Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Pullampeta mandal

2026-05-03T14:29:28Z

DeangeloKater: starting a page

{{Short description|Mandal in Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pullampeta mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| subdivision_type3 = Headquarters
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pullampeta]]
| mapframe = yes
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
}}

'''Pullampeta mandal''' is one of the 36 [[mandal]]s in [[Tirupati district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Tirupati revenue division]].

== History ==
The mandal was earlier a part of [[Annamayya district]]. It became a part of the [[Tirupati district]] on 31 December 2025.<ref name="districts-20251231">{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:కొత్త జిల్లాలు పోలవరం, మార్కాపురం |date=2025-12-30 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet--approves-formation-of-two-new-districts/1799/125240498 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Eenadu|lang=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tirupati district}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Mandals in Tirupati district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Spin Tangi massacre

2026-04-29T07:44:31Z

DeangeloKater: Created first stub from scratch

{{Short description|British colonial crime}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox terrorist attack
| title=Spin Tangi massacre {{lang|ps|د سپین تنګي خونړۍ پېښه}}
| image=
| caption=
| location=Spin Tangi, [[Domel Tehsil|Domel]], [[Bannu District|Bannu]], [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now Pakistan)
| target= [[Khudai Khidmatgar]] activists
| date= {{start date and age|1930|8|24|df=yes}}
| time-begin=
| url=
| time-end=
| timezone=
| type=[[Mass murder]], [[Massacre]]
| fatalities=80 protesters killed, about 300 arrested
| perpetrators=[[Frontier Constabulary]], [[British Indian Army]]
| publisher=
| accessdate=
| last=
| first=
}}
The '''Spin Tangi massacre''' ({{langx|ps|د سپین تنګي خونړۍ پېښه}}) or '''Hathikhel massacre''' ({{lang|ps|د هاتيخېلو خونړۍ پېښه}}) refers to the killing of about 80 non-violent [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] protesters by the [[Frontier Constabulary]] and the [[British Indian Army]] on 24 August 1930 at the Spin Tangi village near [[Domel]], in the [[Bannu]] district of the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]] of [[British India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1168735/remembrance-anp-chief-commemorates-1930-massacre/ |title=In remembrance: ANP chief commemorates 1930 massacre - The Express Tribune |publisher=Tribune.com.pk |date=2016-08-24 |accessdate=2016-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1279617 |title=ANP to honour Hathi Khel massacre victims today - Newspaper |publisher=Dawn.Com |date=2016-08-24 |access-date=2016-12-04}}</ref> This massacre was committed just three months after the [[Takkar massacre]] in [[Mardan]] and four months after the [[Qissa Khwani massacre]] in [[Peshawar]].

Throughout the summer of 1930 British authorities were seeking to break the communications of the [[Khudai Khidmatgar]] (KK) movement, and [[martial law]] was declared by the British on 16 August; they had banned both the KK and the Congress and had arrested [[Badshah Khan]] and others. A large protest gathering was organised at Hathikhel in Spin Tangi, by local [[Wazir tribe|Waziri]] tribal leaders and sympathizers of the KK movement, despite the restrictions of the British. A local [[Banuchi]] elder, Qazi Fazal Qadar, was fired upon by the arresting police, and in the ensuing violence some 80 protestors were killed and 300 were arrested. Captured in the violence, the wounded Qazi Fazal Qadar was dragged to the District Commissioner but died shortly afterwards. He was sentenced posthumously to 14 years imprisonment by the government, denied any religious rites and buried in Bannu prison.<ref>[[Maria Stephan|Maria J. Stephan]], ''Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East'' {{ISBN|978-0-230-62140-4}}</ref>

Some sources give the number of the dead as 70.<ref>Mukulika Banerjee, ''The Pathan unarmed: opposition & memory in the North West Frontier'' (2000), [https://books.google.com/books?id=8xk-4ZS6uHEC&pg=PA59 p. 59]: "Government brutality intensified still further and on 24 August police fired on a protest meeting at Hathi Khel in Bannu district, killing seventy people."</ref>

==See also==

* Massacre of Indian civilians by British Colonisers troops
** [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]
** [[Munshiganj Raebareli massacre]]
** [[Qissa Khwani massacre]]
** [[Salanga massacre]]
** [[Takkar massacre]]
** [[Vellaloor massacre]]
** [[Vidurashwatha massacre]]

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Massacres in 1930]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:20th century in North-West Frontier Province]]
[[Category:History of Bannu District]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1930]]
[[Category:1930 in British India]]
[[Category:August 1930 in Asia]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Massacres in British India]]

Bhadreshkumar Chetanbhai Patel

2026-04-25T20:29:16Z

DeangeloKater: Stub!

{{short description|Indian fugitive (born 1990)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2019}}{{Use American English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox FBI Ten Most Wanted
| name = Bhadreshkumar Chetanbhai Patel
| image = Bhadreshkumar Chetanbhai Patel FBI photo.jpg
| caption = Undated photograph of Patel
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|5|15}}
| birth_place = [[Viramgam]], Gujarat, India
| birth_name =
| charge = *[[First-degree murder]]
*Second-degree Murder
*First-degree assault
*Second-degree assault
*Use of a dangerous weapon with intent to injure
*[[Unlawful flight to avoid prosecution]]
| reward = $1,000,000
| conviction =
| conviction_penalty =
| nationality =Indian
| race =
| gender = Male
| height = {{convert|5|ft|9|in|m}}
| weight = 165-170 lb
| spouse = {{marriage|Palak Patel|2013|2015|end=died}}
| parents =
| siblings =
| added_date = April 18, 2017
| remove_date =
| number = 514
| status = Currently on the FBI's top ten most wanted list
}}
'''Bhadreshkumar Chetanbhai Patel''' (born May 15, 1990) is an Indian [[fugitive]] wanted under suspicion of murdering his wife Palak Patel at a [[Dunkin' Donuts]] store in [[Hanover, Maryland]], in the [[United States]] on April 13, 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/two-years-on-the-run-for-the-murder-of-his-wife-fbi-puts-indian-man-on-it-s-top-10-most-wanted-list-275963.html |title=Two Years On The Run For The Murder Of His Wife, FBI Puts Indian Man On Its Top 10 'Most Wanted List' |newspaper=[[India Times]] |date=April 19, 2017 |access-date=August 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617121046/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/two-years-on-the-run-for-the-murder-of-his-wife-fbi-puts-indian-man-on-it-s-top-10-most-wanted-list-275963.html |archive-date=June 17, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was last seen at [[Pennsylvania Station (Newark)|Newark Penn Station]] in [[Newark, New Jersey]], the day after the killing. He was added to the [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives]] list on April 18, 2017. Bhadreshkumar was the [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, 2010s|514th fugitive to be placed]] on the [[FBI]]'s Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list.

==Background==
Bhadreshkumar Chetanbhai Patel was born on May 15, 1990 in [[Viramgam]], Gujarat, India. In November 2013, he married Palak Patel, and the couple came together to visit relatives in the [[United States]] in September 2014. Bhadreshkumar was 24 at the time, while Palak was 21.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhadreshkumar Chetanbhai Patel|url=https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/bhadreshkumar-chetanbhai-patel|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice|accessdate=April 18, 2017|language=en-us}}</ref>

==Killing==
[[File:Dunkin' Donuts, Hanover.jpg|thumb|The [[Dunkin' Donuts]] in [[Hanover, Maryland]], where the killing took place]]
On the night of April 12, 2015, Bhadreshkumar and Palak were working a night shift at a Dunkin' Donuts located on [[Maryland Route 713|Arundel Mills Boulevard]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-11 |title=Justice denied in Dunkin' Donuts killing |url=https://www.wmar2news.com/local/justice-denied-in-dunkin-donuts-killing |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=WMAR 2 News Baltimore |language=en}}</ref> in [[Hanover, Maryland]]. The store was owned by a relative of Bhadreshkumar whom the couple were visiting. Surveillance footage showed Bhadreshkumar and Palak walking together in the kitchen at around 9:30 p.m. before disappearing out of view behind some racks.<ref name="video">{{cite news |date=April 12, 2015 |title=Surveillance: Bhadreshkumar Chetanbhai Patel & Palak Patel At Dunkin Donuts |url=https://baltimore.cbslocal.com/video/3316768-surveillance-bhadreshkumar-chetanbhai-patel-palak-patel-at-dunkin-donuts/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044350/https://baltimore.cbslocal.com/video/3316768-surveillance-bhadreshkumar-chetanbhai-patel-palak-patel-at-dunkin-donuts/ |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |access-date=March 4, 2019 |website=CBS Baltimore}}</ref> Moments later, Bhadreshkumar re-emerged without his wife, turned off an oven, and left the store.<ref name=video/>

The body of 21-year-old Palak Patel was found later that night. She had been beaten to death and stabbed multiple times with a large kitchen knife. Investigators believe the couple had an argument, with Palak wanting to return to [[India]] and Bhadreshkumar wishing to remain in the [[United States|U.S.]] instead.<ref name=lm>{{cite news|title=FBI puts Indian who killed his wife in US on its 'Most Wanted List'|date=April 19, 2017|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/Ih56XLfK09T4spWtPZmnxL/FBI-puts-Indian-who-killed-his-wife-in-US-on-its-Most-Wante.html|website=Live Mint|access-date=March 4, 2019|first=Lalit K|last=Jha}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
Customers arriving at the Dunkin' Donuts store grew concerned when no employees came to serve them. A police officer who happened to be near the store was approached by concerned customers and checked out the scene. Upon searching the store, the officer found Palak's body. Police then checked the surveillance video and realized the killer was likely Bhadreshkumar, who had vanished. Bhadreshkumar was not identified as the suspect until over an hour after the killing, giving him time to escape.<ref name=tcd>{{cite news|title=Public's Help Sought in Search For Man Wanted in Wife's Fatal Stabbing - Crime Watch Daily|date=February 8, 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T4ZPjVFR8-Q|publisher=True Crime Daily|access-date=March 6, 2019}}</ref>

After the killing of Palak, Bhadreshkumar fled the store and returned to his nearby apartment on foot. He took some personal items and then got a cab to a hotel near [[Newark Liberty International Airport]]. The taxi driver reported that Bhadreshkumar was very calm during the journey. He checked into a hotel in Newark and was seen on surveillance video at the counter paying in cash for a room. He checked out the following morning.<ref name=tcd/>

Bhadreshkumar was last seen on the morning of April 13, 2015, around 10 a.m. at [[Newark Penn Station]] in [[New Jersey]]. He took a hotel shuttle to the station and has not been seen since.<ref>{{cite news|title=FBI Puts Gujarati Man On 'Most Wanted' List Over Wife's 'Brutal' Murder At Dunkin Donuts|date=April 19, 2017|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indians-abroad/indian-who-allegedly-killed-wife-inside-dunkin-donuts-kitchen-on-fbis-most-wanted-list-1683063|publisher=NDTV|access-date=March 4, 2019}}</ref>

==Investigation==
Authorities believe Bhadreshkumar could have fled the country or could be hiding with relatives. He had a [[Visa policy of the United States|visa]] to be in the [[United States|U.S.]], but [[Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States#Visa_overstay|it had expired]] by the time he carried out the killing. A report stated that because of this, there was no indication he was able to legally leave the country.<ref name=lm/>

An investigation with Palak's family into the killing revealed that the last conversation she had with them was about wishing to return home to [[India]]. This call was made moments before Palak was killed and had been overheard by Bhadreshkumar. Police believe that Bhadreshkumar then argued with his wife and killed her for this reason.<ref name=tcd/>

Bhadreshkumar has connections in [[Canada]] and [[India]] and the U.S. states of [[New Jersey]], [[Kentucky]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], and [[Illinois]]. He is considered armed and extremely dangerous. A reward of up to $1,000,000 is available for information that leads to his whereabouts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/latest-on-fbis-most-wanted-list-man-accused-of-killing-wife-in-md-doughnut-shop/2017/04/18/ae0a9816-2445-11e7-b503-9d616bd5a305_story.html|title=Latest on FBI's most wanted list: Man accused of killing wife in Md. doughnut shop|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|last=Bui|first=Lynh|date=April 18, 2017|access-date=August 19, 2018|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BHADRESHKUMAR CHETANBHAI PATEL |url=https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/bhadreshkumar-chetanbhai-patel |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=Federal Bureau of Investigation |language=en-us}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of fugitives from justice who disappeared]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/bhadreshkumar-chetanbhai-patel FBI profile]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTgkyjSV08g Wanted by the FBI: Top Ten Fugitive Bhadreshkumar Chetanbhai Patel - Youtube]
{{FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives by year}}

{{auth}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Bhadreshkumar Chetanbhai}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:2015 murders in the United States]]
[[Category:FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives]]
[[Category:Fugitives wanted by the United States]]
[[Category:Fugitives wanted on murder charges]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian criminals]]

Mughal conquest of Bengal

2026-04-25T01:45:16Z

DeangeloKater: Put up the post needs work

{{Short description|16th–17th century Mughal military campaign}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Mughal conquest of Bengal
| image = Akbar's general informs him of the conquest of Bengal in 1576, from the History of Akbar (Akbarnama), by Abu’l-Fazl.jpg
| caption = [[Akbar]]'s general informs him of the conquest of [[Bengal]] in 1576, from the "History of Akbar" (''[[Akbarnama]]''), by [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abu’l-Fazl]]. Inscribed to 'Inayat Khanazad, [[Agra]], India, {{circa|1603-1605}}
| partof = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal conquests]]
| campaign =
| date = 1574–1666 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|year1=1574|year2=1666}})
| place = [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]], [[Assam]]
| result = Mughal victory{{Bulleted list|Fall of [[Bengal Sultanate]]}}{{Bulleted list|Fall of [[Bhulua Kingdom]]}}{{Bulleted list|Fall of [[Koch Hajo]]}}{{Bulleted list|Vassalization of [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]]}}
| territory = {{Collapsible list
|bullets=yes
|title=Full territorial changes
|'''1574''': [[Patna]], [[Hajipur]], [[Surajgarha|Surajgarh]], [[Munger|Mungir]], [[Bhagalpur]], Kahlgaon, [[Tanda, Bengal|Tanda]], [[Ghoraghat Upazila|Ghoraghat]] annexed to the [[Mughal Empire]]<ref name="Sarkar186" />
|'''1575''': [[de jure]] annexation of [[Bengal Sultanate]] following the [[Battle of Tukaroi]]. The territory was divided between the [[Koch Kingdom]] and the [[Bengal Subah]]
|'''1580''': Rebels seize [[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]] from the Mughal Empire<ref name="Sarkar197" />
|'''1580–1587''': Mughal recapture of Bihar and Bengal<ref name="Eaton145" /> and subsequent campaigns
|'''1590–1593''': [[Mughal conquest of Odisha]]
|'''1600''': Rebels temporarily seize north [[Odisha]]<ref name="Sarkar213" /><ref name=":6" />
|'''1608–1613''': Conquest of [[Bikrampur]], [[Sonargaon]], Sripur, [[Bhulua]], [[Chandradwip|Bakla]], [[Jessore]], [[Sylhet]] in east Bengal, [[Cooch Behar]] and [[Koch Hajo|Kamrup]]<ref name="Sarkar234" />
|'''1614–1615''': Unsuccessful [[Mrauk U invasion of Bhulua]]
|'''1617''': Unsuccessful Mughal [[Siege of Chittagong (1617)|siege of Chittagong]]
|'''1618''': Mughal [[Mughal campaign of Tripura|annexation of Tripura]]
|'''1665–1666''': [[Mughal conquest of Chittagong]] and [[Sandwip]]
}}
| combatant1 = [[Bengal Sultanate]] (1574–1576) [[Baro-Bhuyan]] (1576–1612)<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|last=Karim|first=Abdul|article=Bara-Bhuiyans, The|article-url=Bara-Bhuiyans,_The}} "After 1612 when [[Islam Khan I|Islam Khan Chishti]] forced them to submit, the term Bara-Bhuiyans survived only in popular tales and ballads."</ref> Mughal rebels [[Kingdom of Mrauk U]] (1662–1666) '''Supported by''': [[Koch Hajo]] [[Dimasa Kingdom]]
| combatant2 = {{Tree list}}{{ublist|[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]}}
**[[File:Flag of Jaipur.svg|24px]] [[Kingdom of Amber]]
**[[File:Drapeau Cooch Behar.png|25px]] [[Koch Bihar]]
**[[Awadh Subah]]
{{tree list/end}}
| commander1 = '''[[Daud Khan Karrani]]'''{{Executed}}{{Collapsible list
| framestyle=border:none; padding:0;
| title='''Commanders and others:'''
| 1 = Junaid Khan Karrani{{KIA}}
| 2 = [[Kalapahar]]{{KIA}}
| 3 = [[Isa Khan]]{{Natural Causes}}
| 4 = Jahan Khan{{KIA}}<ref name="gazetteer">{{cite book |title=Bengal District Gazetteers Santal Parganas |year=1914 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdyjG9DYVLsC&pg=PA26 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |pages=26–}}</ref>
| 5 = Sulaiman Mankali{{KIA}}
| 6 = Srihari
| 7 = Gujar Khan{{KIA}}
| 8 = Babu Mankali
| 9 = Gajapati Shah
| 10 = Qutlu Lohani{{Natural Causes}}
| 11 = Mahmud Khan Khas-khel{{Executed}}
| 12 = Ibrahim Maral{{Surrendered}}
| 13 = Karim-dad Musazai{{Surrendered}}
| 14 = Majlis Dilawar
| 15 = Majlis Qutb{{Turncoat}}
| 16 = Dalpat Shah
| 17 = Bahadur Kheshgi{{KIA}}
| 18 = Bahadur Kuruh
| 19 = Yusuf bin Mati Afghan
| 20 = Nasir Khan{{Surrendered}}
| 21 = Khwajah Sulaiman Lohani{{KIA}}
| 22 = [[Kedar Ray]]{{DOW}}
| 23 = Jalal Khan
| 24 = Qazi Mamin{{KIA}}
| 25 = [[Khwaja Usman]]
| 26 = [[Musa Khan]]
| 27 = Mirza Mumin
| 28 = Dariya Khan{{KIA}}
| 29 = Madhu Ray
| 30 = Shams Khan
| 31 = Salim Khan
| 32 = Raja Satrajit
| 33 = [[Pratapaditya]] (until 1609)
| 34 = Raja Kandarpanarayan Ray
| 35 = Binod Ray
| 36 = Abdullah Khan
| 37 = [[Mahmud Khan of Bengal|Mahmud Khan]]
| 38 = Fazl Ghazi
| 39 = Bahadur Ghazni{{Turncoat}}
| 40 = Sona Ghazi
| 41 = Anwar Ghazi
| 42 = Shaikh Pir
| 43 = Pahlwan
| 44 = Haji Shams-ud-din Baghdadi (until 1611)
| 45 = Daud Khan{{KIA}}
| 46 = Alaul Khan
| 47 = Ananta Manikya
| 48 = Mirza Yusuf Barlas{{Turncoat}}
| 49 = [[File:Drapeau Cooch Behar.png|24px]] Raghu Dev
}}<hr />{{Collapsible list
| framestyle=border:none; padding:0;
| title='''Mughal rebels''':
| 1 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Masum Khan Kabuli{{Natural Causes}}
| 2 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Baba Qaqshal{{Turncoat}}
| 3 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Bahadur Badakhshi{{Turncoat}}
| 4 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Dastam Qaqshal{{Turncoat}}
| 5 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Tahir Ilanchaq{{Turncoat}}
| 6 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Jabbari{{Turncoat}}
| 7 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Khabita{{KIA}}
| 8 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Tarkhan Diwana
| 9 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Nur Muhammad{{KIA}}
| 10 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Khwajah Abdur Ghafur{{KIA}}
| 11 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Sher Afghan Khan]]
| 12 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Lachin Khan Qaqshal{{Natural causes}}
| 13 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Ali Akbar{{KIA}}
}}
<hr />{{Collapsible list
| framestyle=border:none; padding:0;
| title='''Kingdom of Mrauk U:'''
| 1 = '''[[Min Razagyi]]'''
| 2 = '''[[Min Khamaung]]'''
}}
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] '''[[Akbar]]''' [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] '''[[Jahangir]]''' [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] '''[[Shah Jahan]]''' [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] '''[[Aurangzeb]]'''{{Collapsible list
| framestyle=border:none; padding:0;
| title='''Commanders:'''
| 1 = [[File:Flag of Jaipur.svg|25px]] [[Man Singh I]]
| 2 = [[File:Flag of Jaipur.svg|25px]] Jagat Singh{{WIA}}
| 3 = [[File:Flag of Jaipur.svg|25px]] Durjan Singh{{KIA}}
| 4 = [[File:Flag of Jaipur.svg|25px]] Himmat Singh{{Natural Causes}}
| 5 = [[File:Flag of Jaipur.svg|25px]] Maha Singh
| 6 = [[File:Flag of Jaipur.svg|25px]] Pratap Singh
| 7 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Munim Khan]]{{Natural causes}}
| 8 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Muzaffar Khan Turbati{{KIA}}
| 9 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Khan Jahan I]]
| 10 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Todar Mal|Raja Todar Mal]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Salahuddin |year=2004 |title=Bangladesh: Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA63 |publisher=APH Publishing |page=63 |isbn=978-81-7648-469-5}}</ref>
| 11 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Majnun Khan Qaqshal
| 12 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Muhammad Quli Barlas{{Natural Causes}}
| 13 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Shah Bardi{{Natural Causes}}
| 14 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Shahbaz Khan Kamboh]]
| 15 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Muhib Ali Khan
| 16 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Tarsun Khan{{KIA}}
| 17 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Azam Khan Koka
| 18 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Sadiq Khan
| 19 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Muhammad Nijat Khan
| 20 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Wazir Khan{{Natural Causes}}
| 21 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Sayyid Husain{{POW}}
| 22 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Habib Ali{{KIA}}
| 23 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] S'aid Khan{{Natural Causes}}
| 24 = Bika Bathor{{KIA}}
| 25 = Mahesh Das{{KIA}}
| 26 = Nam Charan{{KIA}}
| 27 = [[Bir Hambir|Vir Hambir Singh]]
| 28 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Abdur Razzaq Ma'muri{{POW}}
| 29 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Baz Bahadur Qalmaq
| 30 = Sher Ghazni
| 31 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Sultan Quli Qalmaq
| 32 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Ibrahim Beg Atka
| 33 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Raghudas
| 34 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Askarn
| 35 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Dalpat Rao
| 37 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Qutubuddin Koka]]{{KIA}}
| 38 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Sazawal Khan Niyazi{{KIA}}
| 39 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Shaikh Kamal
| 40 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Iftikhar Khan
| 41 = [[Pratapaditya]] (from 1609)
| 42 = Sangramaditya
| 43 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Tuqmaq Khan
| 44 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Mirak Bahadur Jalair]]
| 45 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Shaikh Habibullah
| 46 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Sarhad Khan|Shaikh Abdul Wahid]]
| 47 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Shaikh Rukn
| 48 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Jahan Khan Pani
| 49 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Haji Shams-ud-din Baghdadi (from 1611)
| 50 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Mirza Nur-ud-din
| 51 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Mirza Isfandiyar Khan
| 52 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Khwaja 'Asl
| 53 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Adil Beg
| 54 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Mirza Beg
| 55 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Abd-un-Nabi
| 56 = [[File:Drapeau Cooch Behar.png|24px]] '''[[Nara Narayan]]'''
| 57 = [[File:Drapeau Cooch Behar.png|24px]] '''Lakshmi Narayan'''
| 58 =[[File:Drapeau Cooch Behar.png|24px]] [[Chilarai]]
}}
| strength1 = '''1582''': 5,000 '''1601''': 5,000 infantry 500 cavalry '''1609''': 200 boats{{Efn|Under Mirza Mumin}} 700 boats{{Efn|Under Musa Khan}}<hr />'''Mrauk U''': '''1612''': 300 boats '''1614''': 300,000 '''1615''': Unknown{{Collapsible list
| framestyle=border:none; padding:0;
|title='''1617''':
|'''Kathgar''': 100,000 infantry 1,000 war-boats 400 elephants
|'''Chittagong''': 300,000 infantry 10,000 cavalry}}'''1620''': 700 batteries 4,000 boats '''1621''': Unknown '''1624''': Unknown '''1638''': 200 boats '''1664''': 60–70 vessels '''1666''': 10 ''ghurabs'' 45 ''jalias''
| strength2 = '''1574''': 20,000{{Efn|Under Munim Khan}} '''1582''': 2,000{{Efn|Under Sadiq Khan}} '''1583''': 4,000 cavalry; 3,000 artillerymen{{Efn|Under Shah Bardi}} '''1608''': 295 elephants 2,000 cavalry 4,000 musketeers '''1609''': 20 boats 2,000 musketeers 50 artillery{{Efn|Under Shaikh Kamal, Tuqmaq Khan and Mirak Bahadur Jalair against Musa Khan}} '''1611''': 4,000 cavalry 3,000 matchlocks 50 elephants{{Efn|Under Shaikh Abdul Wahid during the [[Mughal conquest of Bhulua]]}} '''1615''': 2,000 cavalry 3,000 musketeers 700 boats 100 elephants{{Efn|During [[Mrauk U invasion of Bhulua]]}} '''1617''': 5,000 cavalry 5,000 musketeers 200 elephants 1,000 boats{{Efn|During the [[Siege of Chittagong (1617)]]}} '''1618''': 5,700 or 6,000 cavalry 9,000 matchlock 70 elephants 300 boats{{Efn|During the [[Mughal campaign of Tripura]]}}
| casualties1 = '''1574''': 265 elephants captured '''1580''': 300 boats captured '''1585''': 1300 killed '''1593''': 300 killed<hr />'''Mrauk U''': '''1614''': 500 killed '''1615''': 500 killed {{Spaces|10}}1,000 wounded '''1666''': 135 boats captured
| casualties2 = Unknown|
}}

The '''Mughal conquest of Bengal''' was a series of campaigns against the [[Bengal Sultanate|Sultanate of Bengal]], then ruled by the Afghan [[Karrani dynasty]], by the [[Mughal Empire]] from 1574 to 1612. The Mughals initially defeated the Sultanate of Bengal in the [[Battle of Rajmahal|Battle of Raj Mahal]] in 1576, but the annexation of the region into their empire as the [[Bengal Subah|province of Bengal]] took in the subsequent periods.

