Mappila community|the writing system historically used by this community|Arabi Malayalam script}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Mappila Malayalam
| nativename = മാപ്പിളമലയാളം
| altname = Mappila dialect
| image =
| ethnicity =
| pronunciation =
| states = [[India]]
| speakers = [[Malabar Muslims]]
| familycolor = Dravidian
| fam2 = Southern
| fam3 = [[Southern Dravidian languages|Southern I]]
| fam4 = Tamil–Kannada
| fam5 = Tamil–[[Kota language (India)|Kota]]
| fam6 = Tamil–[[Toda language|Toda]]
| fam7 = Tamil–Irula
| fam8 = Tamil–[[Kodava language|Kodava]]–[[Urali language|Urali]]
| fam9 = [[Tamiloid languages|Tamil]]–[[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalam]]
| fam10 = [[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalamoid]]
| fam11 = [[Malayalam]]
| ancestor = [[Old Tamil language|Old Tamil]]
| ancestor2 = [[Middle Tamil language|Middle Tamil]]
| script = [[Malayalam script]] (currently) [[Arabi Malayalam script]] (historically)
| isoexception = dialect
| glotto = mopl1237
| glottorefname = Moplah
}}

'''Mappila Malayalam<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Kuzhiyan|first=Muneer Aram|title=Poetics of Piety Devoting and Self Fashioning in the Mappila Literary Culture of South India|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/213506|publisher=The English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad|hdl=10603/213506}}</ref>''' (also called Moplah Malayalam) refers to the sociolects of the [[Malayalam]] language spoken by the [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila Muslim community]] of Kerala, India. Rather than a single uniform dialect, the term encompasses a variety of regional speech patterns that differ significantly by district (e.g., [[Kasaragod]], [[Malappuram]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Kannur]]). It is spoken by several million people, predominantly in the [[Malabar Coast]] of Kerala state, southern India.

Linguistically, Mappila Malayalam is mutually intelligible with other standard dialects of Malayalam.<ref name="Subramoniam">Subramoniam, V. I. (1997). ''Dravidian Encyclopaedia''. Vol. 3, Language and literature. Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala): International School of Dravidian Linguistics. pp. 508-09. [http://worldcat.org/isbn/818569222X]</ref><ref name="jewish-malayalam">{{cite news |title=Mappila Malayalam-1 |url=http://www.jewish-languages.org/jewish-malayalam.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501075736/http://www.jewish-languages.org/jewish-malayalam.html |archive-date=1 May 2009 |access-date=3 July 2007}}</ref> It is classified variously as a regional dialect of northern Kerala or as a sociolect of the Mappila community. It is also described as a [[vernacular]] or, particularly during the colonial era, as a provincial [[patois]]. A defining feature of Mappila Malayalam is it's lexical admixture, which shows influence from Arabic and Persian.<ref name="jewish-malayalam" /><ref name="KrishnaChaitanya">Krishna Chaitanya. ''Kerala. India, the Land and the People.'' New Delhi: National Book Trust, India, 1994. [http://worldcat.org/isbn/8123707517]</ref>

== Writing system ==
{{Main|Arabi Malayalam script}}

[[File:Multilingual (Tamil and Malayalam - Arabic script) advertisement - catalogue of books and textiles - Ponnani (1908).jpg|thumb|left|A multilingual advertisement with a catalogue of books and textiles available from a shop in Ponnani in 1908. Text on the left hand side is [[Arwi|Arabi-Tamil]], text on the right hand side, Arabi Malayalam script]]

The [[Arabi Malayalam script]] is a modified version of the [[Arabic script]]. The script<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arafath|first=P. K. Yasser|date=July 2020|title=Polyglossic Malabar: Arabi-Malayalam and the Muhiyuddinmala in the age of transition (1600s–1750s)|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/polyglossic-malabar-arabimalayalam-and-the-muhiyuddinmala-in-the-age-of-transition-1600s1750s/65608DE0D0113699E7907ECC08E899C0|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|language=en|volume=30|issue=3|pages=517–539|doi=10.1017/S1356186320000085|s2cid=232345197|issn=1356-1863|url-access=subscription}}</ref> is also known as Khatafunnani<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Kunnath|first=Ammad|date=15 September 2015|title=The rise and growth of Ponnani from 1498 AD To 1792 AD|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/49524|publisher=Department of History|hdl=10603/49524}}</ref> or [[Ponnani]] script.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Panakkal|first=Abbas|url=http://myto.upm.edu.my/find/Record/iium.u537621|title=Islam in Malabar (1460-1600) : a socio-cultural study /|date=2016|publisher=Kulliyyah Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527064123/http://myto.upm.edu.my/find/Record/iium.u537621|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kallen|first=hussain Randathani|title=TRADE AND CULTURE: INDIAN OCEAN INTERACTION ON THE COAST OF MALABAR IN MEDIEVAL PERIOD|url=https://www.academia.edu/22105661|language=en}}</ref> It is also used to write several minority languages such as [[Aranadan language|Eranadan]] and [[Jeseri|Jesri]].

Scholars debate the origins of the writing system. While some historians (e.g., O. Abu) argue Arabs developed it to bridge linguistic barriers, a prominent theory suggests it was developed by native Mappilas. Due to the belief that the Arabic script was divinely bestowed, early Mappilas considered it inappropriate to record sacred texts in local scripts like Vatteluttu, prompting the adaptation of the Arabic alphabet for Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arabi Malayalam|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/arabi-malayalam-3|access-date=2021-02-16|website=Sahapedia|language=en}}</ref>

== Study center ==
The [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University]] in [[Tirur]] has established a centre dedicated to the study of the Arabi Malayalam literary tradition and the Mappila dialect.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 October 2017|title=New university centre for Arabi Malayalam|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/151017/new-university-centre-for-arabi-malayalam.html|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=TwoCircles.net|date=28 December 2015|title=In Kerala, attempts to save Arabi Malayalam take final shape|url=http://twocircles.net/2015dec28/1451285082.html|access-date=20 October 2020|website=TwoCircles.net|language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Arabi Malayalam script]]
* [[Suriyani Malayalam]]
* [[Arwi]]
* [[Byari bhashe]]
* [[Eranadan language]]
* [[Jeseri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Arabee Malayala Sahitya Charithram [History of Arabi Malayalam] |publisher=[[National Book Stall|N.B.S.]] |year=1970 |location=Kottayam |last=O. Abu |language=Malayalam |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.27717}}
{{refend}}

==External links==

{{Dravidian languages}}
{{Languages spoken in Kerala}}
{{Topics related to Kerala}}
{{Islam in Kerala}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mappila Malayalam}}
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Dravidian languages]]
[[Category:Islamic culture]]
[[Category:Malabar Muslims]]
[[Category:Arabi Malayalam]]
[[Category:Languages of Kerala]]

Cochin Shipyard

2026-03-04T10:05:22Z

DeangeloWaley: minor refine structure for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Shipbuilding and maintenance facility in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Cochin Shipyard Limited
| logo = [[File : Cochin Shipyard SVG Logo.svg|130px]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|540678}} {{NSE|COCHINSHIP}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=y|1972|04|29}}
| location_city = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]
| location_country = India
| area_served = India
| image = [[File: Cochin Shipyard.jpg|320px]]
| image_caption = A view of one of the docks at the Cochin Shipyard
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| key_people = Madhu S. Nair ([[Chairman]] & [[Managing director|MD]])
| industry = [[Shipbuilding]]
| products = {{bulleted_list|[[Aircraft carrier]]s|[[Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft|ASWSWC]]s|[[Tanker (ship)|Tankers]]|[[Bulk carrier]]s|[[Platform supply vessel]]s|[[Patrol boat]]s|[[Diving support vessel]]s|[[Electric boat]]s|[[Ferry]]s|[[Tugboat]]s}}
| services = {{bulleted_list|[[Naval architecture|Ship design]]|[[Shipbuilding]]|[[Shipbuilding#Ship repair industry|Ship repair]]|Marine Engineering Training Institute - Vigyana Sagar}}
| revenue = {{Decrease}} {{INRConvert|2536.94|c}} (FY 2023)<ref name=finances>{{cite web |url=https://cochinshipyard.in/uploads/investor/2a4c69a418e33bbc055c396b44a6dda9.pdf|title=Financial Report 2022-23|access-date=2023-05-19}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{Decrease}} {{INRConvert|448.50|c}} (FY 2023)<ref name=finances/>
| net_income = {{Decrease}} {{INRConvert|334.8|c}} (FY 2023)<ref name=finances/>
| assets = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|9909.04|c}} (FY 2023)<ref name=finances/>
| equity = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|4423.41|c}} (FY 2023)<ref name=finances/>
| num_employees = 1,744 (March 2019)
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid = {{bulleted_list|[[Hooghly Cochin Shipyard Limited]]|Udupi Cochin Shipyrard Limited}}
| caption =
| homepage = {{URL|https://cochinshipyard.in/|cochinshipyard.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Cochin Shipyard Ltd''' ('''CSL''') is the largest shipbuilding and maintenance facility in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shipmin.gov.in/sites/default/files/2015-16%20English.pdf#page=55 |publisher= [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways|Ministry of Shipping, Govt of India]]| title=Annual Report 2015–16 |access-date=4 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dpe.gov.in/sites/default/files/11_Transportation%20Equipment.pdf#page=6 |publisher= [[Ministry of Finance (India)#Department of Public Enterprises|Department of Public Enterprises, Ministry of Finance]]| title=Transportation Equipment |access-date=4 September 2022 }}</ref> Cochin Shipyard is one of the few companies in the world that have built an [[aircraft carrier]] and the only facility in India capable of building such warships.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anandan |first=S. |date=2022-08-30 |title=Cochin Shipyard can build follow-on carrier in about 8 years, says CMD |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cochin-shipyard-can-build-follow-on-carrier-in-about-8-years-says-cmd/article65830573.ece |access-date=2025-10-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is part of a line of maritime-related facilities in the port-city of [[Kochi]], in the [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{cite web
|publisher=Shipping Ministry of India
|url=http://shipping.nic.in/shipwing2.htm
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20050915045113/http://shipping.nic.in/shipwing2.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=15 September 2005
|title=List of ship building centres in India
|access-date=18 July 2008
}}</ref> The shipyard builds platform supply vessels and double-hulled [[oil tanker]]s. It has built big vessels up to 1,20,000 [[deadweight tonnage]] (DWT) capacity, making it the leading shipyard in India in terms of capacity. The company has [[Miniratna]] status.<ref name="cochin1">{{cite news |last1=Mudgill |first1=Amit |title=Cochin Shipyard rallies over 20% on D-Street debut |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/cochin-shipyard-makes-quite-debut-lists-at-0-7-premium-over-issue-price/articleshow/60014904.cms |access-date=13 June 2018 |work=The Economic Times |date=12 August 2017}}</ref>

==History==
Cochin Shipyard was incorporated in 1972 as a [[Government of India]] company, with the first phase of facilities coming online in 1982.

In August 2012, the Government of India announced plans of [[divestment]] to raise capital of [[Indian rupee|₹]]1,500 [[crore]] for further expansion through an [[initial public offering]] (IPO) towards the end of the fiscal year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cochin Shipyard Limited firms up plans to go for IPO by year-end|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Cochin-Shipyard-Limited-firms-up-plans-to-go-for-IPO-by-year-end/articleshow/15321579.cms|access-date=23 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023222443/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/01/stories/2006030104122100.htm|archive-date=23 October 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Government finalised the decision of stake sale on 18 November 2015. 3.39 crore (33.9 million) shares were planned to be sold, out of which the government held 1,13,000 shares while the others were fresh equity. However, this did not materialise until August 2017, when the company conducted its IPO and listed its shares on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]] and [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]].<ref name="cochin1"/>

==Activities==
The yard has facilities to build vessels up to 1,10,000 [[deadweight tonnage]] (DWT) and repair vessels up to 1,25,000 DWT.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cochinshipyard.in/sr-facilities | title=Welcome to Cochin Shipyard : ISO 9001 Certified - the biggest greenfield Shipyard of the Millenium }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://cochinshipyard.in/sb-facility | title=Welcome to Cochin Shipyard : ISO 9001 Certified - the biggest greenfield Shipyard of the Millenium }}</ref>

===Shipbuilding===
[[File:Path_to_caves,_Gharapuri,_Maharashtra_400094,_India_-_panoramio_(14).jpg|thumb|left|''Maharishi Parshuram'' built in 2002 by Cochin Shipyard for SCI]]
[[File:Vikrant.jpg|thumb|[[INS Vikrant (2013)|INS ''Vikrant'']] being built at Cochin Shipyard in 2017]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi commissions the first indigenous aircraft carrier as INS Vikrant, in Kochi, Kerela on September 02, 2022 (2).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] commissioned INS ''Vikrant'' on September 2, 2022, in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]].]]

The first ship to roll out of the Cochin Shipyard was the MV ''Rani Padmini'' in 1981.<ref>{{cite news |author=Priyadershini S. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/society/article2970951.ece |title=Soft hands handling hard steel |work=The Hindu |date=7 March 2012 |access-date=15 August 2013 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310161414/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/society/article2970951.ece |archive-date=10 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The yard has delivered two of India's largest [[Double hull|double-hull]] [[Aframax]] [[tanker (ship)|tanker]]s, each of {{DWT|95,000}}, including ''Maharshi Parashuram'' and ''Abul Kalam Azad'' to the [[Shipping Corporation of India]].

CSL has secured shipbuilding orders from internationally renowned companies from [[Europe]] and [[West Asia]]. The shipyard is building six {{DWT|30,000}} bulk carriers for [[Clipper Group]] of the [[Bahamas]] and the first three vessels have been launched.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/01/stories/2006030104122100.htm |title=Business : CSL launches three new vessels |date=1 March 2006 |access-date=15 August 2013 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023222443/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/01/stories/2006030104122100.htm |archive-date=23 October 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |df=dmy-all }}</ref>Eight [[platform supply vessel]]s for the Norwegian Seatankers Management Company, are also under construction.{{When|date=January 2026}}{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}.

CSL has also built the fleet of ferry boats used by the [[Kochi Water Metro]], in association with [[Siemens|Siemens India]] and Echandia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Battery Solutions by Vessel Type - Echandia |url=https://www.echandia.com/en/vessel-types |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=www.echandia.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cochin Shipyard handovers India's first Water Metro ferry to Kochi Metro |url=https://urbantransportnews.com/news/cochin-shipyard-handovers-indias-first-water-metro-ferry-to-kochi-metro |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Urban Transport News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-18 |title=Water Metro boats win Gussies award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/water-metro-boats-win-gussies-award/articleshow/95592944.cms |access-date=2026-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The shipyard commissioned {{Convert|310|m||abbr=on}}-long [[dry dock]], capable of accommodating six large vessels annually up to a length of {{Convert|300|m||abbr=on}}, in January 2024. The dry dock can handle [[Suezmax]] tankers, container ships and [[Capesize]] bulk carriers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2026-02-24 |title=$500-million boost for India shipbuilding as Cochin Shipyard, HD Hyundai Group advance JV talks: Report |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/500-million-boost-for-india-shipbuilding-as-cochin-shipyard-hd-hyundai-group-advance-jv-talks-report-13840606.html |access-date=2026-02-24 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

On 27 December 2024, [[Adani Ports & SEZ|Adani Ports and SEZ]], through its subsidiary, Ocean Sparkle Limited, ordered eight [[Tugboat|tug boats]] from CSL. The order is worth about ₹450 crores comprisng eight 70 T Bollard Pull [[Azimuth thruster|Azimuthing Stern Drive]] Tugs delivered by Udupi Cochin Shipyard Limited. Deliveries will start in December 2026 and are expected to be completed by August 2028.<ref>https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/cochin-shipyard-bags-adani-ports-tug-boat-order-deal-value-estimated-at-rs-450-crore-11735382563877.html {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2025}}</ref>

As of 30 June 2025, CSL has an order book of {{INRConvert|21100|c|lk=on|year=2025}} of which 66% is from the [[Indian Navy]]. The share is down from 88%.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Twesh |date=2026-01-15 |title=Cochin Shipyard delivers first multi-purpose vessel to Germany’s HS Schiffahrts |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/cochin-shipyard-delivers-first-multi-purpose-vessel-to-germanys-hs-schiffahrts/articleshow/126546025.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

On 12 January 2026, the shipyard delivered the first of eight {{DWT|7,000}} [[multi-purpose vessel]], HS Heinz, to [[Germany]]-based shipping company [[HS Schiffahrts]]. The vessels are part of the HS EcoFreighter [[Ice class|ice-class]] series and are worth {{INRConvert|110|c|lk=|year=2026}} each. The constructions began in March 2023 with the steel-cutting ceremony of the first vessel. The vessels, designed by [[Netherlands]]-based [[Groot Ship Design]] and following [[DNV]] classification rules, are meant to carry project and heavy cargo, steel coils, containers, timber, paper, dry bulk commodities such as coal and grain, as well as hazardous materials. The vessel has a single large cargo hold with six movable partitions for reconfiguration based on the cargo to be transported. It also features a [[Tweendecker|tween deck]] arrangement.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-16 |title=India’s Cochin Shipyard Delivers Advanced Multi-Purpose Vessel To German Shipping Firm |url=https://www.marineinsight.com/shipping-news/indias-cochin-shipyard-delivers-advanced-multi-purpose-vessel-to-german-shipping-firm/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Marine Insight |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cochin Shipyard delivers multi-purpose cargo vessel MS Heinz to German shipowner |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/maritime/2026/01/15/cochin-shipyard-delivers-multi-purpose-cargo-vessel-ms-heinz-to-german-shipowner.html |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2026, the shipyard has submitted a bid to a [[Invitation to tender|tender]] floated by the [[Shipping Corporation of India]] (SCI) for a firm order of 2 [[Marine LNG Engine|dual-fuel]], Medium Range [[Product tanker|Product Tanker]] for $200 million along with an [[Option contract|option]] for two further vessels.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=23 February 2026 |title=Cochin Shipyard, SDHI, L&T and GRSE-HSL team file bids to build M R tankers for oil PSUs |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/ports-shipping/cochin-shipyard-sdhi-lt-and-grse-hsl-team-file-bids-to-build-m-r-tankers-for-oil-psus/128702234 |access-date=24 February 2026 |website=ETInfra.com |language=en}}</ref>

As of 24 February 2026, CSL is in an advanced negotiation with the [[HD Hyundai Group]], which operates the HD Korea Shipbuilding to establish a 50-50 shipbuilding [[joint venture]] worth $500 million in [[Kochi]]. A CSL delegation will visit South Korea to finalise the discussions in February. An HD Hyundai delagation has already completed site inspection and evaluation in Kochi. The agreement is expected in the second half of 2026 with an initial investment of above {{INRConvert|45000|c|lk=on|year=2026}} to construct a ship block fabrication facility on an {{Convert|80|acre|m2|abbr=on}} leased to CSL by [[Cochin Port Trust]] with an annual output of 120,000 [[metric tonnes]]. The venture will combine the design expertise, advanced production systems and global order access of HD Hyundai with the infrastructure of CSL. The venture will produce [[cargo ships]], [[Container ship|container vessels]], [[Oil tanker|tankers]], [[Drybulk carrier|dry bulk carriers]], mdeium range (MR) tankers, [[Panamax]] vessels and [[Multi-purpose vessel|multipurpose ships]]. The initial blueprints, however, excludes [[Very Large Crude Carriers]] (VLCCs) due to infrastructure limitations which can be added later with capacity expansion.<ref name=":1" /> The shipyards had signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] (MoU) on 23 September 2025 for a long-term strategic collaboration in shipbuilding.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Cochin Shipyard moves Towards Atmanirbhar Bharat ; Signs MoU with HD Korea for Long-Term Shipbuilding Collaboration |date=2025-09-23 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2170036&reg=3&lang=2 |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>