== Background ==
Before the Mughal conquest, Bengal was a flourishing region ruled by the Afghan [[Karrani dynasty]]. The dynasty had established its control over Bengal in the mid-16th century, after the decline of the [[Sur Empire]]. The Karrani rulers maintained a relatively strong hold over the region, fostering trade and cultural development.<ref name=":0">{{Cite Banglapedia|last=Ibrahim|first=Muhammad|article=Rule of Afghans|article-url=Rule_of_Afghans}}</ref>

Bengal was known for its fertile land, which supported extensive agriculture, and its strategic location along the [[Bay of Bengal]], which facilitated trade with various parts of Asia, including the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and China.<ref name="doibhs">{{Cite journal |last=MD. ABUL |first=BASHAR |date=2024-05-30 |title=Topography of Bengal's Prosperity: A Historical Analysis |url=https://www.historyassociation.org/publication/journal/details/36 |journal=Bangladesh Historical Studies |volume=26 |doi=10.59815/bhs.vol2601 |issn=2959-9741|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The region's wealth and prosperity made it a coveted prize for the Mughal Empire, which was expanding its territories under the leadership of Emperor Akbar.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="doibhs" />

However, the Karrani dynasty faced internal strife and political instability, weakening its ability to defend against external threats. This period of vulnerability provided an opportune moment for the Mughal Empire to launch its military campaigns and bring Bengal under its control.<ref name=":0"/>

==Under Akbar==
=== Initial campaigns (1574) ===

The last Karrani ruler [[Daud Khan Karrani]], had hostile policy towards Akbar. He cut off allegiance to [[Akbar]] and defied his suzerainty. After Daud crowning himself, Gujar Khan, installed [[Bayazid Khan Karrani]]'s son in Bihar. Daud dispatched Ludi Khan against Bihar. [[Munim Khan]], ordered by Akbar advanced to Bihar to capture the province. Ludi Khan and Gujar Khan bought presents and promised loyalty.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=185}}</ref> After receiving reinforcement Mumin Khan laid siege on [[Patna]], where Daud had shut himself up. Akbar himself arrived at the siege carrying guns and war elephants on 3 August 1574. On 6 August, Hajipur was captured and set on fire. Daud meantime fled to Bengal while Gujar Khan deserted. The Mughals entered the fort of Patna.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Roy|1968|pp=77–85}}</ref> 265 elephants and treasure were captured. Munim Khan was left with 20,000 troops to carry deep into Bengal. [[Surajgarha|Surajgarh]], [[Munger]], [[Bhagalpur]], Kahlgaon fell to the Mughals without any fight. He entered the capital [[Tanda, Bengal|Tanda]] on 25 September 1574.<ref name="Sarkar186">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=186}} "The vanquished army was too much cowed to make a stand. [[Surajgarha|Surajgarh]], [[Munger|Mungir]], [[Bhagalpur]], Kahlgaon fell in succession without a fight, and the Mughals reached Guna (probably ''Gurunda'') west of the [[Teliagarhi]] pass, which Daud had entrenched and held in force."</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eaton|1996|pp=141—142}}</ref> It is said [[Nara Narayan]] allied with Mughals to invade Bengal. [[Chilarai]] invaded from the east. Following the defeat of Daud, Bengal Sultanate was divided between the Mughals and the [[Koch dynasty]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Acharyya|1966|p=205}} "It is said in the Vangsavali that a few years later [[Nara Narayan]] combined with Akbar to attack the [[Padishah|Padshah]] of Gaur. Chilarai invaded his kingdom from the east, while Raja [[Man Singh I|Man Singh]], who was in command of the imperial army, advanced upon him from the west. The ruler of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]], being thus attacked from two sides at the same time, was easily defeated, and his kingdom was then divided between the [[Cooch Behar State|Koch]] king and the Emperor of [[Delhi]]. According to the [[Akbarnama]]h, this occurrence took place in 1574, after the conquest of Patna by Akbar himself."</ref><ref name=":8">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Choudhury|2024|pp=120—121}}</ref>

Daud fled to [[Odisha|Orissa]] by the way of [[Saptagram|Satgaon]]. From Tanda, Munim Khan dispatched detachments to capture [[Saptagram|Satgaon]], [[Ghoraghat Upazila|Ghoraghat]], [[Bakla, Bangladesh|Bakla]] ([[Bakerganj Upazila|Bakarganj]]), [[Sonargaon]] ([[Dhaka]]), Mahmudabad ([[Jessore]]''–''[[Faridpur District|Faridpur]]). In Ghoraghat, the [[jagir]]dar Sulaiman Mankali was defeated and slain by Majnun Khan Qaqshal. Srihari, father of [[Pratapaditya]] took refuge in jungles of Khulna. However Mughals could not fully establish their authority in [[Pabna]], [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]]''–''[[Dinajpur]], [[Mymensingh]], [[Bhawal Estate|Bhawal]] (north Dhaka), Jessore-Khulna, [[Barisal]] or [[Bankura]]-[[Birbhum district|Birbhum]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=189}}</ref> Raja [[Todar Mal]] proposed to proceed into Orissa and capture Daud to end the war. He led his army from Burdwan to Garh-Mandaran then to Kolia. There Muhammad Quli Barlas died. Todar Mal receiving reinforcement by Munim Khan himself resumed his offensive. The Mughal army met Daud on the plains of Tukaroi.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|pp=189–191}}</ref>

=== Battle of Tukaroi (1575) ===
{{Main|Battle of Tukaroi}}
One of the pivotal moments in the conquest was the Battle of Tukaroi, fought in 1575. The Mughal forces, led by Munim Khan and Todar Mal, faced the army of [[Daud Khan Karrani]]. Daud's general Gujar Khan was killed in the battle. The battle was fierce, with both sides suffering significant casualties. However, the superior tactics and discipline of the Mughal army ultimately led to their victory, forcing Daud Khan to retreat to Cuttack. On 12 April, he submitted to Munim Khan in the [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] tent at Cuttack. His submission declared the ''[[de jure]]'' annexation of Bengal to Mughal Empire although ''[[de facto]]'' control was established only over a few towns in Bihar and Bengal.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|pp=191–193|loc=The Battle of Tukaroi Described 3 March 1575}}</ref>

Munim Khan proceeded to recover Ghoraghat, where the Mughal outpost had been driven out by Kalapahar, Babu Mankali and others who had returned from Kuch Bihar during Munim Khan's absence. He then captured Gaur and returned to Tanda. Munim Khan died shortly after on 23 October 1575 AD.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=193}}</ref>

Munim Khan was succeeded by [[Khan Jahan I|Husain Quli Beg]] entitled Khan-i-Jahan. Daud rising again in Orissa, captured [[Bhadrak]], [[Jaleswar]] and reoccupied the whole Bengal. Isa Khan drove out Mughal flotilla under Shah Bardi from East Bengal while Junaid Karrani was creating havoc in south-east Bihar. At Hajipur Muzaffar Khan Turbati defended the possession with great fight. Gajapati Shah engaged in robbery in the [[Arrah]] district. Mughals counterattacked capturing Teliagarhi, forcing Daud to retreat to Rajmahal. Khan-i-Jahan laid siege there for months. To help the expedition, Akbar sent detachments from Bihar under [[Shahbaz Khan Kamboh|Shahbaz Khan]] to suppress Gajapati.<ref name=":2">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=194}}</ref>

=== Battle of Raj Mahal (1576) ===
{{Main|Battle of Rajmahal}}

Decisive battle with Daud took place at Raj Mahal on 10 July 1576. Khan-i-Jahan's forces, having regrouped and reinforced with the Bihar army, engaged in battle with the Karranis. Junaid Khan Karrani was killed in the battle by a cannonball, Jahan Khan the governor of Orissa was slain. Daud was captured and executed for breaking the treaty.<ref name=":2" />

Kalapahar and Qutlu Lohani fled wounded. Thus Bengal came into the possession of Mughals once again. In south-west Bihar, Shahbaz forced Gajapati Shah to flee leaving his arms behind. Subsequently, Rohtas fort was surrendered to the invading army. Khan-i-Jahan then attacked Satgaon, defeating Mahmud Khan Khas-khel. Daud's family members surrendered. Mahmud Khan Khas-khel surrendered as well but was executed. He then marched to Bhawal (north of Dhaka) against the Afghan chiefs Ibrahim Maral and Karim-dad Musazai who submitted on his arrival. Another contingent defeated Isa Khan at [[Egarosindur|Egarasindur]]. An attack by Majlis Dilawar and Majlis Qutb routed the Mughal flotilla helping them to flee.<ref name="Sarkar 1943 195">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=195}}</ref>

=== Rebellions and recovery of Bengal and Bihar (1580–1586) ===
In April 1579, Muzaffar Khan Turbati was appointed as the viceroy of Bengal.<ref name="Sarkar 1943 195"/> In 1579—January 1580, the Bengal officers backed by Akbar's brother who was [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] in faith, [[Mirza Muhammad Hakim]], the ruler of Kabul, declared revolt. Muzaffar Khan sent army to suppress the rebels. His army suffered defeat which prompted him to seek refuge in the fort of Tanda. On the following day, the rebels carried out assault on the fort. On 19 April 1580, Muzaffar Khan Turbati was killed and [[khutbah]] was read in the name of Mirza Muhammad Hakim. Baba Qaqshal was appointed as the viceroy of Bengal and Masum Khan Kabuli as [[Vekil|wakil]]. Thus, Bengal and Bihar became independent from Mughals.<ref name="Sarkar197">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=197}}</ref> Hindu zamindars in both southeastern and the southwestern delta shook their alliance off.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eaton|1996|p=145}}</ref> Soon the loyalists recovered Bihar. In Tirhut Bahadur Badakhshi usurped, proclaiming himself independent. Muhib Ali Khan of [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]] defeated Bahadur and recovered Patna. Tarsun Khan and Todar Mal arrived with forces at Munger to confront the rebels. On 7 June, the rebels carried out assault but lost 300 boats to the Mughals. Skirmishes continued until desertion by rebels on 25 July. By September, Mughals had captured [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] and [[Sherghati]]. Azam Khan Koka defeated Dalpat Shah of [[Jagdishpur]] and joined the main army.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=198}}</ref>

Qutlu Lohani had established himself in Orissa. He defeated Muhammad Nijat Khan, the Mughal faujdar of Hooghly at [[Salimabad, Purba Bardhaman|Salimabad]], also gained success against another Mughal force near [[Mongalkote|Mangalkot]]. Internal strife and tracheary amongst the nobles in Mughal army and Bengal chiefs weakened the progress of both sides for the following two years. Bengal chief Bahadur Kheshgi was killed by Sadiq Khan, a loyal commandant. Baba Qaqshal died too.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=199}}</ref> In April 1582, [[Mirza Aziz Koka]] entitled Khan-i-Azam was appointed in Bengal. [[Oudh State|Awadh Subah]] was ordered co-operate with him. Meantime rebels had captured [[Hajipur]] and other [[pargana]]s from Mughals. Bahadur Kuruh, general of Qutlu Khan joined the rebels at Tanda. Sadiq Khan defended Patna fort, even attacked the rebel forces under Jabbari, Khabita and Tarkhan Diwana. Sadiq Khan leading 2,000 men defeated an army 5,000 rebels killing Khabita, Tarkhan Diwana's son Nur Muhammad and Khwajah Abdur Ghafur in various engagements.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|pp=199–200}}</ref>

On 20 March 1583, Khan-i-Azam after capturing Teliagarhi, appeared before Masum Khan Kabuli for fight. The two armies exchanged guns and muskets for the next month. In the meantime, Kalapahad was slain in a battle. Many officers of the Qaqshal clan defected to the Mughal side. Masum Khan attacked defectors at the town of Ghoraghat but 4000 Mughal cavalries repulsed the siege. On 18 May 1583, Khan-i-Azam was replaced by [[Shahbaz Khan Kamboh|Shabaz Khan Kamboh]]. Bengal was left in charge of Wazir Khan for five months. Seizing the opportunity, Qutlu Khan carried out offensives. The Mughals marched from Sherpur to Bardhaman and defeated Bahadur Kuruh on 15 July. Mughal detachments were sent to Ghoraghat to protect loyal Qaqshals to block rebels from Kuch Bihar and Mymensingh, and to Burdwan and Satgaon to monitor revived Pathan forces in Orissa under Qutlu Lohani. In October, Masum Khan harassed Tarsun Khan in Tajpur but was repulsed.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=202}}</ref> After two years of fighting against the rebels Akbar's authority was finally re-established with the exception of Masum Khan Kabuli who remained independent for seventeen years.<ref name="Eaton145">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eaton|1996|p=145}} "For two years the delta passed completely beyond imperial authority, until 1582-83, when Akbar's application of overwhelming force eventually quashed the revolt."</ref> Shah Bardi died and 3000 of his artillerymen entered Shahbaz Khan's service. Shahbaz led forces against Baba Bhakari who fled upon his approach. Masum Khan sought fled to Kuch Bihar. Many fugitives were defeated or captured.<ref name=":9">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=203}}</ref> In the same year, the Mughals shifted their military focus toward suppressing resistance in the eastern Bengal delta, a region they designated as Bhati. Derived from the word for "downstream," Bhati was characterized by [[Abul Fazl|Abul-fazl]] as a low-lying, vast territory distinct from the higher lands of western "Bangala." Geographically, Bhati encompassed the delta east of the [[Bhagirathi River|Bhagirathi]]-Hooghly corridor, stretching from Tanda to the Khulna District.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eaton|1996|pp=145—146}}</ref> In 1584, Shahbaz Khan overrun Isa Khan's territory of [[Bikrampur]], capturing [[Sonargaon]], [[Egarosindur|Egarasindur]]. He established a base at Tok opposite of Egarasindur. Isa Khan returned from Kuch Bihar and faced an army under Tarsun Khan. Surprising the invading army Tarsun was captured and beheaded.<ref name=":9" /> Isa Khan captured Sayyid Husain the thanadar of Dhaka and began negotiations through him. As negotiations failed, Shahbaz engaged in a battle with Isa Khan in September<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eaton|1996|p=147}} "In September 1584, ‘Isa Khan delivered a crushing naval defeat to the Mughal governor, …”</ref> which resulted disastrous. He fell back to Tanda after abandoning his conquests. Thus, his first campaign in east Bengal failed miserably. Masum Khan advanced to [[Sherpur District|Sherpur]] and other Afghans raided up to [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]]. In South Wazir Khan continued fighting Qutlu Khan who offered submission.<ref name=":3">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=204}}</ref>

In January 1585, Masum Khan was driven away and Sherpur was recovered. Dastam Qaqshal, another rebel leader was driven back to [[Shahjadpur Upazila|Shahzadpur]], Pabna. In March 1585, Wazir Khan and Sadiq Khan were sent against Masum Khan Kabuli and Shahbaz Khan proceeded in North Bengal. In late March, Masum Khan Kabuli was defeated in a naval battle. Two of his forts at Trimohani was captured.<ref name=":3" /> Tahir Ilanchaq gained success against the Mughals. Yusuf bin Mati Afghan killed Habib Ali, son of Muhib Ali in conflict in Tanda.<ref name="Sarkar 1943 205">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=205}}</ref> Bitterness between the commanders prevented from suppressing the rebels. Akbar at last separated the charges. Sadiq Khan was placed in charge of Bengal and Shahbaz Khan in Bihar. S'aid Khan and other generals in Bihar took charge of Bengal. This gave chance to the Afghans of Orissa to plunder Burdwan. On 10 June 1585, Mughal imperial army advanced against the enemies, defeated and killing 1300 of them. Dastam Qaqshal reappeared and laid siege on Ghoraghat but was defeated. In 1586, Shahbaz Khan was sent back to Bengal again. He won over Afghans through diplomacy. Masum Khan Kabuli sent his son to Mughal court. Isa Khan sought peace and restored territories which he had captured previously from Sadiq Khan. Qutlu Khan was left undisturbed to rule Orissa.<ref name="Sarkar 1943 205"/> In February, the imperial forces reached [[Chittagong]], its [[Kingdom of Mrauk U|Arakanese]] ruler sent Mughals elephants as tribute.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eaton|1996|p=148}}</ref> The Mughals restored their authority up to Satgaon. Both Wazir Khan and S'aid Khan died in August 1587 AD.<ref name=":4">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=206}}</ref>

=== Viceroy of Man Singh in Bihar (1587–1594) ===
In late 1587, [[Man Singh I|Man Singh]] was appointed as the viceroy of Bihar.<ref name=":4" /> Man Singh first directed his campaign against [[Pural Mal of Gidhaur|Puran Mal]] of [[Gidhaur, Bihar|Gidhuar]], who declared independence earlier. The fort of Gidhuar was captured and Puran Mal became vassal of the Mughal Empire. Next Sangram Singh, the Raja of [[Haveli Kharagpur|Khargpur]] submitted agreeing to pay tribute. He then raided territories of Anant Chero of [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]. During his absence, two rebel leaders of Bengal raided Purnia and Darbhanga. Man Singh's son Jagat Singh advanced against the raiders, who fled away abandoning their gains.<ref name=":5">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=207}}</ref>

==== Conquest of Odisha (1590–1593) ====
{{Main|Mughal conquest of Odisha}}

In April 1590, Man Singh, reinforced by the Bengal artillery began his journey to conquer Odisha.<ref name=":6">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bhattacharya|2020|p=43}}</ref> On 21 May, Jagat Singh faced an surprise attack from the Afghans. The Mughals made a retreat despite officers like Bika Bathor, Mahesh Das, and Nam Charan were killed. Jagat Singh, was wounded and barely managed to escape with the help of Raja [[Bir Hambir|Vir Hambir]]. Qutlu Khan died and his son Nasir Khan became the ruler of Odisha. He made peace with Mughals which included khutbah to be read in the name of Akbar and coins be minted.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=208}}</ref> In 1591 AD, Nasir broke the treaty by laying siege to the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] of [[Puri]] which was under Mughal territory as well as attacking Raja Vir Hambir Singh. Man Singh was again called to marched to Odisha. In April 1592 Man Singh alongside Jagat Singh and Durjan Singh fought the Afghans in a battle near [[Subarnarekha River]]. The Mughal army emerged victorious killing 300 Afghans including their commander Khwaja Wais as well as capturing Sultan Sur. In the following year, Man Singh successfully conquered Odisha and subjugated many Rajas throughout the region. There [[Ramachandra Deva I|Ramchandra Deva]] of [[Khordha|Khurda]] became a vassal of the Mughals. He returned to Bihar in 1593 AD.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=209}}</ref>

=== Viceroy of Man Singh in Bengal (1595–1606) ===
Man Singh arriving at Tanda dispatched armies in various districts. In April 1595, Himmat Singh conquered the fort of Bhushna in [[Faridpur District]].{{Efn|Bhusna was located in twenty miles southwest of [[Faridpur, Bangladesh|Faridpur]] on the border of modern border of [[Jessore]].{{Sfn|Eaton|1996|pp=148, 153}}}} In December, he set out to conquer Isa Khan's territory in east Bengal. Soon much of Isa Khan's territory fell to the Mughals. In Orissa Durjan Singh captured the fort of Kakruya, the zamindar of that territory sought alliance with [[Sultanate of Golconda|Golconda Sultanate]]. In June 1596, Durjan Singh captured Bhushna which had been captured by Khwajah Sulaiman Lohani and [[Kedar Ray|Kedar Rai]]. Sulaiman was killed while Kedar Rai wounded, fled to Isa Khan.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=210}}</ref> In July–September Himmat Singh plundered the territory of Mymensingh and Egarasindur. Lakshmi Narayan, the ruler of the Kingdom of Koch Bihar, faced an attack from his cousin Raghu Dev, who had allied with Isa Khan. He sought protection to Akbar who in reply sent Man Singh to help. In December 1596, Lakshmi Narayan personally welcomed Man Singh and cemented the alliance. Upon learning of Man Singh's rapid advance, both Raghu Dev and Isa Khan fled. Through this intervention, Koch Bihar became a vassal state on the north-eastern frontier of Mughal Bengal. Himmat Singh died in March 1597. Raghu Dev gathering an army attacked Koch Bihar, forcing Lakshmi Narayan to flee. Man Singh's forces defeated him on 3 May, but Isa Khan soon intervened. Man Singh countered by sending his son Durjan Singh to attack Isa Khan. On 5 September near Bikrampur, Isa Khan ambushed and routed the Mughals, killing Durjan Singh. However, he then made peace, releasing prisoners, halting attacks on Lakshmi Narayan, and submitting to Akbar.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=212}}</ref> Man Singh returned to Ajmer in 1598.<ref name=":7">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=213}}</ref>

Despite several Mughal victories, the [[Baro-Bhuyan]]s, led by Isa Khan, fiercely resisted Mughal control. Using guerrilla tactics and leveraging local knowledge, Isa Khan and his allies maintained significant autonomy, preventing the Mughals from fully consolidating their power over Bengal. Their resistance created a prolonged conflict that thwarted Mughal ambitions during Isa Khan's lifetime.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karim |first1=Abdul |date=1992 |title=History of Bengal: From the fall of Daud Karrani, 1576 to the death of Jahangir, 1627 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzluAAAAMAAJ&q=bibliogroup:%22History+of+Bengal:+Mughal+Period%22 |url-status=live |journal=Institute of Bangladesh Studies, University of Rajshahi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206162446/https://books.google.com/books?id=jzluAAAAMAAJ&q=bibliogroup:%22History+of+Bengal:+Mughal+Period%22 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref> It was not until Isa Khan's death in 1599 that the Mughals began to establish more comprehensive control over Bengal. Even then, the process was gradual, marked by ongoing efforts to integrate the region into the Mughal administrative framework. Isa Khan's legacy of defiance remains a significant chapter in Bengal's history, symbolizing the region's resilience and resistance to external domination.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhattasali |first1=Nalini Kanta |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Bengal-chiefs-struggle-independence-Jahangir/dp/B0008ABLBO |title=Bengal Chiefs' Struggle |page=12 |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501101736/https://www.amazon.co.uk/Bengal-chiefs-struggle-independence-Jahangir/dp/B0008ABLBO |archive-date=1 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Masum Khan Kabuli also died in May of the same year.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=245}}</ref>

=== Rebellion and further campaigns (1600–1605) ===
Man Singh's absence allowed the Afghans to begin rebellion. In April 1600 AD, the rebels defeated a force under Maha Singh the son of Jagat Singh and Pratap Singh and successfully recovered north Odisha.<ref name="Sarkar213">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=213}} "On 29th April, 1600, they defeated an inferior imperial force led by Maha Singh and his guardian, Pratap Singh Kachhwa (a younger son of Rajah Man). The Afghans recovered north Orissa."</ref> They further capture Mughal officer Abdur Razzaq Ma'muri. Man Singh hastened back to Bengal. First, he defeated the rebels near Sherpur. Then marched to Dhaka and persuaded Kedar Rai{{Efn|Zamindar of Sripur in South Dhaka}} to became loyal to Akbar. Meantime Maha Singh attacked Jalal Khan who was plundering in [[Malda district|Malda]].<ref name=":7" /> He defeated the enemy army of 500 cavalry and 5,000 infantry. He proceeded to [[Purnia district|Purnia]] against the rebel Qazi Mamin and killed him.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|pp=213–214}}</ref> [[Khwaja Usman]] the nephew and successor of Qutlu Khan, drove back Baz Bahadur Qalmaq, thanadar of Mymensingh to Bhawal. Man Singh led an counterattack and inflicted heavy losses on the rebels. In February 1602, contingents of the imperial army were sent against [[Musa Khan of Bengal|Musa Khan]] son of Isa Khan and Kedar Rai. Sher Ghazi, a local zamindar proceeded against Musa Khan and Kedar Rai but the Afghans retreated to Sonargaon. In August 1603, [[Rakhine people|Arakanese]] pirates attacked and captured the fort at Tri-mohani after Sultan Quli Qalmaq fled. They advanced inland, plundering Mughal posts. A force sent by Man Singh, led by Ibrahim Beg Atka, Raghudas, Askarn, Dalpat Rao and other captains, defeated the invaders in battle. The pirates retreated to their boats and fired on the Mughals, but the Mughals sank several gunboats.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=214}}</ref> Kedar Rai joined with the Arakanese with his own fleet and attacked Mughal outpost at Srinagar. In the encounter he was wounded and captured. He was brought Infront of Man Singh where he died.<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|last=Khan|first=Muazzam Hussain|article=Kedar Rai|article-url=Kedar_Rai}}</ref> Man Singh then proceeded against the Arakanese Raja [[Min Razagyi]] and Usman both of whom fled away. He returned to Dhaka in middle of 1604 AD. Akbar died in 1605 and on 29 October 1605 [[Jahangir]] succeeded him.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=|pp=215, 246}}</ref> Man Singh established a Mughal coastal navy with the aid of Portuguese pirates to counter the Arakanese invasion.<ref name=":6" />
== Under Jahangir ==
{{See also|Baro-Bhuyan}}
[[File:Bengal 1608–1612.png|thumb|Bengal in the Mughal age {{Circa|1608–1612}}]]
Jahangir appointed [[Qutubuddin Koka]] replacing Man Singh in September 1606. He was killed by rebellious faujdar of [[Bardhaman]] [[Sher Afghan Khan]] on 30 May 1607. Following Qutubuddin's death [[Jahangir Quli Beg|Jahangir Quli Khan]], governor of Bihar was transferred to Bengal. He soon died in May 1608 AD.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar |1943|p=246}}</ref>

=== Viceroy of Islam Khan (1608–1613) ===
In early June 1608, [[Islam Khan I|Islam Khan]] assumed the responsibility of Bengal. He dismissed all the Afghan generals including sons of Masum Khan Kabuli and Lachin Khan Qaqshal.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=248}}</ref> [[Khwaja Usman]] of [[Gouripur, Bangladesh|Bokainagar]], captured Alapsingh pargana, near Brahmaputra River in Mymensingh, killing its thanadar Sazawal Khan Niyazi and occupied the entire region. Islam Khan dispatched Shaikh Ghiyasuddin and recovered the [[thana]]. Raja [[Pratapaditya]] of Jessore, sent envoy and submitted to the Mughals during his governorship.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=248}}</ref>

==== Campaign in east Bengal (1608–1611) ====
Islam Khan then started campaign against the Bhati region. From Rajmahal he composed an army of 295 elephants and numerous war boats and artillery under Ihtimam Khan. Meanwhile, Mirza Mumin, Dariya Khan, and Madhu Ray captured Sonabazu and [[Chatmohar Upazila|Chatmahar]] pargana in Pabna and Rajshahi Districts. Ihtimam Khan’s small force failed to suppress them. Islam Khan sent a force of 2,000 cavalry and 4,000 [[Musketeer|musketeers]] under the command of Shaikh Kamal who subdued Bir Hamir of Birbhum, Shams Khan of Pachet in [[Raniganj|Ranijganj]] and Salim Khan of [[Hijli]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=249}}</ref> In 1609, Iftikhar Khan subdued Raja Satrajit zamindar of Bhushna.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=250}}</ref> Following that, Islam Khan made preparations to recover the Sonabazu pargana. Mirza Nathan recovered Chatmahar without any fighting. Iftikhar Khan and Raja Satrajit jointly attacked Ekdanta in Pabna, but the place was abandoned. At Shahpur (in Pabna), Pratapaditya personally came to submit to Islam Khan. He aided the governor of Bengal with 400 boats with his son Sangramaditya while promising to join the Mughals in a joint expedition against Musa Khan.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=251}}</ref> Mughal outposts suffered heavy assaults throughout the year. Raja Ray local zamindar led an unsuccessful siege on the fort of Shahzadpur in Pabna held under Tuqmaq Khan. Another ally of Musa Khan zamindar Binod Ray alongside Mirza Munim, Dariya Khan and Madhu Ray attacked [[Mirak Bahadur Jalair]]'s Chandpratap situated in [[Manikganj]] but in vain.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=252}}</ref> Islam Khan dispatched Shaikh Habibullah against Majlis Qutb, zamindar of [[Faridpur District|Fathabad]]. The Mughals laid siege on Fathabad. Majlis Qutb asked help to Musa Khan who responded by sending Mirza Mumin with a large force and 200 war boats. Miza Mumin made several attempts but repulsed.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=253}}</ref>

==== War with Musa Khan ====
In October 1609, Islam Khan led army and fleet against Musa Khan. Shaikh Kamal, Tuqmaq Khan and Mirak Bahadur Jalair were sent to Dhaka with 20 war-boats, 2000 musketeers, 50 pieces of artillery.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=253}}</ref> The Mughal army attacked the fort of Jatrapur lying in the west of Dhaka. Musa Khan dispatched Mirza Mumin, Dariya Khan and Madhu Ray to defend the fort. Dariya Khan was murdered by Mumin. Musa Khan, taking 700 war-boats marched with Abdullah Khan, [[Mahmud Khan of Bengal|Mahmud Khan]], Bahadur Ghazni of Chaura, Sona Ghazi of Sarail, Anwar Ghazi of [[Baniachong Upazila|Banichang]], Shaikh Pir, Mirza Mumin, Madhu Ray, Binod Ray, Pahlwan of Matang, and Haji Shams-ud-din Baghdadi.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=254}}</ref> The imperial army engaged in a battle with Musa Khan, forcing him to retreat to Dakchara. Islam Khan tried to capture Dakchara but failed. He shifted strategy with a surprise night attack on Jatrapur, while keeping Musa Khan distracted at Dakchara. The Mughal army crossed the [[Ichamati River|Ichhamati]] at night, caught Musa Khan off guard, and after brief fighting, captured Jatrapur in June 1610.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|pp=254–255}}</ref> On 15 July 1610, Mirza Nathan captured the fort of Dakchara.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=256}} "The conquest of Jatrapur and Dakchara ended the first stage of Islam Khan's campaign."</ref> Next Islam Khan reached Dhaka. There he dispatched Mirak Bahadur Jalair to Sripur and Bayazid Khan to Bikrampur. Musa Khan heavily fortified the posts near [[Narayanganj District|Narayanganj]], [[Sonargaon]], Sripur and [[Bikrampur]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=257}}</ref> Khatrabahu and Qadam Rasul were entrusted to Ihtimam Khan, other Mughal officers like [[Sarhad Khan|Shaikh Abdul Wahid]], Shaikh Rukn and Jahan Khan Pani were also posted. In March 1611, Mirza Nathan attacked Daud Khan and captured the fort of Katrabhu followed by Ihtimam Khan who captured Qadam Rasul from Abdullah Khan.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=258}}</ref> Next Mirza Nathan captured two fortifications near Bandar Canal and Alaul Khan's fort.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|pp=258–259}}</ref> In April 1611, Musa Khan submitted to Islam Khan. His brother Daud continued fighting and killed. This enraged Musa Khan who renewed his struggle against the Mughals. Bahadur Ghazi and Majlis Qutb waited on Islam Khan. During this time Ali Akbar [[mansabdar]] rose in revolt in Malda. Ifthikhar Khan killed the rebel in a fight.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|pp=259–260}}</ref> Musa Khan with remaining confederates finally decided to surrender to Islam Khan at [[Old Dhaka|Jahangirnagar]] in July 1611.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=260}}</ref> This time he was placed under detention until Qasim Khan granted his freedom and allowed to participate with the Mughals in military expeditions.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eaton|1996|p=155}}</ref>

==== Conquest of Bhulua (1611) ====
{{Main|Mughal conquest of Bhulua}}

Shortly after Musa Khan's submission, Islam Khan sent a large army of 4,000 cavalry, 3,000 matchlock-men and 50 elephants under Shaikh Abdul Wahid, Haji Shams-ud-din Baghdadi and others{{Efn|According to [[Baharistan-i-Ghaibi]] Mirza Nuru’d-Din, Mirza Isfandaryar, Khwaja 'Asl, Adil Beg, Mirza Beg participated in the [[Mughal conquest of Bhulua]].{{Sfn|Borah|1936|pp=96–97}}}} to conquer the Kingdom of Bhulua. The Raja, Ananta Manikya received assistance from [[Kingdom of Mrauk U|Mrauk-U]] king [[Min Razagyi]] ({{Reign|1593|1612}}).<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Galen|2008|p=101}}</ref> Ananta Manikya strengthened the fortifications of his capital and raised a fort on the bank of the [[Dakatia River]] to halt the Mughal expansion. Abdul Wahid after failing to gain any success, induced Mirza Yusuf Barlas, the chief officer of the Raja to defect to the Mughals. Aanata Manikya fell back to his capital and tried to recover his kingdom. Being defeated he fled to Arakan. Bhulua was annexed to the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|pp=260–261}}</ref>

==== Conquest of Sylhet (1611–1612) ====
{{Main|Mughal conquest of Sylhet}}

{{Empty section|date=January 2026}}

==== Conquest of Jessore and Bakla (1611–1612) ====
{{Main|Mughal conquest of Jessore|Mughal conquest of Bakla}}

{{Empty section|date=January 2026}}

==== Conquest of Koch Kingdom (1609–1613) ====
{{Main|Mughal conquest of Kamrup}}

In 1609 and 1612, Kuch Bihar and [[Kamrup region|Kamrup]] were annexed, pushing the boundary of Bengal Subah as far as [[Bornadi river|Bornadi River]].<ref name=":6" /><ref name="Sarkar234">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=234}} "The reign of Jahangir also witnessed the greatest extension of the political influence and authority and the territorial limits of the Mughal empire on the north-eastern frontier. Kuch Bihar was subjugated (in 1609), and Kamrup conquered and made a part and parcel of the Bengal subah (in 1612), so that the frontier of Mughal India reached as far as the bank of the [[Bornadi river|river Bar Nadi]]."</ref> The corporation between the Koch dynasty and the Mughals in 1576 was based on mutual terms, even dividing Bengal Sultanate's regions between two. By 1613, both Koch Bihar was subjugated while the territory of Koch Hajo was annexed to the Empire.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|1989|p=103}}</ref> The southeastern frontier of Bengal Subah being fixed at the [[Feni River]], beyond which lay the [[Kingdom of Mrauk U]]. By 1612, the Mughals had successfully quelled most of the resistance in Bengal, bringing the region under their full control.<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|last=Karim|first=Abdul|article=Islam Khan Chisti|article-url=Islam_Khan_Chisti}}</ref>

=== Viceroy of Qasim Khan (1613–1617) ===

==== Mrauk U invasion of Bhulua (1614–1615) ====
{{Main|Mrauk U invasion of Bhulua}}

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==== Assam campaign (1615) ====
{{Main|Battle of Bharali (1615)}}

{{Empty section|date=April 2026}}

==== Siege of Chittagong (1617) ====
{{Main|Siege of Chittagong (1617)}}

In early 1617, Subahdar Qasim Khan launched an ambitious invasion of Arakan, targeting the strategic port of [[Chittagong]]. The Mughal vanguard, led by the inexperienced Abd-un-Nabi, consisted of 5,000 cavalry, 5,000 matchlockmen, 200 elephants, and 1,000 boats. In response, the Arakanese King [[Min Khamaung]] mobilized a colossal defense, dispatching a commandant with 100,000 infantry and 400 elephants to a new fort at Kathgar, while the King himself followed with a main force of 300,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry to defend Chittagong. The conflict centered on the unfinished fort at Kathgar, where Mughal officers Sarhad Khan and Shaikh Kamal launched a swift assault that nearly secured victory. However, internal Mughal hesitation allowed the Arakanese to reinforce their defenses, turning the assault into a gruelling siege. Exploiting the terrain, 10,000 Arakanese soldiers constructed a strategic stockade that severed the Mughal supply lines from the Feni River, leaving the besiegers starving. Faced with total isolation and the impending monsoon, the Mughal forces were forced into a disastrous retreat to Bhulua, abandoning their heavy artillery and destroying maunds of gunpowder on the way.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Galen|2008|pp=114–115}}</ref>

=== Viceroy of Ibrahim Khan (1617–1623) ===

==== Siege of Chittagong (1621) ====
{{Main|Siege of Chittagong (1621)}}

{{Expand section|date=April 2026}}

== Under Shah Jahan ==

=== Siege of Hooghly (1632) ===
{{Main|Siege of Hooghly}}

{{Expand section|date=April 2026}}
In 1655, Bengal's Subahdar [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]] wrote to [[Shah Jahan]] boasting his success in subduing the zamindars of [[Morang District|Morang]], Kachar and other places to pay tribute.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=333}}</ref>

== Under Aurangzeb ==

=== Conquest of Chittagong (1665–1666) ===
{{Main|Mughal conquest of Chittagong}}

{{See also|Mughal–Mrauk U Wars}}In 1665, the Mughal court directed Bengal's governor, Shaista Khan, to launch an expedition to capture Chittagong and end the persistent raids by Arakanese and Portuguese pirates on lower Bengal's waterways. [[Buzurg Umed Khan]] led a force of 6,500 soldiers which departed Dhaka in December 1665, advancing through dense coastal jungles in coordination with a fleet of 288 warships. By January 1666, the Mughal forces reached Chittagong. On 26 January the citadel was captured following a three-day siege. The city was promptly reorganized as a Mughal [[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]], governed by a military faujdar and a chief revenue officer.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eaton|1996|p=237}}</ref>

== Border campaigns ==

=== Campaign of Kachari Kingdom (1612–1614) ===
{{Main|Mughal campaign of Kachar}}

{{Empty section|date=January 2026}}
=== Campaign in Tripura (1618) ===
{{Main|Mughal campaign of Tripura}}

In 1618, Subahdar [[Ibrahim Khan Fath-i-Jang]], launched a decisive invasion against the [[Twipra Kingdom|Kingdom of Tripura]] ruled by Raja [[Yashodhar Manikya]]. The Mughal land forces were split into two formidable divisions: the first, commanded by Mirza Isfandiyar Khan, consisted of over 2,700 cavalry, 4,000 matchlock men, and 20 elephants; the second, led by Mirza Nur-ud-din and Musa Khan, comprised more than 3,000 cavalry, 5,000 matchlock men, and 50 elephants. Supporting these land units was a naval fleet of 300 war boats under Admiral Bahadur Khan. In defense, Yashodhar Manikya mobilized a massive force of 1,000 cavalry, 60,000 infantry, and 200 elephants, alongside a local river fleet. The conflict saw intense fighting and significant casualties on both sides. Yashodhar Manikya first attempted a surprise night attack on Isfandiyar Khan’s division near Kailagad, but despite fierce resistance, the Mughals emerged victorious and captured 70 elephants. During his retreat to the capital, the King launched a second desperate ambush against the sleeping division of Nur-ud-din and Musa Khan near Meherkul, but he was defeated once again with heavy losses. Ultimately, the Mughal navy bypassed Tripura's river defenses to seize the capital, [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]]. The conquest concluded with the capture of Yashodhar Manikya, his family, and his royal treasures in the forest, marking a total Mughal victory.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarma|1986|pp=91–93}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==

{{Empty section|date=May 2025}}

== See also ==
* [[Ekdala Wars]]
* [[Tughlaq conquest of Bengal]]
* [[Balban's conquest of Bengal]]
* [[Mughal conquest of Jessore]]
* [[Mughal conquest of Odisha]]
* [[Mughal conquest of Bakla]]
* [[Mughal conquest of Bhulua]]
* [[Mughal conquest of Kamrup]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarma |first=Ramani Mohan |title=A political History of Tripura |date=1986 |publisher=Puthipatra |location=Calcutta}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396 |title=The History of Bengal |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |year=1943 |isbn=81-7646-239-X |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |volume=II: Muslim Period |location=Delhi}}
* {{cite book |last1=Acharyya |first1=N. N. |title=The History of Medieval Assam, from the Thirteenth to the Seventeenth Century |date=1966 |publisher=Omsons Publ. |location=New Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7cKAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sabyasachi |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Comprehensive_History_of_Modern_Bengal.html?id=Z3GxzQEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description |title=A Comprehensive History of Modern Bengal, 1700-1950 |date=2020 |publisher=Asiatic Society |isbn=978-93-89901-95-5 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryofIslaminMyanmar/Arakan%20and%20Bengal%20-%20The%20rise%20and%20decline%20of%20the%20Mrauk%20U%20kingdom%20%28Burma%29 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |last=Galen |first=S.E.A. van |year=2008 |url=https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/12637 |title=Arakan and Bengal : the rise and decline of the Mrauk U kingdom (Burma) from the fifteenth to the seventeeth century AD}}
* {{cite book |last=Roy |first=Atul Chandra |title=History of Bengal: Mughal Period, 1526-1765 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_Bengal.html?id=AacsAAAAMAAJ |year=1968 |publisher=Nababharat Publishers |volume=3 |location=Calcutta |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532589/mode/2up |archive-date=2017-01-23}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gommans |first=Jos J. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Mughal_Warfare.html?id=3C1vz5ioOMwC |title=Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-1700 |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-23989-9 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Rise_of_Islam_and_the_Bengal_Frontie.html?id=O6QwDwAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |date=1996-07-31 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84864 |title=Baharistan-I-Ghaybi |volume=1 |publisher=Narayani Handiqui Historical Institute |location=[[Gauhati]], Assam |first=M. I. |last=Borah |year=1936}}
* {{Cite book |last=Choudhury |first=Subhrajit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3H2EAAAQBAJ&q=padshah+of+gaur |title=The Koch Dynasty and Charismatic Bir Chilarai |date=21 February 2024 |publisher=Shashwat Publications |isbn=9789360877538 |language=English}}
* {{Citation |last1=Nath |first1=D. |title=History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615 |date=1989 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170991090}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mughal Conquest of Bengal}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1574]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1575]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1576]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1577]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1578]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1580]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1581]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1582]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1583]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1584]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1585]]
[[Category:1572 in Asia]]
[[Category:1573 in Asia]]
[[Category:1574 in Asia]]
[[Category:1575 in Asia]]
[[Category:1576 in Asia]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Bengal Sultanate]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1570s in India]]
[[Category:16th century in the Mughal Empire]]

Undavalli Sridevi

2026-04-24T18:12:16Z

DeangeloKater: Created first biography needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Undavalli Sridevi
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature|Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| constituency = [[Tadikonda Assembly constituency|Tadikonda]]
| predecessor = [[Tenali Sravan Kumar]]
| term_start = 23 May 2019
| term_end = 26 February 2024
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]] {{small|(since 2023)}}
| other_party = [[YSR Congress Party]] {{small|(2017-2023)}}
| occupation = Doctor, Politician
| successor = [[Tenali Sravan Kumar]]
}}

'''Undavalli Sridevi''' (born 1968) is an Indian politician and a doctor by profession from the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She is the incumbent [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tadikonda Assembly constituency]] in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member's Information - Legislative Assembly - Liferay DXP |url=https://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-assembly/member-s-information?p_p_id=AssemblyMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_K9JpxGLMtsWV&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&_AssemblyMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_K9JpxGLMtsWV_javax.portlet.action=getMemberDetails&_AssemblyMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_K9JpxGLMtsWV_const_id=86&_AssemblyMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_K9JpxGLMtsWV_mem_id=3447&_AssemblyMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_K9JpxGLMtsWV_term_id=15&p_auth=6eYj1TTV |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=www.aplegislature.org}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Undavalli Sridevi was born in [[Tadikonda]], [[Guntur district]]. She completed her MBBS from [[Bangalore]] in 1993. Her father Undavalli Subbarao contested as MLA from Tadikonda in 1978 from Reddy Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-29 |title=జనం నాడి తెలిసింది |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/politics/interview-tadikonda-ysrcp-mla-candidate-undavalli-sridevi-1175010 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2017, Sridevi joined the [[YSR Congress Party]] and contested the [[Tadikonda Assembly constituency]] in the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s, winning with a margin of 4,433 votes against the [[Telugu Desam Party]] candidate and sitting MLA, [[Tenali Sravan Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tadikonda Constituency Winner List in AP Elections 2019 {{!}} Tadikonda Constituency Election Results 2019 |url=https://www.sakshi.com/election-2019/en/results/andhra_pradesh/constituency/tadikonda |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=www.sakshi.com}}</ref>

In March 2023, she was suspended from the YSR Congress Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-26 |title=Dalit MLA Vundavalli Sridevi suspended from YSRCP in Andhra alleges threat to life |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dalit-mla-vundavalli-sridevi-suspended-ysrcp-andhra-alleges-threat-life-175073 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> This was because of allegations of [[cross-voting]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suspended YSRCP MLA Undavalli Sridevi Alleges Threat To Her Life From Sajjala Ramakrishna Reddy |url=https://news.abplive.com/andhra-pradesh/suspended-ysrcp-mla-undavalli-sridevi-alleges-threat-to-her-life-from-party-leader-sajjala-ramakrishna-reddy-1591318 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref> Following the suspension, Sridevi said that "she was vilified for being a [[Dalit]] legislator".<ref name="Newstap_2023">{{cite news |last1=Kanamaluru |first1=Durga Prasad |title=Suspended MLA Undavalli Sridevi to support Amaravati; vows to give return gift to YSRCP |url=https://www.newstap.in/andhra-pradesh/suspended-mla-undavalli-sridevi-to-support-amaravati-vows-to-give-return-gift-to-ysrcp-1468918 |access-date=20 May 2023 |work=Newstap |date=26 March 2023}}</ref> There was media speculation that she might join either the [[Telugu Desam Party]] or the [[Jana Sena Party]].<ref name="telegu_2023">{{cite news |title=Will Undavalli Sridevi resign and seek re-election? |url=https://www.telugu360.com/will-undavalli-sridevi-resign-and-seek-re-election |access-date=20 May 2023 |work=Telegu360 |date=28 March 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:1968 births]]

{{AndhraPradesh-YSRCP-politician-stub}}

Nikhil Pingle

2026-04-24T12:06:31Z

DeangeloKater: starting new article

{{short description|Indian figure skater}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox figure skater
|name= Nikhil Pingle
|image=
|caption=
|country= {{IND}}
|birth_date= {{Birth date and age|1999|06|29}}
|birth_place = [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]], India
|hometown= [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]], India
|height= 171 cm
|coach= [[Michael Hopfes]]
|skating club=
|retired=
}}

'''Nikhil Pingle''' (born 29 June 1999) is an Indian figure skater. He started skating at the age of 7.He started with recreational skating and transitioned into competitive speed skating for a duration of 4 years. His experiences with speed skating made leeway for artistic roller skating. It led him to pursue figure skating where he has competed in a number of tournaments including the [[2017 Asian Winter Games]] in [[Sapporo]], Japan.<ref name=aa/>

==Achievements==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Gold !! Silver !! Bronze
|-
| National || 1 || 1 || 1
|-
| International || 1 || - || 2
|-
|}

International Participations –
* ISU World Development Trophy 2014 – Manila, Philippines
* Asian Open Figure Skating Championship 2014 – Bangkok, Thailand
* ISU World Junior Grand Prix 2014 – Ostrava, Czech Republic
* ISU World Development Trophy 2015 – Manila, Philippines
* Malaysian Open Figure Skating Championship 2015 – Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
* Asian Open Figure Skating Championship 2015 – Taipei, Taiwan
* ISU World Junior Grand Prix 2015 – Nagoya, Japan
* ISU World Development Trophy – Zagreb, Croatia
* 2017 Asian Winter Games, Sapporo, Japan<ref name=aa>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/nashik-boy-to-skate-for-india-at-asian-winter-games-in-japan/articleshow/57047324.cms | title=Nashik boy to skate for India at Asian Winter Games in Japan | newspaper=The Times of India | first=Sumita | last=Sarkar | date=9 February 2017 | accessdate=24 September 2022}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{isu name | id= 00014588 | name= Nikhil Pingle }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pingle, Nikhil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Nashik]]
[[Category:Indian male single skaters]]
[[Category:Figure skaters at the 2017 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Neetho (2022 film)

2026-04-23T02:43:57Z

DeangeloKater: Put up initial data initial version!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Short description|2022 Indian telugu-language film}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Neetho (2022 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = Balu Sharma
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = AVR Swamy M. R. Kirtana Snehal Jangala
| starring = Aberaam Varma Saathvika Raj
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sundar Ram Krishnan
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Vivek Sagar]] '''Score:''' Smaran
| studio = Prithvi Creations Million Dreams Creations
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|10|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Neetho''''' ({{Translation|With you}}) is a 2022 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by Balu Sharma and starring Aberaam Varma and Saathvika Raj.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*Aberaam Varma as Varun
*Saathvika Raj as Meghna
*[[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] as Varun's colleague
*Sunjiit Akkinepally as Varun's colleague
*[[Rajiv Kanakala]]
*[[Pavitra Lokesh]]
*Thummala Narasimha Reddy
*Neha Krishna
*Kavya Raman
* [[Apoorva Srinivasan]]
* Mohit Baid
* Padmajaa El
* Gururaj Manepalli
* Sanjay Raichura
*Snehal Jangala
* AVR Swamy
* CS Prakash
*Sandeep Vijayvardhan
*Krishna Mohan
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Aberaam Varma plays an insurance agent and Saathvika Raj plays an independent woman.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Neetho' actor Aberaam Varma: I have always picked sensible scripts regardless of their scale and commercial calibre |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/neetho-actor-aberaam-varma-i-have-always-picked-sensible-scripts-regardless-of-their-scale-and-commercial-calibre/articleshow/94342035.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=14 January 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105121445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/neetho-actor-aberaam-varma-i-have-always-picked-sensible-scripts-regardless-of-their-scale-and-commercial-calibre/articleshow/94342035.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was shot in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Do your duty, don't bother about the result, says actor Aberaam Varma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/do-your-duty-dont-bother-about-the-result-says-actor-aberaam-varma/articleshow/80668192.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=14 January 2023 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103220405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/do-your-duty-dont-bother-about-the-result-says-actor-aberaam-varma/articleshow/80668192.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Vivek Sagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/neetho/iPv6Jh8QRPs_ |title=Neetho |year=2021 |work=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Neetho': Entrancing melody 'Lalanaa Madhura Kalana' from Aberaam Varma, Satvika starrer impresses everyone |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/neetho-entrancing-melody-lalanaa-madhura-kalana-from-aberaam-varma-satvika-starrer-impresses-everyone/articleshow/94673203.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*"Raajeelay Levinka" - Vivek Sagar, (lyrics by Kittu Vissapragada)
*"Madhuramey" - Aditi Bhavaraju, Lipsika Bhashyam (lyrics by Srinivasa Mouli)
*"Lalanaa" – [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] (lyrics by Varun Vamsi B)
*"Andharaani" - Gowtham Bharadwaj, Vivek Sagar (lyrics by Srinivasa Mouli)

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "In a sea of love stories dished out every often, Neetho feels refreshing in its approach. Apart from some honest performances, well-shot frames and genre-encompassing soulful music form the movie's soul. Cinematography by Sundar Ram Krishnan, music direction by Vivek Sagar and background score by Smaran need a special mention. The makers fused multiple genres to create the required ambience. On the whole, ''Neetho'' is a modern take on love and relationships. Watch it for its tastefully crafted scenes laced with soulful music. However, its introspective monologues and philosophical dialogues might only appeal to niche audiences".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2022 |title=Neetho Movie Review : A modern take on love and relationships |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/neetho/movie-review/94858447.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=3 January 2023 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103214859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/neetho/movie-review/94858447.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[HT Media|OTT Play]]'' wrote that "''Neetho'' explores several grey areas in modern-day relationships with maturity".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |title=Neetho, starring Aberaam Varma, Saathvika Raj, is a breezy rom-com that sheds new light on urban relationships |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/neetho-starring-aberaam-varma-saathvika-raj-is-a-breezy-rom-com-that-sheds-new-light-on-urban-relationships/bae5ebc7d9435 |website=OTT Play |access-date=3 January 2023 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103214900/https://www.ottplay.com/news/neetho-starring-aberaam-varma-saathvika-raj-is-a-breezy-rom-com-that-sheds-new-light-on-urban-relationships/bae5ebc7d9435 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|17074358}}
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vivek Sagar]]

Jharia Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:17:41Z

DeangeloKater: Started article - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jharia
| type = SLA
| map_image = Jharia constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| district = [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhanbad Lok Sabha constituency|Dhanbad]]
| constituency_no = 41
| established = 2000
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Ragini Singh]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| electors =
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
}}
'''Jharia Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1967: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||S. R. Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] ||rowspan=2|Sheo Kumar Rai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] ||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||rowspan=4|[[Suryadeo Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] ||{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 1991^ ||rowspan=2|Abo Devi Raju Yadav ||
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] ||Bachcha Singh || {{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || rowspan=2 | [[Kunti Singh|Kunti Suryadeo Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Sanjeev Singh|Sanjeev Suryadeo Singh]]
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Purnima Niraj Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Ragini Singh|Ragini Sanjeev Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Jharia<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ragini Singh|Ragini Sanjeev Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=87,892 |percentage=51.47% |change={{increase}}8.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Purnima Niraj Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=73,381 |percentage=42.97% |change={{decrease}}7.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Rustam Ansari |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=5,060 |percentage=2.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonu Kumar Balmiki |party=Independent politician |votes=1,110 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,908 |percentage=1.12% |change={{increase}}0.72 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,511 |percentage=8.50% |change= {{increase}}0.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,70,758 |percentage=56.42% |change= {{increase}}4.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,02,673 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Jharia<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Purnima Niraj Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=79,786 |percentage=50.34% |change={{increase}}24.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= [[Ragini Singh|Ragini Sanjeev Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=67,732 |percentage=42.73% |change={{decrease}}5.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yogendra Yadav |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=2,779 |percentage=1.75% |change={{decrease}}4.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abadhesh Kumar |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=1,279 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md Alam Ansari |party=Independent politician |votes=1,006 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=636 |percentage=0.40% |change={{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,054 |percentage=7.60% |change= {{decrease}}14.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,58,509 |percentage=52.32% |change= {{decrease}}5.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,02,949 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Jharia<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sanjeev Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=74,062 |percentage=48.14% |change={{increase}}7.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Niraj Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=40,370 |percentage=26.24% |change={{decrease}}11.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Rustam Ansari |party=Marxist Co-ordination Committee |votes=18,723 |percentage=12.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yogendra Yadav |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=9,908 |percentage=6.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nandlal Paswan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,298 |percentage=1.49% |change={{decrease}}2.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Mohan Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,608 |percentage=1.05% |change={{increase}}0.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amit Kumar Sahu |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=1,184 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,392 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,692 |percentage=21.90% |change= {{increase}}19.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,53,863 |percentage=57.74% |change= {{increase}}13.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,66,487 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}7.62 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Jharia<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kunti Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=49,131 |percentage=40.52% |change={{decrease}}2.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,115 |percentage=38.03% |change={{increase}}16.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abo Devi Raju Yadav |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=9,207 |percentage=7.59% |change={{decrease}}6.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Prasad Gupta |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,498 |percentage=3.71% |change={{decrease}}2.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandan Kumar Mahato |party=Independent politician |votes=2,959 |percentage=2.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devilal Bhuia |party=Independent politician |votes=1,025 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birendra Kumar Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=923 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,016 |percentage=2.49% |change= {{decrease}}19.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,21,257 |percentage=43.92% |change= {{decrease}}7.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,76,086 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Jharia<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kunti Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=62,900 |percentage=43.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,312 |percentage=21.61% |change={{increase}}0.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yogendra Yadav |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=20,092 |percentage=13.87% |change={{increase}}2.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S.K. Bakshi |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,732 |percentage=6.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Belal Khan |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=8,616 |percentage=5.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Rawani |party=Jharkhand Vananchal Congress |votes=3,965 |percentage=2.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ezaz Ahmad |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,508 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,588 |percentage=21.80% |change= {{increase}}0.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,44,897 |percentage=50.98% |change= {{decrease}}4.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,84,225 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Samata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Jharia<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate= Bachcha Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=56,401 |percentage=42.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Qaum Ansari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,362 |percentage=21.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abo Devi Raju Yadav|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=14,577 |percentage=10.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yogendra Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes=11,733 |percentage=8.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mundrika Paswan |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=6,985 |percentage=5.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nitai Mahato |party=Marxist Co-ordination Committee |votes=6,656 |percentage=4.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saryug Mahato |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=3,319 |percentage=2.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,039 |percentage=20.98% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,33,660 |percentage=55.78% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,42,174 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Samata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Dhanbad district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|23.742|86.413|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Dhanbad district]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Gangath Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T16:25:13Z

DeangeloKater: starting entry

{{Short description|Former Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Gangath
|state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kangra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kangra]]
|established = 1972
|abolished = 2012<ref>{{cite news |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |work=Election commission of India |access-date= February 22, 2022 }}</ref>
|electors = {{formatnum:73456}}<ref name=election2007>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3811-himachal-pradesh-2007/ |title=Himachal Pradesh 2007 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=19 January 2022}}</ref>
|reservation = SC
}}