=== Naval ships ===

==== INS ''Vikrant'' ====
{{main|INS Vikrant (2013)}}
Cochin Shipyard built India's first indigenous [[aircraft carrier]]-INS Vikrant (formerly, the Project 71 "Air Defence Ship"). The carrier is the largest warship built by CSL. In February 2020, all major structural and outfitting work was declared complete.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gurung|first=Shaurya Karanbir|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/structural-and-outfitting-work-of-indias-first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-complete/articleshow/74070075.cms|title=Structural and outfitting work of India's first indigenous aircraft carrier complete|date=2020-02-10|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref> Sea trials finally began on 4 August.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's first indigenous aircraft carrier, to be named INS Vikrant, finally begins sea trials|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-to-be-named-ins-vikrant-finally-begins-sea-trials/articleshow/85031100.cms|access-date=2021-08-04|website=Times of India}}</ref> Five day long sea trials were successfully completed on 8 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/pix-vikrant-successfully-completes-5-day-maiden-sea-voyage/20210808.htm|title = Vikrant successfully completes 5-day maiden sea voyage}}</ref> The ship was commissioned on 2 September 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=INS Vikrant, 1st India-Made Aircraft Carrier, Commissioned By PM |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ins-vikrant-indias-first-home-built-aircraft-carrier-commissioned-by-pm-narendra-modi-3308900 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904050721/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ins-vikrant-indias-first-home-built-aircraft-carrier-commissioned-by-pm-narendra-modi-3308900 |archive-date=4 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==== [[INS Anvesh (A41)|INS Anvesh]] ====
{{main|INS Anvesh (A41)}}

CSL, in collaboration with [[DRDO]] built INS Anvesh, a [[Tracking ship|missile range instrumentation ship]] to be used as a Floating Test Range for [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme|India's ballistic missile defence program.]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-20 |title=Cochin Shipyard to build secret vessel for DRDO |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-07 |title=Sea trials for floating missile test range INS Anvesh begin this month |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sea-trials-for-floating-missile-test-range-ins-anvesh-begin-this-month-101630984781024.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317073400/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sea-trials-for-floating-missile-test-range-ins-anvesh-begin-this-month-101630984781024.html |archive-date=2025-03-17 |access-date=2025-07-09 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> Its construction was awarded to CSL in 2015 and was laid down by 2016. It was commissioned into Naval service on 11 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2023-04-25 |title=India Conducts First Test of New Ship-Based BMD System |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/04/india-conducts-first-test-of-new-ship-based-bmd-system/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Mahe-class corvette ====
{{Main|Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft}}

CSL and [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers|GRSE]] are building the ships of the [[Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft|ASW-SWC]] class for the [[Indian Navy]]. The ships built at [[Kochi]] by CSL are called Mahe class and those built by GRSE are called Arnala Class.On 30 April 2019, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|MoD]] and CSL signed the contract, valued at ₹6,311 crore for the construction of eight ships within a deadline of 84 months<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Defence Watch |date=2019-04-29 |title=GRSE Signs Contract for 08 Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Watercraft |url=https://psuwatch.com/defencewatch/grse-signs-contract-for-08-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-watercraft |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=PSU Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-30 |title=Cochin Shipyard gets Rs 6,311 crore contract for anti submarine warfare ships - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/cochin-shipyard-gets-rs-6311-crore-contract-for-anti-submarine-warfare-ships-188690-2019-04-30 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> On 1 December 2020, CSL initiated the project's construction, with the steel-cutting of the first ASW-SWC vessel, the [[INS Mahe (2022)|INS ''Mahe'']]''.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian ASW corvette programme cuts first steel {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/naval-warfare/premium-indian-asw-corvette-programme-cuts-first-s/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== [[Aadesh-class patrol vessel|Aadesh-class]] [[Patrol boat|Fast Patrol Vessel]] ====
CSL has built 20 FPVs for the [[Indian Coast Guard]].The ships have been designed by M/s Smart Engineering & Design Solutions (SEDS) in Kochi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First fast patrol vessel for Coast Guard delivered |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/first-fast-patrol-vessel-for-coast-guard-delivered_879688.html |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CSL launches Fast patrol vessel {{!}} IRCLASS {{!}} Indian Register of Shipping |url=http://www.irclass.org/news/csl-launches-fast-patrol-vessel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611163108/http://www.irclass.org/news/csl-launches-fast-patrol-vessel |archive-date=2015-06-11 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=www.irclass.org |language=en}}</ref>

==== [[Next Generation Missile Vessels]] ====
On 30 March 2023, The ministry of defence authorised acquisition of six NGMV from CSL at a cost of ₹9,805 crore (US$1.2 billion).On 16 December 2024, the steel cutting ceremony for the first ship of NGMV held at the Cochin Shipyard.The delivery of ships is scheduled to commence from March 2027<ref>{{Cite web |title=STEEL CUTTING OF FIRST NEXT GENERATION MISSILE VESSEL (NGMV) FOR INDIAN NAVY AT COCHIN SHIPYARD LIMITED, KOCHI |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2084901 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414134509/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2084901 |archive-date=2025-04-14 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

===Ship repair===
The shipyard started offering repair services in 1982 and has undertaken upgrades and repairs for all types of ships, including ships for the [[oil exploration]] industry, as well as scheduled maintenance and life extension for ships of the [[Indian Navy]], [[Indian Coast Guard]], the [[Union territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]], Fisheries and [[Cochin Port Trust]], [[Shipping Corporation of India|SCI]] and the [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC). It has performed major overhauls for the aircraft carrier [[INS Viraat|INS ''Viraat'']].

CSL was awarded major maintenance and upgrade orders from [[ONGC]]. This included major overhaul of three rigs, the mobile [[Offshore drilling rig|offshore drilling unit]] (MODU) ''Sagar Vijay'', mobile offshore drilling unit ''Sagar Bhushan'' and [[jackup rig]] ''Sagar Kiran'' in 2005-06.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Cochin Shipyard : ISO 9001 Certified - The biggest greenfield Shipyard of the Millenium |url=https://cochinshipyard.in/credentials |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=cochinshipyard.in}}</ref>

It performed major overhauls for the aircraft carrier [[INS Vikramaditya|INS ''Vikramaditya'']] in 2016 and 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2016 |title=CSL completes refit of Indian Navy's aircraft-carrier INS Vikramaditya |url=http://www.naval-technology.com/news/newscsl-completes-refit-of-indian-navys-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-5667275 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116102004/http://www.naval-technology.com/news/newscsl-completes-refit-of-indian-navys-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-5667275 |archive-date=16 November 2016 |access-date=15 November 2016 |website=NavalTechnology.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-30 |title=MoD inks contract worth ₹1207 Cr with Cochin Shipyard Limited for Short Refit and Dry Docking of INS Vikramaditya |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2079380 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

On 5 April 2024, CSL became the third Indian shipyard after [[Kattupalli Shipyard]] of [[Larsen & Toubro]] and [[Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders]] to sign a Master Ship Repair Agreement (MSRA) with the [[United States Navy]] for repair of its [[Military Sealift Command]] Fleet Support Ships.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2024-04-08 |title=Cochin Shipyard signs ship repair agreement with U.S. Navy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cochin-shipyard-signs-ship-repair-agreement-with-us-navy/article68044085.ece |access-date=2024-09-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Third Indian Shipyard Wins U.S. Navy Approval for Ship Repairs |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/third-indian-shipyard-wins-u-s-navy-approval-for-ship-repairs |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=The Maritime Executive |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cochin Shipyard signs master ship repair agreement with US Navy |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/cochin-shipyard-signs-master-ship-repair-agreement-with-us-navy/ |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=ddnews.gov.in}}</ref> The ships operated by MSC are non-commissioned US Navy "support vessels" with civilian crews bearing the prefix "[[United States Naval Ship|USNS]]". Under the agreement, the US Naval ships of the [[United States Central Command|Central Command]] that are in voyage are to be repaired in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASSESSING INDIA-US "MASTER SHIP REPAIR AGREEMENTS" (MSRAs) |url=https://maritimeindia.org/assessing-india-us-master-ship-repair-agreements-msras/ |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=maritimeindia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders inks pact with US Navy to service its fleet - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/mazagon-dock-shipbuilders-inks-pact-with-us-navy-to-service-its-fleet-17744401.htm |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

===Others===
The shipyard also trains graduate engineers in [[Marine propulsion|marine engineering]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cochin Shipyard – Marine Engineering Training Website |url=http://cochinshipyard.com/training.html |access-date=17 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117093223/http://cochinshipyard.com/training.html |archive-date=17 January 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Around one hundred students are trained each year.

==See also==
* [[Hindustan Shipyard]]
* [[Swan Defence and Heavy Industries Limited]]
* [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website|cochinshipyard.com}}

{{Kochi (India) topics}}
{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Shipbuilding companies of India]]
[[Category:Shipyards of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kochi]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of Kerala]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Kochi]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1972]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Trishna (2009 film)

2026-03-04T03:47:57Z

DeangeloWaley: further correct citations per sources further and fixed typos based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Trishna
| image = Trishna.jpg
| caption = Poster of Movie ''Trishna''
| director = [[Pritam Jalan]]
| writer =
| starring = [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Angshuman Gupta]]
| producer =
| distributor =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| released = {{Film date|2009|01|30|df=y}}
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
| runtime = 120 minutes
| language = Bengali
| music =
}}
'''''Trishna''''' ({{langx|bn|তৃষ্ণা}}) is a 2009 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] directed by [[Pritam Jalan]]. The film stars [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Angshuman Gupta]] (finalist in Grasim Mr India 2006)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090131/jsp/entertainment/story_10463815.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203122027/http://telegraphindia.com/1090131/jsp/entertainment/story_10463815.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2009|title=Man of the moment|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=4 February 2009|location=Calcutta, India|date=31 January 2009}}</ref> and [[Arindam Sil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://calcuttatube.com/2008/12/12/trishna-2008/ |title=Trishna (2008) |publisher=calcuttatube.com |accessdate=4 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126162313/http://calcuttatube.com/2008/12/12/trishna-2008/ |archivedate=26 January 2009 }}</ref>
This film was objected for Vulgurity by [[West Bengal]] Film Publicity Act that Rituparna Sengupta was too Skimpy, seductive. However, the West Bengal Film Publicity Act rejected the public presentation of some [[movie poster]]s of Trishna. The West Bengal Film Publicity Act is basically a [[Local government|local body]] that gives clearance for films to be released in West Bengal only. Such act does not exist in any other [[States and territories of India|Indian States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://calcuttatube.com/2009/01/06/trishna-objection-vulgurity-test/ |title=Trishna Objection -VulgurityTest |publisher=calcuttatube.com |accessdate=4 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131114524/http://calcuttatube.com/2009/01/06/trishna-objection-vulgurity-test/ |archivedate=31 January 2009 }}</ref> This movie is a Bengali remake of [[Bipasha Basu]] and [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] starrer [[Bollywood|Hindi film]] "[[Jism (2003 film)|Jism]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywood.com/im-not-copying-bipasha-trishna-rituparna-sengupta|title=I'm not copying Bipasha in 'Trishna': Rituparna Sengupta|publisher=bollywood.com|accessdate=4 February 2009}}</ref> [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] commented that "Though almost a scene-by-scene copy of John Abraham-Bipasha Basu’s Jism, Pritam Jalan’s Trishna is nothing more than a sleaze fest with Tolly’s leading heroine 'showing' the way".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/archives/archive.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021015004744/http://www.telegraphindia.com/archives/archive.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2002|title=The Telegraph - Archives|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=4 February 2009|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref>

==Plot==
Raja, a professional photographer and a playboy, meets Tiasha at a bar. She is different from the girls he knows and has an electrifying presence; she captivates him. She is sensuous and Raja lusts after her. He starts an affair with her. She tells him that her mother has [[Leukemia|blood cancer]] and she doesn't have good relations with her husband who is away. She tells him that Shekhar is not a nice person. Shekhar returns and meets Raja at the bar. Tiasha tells Raja that Shekhar has made a will whereby he has decided to leave half his property to his wife and half to his sister Sumana whom he is close to. But Sumana and Tiasha dislike each other. Raja decides to eliminate Shekhar in order to be with Tiasha.

One night Raja goes to Tiasha's house to kill Shekhar and Shekhar is killed when there is a tussle between them. They dump Shekhar's body into the sea. Meanwhile, Subir and Rana, (Raja's childhood friends) tell Raja to change his ways as they have noticed a change in him lately. Raja is imprisoned on charges of murdering Shekhar as a button of his jacket had been found near the scene of the murder, but he is soon released. He learns that he has been appointed the executor of the new will which Shekhar had made a few days back before his death leaving his entire property to Tiasha. Sumana believes that this will is fake. She meets Raja in private one day and tells him the truth about Tiasha. She had given a locket to Raja which is accidentally left behind at the beach while disposing of Shekhar's body. Subir, the S.P (Raja's friend), who is investigating the case tells him to mend his ways, but he refuses to listen. Tiasha calls Raja one day and asks him to meet at her residence. He refuses to entertain her in the beginning as he had begun to disbelieve her, but complies with her demand. On reaching her residence, he finds a bag in the garden house and realizes that Tiasha must have killed Sumana. Tiasha is nowhere to be seen, so Raja decides to wait for Tiasha and finish her off once she arrives. Subir, Raja's friend also arrives there and conceals himself and watches the proceedings. She arrives soon after and pleads innocence, but Raja refuses to believe her. Tiasha tells him there is proof in the garden house and she goes there, but there is a huge blast. Subir tells Raja later that Tiasha had escaped though Raja had thought her to be dead and she is nowhere to be found. After a year, Tiasha reappears at the same place wearing the same outfit waiting for her next prey.

==Cast==
* [[Rituparna Sengupta]]
* [[Angshuman Gupta]]
* [[Arindam Sil]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090213043810/http://telegraphindia.com/1090124/jsp/entertainment/story_10434543.jsp www.telegraphindia.com preview]
* {{IMDb title|1399107|Trishna}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trishna}}
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2009 Bengali-language films]]

Aporajeyo

2026-03-04T00:13:23Z

DeangeloWaley: started some details w/ sources.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aporajeyo
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|bn|অপরাজেয়}}
| director = Nehal Dutta
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring =
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music =
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|06|09}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Aporajeyo''''' is a 2023 Indian Bengali-language film directed by [[Nehal Dutta]].<ref name="ABP Ananda July 2022">{{cite news |last1=ananda |first1=abp |title='শত্রুর দমন করতে' বড়পর্দায় ফিরছেন রঞ্জিত মল্লিক, প্রকাশ্যে 'অপরাজেয়' ছবির ট্রেলার |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/nehal-dutta-directed-ranjit-mullick-starrer-aporajeyo-trailer-is-out-now-907622 |access-date=7 August 2022 |work=bengali.abplive.com |date=30 July 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> The film stars [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]], and [[Laboni Sarkar]]. In this film Ranjit Mallick returned to the big screen by playing the character of Subhankar Sanyal.<ref name="বিশ্ব বাংলা সংবাদ">{{cite news |title=Entertainment: আবার বছর চল্লিশ পর ! দাপুটে পুলিশ রঞ্জিত মল্লিক এবার আইনজীবি |url=https://biswabanglasangbad.com/2022/07/28/entertainment-news-ranjit-mallik-is-back-on-silver-screen-as-lawyer/ |access-date=7 August 2022 |work=বিশ্ব বাংলা সংবাদ |date=28 July 2022 |language=bn}}</ref><ref name="Sangbad Pratidin">{{cite news |title=ফের বেল্ট হাতে রঞ্জিত মল্লিক, চার দশক পর ফিরছেন 'শত্রু'র শুভঙ্কর সান্যাল |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/tollywood-actor-ranjit-mallick-to-back-as-subhankar-sanyal-in-a-new-film/ |access-date=7 August 2022 |work=sangbadpratidin|language=bn}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Ranjit Mallick]]
* [[Sabitri Chatterjee]]
* [[Laboni Sarkar]]
* [[Sumit Ganguly]]
* [[Mrinal Mukherjee]]

== Release ==
It was released on 9 June 2023.<ref>"'বাংলা বানিজ্যিক ছবি বক্স অফিসে ব্যর্থ হতে দেখে খারাপ লাগে', অকপট রঞ্জিত মল্লিক... | Its sad to see bengali commercials fail at the box office candid Ranjit Mallick". ''zeenews-india-com.cdn.ampproject.org''.</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FI6e8UlIKMA Official trailer] on [[YouTube]]

[[Category:2023 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language drama films]]

{{2020s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Trade Union Coordination Centre

2026-03-01T15:06:37Z

DeangeloWaley:

{{short description|Trade union in India}}
{{update|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox union
| name = TUCC
| location_country = [[India]]
| affiliation = [[World Federation of Trade Unions|WFTU]]
| members = 1.6 million (2013)
| full_name = Trade Union Coordination Centre
| native_name =
| image = Tucc2.PNG
| founded = {{Start date and age|1970||}}
| dissolved =
| merged =
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| key_people = Probir Banerjee, President G.R. Shivashankar, General Secretary
| website = {{URL|http://tucc.forwardbloc.org/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Trade Union Coordination Centre''' is a central [[trade union]] federation in [[India]]. TUCC is politically attached to [[All India Forward Bloc]].

TUCC was founded in 1970.<ref>Ahn, Pong-Sul. ''[https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---sro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_143481.pdf The growth and decline of political unionism in India: The need for a paradigm shift]''</ref> Prasanta Das Gupta was the founding general secretary of TUCC.<ref>{{cite book|title=Civic Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FNAsAAAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=P. C. Kapoor at the Citizen Press|page=25}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Working Class|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NQejtJXDeMC|year=1992|publisher=Centre of Indian Trade Unions|page=2}}</ref> Prior to the foundation of TUCC, the trade union leaders of the Forward Bloc had belonged to the [[United Trade Union Congress]].<ref name="Ray2007">{{cite book|author=Sudhir Ray|title=Marxist parties of West Bengal in opposition and in government, 1947–2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loYOAQAAMAAJ|date=1 November 2007|publisher=Progressive Publishers|isbn=978-81-8064-135-0|page=84}}</ref> TUCC is mainly based in the state of [[West Bengal]].<ref name="Chatterji1985">{{cite book|author=Rakhahari Chatterji|title=Politics in West Bengal: Institutions, Processes, and Problems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53weAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=World Press|page=141}}</ref>

As of 1980, TUCC claimed to have 272,229 members in 182 affiliated unions.<ref name="Malhotra2013"/> The Ministry of Labour verified 65 affiliated unions with a combined membership of 123,048.<ref name="Malhotra2013">{{cite book|author=Joginder Malhotra|title=Indien: Wirtschaft, Verfassung, Politik: Entwicklungstendenzen bis zur Gegenwart|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCbwBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157|date=9 March 2013|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-322-90035-7|page=157}}</ref> As of 1995, TUCC was the smallest of the ten Central Trade Union Organisations recognised by the Indian [[Ministry of Labour (India)|Ministry of Labour]], counting 65 affiliated unions.<ref name="Sepoy2019">{{cite book|author=Inzamul Sepoy|title=Indian Economic Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJCpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA130|date=16 August 2019|publisher=Sepoy Publications|page=130|id=GGKEY:X902GZ46Z1H}}</ref> As of 2002, TUCC had 737,760 members, out of whom 554,207 were agricultural or rural workers.<ref name="WittRedding2014">{{cite book|author1=Michael A. Witt|author2=Gordon Redding|title=The Oxford Handbook of Asian Business Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdPQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|year=2014|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-965492-5|page=65}}</ref> In 2011, the Ministry of Labour and Employment estimated that the TUCC had a membership of more than 1.6 million.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 August 2018|title=The Central Trade Unions in India|url=http://www.simplynotes.in/mbabba/central-trade-unions/4/|access-date=3 December 2021|website=Simplynotes|language=en}}</ref> The same number was reported by the [[Business Standard]] in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Menon|first=Sreelatha|date=6 April 2013|title=Indian trade unions are getting bigger, coinciding with slowdown|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/indian-trade-unions-are-getting-bigger-coinciding-with-slowdown-113040600392_1.html|access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref>

As of 2013, G.R. Shivashankar was the TUCC president<ref>''Deccan Herald''. ''[https://www.deccanherald.com/content/303717/anganwadi-workers-protest-against-harassment.html Anganwadi workers protest against harassment of women]''</ref><ref>''Viet Nam News''. ''[https://vietnamnews.vn/society/employment/190346/world-unions-join-push-for-jobs.html World unions join push for jobs]''</ref> and Nripendra Kumar Mahto the general secretary.{{when|date=March 2020}}

[[Krishi Shramik Union]] (Agricultural Labour Union) is affiliated to TUCC.<ref>{{cite book|title=Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=41BQAQAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat.|page=137}}</ref>

TUCC is affiliated to the [[World Federation of Trade Unions]].<ref>World Federation of Trade Unions. ''[http://www.wftucentral.org/indian-trade-union-delegation-visits-venezuelan-embassy-in-new-delhi/ Indian Trade Union Delegation visits Venezuelan Embassy in New Delhi]''</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Organized labour}}
*[[Indian Trade Unions]]

{{Trade unions in India navbox}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Trade Union Coordination Centre| ]]
[[Category:National trade union centres of India]]
[[Category:World Federation of Trade Unions]]
[[Category:All India Forward Bloc]]
[[Category:Trade unions established in 1970]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in Delhi]]

{{India-trade-union-stub}}

Zairema

2026-02-17T07:28:47Z

DeangeloWaley: adding new entry w/ refs

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Short description|Indian minister (1917–2008)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Zairema
| image = Rev Dr Zairema portrait.png
| image_size = 180px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date |df=yes|1917|3|4}}
| birth_place = Hmunhmelṭha, [[Lushai Hills District]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|df=yes|2008|12|17|1917|3|4}}}}
| death_place = [[Aizawl]], India
| citizenship = India
| other_names =
| known_for = [[Mizo literature]] [[mizo language|Mizo]] Bible
| education = [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] (1940), [[bachelor of divinity|BD]] (1945)
| alma_mater = [[Gauhati University]] [[Serampore College]]
| employer =
| spouse = Thangdailovi
| partner =
| children =
| parents = Doliana Khawlhring
| relations =
| awards = [[doctor of letters|Hon. D.Litt.]] [[doctor of divinity|Hon. D.Div.]] MAL ''Book of the Year 2003''
| signature =
| signature_alt=
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Zairema''' ({{IPAc-en|z|aɪ|ˈ|r|ɛ|m|ə}}; 4 May 1917 – 17 December 2008) was a [[Presbyterian]] [[minister (Christianity)|minister]], and a pioneer in theology and literature among the [[Mizo people]] of [[northeast India]]. He was the first Mizo to obtain the degrees of [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] and [[bachelor of divinity|BD]].<ref name= vang1>{{cite web |author= Vanglaini|title= Rev. Zairema pualin hun an hmang |language=lus |trans-title=A programme in honour of Rev. Zairema|url= https://www.vanglaini.org/tualchhung/8031-rev-zairema-pualin-hun-an-hmang|work= Vanglaini Mizo Daily | date=5 March 2011 |access-date=20 May 2013}}</ref> He died of [[cardiac]] problem on the morning of 17 December 2008 at his residence in [[Aizawl]] at the age of 91.<ref name= edi>{{cite web|title= Rev. Dr. Zairema (1917–2008) Kan Chan Ta|language= lus|trans-title= We Have Lost Rev. Dr. Zairema (1917–2008)|url= http://www.zoin.info/rev-dr-zairema-kan-chan-ta/|work= Zoin|publisher= zoin.info|date= 17 December 2008|access-date= 20 May 2013|archive-date= 9 March 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090309072826/http://www.zoin.info/rev-dr-zairema-kan-chan-ta/|url-status= dead}}</ref> He is best remembered as the "father of [[Mizoram Presbyterian Church|Mizoram Synod]]".

==Early life and education==

Zairema was born in Hmunhmelṭha, a small village in the eastern [[Mizoram]]. He was the eldest of the three sons of Doliana Khawlhring and Aibuani. His father Doliana was among the first literate Mizos and was an elementary school teacher at [[Champhai]] (Chawnchhim). Zairema was [[baptism|baptised]] by the first Mizo Pastor Vanchhunga on 2 September 1917. His father died from falling off of a tree in 1922 so that they were raised solely by his widowed mother. He studied at Champhai Primary School from 1922 to 1924. He completed his elementary education from Government Boys' ME School (then Sikulpui) at Aizawl in 1931 in first class. He [[matriculation|matriculated]] in first class from Government High School at [[Shillong]], Meghalaya, in 1936. He continued at [[Cotton College, Guwahati]] for Intermediate of Science (ISc), which he finished with first class, and then BSc with major in [[chemistry]] in 1940. He was immediately appointed as headmaster at the Harasinga High School. But after two years in 1943, to fulfil his real ambition, he joined [[Serampore College]] from where he completed [[Bachelor of Divinity]] in 1945 in first class. He made a record of the institute as the first in the merit and the first to have secured first class under the entire [[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Senate of Serampore College]].<ref name= miz>{{cite web |author= Tlau V |title= Mizo Thu leh Hla a sulsutu Rev. Dr. Zairema |language= lus |trans-title= Rev. Dr. Zairema the pioneer of Mizo Literature |url= http://writers.mizohelpline.com/mizo-thu-leh-hla-a-sulsutu-rev-dr-zairema/ |work= writers.mizohelpline.com |publisher= Mizo Writer = |date= 28 February 2013 |access-date= 20 May 2013 |archive-date= 4 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053153/http://writers.mizohelpline.com/mizo-thu-leh-hla-a-sulsutu-rev-dr-zairema/ |url-status= dead }}</ref>

==Career and professional achievements==

Immediately on completion of his theology course, Zairema was recruited by the Mizoram [[Synod]] (the then North Lushai Assembly, now under the [[Presbyterian Church of India]]) and he was officially [[ordination|ordained]] as a full minister of Presbyterian Church on 23 September 1945. Instead of the usual [[pastor|pastoral ministry]], the first major and immediate task assigned to him was to prepare the complete [[Mizo language|Mizo]] version of the [[Holy Bible]], of which some [[New Testament]] and very few [[Old Testament]] were already (mostly in parts) translated by British [[christian missionaries|missionaries]]. At the behest of the community, the church arranged part-time duty as a teacher at the newly established Mizo High School, Zarkawt, Aizawl, from 1945; and was designated as Assistant Headmaster in 1948. With collaboration from the Baptist Church, he completed the full Bible in Mizo in 1959. In 1946, he was appointed as the Assembly Secretary of the Mizoram Synod, and became the Assembly Moderator for the year 1953. Between 1954 and 1859 he held the office of Education Secretary of the new Mizoram Synod. Between 1959 and 1967 he managed the mission field at [[Cachar]], Assam while serving as the Assembly Officer of [[Presbyterian Church of India|PCI]]. He was elected to PCI Secretary in 1953 and Moderator in 1959. In 1968 he was elected as the first General Secretary of the Mizoram Synod, the office of which he took up in August. When the secretarial office was extended he became the Senior Executive Secretary from 1974 and remained till 1981. He was once again Moderator Elect in 1975. From 1963 to 1996 he served as the active leader as the Chief Translator in the revision of the Mizo Bible under the initiative of the [[Bible Society of India]]. Unfortunately, even though the project was completed, the revised Bible has never been officially endorsed due to publication errors. He retired from Synod office in 1982.<ref name= edi/>

== Other academic and social works ==

When Mizoram was clouded by the terrors and atrocities of the [[March 1966 Mizo National Front uprising|political uprising in 1966]], Rev. Zairema was the main leader of the coordinated action of all churches in Mizoram for seeking peaceful settlement among the rebels, the [[Mizo National Front]]. He was even imprisoned for 11 days in 1967 by the Assam Police on a deliberate accusation of inciting and accessing the rebels, and was later simply acquitted.<ref name=zonet>{{cite web |author= Zonet|title=TUALCHHUNG CHANCHIN THAR |language=lus |trans-title=Local News|url= https://zonet.in/?p=1491|work= zonet.in|publisher= Zonet Cable TV Pvt Ltd | date=17 November 2008|access-date=20 May 2013}}</ref> He was an official consultant of Mizoram Government such as in the planning board, land tenure system, council of science, civil service examination, school education, language board, customary law, etc. He was a regular examiner of [[Calcutta University]] and Gauhati University undergraduate examinations from 1946 to 1970. He was the only subject expert in Mizo for the recruitment of teaching faculty of [[Mizoram University]] in 2005. Upon the permission of the church, he served as the Vice-President of [[Mizo Union]], the first political party in Mizoram, from 1946 to 1947. In 1957 he was approved by the Mizoram Synod for candidacy in the Member of Parliament election to [[Lok Sabha]] as an independent candidate. But nomination was not filed. In 1959 he was a fully nominated MP candidate, but lost the election.<ref name= miz/> He was one of the most active leaders in the [[Young Mizo Association]], the largest organisation in Mizoram. He hold the office as Vice-President in 1946 and 1949, and general secretary in 1947.<ref>{{cite web|author= Central YMA|title= Office Bearers 1935 – 1963|url= http://centralyma.org.in/ymachanchin.php?page_id=26|work= centralyma.org.in|publisher= Young Mizo Association|access-date= 20 May 2013|archive-date= 30 August 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130830105157/http://centralyma.org.in/ymachanchin.php?page_id=26|url-status= dead}}</ref>

In 1982, following his professional retirement he, along with other enthusiasts, established nongovernmental organisations called ''Vigilance Council'' and ''Mizoram Guardians'' to fight against political corruption.<ref name= edi/>

==Personal life and death==

Zairema was a [[Progressive Christianity|conservative theologian]] and a rigorous [[pacifist]]. His attempt to restore peace from the Mizoram insurgency of 1966 was extraordinary, personally struggling his ways between the rebel leaders in the deep jungle and central government officials of India (Prime Minister, Home Minister and Home Secretary). A notable political figure, [[A. Thanglura]], even dubbed him as one of the ''three blind mice'' of the insurgency because of his often futile but unfeigned actions.<ref>{{cite book|author= Bhaumik S |title= Insurgent Crossfire: North-east India |year=2008|edition=2 |orig-year=1996|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iftjFki3fhYC&q=zairema |pages=167–168|isbn = 9781897829127 |publisher= Lancer Publishers|location= New Delhi (India)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Nunthara C |title= Mizoram: Society and Polity |year=1996 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jksn3c85KOkC |page=209 |isbn = 8173870594 |publisher=Indus Publishing Company|location= New Delhi (India)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= Satapathy RK|title=Mediating Peace: The Role of Insider-Partials in Conflict Resolution in Mizoram|url= https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume15/Article3.htm|work= Faultlines|publisher= South Asia Terrorism Portal| year=2001|access-date=20 May 2013}}</ref> His commitment to political and social justice was best exemplified by his [[Public-interest litigation (India)|Public Interest Litigation]] petition to the [[Supreme Court of India]] against corruption. He initiated the case in 1996 that lasted even after his death. This particularly affected the Chief Minister Lalthanhawla on charges of bribery for which the minister was summoned to police and court numerous times.<ref>{{cite web |author= Press Trust of India|title=Mizoram assembly polls: MNF, Cong tie-up with smaller parties |url= https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume15/Article3.htm|work= The Times of India|publisher= Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd| date=24 October 2008|access-date=20 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= UNI|title= Corruption court summoned Mizoram Congress president|url= http://www.oneindia.com/2006/08/18/corruption-court-summoned-mizoram-congress-president-1155881097.html|work= Oneindia News|publisher= Greynium Information Technologies Pvt. Ltd.|date= 18 August 2006|access-date= 20 May 2013}}</ref>

He married Thangdailovi on 4 March 1943, and they lived at Zarkawt, McDonald Hill, Aizawl. His wife died on 6 March 2003. He spent his last days with a heart problem. On 17 December 2008, 0600 hr ([[UTC+05:30|local time]]) he was pronounced dead due to [[cardiac failure]], at the age of 91, in his residence at Zarkawt. He was survived by a son (2 died in their youths), 4 daughters, and 17 grandchildren.<ref name=zonet/>

== Recognitions and awards==

On 2 February 1988, the Serampore University conferred him the degree of Doctor of Divinity ([[honorary degree|''honoris causa'']]) for his contribution in theology, specifically on the preparation of the Mizo Bible. On 2 July 1991 the [[North Eastern Hill University]] decorated him with a Doctor of Literature (''honoris causa'') for his contributions to Mizo literature.<ref name= edi/>

The Mizo Academy of Letters awarded his theological [[memoire]] ''Kan Bible Hi'' as the ''Book of the Year 2003''. His subsequent book ''Pipute Biak Hi'' was a [[runner-up]] of the ''Book of the Year 2009''.<ref name= miz/>

He was posthumously awarded ''Academy Award 2007–2010'' of the Mizo Academy of Letters, the most prestigious award in Mizoram, on 26 November 2010 for his significant contributions in Mizo literature. The award carried a citation, a medal and cash prize of [[indian rupee|INR]] 10,000.<ref>{{cite web |author= The Zozam Times|title= Rev. Zairema hnenah Academy Award |language=lus |trans-title=Academy award given to Rev. Zairema |url= http://thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2766:rev-zairema-hnenah-academy-award&catid=43:news&Itemid=63 |work= The Zozam Times | date=26 November 2010|access-date=20 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= Vanglaini|title= Zairema (L) hnenah Academy Award hlan|language= lus|trans-title= Academy award given to Zairema (L)|url= http://www.vanglaini.org/component/content/article/6886-zairemal-hnenah-academy-award-hlan|work= Vanglaini|date= 27 November 2010|access-date= 20 May 2013}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In 2011, a registered society, Zairema Memorial Society, was established in his honour with an objective of working for social justice and development.<ref name= vang1/>

==Publications==

Other than the complete ''Mizo Bible'', now in use, his most notable works are
# ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=09PEPgAACAAJ Kan lalpa leh chhandamtu Isua Krista chanchin tha Mathaia ziak]'' 1966
# ''Bilât Lei Hnathawh Dân'' 1967
# ''Chanchin Ṭha Marka'' (commentary to [[Gospel of Mark]]) 1971
# ''Chanchin Ṭha Johana'' (commentary to [[Gospel of John]]) 1975
# [https://books.google.com/books?id=12XrtgAACAAJ Beiseina Kawng: chanchin ṭha Marka ziak] 1977
# [https://books.google.com/books?id=IKIQtwAACAAJ Muanna Kawng: chanchin ṭha Luka ziak] 1977
# ''Uar Bik Nei Pâwlte'' 1977
# ''God's Miracles in Mizoram: a glimpse of Christian work among head-hunters'' 1978
# ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=XQ7MZwEACAAJ Hmangaihna Aw]'' (A Mizo revised version of the New Testament) 1986
# ''Khati Khan Kan Hril ṭhin a'' 1986
# ''Apokrifa'' (Mizo translation) 1989
# ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NuJMYAAACAAJ Pathian Lehkhabu thianghlim: Thuthlung Hlui leh Thuthlung Thar]'' 1996
# ''Kan Bible Hi'' 2003
# ''Random notes'' 2009
# ''Pipute Biak Hi'' 2009
# ''I Ni Min Pekte Hi'' (autobiography) 2009
# ''Isua Rilru'' 2009

He had written more than 80 literary essays in Mizo and about 40 in English. Some of his best articles include ''The drum'', ''Origin of [[tlawmngaihna|{{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna|cat=no}}]]'', ''What made the Mizos tick'', ''Introducing Bombay fantasies'' (English); ''Thukhuh'', ''Zûn'', ''Tawrhna'', ''Mai mai fakna'', ''Mal'', ''Sakhua leh Culture'', ''A no ber mai'', ''Dul pen'', ''Mizo ṭawng dik hman zir'', ''Ziaka Mizo ṭawng'', ''Mizo ṭawng kan hman dân ṭhenkhat'', ''A eng zâwk nge upa?'' ''Inthawina'', ''Hmeichhia nge minu'' and ''Mizoten hrisel an tum dân'' (Mizo).<ref name= miz/>
==See also==
*[[Chuauthuama]]
*[[Mizoram Presbyterian Church]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198073857.001.0001/acref-9780198073857-e-1086?rskey=JSycvq&result=1045&q= Biography at Oxford Reference]
*[http://puibawiha.blogspot.in/2008/12/rev-dr-zairema-1917-2008-chanchin.html Rev. Dr. Zairema (1917–2008) Chanchin]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111018040046/http://samaw.com/rev-zairema-mizo-pastor-website-contains-many-useful-resources/3800 Rev. Zairema: Mizo Pastor website contains many useful resources]}}
*[http://lawrkhawm.com/index.php?page=30683 Rev. Zairema kha]
*[http://trove.nla.gov.au/result?q=creator%3A%22Zairema%2C+1917-2008.%22 Book record at National Library of Australia]
*[https://zozamweeklynews.blogspot.in/2009/10/hawla-thubuai-lamtluang.html PIL Record against the Chief Minister]
*[http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/doctor-divinity.html List of the Recipients DDiv at Senate of Serampore]
*[http://www.mizokhawvel.com/2009/10/zofate-zinga-mihmasa-thenkhatte.html The list of firsts among Mizos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305103542/http://www.mizokhawvel.com/2009/10/zofate-zinga-mihmasa-thenkhatte.html |date=5 March 2016 }}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Christian clergy]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Protestant writers]]

Vikram Sirikonda

2026-02-12T06:13:35Z

DeangeloWaley: adding some details initial version.

{{short description|Indian film director and screenwriter (born 1977)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vikram Sirikonda
| image = Vikram_Sirikonda_Profile_Picture.jpg
| birth_place = [[Warangal]], [[Telangana]], India
| education = [[B.M.S. Institute of Technology and Management]]
| occupation = Screenwriter Director
| footnotes =
}}

'''Vikram Sirikonda''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter, primarily known for his works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu Film Industry.]] Vikram is known for his screen writing to films such as Telugu Movies [[Race Gurram]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140413/entertainment-tollywood/article/tollywood%E2%80%99s-two-%E2%80%98screen-kings%E2%80%99|title=Tollywood's two 'screen kings'|date=2014-04-14|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|language=en|access-date=2017-01-22}}</ref> (2014), [[Mirapakay|Mirapakai]] (2011) and [[Konchem Ishtam Konchem Kashtam]] (2009). Vikram had won the [[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer|best screenplay award]] [[Nandi Awards of 2009|(2009 Nandi award]]) for [[Konchem Ishtam Konchem Kashtam]] (2009) movie on his debut as screenwriter.

== Early life ==

Vikram Sirikonda was born in [[Warangal Urban district|Warangal]], Telangana and moved to Hyderabad in 1993 along with his family. From his childhood, Vikram had a flair for acting, story writing and dialogues and had written many stage dramas. Vikram has a bachelor's degree in engineering from [[B.M.S. College of Engineering|BMS college]], Bangalore and has a diploma in film making from Asian Academy of Film & Television, Delhi.

== Career ==

After completing his studies, Vikram joined as an assistant director for ''[[Tagore (film)|Tagore]]'' (2003), directed by [[V. V. Vinayak]]. Vikram continued to assist V. V. Vinayak during ''[[Samba (2004 film)|Samba]]'' (2004) and ''[[Bunny (2005 film)|Bunny]]'' (2005). In 2006, Vikram joined [[Raghava Lawrence]] as the first assistant director, in ''[[Style (2006 film)|Style]]''.

He then ventured into screen-writing and had quick successes in ''[[Konchem Ishtam Konchem Kashtam]]'' (2009), ''[[Mirapakay]]'' (2011), and ''[[Race Gurram]]'' (2014). He made his directional debut with [[Ravi Teja]]'s ''[[Touch Chesi Chudu]]'', in 2018. It was produced by [[Nallamalupu Bujji|Nallamalapu Bujji]] and had music by [[Pritam]]'s apprentice band, [[JAM8]]. The release received unfavorable reviews from both critics and audiences. However, the movie found success among OTT/Television audience.