'''Gangath''' was one of the 68 constituencies of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], in [[Himachal Pradesh]], a state in [[North India]]. It was a part of [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/gangath-himachal-pradesh-assembly-constituency | title=Gangath Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency }}</ref> It existed from 1972 to 2012 and comprised parts of [[Nurpur tehsil]] in [[Kangra district]].<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/1976-dpaco/mode/2up |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref> It was last represented (from 2007 to 2012) by [[Des Raj]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=election2007/>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | Dhinoo Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Durga Dass || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Des Raj || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Girdhari Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Des Raj || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Durga Dass || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || Des Raj || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Bodh Raj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || Des Raj || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangath<ref name=election2007>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3811-himachal-pradesh-2007/ |title=Himachal Pradesh 2007 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=19 January 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Des Raj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,520 |percentage=46.26% |change={{increase}}2.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anita Kumari |party=Independent politician |votes=23,830 |percentage=44.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hans Raj Jassal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,612 |percentage=8.70% |change={{increase}}6.23 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=690 |percentage=1.30% |change= {{decrease}}3.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,010 |percentage=72.17% |change= {{decrease}}4.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,456 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangath<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bodh Raj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,499 |percentage=48.61% |change={{increase}}1.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Des Raj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,220 |percentage=44.09% |change={{decrease}}3.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hans Raj Jassal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,243 |percentage=2.47% |change={{decrease}}0.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=832 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Kumar |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=794 |percentage=1.58% |change={{increase}}0.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyam Lal Baru |party=Independent politician |votes=644 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,279 |percentage=4.52% |change= {{increase}}4.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,401 |percentage=77.37% |change= {{increase}}4.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,349 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.99 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangath<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Des Raj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,771 |percentage=47.61% |change={{increase}}11.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bodh Raj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,623 |percentage=47.24% |change={{increase}}4.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karan Dass |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,109 |percentage=2.81% |change={{decrease}}0.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sham Lal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=521 |percentage=1.32% |change={{decrease}}0.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Piare Lal |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=399 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=148 |percentage=0.38% |change= {{decrease}}6.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,423 |percentage=73.86% |change= {{decrease}}0.35 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,022 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.62 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangath<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Dass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,036 |percentage=43.00% |change={{increase}}19.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Des Raj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,448 |percentage=36.06% |change={{decrease}}32.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pyare Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=5,315 |percentage=14.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yash Paul |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,230 |percentage=3.30% |change={{increase}}0.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohindar Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=682 |percentage=1.83% |change={{decrease}}2.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=405 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,588 |percentage=6.94% |change= {{decrease}}37.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,296 |percentage=74.05% |change= {{increase}}6.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,866 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}25.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangath<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Des Raj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,944 |percentage=68.30% |change={{increase}}33.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Girdhari Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,345 |percentage=23.95% |change={{decrease}}17.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sham Lal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,186 |percentage=3.87% |change={{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Charan Dass Sarotri |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=828 |percentage=2.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parkash Chand |party=Doordarshi Party |votes=297 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,599 |percentage=44.35% |change= {{increase}}38.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,664 |percentage=66.95% |change= {{decrease}}9.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,045 |ref = |change= {{increase}}35.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}27.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangath<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Girdhari Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,711 |percentage=41.28% |change={{increase}}3.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Des Raj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,074 |percentage=34.97% |change={{decrease}}13.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Duni Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=3,239 |percentage=12.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=1,007 |percentage=3.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,001 |percentage=3.86% |change={{increase}}1.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Charan Dass Sarotri |party=Independent politician |votes=771 |percentage=2.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Som Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=144 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,637 |percentage=6.31% |change= {{decrease}}4.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,947 |percentage=77.03% |change= {{decrease}}3.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,091 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangath<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Des Raj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,751 |percentage=48.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhinoo Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,048 |percentage=37.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Duni Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=2,083 |percentage=8.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joginder Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=642 |percentage=2.66% |change={{decrease}}38.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wadhawa Ram |party=Lokdal |votes=489 |percentage=2.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Charan Dass Sarotri |party=Independent politician |votes=127 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,703 |percentage=11.20% |change= {{decrease}}0.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,140 |percentage=80.40% |change= {{increase}}12.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,431 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.37 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangath<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Dass |party=Janata Party |votes=9,416 |percentage=53.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=7,261 |percentage=40.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bansi Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=593 |percentage=3.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bihari Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=232 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sant Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=136 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Charan Dass Sarotri |party=Independent politician |votes=111 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,155 |percentage=12.14% |change= {{decrease}}16.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,749 |percentage=68.17% |change= {{increase}}11.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,426 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangath<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhinoo Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,002 |percentage=58.72% |change={{increase}}27.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash |party=Independent politician |votes=4,100 |percentage=30.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Dass |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=1,361 |percentage=9.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bansi Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=109 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,902 |percentage=28.63% |change= {{increase}}20.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,627 |percentage=57.42% |change= {{increase}}6.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,472 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}27.04 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangath<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhinoo Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,825 |percentage=31.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Dass |party=Swatantra Party |votes=2,821 |percentage=23.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=O. Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=2,162 |percentage=17.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Singh |party=Republican Party of India |votes=1,833 |percentage=15.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Duni Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,058 |percentage=8.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Lal |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=373 |percentage=3.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,004 |percentage=8.32% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,072 |percentage=53.68% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,545 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|30.44|77.59|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kangra district]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Bari, Odisha Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:42:08Z

DeangeloKater: New

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Bari|constituency in Rajasthan|Bari, Rajasthan Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bari
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 49
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Jajpur district|Jajpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jajpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jajpur]]
| established = 1974
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Biswa Ranjan Mallick]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,27,157{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Bari''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Jajpur district]], [[Odisha]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=49|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301175240/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=49|url-status=usurped|archive-date=1 March 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Bari (49) District : Jajpur|accessdate= 1 March 2014}}</ref>

The area of this constituency includes '''Bari block''' and 8 [[Gram panchayat|GP]]s (Badasuar, Chhatisdebil, Erabanka, Jhalapada, Sanasuar, Rudrapur, Sahaspur and Sujanpur) of Jajpur block and 10GPs (Atalpur, Samantarapur, Routrapur, Prathamakhandi, Rajendrapur, Arthanga, Mangarajpur, Brahmabarada, Bandhadiha and Maheswarpur) of Rasulpur block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

This constituency was known as Bari-Derabisi from 1974 to 2004.

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp28.htm |title= 28 - Bari-Derabisi Assembly Constituency |work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 1 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|63.77}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|48.28}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|44.44}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|51.23}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|53.00}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|56.52}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.98}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|56.58}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Janata Party}}|53.35}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}|55.55}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|51.07}}
}}

Since its formation in 1974, 12 elections had been held till 2024.

Members elected from Bari constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |access-date=February 20, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=December 17, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Bari Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/bari.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 1 March 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan="4"| {{center|''As Bari Constituency''}}
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bari Assembly Election Results 2024: Bari Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/bari-constituency-result-18049 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Biswa Ranjan Mallick]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=4|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |accessdate=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Sunanda Das]]
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":2" />
| rowspan="2" |Debasis Nayak
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":3" />
|-
! colspan="4"| {{center|''As Bari-Derabisi Constituency''}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |Debasis Nayak
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Chinmaya Prasad Behura
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Kulamani Rout
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Srikant Kumar Jena]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Prahlad Mallik
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1 June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Biswa Ranjan Mallick]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Umesh Chandra Jena by a margin of 51,465 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Bari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Biswa Ranjan Mallick]]
|votes = 101,966
|percentage = 63.77
|change = {{increase}}15.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Umesh Chandra Jena
|votes = 50,501
|percentage = 31.58
|change = {{decrease}}14.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Debashish Nayak
|votes = 4,106
|percentage = 2.57
|change = {{decrease}}2.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 569
|percentage = 0.36
|change = {{increase}}0.06
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 51,465
|percentage = 32.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,59,903
|percentage = 70.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Sunanda Das]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Biswa Ranjan Mallick]] by a margin of 4,062 votes.<ref name="Assembly Election 2019 Bari">{{cite web | title=Election Commission of India | website=Assembly Election 2019 | url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS1849.htm?ac=49 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190618114851/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS1849.htm?ac=49|archive-date=2019-06-18| access-date=2019-06-18}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Bari<ref name="Assembly Election 2019 Bari"/><ref name="News18 2019">{{cite web | title=Bari Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Bari Constituency (Seat) Election Results, Live News. | website=News18 | date=2019-04-29 | url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/bari-election-result-s18a049/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190618115413/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/bari-election-result-s18a049/|archive-date=2019-06-18 | access-date=2019-06-18}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Sunanda Das]]
|votes = 72,559
|percentage = 48.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Biswa Ranjan Mallick]]
|votes = 68,497
|percentage = 45.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Umesh Chandra Jena
|votes = 7,082
|percentage = 4.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 447
|percentage = 0.30
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4062
|percentage = 13.36
|change = 2.70
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,50,288
|percentage = 70.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,10,354
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Debasis Nayak defeated Independent candidate [[Biswa Ranjan Mallick]] by a margin of 7,173 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|access-date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Bari<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Bari|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1849.htm?ac=49|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=19 August 2014|archive-date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819153825/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1849.htm?ac=49|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014 Constituency: Bari (49)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=49|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819173715/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=49|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 August 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=19 August 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Debasis Nayak
|votes = 59,800
|percentage = 44.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Biswa Ranjan Mallick]]
|votes = 52,627
|percentage = 39.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Nilamani Samal
|votes = 9,183
|percentage = 6.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gagan Jena
|votes = 7,682
|percentage = 5.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 807
|percentage = 0.6
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7173
|percentage = 13.36
|change = 3.47
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,34,561
|percentage = 71.09
|change = 12.22
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,89,271
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]], [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Debasis Nayak defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Naba Kishore Samal by a margin of 11,767 votes.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=11767 |access-date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Bari<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Debasis Nayak
|votes = 55,842
|percentage = 51.23
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Naba Kishore Samal
|votes = 44,075
|percentage = 40.43
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jagannath Prasad Samal
|votes = 6,888
|percentage = 6.32
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,767
|percentage = 10.79{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,09,052
|percentage = 58.87
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jajpur district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|20.70|86.35|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Jajpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Orissa]]

Tarn Taran Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:37:42Z

DeangeloKater: Created some details v1

{{short description|Constituency of the Punjab legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tarn Taran
| map_image = 21-Tarn Taran.svg
| mla = [[Harmeet Singh Sandhu]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2025
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Khadoor Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khadoor Sahib]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:198446}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 21
}}

'''Tarn Taran Assembly constituency''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|title= List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies|accessdate= 19 July 2016|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|archivedate= 23 April 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> It is located in the [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]] district. [[Kashmir Singh Sohal]] from [[Aam Aadmi Party]] was the MLA from Tarn Taran (Deceased on 27 June 2025), elected in [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="Tribune News Service" />

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|1997
| [[Prem Singh Lalpur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Harmeet Singh Sandhu]]
|-
|2007
|-
|2012
|-
|2017
| [[Dharambir Agnihotri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2022
|[[Kashmir Singh Sohal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2025★
|[[Harmeet Singh Sandhu]]
|-
|}
★By-Election

== Election results ==

===2025 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2025 elections in India#Punjab|Punjab Legislative Assembly by-election 2025]]: Tarn Taran<ref name="2025 Tarn Taran Assembly constituency By Poll Result">{{cite news |title=2025 Tarn Taran Assembly constituency By Poll Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeNov2025/candidateswise-S1921.htm |access-date=15 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115131559/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeNov2025/candidateswise-S1921.htm |archive-date=15 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate= [[Harmeet Singh Sandhu]]
|party= Aam Aadmi Party
|votes= 42,649
|percentage= 36.23
|change= {{down}}4.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Sukhwinder Kaur Randhawa
|party= Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes= 30,558
|percentage= 25.96
|change= {{down}}4.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Mandeep Singh Khalsa
|party= Independent
|votes= 19,620
|percentage= 16.67
|change= {{New}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Karanbir Singh Burj
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes= 15,078
|percentage= 12.81
|change= {{down}}7.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Harjit Singh Sandhu
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 6,239
|percentage = 5.30
|change = {{up}}4.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= [[None of the above]]
|party=None of the above (India)
|votes= 609
|percentage= 0.52
|change= {{down}}0.08
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes= 12,091
|percentage= 10.27
|change= {{down}}0.12
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes= {{formatnum:117713}}
|percentage= 60.95
|change= {{decrease}}5.05
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:193742}}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]: Tarn Taran}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Kashmir Singh Sohal]]<ref name="Tribune News Service">{{cite news |title=Punjab Assembly: 12 doctors make it to House |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-assembly-12-doctors-make-it-to-house-377306 |access-date=14 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:52935}}
|percentage = 40.45
|change = {{increase}}23.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Harmeet Singh Sandhu]]
|votes = {{formatnum:39347}}
|percentage = 30.06
|change = {{decrease}}4.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dharambir Agnihotri]]
|votes = {{formatnum:26535}}
|percentage = 20.28
|change = {{decrease}}24.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Amritpal Singh Mehron
|votes = {{formatnum:6363}}
|percentage = 4.86
|change = {{increase}}4.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dr. Sukhmandeep Singh Dhillon
|votes = 1,315
|percentage = 1.00
|change = {{increase}}1.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Navrat Singh Shafipura
|votes = 1,176
|percentage = 0.90
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:1168}}
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:13588}}
|percentage = 10.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:130874}}
|percentage = 66.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:198439}}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Tarn Taran}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Dharambir Agnihotri]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:59794}}
|percentage = 45.10
|change = {{increase}}7.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Harmeet Singh Sandhu]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:45165}}
|percentage = 34.10
|change = {{decrease}}7.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kartar Singh|Kartar Singh Pehalwan]]
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:22950}}
|percentage = 17.30
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sukhdev Singh
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 1,115
|percentage = 0.80
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gurjinder Singh
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|votes = 992
|percentage = 0.80
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 838
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:14629}}
|percentage = 11.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:131735}}
|percentage = 72.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:183576}}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiromani Akali Dal |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2012]]: Tarn Taran}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Harmeet Singh Sandhu]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:50009}}
|percentage = 41.6
|change = {{decrease}}7.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Dharambir Agnihotri]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:45388}}
|percentage = 37.7
|change = {{increase}}6.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Davinder Singh Sandhu Laali Dhalla
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:18014}}
|percentage = 14.90
|change = new
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:4621}}
|percentage = 3.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:120124}}
|percentage = 77.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:155837}}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiromani Akali Dal |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2007 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2007]]: Tarn Taran}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Harmeet Singh Sandhu]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:44841}}
|percentage = 48.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Manjit Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:28307}}
|percentage = 30.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amrik Singh
|party = Lok Bhalai Party
|votes = {{formatnum:14935}}
|percentage = 16.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:16534}}
|percentage = 18.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:92015}}
|percentage = 65.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:140073}}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiromani Akali Dal |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Tarn Taran district]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.46|74.93|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Tarn Taran district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:26:09Z

DeangeloKater: Created first page first draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{For|the constituency in Bengaluru, Karnataka|Shivajinagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shivajinagar
| type = SLA
| map_image = 209-Shivajinagar, Maharashtra.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Pune (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pune]]
| constituency_no = 209
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| abolished =
| mla = [[Siddharth Shirole]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors =295,246
| preceded_by = [[Vinayak Nimhan]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
}}
'''[[Shivajinagar, Pune|Shivajinagar]] Assembly constituency''' is one of the twenty one constituencies of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] located in [[Pune district]],<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> and one of eight in Pune City.

It is a segment of [[Pune Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other assembly constituencies from Pune district, namely [[Kasba Peth (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kasba Peth]], [[Parvati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Parvati]], [[Pune Cantonment (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pune Cantonment]] (SC), [[Kothrud (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kothrud]] and [[Vadgaon Sheri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vadgaon Sheri]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivajinagar Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/shivajinagar.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Jayant Shridhar Tilak]]
|{{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Sadashiv Govind Barve|Sadashiv Barve]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| B. D. Killedar
|style="background-color: {{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|Peasants and Workers Party]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Ravindra More
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[Shanti Narayan Naik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Anna Joshi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Shashikant Sutar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Vinayak Nimhan]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Vijay Kale]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Siddharth Shirole]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election |2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shivajinagar<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Shivajinagar">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Shivajinagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13209.htm |access-date=4 January 2025 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104060346/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13209.htm |archive-date=4 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="Shivajinagar Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Shivajinagar Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/shivajinagar |access-date=4 January 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104060353/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/shivajinagar |archive-date=4 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Siddharth Shirole]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 84,695 |percentage = 55.99% |change={{increase}}11.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Datta Bahirat |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 47,993 |percentage = 31.73% |change={{decrease}}8.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anand Manish Surendra |party=Independent politician |votes = 13,061 |percentage = 8.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sirsange Paresh Shankar |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,444 |percentage = 1.62% |change={{decrease}}6.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,044 |percentage = 1.35% |change={{decrease}}0.46 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,702 |percentage = 24.26% |change= {{increase}}20.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 153,314 |percentage = 51.93% |change= {{increase}}8.16 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 151,270}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 295,246|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}11.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shivajinagar<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Siddharth Shirole]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 58,727 |percentage = 44.60% |change={{increase}}6.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Datta Bahirat |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 53,603 |percentage = 40.71% |change={{increase}}17.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anil Shankar Kurhade |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 10,454 |percentage = 7.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nimhan Suhas Bhagwanrao |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 5,272 |percentage = 4.00% |change={{decrease}}2.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,390 |percentage = 1.82% |change={{increase}}0.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Satyawan Baban |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 883 |percentage = 0.67% |change={{decrease}}2.02 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,124 |percentage = 3.89% |change= {{decrease}}11.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 134,780 |percentage = |change= {{decrease}}8.23 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 131,680}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 305,700|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}6.09 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shivajinagar<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vijay Kale]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 56,460 |percentage = 38.51% |change={{increase}}15.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vinayak Nimhan| Vinayak Mahadeo Nimhan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,413 |percentage = 23.47% |change={{decrease}}15.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anil Shivajirao Bhosale |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 24,173 |percentage = 16.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Milind Ramakant Ekbote |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 14,662 |percentage = 10.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raju Alias Dattatray Pawar |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 9,809 |percentage = 6.69% |change={{decrease}}13.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ajay Shinde |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,949 |percentage = 2.69% |change={{increase}}1.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,842 |percentage = 1.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,047 |percentage = 15.04% |change= {{decrease}}0.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 148,926 |percentage = |change= {{increase}}8.46 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 146,620}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 285,754|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.80 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shivajinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vinayak Nimhan| Vinayak Mahadeo Nimhan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 50,918 |percentage = 39.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prof. Vikas Mathkari |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 30,388 |percentage = 23.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ranjit Shrikant Shirole |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 26,143 |percentage = 20.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wadekar Parshuram Balkrushna |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 15,920 |percentage = 12.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Santosh Ramesh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,638 |percentage = 1.26% |change={{decrease}}0.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kishor Pundlik Shinde |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,207 |percentage = 0.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,530 |percentage = 15.85% |change= {{decrease}}3.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 129,533 |percentage = 42.86% |change= {{decrease}}6.86 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 129,529}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 302,251|ref = |change= {{decrease}}24.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}18.60 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shivajinagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vinayak Nimhan| Vinayak Mahadeo Nimhan]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 114,713 |percentage = 57.91% |change={{increase}}18.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anil Shivajirao Bhosale |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 76,532 |percentage = 38.64% |change={{increase}}8.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Sanjay Suresh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,287 |percentage = 1.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayan Shankar Wambhire |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,326 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suryawanshi Raju Shivaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,227 |percentage = 0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 38,181 |percentage = 19.28% |change= {{increase}}9.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 198,118 |percentage = 49.72% |change= {{decrease}}3.39 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 198,084}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 398,465|ref = |change= {{increase}}23.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}18.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shivajinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vinayak Nimhan |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 67,979 |percentage = 39.83% |change={{decrease}}11.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ankush Kakade |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 50,842 |percentage = 29.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Vandana Chavan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 42,899 |percentage = 25.14% |change={{decrease}}14.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Milind Ramakant Ekbote |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,380 |percentage = 4.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,137 |percentage = 10.04% |change= {{decrease}}2.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 175,043 |percentage = 54.46% |change= {{decrease}}14.03 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 170,654}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 321,392|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}11.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shivajinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shashikant Sutar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 102,409 |percentage = 51.61% |change={{increase}}1.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Vandana Chavan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 78,119 |percentage = 39.37% |change={{decrease}}4.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Journalist Dwarkanath Lele |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,462 |percentage = 2.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Doctor Balwant Dhondiram Bhujbal |party=Janata Dal |votes = 3,546 |percentage = 1.79% |change={{decrease}}2.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Waghmare Shankar Shivaji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,079 |percentage = 1.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gopal Vanjari |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,604 |percentage = 0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,290 |percentage = 12.24% |change= {{increase}}5.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 201,205 |percentage = 68.06% |change= {{increase}}6.69 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 198,447}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 295,630|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}1.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shivajinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shashikant Sutar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 77,297 |percentage = 50.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ankush Kakade |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 67,637 |percentage = 44.16% |change={{decrease}}4.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ratnakar Mahajan |party=Janata Dal |votes = 5,831 |percentage = 3.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,660 |percentage = 6.31% |change= {{increase}}6.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 154,665 |percentage = 61.03% |change= {{increase}}2.37 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 153,170}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 253,443|ref = |change= {{increase}}47.37 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.43 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shivajinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anna Joshi|Laxman Sonopant Joshi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 48,969 |percentage = 49.04% |change={{increase}}12.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shridhar Madgulkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 48,858 |percentage = 48.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 111 |percentage = 0.11% |change= {{decrease}}0.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,867 |percentage = 58.65% |change= {{increase}}8.75 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 99,864}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 171,982|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}12.50 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shivajinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anna Joshi|Laxman Sonopant Joshi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 26,273 |percentage = 36.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shridhar Madgulkar |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 25,500 |percentage = 35.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khilare Divakar J. |party=Janata Party |votes = 13,379 |percentage = 18.60% |change={{decrease}}37.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kakade Ankush K. |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 5,888 |percentage = 8.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 773 |percentage = 1.07% |change= {{decrease}}13.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,860 |percentage = 49.96% |change= {{decrease}}17.61 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,916}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,823|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.01 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}19.85 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shivajinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shanti Narayan Naik]] |party=Janata Party |votes = 48,696 |percentage = 56.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Kalmadi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,393 |percentage = 42.14% |change={{decrease}}14.50 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,303 |percentage = 14.24% |change= {{decrease}}17.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 87,654 |percentage = 67.93% |change= {{increase}}5.67 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 86,368}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,040|ref = |change= {{increase}}28.42 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.25 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shivajinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ravindra More |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,862 |percentage = 56.63% |change={{increase}}21.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Killedar B. D. |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 15,226 |percentage = 24.73% |change={{decrease}}27.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anna Joshi|Laxman Sonopant Joshi]] |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 9,190 |percentage = 14.93% |change={{increase}}7.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. M. Bhalerao |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 1,066 |percentage = 1.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Lamuvel Shantavan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,018 |percentage = 1.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,636 |percentage = 31.90% |change= {{increase}}14.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,947 |percentage = 62.64% |change= {{decrease}}0.20 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,557}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,486|ref = |change= {{increase}}38.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{increase}}4.04 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shivajinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=B. D. Killedar |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 23,509 |percentage = 52.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=N. R. Mate |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 15,747 |percentage = 35.23% |change={{decrease}}24.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=N. B. Agarwal |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,531 |percentage = 7.90% |change={{decrease}}21.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. B. Sonawane |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,915 |percentage = 4.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,762 |percentage = 17.36% |change= {{decrease}}13.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 47,837 |percentage = 65.77% |change= {{decrease}}8.69 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,702}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,736|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shivajinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sadashiv Govind Barve |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,306 |percentage = 59.98% |change={{increase}}30.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramchandra Kashinath Mhalagi |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 14,723 |percentage = 29.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganpat Mahadev Nalavade |party=Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha |votes = 3,993 |percentage = 7.90% |change={{decrease}}62.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nikanth Waman Limaye |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes = 1,509 |percentage = 2.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,583 |percentage = 30.84% |change= {{decrease}}9.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,400 |percentage = 72.74% |change= {{decrease}}5.63 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,531}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,040|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha |swing= {{decrease}}10.12 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Shivajinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jayant Shridhar Tilak]] |party=Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha |votes = 32,575 |percentage = 70.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Nalinibai Sahebrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,900 |percentage = 29.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,675 |percentage = 40.18% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,475 |percentage = 75.77% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,475}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,335|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* For Vidhana Sabha constituency with the same name in Bengaluru, Karnataka, see [[Shivajinagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|18|31|58.74|N|73|49|18.12|E|display=title}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Pune district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Shivaji]]
[[Category:Politics of Pune district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Vishv Umiya Foundation

2026-03-31T07:07:00Z

DeangeloKater: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of largest Hindu temples#Under construction]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Medical college in India

2026-03-28T04:10:29Z

DeangeloKater: Put up new pg needs work

{{short description|Medical education}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{also|List of medical colleges in India}}
In India, a '''medical college''' is an educational institution that provides [[medical education]]. These institutions may vary from stand-alone colleges that train doctors to conglomerates that offer training related in all aspects of medical care. The term is synonymous with "medical school" as used in the US and some other countries. MBBS is a degree in medicine established by Indian Medical Council Act 1956 and continued in [[National Medical Commission]] Act 2019. After MBBS, doctors register with state medical councils.

==Recognition==
Indian law requires these [[List of medical colleges in India|institutions]] to be recognized by the [[National Medical Commission]], which replaced the Medical Council of India (MCI) in 2019. The Indian government keeps an updated list of these approved medical colleges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mohfw.nic.in/Amedical.html|title=STATUS OF MEDICAL COLLEGES FOR ADMISSION FOR THE ACADEMIC SESSION 2007–08|website=mohfw.nic.in|access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref> Many persons without MBBS degrees practice like doctors in India. They are called quacks. According to National Medical Commission Act 2019, punishment for quackery has been enhanced to up to 1 year imprisonment and up to INR 5 lakh fine.<ref>{{Cite news|title=NMC Act: Punishment for quackery enhanced up to one year imprisonment and fine of Rs. 5 lakh says Harsh Vardhan|url=https://www.business-standard.com/multimedia/video-gallery/general/nmc-act-punishment-for-quackery-enhanced-upto-1-year-imprisonment-and-fine-of-rs-5-lakh-says-harsh-vardhan-88899.htm|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=9 August 2019 |location=India}}</ref>

==Admissions and education ==
{{Main|Medical education in India}}
The standard entry-to-practice degree in modern medicine in India is the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS), earned upon completion of a five-and-a-half-year undergraduate program. The curriculum is divided into one year of preclinical studies in general science subjects and three and a half years of paraclinical and clinical studies, followed by a one-year clinical internship. Before beginning the internship, students are required to pass several examinations, the final one of which is conducted in two parts. Graduate education in medical science typically takes three additional years of study after the MBBS and concludes with the award of the Master of Surgery or Doctor of Medicine. Postgraduate diplomas in medical specializations may also be awarded upon completing two-year training programs.

== Medical college ==
According to the [[World Federation for Medical Education]], India is the country with the greatest quantity of operational medical schools (392). A list of schools by region is provided below:

=== By region ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Regions
!List of Medical college
!Number of Colleges offering MBBS<ref name=":0" />
!State-run Colleges
!Private Colleges
!Govt. college seats
!Private College Seats
!Total no. of seats
|-
| SI || [[South India]]
| || 154 || 52|| 102 || 6830 || 13705 || 20535
|-
| WI || [[West India]]
| || 77 || 34 || 43 || 4540 || 5295 || 9835
|-
| NI || [[North India]]
| || 70 || 37 || 33 || 4499 || 3745 || 8244
|-
| EI || [[East India]]
| || 47 || 37 || 10 || 4116 || 1010 || 5026
|-
| T || Total
| || 348 || 160 || 188 || 19985 || 23755 || 43640
|}

==Statistics==
Yearwise Medical colleges Numbers in chart<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs/ | title=List of College Teaching MBBS | NMC }}</ref>

{{Graph:Chart|type=line
|width=500
|height=350
|showSymbols=yes
|colors=orange
|yGrid =
|x= 1951, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2002, 2011, 2014, 2023
|y1 = 28, 60, 98, 111, 128, 190, 334, 387, 660
}}
Note: Mar 16, 2023 Data
=== By state ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! S.No !! State / UT !! Number of Colleges<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://mciindia.org/InformationDesk/MedicalCollegeHospitals/ListofCollegesTeachingMBBS.aspx |title=List of Colleges Teaching MBBS |access-date=2014-06-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513061710/http://www.mciindia.org/InformationDesk/MedicalCollegeHospitals/ListofCollegesTeachingMBBS.aspx |archive-date=13 May 2013 }}</ref>!! Govt. Colleges !! Private Colleges !! Govt. college seats !! Govt. college seats per million pop. !! Private College Seats !! Total no. of seats
|-
| 1 || [[Andhra Pradesh]] || 31 || 13 || 18 || 2410 || 49 || 2800 || 5210
|-
| 2 || [[Assam]] || 13 || 13 || 0 || 1600 || 51 || 0 || 1600
|-
| 3 || [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || 1 || 1 || 0 || 50 || 36 || 0
|-
|4 || [[Bihar]] || 11 || 11 || 2||-||-||-
|-
| 4 || [[Chandigarh]] || 1 || 1 || 0 || 150 || 142 || 0 || 150
|-
| 5 || [[Chhattisgarh]] || 10 || 7 || 3 || 895 || 35 || 450 || 1345
|-
| 6 || [[Delhi]] || 10 || 8 || 2 || 1222 || 73 || 200 || 1422
|-
| 7 || [[Goa]] || 1 || 1 || 0 || 180 || 123 || 0 || 180
|-
| 8 || [[Gujarat]] || 31 || 18 || 13 || 3700 || 61 || 2000 || 5700
|-
| 9 || [[Haryana]] || 12 || 5 || 7 || 710 || 28 || 950 || 1660
|-
| 10 || [[Himachal Pradesh]] || 8 || 7 || 1 || 770 || 112 || 150 || 920
|-
| 11 || [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || 10 || 9 || 1 || 1035 || 84 || 100 || 1135
|-
| 12 || [[Jharkhand]] || 8 || 7 || 1 || 630 || 19 || 150 || 780
|-
| 13 || [[Karnataka]] || 60 || 19 || 41 || 2900 || 47 || 6445 || 9345
|-
| 14 || [[Kerala]] || 31 || 10 || 21 || 1555 || 47 || 2550 || 4105
|-
| 15 || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 23 || 14 || 9 || 2135 || 29 || 1450 || 3585
|-
| 16 || [[Maharashtra]] || 57 || 26 || 31 || 4430 || 39 || 4570 || 9000
|-
| 17 || [[Manipur]] || 2 || 2 || 0 || 225 || 88 || 0 || 225
|-
| 18 || [[Mizoram]] || 1 || 1 || 0 || 100 || 91 || 0 || 100
|-
| 19 || [[Odisha]] || 12 || 8 || 4 || 1250 || 30 || 700 || 1950
|-
| 20 || [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] || 9 || 2 || 7 || 380 || 304 || 1150 || 1530
|-
| 21 || [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || 10 || 4 || 6 || 650 || 23 || 775 || 1425
|-
| 22 || [[Rajasthan]] || 24 || 16 || 8 || 2900 || 42 || 1300 || 4200
|-
| 23 || [[Sikkim]] || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 50 || 50
|-
| 24 || [[Tamil Nadu]] || 62 || 36 || 26 || 3650 || 51 || 4350 || 8000
|-
| 25 || [[Telangana]] || 34 || 11 || 23 || 1790 || 51 || 3450 || 5240
|-
| 26 || [[Tripura]] || 2 || 1 || 1 || 125 || 34 || 100 || 225
|-
| 27 || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 57 || 26 || 31 || 3178 || 16 || 4250 || 7428
|-
| 28 || [[Uttarakhand]] || 6 || 4 || 2 || 525 || 52 || 300 || 825
|-
| 29 || [[West Bengal]] || 26 || 20 || 6 || 3150 || 35 || 850|| 4000
|-
| T || Total || 558 || 289 || 269 || 43435 || 36 || 39840 || 83275
|}

==Andhra Pradesh==

==Arunachal Pradesh==
==Assam==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No.
!Name of the college
!Funding
!Enrollment
!Established
!City/Town
!District
!University
|-
|1 || [[Gauhati Medical College and Hospital]] || Public || 200 || 1960 || [[Guwahati]] || [[Kamrup Metropolitan district]] ||[[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences|SSUHS]]
|-
|2 || [[Assam Medical College]] || Public || 200 || 1947 || [[Dibrugarh ]] || [[Dibrugarh district]] ||[[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences|SSUHS]]
|-
|3 || [[Silchar Medical College and Hospital]] || Public || 125 || 1968 || [[Silchar]] || [[Cachar district]] ||[[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences| SSUHS]]
|-
|4 || [[Jorhat Medical College and Hospital]] || Public || 125 || 2009 || [[Jorhat]] || [[Jorhat district]] ||[[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences| SSUHS]]
|-
|5 || [[Tezpur Medical College and Hospital]] || Public || 125 || 2013 || [[Tezpur]] || [[Sonitpur district]] || [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences| SSUHS]]
|-
|6 || [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College and Hospital]] || Public || 125 || 2011 || [[Barpeta]] || [[Barpeta district]] || [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences| SSUHS]]
|-
|7 || [[Lakhimpur Medical College and Hospital]] || Public || 100 || 2021 || [[North Lakhimpur|Lakhimpur]] || [[Lakhimpur district]] || [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences| SSUHS]]
|-
|8 || [[Diphu Medical College and Hospital]] || Public || 100 || 2019 || [[Diphu]] || [[Karbi Anglong district]] || [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences| SSUHS]]
|-
|9 || [[Dhubri Medical College and Hospital]] || Public || 100 || 2022 || [[Dhubri]] || [[Dhubri district]] || [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences| SSUHS]]
|-
|10 || [[Nalbari Medical College and Hospital]] || Public || 100 || 2023 || [[Nalbari]] || [[Nalbari district]] || [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences| SSUHS]]
|-
|11 || [[Nagaon Medical College and Hospital]] || Public || 100 || 2023 || [[Nagaon]] || [[Nagaon district]] || [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences| SSUHS]]
|-
|12 || [[Kokrajhar Medical College and Hospital]] || Public || 100 || 2023 || [[Kokrajhar]] || [[Kokrajhar district]] || [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences| SSUHS]]
|-
|13 || [[Tinsukia Medical College and Hospital]] || Public || 100 || 2024 || [[Makum]] || [[Tinsukia district]] || [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences| SSUHS]]
|}

==Bihar==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No.
!Name of the college
!Funding
!Enrollment
!Established
!City/Town
!District
!University
|-
|1 || [[Patna Medical College]] || Public || 200 || 1874|| [[Ashok Rajpath]] || [[Patna District]] || [[Aryabhatta Knowledge University | AKU]]
|-
|2 || [[Nalanda Medical College]] || Public || 150 || 1970|| [[Kankarbagh]] || [[Patna District]] || [[Bihar University of Health Sciences|BUHS]]
|-
|3 || [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences]] || Public || 120 || 1983|| [[Bailey Road, Patna|Bailey Road]] || [[Patna District]] || [[Autonomous]]
|-
|4 || [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna]] || Public || 125 || 2012|| [[Phulwari Sharif]] || [[Patna District]] || [[Autonomous]]
|-
|5 || [[Darbhanga Medical College]] || Public || 120 || 1946|| [[Laheriasarai]] || [[Darbhanga District]] || [[Aryabhatta Knowledge University|AKU]]
|-
|6 || [[Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital]] || Public || 125 || 1970|| [[Muzaffarpur]] || [[Muzaffarpur District]] || [[Aryabhatta Knowledge University|AKU]]
|}

==Chhattisgarh==
==Chandigarh==
==Delhi==
==Goa==
==Gujarat==
==Haryana==
==Himachal Pradesh==
==Jammu and Kashmir==
==Jharkhand==
==Karnataka==
==Kerala==
==Madhya Pradesh==
==Maharashtra==
==Manipur==
==Meghalaya==
==Mizoram==
==Nagaland==
==Odisha==
==Punjab==
==Rajasthan==

The National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate) ("NEET-UG") is conducted annually by the [[National Testing Agency]] (NTA) for admission to undergraduate medical programmes in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=NEET (UG) |publisher=National Testing Agency |url=https://nta.ac.in}}</ref>

[[Rajasthan]] is one of the Indian states with a large number of medical institutions offering the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degree. As of January 2026, the state has one All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), 33 government medical colleges, and 15 private medical colleges, making a total of 49 MBBS-offering institutions.<ref name="nmc">{{cite web |title=List of Medical Colleges and MBBS Seats |publisher=National Medical Commission |url=https://www.nmc.org.in}}</ref>

Admissions to MBBS programmes in Rajasthan are conducted through centralized counselling based on NEET-UG merit. Seats at AIIMS Jodhpur are allotted through the [[Medical Counselling Committee]] (MCC) under the All India Quota.<ref>{{cite web |title=UG Medical Counselling |publisher=Medical Counselling Committee |url=https://mcc.nic.in}}</ref>

All medical colleges in Rajasthan are regulated and approved by the [[National Medical Commission]].<ref name="nmc"/>

=== Government medical colleges in Rajasthan ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No.
! College
! City
! University
! Management
! Established
! MBBS seats
|-
| 1 || Dr. S. N. Medical College || [[Jodhpur]] || Marwar Medical University || Government || 1965 || 250
|-
| 2 || ESIC Medical College, Alwar || [[Alwar]] || Rajasthan University of Health Sciences || Government (ESIC) || 2021 || 100
|-
| 3 || Government Medical College, Alwar || [[Alwar]] || Rajasthan University of Health Sciences || Government (RajMES) || 2023 || 100
|-
| 4 || Government Medical College, Banswara || [[Banswara]] || Marwar Medical University || Government (RajMES) || 2024 || 100
|-
| 5 || Government Medical College, Baran || [[Baran, Rajasthan|Baran]] || Rajasthan University of Health Sciences || Government (RajMES) || 2024 || 100
|-
| 6 || Government Medical College, Barmer || [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]] || Marwar Medical University || Government (RajMES) || 2019 || 100
|-
| 7 || Government Medical College, Bharatpur || [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]] || Rajasthan University of Health Sciences || Government (RajMES) || 2018 || 150
|-
| 8 || Government Medical College, Bhilwara || [[Bhilwara]] || Marwar Medical University || Government (RajMES) || 2018 || 150
|-
| 9 || Government Medical College/ All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bundi || [[Bundi]] || Rajasthan University of Health Sciences || Government (RajMES) || 2023 || 100
|-
| 10 || Government Medical College, Chittorgarh || [[Chittorgarh]] || Marwar Medical University || Government (RajMES) || 2022 || 100
|-
| 11 || Government Medical College, Churu || [[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]] || Rajasthan University of Health Sciences || Government (RajMES) || 2018 || 150
|-
| 12 || Government Medical College, Dausa || [[Dausa]] || Rajasthan University of Health Sciences || Government (RajMES) || 2023 || 100
|-
| 13 || Government Medical College, Dholpur || [[Dholpur]] || Rajasthan University of Health Sciences || Government (RajMES) || 2022 || 100
|-
| 14 || Government Medical College, Dungarpur || [[Dungarpur]] || Marwar Medical University || Government (RajMES) || 2018 || 150
|-
| 15 || Government Medical College, Hanumangarh || [[Hanumangarh]] || Marwar Medical University || Government (RajMES) || 2023 || 100
|-
| 16 || Government Medical College, Jhunjhunu || [[Jhunjhunu]] || Rajasthan University of Health Sciences || Government (RajMES) || 2024 || 100
|-
| 17 || Government Medical College, Karauli || [[Karauli]] || Rajasthan University of Health Sciences || Government (RajMES) || 2023 || 100
|-
| 18 || Government Medical College, Kota || [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] || Rajasthan University of Health Sciences || Government || 1992 || 250
|-
| 19 || Government Medical College, Nagaur || [[Nagaur]] || Marwar Medical University || Government (RajMES) || 2024 || 100
|-
| 20 || Government Medical College, Pali || [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]] || Marwar Medical University || Government (RajMES) || 2018 || 150
|-
| 21 || Government Medical College, Sawai Madhopur || [[Sawai Madhopur]] || Rajasthan University of Health Sciences || Government (RajMES) || 2024 || 100
|-
| 22 || Government Medical College, Sirohi || [[Sirohi]] || Marwar Medical University || Government (RajMES) || 2022 || 101
|-
| 23 || Government Medical College, Sri Ganganagar || [[Sri Ganganagar]] || Marwar Medical University || Government (RajMES) || 2022 || 100
|-
| 24 || Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Ajmer || [[Ajmer]] || Rajasthan University of Health Sciences || Government || 1965 || 250
|-
| 25 || Jhalawar Medical College || [[Jhalawar]] || Rajasthan University of Health Sciences || Government || 2008 || 200
|-
| 26 || R. N. T. Medical College || [[Udaipur]] || Marwar Medical University || Government || 1961 || 250
|-
| 27 || RUHS College of Medical Sciences || [[Jaipur]] || Rajasthan University of Health Sciences || Government || 2014 || 150
|-
| 28 || Sardar Patel Medical College || [[Bikaner]] || Marwar Medical University || Government || 1959 || 250
|-
| 29 || Shri Kalyan Government Medical College || [[Sikar]] || Rajasthan University of Health Sciences || Government || 2020 || 100
|-
| 30 || SMS Medical College || [[Jaipur]] || Rajasthan University of Health Sciences || Government || 1947 || 250
|-
| 31 || ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur || [[Jaipur]] || Rajasthan University of Health Sciences || Government (ESIC) || 2025 || 50
|-
| 32 || Government Medical College, Jaisalmer || [[Jaisalmer]] || Marwar Medical University || Government (RajMES) || 2025 || 50
|-
| 33 || Government Medical College, Tonk || [[Tonk, India|Tonk]] || Rajasthan University of Health Sciences || Government (RajMES) || 2025 || 50
|}

=== Private medical colleges in Rajasthan ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No.
! College
! City
! University
! Management
! Established
! MBBS seats
|-
| 1 || American International Institute of Medical Sciences || [[Udaipur]] || Marwar Medical University || Private || 2016 || 150
|-
| 2 || Ananta Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre || [[Rajsamand]] || Marwar Medical University || Society || 2016 || 150
|-
| 3 || Dr. S. S. Tantia Medical College Hospital and Research Centre || [[Sri Ganganagar]] || Tantia University || Private || 2021 || 150
|-
| 4 || Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital || [[Udaipur]] || Geetanjali University || Trust || 2008 || 250
|-
| 5 || Jaipur National University Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre || [[Jaipur]] || Jaipur National University || Private || 2016 || 150
|-
| 6 || JIET Medical College and Hospital || [[Jodhpur]] || Marwar Medical University || Trust || 2024 || 150
|-
| 7 || Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital || [[Jaipur]] || Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences and Technology || Trust || 2001 || 250
|-
| 8 || National Institute of Medical Sciences and Research || [[Jaipur]] || NIMS University || Trust || 2004 || 250
|-
| 9 || Pacific Institute of Medical Sciences || [[Udaipur]] || Sai Tirupati University || Society || 2015 || 150
|-
| 10 || Pacific Medical College and Hospital || [[Udaipur]] || Pacific Medical University || Trust || 2014 || 150
|-
| 11 || Sudha Medical College || [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] || Rajasthan University of Health Sciences || Society || 2024 || 150
|-
| 12 || Vyas Medical College and Hospital || [[Jodhpur]] || Marwar Medical University || Private || 2024 || 150
|-
| 13 || Arya Medical College and Hospital || [[Jaipur]] || Rajasthan University of Health Sciences || Private || 2025 || 150
|-
| 14 || Geetanjali Institute of Medical Sciences || [[Jaipur]] || Rajasthan University of Health Sciences || Private || 2025 || 150
|-
| 15 || Balvir Singh Tomar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research || [[Jaipur]] || NIMS University || Private || 2025 || 150
|}

==Sikkim==
==Tamil Nadu==
==Telangana==
==Tripura==
==Uttar Pradesh==
==Uttarakhand==

==West Bengal==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.natboard.edu.in/ National Board of Examinations]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Medical College in India}}
[[Category:Medical colleges in India| ]]
[[Category:Medical education in India]]

Neo-Vedanta

2026-03-27T21:56:34Z

DeangeloKater: starting a article

{{short description|Interpretation of Hinduism}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{for|Hindu reform movements, sometimes also called "neo-Hinduism"|Hindu reform movements}}
{{related|[[Neo-Advaita]]}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{Spirituality sidebar}}
{{Advaita}}
{{Universalism}}
'''Neo-Vedanta''', also called '''neo-Hinduism''',{{sfn|King|2002|p=93}}{{sfn|Beckerlegge|2006|p=435}} '''Hindu modernism''',{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=258}} '''Global Hinduism'''{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=265}} and '''Hindu Universalism''',<ref group=web>{{Cite web |url=http://bharatabharati.wordpress.com/2012/02/15/neo-vedanta-the-problem-with-hindu-universalism-frank-gaetano-morales/ |title=Frank Morales, ''Neo-Vedanta: The problem with Hindu Universalism'' |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=16 April 2013 |archive-date=17 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217120316/http://bharatabharati.wordpress.com/2012/02/15/neo-vedanta-the-problem-with-hindu-universalism-frank-gaetano-morales/ |url-status=live }}</ref> are terms to characterise interpretations of [[Hinduism]] that developed in the 19th century. The term "Neo-Vedanta" was coined by German Indologist [[Paul Hacker (Indologist)|Paul Hacker]], in a pejorative way, to distinguish modern developments from "traditional" [[Advaita Vedanta]].{{sfn|Madaio|2017}}

Scholars have repeatedly argued that these modern interpretations incorporate [[Western world|Western]] ideas{{sfn|Halbfass|2007a|p=307}} into traditional Indian religions, especially [[Advaita Vedanta]], which is asserted as central or fundamental to [[Hindu culture]].{{sfn|King|2002|p=135}} Other scholars have described a '''Greater Advaita Vedānta''',{{sfn|Allen|2017}}{{refn|group=note|Allen has coined the term while drawing on the work of Balasubramanian,. See Balasubramanian, R., 2000, "Introduction" in ''History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian civilization'': Volume II Part 2 Advaita Vedanta. Delhi: Centre for Studies in Civilizations.}} which developed since the medieval period.{{refn|group=note|Many of these traditions, which were influential among Neo-Vedantins, did not derive from Vedantic lineages, i.e., the "Advaita Vedanta" of [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]]. As the scholar J. Madaio points out "...it is possible to speak of sanskritic and vernacular advaitic texts (which are either explicitly non-dualistic or permit a non-dualistic reading) and 'Advaita Vedanta' texts which originate within sampradayas that claim an Advaita Vedantic lineage. This, then, avoids the obfuscating tendency to subsume advaitic but non-vedantic works under a 'Vedanta' or 'Advaita Vedanta' umbrella."{{sfn|Madaio|2017|p=4}}}} Drawing on this broad pool of sources, after [[Muslims|Muslim]] rule in India was replaced by [[Company rule in India|that of the East India Company]], Hindu religious and political leaders and thinkers responded to Western [[colonialism]] and [[orientalism]], contributing to the [[Indian independence movement]] and the modern national and religious identity of [[Hindu]]s in the [[Republic of India]]. This societal aspect is covered under the term of [[Hindu reform movements]].

Among the main proponents of such modern interpretations of Hinduism were [[Vivekananda]], [[Aurobindo]] and [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Radhakrishnan]], who to some extent also contributed to the emergence of [[Neo-Hindu movements in the West]].

Neo-Vedanta has been influential in the perception of [[Hinduism]], both in the west and in the higher educated classes in India. It has received appraisal for its "solution of synthesis",{{sfn|Larson|2012|p=320}} but has also been criticised for its Universalism. The terms "Neo-Hindu" or "Neo-Vedanta" themselves have also been criticised for its polemical usage, the prefix "Neo-" then intended to imply that these modern interpretations of Hinduism are "inauthentic" or in other ways problematic.{{sfn|Halbfass|2007b|p=587}}

==Definition and etymology==
According to Halbfass, the terms "Neo-Vedanta" and "Neo-Hinduism" refer to "the adoption of Western concepts and standards and the readiness to reinterpret traditional ideas in light of these new, imported and imposed modes of thought".{{sfn|Halbfass|2007a|p=307}} Prominent in Neo-Vedanta is [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]], whose theology, according to Madaio, is often characterised in earlier scholarship as "a rupture from 'traditional' or 'classical' Hindusim, particularly the 'orthodox' Advaita Vedanta of the eighth century Shankara".{{sfn|Madaio|2017|p=2}}

The term "Neo-Vedanta" appears to have arisen in Bengal in the 19th century, where it was used by both Indians and Europeans.{{sfn|Halbfass|2007a|p=307}} Brian Hatcher wrote that "the term ''neo-Vedanta'' was first coined by Christian commentators, some of whom were firsthand observers of developments in Brahmo theology... engaged in open, sometimes acrimonious debates with the [[Brahmo Samaj|Brahmos]], whom they partly admired for their courage in abandoning traditions of polytheism and image worship but whom they also scorned for having proffered to other Hindus a viable alternative to conversion."<ref name=hatcher04>{{cite book |author1=Brian A. Hatcher |editor1-last=Rinehart |editor1-first=Robin |editor2-last=Rinehart |editor2-first=Robert |chapter=Contemporary Hindu Thought |title=Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice |date=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=978-1-57607-905-8 |pages=179–211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|192}} [[Wilhelm Halbfass|Halbfass]] wrote that "it seems likely" that the term "Neo-Hinduism" was invented by a Bengali, [[Brajendra Nath Seal]] (1864–1938), who used the term to characterise the literary work of [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]] (1838–1894).{{sfn|Halbfass|2007a|p=307}}

The term "neo-Vedanta" was used by Christian missionaries as well as Hindu traditionalists to criticise the emerging ideas of the [[Brahmo Samaj]], a critical usage whose "polemical undertone [...] is obvious".{{sfn|Halbfass|1995|p=9,21(n33)}}

Ayon Maharaj, also known as [[Swami Medhananda]] regards the continued scholarly use of the term "Neo-Vedanta" as only a "seemingly benign practice".<ref name=maharaj20>{{cite journal |last1=Maharaj |first1=Ayon |title=Śivajñāne jīver sevā: Reexamining Swami Vivekananda's Practical Vedānta in the Light of Sri Ramakrishna |journal=Journal of Dharma Studies |date=2020 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=175–187 |doi=10.1007/s42240-019-00046-x|s2cid=202387300 }}</ref>{{rp|185}} Maharaj asserts that the term Neo-Vedanta "is misleading and unhelpful for three main reasons":<ref name=maharaj18>{{cite book |last1=Maharaj |first1=Ayon |title=Infinite paths to infinite reality: Sri Ramakrishna and cross-cultural philosophy of religion. |date=2018 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780190868239 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVRuDwAAQBAJ |oclc=1079877496 |language=en |access-date=8 January 2019 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118124120/https://books.google.com/books?id=FVRuDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|46}}
{{blockquote|
First, a vague umbrella term such as "Neo-Vedanta" fails to capture the nuances of the specific Vedantic views of different modern figures.... Second, the term "Neo-Vedanta" misleadingly implies novelty.... Third, and most problematically, the term "Neo-Vedanta" is indelibly colored by German indologist Paul Hacker's polemical use of the term.<ref name=maharaj18/>{{rp|46–47}}
}}

The term "neo-Hinduism" was used by a Jesuit scholar resident in India, [[Robert Antoine]] (1914–1981), from whom it was borrowed by Paul Hacker, who used it to demarcate these modernist ideas from "surviving traditional Hinduism,"{{sfn|Halbfass|2007a|p=307}} and treating the Neo-Advaitins as "dialogue partners with a broken identity who cannot truly and authentically speak for themselves and for the Indian tradition".{{sfn|Halbfass|1995|p=9}} Hacker made a distinction between "Neo-Vedanta" and "neo-Hinduism",{{sfn|King|2002|p=93}} seeing nationalism as a prime concern of "neo-Hinduism".{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=194}}

==History==
Although neo-Vedanta developed in the 19th century in response to Western colonialism, it has deeper origins in the Muslim period of India.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010}} Michael S. Allen and Anand Venkatkrishnan note that Shankara is well-studied, but "scholars have yet to provide even a rudimentary, let alone comprehensive account of the history of Advaita Vedanta in the centuries leading up to the colonial period."{{sfn|Allen|Venkatkrishnan|2017}}

==="Greater Advaita Vedanta"===

====Unification of Hinduism====
{{main|Unifying Hinduism}}

Well before the advent of British influence, with beginnings that some scholars have argued significantly predate Islamic influence,<ref
name=allen14>{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Michael S.
|title=Untitled <nowiki>[review of Unifying Hinduism, by Andrew Nicholson]</nowiki>
|journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]] |date=17 July 2014 |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=879–883 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfu052}}</ref><ref
name=leach11>{{cite journal |last1=Leach |first1=Robert
|title=Untitled <nowiki>[review of Unifying Hinduism, by Andrew Nicholson]</nowiki>
|journal=[[Literature and Theology]] |date=9 August 2011 |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=474–477 |doi=10.1093/litthe/frr030 |issn=1477-4623}}</ref> hierarchical classifications of the various orthodox schools were developed.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010}} According to Nicholson, already between the twelfth and the sixteenth century,
{{blockquote|... certain thinkers began to treat as a single whole the diverse philosophical teachings of the Upanishads, epics, Puranas, and the schools known retrospectively as the "six systems" (''saddarsana'') of mainstream Hindu philosophy.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|p=2}}}}

The tendency of "a blurring of philosophical distinctions" has also been noted by [[Mikel Burley]].{{sfn|Burley|2007|p=34}} Lorenzen locates the origins of a distinct Hindu identity in the interaction between Muslims and Hindus,{{sfn|Lorenzen|2006|p=24-33}} and a process of "mutual self-definition with a contrasting Muslim other",{{sfn|Lorenzen|2006|p=27}} which started well before 1800.{{sfn|Lorenzen|2006|p=26-27}} Both the Indian and the European thinkers who developed the term "Hinduism" in the 19th century were influenced by these philosophers.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|p=2}}

Within these so-called ''[[Doxography|doxographies]]'' Advaita Vedanta was given the highest position, since it was regarded to be most inclusive system.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010}} [[Vijnanabhiksu]], a 16th-century philosopher and writer, is still an influential proponent of these doxographies. He's been a prime influence on 19th century Hindu modernists like Vivekananda, who also tried to integrate various strands of Hindu thought, taking Advaita Vedanta as its most representative specimen.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010}}

====Influence of yogic tradition====
While Indologists like Paul Hacker and Wilhelm Halbfass took Shankara's system as the measure for an "orthodox" Advaita Vedanta, the living Advaita Vedanta tradition in medieval times was influenced by, and incorporated elements from, the yogic tradition and texts like the ''[[Yoga Vasistha]]'' and the ''Bhagavata Purana''.{{sfn|Madaio|2017|p=4-5}} The ''Yoga Vasistha'' became an authoritative source text in the Advaita vedanta tradition in the 14th century, while Vidyāraņya's ''Jivanmuktiviveka'' (14th century) was influenced by the ''(Laghu-)Yoga-Vasistha'', which in turn was influenced by [[Kashmir Shaivism]].{{sfn|Madaio|2017|p=4}} Vivekananda's 19th century emphasis on ''nirvikalpa samadhi'' was preceded by medieval yogic influences on Advaita Vedanta. In the 16th and 17th centuries, some [[Nath]] and [[hatha yoga]] texts also came within the scope of the developing Advaita Vedanta tradition.{{sfn|Madaio|2017|p=5}}

===Company rule in India and Hindu reform movements===
{{See also|Orientalism|Hindu nationalism|Hindu reform movements}}