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Cast
! Credits
|-
| 2009
|''[[Konchem Ishtam Konchem Kashtam]]''
|[[Siddharth (actor)|Siddartha]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
|Screen Writer
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Mirapakay]]''
|[[Ravi Teja]], [[Richa Gangopadhyay|Richa Gangopadhyaay]], [[Deeksha Seth]]
|Screen Writer
|-
|2014
|''[[Race Gurram]]''
|[[Allu Arjun]], [[Shruti Haasan]]
|Screen Writer
|-
| 2018
|''[[Touch Chesi Chudu]]''
|[[Ravi Teja]], [[Raashi Khanna]], [[Seerat Kapoor]]
| Director
|-
|2023
|[[Bhola Shankar]]
|[[Chiranjeevi]], [[Keerthy Suresh]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia|Tammana bhatia]]
|Associate Writer
|-
|2023
|The Bomb Man (Netflix)
| - Yet to be decided by Arka Media Works
|Screen Writer
|}

=== Awards ===
* [[Nandi Awards of 2009|Nandi Award, Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer, 2009 for Koncham Istam Koncham Kastam]]
* Akkineni family film award, Best Screenplay, 2009 Best Screenplay Writer for Koncham Istam Koncham Kastam

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* http://pressks.com/world/ravi-teja-next-movie-vikram-sirikonda-will-announced-days/5067/
* http://celebscinema.com/film-news/ravi-teja-next-film-race-gurram-writer-vikram-siri/2133/#comment-308
* <nowiki>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ravi-Teja-to-play-cop-in-Race-Gurram-writer-Vikram-Siris-film/articleshow/53417675.cms</nowiki>
* {{IMDb name|nm6580663}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160927162231/http://indread.com/entertainment Vikram Sirikonda latest movie updates]}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvwlMqlevqI Ravi Teja is a Blessing For Any Director Says Vikram Sirikonda]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zfdzF6Y8eNc Touch Chesi Chudu Director Vikram- talks about Movie Reviews]
* {{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vikram, Sirikonda}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Telangana]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:People from Warangal]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Telangana]]

India women's national football team results (1990–1999)

2026-02-08T22:05:59Z

DeangeloWaley: new some info w/ infobox!

{{Short description|none}}
{{India women's national football team results}}
Results of [[India women's national football team]] from 1990 to 1999.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Women's National Team |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/wmatchdatabase.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131120952/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/wmatchdatabase.html |archive-date=31 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dey |first1=Subrata |title=India Women's International matches |date=3 October 2019|website=[[RSSSF]] |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-wom-intres.pdf |accessdate=29 October 2019}}</ref>
{{main|India women's national football team results}}

==Legend==
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|'''W'''in|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|'''D'''raw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|'''L'''oss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

''Till 1990s the Indian Women National Team was controlled by the Women Football Federation of India '''''(WFFI)''''' which was affiliated to Asian Ladies' Football Confederation '''''(ALFC)''''' neither of which were affiliated to [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] or [[FIFA]] for which the international matches played by the team from 1975 till 1994 were refused to be recognised by FIFA.''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dey |first1=Subrata |title=India Women's International matches |date=3 October 2019|website=[[RSSSF]] |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-wom-intres.pdf |accessdate=29 October 2019}}</ref>

==1994==
{{Football box collapsible
| round = Jayalalitha Cup
| date = 28 August
| time =
| team1 = {{fbw-rt|IND}}
| score = 0–2
| report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom-madras94.html] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160315014106/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/wmatchdatabase.html]
| team2 = {{fbw|UZB}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = [[Madras]], India
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = Jayalalitha Cup
| date = 2 September
| time =
| team1 = {{fbw-rt|IND}}
| score = 1–8
| report = [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19940903&printsec=frontpage&hl=en] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom-madras94.html]
| team2 = {{fbw|HUN}}
| goals1 =
*Pushpa Das {{goal|1}}
| goals2 =
*Edit Kern {{goal|16}}{{goal}}{{goal}}
*Medio Pnbeli Judit {{goal|}}
*Ildiko {{goal}}
*[[:hu:Oroszki Ildikó|Oroszki Ildikó]] {{goal}}
*Beata {{goal|}}
*[[:hu:Aranka Paraoánu|Aranka Paraoánu]] {{goal|72}}
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = [[Madras]], India
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = Jayalalitha Cup
| date = 4 September
| time =
| team1 = {{fbw-rt|IND}}
| score = 1–2
| report = [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19940905&printsec=frontpage&hl=en] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom-madras94.html]
| team2 = {{fbw|CHI}}
| goals1 =
*[[Langam Chaoba Devi|Chaoba Devi]] {{goal|55|pen.}}
| goals2 =
*Jessica Sanchez {{goal|30}}
*Ada Cruz {{goal|45}}
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = [[Madras]], India
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = L
}}

----
----
''Senior '''A''' international matches onwards''

==1995==
{{Football box collapsible
| round = [[1995 AFC Women's Championship|AFC Women C]]
| date = 23 September
| time =
| team1 = {{fbw-rt|UZB}}
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asia-women95.html RSSSF]
| team2 = {{fbw|IND}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Likas Stadium]]
| location = [[Kota Kinabalu]], Malaysia
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = [[1995 AFC Women's Championship|AFC Women C]]
| date = 25 September
| time =
| team1 = {{fbw-rt|JPN}}
| score = 6–0
| report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asia-women95.html RSSSF]
| team2 = {{fbw|IND}}
| goals1 =
*[[Yumi Obe]] {{goal|}}
*[[Nami Otake]] {{goal|}}
*[[Inesu Emiko Takeoka|Emiko Takeoka]] {{goal|}}{{goal}}
*[[Kaori Nagamine]] {{goal|}}{{goal}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Likas Stadium]]
| location = [[Kota Kinabalu]], Malaysia
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = [[1995 AFC Women's Championship|AFC Women C]]
| date = 27 September
| time =
| team1 = {{fbw-rt|KOR}}
| score = 5–0
| report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asia-women95.html RSSSF]
| team2 = {{fbw|IND}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Likas Stadium]]
| location = [[Kota Kinabalu]], Malaysia
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = L
}}

==1997==
{{Football box collapsible
| round = [[1997 AFC Women's Championship|AFC Women C]]
| date = 5 December
| time =
| team1 = {{fbw-rt|IND}}
| score = 3–0
| report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asia-women97.html RSSSF]
| team2 = {{fbw|HKG}}
| goals1 =
* [[Thongam Tababi Devi|Tababi Devi]] {{goal|23}}
* Lokeshwari Devi {{goal|58||80}}
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| location = [[Guangdong]], China
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = [[1997 AFC Women's Championship|AFC Women C]]
| date = 7 December
| time =
| team1 = {{fbw-rt|JPN}}
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asia-women97.html RSSSF]
| team2 = {{fbw|IND}}
| goals1 = [[Homare Sawa]] {{goal|}}
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| location = [[Guangdong]], China
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = [[1997 AFC Women's Championship|AFC Women C]]
| date = 9 December
| time =
| team1 = {{fbw-rt|IND}}
| score = 10–0
| report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asia-women97.html RSSSF] [https://web.archive.org/web/20020508060542/http://indianfootball.de/data/national/wasiacup97.html]
| team2 = {{fbw|GUM}}
| goals1 =
* [[Langam Chaoba Devi|Chaoba Devi]] {{goal|}}{{goal}}{{goal}}
* Lokeshwari Devi {{goal|}}{{goal}}{{goal}}{{goal}}{{goal}}
* [[Thongam Tababi Devi|Tababi Devi]] {{goal|}}{{goal}}
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| location = [[Guangdong]], China
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = W
}}

==1998==
{{Football box collapsible
| round = [[Football at the 1998 Asian Games – Women|Asian Games]]
| date = 7 December
| time = 14:00 [[UTC+07:00]]
| team1 = {{fbw-rt|IND}}
| score = 0–7
| report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/aswomgames98.html] [https://web.archive.org/web/20021104201150/http://indianfootball.de/news/m199812.html]
| team2 = {{fbw|KOR|1997}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
*Seong Mi Son {{goal}}{{goal}}
*Sung Mi Cha {{goal}}{{goal}}{{goal}}
*[[Maria Rebello]] {{goal||o.g.}}
*Mi Yeon {{goal}}
| stadium = [[Thammasat Stadium]]
| location = [[Pathum Thani]], Thailand
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = [[Football at the 1998 Asian Games – Women|Asian Games]]
| date = 9 December
| time = 16:00 [[UTC+07:00]]
| team1 = {{fbw-rt|IND}}
| score = 1–13
| report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/aswomgames98.html] [https://web.archive.org/web/20021104201150/http://indianfootball.de/news/m199812.html]
| team2 = {{fbw|TPE}}
| goals1 =
*[[Thongam Tababi Devi|Tababi Devi]] {{goal}}
| goals2 =
*Ming-shu Lee {{goal}}{{goal}}{{goal}}
*Ii-Min Hung {{goal}}{{goal}}{{goal}}
*Huey-Shwu Wu {{goal}}{{goal}}{{goal}}
*Chun- Lan Huang {{goal}}{{goal}}
*Tzu-Yun Chang {{goal}}
*Lan-ten Lan {{goal}}
| stadium = [[Thammasat Stadium]]
| location = [[Pathum Thani]], Thailand
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = [[Football at the 1998 Asian Games – Women|Asian Games]]
| date = 11 December
| time = 14:00 [[UTC+07:00]]
| team1 = {{fbw-rt|IND}}
| score = 0–16
| report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/aswomgames98.html RSSSF]
| team2 = {{fbw|CHN}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Thammasat Stadium]]
| location = [[Pathum Thani]], Thailand
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = L
}}

==1999==
{{Football box collapsible
| round = [[1999 AFC Women's Championship|AFC Women C]]
| date = 7 November
| time =
| team1 = {{fbw-rt|PRK}}
| score = 7–0
| report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asia-women99.html RSSSF]
| team2 = {{fbw|IND}}
| goals1 =
*[[Ri Hyang-ok]] {{goal|8||20}}
*[[Pak Jong-ae]] {{goal|?||55}}
*[[Jin Pyol-hui]] {{goal|77}}
*Oh Kum-ran {{goal|86}}
*? {{goal|}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Iloilo Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Iloilo City]], Philippines
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = [[1999 AFC Women's Championship|AFC Women C]]
| date = 9 November
| time =
| team1 = {{fbw-rt|IND}}
| score = 3–0
| report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asia-women99.html] [https://web.archive.org/web/20050330181641/http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m199911.html]
| team2 = {{fbw|MAS}}
| goals1 = [[Thongam Tababi Devi|Tababi Devi]] {{goal|}}{{goal}} [[Sujata Kar]] {{goal|}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Iloilo Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Iloilo City]], Philippines
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = [[1999 AFC Women's Championship|AFC Women C]]
| date = 13 November
| time =
| team1 = {{fbw-rt|IND}}
| score = 0–3
| report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asia-women99.html RSSSF]
| team2 = {{fbw|VIE}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Iloilo Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Iloilo City]], Philippines
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = [[1999 AFC Women's Championship|AFC Women C]]
| date = 15 November
| time =
| team1 = {{fbw-rt|TPE}}
| score = 2–0
| report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asia-women99.html RSSSF]
| team2 = {{fbw|IND}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Barotac Nuevo Plaza Field]]
| location = [[Barotac Nuevo]], Philippines
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = L
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{India women's national football team}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian women's national football team results (1990-1999)}}
[[Category:India women's national football team results|1990]]

Vishnu Ganesh Pingle

2026-02-05T03:37:23Z

DeangeloWaley: small changes

{{Short description|Indian revolutionary}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vishnu Ganesh Pingle
| native_name = विष्णु गणेश पिंगळे
| birth_date = 2
January 1888<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bharatmatamandir.in/vishnu-ganesh-pingle/|title=Vishnu Ganesh Pingle – Bharatmatamandir|date=20 July 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref> [[Talegaon Dhamdhere]], [[Poona District|Poona]], [[Bombay Presidency]]
| death_date = 16 November 1915 (aged 27)
| image = Vishnu Ganesh Pingle with other students.jpg
| caption = Vishnu Ganesh Pingle while a student at the [[University of Washington]]. Standing in the middle.
| other_names = Baburde Ganesh Pingle
| birth_place =
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[British India]]
| death_cause = [[Execution by hanging]]
| movement = [[Swadeshi movement]], [[Indian independence movement]], [[Ghadar Conspiracy]]
| organization = [[Ghadar Party]]
}}
'''Vishnu Ganesh Pingle''' (2 January 1888 – 16 November 1915) was an Indian revolutionary and a key member of the [[Ghadar Party]]. Born in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], he studied engineering at the [[University of Washington]] before returning to India to lead revolutionary efforts. Pingle collaborated with leaders like [[Rash Behari Bose]] and [[Sachin Sanyal]] in organizing the [[Ghadr mutiny]] of 1915, which aimed to trigger a nationwide armed uprising against British rule. Arrested in [[Meerut]] with explosives, he was executed at Lahore Central Jail alongside [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]]. Despite his sacrifice at a young age, Pingle remains a largely unsung hero.

==Early life==
Vishnu Ganesh Pingle was born on 2 January 1888 to a Marathi speaking [[Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmin]] family Talegaon Dhamdhere, near [[Poona]] District, in the [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref name=sikhpion>{{cite web
| publisher = sikhpioneers.org
| url = http://www.sikhpioneers.org//ganeshpingle.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081123065326/http://www.sikhpioneers.org//ganeshpingle.html
| url-status = usurped
| archive-date = 2008-11-23
| title=Ganesh Pingle, Sikh pioneers.org
| access-date=2008-01-02
}}</ref> The youngest of nine siblings, Pingle grew up in a loving family and at the age of nine was admitted to the primary school in Talegaon Dabhade. In 1905, Pingle enrolled at the Maharashtra Vidyalaya in Poona which at the time was linked to the [[Bombay University]]. While at school, Pingle came under the influence of the [[Indian independence movement|nationalist movement]] of the time, and actively participated in the movement under [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|V. D. Savarkar]].<ref name=sikhpion/> However, Pingle later transferred to the Samarth Vidyalaya in Talegoan Dabhade in 1908 following the closure of Maharashtra Vidyalay due to shortage of funds. However, his early involvement in the nationalist movement left a lasting imprint.<ref name=sikhpion/>

In 1910, Samartha Vidyalaya was closed by the British Government. Vishnu left for Mumbai and found employment in Govindrao Potdar's Pioneer Alkali works at Mahim. Mr. Potdar was a nationalist and an expert at explosives. He belonged to the Nationalist Group and introduced Vishnu to his associates. One of them was Hari Laxman Patil, a lawyer from Vasai, with whom Vishnu came to form a close friendship. At the height of the [[Swadeshi movement]], inspired by the Japanese handloom industry, Pingle began his own small Swadeshi loom at Ausa, near [[Latur]]. However, Pingle's ambition was to be an engineer.<ref name=sikhpion/>

==United States==
{{Main|Ghadar Party|Hindu–German Conspiracy}}
Vishnu was also strongly influenced by the history of the [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]]. In 1911, Pingle left Asia for the United States. It is said that he kept the news of his impending departure from his family and only told his elder brother Keshavrao of his plans at the railway station. He reached America via [[Hong Kong]], and enrolled as a student of [[mechanical engineering]] at the [[University of Washington]] in 1912.<ref name=UWlib>{{cite web
| publisher=University of Washington Libraries
| url=http://www.lib.washington.edu/exhibits/southasianstudents/gadar.html
| title=New, thinking, agile, and patriotic: "Hindu" students at the University of Washington, 1908-1915
| access-date=2008-01-02
| archive-date=11 June 2011
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611152513/http://www.lib.washington.edu/exhibits/southasianstudents/gadar.html
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>
While in the United States, Pingle became associated with the Ghadar Party and became an active worker. As World War I opened in Europe, plans began between the Germans, the [[Berlin Committee]] in Europe and the Ghadarite movement in America to attempt an insurrection in India.

==Ghadar Conspiracy==
{{Main|Ghadar Conspiracy}}
Pingle had known [[Satyen Sen]] ([[Jatin Mukherjee]]'s emissary) in the company of Gadhar members (such as [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]]) at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. Tasked to consolidate contact with the [[Indian revolutionary movement]], as part of the Ghadar Conspiracy, [[Satyen Sen]], [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]], V. G. Pingle and a batch of Sikh revolutionaries sailed from America by the S.S. ''Salamin'' in the second half of October 1914. Satyen and Pingle halted in China for a few days to meet the Gadhar leaders (mainly [[Tahal Singh]]) for future plans. They met Dr [[Sun Yat-sen]] for co-operation. Dr Sun was not prepared to displease the British. After Satyen and party left for India, Tahal sent [[Atmaram Kapur]], Santokh Singh and [[Shiv Dayal Kapur]] to Bangkok for necessary arrangements.<ref>A. C. Bose, ''Indian Revolutionaries Abroad'', pp. 87–8, p. 132. Statement of Pingle and Mula Singh to Cleveland, d/31-3-1915, H.P. 1916, May 436-439B. Notes on Tahal, Roll 6, RG 118. Also, the ''Rowlatt Report'' §110, §121 and §138. And Bimanbehari Majumdar, ''Militant Nationalism in India'', p. 167</ref>

In November 1914, Pingle, [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]] and Satyen Sen arrived in Calcutta. Satyen introduced Pingle and [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]] to Jatin Mukherjee. "Pingle had long talks with Jatin Mukherjee, who sent them to [[Rash Behari Bose|Rash Behari]]" in Benares with necessary information during the third week of December.<ref>A. C. Bose, pp. 161–2</ref> Satyen remained in Calcutta at 159 Bow Bazar Street. [[Charles Tegart]], the Calcutta police superintendent, was informed of an attempt to tamper with some Sikh troops at the Dakshineswar gunpowder magazine. "A reference to the Military authorities shows that the troops in question were the 93rd Burmans" sent to Mesopotamia. [[Jatin Mukherjee]] and [[Satyen Sen]] were seen interviewing these Sikhs.<ref>''Terrorism in Bengal'', Government of West Bengal, Vol. III, p. 505</ref>

Since 1900, the Extremist leaders under Lokamanya [[Tilak]]'s inspiration, turned Benares into a centre for sedition. Sundar Lal (b. 1885, son of Tota Ram, Muzaffarnagar) had given a very objectionable speech in 1907 on [[Shivaji Festival]] in Benares. Follower of Tilak, [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] and [[Sri Aurobindo]], in 1908 this man had accompanied Lala in his UP lecture tour. His organ, the ''Swarajya'' of Allahabad, was warned in April 1908 against sedition. On 22 August 1909, Sundar Lal and Sri Aurobindo delivered "mischievous speeches" in College Square, Calcutta. The ''Karmayogi'' in Hindi was issued in Allahabad since September 1909: controlled by Sri Aurobindo, the Calcutta ''Karmagogin'' was edited by [[Amarendra Chatterjee]] who had introduced Rash Behari to Sundar Lal. In 1915, Pingle will be received in Allahabad by the ''Swarajya'' group.<ref>J.C. Ker, pp. 373–5</ref>

Rash Behari had been in Benares since early 1914. Large number of outrages were committed there between October 1914 and September 1915, 45 of them before February was over. On 18 November 1914, while examining two bomb caps, he and [[Sachin Sanyal]] had been injured. They shifted to a house in Bangalitola, where Pingle visited him with a letter from [[Jatin Mukherjee]] and reported that some 4,000 Sikhs of the Ghadar had already reached Calcutta. 15,000 more were waiting to come and join the rebellion.<ref>''Rowlatt'', §121, §132-§138</ref> Behari sent Pingle and Sachin to Amritsar, to discuss with Mula Singh who had come from Shanghai. Rash Behari's man of confidence, Pingle led a hectic life in UP and Punjab for several weeks.<ref>''Terrorism in Bengal'',[abbrev. ''Terrorism''], Vol. V, p. 170</ref>

During the ''[[Komagata Maru]]'' affray in Budge Budge, near Calcutta, on 29 September 1914, Baba [[Gurdit Singh]] had contacted [[Atulkrishna Ghosh]] and [[Satish Chakravarti]], two eminent associates of [[Jatin Mukherjee]], who actively assisted them. Since then, angry letters from US-based Indians reached India with hope of a German victory; one of the emigrant leaders warned that his associates were in touch with the Bengal revolutionary party. It was at this juncture, in December 1914, that Pingle arrived in the Punjab, promising Bengali co-operation to the malcontent emigrants. A meeting demanded revolution, plundering of Government treasuries, seduction of Indian troops, collection of arms, preparation of bombs and the commission of dacoities. Rash Behari planned collecting gangs of villagers for the rebellion. Simultaneous outbreaks at Lahore, Ferozepore & Rawalpindi was designed. Rising at Dacca, Benares, Jubbalpur to be extended.<ref>''Rowlatt'', §138</ref>