====Company rule in India ====
The influence of the Islamic [[Mughal Empire]] on the [[Indian subcontinent]] was gradually replaced with that of the [[East India Company]], leading to a new era in [[History of India|Indian history]]. Prior to the establishment of Company rule, Mughal rule in Northern India had a drastic effect on [[Hinduism]] (and [[Buddhism]]) through various [[Persecution of Hindus#Medieval era Muslim rulers|acts of persecution]]. While Indian society was greatly impacted by Mughal rule, the Mughal [[Economic history of India|economy]] however continued to remain one of the largest in the world, thanks in large part to its [[proto-industrialization|proto-industrialisation]].{{sfn|Maddison|2006}} Muslim rule over Southern India was also relatively short-lived before the 17th century. The policies of the East India Company coincided with the decline of proto-industrialisation in former Mughal territories.{{sfn|Maddison|2006}}{{sfn|Dharampal|1971}} The economic decline caused in part by restrictive Company policies in their Indian territories and the [[Industrial Revolution]] in Europe led to the eventual dismantlement of the dominant decentralised [[Education in India|education systems in India]] in the tail end of the 18th century.{{sfn|Dharampal|1971}} The new education system drafted by the East India Company emphasised [[Western culture]] at the expense of Indian cultures.{{sfn|Dharampal|1971}} The East India Company was also involved in supporting the activities of [[Protestantism|Protestant]] missionaries in India, particularly after 1813.{{sfn|King|2002}} These missionaries frequently expressed anti-Hindu sentiments, in line with their Christian ways of thinking.{{sfn|King|2002}}

====Hindu reform movements====
In response to Company rule in India and the dominance of Western culture, [[Hindu reform movements]] developed,{{sfn|Michaels|2004}} propagating societal and religious reforms, exemplifying what [[Percival Spear]] has called
{{blockquote|... the 'solution of synthesis'—the effort to adapt to the newcomers, in the process of which innovation and assimilation gradually occur, alongside an ongoing agenda to preserve the unique values of the many traditions of Hinduism (and other religious traditions as well).{{sfn|Larson|2012|p=319-320}}{{refn|group=note|[[Percival Spear]] (1958), ''India, Pakistan and the West'', pp 177–91. In :{{sfn|Larson|2012|p=319-320}} "Spear develops a typology of behavioral responses that appeared among the people of India with the establishment of [[Company rule in India]]. This typology is to some degree still relevant for formulating how Indic religion and philosophy may begin to play an innovative role in the intellectual discourses
of our time. Spear identifies five types of distinctive responses:
# a "military" or openly hostile response—taking up arms against the intruders;
# a "reactionary" response—the attempt to reconstitute the older political order, for example, the North Indian Rebellion (formerly called the "mutiny") in 1857–58;
# a "westernizing" response—assimilating to the new values;
# an "orthodox" response—maintenance of the older religion with appropriate reform; and
# the "solution of synthesis"—the effort to adapt to the newcomers, in the process of which innovation and assimilation gradually occur, alongside an ongoing agenda to preserve the unique values of the many traditions of Hinduism (and other religious traditions as well)."}}}}

Neo-Vedanta, also called "neo-Hinduism"{{sfn|King|2002|p=93}} is a central theme in these reform-movements.{{sfn|King|2002|p=135}} The earliest of these reform-movements was Ram Mohan Roy's [[Brahmo Samaj]], who strived toward a purified and monotheistic Hinduism.{{sfn|Michelis|2004}}

==Major proponents==
Neo-Vedanta's main proponents are the leaders of the Brahmo Samaj, especially [[Ram Mohan Roy]] is the main proponents of neo-Hinduism.{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=194}}

===Ram Mohan Roy and the Brahmo Samaj===
{{Main|Ram Mohan Roy|Brahmo Samaj|Brahmoism}}

The Brahmo Samaj was the first of the 19th century reform movements. Its founder, Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833), strived toward a [[Universalism|universalistic]] interpretation of Hinduism.{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=46}} He rejected Hindu mythology, but also the Christian trinity.{{sfn|Harris|2009|p=268}} He found that [[Unitarianism]] came closest to true Christianity,{{sfn|Harris|2009|p=268}} and had a strong sympathy for the Unitarians.{{sfn|Kipf|1979|p=3}} He founded a missionary committee in Calcutta, and in 1828 asked for support for missionary activities from the American Unitarians.{{sfn|Kipf|1979|p=7-8}} By 1829, Roy had abandoned the Unitarian Committee,{{sfn|Kipf|1979|p=15}} but after Roy's death, the Brahmo Samaj kept close ties to the Unitarian Church,{{sfn|Harris|2009|p=268-269}} who strived towards a rational faith, social reform, and the joining of these two in a renewed religion.{{sfn|Kipf|1979|p=3}} The Unitarians were closely connected to the [[Transcendentalists]], who were interested in and influenced by Indian religions early on.{{sfn|Versluis|1993}}

Rammohan Roy's ideas were "altered ... considerably" by [[Debendranath Tagore]], who had a [[Romanticism|Romantic]] approach to the development of these new doctrines, and questioned central Hindu beliefs like reincarnation and karma, and rejected the authority of the ''Vedas''.{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=46-47}} Tagore also brought this "neo-Hinduism" closer in line with Western [[Western esotericism|esotericism]], a development which was furthered by Keshubchandra Sen.{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=47}} Sen was influenced by [[Transcendentalism]], an American philosophical-religious movement strongly connected with Unitarianism, which emphasised personal [[religious experience]] over mere reasoning and theology.{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=81}} Sen strived to "an accessible, non-renunciatory, everyman type of spirituality", introducing "lay systems of spiritual practice" which can be regarded as prototypes of the kind of Yoga-exercises which Vivekananda populurised in the west.{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=49}}

The theology of the Brahmo Samaj was called "neo-Vedanta" by Christian commentators,{{sfn|Halbfass|1995|p=9}}{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=192}} who "partly admired [the Brahmos] for their courage in abandoning traditions of polytheism and image worship, but whom they also scorned for having proffered to other Hindus a viable alternative to conversion".{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=192}} Critics accused classical Vedanta of being "cosmic self-infatuation" and "ethical nihilism".{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=192}} Brahmo Samaj leaders responded to such attacks by redefining the Hindu path to liberation, making the Hindu path available to both genders and all castes,{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=192}} incorporating "notions of democracy and worldly improvement".{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=193}}

===Vivekananda (1863–1902)===
{{Main|Swami Vivekananda|Ramakrishna Mission}}

According to Gavin Flood, Vivekananda (1863–1902){{sfn|Flood|1996|p=257}} (Narendranath Dutta) "is a figure of great importance in the development of a modern Hindu self-understanding and in formulating the West's view of Hinduism".{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=257}} He played a major role in the [[Hindu reform movements|revival of Hinduism]],{{sfn|Dense|1999|p=191}} and the spread of Advaita Vedanta to the west via the [[Ramakrishna Mission]].{{refn|group=note|His interpretation of Advaita Vedanta has been called "Neo-Vedanta".{{sfn|Mukerji|1983}}}}

In 1880 Vivekananda joined [[Keshub Chandra Sen]]'s ''[[Nava Vidhan]]'', which was established by Sen after meeting [[Ramakrishna]] and reconverting from Christianity to Hinduism.{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=99}} Narendranath (a.k.a. Narendra) became a member of a [[Freemasonry]] lodge "at some point before 1884"{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=100}} and of the [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]] in his twenties, a breakaway faction of the [[Brahmo Samaj]] led by [[Keshub Chandra Sen]] and [[Debendranath Tagore]].{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=99}}{{sfn| Sen|2006|pp=12–14}}{{sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=8}}{{sfn|Badrinath|2006|p=20}} From 1881 to 1884 he was also active in Sen's [[Band of Hope]], which tried to discourage the youth from smoking and drinking.{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=99}} It was in this [[cult]]ic{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=31-35}} milieu that Narendra became acquainted with Western [[Western esotericism|esotericism]].{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=19-90, 97-100}} His initial beliefs were shaped by Brahmo concepts, which included belief in a formless God and the deprecation of [[idolatry]],{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=5}}{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=29}} and a "streamlined, rationalised, monotheistic theology strongly coloured by a selective and modernistic reading of the ''Upanisads'' and of the Vedanta".{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=46}} He propagated the idea that "the divine, the absolute, exists within all human beings regardless of social status",{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=258}} and that "seeing the divine as the essence of others will promote love and social harmony".{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=258}}

During this period, he came in contact with [[Ramakrishna]], who eventually became his guru. Maharaj has argued that Ramakrishna gradually brought Narendra to a Vedanta-based worldview that "provides the ontological basis for <nowiki>'</nowiki>''śivajñāne jīver sevā''<nowiki>'</nowiki>, the spiritual practice of serving human beings as actual manifestations of God."<ref name=maharaj20/>{{rp|177}}
Maharaj describes how, "on one occasion in 1884, Sri Ramakrishna was explaining... that one of the main religious practices of [[Vaishnavism|Vaiṣṇavas]] is 'showing compassion to all beings' (''sarva jīve dayā'')",<ref name=maharaj20/>{{rp|179}} and that Ramakrishna then asserted "It must not be compassion, but service to all. Serve them, knowing that they are all manifestations of God [śivajñāne jīver sevā]".<ref name=maharaj20/>{{rp|179}} According to Maharaj, Ramakrishna teachings that day "affected the young Naren so deeply that he took his friends aside afterward and explained its profound ethical significance to them",<ref name=maharaj20/>{{rp|180}} stating
{{blockquote|
What Ṭhākur [Sri Ramakrishna] said today in his ecstatic mood is clear: One can bring Vedānta from the forest to the home and practice it in daily life. Let people continue with whatever they are doing; there’s no harm in this. People must first fully believe and be convinced that God has manifested Himself before them as the world and its creatures.... If people consider everyone to be God, how can they consider themselves to be superior to others and harbor attachment, hatred, arrogance—or even compassion [dayā]—toward them? Their minds will become pure as they serve all beings as God [śivajñāne jīver sevā], and soon they will experience themselves as parts of the blissful God. They will realize that their true nature is pure, illumined, and free. (Saradananda 2003: 852, Sāradānanda [1919] 2009: II.ii.131)<ref name=maharaj20/>{{rp|180}}
}}

Vivekananda popularised the notion of ''[[Involution (esoterism)|involution]]'', a term which he probably took from western [[Theosophy|Theosophists]], notably [[Helena Blavatsky]], in addition to Darwin's notion of evolution, and possibly referring to the [[Samkhya]] term ''[[Satkaryavada|sātkarya]]''.{{sfn|Heehs|2020|p=175}}{{refn|group=note|Theosophic ideas on involution has "much in common" with "theories of the descent of God in Gnosticism, Kabbalah, and other esoteric schools."{{sfn|Heehs|2020|p=175}}}} According to Meera Nanda, "Vivekananda uses the word involution exactly how it appears in Theosophy: the descent, or the involvement, of divine cosnciousness into matter."{{sfn|Nanda|2010|p=335}} With spirit, Vivekananda refers to ''[[prana]]'' or ''[[purusha]]'', derived ("with some original twists") from Samkhya and [[classical yoga]] as presented by [[Patanjali]] in the [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga Sutras]].{{sfn|Nanda|2010|p=335}}

Vivekananda's acquaintance with Western esotericism made him very successful in Western esoteric circles, beginning with his speech in 1893 at the Parliament of Religions. Vivekananda adapted traditional Hindu ideas and religiosity to suit the needs and understandings of his Western audiences, who were especially attracted by and familiar with Western esoteric traditions and movements like [[Transcendentalism]] and [[New thought]].{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=119-123}} An important element in his adaptation of Hindu religiosity was the introduction of his four yoga's model, which includes [[Raja yoga]], his interpretation of Patanjali's [[Yoga Sutras]],{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=123-126}} which offered a practical means to realise the divine force within which is central to modern Western esotericism.{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=119-123}} In 1896 his book ''[[Raja Yoga (book)|Raja Yoga]]'' was published, which became an instant success and was highly influential in the Western understanding of yoga.{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=125-126}}{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=149-180}}

In line with Advaita Vedanta texts like ''[[Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka]]'' (14th century) and ''[[Vedantasara (of Sadananda)]]'' (15th century), Vivekananda saw [[samadhi]] as a means to attain liberation.{{sfn|Comans|1993}}

===Gandhi===
{{Main|Mahatma Gandhi}}

[[Mohandas K. Gandhi]] (1869–1948) has become a worldwide hero of tolerance, [[nonviolence]], and striving toward freedom. In his own time, he objected to the growing forces of [[Indian nationalism]], [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalism]] and the [[Subaltern (postcolonialism)|subaltern]] response.{{sfn|Panicker|2006|p=8-10}}{{refn|group=note|"Subaltern" is the social group who is socially, politically, and geographically outside of the [[Hegemony|hegemonic]] [[Hierarchy|power structure]] of a country. In the Indian colonial and post-colonial context this entails the hegemony of upper-class visions on Indian history, such as the ''Vedic'' origins of Hinduism, and the alternative visions{{sfn|Panicker|2006|p=9}} such as [[Dravidian nationalism]] and the [[Dalit Buddhist movement]].}} Gandhi saw religion as a uniting force, confessing the equality of all religions.{{sfn|Panicker|2006|p=10}} He synthesised the ''[[Astika]]'', ''Nastika'' and ''Semitic religions'', promoting an inclusive culture for peaceful living.{{sfn|Panicker|2006|p=10}} Gandhi pled for a new [[hermeneutics]] of Indian scriptures and philosophy, observing that "there are ample religious literature both in ''Astika'' and ''Nastika'' religions supporting for a pluralistic approach to religious and cultural diversity".{{sfn|Panicker|2006|p=10}}

The orthodox Advaita Vedanta, and the heterodox Jain concept [[Anekantavada]] provided him concepts for an "integral approach to religious pluralism".{{sfn|Panicker|2006|p=10}} He regarded Advaita as a universal religion ("dharma"{{sfn|Panicker|2006|p=11}}) which could unite both the orthodox and nationalistic religious interpretations, as the subaltern alternatives.{{sfn|Panicker|2006|p=11}} Hereby Gandhi offers an interpretation of ''Hindutva'' which is basically different from the ''[[Sangh Parivar]]''-interpretation.{{sfn|Panicker|2006|p=11}} The concept of ''anekantavada'' offered Gandhi an axiom that "truth is many-sided and relative".{{sfn|Panicker|2006|p=11}} It is "a methodology to counter exclusivism or absolutism propounded by many religious interpretations".{{sfn|Panicker|2006|p=11}} It has the capability of synthesising different percpetions of reality.{{sfn|Panicker|2006|p=11}} In Gandhi's view,
{{blockquote|...the spirit of 'Synthesis' essentially dominated Indian civilization. This spirit is absorption, assimilation, co-existence and synthesis.{{sfn|Panicker|2006|p=11}}}}

Anekantavada also gives room to an organic understanding of "spatio-temporal process",{{sfn|Panicker|2006|p=11}} that is, the daily world and its continued change.{{refn|group=note|Compare Gier (2012), who pleads for a [[Process philosophy|process-philosophy]] instead of a [[Substance theory|substance-philosophy]].{{sfn|Gier|2012}}}} The doctrine of anekantavada is a plea for ''samvada'', "dialogue", and an objection against proselytising activities.{{sfn|Panicker|2006|p=11}}

===Sarvepalli Radhakrisnan===
{{Main|Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan}}

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was a major force in the further popularisation of Neo-Vedanta.{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=194-196}} As a schoolboy, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was inspired by Vivekananda's lectures, in which he found "an ennobling vision of truth and harmony as well as a message of Indian pride".{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=194}} He was educated by Christian missionaries, and wrote a master thesis on Vedanta and ethics.{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=195}} In later life, he became vice-president and president of India.{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=195}} According to Rinehart, he presented his view of Hinduism as ''the'' view of Hinduism.{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=195}} Central in his presentation was the claim that religion is fundamentally a kind of experience,{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=195}} ''anubhava'',<ref group=web name="IEP-Radhakrishnan">[http://www.iep.utm.edu/radhakri/#SH3b Michael Hawley, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ''Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan'']</ref> reducing religion "to the core experience of reality in its fundamental unity".{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=195}}{{refn|group=note|The notion of "religious experience" can be traced back to [[William James]], who used the term "religious experience" in his book, ''[[The Varieties of Religious Experience]]''.{{sfn|Hori|1999|p = 47}} [[Wayne Proudfoot]] traces the roots of the notion of "religious experience" further back to the German theologian [[Friedrich Schleiermacher]] (1768–1834), who argued that religion is based on a feeling of the infinite. The notion of "religious experience" was used by Schleiermacher to defend religion against the growing scientific and secular citique.{{sfn|Sharf|2000}} The term was popularised by the [[Transcendentalists]], and exported to Asia via missionaries.{{sfn|King|2002}} It was adopted by many scholars of religion, of which William James was the most influential.{{sfn|Sharf|2000|p = 271}}}} For Radhakrishnan, Vedanta was the essence and bedrock of religion.{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=196}}

==Philosophy==
{{See also|Sanskritisation}}

===Politics===

====Nationalism====
{{Main|Hindu nationalism}}
{{expand section|date=September 2015}}

Vivekananda "occupies a very important place" in the development of Indian nationalism<ref group=web name="IE">[http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/spirituality/The-theory-of-nationalism-by-Swami-Vivekananda/2013/11/16/article1893824.ece ''The theory of nationalism by Swami Vivekananda''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127014303/http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/spirituality/The-theory-of-nationalism-by-Swami-Vivekananda/2013/11/16/article1893824.ece |date=27 November 2015 }}, The New Indian Express, 16 November 2013 (first published in ''Vedanta Kesari'', Ramakrishna Math, Chennai).</ref> as well as Hindu nationalism,{{sfn|Sharma|2011|p=73-126}}{{sfn|Sharma|2013}} and has been called "the prophet of nationalism", pleading for a "Hindu regeneration".{{sfn|Sen|1997|p=75}} According to S.N. Sen, his motto "Arise, Awake and do not stop until the goal is reached" had a strong appeal for millions of Indians.{{sfn|Sen|1997|p=75}} According to Bijoy Misra, a private blogger,
{{blockquote|
In [[colonial India]], "salvation" had been interpreted as being independent from colonial rule. Many Indians credit Swami Vivekananda to have sown the early seeds of nationalism culminating in India's independence.<ref group=web name="BM">{{Cite web |url=http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=9741 |title=Bijoy Misra (2014), ''Book Review: Indra's Net – Defending Hinduism's Philosophical Unity'' |access-date=17 September 2015 |archive-date=26 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326060429/http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=9741 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>}}

====Social activism====
{{expand section|date=September 2015}}

According to Bijoy Misra, a private blogger,
{{blockquote|Spiritual culmination needed awakening of human will and he helped create a band of volunteers to work among the poor, the distressed and the "left outs" in the economic power struggle. This path of pursuing spirituality through service is a part of original concepts of SriKrishna.<ref group=web name="BM" />}}

===Religion===

====Unity of Hinduism====
Neo-Vedanta aims to present Hinduism as a "homogenised ideal of Hinduism"{{sfn|Yelle|2012|p=338}} with Advaita Vedanta as its central doctrine.{{sfn|King|2002|p=135}} It presents
{{blockquote|... an imagined "integral unity" that was probably little more than an "imagined" view of the religious life that pertained only to a cultural elite and that empirically speaking had very little reality "on the ground," as it were, throughout the centuries of cultural development in the South Asian region.{{sfn|Larson|2012|p=313}}}}

Neo-Vedanta was influenced by Oriental scholarship, which portrayed Hinduism as a "single world religion",{{sfn|King|2002|p=135}} and denigrated the heterogeneity of Hindu beliefs and practices as 'distortions' of the basic teachings of Vedanta.{{sfn|King|1999|p=135}}{{refn|group=note|The same tendency to prefer an essential core teaching has been prevalent in Western scholarship of Theravada Buddhism,{{sfn|McMahan|2008}} and has also been constructed by D.T. Suzuki in his presentation of Zen-Buddhism to the west.{{sfn|McMahan|2008}}{{sfn|McRae|2003}}}}{{refn|group=note|David Gordon White notes: "Many Western indologists and historians of religion specializing in Hinduism never leave the unalterable worlds of the scriptures they interpret to investigate the changing real-world contexts out of which those texts emerged". He argues for "an increased emphasis on non-scriptural sources and a focus on regional traditions".{{sfn|White|2006|p=104}}}}

====Universalism====
{{Main|Universalism}}

Following Ramakrishna, neo-Vedanta regards all religions to be equal paths to liberation, but also gives a special place to Hinduism, as the ultimate universal religion. The various religious faiths of the world are regarded to help people to attain God-realisation, the experience of God or the Ultimate. According to some authors, this is expressed in the [[Rig Veda]],<ref>[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_1/Hymn_164 Rig Veda Samhita 1.164.46] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506235352/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_1/Hymn_164 |date=6 May 2019 }}, Wiki Source</ref> "[[Sat (Sanskrit word)|Truth]] is [[Ekam|one]]; only It is called by different names,"<ref>[[Gospel of Ramakrishna]], page 423</ref> The [[Ramakrishna]]/[[Vivekananda]] movement has these concepts to popular awareness in India and the West. An example is [[Aldous Huxley]]'s 1945 book, ''[[The Perennial Philosophy]]'', in which are gathered quotes from the religions of the world that express, for him, the universality of religion by showing the same fundamental Truths are found in each of the world's religions.

====Vedanta and (qualified) nondualism====
{{See also|Nondualism}}

While aligning with Advaita Vedanta, neo-Vedanta modifies core tenets of that tradition. According to Benavides, neo-Vedanta is actually closer to Ramanuja's [[Vishishtadvaita|qualified non-dualism]] than it is to Shankara Advaita Vedanta.{{sfn|Benavides|1993}} Anil Sooklal also notes that Vivekananda's neo-Advaita "reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita or non-dualism".{{sfn|Sooklal|1993|p=33}}{{refn|group=note|Sooklalmquoytes Chatterjee: "Sankara's Vedanta is known as Advaita or [[non-dualism]], pure and simple. Hence it is sometimes referred to as Kevala-Advaita or unqualified monism. It may also be called abstract monism in so far as Brahman, the Ultimate Reality, is, according to it, devoid of all qualities and distinctions, nirguna and nirvisesa ... The Neo-Vedanta is also Advaitic inasmuch as it holds that Brahman, the Ultimate Reality, is one without a second, ''ekamevadvitiyam''. But as distinguished from the traditional Advaita of Sankara, it is a synthetic Vedanta which reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita or non-dualism and also other theories of reality. In this sense it may also be called concrete monism in so far as it holds that Brahman is both qualified, saguna, and qualityless, nirguna (Chatterjee, 1963 : 260)."{{sfn|Sooklal|1993|p=33}}}} Nicholas F. Gier notes that neo-Vedanta does not regard the world to be illusionary, in contrast to Shankara's Advaita.{{sfn|Gier|2012|p=268-269}}{{refn|group=note|Gier: "Ramakrsna, Svami Vivekananda, and Aurobindo (I also include M.K. Gandhi) have been labeled "neo-Vedantists," a philosophy that rejects the Advaitins' claim that the world is illusory. Aurobindo, in his ''The Life Divine'', declares that he has moved from Sankara's "universal illusionism" to his own "universal realism" (2005: 432), defined as metaphysical realism in the European philosophical sense of the term."{{sfn|Gier|2012|p=268-269}}}}{{refn|group=note|name="RM_real"|{{harvtxt|Ramana Maharshi|2000|p=303-304}}, April 15, 1937: "Now they say that the world is unreal. Of what degree of unreality is it? Is it like that of a son of a barren mother or a flwer in the sky, mere words without any reference to facts? Whereas the world is a fact and not a mere word. The answer is that it is a superimposition on the one Reality, like the appearance of a snake on a coiled rope seen in dim light. But here too the wrong identity ceases as soon as the friend points out that it is a rope. Whereas in the matter of the world it persists even after it is known to be unreal. How is that? Again the appearance of water in a mirage persists even after the knowledge of the mirage is recognised. So it is with the world. Though knowing it to be unreal, it continues to manifest."}}

Radhakrishnan acknowledged the reality and diversity of the world of experience, which he saw as grounded in and supported by the absolute or Brahman.<ref group=web name="IEP" />{{refn|group=note|name="Neo-Vedanta|Neo-Vedanta seems to be closer to [[Bhedabheda|Bhedabheda-Vedanta]] than to Shankara's Advaita Vedanta, with the acknowledgement of the reality of the world. Nicholas F. Gier: "Ramakrsna, Svami Vivekananda, and Aurobindo (I also include M.K. Gandhi) have been labeled "neo-Vedantists," a philosophy that rejects the Advaitins' claim that the world is illusory. Aurobindo, in his ''The Life Divine'', declares that he has moved from Sankara's "universal illusionism" to his own "universal realism" (2005: 432), defined as metaphysical realism in the European philosophical sense of the term."{{sfn|Gier|2012}}}} Radhakrishnan also reinterpreted Shankara's notion of ''[[Maya (illusion)|maya]]''. According to Radhakrishnan, maya is not a strict absolute idealism, but "a subjective misperception of the world as ultimately real".<ref group=web name="IEP">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/radhakri/#H2 |title=Michael Hawley, ''Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888—1975)'', Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=12 January 2016 |archive-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712171420/https://www.iep.utm.edu/radhakri/#H2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gandhi endorsed the Jain concept of [[Anekantavada]],{{sfn|Panicker|2006|p=190-191}} the notion that truth and reality are perceived differently from diverse points of view, and that no single point of view is the complete truth.{{sfn|Dundas|2004|p=123–136}}{{sfn|Koller|2004|p=400–407}} This concept embraces the perspectives of both Vedānta which, according to Jainism, "recognises [[Substance theory|substances]] but not process", and Buddhism, which "recognises [[Process philosophy|process]] but not substance". Jainism, on the other hand, pays equal attention to both substance (''dravya'') and process (''paryaya'').{{sfn|Burch|1964|p=68–93}}

According to Michael Taft, Ramakrishna reconciled the dualism of formless and form.{{sfn|Taft|2014}} Ramakrishna regarded the Supreme Being to be both Personal and Impersonal, active and inactive.<ref group=web name="GM" />{{refn|group=note|Ramakrishna: "When I think of the Supreme Being as inactive - neither creating nor preserving nor destroying - I call Him Brahman or Purusha, the Impersonal God. When I think of Him as active - creating, preserving and destroying - I call Him Sakti or Maya or Prakriti, the Personal God. But the distinction between them does not mean a difference. The Personal and Impersonal are the same thing, like milk and its whiteness, the diamond and its lustre, the snake and its wriggling motion. It is impossible to conceive of the one without the other. The Divine Mother and Brahman are one."<ref group=web name="GM">{{cite web|title=Sri Ramakrisha The Great Master, by Swami Saradananda, (tr.) Swami Jagadananda, 5th ed., v.1, pp.558-561, Sri Ramakrishna Math, Madras.|url=http://www.chennaimath.org/istore/product/sri-ramakrishna-the-great-master/|access-date=12 January 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103006/http://www.chennaimath.org/istore/product/sri-ramakrishna-the-great-master/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} According to Sarma, who stands in the tradition of [[Nisargadatta Maharaj]], Advaitavāda means "spiritual non-dualism or absolutism",{{sfn|Sarma|1996|p=1}} in which opposites are ''manifestations'' of the Absolute, which itself is immanent and transcendent.{{sfn|Sarma|1996|p=1-2}}{{refn|group=note|Sarma: "All opposites like being and non-being, life and death, good and evil, light and darkness, gods and men, soul and nature are viewed as manifestations of the Absolute which is immanent in the universe and yet transcends it."{{sfn|Sarma|1996|p=1-2}}}}

====''Sruti'' versus "experience"====
{{See also|Advaita Vedanta#''Svādhyāya'' and ''anubhava'' - understanding the texts|l2=Svādhyāya and anubhava|Religious experience|l3=Religious experience|Mysticism#Mystical experience|l4=Mystical experience}}

A central concern in Neo-Vedanta is the role of ''[[sruti]]'', sacred texts, versus (personal) experience. Classical Advaita Vedanta is centered on the correct understanding of ''sruti'', the sacred texts. Correct understanding of the ''sruti'' is a ''pramana'', a means of knowledge to attain liberation.{{sfn|Myers|2013|p=104-105}}{{sfn|Rambachan|1984}}{{sfn|Dalal|2009|p=22}} It takes years of preparation and study to accomplish this task, and includes the mastery of Sanskrit, the memorisation of texts, and the meditation over the interpretation of those texts.{{sfn|Dubois|2014}} Understanding is called ''[[anubhava]]'',{{sfn|Rambachan|1991|p=5}} knowledge or understanding derived from (personal) experience.<ref group=web>[https://archive.today/20150131061313/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?p.0:100.apte V.S.Apte, ''The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary'']</ref>{{sfn|Myers|2013|p=105}} ''Anubhava'' removes ''[[Avidya (Hinduism)|Avidya]]'', ignorance, regarding Brahman and Atman, and leads to ''[[moksha]]'', liberation. In neo-Vedanta, the status of ''sruti'' becomes secondary, and [[religious experience|"personal experience"]] itself becomes the primary means to liberation.{{sfn|Rambachan|1991|p=1-14}}

==Smarta tradition==
{{Main|Smarta tradition}}

According to Ninian Smart, Neo-Vedanta is "largely a smarta account."{{sfn|Smart|2009|p=186}} In modern times Smarta-views have been highly influential in both the Indian{{sfn|Smart|2009|p=186}}<ref group=web name="iskon-smarta">[http://hinduism.iskcon.org/tradition/1204.htm iskcon.org, ''Heart of Hinduism: The Smarta Tradition''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113092719/http://hinduism.iskcon.org/tradition/1204.htm |date=13 November 2013 }}</ref> and Western<ref group=web name="hinduism-guide.com-Hinduism">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduism-guide.com/hinduism/hinduism.htm |title=Hinduism-guide.com, ''Hinduism'' |access-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909123903/http://www.hinduism-guide.com/hinduism/hinduism.htm |archive-date=9 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> understanding of Hinduism. According to iskcon.org,
{{blockquote|Many Hindus may not strictly identify themselves as Smartas but, by adhering to Advaita Vedanta as a foundation for non-sectarianism, are indirect followers.<ref group=web name="iskon-smarta" />}}

Vaitheespara notes adherence of Smartha Brahmans to "the pan-Indian Sanskrit-Brahmanical tradition":{{sfn|Vaitheespara|2010|p=91}}
{{blockquote|The emerging pan-Indian nationalism was clearly founded upon a number of cultural movements that, for the most part, reimagined an 'Aryo-centric', neo-Brahmanical vision of India, which provided the 'ideology' for this hegemonic project. In the Tamil region, such a vision and ideology was closely associated with the Tamil Brahmans and, especially, the Smartha Brahmans who were considered the strongest adherents of the pan-Indian Sanskrit-Brahmanical tradition.{{sfn|Vaitheespara|2010|p=91}}}}

The majority of members of Smarta community follow the Advaita Vedanta philosophy of Shankara.<ref group=web name="Hinduism-guide.com-smarta" /> Smarta and Advaita have become almost synonymous, though not all Advaitins are Smartas.<ref group=web name="Hinduism-guide.com-smarta" /> [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]] was a Smarta,<ref group=web name="Hinduism-guide.com-smarta">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduism-guide.com/hinduism/smarta.htm |title=Hinduism-guide.com, ''Hinduism: Details about "Smarta"'' |access-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113092133/http://www.hinduism-guide.com/hinduism/smarta.htm |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> just like [[Radhakrishnan]].{{sfn|Fort|1998|p=179}}{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=3}} Smartas believe in the essential oneness of five ([[panchadeva]]) or six ([[Shanmata]]) deities as personifications of the Supreme.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} According to Smartism, supreme reality, Brahman, transcends all of the various forms of personal deity.{{sfn|Espín|Nickoloff|2007|p=563}} God is both [[Saguna brahman|Saguna]] and [[Nirguna Brahman|Nirguna]]:<ref group=web name="WiseGeek" />
{{blockquote|As Saguna, God exhibits qualities such as an infinite nature and a number of characteristics such as compassion, love, and justice. As Nirguna, God is understood as pure consciousness that is not connected with matter as experienced by humanity. Because of the holistic nature of God, these are simply two forms or names that are expressions of Nirguna Brahman, or the Ultimate Reality.<ref group=web name="WiseGeek">{{Cite web |url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-smartism.htm |title=WiseGeek, ''What is Smartism?'' |access-date=14 November 2013 |archive-date=12 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112200919/http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-smartism.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Lola Williamson further notes that "what is called Vedic in the smarta tradition, and in much of Hinduism, is essentially Tantric in its range of deities and liturgical forms."{{sfn|Williamson|2010|p=89}}

==Influence==
Neo-Vedanta was popularised in the 20th century in both India and the west by [[Vivekananda]],{{sfn|Michaelson|2009|p=79-81}}{{sfn|King|2002|p=135}} [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]],{{sfn|King|2002|p=135}} and Western [[Oriental studies|orientalists]] who regarded Vedanta to be the "central theology of Hinduism".{{sfn|King|2002|p=135}}

===Vedanticisation===
Neo-Vedanta has become a broad current in Indian culture,{{sfn|King|2002|p=135}}{{sfn|Sinari|2000}} extending far beyond the [[Dashanami Sampradaya]], the Advaita Vedanta [[Sampradaya]] founded by [[Adi Shankara]]. The influence of Neo-Vedanta on Indian culture has been called "Vedanticisation" by [[Richard E. King|Richard King]].{{sfn|King|2002|p=69}}

An example of this "Vedanticisation" is [[Ramana Maharshi]], who is regarded as one of the greatest Hindu-saints of modern times,{{refn|group=note|A comparable change of reception can be seen in the status of [[Meister Eckhart]], who has come to be celebrated the most noted Western mystic.}}, of whom Sharma notes that "among all the major figures of modern Hinduism [he] is the one person who is widely regarded as a ''[[jivanmukti]]''".{{sfn|Sharma|2005|p=208}} Although Sharma admits that Ramana was not acquainted with Advaita Vedanta before his personal experience of liberation,{{sfn|Sharma|2005|p=213}} and Ramana never received [[Diksha|initiation]] into the [[Dashanami Sampradaya]] or any other [[sampradaya]],<ref group=web name="jd6">{{Cite web |url=http://davidgodman.org/rteach/jd6.shtml |title=John David, ''An Introduction to Sri Ramana's Life and Teachings''. David Godman talks to John David. Page 6 |access-date=16 April 2013 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002154422/https://www.davidgodman.org/an-introduction-to-sri-ramanas-life-and-teachings/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sharma nevertheless sees Ramana's answers to questions by devotees as being within an Advaita Vedanta framework.{{sfn|Sharma|2005}}{{refn|group=note|Ramana himself observed religious practices connected to Tamil Shaivism, such as [[Pradakshina]], walking around the mountain, a practice which was often performed by Ramana.{{sfn|Cornille|1992|p=83}} Ramana considered Arunachala to be his Guru.{{sfn|Cornille|1992|p=83}}{{sfn|Poonja|2000|p=59}} Asked about the special sanctity of Arunachala, Ramana said that Arunachala is Shiva himself.{{sfn|Venkataramiah|1936|p=Talk 143}}In his later years, Ramana said it was the spiritual power of Arunachala which had brought about his Self-realisation.{{sfn|Godman|1985|p=2}} He composed the ''Five Hymns to Arunachala'' as devotional song.{{sfn|Cornille|1992|p=83}} In later life, Ramana himself came to be regarded as [[Dakshinamurthy]],{{sfn|Frawley|1996|p=92-93}}{{sfn|Paranjape|2009|p=57-58}} an aspect of Shiva as a [[guru]].}}{{refn|group=note|name="RM_real"}}

===Diversity and pluralism===
In response to the developments in India during the colonial era and Western critiques of Hinduism, various visions on Indian diversity and unity have been developed within the nationalistic and reform movements.{{sfn|King|2002}}{{sfn|Rambachan|1994}}

The [[Brahmo Samaj]] strived towards monotheism, while no longer regarding the Vedas as sole religious authority.{{sfn|Rambachan|1994}} The Brahmo Samaj had a strong influence on the Neo-Vedanta of Vivekananda,{{sfn|Rambachan|1994}} Aurobindo, Radhakrishnan and Gandhi,{{sfn|King|2002}} who strived toward a modernised, humanistic Hinduism with an open eye for societal problems and needs.{{sfn|King|2002}} Other groups, like the [[Arya Samaj]], strived toward a revival of Vedic authority.{{sfn|Rambachan|1994|p=38}}{{refn|group=note|The [[Arya Samaj]] "teaches that the ''Vedic'' religion is the only true religion revealed by God for all."{{sfn|Panicker|2006|p=39}} The Arya Samaj was founded by [[Dayanand Saraswati]] (1824-1883), who "was the solitary champion of Vedic authority and infallibility".{{sfn|Rambachan|1994|p=38}}}} In this context, various responses toward India's diversity developed.

====Hindu inclusivism – Hindutva and "Dharmic religions"====
In modern times, the orthodox measure of the primacy of the Vedas has been joined with the 'grand narrative' of the Vedic origins of Hinduism. The exclusion of Jainism and Buddhism excludes a substantial part of India's cultural and religious history from the assertion of a strong and positive Hindu identity. Hindutva-ideology solves this problem by taking recourse to the notion of ''[[Hindutva]]'', "Hinduness", which includes Jainism and Buddhism. A recent strategy, exemplified by [[Rajiv Malhotra]], is the use of the term ''[[dharma]]'' as a common denominator, which also includes Jainism and Buddhism.{{sfn|Gier|2012}}

According to Larson, Malhotra's notion of "the so-called "Dharma” traditions"{{sfn|Larson|2012|p=314}} and their "integral unity" is another example of "neo-Hindu discourse".{{sfn|Larson|2012|p=314}} Malhotra, in his ''[[Being Different]]'', uses the term "Dharmic tradition" or "dharmic systems", "referring to all the Hindu, Buddhist, Jaina and Sikh traditions".{{sfn|Larson|2012|p=313}} He proposes that those traditions, despite their differences, share common features, the most important being "[[Dharma]]".{{refn|group=note|According to [[:de:Paul Hacker|Paul Hacker]], as described by Halbfass, the term "dharma" "assumed a fundamentally new meaning and function in modern Indian thought, beginning with [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay|Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]] in the nineteenth century. This process, in which ''dharma'' was presented as an equivalent of, but also a response to the Western notion of "religion", reflects a fundamental change in the Hindu sense of identity and in the attitude toward other religious and cultural traditions. The foreign tools of "religion" and "nation" became tolls of self-definition, and a new and precarious sense of the "unity of Hinduism" and of national as well as religious identity took root".{{sfn|Halbfass|1995|p=10}}}} They are also characterised by the notion of "Integral Unity", which means that "ultimately only the whole exists; the parts that make up the whole have but a relative existence. The whole is independent and indivisible",<ref group=web name="Hitchhiker">{{Cite web |url=http://beingdifferentforum.blogspot.nl/2013/01/why-integral-unity-and-not-synthetic.html |title=Hitchhiker's Guide to Rajiv Malhotra's Discussion Forum |access-date=21 May 2013 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610211530/http://beingdifferentforum.blogspot.nl/2013/01/why-integral-unity-and-not-synthetic.html |url-status=live }}</ref> as opposed to "Synthetic Unity", which "starts with parts that exist separately from one another".<ref group=web name="Hitchhiker" />{{refn|group=note|According to Malhotra, "the four Dharma systems also share these general presuppositions":{{sfn|Malhotra|2013|p=382-383}}
* "They all lead to the transcendent principle expressed variously as [[brahman]], [[nirvana]] and [[kevala]]";{{sfn|Malhotra|2013|p=382-383}}
* "They facilitate the attainment of an extraordinary and direct experience (such as the highest yogic [[samadhi]]), leading to the realization of the transcendent principle at the personal level (sometimes even at the embodied level as [[Jivanmukta|jivanamukta]] or avalokateçvara);{{sfn|Malhotra|2013|p=382-383}}
* "They facilitate a harmonious relation between the phenomenal and material mode of life ([[samsara]]) with the goal of spiritual liberation (paramartha) variously";{{sfn|Malhotra|2013|p=382-383}}
* "They all share praxis, including symbols, foods, customs, social values, sacred geography, family values, festivals and so on."{{sfn|Malhotra|2013|p=382-383}}}} Malhotra has received strong criticism of his ideas, for 'glossing over'{{sfn|Yelle|2012|p=338-339}} the differences between and even within the various traditions of India.{{sfn|Larson|2012}}{{sfn|Yelle|2012}}

In response, Malhotra explains that some of his critics confused "integral unity" with "homogeneity", thinking that Malhotra said all those traditions are essentially the same, when he actually wrote that Dharmic traditions share a sense of an "integral unity" despite differences.{{sfn|Malhotra|2013}}{{refn|group=note| According to Larson,
{{blockquote|Malhotra would have the reader believe that there is an "integral unity" underlying the various Dharma traditions, but, in fact, the very term "[[dharma]]" signals fascinating differences."{{sfn|Larson|2012|p=313}}}}

And according to Yelle,
{{blockquote|The idea of "dharmic traditions" represents a choice to gloss over, whether for ideological or strategic reasons, the vast differences that exist among and even within the various traditions of India ... These differences are invoked occasionally in order to buttress Malhotra’s argument for the pluralism of Indian culture, only to be erased as he presents as universal to dharmic traditions what is, in fact, easily recognizable as a thoroughly modern and homogenized ideal of Hinduism drawn from certain aspects of Vedanta philosophy and Yoga.{{sfn|Yelle|2012|p=338-339}}}}

In a response, Malhotra explains that some of his critics confused "integral unity" with "homogeneity", and that all those traditions are essentially the same, but that they share the assertion of an "integral unity":{{sfn|Malhotra|2013}}
{{blockquote|Yelle is right when he says that, "Every tradition is in fact an amalgam, and retains the traces of its composite origins." But he is wrong when he argues against my use of common features such as integral unity and embodied knowing, calling these "a thoroughly modern and homogenized ideal of Hinduism drawn from certain aspects of Vedånta philosophy and
Yoga." His concern about homogenization would have been legitimate if Being Different had proposed an integration of all Dharma traditions into a single new tradition. This is simply not my goal. Looking for commonality as a standpoint from which to gaze at a different family does not require us to relinquish the internal distinctiveness among the members of either family.{{sfn|Malhotra|2013|p=375-376}}}}}}

====Inclusivism and communalism====
According to Rinehart, neo-Vedanta is "a theological scheme for subsuming religious difference under the aegis of Vedantic truth".{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=196-197}}{{refn|group=note|Though neo-Hindu authors prefer the idiom of tolerance to that of inclusivism, it is clear that what is advocated is less a secular view of toleration than a theological scheme for subsuming religious difference under the aegis of Vedantic truth. Thus Radhakrishnan's view of experience as the core of religious truth effectively leads to harmony only when and if other religions are willing to assume a position under the umbrella of Vedanta. We might even say that the theme of neo-Hindu tolerance provided the Hindu not simply with a means to claiming the right to stand alongside the other world religions, but with a strategy for promoting Hinduism as the ultimate form of religion itself.{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=196-197}}}} According to Rinehart, the consequence of this line of reasoning is [[Communalism (South Asia)|Communalism]],{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=196-197}} the idea that "all people belonging to one religion have common economic, social and political interests and these interests are contrary to the interests of those belonging to another religion."<ref group=web>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pluralindia.com/book/Illustrated_prmier/Chapter_5.pdf |title=Ram Puniyani, ''COMMUNALISM : Illustrated Primer, Chapter 5'' |access-date=4 December 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203043727/http://www.pluralindia.com/book/Illustrated_prmier/Chapter_5.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Communalism has become a growing force in Indian politics, presenting several threats to India, hindring its [[nation-building]]{{sfn|Panicker|2006|p=3}} and threatening "the secular, democratic character of the Indian state".{{sfn|Panicker|2006|p=3}}

Rinehart notes that Hindu religiosity plays an important role in the nationalist movement,{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=196-197}} and that "the neo-Hindu discource is the unintended consequence of the initial moves made by thinkers like Rammohan Roy and Vivekananda."{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=196-197}} But Rinehart also points out that it is
{{blockquote|...clear that there isn't a neat line of causation that leads from the philosophies of Rammohan Roy, Vivekananda and Radhakrishnan to the agenda of [...] militant Hindus.{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=198}}{{refn|group=note|Neither is Radhakrishnan's "use" of religion in the defense of Asian culture and society against colonialism unique for his person, or India in general. The complexities of Asian nationalism are to be seen and understood in the context of colonialism, [[modernization]] and [[nation-building]]. See, for example, [[Anagarika Dharmapala]], for the role of Theravada Buddhism in Sri Lankese struggle for independence,{{sfn|McMahan|2008}} and [[D.T. Suzuki]], who conjuncted [[Zen]] to [[Nihonjinron|Japanese nationalism]] and [[Bushido|militarism]], in defense against both Western hegemony ''and'' the pressure on Japanese Zen during the [[Meiji Restoration]] to conform to [[Shinbutsu Bunri]].{{sfn|Sharf|1993}}{{sfn|Sharf|1995a}}}}}}

===Influence on Western spirituality===
{{Main|Hinduism in the West|Nondualism}}

Neo-Vedanta has been influenced by Western ideas, but has also had a reverse influence on Western spirituality. Due to the [[Western imperialism in Asia|colonisation of Asia by the Western world]], since the late 18th century an exchange of ideas has been taking place between the Western world and Asia, which also influenced Western religiosity.{{sfn|McMahan|2008}} In 1785 appeared the first Western translation of a Sanskrit-text.{{sfn|Renard|2010|p=176}} It marked the growing interest in the Indian culture and languages.{{sfn|Renard|2010|p=177}} The first translation of Upanishads appeared in two parts in 1801 and 1802,{{sfn|Renard|2010|p=177}} which influenced [[Arthur Schopenhauer]], who called them "the consolation of my life".{{sfn|Renard|2010|p=178}}{{refn|group=note|And called his poodle "Atman".{{sfn|Renard|2010|p=178}}}} Early translations also appeared in other European languages.{{sfn|Renard|2010|p=183-184}}

A major force in the mutual influence of eastern and Western ideas and religiosity was the [[Theosophical Society]].{{sfn|Renard|2010|p=185-188}}{{sfn|Sinari|2000}} It searched for ancient wisdom in the east, spreading eastern religious ideas in the west.{{sfn|Lavoie|2012}} One of its salient features was the belief in [[Masters of the Ancient Wisdom (Theosophy)|"Masters of Wisdom"]]{{sfn|Gilchrist|1996|p=32}}{{refn|group=note|See also [[Ascended Master Teachings]]}}, "beings, human or once human, who have transcended the normal frontiers of knowledge, and who make their wisdom available to others".{{sfn|Gilchrist|1996|p=32}} The Theosophical Society also spread western ideas in the east, aiding a modernisation of eastern traditions, and contributing to a growing nationalism in the Asian colonies.{{sfn|McMahan|2008}}{{refn|group=note|The Theosophical Society had a major influence on [[Buddhist modernism]]{{sfn|McMahan|2008}} and [[Hindu reform movements]],{{sfn|Sinari|2000}} and the spread of those modernised versions in the west.{{sfn|McMahan|2008}} The [[Theosophical Society]] and the [[Arya Samaj]] were united from 1878 to 1882, as the [[Theosophical Society of the Arya Samaj]].{{sfn|Johnson|1994|p=107}} Along with [[Henry Steel Olcott|H. S. Olcott]] and [[Anagarika Dharmapala]], [[Blavatsky]] was instrumental in the Western transmission and revival of [[Theravada Buddhism]].{{sfn|McMahan|2008|p=98}}{{sfn|Gombrich|1996|p=185-188}}{{sfn|Fields|1992|p=83-118}}}} Another major influence was [[Vivekananda]],{{sfn|Renard|2010|p=189-193}}{{sfn|Michaelson|2009|p=79-81}} who popularised his modernised interpretation{{sfn|Rambachan|1994}} of Advaita Vedanta in the 19th and early 20th century in both India and the west,{{sfn|Michaelson|2009|p=79-81}} emphasising ''anubhava'' ("personal experience"){{sfn|Rambachan|1994|p=1}} over scriptural authority.{{sfn|Rambachan|1994|p=1}}

==Appraisal and criticism==

===Appraisal===
According to Larson, the "solution of synthesis" prevailed in the work of Rammohun Roy, [[Syed Ahmad Khan|Sayyid Ahmed Khan]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Swami Vivekananda]], M. K. Gandhi, [[Muhammad Iqbal]], [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|V. D. Savarkar]], Jawaharlal Nehru, "and many others".{{sfn|Larson|2012|p=320}} Spear voices appraisal of this "solution of synthesis",{{refn|group=note|[S]uch willingness to achieve a synthesis that is neither fearful of the new nor dismissive of the old is 'the ideological secret of modern India'.}}{{refn|group=note|Spear 1958, page 187, in {{sfnlink|Larson|2012|p=320}}.}} while G. R. Sharma emphasises the humanism of neo-Vedanta.{{sfn|Sharma|2003|p=179}}{{refn|group=note|Sri Aurobindo, Vivekananda, Rabindranath, Gandhi and Dayananda have presented Neo-Vedannta Philosophy according to contemporary conditions in India and in the context of the development of thought in the West and East. All these philosophers, with minor differences among them, have maintained what can be called integral humanism. This integral humanism is the philosophy of our age. It alone can supply the philosophical framework for the understanding of the problems of our society.{{sfn|Sharma|2003|p=179}}}}

===Criticism===
Vivekenanda's presentation of Advaita Vedanta has been criticised for its misinterpretation of this tradition:
{{blockquote|Without calling into question the right of any philosopher to interpret Advaita according to his own understanding of it, [...] the process of [[Westernization]] has obscured the core of this school of thought. The basic correlation of renunciation and Bliss has been lost sight of in the attempts to underscore the cognitive structure and the realistic structure which according to Sankaracarya should both belong to, and indeed constitute the realm of māyā.{{sfn|Mukerji|1983}}}}

According to [[Anantanand Rambachan]], Vivekananda emphasised ''anubhava'' ("personal experience"{{sfn|Rambachan|1994|p=1}}) over scriptural authority,{{sfn|Rambachan|1994|p=1}} but in his interpretation of Shankara, deviated from Shankara, who saw knowledge and understanding of the scriptures as the primary means to moksha.{{sfn|Rambachan|1994}} According to Comans, the emphasis on samadhi also is not to be found in the Upanishads nor with Shankara.{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=307}} For Shankara, meditation and [[Nirvikalpa|Nirvikalpa Samadhi]] are means to gain knowledge of the already existing unity of Brahman and Atman.{{sfn|Comans|1993}}

In the 21st century, Neo-Vedanta has been criticised by Hindu traditionalists for the influence of "Radical Universalism", arguing that it leads to a "self-defeating philosophical relativism," and has weakened the status and strength of Hinduism.<ref group=web name=moralies2013>Frank Morales (February 15, 2013). [https://archive.today/20130626200125/http://bharatabharati.wordpress.com/2012/02/15/neo-vedanta-the-problem-with-hindu-universalism-frank-gaetano-morales/ "Neo-Vedanta: The Problem with Hindu Universalism"][http://bharatabharati.wordpress.com/2012/02/15/neo-vedanta-the-problem-with-hindu-universalism-frank-gaetano-morales/ (original link)] at website "Bharata Bharati" (http://bharatabharati.wordpress.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423214101/http://bharatabharati.wordpress.com/ |date=23 April 2013 }}) (accessed 8 February 2014).</ref>

==Criticism of neo-Hinduism label==

===Criticism of Paul Hacker===
In the 20th century the German Indologist [[:de:Paul Hacker|Paul Hacker]] used the terms "Neo-Vedanta" and "Neo-Hinduism" polemically, to criticise modern Hindu thinkers.{{sfn|Halbfass|2007b}} Halbfass regards the terms "Neo-Vedanta" and "Neo-Hinduism" as "useful and legitimate as convenient labels",{{sfn|Halbfass|2007a|p=307}} but has criticised Hacker for use that was "simplistic".{{sfn|Halbfass|2007a|p=307}} Furthermore, he asks,
{{blockquote|What is the significance and legitimacy of the "Neo" in expressions like "Neo-Hinduism and "Neo-Vedanta"? Could we speak of "Neo-Christianity" as well? In fact, I have used this term [...] and not all my Christian readers and reviewers were happy about the term.{{sfn|Halbfass|2007a|p=307}}}}

Halbfass wrote that the adoption of the terms
{{blockquote|"Neo-Hinduism" and "Neo-Vedanta" [...] by Western scholars reflects Christian and European claims and perspectives which continue to be an irritant to Indians today. For Hacker, the "Neo" in "Neo-Hinduism" implies a lack of authenticity, an apologetic accommodation to Western ideas, and a hybridization of the tradition.{{sfn|Halbfass|2007b|p=587–588}}{{refn|group=note|Halbfass adds that "I have tried [...] to argue that Hacker's radical critique reflects above all a typically Christian and European obsession with the concept of the individual person."{{sfn|Halbfass|2007b|p=588}}}}}}

Bagchee and Adluri argue that German Indology, including Hacker, was merely "a barely disguised form of religious evangelism".{{sfn|Bagchee|Adluri|2013|p=215–229}}

According to Malhotra, an Indian-American Hindu writer, it was Paul Hacker who popularised the term 'neo-Hinduism' in the 1950s, "to refer to the modernisation of Hinduism brought about by many Indian thinkers, the most prominent being Swami Vivekananda."<ref group=web name="HT" /> In Malhotra's view, "Hacker charged that 'neo-Hindus', most notably Vivekananda, have disingenuously adopted Western ideas and expressed them using Sanskrit."<ref group=web name="HT" /> Malhotra also notes that Hacker was a biased Christian apologist:
{{blockquote|What is less known about Hacker is that he was also an unabashed Christian apologist who freely used his academic standing to further the cause of his Christian agenda. He led a parallel life, passionately advocating Christianity while presenting the academic face of being neutral and objective.<ref group=web name="HT">{{cite journal|last1=Hinduism Today Staff|title=Book Review: Defending Hinduism's Philosophical Unity|journal=Hinduism Today|date=October 2015|issue=October 2015|pages=66–69|url=http://rajivmalhotra.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/hinduism-today_indras-net-review.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922023511/http://rajivmalhotra.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/hinduism-today_indras-net-review.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 September 2015|access-date=1 September 2015}}</ref>}}According to David Smith, Hacker's belief was that the ethical values of 'neo-Hinduism" came from Western philosophy and Christianity, just in Hindu terms. Hacker also believed that Hinduism began in the 1870s. He saw Bankin Chattopadhyaya, Aurobindo, Gandhi, and Radhakishnan as its most famous proponents.<ref name="'Reformed' Hinduism">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=David |title=Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations |date=February 3, 2016 |publisher=Linda Woodhead |isbn=9780415858816 |page=57 |edition=third}}</ref>

===Neglect of inherent development of religions===
Brian K. Smith notes that "The Neo-Hindu indigenous authorities are often dismissed as 'inauthentic,' their claims to legitimacy compromised by their encounters with modernity", which influenced their worldview and religious positions,{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=324}} but points out that
{{blockquote|''All'' religions, at various points in recent history and under varying circumstances, have adopted to the modern world and the accompanying intellectual trends of modernity. 'Hinduism' (or 'Neo-Hinduism') is not unique in this regard either; the Neo-Hindu movement shares many commonalities with developments in other religious traditions around the world over the past several hundred years. The study of religion is the study of traditions in constant change.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=325}}{{refn|group=note|Smith expressed concern that "scholars of religion do not exercise their authority to write about religion(s) in a vacuum [...] One of the principal ramifications of the trend in Indology to deny the existence of a unified religion called 'Hinduism' is to delegitimize those in India who, in varying ways, have represented themselves as 'Hindus' and their religion as 'Hinduism.' [...] This kind of indifference to indigenous conceptualizations of self-identity [...] is especially problematic in an age where Western scholars often claim to be concerned to allow the 'natives to speak' and 'assume agency' over representational discourse [...] Denying the legitimacy of any and all 'Hindu' representations of Hinduism can easily crossover into a [[Orientalism|Neo-Orientalism]], whereby indigenous discourse is once again silenced or ignored as the product of a false consciousness delivered to it by outside forces or as simply irrelevant to the authoritative deliberations of Western [[Indology|Indologists]].{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=332–333}}}}}}