Preparing bombs was a definite part of the Ghadar programme. The Sikh conspirators – knowing very little about it – decided to call in a Bengali expert, as they had known in California Professor Surendra Bose, associate of [[Tarak Nath Das]]. Towards the end of December 1914, at a meeting at Kapurthala, Pingle announced that a Bengali ''babu'' was ready to co-operate with them. On 3 January 1915, Pingle and Sachindra in Amritsar received Rs 500 from the Ghadar, and returned to Benares.<ref>James Campbell Ker, ''Political Trouble in India'',[abbrev. ''Ker''], p. 367</ref>

Pingle returned to Calcutta with Rash Behari's invitation to the [[Jugantar]] leaders to meet him at Benares for co-ordinating and finalising their plans. Jatin Mukherjee, [[Atulkrishna Ghosh]], [[Naren Bhattacharya]] left for Benares (early January 1915). In a very important meeting, Rash Behari announced the rebellion, proclaiming : "Die for their country." Though through Havildar Mansha Singh, the 16th Rajput Rifles at [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] was successfully approached, Jatin Mukherjee wanted two months for the army revolt, synchronising with the arrival of the German arms. He modified the plan according to the impatience of the Gadhar militants to rush to action. Rash Behari and Pingle went to Lahore. Sachin tampered with the 7th Rajputs (Benares) and the 89th Punjabis at Dinapore. Damodar Sarup [Seth] went to Allahabad. [[Vinayak Rao Kapile]] conveyed bombs from Bengal to Punjab. Bibhuti [Haldar, approver] and Priyo Nath [Bhattacharya?] seduced the troops at Benares; Nalini [Mukherjee] at Jabalpur. On 14 February, Kapile carried from Benares to Lahore a parcel containing materials for 18 bombs.<ref>''Rowlatt'', §121. Also ''Ker'', pp. 377–8</ref>

By the middle of January, Pingle was back in Amritsar with "the fat babu" (Rash Behari); to avoid too many visitors, Rash Behari moved to Lahore after a fortnight. In both the places he collected materials for making bombs and ordered for 80 bomb cases to a foundry at Lahore. Its owner out of suspicion refused to execute the order. Instead, inkpots were used as cases in several of the dacoities. Completed bombs were found during house searches, while Rash Behari escaped. "By then effective contact had been established between the returned Gadharites and the revolutionaries led by Rash Behari, and a large section of soldiers in the NW were obviously disaffected." "It was expected that as soon as the signal was received there would be mutinies and popular risings from the Punjab to Bengal." "48 out of the 81 accused in the Lahore conspiracy case, including Rash Behari's close associates like Pingle, Mathura Singh & [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]], recently arrived from North America."<ref>A. C. Bose, pp. 124–5</ref>

Along with [[Rash Behari Bose]], [[Sachin Sanyal]] and [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]], Pingle became one of the main coordinators of the attempted mutiny in February 1915. Under Rash Behari, Pingle issued intensive propaganda for revolution from December 1914, sometimes disguised as Shyamlal, a Bengali; sometimes Ganpat Singh, a Punjabi.<ref>B.B. Majumdar, p. 167</ref> Confident of being able to rally the Indian [[sepoy]], the plot for the mutiny took its final shape. The 23rd Cavalry in Punjab was to seize weapons and kill their officers while on roll call on 21 February. This was to be followed by mutiny in the 26th Punjab, which was to be the signal for the uprising to begin, resulting in an advance on Delhi and Lahore. The Bengal revolutionaries contacted the Sikh troops stationed at Dacca through letters of introduction sent by Sikh soldiers of Lahore, and succeeded in winning them over.<ref>B.B. Majumdar, p. 169</ref> The Bengal cell was to look for the ''Punjab Mail'' entering the [[Howrah Station]] the next day (which would have been cancelled if Punjab was seized) and was to strike immediately.
However, the Punjab CID [[Hindu–German Conspiracy#In Asia|successfully infiltrated]] the conspiracy at the last moment through Kirpal Singh: a cousin of the trooper Balwant Singh (23rd Cavalry), US-returned Kirpal, a spy, visited Rash Behari's Lahore headquarters near the Mochi Gate, where over a dozen leaders including Pingle met on 15 February 1915. Kirpal informed the police.<ref>J.C. Ker, p. 369</ref> Sensing that their plans had been compromised, the D-day was brought forward to 19 February, but even these plans found their way to the Punjab CID. Plans for revolt by the 130th Baluchi Regiment at [[Rangoon]] on 21 February were thwarted. Attempted revolts in the 26th Punjab, 7th Rajput, 130th Baluch, 24th Jat Artillery and other regiments were suppressed. Mutinies in [[Firozpur]], [[Lahore]], and [[Agra]] were also suppressed and many key leaders of the conspiracy were arrested, although some managed to escape or evade arrest. A last-ditch attempt was made by [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]] and Pingle to trigger a mutiny in the 12th Cavalry regiment at [[Meerut]].<ref name=Gupta3>{{Harvnb|Gupta|1997|p=3}}</ref> [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]] escaped from Lahore, but was arrested in [[Benares]], and V. G. Pingle was apprehended from the lines of the 12th Cavalry at Meerut, in the night of 23 March 1915. He carried "ten bombs of the pattern used in the attempt to assassinate Lord Hardinge in Delhi," according to Mumbai police report.<ref>B.B. Majumdar, p. 169.</ref> It is said that it was enough to blow up an entire regiment.<ref name=Chhabra598>{{Harvnb|Chhabra|2005|p=598}}</ref> Mass arrests followed as the Ghadarites were rounded up in Punjab and the [[Central Provinces]]. Rash Behari Bose escaped from Lahore and in May 1915 fled to Japan. Other leaders, including [[Giani Pritam Singh]], Swami Satyananda Puri and others fled to [[Thailand]] or other sympathetic nations.<ref name=Gupta3/><ref name=Strachan796>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=796}}</ref>

==Trial and execution==
Vishnu Ganesh Pingle and a number of other Ghadarites including [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]], [[Harnam Singh Saini|Harnam Singh]] and [[Bhai Paramanand]] were tried in the [[Lahore Conspiracy trial]] in April 1915 by a special tribunal constituted under the [[Defence of India Act 1915]], for their roles in the [[February plot]].<ref name=Chhabra598/> Pingle was executed by hanging at the [[Lahore]] Central Jail on 16 November 1915, along with [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]] and [[Pandit Kanshi Ram]].<ref name=rediff>{{cite web
| author = Sreenivasan R
| publisher = rediff
| url=http://in.rediff.com/news/1996/0412raj.htm
| title=Across a chasm of seventy five years, the eyes of these dead men speak to today's Indian American
| access-date=2008-01-02
}}</ref>

==Legacy==
A street in central [[Mumbai]] suburb of [[Chinchpokli]] is named after him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getpincode.info/vishnu-ganesh-pingle-marg-chinchpokli-east|title=Pincode of Vishnu Ganesh Pingle Marg Chinchpokli East_|website=www.getpincode.info|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref>

Pingle's granddaughter [[Rajni Patil]] is a politician. She has served as a Member of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]].

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book
| last1 = Chhabra
| given1 = G. .S
| year = 2005
| title = Advance Study In The History Of Modern India (Volume-2: 1803-1920)
| url = http://www.a1books.co.in/searchdetail.do?itemCode=818909307X
| publisher = Lotus Press
| isbn = 81-89093-07-X
| archive-date = 17 July 2011
| access-date = 2 January 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110717110631/http://www.a1books.co.in/searchdetail.do?itemCode=818909307X
| url-status = dead
}}.
*{{Cite journal
| last1 = Gupta
| first1 = Amit K
| title = Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 1897-1938
| journal = Social Scientist
| volume = 25
| issue = 9/10
| date = September–October 1997
| pages = 3–27
| doi = 10.2307/3517678
| jstor = 3517678
}}.
*{{Cite book
| last1 = Strachan
| first1 = Hew
| year = 2001
| title = The First World War. Volume I: To Arms
| publisher = Oxford University Press. USA
| isbn = 0-19-926191-1
}}.
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080113131838/http://www.sikhpioneers.org/ganeshpingle.html Ganesh Pingle]}}.
*[http://in.rediff.com/news/1996/0412raj.htm Across a chasm of seventy five years, the eyes of these dead men speak to today's Indian American], [[rediff.com]].
{{refend}}

{{Ghadar Conspiracy}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pingle, Vishnu Ganesh}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1915 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:Ghadar Party]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Executed Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:20th-century executions by British India]]
[[Category:People executed by British India by hanging]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]
[[Category:People from Talegaon]]
[[Category:Indian independence armed struggle activists]]

Kerala Science Congress

2026-01-18T22:27:58Z

DeangeloWaley: Adding first details v1

{{Short description|Annual gathering of Keralite scientists}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox event
| name = Kerala Science Congress
| venue = [[Government Brennen College]], [[Thalassery]], [[Kannur]]
| organisers = KSCSTE, Kerala
}}
'''Kerala Science Congress''' is an annual gathering of [[Kerala]]-based scientists and scholars organised by [[Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment]] (KSCSTE) for revitalizing [[Research and Development]] activities in Kerala and to identify new talents in scientific research in Kerala. KSCSTE is an autonomous body constituted by the [[Government of Kerala]]. The gathering features talks by invited scientists, presentations of research papers and awards of various prizes.<ref>{{cite web | title = Wayanad all set to host Kerala Science Congress |publisher= The Hindu| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/wayanad-all-set-to-host-kerala-science-congress/article5625320.ece |date=28 January 2014| access-date = 2014-01-29}}</ref>

The first Congress was held 26–28 February 1989 in [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]] with the focal theme "natural resources and industrial development of Kerala."<ref name=pro>{{cite book|last=N. Balakrishnan Nair|author-link=N. Balakrishnan Nair|title=Proceedings of the First Kerala Science Congress, 26-28 February 1989, Cochin|year=1989|publisher=State Committee on Science, Technology, and Environment, Kerala, India|location=Cochin}}</ref> The 29th Congress held in Mar Thoma College, Tiruvalla during 28–30 January 2017. The focal theme is Genomics in Health and Disease. The special theme "Ecology and Environment". The 30th Science Congress held in Brennan College, Thalasseri during 28–30 January 2018.

==History==
The silver jubilee edition of the Kerala Science Congress was held in Thiruvananthapuram, during 29 January - 2 February 2013. A highlight of the event was a special session on science education in [[Malayalam]] jointly organized by Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment and [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University]]. A draft of the Kerala Science Policy, formulated on the lines of National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, was unveiled by Oommen Chandy, Chief Minister of Kerala, during the silver jubilee edition of the Kerala Science Congress.<ref>{{cite journal|last=T. Nandakumar|title=Kerala makes giant strides in the scientific field|journal=The Hindu|date=29 January 2013|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/kerala-makes-giant-strides-in-the-scientific-field/article4355497.ece|access-date=29 January 2014}}</ref>

The 26th edition of the event was held during 28 − 31 January 2014 at [[Kalpetta]] in [[Wayanad District]] in Kerala with the special theme "[[traditional knowledge]]."<ref>{{cite web|title=Special Theme: Traditional Knowledge|url=http://www.ksc.kerala.gov.in/spl_theme.php|publisher=Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment, Thiruvananthapuram|access-date=28 January 2014|archive-date=3 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203123441/http://www.ksc.kerala.gov.in/spl_theme.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Kerala Science Congress to focus on ‘tradition’ |publisher=The Hindu | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/kerala-science-congress-to-focus-on-tradition/article5500775.ece |date=25 December 2013| access-date = 2014-01-29 }}</ref> It was opened on 28 January 2014, by State Chief Minister, at the [[Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University]] campus, Pookode near [[Kalpetta]]. The four-day congress was held at six venues on the university campus, and was attended by around 1,850 delegates from across India.<ref>{{cite web | title = Kerala Science Congress Gets Under Way |publisher=The New Indian Express| url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Kerala-Science-Congress-Gets-Under-Way/2014/01/29/article2025550.ece | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140221220431/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Kerala-Science-Congress-Gets-Under-Way/2014/01/29/article2025550.ece | url-status = dead | archive-date = 21 February 2014 |date=29 January 2014|access-date = 2014-01-29 }}</ref>

The chief minister of [[Kerala]], Oommen Chandy inaugurated the 27th Kerala Science Congress organised by the Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment (KSCSTE) in [[Alappuzha]] on 27 January 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=CM inaugurates 27th Science Congress |publisher=Mathrubhumi |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news/kerala/cm-inaugurates-27th-science-congress-157636.html |date=28 January 2015 |access-date=2015-04-19 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419203335/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news/kerala/cm-inaugurates-27th-science-congress-157636.html |archive-date=19 April 2015 }}</ref> The focal theme of the 27th Kerala Science Congress was "Traditional Industries". The three-day conference was chaired by India’s "Agni Puthri" Dr. Tessy Thomas. A special session on ‘Traditional Industries’ was held to evolve strategies for reviving the traditional industrial sector in Kerala. About 980 delegates had registered for the event.<ref>{{cite web | title = Science Congress budget slashed; event truncated |publisher= The Hindu| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/science-congress-budget-slashed-event-truncated/article6800850.ece |date=20 January 2015| access-date = 2015-04-19}}</ref>

'''28th Kerala Science Congress'''

The 28th Kerala Science Congress was held in Calicut university campus during 28–30 January 2016. Chief Minister Oommen Chandy inaugurated the congress which presided by Shri. K N A Khader MLA. Eminent Scientist Prof [[M S Swaminathan]] was the chairman of 28th Kerala Science Congress. [[Dr. Suresh Das]], was president of the Kerala Science Congress Dr. P. Harinarayanan, Senior Scientist KSCSTE was general convenor. CWRDM hosted the 28th KSC at Calicut University campus and Dr Narasimha Prasad Director CWRDM was the chairman of the organizing committee. Dr [[Sammer Bramachari]] former director general [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]], Prof Ajit K Kembhavi, Dr [[Anil Kakodkar]], prof Santanu Bhattachraya, Prof Prabhat Rajan, Dr Savithri Preetha Nair, Dr R D Singh, Prof Eldho T I, Dr Jose Kallarachal, Prof. GSLHV Prasad Rao, Dr E J Joseph, Dr. CTS Nair, Prof K V Peter, Dr. P S Easa, Dr N. Sasidharan, Prof. K P. Gopinathan, Dr Sunil K Narayan, Dr K K Ramachandran were key speakers. around 1500 delegates including child scientists participated in the three day event. The focal of the 28th Edition of KSC was Climate Change and its impact on water resource of Kerala. Special Theme sessions - Malabar summit focussing on the Biodiversity and Spices of Malabar, Assistive technology for the differently abled and International Year of pulses. 302 papers out of 367 papers selected were presented during the technical session.

Six memorial lectures were held to commemorate S&T visionaries during the Science Congress. Dr. [[P. K.Iyengar]] memorial lecture by Dr Anil Kakodkar, former chairman, Atomic Energy Commission and secretary to the Government of India, Department of Atomic Energy. Dr [[P. R. Pisharoty]] Memorial Lecture - Prof. Ajit K Kembhavi, former director and Distinguished Professor at the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA) Pune. Dr [[Janaki Ammal]] Memorial lecture by Dr Savithri Preetha Nair - Visiting Fellow at the Centre for Contemporary Studies, Indian Institute for science, Bangalore, P K Gopalakrishnan Memorial Lecture by Dr Prabhat Ranjan, executive director, TIFAC, DST and Dr G N Ramachandran Memorial Lecture by Professor Samir K Brahmachari, former director general Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), and secretary, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Government of India.

PG students interactive session with eminent scientists, Children's Science Congress, National Science exhibition and special session on Science of Aging were other activities during the three day event of 28th KSC.

'''29th Kerala Science Congress'''

The 29th session of Kerala Science Congress was held at MarThoma College, Thiruvalla, Pathanamthitta, Kerala from 28 to 30 January 2017. The event was inaugurated by the Hon. Chief Minister and president of the KSCSTE, Shri. Pinarayi Vijayan on 28 January 2017 at 10.00 am. The inaugural session was presided by Shri. Matheew T. Thomas, Hon’ble Minister for Water Resources, Govt of Kerala. Bharat Ratna Dr.C.N.R. Rao, delivered the Keynote address.Shri. Anto Antony, Member of Parliament, Dr. K. P. Gopinathan, chairman, 29th Science Congress, Dr. S. Pradeep Kumar, Member Secretary, KSCSTE and Dr k. Vijaykumar, general convenor 29th KSC spoke during the inaugural session. The focal theme of this science congress session was "Genomics in Health & Disease.". Dr.Partha P. Majumder, director, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Dr. K. Thankaraj, Senior Principal Scientist, CCMB, Hyderabad were the speakers in this session.
A special theme session on "Ecology & Environment" was oragisned. Dr. M. K. Prasad, Prof. Madhav Gadgil, Prof. Raghavendra Gadagkar, Prof. R. Sukumar were the key speakers in the session. Memorial Lectures on Dr. P. R. Pisharoty was delivered by Dr. M. Rajeevan, Secretary MoES, Dr. E. K. Janakiammal by Dr. Ramesh V. Sonti, chief scientist, CCMB, Hyderabad, Dr. G. N. Ramachandran by Dr. T. P. Singh, professor, AIIMS, New Delhi and Dr. P. K. Iyengar by Dr. Milan K. Sanyal, former director, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics.

432 papers were presented under 12 streams during the congress. PG students interactive session, Children's Science Congress and National Science exhibition were other highlights of 29th KSC.

'''30th Kerala Science Congress'''

The 30th session was held at Government Brennen College, Thalassery, Kannur from 28 to 30 January 2018 and inaugurated by Chief Minister Shri. Pinaray Vijayan in a programme presided by Dr.Suresh Das, Executive Vice President, KSCSTE. Dr. A. S. Kiran Kumar, former chairman, ISRO, delivered the Keynote address. Focal theme was "Viruses and Infectious Diseases. "Dr, T. J. John, CMC, Vellore; Dr. S. Vijaya, professor, IISc., Bangalore and Dr. Anmol Chandele, Group Leader, ICGEB-EMORY Vaccine Program ICGEB, New Delhi were the speakers in this session.

Memorial lectures to honour the S&T visionaries and to cherish their contributions were presented during this Science Congress session. Dr. G. N. Ramachandran Memorial Lecture was delivered by Dr. Manju Banzal, Dr. E. K. Janakiammal Lecture by Dr. Paramjit Singh, Shri. P. T. Bhaskara Panicker lecture by Prof. R. V. G. Menon, and Dr. P. K Gopalakrishnan Lecture by Shri. S. M. Vijayanand. 424 papers were presented during the congress under 12 subjects areas. PG students interactive session, Children's Science Congress and National Science exhibition were other highlights of 30th KSC.

==Overview==
[[File:27th Kerala Science Congress.jpg|thumb|Dr T Ramaswamy, former secretary, Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India lighting the lamp during the inaugural session of 27th Kerala Science Congress]]
During the Congress carefully selected young researchers are conferred the Kerala State Young Scientist Award for research excellence in various disciplines like mathematical sciences, health sciences, agricultural sciences and forestry, etc. Each awardee is presented with a medal, a certificate with citation, a cash prize of Rs.50,000, a startup research grant, and travel support for a trip abroad to present the research work at a conference. A maximum of 14 awards are conferred every year. The awards are given to young researchers of Indian origin with Ph.D working in Kerala for the last three years. The awardees will make a 15-minute presentation of their award-winning work at the plenary session of the Kerala Science Congress.

During the 26th meeting of the Congress the Award was presented to only three persons, namely, Ravi Shankar L (Scientist, Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division NIIST, CSIR, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram), [https://www.iisertvm.ac.in/faculty/mahesh Mahesh Hariharan] (assistant professor, School of Chemistry, IISER, Thiruvananthapuram) and Vineeth Chandrasekharan Nair (Scientist SD, Space Physics Laboratory, VSSC, ISRO, Thiruvananthapuram).<ref>{{cite web|last=V. N. Rajasekharan Pillai Executive Vice President, KSCSTE |title=Press Release |url=http://kscste.kerala.gov.in/Uploads/ksysa.pdf |publisher=KSCSTE |access-date=29 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124210829/http://www.kscste.kerala.gov.in/Uploads/ksysa.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2014 }}</ref> During 27th Congress eight young scientists from different branches of science have been presented the Young Scientist Award for the year 2014. The awardees include [https://www.iisertvm.ac.in/faculty/manna.utpal Utpal Manna], School of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Thiruvananthapuram; [https://www.iisertvm.ac.in/faculty/rajeevkini Rajeev N. Kini], School of Physics, IISER; [https://www.iisertvm.ac.in/faculty/reji Reji Varghese], School of Chemistry, IISER; K.N. Uma, Space Physics Laboratory, VSSC; N. Selvaraju, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Calicut; Santhoshkumar K.S., Polymers and Special Chemicals Division, VSSC; Binod Parameswaran, Biotechnology Division, CSIR- NIIST, Thiruvananthapuram; and Vandana Sankar, Agro-processing and Natural Products Division, CSIR-NIIST.<ref>{{cite web | title = Eight bag Young Scientist Award |publisher= The Hindu| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/eight-bag-young-scientist-award/article6804168.ece |date=20 January 2015| access-date = 2015-04-19}}</ref>

A special session called '''Children's Science Congress''' used to be held as part of the deliberations of Kerala Science Congress to promote children's endeavors in science. Awards are also presented for authors of best research papers. There are memorial lectures in honour of [[P.K. Iyengar]], nuclear physicist, [[G.N. Ramachandran]], physicist, [[Janaki Ammal|E.K. Janaki Ammal]], botanist, P.T. Bhaskara Panicker, social activist and writer, P.K. Gopalakrishnan, sociologist and economist, and [[P.R. Pisharoty]], physicist and meteorologist.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kerala Science Congress}}
* [http://www.ksc.kerala.gov.in/ Kerala Science Congress, Official website]

{{Scientific Research in Kerala |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Science and technology in Kerala]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Science conferences]]
[[Category:Science events in India]]

Odakkuzhal Award

2026-01-12T20:36:51Z

DeangeloWaley: minor update

{{Short description|Indian literary award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Odakkuzhal Award
| current_awards =
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Indian literary award
| presenter =
| country = India
| location = [[Kerala]]
| year = 1969
| year2 =
| website =
}}
'''Odakkuzhal Award''' is an Indian literary award given every year to writers for a particular outstanding work of him/her in [[Malayalam|Malayalam–language]]. The award was founded in 1969 by poet [[G. Sankara Kurup]] to commemorate the [[Jnanpith Award]] he had won.

==Awardees==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Recipient
! Work
! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 1969
| [[Vennikkulam Gopala Kurup]]
| ''Tulsidasa Ramayanam'' (Malayalam translation)
|
|-
| 1970
| [[O. V. Vijayan]]
| ''[[Khasakkinte Itihasam]]''
|
|-
| 1971
| [[Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon]]
| ''Vida''
|
|-
| 1972
| [[N. Krishna Pillai]]
| ''Thiranjedutha Prabandhangal''
|
|-
| 1973
| [[Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri]]
| ''Nimisha Kshetram''
|
|-
| 1974
| [[K. Surendran]]
| ''Maranam Durbalam''
|
|-
| 1975
| [[V. K. Govindan Nair]]
| ''V. K. Govindan Nairude Krithikal''
|
|-
| 1976
| [[Nalankal Krishna Pillai]]
| ''Krishna Tulasi''
|
|-
| 1977
| [[Lalithambika Antharjanam]]
| ''[[Agnisakshi (novel)|Agnisakshi]]''
|
|-
| 1978
| [[Kainikkara Kumara Pillai]]
| ''Naatakeeyam''
|
|-
| 1979
| [[M. Leelavathy]]
| ''Varnaraji''
|
|-
| 1980
| [[P. Bhaskaran]]
| ''Ottakkambiyulla Thamburu''
|
|-
| 1981
| [[M. K. Menon|Vilasini]]
| ''[[Avakasikal]]''
|
|-
| 1982
| [[Sugathakumari]]
| ''Ambalamani''
|
|-
| 1983
| [[Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri]]
| ''Mukhamevide''
|
|-
| 1984
| [[G. Kumara Pillai]]
| ''Sapthaswaram''
|
|-
| 1985
| [[N. N. Kakkad]]
| ''Saphalamee Yathra''
|
|-
| 1986
| [[Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan]]
| ''Kalimuttam''
|
|-
| 1987
| [[Yusufali Kechery]]
| ''Kechery Puzha''
|
|-
| 1988
| [[Olappamanna]]
| ''Nizhalana''
|
|-
| 1989
| [[M. P. Sankunni Nair]]
| ''Chhathravum Chamaravum''
|
|-
| 1990
| [[O. N. V. Kurup]]
| ''Mrigaya''
|
|-
| 1991
| [[P. Narayana Kurup]]
| ''Nishagandhi''
|
|-
| 1992
| [[Thikkodiyan]]
| ''Arangu Kanatha Nadan''
|
|-
| 1993
| [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
| ''Vanaprastham''
|
|-
| 1994
| [[N. S. Madhavan]]
| ''Higuita''
|
|-
| 1995
| [[T. Padmanabhan]]
| ''Kadal''
|
|-
| 1996
| [[Anand (writer)|Anand]]
| ''Govardhanante Yathrakal''
|
|-
| 1997
| [[M. P. Veerendra Kumar]]
| ''Athmavilekkoru Theerthayathra''
|
|-
| 1998
| [[Asha Menon (writer)|Asha Menon]]
| ''Paraga Koshangal''
|
|-
| 1999
| [[Chandramathi]]
| ''Rain Deer''
|
|-
| 2000
| [[K. Satchidanandan|Satchidanandan]]
| ''Thiranjedutha Kavithakal''
|
|-
| 2001
| [[Ayyappa Paniker]]
| ''Ayyappa Paniker Kavithakal''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Ayyappa-Panickar-selected-for-Odakkuzhal-award/articleshow/2029783432.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126054142/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-01-14/thiruvananthapuram/27125423_1_award-cash-prize-poet|url-status=live|archive-date=26 January 2013|title=Ayyappa Panickar selected for Odakkuzhal award|date=14 January 2002|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 December 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
| [[Mundur Krishnankutty]]
| ''Enne Veruthe Vittalum''
|
|-
| 2003
| [[Paul Zacharia|Zacharia]]
| ''Thiranjedutha Kathakal''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/03/stories/2004020311190300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040216031907/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/03/stories/2004020311190300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2004|title=Odakkuzhal Award presented to Zachariah |date=4 February 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 December 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2004
| [[P. Surendran]]
| ''Chinese Market''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/03/stories/2005020316510300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212092556/http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/03/stories/2005020316510300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 February 2008|title=P. Surendran given Odakkuzhal Award |date=3 February 2005|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 December 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2005
| Njeralathu Surendran [[Padmanabhan Nair|Kalamandalam Padmanabhan Nair]]
| ''Naatyacharyante Jeevithamudrakal''

|
|-
| 2006
| [[C. Radhakrishnan]]
| ''Theekkadal Kadanju Thirumadhuram''

|
|-
| 2007
| [[N. K. Desam]]
| ''Mudra''

|
|-
| 2008
| [[K. G. Sankara Pillai]]
| ''K. G. S. Kavithakal''

|
|-
| 2009
| [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]
| ''Ammakku Oru Tharattu''

|
|-
| 2010
| [[Unnikrishnan Puthur]]
| ''Anubhavangalude Nerrekhakal''

|
|-
| 2011
| [[Subhash Chandran]]
| ''[[Subhash Chandran#Manushyanu Oru Amukham|Manushyanu Oru Amukham]]''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=118845|title=Subhash Chandran gets Odakkuzhal award|date=10 January 2012|newspaper=Mathrubhumi|access-date=11 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111114711/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=118845|archive-date=11 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| [[Sethu (writer)|Sethu]]
| ''Marupiravi''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/odakkuzhal-award-presented/article4374497.ece|title=Odakkuzhal Award presented|date=3 February 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=11 July 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| [[K. R. Meera]]
| ''[[Aarachaar]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcbooks.com/odakkuzhal-award-presented-to-k-r-meera.html|title=ആരാച്ചാര്‍ മലയാളത്തിലെ ഏറ്റവും നല്ല നോവലുകളിലൊന്ന് : ഡോ. എം ലീലാവതി|date=3 February 2014|publisher=DC Books|access-date=23 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323151417/http://www.dcbooks.com/odakkuzhal-award-presented-to-k-r-meera.html|archive-date=23 March 2014}}</ref>
|-

| 2014
| [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
| ''Rafeeq Ahammedinte Kruthikal''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcbooks.com/rafeeq-ahmed-bags-odakkuzhal-award.html|title=റഫീഖ് അഹമ്മദിന് ഓടക്കുഴല്‍ അവാര്‍ഡ്|date=30 December 2014|publisher=DC Books|access-date=1 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101214709/http://www.dcbooks.com/rafeeq-ahmed-bags-odakkuzhal-award.html|archive-date=1 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-

| 2015
| [[S. Joseph]]
| ''Chandranodoppam''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/odakuzhal-award-presented/article8186380.ece|title=Odakuzhal Award presented|date=3 February 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| M. A. Rahman
| ''Oro Jeevanum Vilappettathaanu''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Briefly/article16996447.ece|title=Award for short story|date=6 January 2017|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| [[Aymanam John]]
| ''Aymanam Johninte Kathakal''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mangalam.com/en-news/detail/180540-kerala-aymanam-john-bags-2017-odakkuzhal-award.html|title=Aymanam John bags 2017 Odakkuzhal award|date=4 January 2018|newspaper=[[Mangalam Publications|Mangalam]]|access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| [[E. V. Ramakrishnan]]
| ''Malayala Novalinte Desakalangal''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/news/odakkuzhal-award-for-e-v-ramakrishnan-1.3465246 |title=ഡോ. ഇ.വി. രാമകൃഷ്ണന് ഓടക്കുഴല്‍ അവാര്‍ഡ് |date=8 January 2019|newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi]]|access-date=17 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| [[N. Prabhakaran]]
| ''Mayamanushyar''
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/feb/03/conspiracy-stopping-g-sankara-kurup-memorial-author-leelavathi-2098120.html |title=Conspiracy stopping G Sankara Kurup memorial: Author Leelavathi |date=3 February 2020|newspaper= [[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=17 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[Sarah Joseph (author)|Sarah Joseph]]
|''Budhini''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/jan/03/sara-joseph-wins-odakuzhal-award-2402642.html |title=Sara Joseph wins 'Odakuzhal' award |date=3 January 2022 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Ambikasuthan Mangad]]
|''Pranavayu''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/odakkuzhal-award-for-ambikasuthan-mangad/article66334067.ece |title=Odakkuzhal Award for Ambikasuthan Mangad |date=3 January 2023|newspaper= The Hindu |access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[P. N. Gopikrishnan]]
|''Kavitha Mamsabhojiyanu''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/news/2024/01/11/odakuzhal-award-pn-gopalakrishanan.html |title=Noted poet PN Gopikrishnan bags Odakkuzhal award 2023 |date=11 January 2024|newspaper= OnManorama.com |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|K. Aravindakshan
|''Gopa''
|<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2025-01-17 |title=Odakkuzhal Award for K. Aravindakshan’s novel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/odakkuzhal-award-for-k-aravindakshans-novel/article69108106.ece |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|E.P. Rajagopalan
|''Ulkatha''
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2026-01-12 |title=Odakkuzhal award for literary critic E.P. Rajagopalan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/odakkuzhal-award-for-literary-critic-ep-rajagopalan/article70501964.ece |access-date=2026-01-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1969]]
[[Category:Malayalam literary awards]]
[[Category:Kerala awards]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Kerala]]

Arraignment

2026-01-04T03:05:47Z

DeangeloWaley:

{{Short description|Formal reading of the offence to a criminal defendant}}
{{distinguish|Arrangement}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
[[File:Ministries trial arraignment.webm|thumb|Arraignment at the [[Ministries trial|Ministries Trial]], 20 December 1947]]
'''Arraignment''' is a formal reading of a criminal charging document in the presence of the [[defendant]], to inform them of the [[Criminal charge|criminal charges]] against them. In response to arraignment, in some jurisdictions, the accused is expected to enter a [[plea]]; in other jurisdictions, no plea is required. Acceptable pleas vary among jurisdictions, but they generally include ''[[Guilty (plea)|guilty]]'', ''not guilty'', and the [[peremptory plea]]s (pleas in bar) setting out reasons why a trial cannot proceed. Pleas of ''[[nolo contendere]]'' ('no contest') and the [[Alford plea]] are allowed in some circumstances.

== By country ==

=== Australia ===
In the [[Australian legal system]], arraignment is the first stage in a criminal trial.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.countycourt.vic.gov.au/files/documents/2018-08/factsheet-6-criminal-trial-process.pdf | title = Criminal Trial Process | publisher = County Court of Victoria, Victoria | access-date = 2024-06-20}}</ref> The [[indictment]] is read to the defendant, who is asked to plead guilty or not guilty. Arraignment procedures vary somewhat among jurisdictions. In [[New South Wales]], the arraignment takes place before the judge only.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.odpp.nsw.gov.au/prosecution-guidance/steps-in-the-prosecution-process/Matter-goes-to-the-District-or-Supreme-Court | title = Matter goes to the District or Supreme Court | publisher = Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions, New South Wales | access-date = 2024-05-16}}</ref> In [[South Australia]]n practice, the jury hears the arraignment.<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238791665 | title = Practices, policies and procedures that influence juror satisfaction in Australia | page = 45 | author-first = Jane | author-last = Goodman-Delahunty | year = 2008 | publisher = Australian Institute of Criminology | isbn = 9781921185670}}</ref> In [[Queensland]] the indictment is read to the defendant by the [[judge's associate]] prior to the empanelling of the jury.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.courts.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/86003/sd-bb-4-trial-procedure.pdf | title = Benchbook - Trial Procedure | date = June 2021 | access-date = 2024-05-16 | publisher = Queensland Courts}}</ref>

=== Canada ===
In [[British Columbia]], arraignment takes place in one of the first few court appearances by the defendant or their lawyer. The defendant is asked whether they plead guilty or not guilty to each charge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Court Appearances Before the Trial - Province of British Columbia |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/justice/criminal-justice/bcs-criminal-justice-system/understanding-criminal-justice/how-works/court-hearings/court-appearances-before-the-trial |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=www2.gov.bc.ca}}</ref>

=== France ===
In [[Law of France|France]], the general rule is that one cannot remain in [[Law enforcement in France|police]] custody for more than 24 hours from the time of their [[arrest]].<ref name=fti-france>{{cite web|title=CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS AND DEFENCE RIGHTS IN FRANCE|publisher=[[Fair Trials International]]|url=http://www.fairtrials.org/wp-content/uploads/France-advice-note.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.fairtrials.org/wp-content/uploads/France-advice-note.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, police custody can last another 24 hours in specific circumstances, especially if the offence is punishable by at least one year's imprisonment, or if the investigation is deemed to require the extra time, and can last up to 96 hours in certain cases involving [[Terrorism in France|terrorism]], [[Illegal drug trade|drug trafficking]], or [[Milieu (organized crime in France)|organised crime]].<ref name=fti-france/> The police need to have the consent of the prosecutor, the ''procureur''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCulloch |first=Brian |date=2024-01-03 |title=Explainer: How criminal courts and jury service work in France |url=https://www.connexionfrance.com/practical/explainer-how-criminal-courts-and-jury-service-work-in-france/612380 |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=www.connexionfrance.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> In the vast majority of cases, the prosecutor will consent.<ref name=fti-france/> 

=== Germany ===
In [[Law of Germany|Germany]], if one has been arrested and taken into custody by the police, one must be brought before a judge as soon as possible and at the latest on the day after the arrest.<ref name=fti-germany>{{cite web|title=CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS AND DEFENCE RIGHTS IN GERMANY|publisher=[[Fair Trials International]]|url=http://www.fairtrials.org/wp-content/uploads/Germany-advice-note.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.fairtrials.org/wp-content/uploads/Germany-advice-note.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== New Zealand ===
Under [[Law of New Zealand|New Zealand law]], at the first appearance of the accused, they are read the charges and asked for a plea. The available pleas are: guilty, not guilty, and no plea. The response of "no plea" allows the defendant to get legal advice on the plea, which must be made on the second appearance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.howtolaw.co/facing-criminal-charges-392160|title = Facing criminal charges from How to Law}}</ref>

=== South Africa ===
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}}
In [[Law of South Africa|South Africa]], arraignment is defined as the calling upon the accused to appear, the informing of the accused of the crime charged against them, the demanding of the accused whether they plead guilty or not guilty, and the entering of their plea.

=== United Kingdom ===
In [[English law|England]], [[Welsh law|Wales]], and [[Law of Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]], arraignment is the first of 11 stages in a criminal trial in the [[Crown Court]] following committal from the [[magistrates' court (England and Wales)|magistrates' court]], and involves the clerk of the court reading out the indictment. A summary trial in the magistrates' court begins with a preparation for trial hearing which is not referred to as an arraignment.

In England and Wales, the [[Law enforcement in the United Kingdom|police]] cannot legally detain anyone for more than 24 hours without charging them, unless an officer with the [[Police ranks of the United Kingdom|rank]] of superintendent (or above) authorises detention for a further 12 hours (i.e., 36 hours total), or a magistrates' court authorises detention by the police before charge for up to a maximum of 96 hours; for [[Terrorism in the United Kingdom|terrorism]]-related offences a person can be held by the police for up to 28 days before charge.<ref name=fti-england-wales>{{cite web|title=Criminal Proceedings and Defence Rights in England and Wales|publisher=[[Fair Trials International]]|url=http://www.fairtrials.org/wp-content/uploads/Criminal-Proceedings-and-Defence-Rights-in-England-and-Wales-Aug-2013.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.fairtrials.org/wp-content/uploads/Criminal-Proceedings-and-Defence-Rights-in-England-and-Wales-Aug-2013.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> If they are not released after being charged, they should be brought before a court as soon as practicable.<ref name=fti-england-wales/>

=== United States ===
The [[Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] grants criminal defendants the right to be notified of the charges against them. Under the [[Law of the United States|United States]]' [[Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure]], arraignment shall consist of an open reading of the indictment (and delivery of a copy) to the defendant, and a call for them to plead.<ref>Rule {{frcrp|10}} – via [[Cornell Law School]]</ref>

In [[Federal judiciary of the United States|federal courts]], arraignment takes place in two stages. The first is called the "initial arraignment" and must take place within 48 hours of an individual's arrest, or within 72 hours if the individual was arrested on the weekend and not able to go before a judge until Monday.<ref>{{cite book |title=Criminal Procedure |publisher=Thomson Wadsworth |year=2012 |edition=8th |first=Joel |last=Samaha |isbn=978-0-495-91335-1 }}</ref> During this stage, the defendant is informed of the pending legal charges and is informed of his or her [[Right to counsel|right to retain counsel]]. The presiding judge also decides at what amount, if any, to set [[Bail in the United States|bail]]. During the second stage, the post-indictment arraignment, the defendant is allowed to enter a plea.

In [[New York (state)|New York]], a person arrested without a warrant and kept in custody must be brought before a local criminal court for arraignment "without unnecessary delay".<ref>NYS Criminal Procedure Law § 140.20(1).</ref> A delay of more than 24 hours is [[wikt:rebut#Verb|rebuttably]] presumed to be unnecessary.<ref>''People ex rel. Maxian on Behalf of Roundtree v. Brown,'' 77 N.Y.2d 422, 570 N.E.2d 223 (1991).</ref>

In [[California]], arraignments must be conducted without unnecessary delay and, in any event, within 48 hours of arrest, excluding weekends and holidays.<ref name=riverside>[[County of Riverside v. McLaughlin]], 500 U.S. 44 (1991)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spolinlaw.com/blog/2016/08/16/los-angeles-criminal-court-arraignments/|title=Los Angeles Criminal Court Arraignments {{!}} Spolin Law P.C.|website=spolinlaw.com|date=16 August 2016|access-date=2016-12-03}}</ref>

==Form of the arraignment==
The wording of the arraignment varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.<ref>In some jurisdictions the wording of the arraignment is set by statute or court practice direction.</ref> However, it generally conforms with the following principles:
# The accused person ([[defendant]]) is addressed by name;
# The [[criminal charge|charge]] against the accused person is read, including the alleged date, time, and place of offense (and sometimes the names of the state's witnesses and the range of punishment for the charge(s)); and,
# The accused person is asked formally how they plead.

==Video arraignment==
'''Video arraignment''' is the act of conducting the arraignment process using some form of [[videoconferencing]] technology. Use of video arraignment system allows the court to conduct the requisite arraignment process without the need to transport the defendant to the courtroom by using an audio-visual link between the location where the defendant is being held and the courtroom.

Use of the video arraignment process addresses the problems associated with having to transport defendants. The transportation of defendants requires time, puts additional demands on the public safety organizations to provide for the safety of the public, court personnel and for the security of the population held in detention. It also addresses the rising costs of transportation.

==Guilty and not-guilty pleas==
If the defendant pleads guilty, an [[Preliminary hearing|evidentiary hearing]] usually follows. The court is not required to accept a guilty plea. During the hearing, the judge assesses the offense, the [[mitigating factor]]s, and the defendant's character, and passes [[Sentence (law)|sentence]].

If the defendant pleads [[not guilty (plea)|not guilty]], a date is set for a [[preliminary hearing]] or a [[trial]].

In the past, a defendant who refused to plead (or "stood mute") was subject to ''[[peine forte et dure]]'' ([[Law French]] for "strong and hard punishment"). Today, in [[common law]] jurisdictions, the court enters a plea of not guilty for a defendant who refuses to enter a plea.<ref>In Queensland, Australia, this matter is covered by statute. See s601 of the Queensland [[Criminal Code]].</ref> The rationale for this is the defendant's [[right to silence]].

==Pre-trial release==
This is also often the stage at which arguments for or against pre-trial release and bail may be made, depending on the alleged crime and jurisdiction.

==See also==
* [[Desk appearance ticket]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Criminal procedure}}

[[Category:Legal terminology]]
[[Category:Prosecution]]
[[Category:United States criminal procedure]]
[[Category:Criminal law of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Australian criminal law]]

Mamta Kalia

2025-12-31T07:38:13Z

DeangeloWaley: expanded content

{{short description|Indian author, teacher and poet}}{{Infobox writer
| name = Mamta Kalia
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1940}}
| awards = [[Vyas Samman]]
| image = ममता कालिया bharat-s-tiwari-photography-IMG 1382-2 May 25, 2019.jpg
| caption = Mamta Kalia
| birth_place = [[Vrindavan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
}}

'''Mamta Kalia''' (born 2 November 1940) is an [[India|Indian]] author, teacher, and poet, writing primarily in the [[Hindi]] language.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=लेखक ममता कालिया का व्यक्तित्व mamata kaliya|url=http://www.hindisamay.com/writer/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-mamata-kaliya.cspx?id=288|access-date=2020-11-24|website=www.hindisamay.com}}</ref> She won the [[Vyas Samman]], one of India's richest literary awards, in 2017 for her novel ''Dukkham Sukkham'' (''Sadness and Happiness'').<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2018-10-17|title=Hindi author Mamta Kalia awarded Vyas Samman|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hindi-author-mamta-kalia-awarded-vyas-samman/story-3d7XV7uexagYlVaMqCyXbP.html|access-date=2020-11-24|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== Life ==
Kalia was born in [[Vrindavan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], and studied in Delhi, earning an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in English from the [[University of Delhi]].<ref name=":1" /> Her father worked for [[All India Radio]], India's national broadcaster.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=तोमर|first=रीतू|date=2019-06-23|title='अपनी रचनाओं में स्त्रियों के लिए जो टैगोर, शरतचंद ने किया, वो अब के लेखक नहीं कर पाए हैं'|url=http://thewirehindi.com/85050/hindi-literature-interview-of-mamata-kalia/|access-date=2020-11-24|website=The Wire - Hindi|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kalia taught at the [[SNDT Women's University]] in Mumbai, and also at Women's Service House Degree College in Allahabad, and retired from teaching in 2001.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=TNN|date=29 November 2018|title=Mamta Kalia - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/speakers/mamta-kalia/articleshow/66864403.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Kalia's husband, [[Ravindra Kalia]], was also a popular Hindi author.<ref name=":1" /> Following her retirement, Kalia headed the Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad, a literarary organization based in Kolkata, that publishes translations of works of literature to and from Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-08-23|title=City of joy is like a bigger Allahabad|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/city-of-joy-is-like-a-bigger-allahabad/story-Upzj5crtBaZ9KQs57g2cbO.html|access-date=2020-11-24|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== Writing ==
Kalia won the Vyas Samman, one of India's richest literary awards, for her novel ''Dukkham Sukkham'' in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|date=8 December 2017|title=Mamta Kalia: Hindi writer Mamta Kalia to get the 27th Vyas Samman|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hindi-writer-mamta-kalia-to-get-the-27th-vyas-samman/articleshow/61981502.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The award was presented by Mridula Sinha, the governor of Goa, who described the novel as having "captured the essence of Indian culture.<ref name=":1" /> Kalia's previous novel, ''Beghar'' (''Homeless'') was very commercially successful, running to five editions. She has written several novels and collections of short stories, four collections of poetry, as well as two collections of plays.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pen Drive - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/pen-drive/1068884/|access-date=2020-11-24|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> She is currently writing a biography of her husband, as well as a book about the history of Allahabad.<ref name=":2" /> Her writing engages with the lived experiences of women, often in middle-class families in India.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-09|title=हिंदी लेखिका ममता कालिया को 'दुक्खम सुक्खम' के लिए 27वां व्यास सम्मान|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-NAN-HDLN-mamta-kalia-got-vyas-award-5765159-NOR.html|access-date=2020-11-24|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref> She has also won several other literary awards, including the Yashpal Katha Samman, Sahitya Bhushan Samman, Ram Manohar Lohiya Samman, Mahadevi Varma Samman, and the Sita Award.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-09-01|title=हिन्दी भाषा की लेखिका ममता कालिया को द्वितीय सीता पुरस्कार|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/हिन्दी-भाषा-की-लेखिका-ममता-कालिया-को-द्वितीय-सीता-पुरस्कार-1346475053-2|access-date=2020-11-24|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref>

== Selected works ==
Poetry collections:<ref name=":0" />

* खाँटी घरेलू औरत (''An Entrenched Domesticated Woman'')
* कितने प्रश्न करूँ (''How Many Questions Do I Ask?)''
* ''Tribute to Papa and other poems''
* ''Poems 78''

Novels:<ref name=":0" />

* बेघर (''Homeless'')
* नरक दर नरक (''Hell to Hell'')
* प्रेम कहानी (''A Love Story'')
* लड़कियाँ (''Girls'')
* एक पत्नी के नोट्स (''A Wife's Notes'')
* दौड़ (''Distance'')
* अँधेरे का ताला (''The Lock of Darkness)''
* दुक्खम्‌ - सुक्खम् (''Sadness and Happiness'')

Other works:<ref name=":0" />

* Plays: यहाँ रहना मना है (''It is Forbidden to Live Here''), आप न बदलेंगे (''You Won't Change'')
* Memoir: कितने शहरों में कितनी बार (''How Many Times in How Many Cities'')
* A translation of Somerset Maugham's work ''Of Human Bondage'' into Hindi.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalia, Mamta}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian women academics]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]

Anant Geete

2025-12-25T13:43:34Z

DeangeloWaley:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Anant Geete in April 2017.jpg
| name = Anant Geete
| native_name =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951|6|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tisangi]], [[Bombay State]], India
| residence = [[Mumbai]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Member of Shiv Sena's National Executive]]
| term_start = January 23, 2018
| term_end = February 10, 2023
| office1 = [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises|Minister of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises]]
| primeminister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start1 = 26 May 2014
| term_end1 = 30 May 2019
| predecessor1 = [[Praful Patel]]
| successor1 = [[Arvind Sawant]]
| office2 = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Power]]
| primeminister2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| term_start2 = 26 August 2002
| term_end2 = 22 May 2004
| predecessor2 = [[Suresh Prabhu]]
| successor2 = [[P. M. Sayeed]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start4 = 10 May 1996
| term_end4 = 16 May 2009
| predecessor4 = [[Govindrao Nikam]]
| successor4 = ''Constituency abolished''
| constituency4 = [[Ratnagiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratnagiri]]
| term_start3 = 16 May 2009
| term_end3 = 23 May 2019
| predecessor3 = ''Constituency created''
| successor3 = [[Sunil Tatkare]]
| constituency3 = [[Raigad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigad]]
| party = [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
| nationality = {{flagicon|India}} [[Indian people|Indian]]
| education =
| religion =
| spouse = Ashwinee
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = May|
| year = 2014|
| source = https://web.archive.org/web/20060620065543/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=136
}}

'''Anant Gangaram Geete''' (born 2 June 1951) is an Indian politician and was the [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises (India)|Union Cabinet Minister for Heavy Industries and Public Sector Enterprises]] during 2014 - 2019 in [[Narendra Modi]] cabinet. He is also a former [[Ministry of Power (India)|Union Cabinet Minister for Power]] (Aug 2002 to May 2004). He is a member of the [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]] political party in Maharashtra, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/anant-geete.html|title= Political Career of Anant Geete
}}</ref>

He was elected six times to the Lok Sabha. In the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general election]], he defeated the then sitting MP and former Cabinet Minister [[A R Antulay|A.R.Antulay]], by a margin of 145,000 votes to win from the [[Raigad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigad, Maharashtra]]. In the [[2014 Indian general elections|2014 general election]], he held his seat in Raigad by a margin of 2,110 votes over nearest rival, [[Sunil Tatkare]] who was then the Minister for Water Resources in [[Maharashtra]] but lost it in 2019 by a margin of 31,740 votes. He has earlier represented the [[Ratnagiri (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Ratnagiri constituency]] in Maharashtra for four terms from [[11th Lok Sabha]] to [[14th Lok Sabha]].

==Early life==
He was born in Tisangi, a village in [[Ratnagiri]] District, Maharashtra.

==Political career==

===Positions held in public life===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| 1985–92 || Councillor, Municipal Corporation, Mumbai
|-
| 1990–92 || Chairman, Standing Committee on Municipal Corporation Mumbai
|-
| 1996 || Elected to 11th Lok Sabha from Ratnagiri (1st term). 
Chief Whip, Shiv Sena Parliamentary party
|-
| 1996–98 || Member, Committee on Urban and Rural Development
|-
| 1998 || Re-elected to 12th Lok Sabha (2nd term)
|-
| 1998–99 || Member, Committee on External Affairs and its Sub-Committee-III. 
Member Consultative Committee, Ministry of Human Resource Development
|-
| 1999 || Re-elected to 13th Lok Sabha (3rd term). 
Leader, Shiv Sena Parliamentary Party
|-
| 1999–2000 || Chairman, Committee on Urban and Rural Development. Member, Business Advisory Committee. 
Member, General Purposes Committee. Member, Railway Convention Committee.
|-
| 1999–2001 || Member, Committee on Estimates
|-
| 2000–2002 || Member, Consultative Committee. Ministry of Civil Aviation
|-
| Jul–Aug 2002 || Union Minister of State, Ministry of Finance, Banking and Expenditure
|-
| Aug 2002 – May 2004 || Union Cabinet Minister, Power
|-
| 2004 || Re-elected to 14th Lok Sabha (4th term) 
Member, General Purposes Committee. Chairman, Committee on Chemicals and Fertilizers 
Member, Committee on Petitions
|-
| Aug 2007 onwards || Chairman, Committee on Chemicals & Fertilizers
|-
| 2009 || Re-elected to 15th Lok Sabha (5th term) 
Leader, Shiv Sena Parliamentary Party, Lok Sabha
|-
| 23 Sep 2009 || Chairman, Committee on Petitions 
Member, Committee on Food, Consumer Affairs & Public Distribution. Member, Business Advisory Committee
|-
| || Member, Konkan Railway Users' Consultative Committee
|-
| 2014 || Re-elected to 16th Lok Sabha (6th term)
|-
| 28 May 2014 || Union Cabinet Minister, Heavy Industries & Public Sector Enterprises
|-
| 2018 || Appointed Leader of [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] Party<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.loksatta.com/mumbai-news/aditya-thackeray-appointed-as-shiv-sena-leader-manohar-joshi-sudhi-joshi-remain-same-1620595/|title= एकनाथ शिंदे, आनंदराव अडसूळ, अनंत गीते, चंद्रकांत खैरे, आदित्य ठाकरे यांची सेनेच्या नेतेपदी वर्णी}}</ref>

|}

==See also==
* [[First Modi ministry]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf Election Commission of India, General Elections, 2009 (15th LOK SABHA)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060620065543/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=136 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140316141939/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5597637605435053611&SectionId=4924098573178130559&SectionName=Latest%20News&NewsDate=20140228&NewsTitle=Shiv%20Sena%20releases%20first%20list%20of%20candidates Shiv Sena releases first list of candidates – Sakaal Times]}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Govindrao Nikam]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Ratnagiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratnagiri]] |years=1996 – 2009}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Nilesh Narayan Rane|Nilesh Rane]] Constituency merged with [[Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[A. R. Antulay]] Constituency created from [[Kolaba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolaba]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Raigad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigad]] |years=2009 – Present}}
{{s-aft|after=Incumbent}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Suresh Prabhu]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Power]]|years=26 August 2002 – 21 May 2004}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Praful Patel]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises (India)|Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]]|years=26 May 2014 – Present}}
{{s-aft|after=Incumbent}}
|-
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=Himself}}
{{s-ttl|title=Leader of the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] in the [[Lok Sabha]]|years=2014–2023}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rahul Shewale]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Cabinet of Narendra Modi}}
{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Shiv Sena}}
{{16th LS members from Maharashtra}}
{{15th LS members from Maharashtra}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geete, Anant}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Union ministers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:People from Ratnagiri]]
[[Category:Ministers of power of India]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena (UBT) politicians]]

Balram-class tugboat

2025-12-18T16:35:31Z

DeangeloWaley:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}

{{Short description|Class of Indian tugboats}}

The '''Balram class''' of [[tugboat]]s were a series of service watercraft built by [[Goa Shipyard Limited]] for the [[Indian navy]]. Each tug in the class has a rated capacity of 20 tonnes bollard pull. They are powered by twin Kirloskar SEMT-Pielistick (8PA4 V200) of total {{convert|3200|hp|abbr=on}}. They are also fitted with three monitors for fire fighting. INS Bajrang and INS Balram were stationed at [[Mumbai]].<ref name="Eric">''The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems'' By Eric Wertheim</ref>

==Ships of the class==
{{externalimage|topic=Balram class tugboat |float=right|width=200px
|image1=[http://cdn2.shipspotting.com/photos/middle/6/9/0/1538096.jpg INS Balram ]
|}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Yard no<ref name=Product_history>{{cite web|url=http://www.goashipyard.co.in/products_history.aspx |title=Product History : Goa Shipyard |access-date=2016-06-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706134133/http://www.goashipyard.co.in/products_history.aspx |archive-date=2016-07-06 }}</ref>
|| '''Name''' || '''Delivery date''' || '''IMO number'''
|-
| 1131 || INS Balram || 28 December 1988 || 8835762<ref name=Balram>[http://maritime-connector.com/ship/balram-8835762 Balram]maritime-connector.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704161939/http://maritime-connector.com/ship/balram-8835762/ |date=4 July 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 1162 || INS Bajrang || 15 January 1991 || 8814859<ref name=Bajrang>[http://maritime-connector.com/ship/bajarang-8814859/ Bajrang]maritime-connector.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620165412/http://maritime-connector.com/ship/bajarang-8814859/ |date=20 June 2017 }}</ref>
|}

==Specifications==
*Gross tonnage: 216 ton<ref name=Eric/>
*DWT: 35 tons
*Length: 29.7 m
*Width: 9.7 m
*Draught: 4.3 meters
*Crew: 12 total
*Speed: {{convert|12|knot}}

==See also==
*[[List of active Indian Navy ships#Tugboats|Tugboats of the Indian Navy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}

*{{India-mil-stub}}

[[Category:Tugs of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Auxiliary tugboat classes]]

Emma (1813 ship)

2025-12-15T19:40:55Z

DeangeloWaley: made new entry.

{{other ships|Emma (ship)}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header=title
| country=United Kingdom
| flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
| name=''Emma''
| namesake =
| owner = Various
| operator =
| ordered =
| builder =Michael Smith, [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=105}}
| original_cost =
| laid_down =
| launched = 9 December 1813{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=105}}{{refn|Hackman reports the launch date for ''Lady Sophia'',{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=105}} and the builder and owner for {{ship||Lady Flora|1813 ship|2}}.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=274}}{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=105}}|group=Note}}
| acquired =
| commissioned =
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| honours =
| honors =
| captured =
| fate = Wrecked 1821
| notes =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class =
| tons_burthen=450,{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=105}} or 460,<ref name=RS1819/> or 467,<ref name=LR1818/> or {{frac|467|70|94}},{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=274}} ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
| length =*1808:{{cvt|115|ft|6|in|m|1|abbr=on}}{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=274}}
| beam =*1808: {{cvt|30|ft|10|in|m|1|abbr=on}}{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=274}}
| draught =
| draft =
| hold_depth =
| propulsion =
| sail_plan =
| complement =
| armament =
| notes = Teak-built
}}
}}

'''''Emma''''' was launched at Calcutta in 1813. From 1814 she made several voyages between India and England under a license from the British [[East India Company]] (EIC). A hurricane wrecked her on 4 January 1821 at [[Table Bay]], [[Cape of Good Hope]].

==Career==
''Emma'' entered ''[[Lloyd's Register]]'' in 1818 with G. Mitchett, master, Hal & Co., owner, and trade Liverpool–India.<ref name=LR1818>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005686806?urlappend=%3Bseq=680 ''Lloyd's Register'' (1818), Supple. pages, Seq. №E60.]</ref> She entered the ''Register of Shipping'' in 1819 with Michell, master, Hall & Co., owner, and trade Liverpool–Calcutta.<ref name=RS1819>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015024214242?urlappend=%3Bseq=194 ''Register of Shipping'' (1819), Seq. №E537.]</ref> However, she had been sailing between India and London before that.

===Incidents===
*''Emma'', country ship, Cripps, master, was among the vessels that arrived at [[Saint Helena]] on 13 July 1815 and left on the 17th, bound for India.<ref>''[[Lloyd's List]]'' [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735027?urlappend=%3Bseq=151 №5001.]</ref>
*A report from the [[Cape of Good Hope]] dated 13 September 1817, stated that ''Emma'', Mitchell, master, from Bengal, had damaged part of her cargo. She would unload that at the Cape, and then sail to South America and the Mediterranean.<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735028?urlappend=%3Bseq=208 ''Lloyd's List'' №5230.]</ref> However, on 18 October, before ''Emma'' could leave Table Bay, {{ship||Oromocto|1813 ship|2}}, Strickland, master, broke free of her cables and ran afoul of ''Emma'', carrying away her fore yard.<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735028?urlappend=%3Bseq=243 ''Lloyd's List'' №5242.]</ref>

===Voyages to India from England under EIC license===

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Date sailed
! Master
! Owner
! Destination
|-
| 31 March 1815
| T. Cripps
| T. Cripps
| [[Chennai|Madras]] & Bengal
|-
| 25 January 1817
| T. Cripps
| T. Cripps
| Madras & Bengal
|-
| 28 March 1818
| G.G. Mitchell
| J. Palmer
| [[Fort William, India]]
|-
| 22 September 1820
| C. Baumgardt
| G. Larpent
| Bombay
|-
|}

==Fate==
''Lloyd's Register'' for 1821 showed ''Emma''{{'}}s master as Baumgarda and her owner as Paxton & Co.<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005690477?urlappend=%3Bseq=178 ''Lloyd's Register'' (1821), Seq. №E541.]</ref> On 4 January 1821 a hurricane struck Table Bay and wrecked three vessels; one was ''Emma'', Baumgart, master. She had been sailing from London to Bengal. Most of the cargoes were saved, as were the crews.<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735031?urlappend=%3Bseq=105 ''Lloyd's List''] №5576.]</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Rowan |year=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7 }}
* {{cite book|last=Phipps|first=John, (of the Master Attendant's Office, Calcutta)|year=1840|title=A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ...|publisher=Scott}}

{{1821 shipwrecks}}

[[Category:1813 ships]]
[[Category:British ships built in India]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships of England]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in January 1821]]

List of things named after C. Rajagopalachari

2025-11-24T07:12:29Z

DeangeloWaley: made

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific-prefix =
| name = C. Rajagopalachari
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1878|12|10}}
| birth_place = [[Salem district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1972|12|25|1878|12|10}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], Tamil Nadu, India (present-day [[Chennai]])
}}

{{Rajaji}}
[[Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari]] (10 December 1878 – 25 December 1972), popularly known as '''Rajaji or C. R.,''' also known as '''Mootharignar''' '''Rajaji''' (Rajaji'', the Scholar Emeritus''), was an Indian lawyer, [[Indian independence activist]], politician, writer, [[politician|statesman]] and leader of the [[Indian National Congress]] who served as the last [[Governor-General of India]]. He served as the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu#Madras Presidency|Chief Minister or Premier of the Madras Presidency]], [[Governor of West Bengal]], Minister for Home Affairs of the Indian Union and [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu#Madras State|Chief Minister of Madras state]]. He was the founder of the [[Swatantra Party]] and the first recipient of India's highest civilian award, the [[Bharat Ratna]]. Raja vehemently opposed the usage of [[nuclear weapons]] and was a proponent of world peace and disarmament. He was also nicknamed the Mango of Salem.

== Tamil Nadu ==

=== Chennai ===

* [[Rajaji Hall]], previously known as '''Banqueting Hall'''.
* Rajaji Memorial: Rajagopalachari's house in [[Thorapalli]], [[Hosur taluk|Hosur Taluk]], [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri District]] is maintained as a Memorial House by the Government of Tamil Nadu.
* [[Rajaji Salai, Chennai|Rajaji Salai]] – Earlier North Beach Road. Both [[Fort St. George]] and the [[Chennai Port]] lie on Rajaji Salai
* Bhavan's Rajaji Vidyashram: School of [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] in [[Kilpauk]].

===Madurai===
* Rajaji Children's park in [[Tamukkam Ground|Tamukkam]].
* [[Government Rajaji Hospital]], formerly Erskines Hospital, established in 1842.

=== Tiruchirappalli ===
* Rajaji Nagar

===Thoothukkudi===
*Rajaji Park

== Andhra Pradesh ==

=== Chittoor ===

* Rajaji Nagar

==vijayawada==
* c.raja gopalachari street

== Karnataka ==

=== Bangalore ===

* [[Rajajinagar|Rajaji Nagar]]

==Kerala==

===Cochin===
*Rajaji Road

== Madhya Pradesh ==

=== Bhopal ===

* Chakravarti Rajagopalachari Institute of Management

== Uttarakhand ==

* [[Rajaji National Park]]

==New Delhi==

*Rajaji Marg

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Lists of monuments and memorials to politicians|Rajagopalachari]]
[[Category:Lists of places in India|Rajagopalachari]]
[[Category:Memorials to C. Rajagopalachari]]
[[Category:Lists of things named after Indian politicians|Rajagopalachari, C.]]

Vishwas Vaidya

2025-10-26T09:12:05Z

DeangeloWaley:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP one source|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vishwas Vaidya
[[File:VishwasVaidyaMLA2023.jpg|thumb|268x268px]]
| caption = Vishwas Vasanth Vaidya
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|10|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = Saundatti Yellamma, [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2023
| source = https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/members.htm
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Saundatti Yellamma Assembly constituency|Saundatti Yallamma]]<ref>[http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/15assemblymemberslist.htm List of elected members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]</ref>
| successor =
| spouse = Shruti Vaidya
| chief minister =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| website=
[https://www.instagram.com/vishwas_vaidya?igsh=MXV0Y2hsNGJiZHhlMA== Instagram]
}}

'''Vishwas Vasant Vaidya''' (born 12 October 1982) is an Indian politician and member of the [[Indian National Congress]] as a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Saundatti Yellamma Assembly constituency|Saundatti Yellamma]] in [[Belgaum district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Karnataka election 2023 results- List of winners from Belgaum area constituencies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/karnataka-results-live-gokak-belgaum-uttar-belgaum-dakshin-belgaum-rural-bailahongal-saundatti-yellamma-ramdurg-101683875612460.html |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka elections: Congress wins majority of seats in Belagavi district">{{cite news|last1=The Hindu|first1=|title=Karnataka elections: Congress wins majority of seats in Belagavi district|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/karnataka-elections-congress-wins-majority-of-seats-in-belagavi-district/article66847503.ece|accessdate=19 November 2024|date=13 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524144310/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/karnataka-elections-congress-wins-majority-of-seats-in-belagavi-district/article66847503.ece|archivedate=24 May 2023|language=en-IN}}</ref>[https://www.facebook.com/share/1BDHDy6ixS/ Facebook]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/members.htm 17 - Member of legislative assembly Saundatti Yallamma By Vidhan Sabhe Link]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaidya, Vishwas}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1982 births]]

Robert Ashe (civil servant)

2025-09-05T20:48:41Z

DeangeloWaley: new.

{{short description|British civil servant in India}}
[[File:ROBERT WILLIAM D'ESCOURT Ashe.jpg|thumb|Ashe and his family.]]
[[File:VanchiManiyachiJunction.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Maniyachi railway station, where Ashe was assassinated (currently renamed as Vanchi Maniyachi after Vanchinathan)]]

'''Robert William d'Escourt Ashe''' (23 November 1872 – 17 June 1911) was the acting Collector and District magistrate of [[Tirunelveli district]] in [[Madras Presidency]] during the [[British colonialism]]. On 17 June 1911 Ashe was assassinated by [[Vanchinathan]] at the Maniyachi railway junction, between [[Tirunelveli]] and [[Tuticorin]].<ref>[http://www.thoothukudi.tn.nic.in/upinfo/tourism/vanchimaniyachi.html Vanchi Maniyachi]. {{Archive url|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031211103042/http://www.thoothukudi.tn.nic.in/upinfo/tourism/vanchimaniyachi.html|date=2003-12-11}}</ref> After the shooting, Vanchinathan ran along the platform and took cover in station masters room. Some time later he was found dead, having shot himself in the mouth. Vanchi was accompanied by a youth named Sankara Krishna Aiyar who ran away, but was afterwards caught and convicted.<ref name="aurobindo">[http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/research/show.php?set=doclife&id=25 Documents in the Life of Sri Aurobindo]. {{Archive url|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311020848/http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/research/show.php?set=doclife&id=25|date=2007-03-11}}</ref> Ashe was the first and only colonial official to be assassinated in [[South India]] during the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>[http://www.kalachuvadu.com/issue-118/page12.asp In The Foot Steps Of Ashe] {{Archive url|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017111658/http://www.kalachuvadu.com/issue-118/page12.asp|date=2009-10-17}}</ref> The British government built a memorial for him at Tuticorin in 1913.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20100814130802/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2619/stories/20090925261908500.htm An Irish Link]}}</ref> That memorial is currently in dilapidated condition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-04 |title=Memorial to man shot by Vanchinathan lies dilapidated - Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Memorial-to-man-shot-by-Vanchinathan-lies-dilapidated/articleshow/5233611.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104000414/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-16/chennai/28111697_1_memorial-tirunelveli-district-civil-servant |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-11-04 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Ashe was a Protestant from [[Ireland]]. He attended [[The High School, Dublin]], where a plaque commemorated his death, erected by "School fellows and other friends" soon after his passing. He had two sons and two daughters. One of his sons was killed in the [[Second World War]] while the other joined the Indian Army and served until 1947. His daughters died childless.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Venkatachalapathy |first1=A.R. |title= In search of Ashe. |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |pages=37–44 |date= January 2010|volume=45 |issue=2 |jstor=25663988 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashe, Robert William d'Escourt}}
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Assassinated British people]]
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1911 deaths]]
[[Category:People assassinated in the 20th century]]

Mi. Pa. Somasundaram

2025-04-08T05:39:42Z

DeangeloWaley: rework information for accuracy and updated info after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mi. Pa. Somu
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1921|6|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Meenakshipuram, [[Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu]]
| birth_name = Meenakshipuram Somasundaram
| othername =
| occupation = journalist, poet, writer
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1999|1|15|1921|6|17}}
| death_place = chennai
| spouse = Pachai Ammal
| children = Rajanandini
}}
'''Mi. Pa. Somu''' is the pen name of '''Mi. Pa. Somasundaram''' ({{langx|ta|மீ. ப. சோமசுந்தரம்}}, 17 June 1921 – 15 January 1999) a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] journalist, poet, writer and musicologist from [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kay|first=Ernest|title=International who's who in poetry |year=1972|isbn=978-0-900332-19-7|pages=395|publisher=International Who's Who in Poetry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIViD5LMNlMC&q=mi+pa+somu+1921}}</ref>

==Biography==
Somu was born in [[Meenakshipuram]] in [[Tirunelveli District]]. He studied [[Oriental Studies]] in [[Madras University]] and obtained the [[Vidwan]] certification awarded by it. He was a friend and contemporary of [[Pudhumaipithan]]. He won a short story competition conducted by the magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' in 1938. He published his first collection of poems - ''Ilavenil'' - in 1946. It won a state award. He worked as the editor of the Tamil magazine ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' from 1954 to 1956. He was the founder-editor of the monthly magazine ''Nanban'' from 1958 to 1960. He worked in [[All India Radio]] for over forty years and retired in 1981.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lal|first=Mohan|title=The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume Five (Sasay To Zorgot), Volume 5 |year=2006|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|pages=4136|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4136}}</ref>

In 1962, he was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Tamil language|Tamil]] for his travelogue ''Akkarai Cheemayil Arumadhangal''.<ref name="sahitya">[http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10320.htm#tamil Tamil Sahitya Akademi Awards 1955-2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124032426/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10320.htm |date=2010-01-24 }} [[Sahitya Akademi]] Official website.</ref> He has written a large number of poems, short stories, novels, non fiction essays, travelogues, plays and research articles on Music. He also contributed several entries to the [[Tamil Encyclopedia]] (''Kalaikalanjiyam''). He died in 1999.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dutt|first=Kartik Chandra|title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M|year=1999|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0873-5|pages=1291|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-W1OAAAAYAAJ&q=mi.+pa+somasundaram+1999}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Poetry===
* ''Ilavenil''
* ''Manaparavani''
* ''Kudikattu Vezha Mugan Venba Malai''

===Short stories===
* ''Kelatha Ganam''
* ''Udhaya Kumaari''
* ''Manjal Roja''
* ''Manai Mangalam''
* ''Kallarai Mogini''
* ''Thirupugazh Samiyar''

===Novels===
* ''Ravichandrika''
* ''Kadal Kanda Kanavu''
* ''Nandavanam''
* ''Vennilavu Pennarasi''
* ''Enthayum Thayum''

===Essays===
* ''Karthikeyani''
* ''Aindharuvi''
* ''Pillayar Saatchi''

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Tamil}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Somasundaram, Mi. Pa.}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Poets from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Tamil]]
[[Category:Tamil writers]]
[[Category:People from Tirunelveli district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Novelists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Journalists from Tamil Nadu]]

Samrawata

2025-04-06T12:06:48Z

DeangeloWaley: adding some data v1

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Samrawata
|other_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Village
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = India
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Tonk district|Tonk]]
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_total = 1063
|population_footnotes =<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Samrawata Village Population - Uniara - tonk, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/93574-samrawata-rajasthan.html |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 66.12%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 908
| leader_title = [[sarpanch]]
| leader_name =
|coordinates = {{coord|26|16|45|N|75|53|34|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
}}
'''Samrawata''' is a medium size village located in [[Uniara]] Tehsil of [[Tonk, India|Tonk district]], [[Rajasthan]] with total 268 families residing. In 2011, the Samrawata village had a population of 1,063, of which 553 were males while 510 were females.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=टोंक Naresh Meena Slap Case: समरावता गांव में नरेश मीणा समर्थकों ने किया पथराव, कई वाहनों में लगाई आग, पुलिस जवानों को भी आई चोट |url=https://firstindianews.com/news/naresh-meena-slap-case-naresh-meena-supporters-pelted-stones-in-samravata-village-set-many-vehicles-on-fire-police-personnel-also-got-injured |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=firstindianews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=टोंक: VIDEO: समरावता में थप्पड़ कांड, उपद्रव-आगजनी मामले को लेकर टोंक जिला कलेक्टर सौम्या झा का बड़ा बयान |url=https://firstindianews.com/news/naresh-meena-slap-case-big-statement-by-tonk-district-collector-saumya-jha |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=firstindianews.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Tonk district]]

{{Ajmerdivision-geo-stub}}

Vinayak Goyal

2025-03-17T16:27:32Z

DeangeloWaley: adding first details basic info.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Vinayak Goyal''' (born 1977)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. He is an MLA from [[Chitrakot Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribes community, in [[Bastar district]]. He won the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinayak Goyal, BJP Candidate from Chitrakot Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/chhattisgarh/vinayak-goyal-s26aed2008a087e2023c004/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-08 |title=Chhattisgarh Election 2023: Full list of BJP candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-election-2023-full-list-of-bjp-candidates-and-their-constituencies/3215769/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Goyal is from [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakot]], Bastar district, Chhattisgarh. His father, Manglu Goyal, is a farmer. He passed Class 12 at Government High School, Potanar, [[Tokapal]] tehsil, Bastar District. He runs a food business and also does farming.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vinayak Goyal(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- CHITRAKOT (ST)(BASTAR (JAGDALPUR)) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=21 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Goyal won from Chitrakot Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 63,954 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Deepak Baij|Deepak Bajj]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 8,370 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Chitrakot Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Vinayak Goyal with 63954 defeats INC's Deepak Kumar Baij |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/chitrakot-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470908-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Chitrakot Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Vinayak Goyal Wins From Chitrakot |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/chitrakot-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-jcc-chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-news-1647423 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-03 |title=Chitrakot assembly election result 2023: BJP's Vinayak Goyal defeats Congress candidate Deepak Kumar Baij |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/chitrakot-assembly-election-result-2023-bjps-vinayak-goyal-defeats-congress-candidate-deepak-kumar-baij/articleshow/105707716.cms |access-date=2024-10-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goyal, Vijayak}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Bastar district]]

Panchsheel

2024-02-19T11:41:31Z

DeangeloWaley: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Pañcasīla]]

Uttam Pradesh

2024-02-12T00:45:12Z

DeangeloWaley: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Uttar Pradesh]]

Amar Muralidharan

2024-01-27T09:12:06Z

DeangeloWaley: started some bio from scratch.

{{short description|Indian swimmer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor = lightblue
| name = Amar Muralidharan
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| nickname =
| nationality = {{IND}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|08|03|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{height|m=1.84|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|79|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
| website = http://bluewaterswimming.com
| country = India
| sport = [[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]], [[Surf lifesaving]]
| event = Butterfly
| collegeteam =
| club = Bluewater Swimming
| team =
| turnedpro = 1995
| coach = CDR G Muralidharan, Byron MacDonald, John Grootveld, Sean Kelly, Nicholas Perron, Otto Kovacs
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| highestranking =
| pb =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[swimming (sport)|swimming]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asia Pacific Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1999 Asia Pacific Championships|1999 New Delhi]]|200 m butterfly}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Age Group Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2002 Asian Age Group Championships|2002 Zhuhai China]]|400 freestyle}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Afro Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2003 Afro Asian Games|2003 Hyderabad]]|4x200 m freestyle relay}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2004 South Asian Games|2004 Islamabad]]|200 m freestyle}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2006 South Asian Games|2006 Colombo]]|200 m freestyle}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Police & Fire Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2005 World Police & Fire Games|2005 Quebec]]|200 m freestyle}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Life Saving Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2012 World Life Saving Championships|2012 Adelaide]]|LC Meter Line Throw Relay}}
| show-medals = yes
}}

'''Amar Muralidharan''' is an Indian [[swimmer]] who has earned 6 National Titles. He held the 200 M Butterfly & Freestyle National Titles from 2000-2004.
He has won a silver medal at the first Afro Asian Games held at Hyderabad India in 2003 <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/26/stories/2003102602351700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031122094635/http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/26/stories/2003102602351700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-11-22 |title=Sofiane Daid makes a big splash |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2003-10-26 |accessdate=2014-01-03}}</ref> and 3 gold medals at South Asian Games held at Islamabad Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040401/asp/sports/story_3072465.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040430213101/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040401/asp/sports/story_3072465.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 April 2004 |title=India set pool on fire with 2 records |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=2004-04-01 |accessdate=2014-01-03}}</ref> He has also won several gold medals at World Police & Fire Games and won a bronze medal at 2006 Canada Cup in 4x200 meters freestyle relay swimming for University Laval. Amar represented India in the 2007 FINA World Swimming Championships held at Melbourne Australia. He swam the 200 M Freestyle and was part of 4x100 M Freestyle Relay Squad.

==Career Biography==
Born in [[Pune|Pune, Maharashtra, India]] Amar started swimming at the age of 8 coached by his father G Muralidharan a former athlete, Ranji Trophy cricketer and Commander, Indian Navy. At a young age of 13 he had already won a gold medal in the age group nationals in 200 meters freestyle. He won a bronze medal in the 400 meters Freestyle event at the Asian Age Group swimming championships held at Zhuhai, China in 2002. Along with his younger brother [[Arjun Muralidharan|Arjun]], Amar participated in the national Open water 10 km endurance swim race held at Pune finishing first with a time of 1 hour 4 mins and 54 seconds.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune-times/Muralidharan-bros-blaze-the-lake/articleshow/28295015.cms |title=Muralidharan bros blaze the lake |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=2002-11-14 |accessdate=2014-01-04}}</ref> He has trained in United Kingdom and Canada from 2006 to 2010 under reputed coaches. He has swum for Rouge et Or swimming team in Quebec in 2006, Stockport Metro Swimming Club in 2007 and Toronto Swim Club from 2008-2010.
Amar won the 50 Butterfly and 100 Freestyle events at 57th All India Police Championships held at Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. He has served under [[Central Reserve Police Force]] from 1999 up until 2009 as an Inspector under the sports recruitment program.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/09/stories/2004090906701800.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140826034225/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/09/stories/2004090906701800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-08-26 |title=Muralidharan Brothers Dominate |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2004-09-08 |accessdate=2014-08-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/22/stories/2008102257342200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025094926/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/22/stories/2008102257342200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-10-25 |title=Sport : Arjun and Amar Muralidharan shine |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2008-10-22 |accessdate=2013-04-14}}</ref>
Won a bronze medal in the line throw event at the 2012 World Life Saving Championships held at Adelaide, Australia <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ilsf.org/sites/ilsf.org/files/filefield/Rescue%202012%20National%20Teams%20Open%201%20Pool%20Results.pdf |title=Rescue 2012 Results |date=2012-11-07 |accessdate=2014-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818171702/http://www.ilsf.org/sites/ilsf.org/files/filefield/Rescue%202012%20National%20Teams%20Open%201%20Pool%20Results.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Amar is the Head Coach of Blue Water Swimming Academy at Baner Pune. He also trains in Martial Arts and is 1st Dan black belt in Shotokan Karate.

He is the elder brother and current coach of [[Arjun Muralidharan]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muralidharan, Amar}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male swimmers]]
[[Category:Indian male freestyle swimmers]]
[[Category:Indian male butterfly swimmers]]
[[Category:Swimmers from Pune]]
[[Category:Laval Rouge et Or athletes]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in swimming]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

List of princely states of India: A–J

2024-01-25T21:08:15Z

DeangeloWaley: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)]]

Kendriya Vidyalaya Katihar

2024-01-17T01:25:46Z

DeangeloWaley: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan]]

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