According to Madaio, the notion that Vivekananda and other Hindu modernists deviate from orthodox, classical Advaita Vedanta, neglects the fact that considerable developments took place in Indian religious thinking, including Advaita Vedanta.{{sfn|Madaio|2017|p=2}}

===The "myth of Neo-Hinduism"===
{{undue weight|section|reason=This section does [[wp:cfork]] to a book, yet this section does not provide new content.|date=October 2025}}
[[Rajiv Malhotra]], in his 2014 book ''[[Indra's Net (book)|Indra's Net]]'', has stated that there is a "myth of Neo-Hinduism".{{sfn|Malhotra|2014|p=26}} According to him, there are "eight myths"{{sfn|Malhotra|2014|p=28}} of Neo-Hinduism such as "colonial Indology's biases were turned into Hinduism" (Myth 2){{sfn|Malhotra|2014|p=31}} and "Hinduism was manufactured and did not grow organically" (Myth 3).{{sfn|Malhotra|2014|p=32}} Malhotra denies that "Vivekananda manufactured Hinduism", or that `neo-Vedanta' suppressed "the traditions of the Indian masses." According to Malhotra, there is "an integrated, unified spiritual substratum in ancient India,"{{sfn|Malhotra|2014}} and argues that
{{blockquote|the branding of contemporary Hinduism as a faux 'neo-Hinduism' is a gross mischaracterization of both traditional and contemporary Hinduism [...] [C]ontemporary Hinduism is a continuation of a dynamic tradition. It is not in any way less authentic or less 'Hindu' than what may be dubbed traditional Hinduism. There are negative connotations to the term 'neo' which imply something artificial, untrue, or unfaithful to the original. Other world religions have undergone similar adaptations in modern times, though there are no such references to 'neo-Christianity' [...] I resist the wide currency being gained for the term 'neo-Hinduism', because this fictional divide between 'neo' and 'original' Hinduism subverts Hinduism.{{sfn|Malhotra|2014|p=30}}}}

According to Malhotra, the 'myth of neo-Hinduism' "is used to fragment Hindu society by pitting its spiritual giants against one another and distorting their subtle and deeply intricate viewpoints."{{sfn|Malhotra|2014}} Also according to him, "the definition of neo-Hinduism has been contrived and [...] gained authenticity, in part because it suits certain academic and political agendas, and in part because it has been reiterated extensively without adequate critical response."{{sfn|Malhotra|2014|p=42}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Vijnanabhiksu]]
* [[Bengali Renaissance]]
* [[Hindu reform movements]]
* [[Hinduism in the West]]
* [[Buddhist modernism]]
* [[Islamic modernism]]
* [[Zen Narratives]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Sources==

===Printed sources===
{{refbegin}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Michael S. |title=Greater Advaita Vedānta: The Case of Niścaldās |journal=[[International Journal of Hindu Studies]] |date=2 October 2017 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=275–297 |doi=10.1007/s11407-017-9214-0|s2cid=171944554 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Michael S. |last2=Venkatkrishnan |first2=Anand |title=Introduction to Special Issue: New Directions in the Study of Advaita Vedānta |journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies |date=25 September 2017 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=271–274 |doi=10.1007/s11407-017-9218-9|doi-access=free }}

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{{refend}}

===Web-sources===
{{reflist|group=web}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation | last =De Michelis | first =Elizabeth | year=2005 |author-link=Elizabeth De Michelis |title=A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124 |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-0-8264-8772-8| ref=none }}
* {{cite book |last1=Nicholson |first1=Andrew J. |title=Unifying Hinduism: philosophy and identity in Indian intellectual history |date=2014 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSg0RGmMaTwC |isbn=9780231149877| ref=none |oclc=881368213 }} (266 pages), paperback
* {{cite book |author=Rambachan, Anantanand |title=The limits of scripture: Vivekananda's reinterpretation of the Vedas |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=[Honolulu] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-8248-1542-4 | ref=none }}
* {{Citation | last =Sharma | first =Jyotirmaya | year =2013 | title =A Restatement of Religion: Swami Vivekananda and the Making of Hindu Nationalism | publisher =Yale University Press | isbn =978-0-300-19740-2 | url =https://www.academia.edu/18844967 | ref =none }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Citation |last=King |first=Richard |year=2002 |title=Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East" |publisher=Routledge| ref=none }}
* {{Citation | last =Hacker | first =Paul | year =1995 | editor-last =Halbfass | editor-first =Wilhelm | title =Philology and Confrontation: Paul Hacker on Traditional and Modern Vedānta | publisher =SUNY Press | ref=none }}

;Scholarly
* {{Citation | last =Sharf | first =Robert H. | year =2000 | title =The Rhetoric of Experience and the Study of Religion | journal =Journal of Consciousness Studies | volume =7 | issue =11–12 | pages =267–87 | url =http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1998,%20Religious%20Experience.pdf | access-date =10 November 2013 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130513104227/http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1998,%20Religious%20Experience.pdf | archive-date =13 May 2013 | url-status =dead | ref=none }}
* {{Citation | last =Halbfass | first =Wilhelm | year =1988 | title =India and Europe : An Essay in Understanding | publisher =State University of New York Press| ref=none }}

;Apologetic
* {{Citation | last =Malhotra | first =Rajiv | year =2014 | title =Indra's Net: Defending Hinduism's Philosophical Unity| publisher =HarperCollins Publishers India | isbn =978-9351362449| oclc =871215576 | url =http://indrasnetbook.com/| ref=none }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.reocities.com/neovedanta/list.html International Forum for NeoVedantins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313114058/http://www.reocities.com/neovedanta/list.html |date=13 March 2013 }}

'''History'''
*[http://www.anandamayi.org/books/Bithika2.htm Bithika Mukerji, ''Neo-Vedanta and Modernity'']
*[http://kelamuni.blogspot.nl/2006/09/neo-vedanta-of-swami-vivekananda-part_11.html Kelamuni, ''The Neo-Vedanta of Swami Vivekananda: Part One'']
*[http://kelamuni.blogspot.nl/2008/02/neo-vedanta-of-swami-vivekananda-part.html Kelamuni, ''The Neo-Vedanta of Swami Vivekananda: Part Two'']
*[http://www.vedanta.gr/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/SwBhajan_4BasicPrincAdvVed_ENA4.pdf Swami Bhajanananda (2010), ''Four Basic Principles of Advaita Vedanta'']

'''Criticism'''
*[http://bharatabharati.wordpress.com/2012/02/15/neo-vedanta-the-problem-with-hindu-universalism-frank-gaetano-morales/ Frank Morales, ''Neo-Vedanta: The problem with Hindu Universalism'']
*[http://www.dharmacentral.com/forum/content.php?126-Critique-of-Neo-Hinduism DharmaCentral.com, ''A Devastating Critique of Neo-Hinduism''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100930022113/http://www.dharmacentral.com/forum/content.php?126-Critique-of-Neo-Hinduism |date=30 September 2010 }}

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Anandabhadram

2026-03-27T18:24:59Z

DeangeloKater:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anandabhadram
| image = AnanthabhadramPoster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Santosh Sivan]]
| writer = Sunil Parameshwaran
| starring = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] [[Manoj K. Jayan]] [[Kavya Madhavan]] [[Kalabhavan Mani]] [[Biju Menon]]
| producer = [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] Ajaya Chandran Nair Reghu Chandran Nair (Sri Bhadra Pictures) Rajendran(Raju) (executive)
| studio = [[Maniyanpilla Raju|Sree Bhadhra Pictures]] Media Zen
| distributor = Vyshaka Release
| music = Kannan (score) [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]] (songs)
| cinematography = [[Santosh Sivan]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad|Sreekar Prasad]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|11|1}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| language = Malayalam
| country = India
}}
'''''Anandabhadram''''' ({{translation}}”eternally safe”) is a 2005 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[dark fantasy]] [[horror film]] based on the novel of the same name by Sunil Parameshwaran, and directed by [[Santosh Sivan]]. The story concerns ghosts, spirits, and [[black magic]]. The film stars [[Manoj K. Jayan]] as the central character, with [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] and [[Kavya Madhavan]] in the titular roles. While an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Riya Sen]], [[Revathi|Revathy]], [[Kalasala Babu]], [[Cochin Haneefa]] and [[Nedumudi Venu]] plays other pivotal roles.

The film was inspired by the paintings of [[Raja Ravi Varma]], [[Theyyam]], [[Kathakali]] dance movements, and [[Kalaripayattu]] martial art form. It rode on a renewed interest in both Ravi Varma and Kalaripayattu in and outside of India. During production, Santosh replaced [[Sabu Cyril]] with Sunil Babu as the art director, [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]] replaced [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] as the music director, [[Gireesh Puthenchery]] replaced [[Sreekumaran Thampy]] as the lyricist and Kavya Madhavan replaced [[Meera Jasmine]] as the actress. The audiography of the film was done by [[M. R. Rajakrishnan]] .

''Anandabhadram'' was released on November 4 coinciding with [[Diwali]] and received critical acclaim for its screenplay, story, music, cinematography, cast performances and horror elements. Most of the critics praised Manoj K. Jayan's performance as Digambaran and the dark atmosphere of the movie. The film was a massive commercial success. The film won five awards in the 2005 [[Kerala State Film Awards]] and two in the 2005 [[Asianet Film Awards]]. It was also dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (as ''Sivapuram''), Hindi (as ''Phir Wohi Darr'') and English, and was an inspiration for ''Tanthra'' (2006), another Malayalam film.

==Plot==
In the ancient village of [[Sivapuram, Kerala|Shivapuram]], little Ananthan hears a tale from his mother, Gayathri. She tells him that his family comes from a line of powerful magicians named ''Madambi Tharavadu'', and they are responsible for protecting ''nagamanikyam'', a jewel on a serpent's head. The jewel, she narrates, lies in a secret place in the house guarded by snakes, including a tiny snake called Kunjootan.

Years later, obeying the wishes of his dead mother, Ananthan returns to his ancestral village from [[United States|America]] to light the lamps at ''Shivakavu'', a dark and mysterious temple of [[Shiva]]. On his way home he meets his mother's family friend- Maravi Mathai on the train. The dreaded [[Magician (fantasy)|wizard]] named Digambaran opposes the lighting of the lamps on the grounds of local superstitions in order to get his hands on the ''nagamanikyam'' and also to take revenge against the entire ''Madambi Tharavadu'' family for killing his grandfather Siddhayogigal. Disbeliever Ananthan meets the supernatural for the first time in his life.

In his effort to fit into the local environment, Ananthan gradually wins the villagers' hearts over by his easy and kind manners. This appreciation is breached briefly when Digambaran takes over his mind for a short while. Meanwhile, Ananthan's cousin Bhadra falls for him and his light-hearted flirting, eventually leading to a commitment of love between them. At one point, Bhadra faces the dilemma of choosing between Ananthan's love and becoming a [[Devi]] in a mystical ritual of self-offering.

Digambaran's former friend Chemban, a blind martial artist, stands in the way of Digambaran's hunt for the ''nagamanikyam''. Digambaran manages to remove Chemban from his way, and leaves a trail of blood in his wake. Digambaran also lures Chemban's sister Bhama to take her spirit in order to reincarnate Digambaran's lover Subhadra, Bhadra's late elder sister. A series of sensuous and evil magical rites follows that features a wide paraphernalia of the exotic, including Kathakali movements, tantric paraphernalia, traditional magic spells.

At the same time, Digambaran kills Bhama for ruining his [[brahmacharya]]. Ananthan and Bhadra escape from Digambaran after Ananthan injures Digambaran using a stone. Chemban decides to destroy Digambaran for killing Bhama and to restore peace in the village. After a sword fight, Chemban cuts off Digambaran's right toe which had the ring containing Digambaran's magical powers and he also gouges out Digambaran's eyes and locked him inside the cave. Digambaran, who now realised that he lost everything, falls on the ground out of grief, when Ananthan, Chemban and Bhadra leave the place. Later, Ananthan and Bhadra reunite after restoring the Nagamanikyam. The film ends with a brutally injured blind Digambaran helplessly wailing loudly near the cave, after losing his powers, eyesight and everything he possessed.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Manoj K. Jayan]] in dual role as:
** Digambaran, an evil [[Magician (fantasy)|wizard]], who terrorises Sivapuram.
** Siddhayogi, grandfather of Digambaran
*[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Anandan, an [[United States|American]] [[Non-resident Indian|NRI]], who returns to his hometown, Sivapuram, to fulfill his late mother's wishes and later, is at loggerheads with Digambaran.
*[[Kavya Madhavan]] as Bhadra, Anandan's cousin and love interest
*[[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Chemban, Shivaraman and Digambaran's childhood friend, who opposes Digambaran's wrongdoings
*[[Cochin Haneefa]] in a double role as:
**Maravi Mathayi I, a descendant of the Madampi family.
**Maravi Mathayi, a scion of the Mathayi I lineage.
*[[Biju Menon]] as Shivaraman, Chemban and Digambaran's childhood friend and Raman Panikker's son
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Padmanabhan, Bhadra's father and Anandan's maternal uncle
*[[Kalasala Babu]] as Raman Panikker, Sivaraman's father and a known [[astrologer]] in Sivapuram
*[[Riya Sen]] as Bhama, Chemban's sister, whom Digambaran tried to sacrifice in order to revive Subhadra using her soul
*Neethu S Nair as Subhadra, Bhadra's elder sister and Digambaran's girlfriend
*Akhila Manu Jagadh as Ammu, Bhadra's friend
*[[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as SI Hameed Marakkar
*[[Revathy]] as Gayathri Devi, Anandan's mother
*[[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Police Constable Panicker
*[[Ambika Mohan]] as a villager
*Master Thejas as young Anandan
*Indira Thampi as Bhadra's mother
*[[Santha Devi]] as Gouri
*[[Govindankutty (actor)|Govindankutty]] as Sreeni
*[[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]]
*[[T. P. Madhavan]] as Ramunni Nair
*Lakshmi Krishnamoorthy as Nangeli Muthassi
*Maya Viswanath as Yakshi
{{colend}}

==Production==

===Development===
''Ananthabhadram'' is based on the novel of the same name by Sunil Parameswaran.<ref name="novel">{{cite news | title = Of facts and fantasy | date = 2006-08-02 | url = http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/07/08/stories/2005070803010400.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001045846/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/07/08/stories/2005070803010400.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2007-10-01 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 2007-03-29}}</ref> The story was inspired by tales told to Sunil by his grandmother when he was a child.<ref name="novel" /> Director Santosh Sivan was also influenced by such stories told by his own grandmother.<ref name="flashback">{{cite news | title = In flashback mode | newspaper = The Hindu | date = 2006-08-02 | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/11/19/stories/2005111901040100.htm | access-date = 2007-03-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071202110647/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/11/19/stories/2005111901040100.htm | archive-date = 2 December 2007 | url-status = usurped }}</ref> Set in rural Kerala, the story is a [[fairy tale]] dominated by [[Shaktism|Shakta black magic]], martial arts, and [[Tantra#Sexual rites|tantric seduction rituals]].<ref name="flashback"/>

===Inspirations===
{{multiple image
|direction = horizontal
|align = right
|header = Inspired by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/11/19/stories/2005111900920300.htm Raja Varma comes alive]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, ''The Hindu'', 2005/11/19</ref>
|header_align = center
|image1 = Ravi Varma-Woman in thought.jpg
|caption1 = "Woman in thought"
|width1 = 110
|image2 = Ravi Varma-Princess Damayanthi talking with Royal Swan about Nala.jpg
|caption2 = "Damayanthi"
|width2 = 92
|image3 = Raja Ravi Varma, The Milkmaid (1904).jpg
|caption3 = "Milkmaid"
|width3 = 118
}}

'''Theyyam and Kathakali''': Sivan said he received inspiration from the arts of his country: "We have a rich visual culture and even in Ananthabhadram, I have used certain aspects from Theyyam dancers and Kathakali to create the wizard Digambaran's image. The colour, long nails, [[kohl (cosmetics)|kohl]]-lined eyes and so on were inspired from Theyyam and Kathakali."<ref name="flashback" /> The sequence between Manoj K Jayan using Riya Sen as a channel for black magic, choreographed by [[Aparna Sindhoor]], the dance director of the film, uses Kathakali movements in particular,<ref name="mystery">{{cite news | title = Mesmerising mystery | date = 2006-08-02 | url = http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/09/23/stories/2005092301510100.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001044945/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/09/23/stories/2005092301510100.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2007-10-01 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 2007-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Interview: Straight talk with Santhosh Sivan | publisher = Music India Online | url = http://www.musicindiaonline.com/ar/i/movie_name/8092/3/director/1445/ | access-date = 2007-03-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071006080455/http://www.musicindiaonline.com/ar/i/movie_name/8092/3/director/1445/ |archive-date = 2007-10-06}}</ref> which has been an inspiration for major Indian films<ref>{{cite news | title = Indian Dance | publisher = BBC | date = 2006-08-02 | url = https://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A2982378 | access-date = 2007-03-29}}</ref> like director [[Shaji Karun]]'s ''[[Vanaprastham]]'' (1999)<ref>{{cite web | title = Vanaprastham | publisher = Keral | url = http://www.keral.com/celebrities/shajikarun/films.htm | access-date = 2007-03-31 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061031155733/http://www.keral.com/celebrities/shajikarun/films.htm |archive-date = 2006-10-31}}</ref> and director [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]'s ''[[Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair]]'' (2005).<ref>{{cite news | title = Kathakali comes alive on screen | newspaper = Deccan Herald | date = 2006-08-02 | url = http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jul32005/finearts113624200572.asp | access-date = 2007-03-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111007193837/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jul32005/finearts113624200572.asp | archive-date = 7 October 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

'''Kalarippayattu''': The film also used [[Kalarippayattu]], the traditional [[martial art]] of [[South India]], for the fight sequences between Digambaran and Chemban choreographed by action director Arash.<ref name="lens" /> Use of Kalari in the film followed the footsteps of [[Films on Kalarippayattu|Kalari-based movies]] like ''[[Palattu Koman]]'' (1962), ''[[Thacholi Othenan]]'' (1964), ''[[Kannappanunni]]'' (1977) and ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]'' (1989),<ref>[http://varnachitram.com/2006/07/10/payyamveli-chanthu-early-preview/ Payyamveli Chanthu: Early Preview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200100/http://varnachitram.com/2006/07/10/payyamveli-chanthu-early-preview/ |date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> as well as famous martial art film actor [[Jackie Chan]]'s ''[[The Myth (film)|The Myth]]''.<ref>{{cite web | title = Jackie Chan and the art of Kalaripayattu | publisher = Rediff Movies| url = http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/07myth.htm | access-date = 2007-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last = Gopakumar| first = R| title = Jackie Chan touch gives kalaripayattu a fillip| newspaper = Deccan Herald| url = http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/aug152004/n5.asp| access-date = 2007-04-20| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111007193844/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/aug152004/n5.asp| archive-date = 7 October 2011| url-status = dead}}</ref> After ''[[Asoka (2001 film)|Asoka]]'', it was the second time the director had used Kalari (as it is known in popular coinage).

'''Raja Ravi Varma''': The director used three paintings of Raja Ravi Varma – ''[[Damayanti]] and the swan'', ''Lady in thought'' and ''Girl carrying milk tray'' – as inspiration to picturize the song ''Pinakkamano'' (acted by Prithviraj Sukumaran and Kavya Madhavan; sung by [[M. G. Sreekumar]] and [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]]; choreographed by [[Aparna Sindhoor]]).<ref>{{cite web | title = Raja Ravi Varma's art makes song number one favourite | publisher = Now Running | url = http://www.nowrunning.com/news/news.asp?it=4867 | access-date = 2007-03-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110714203450/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/news.asp?it=4867 | archive-date = 14 July 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Ananthabhadram | newspaper = Deccan Herald | date = 2006-08-02 | url = http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov202005/movies16434120051119.asp | access-date = 2007-03-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060908072416/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov202005/movies16434120051119.asp |archive-date = 2006-09-08}}</ref> Sivan said, "Yes, it is a tribute to Raja Ravi Varma, who is so intrinsically etched in every Malayali's mind."<ref name=alive>{{cite news | title = Ravi Varmas come alive | newspaper = The Hindu | date = 2006-08-02 | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/11/19/stories/2005111900920300.htm | access-date = 2007-03-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070615062540/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/11/19/stories/2005111900920300.htm | archive-date = 15 June 2007 | url-status = usurped }}</ref> This song came in the wake of a renewed interest in Varma's work in Indian showbiz, as evidenced in Indian pop star [[Falguni Pathak]]'s music video for the song "Meri Chunar Ud Ud Jaaye" (2001, acted by [[Trisha Krishnan]]) which emulated Varma's ''[[Shakuntala]]''<ref>{{cite web | title = Women in Raja Ravi Varma Mold | publisher = Boloji | url = http://www.boloji.com/women/07011.htm | access-date = 2007-03-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070203180543/http://www.boloji.com/women/07011.htm | archive-date = 3 February 2007 | url-status = dead }}</ref> and Shaji Karun's declared film to be made on the artist's life which would feature [[Madhuri Dixit]] (actress of ''[[Gaja Gamini]]'', a film by painter [[M.F. Hussain]]).<ref>{{cite web| title = Madhuri being sought to play a painter's muse| publisher = Apun Ka Choice| url = http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20060604-2.html| access-date = 2007-03-31| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060615175332/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20060604-2.html| archive-date = 15 June 2006| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = The return of Madhuri Dixit | publisher = Rediff News| url = http://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/jun/08shaji.htm | access-date = 2007-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Shaji N Karun to make a Hindi film | publisher = Rediff Movies| url = http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/05spice.htm | access-date = 2007-03-31| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070313213133/http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/05spice.htm| archive-date= 13 March 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

Pattanam Rasheed said about the make-up of the ''Pinakkamano'' sequence, "The skin tone I gave the characters is akin to an oil painting, orange-yellow shades, which give a painting-like look. That is why you feel that a painting is coming to life in some shots. The eye and eyebrow make-up is also different, according to the old styles in the paintings." Costumer Satheesh said, "Not one of the saris that Kavya wears is complete in itself. To get the colours of the body and border of the sari as close as possible to the ones in the paintings, I shopped in Chennai, Bangalore and Kochi. I had to attach the borders to some of the saris and dyed some to get the right shade... I had to rework all the jewels, with a few stones from one chain added to another." art director Sunil Babu points out that despite attempts at accuracy, in the Damayanthi scene, the swan is missing.<ref name=alive/>

===Pre-production===
[[Sabu Cyril]] was originally scheduled to direct the film with actress [[Meera Jasmine]] in the lead.<ref name="lens">{{cite news | title = In love with the lens | date = 2006-08-02 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/09/stories/2004060904350300.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050113225922/http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/09/stories/2004060904350300.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2005-01-13 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 2007-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Sabu Cyril turns director | publisher = Kairalee | url = http://www.kairalee.com/php/adisp.php?i=257 | access-date = 2007-03-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930110300/http://www.kairalee.com/php/adisp.php?i=257 | archive-date = 30 September 2007 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Production was delayed due to a strike in the Malayalam film industry in June 2004. Later, Cyril became busy with [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]'s film ''[[Anniyan]]''. At this point, [[Santosh Sivan]] stepped in to replace Cyril.<ref>{{cite news | title = Malayalam film industry begins indefinite strike | newspaper = The Hindu Business Line | date = 2004-06-25 | url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/06/26/stories/2004062601941900.htm | access-date = 2007-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = The reel world of Sabu Cyril | date = 2006-02-17 | url = http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/02/17/stories/2006021700930100.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001023334/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/02/17/stories/2006021700930100.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2007-10-01 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 2007-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Santosh Sivan to direct spooky film | publisher = Rediff Movies| url = http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/07ss.htm | access-date = 2007-04-17}}</ref> Cyril's assistant Sunil Babu art directed the film.<ref>{{cite news | title = Mesmerising mystery | date = 2005-09-23 | url = http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/09/23/stories/2005092301510100.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001044945/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/09/23/stories/2005092301510100.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2007-10-01 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 2007-04-17}}</ref>

===Filming===
Like his earlier directorial ventures ''[[Asoka (2001 film)|Asoka]]'' and ''[[The Terrorist (1997 film)|The Terrorist]]'' (a.k.a. ''Malli''), Santosh was also the [[cinematographer]] for ''Anandabhadram''. Prithviraj, as the hero, had his biggest success of 2005, out of the five cinemas he did that year.<ref name="boom">{{cite news | last= Pillai| first = Shreedhar| title = Boom year for Mollywood | date = 2005-12-30 | url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123001380100.htm | access-date = 2007-04-20| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070429125615/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123001380100.htm| archive-date= 29 April 2007 | newspaper= [[The Hindu]]| url-status= dead}}</ref> [[Manoj K Jayan]] was to have a ''[[sannyasin]]'' look with long hair in the proposed Sabu Cyril version, but sported a more contemporary look in the version that was eventually shot, winning many critical accolades.<ref>{{cite news | last= George| first = Vijay | title = Portrayal of tones of grey | date = 2005-11-18 | url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/11/18/stories/2005111800690100.htm | access-date = 2007-04-17| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070427184209/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/11/18/stories/2005111800690100.htm| archive-date= 27 April 2007 | newspaper= [[The Hindu]]| url-status= dead}}</ref> The village and the [[tharavad]]/[[ancestral home]] shown in the movie was set in a village in [[Palakkad]].

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Anandabhadram
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[M.G. Radhakrishnan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2005
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 28:52
| label =
| producer = Sri Bhadra Pictures
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
Initially Sabu Cyril was the film director and Santhosh Sivan was the Cinematographer. [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] composed songs for the film penned by Sreekumaran Thampi. The songs were never recorded. After some months Sabu Cyril opted not to direct the film due to other reasons. And the film was taken over by Santosh Sivan who appointed [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]] for the film.<ref name="mystery"/> Radhakrishnan went on to win [[Asianet Film Awards]] as the best music director for the film's tracks.<ref name=Sukumari>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071021044405/http://hindu.com/2006/03/12/stories/2006031202010200.htm Lifetime achievement award for Sukumari], The Hindu, 2006-03-12, Retrieved: 2010-11-22</ref> He also did the score for ''Sivapuram'', the Telugu version of the film.<ref name="mystery"/> [[M. G. Sreekumar]] won Asianet Award as the Best Male Playback Singer for singing "Pinakkamano".<ref name=Sukumari/>

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| all_lyrics = [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]
| all_music = [[M.G. Radhakrishnan]]
| title1 = Malamalalooya
| extra1 = [[Kalabhavan Mani]]
| length1 = 3:27
| title2 = Thiranurayum
| extra2 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length2 = 3:44
| title3 = Shivamallikaavil
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length3 = 4:05
| title4 = Pinakkamaano
| extra4 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[Manjari Babu]]
| length4 = 4:15
| title5 = Minnayam Minnum
| extra5 = K. S. Chithra
| length5 = 2:21
| title6 = Vasanthamundo
| extra6 = [[M.G. Radhakrishnan]], Hema
| length6 = 4:48
}}

==Release==
It is the first Malayalam feature screened using a [[C band (IEEE)|satellite feed]] instead of conventional [[film format|prints]];<ref>{{cite web | title = Ananthabhadram screened using satellite technology | publisher = My Kerala | url = http://www.my-kerala.com/n/a/arc10-2005.shtml | access-date = 2007-03-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061113234154/http://www.my-kerala.com/n/a/arc10-2005.shtml | archive-date = 13 November 2006 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> aimed at an international market. it was also dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (as ''Sivapuram''), and English.<ref name="mystery" /><ref>{{cite news | title = Mesmerising mystery | date = 2006-08-02 | url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/11/04/stories/2005110401910100.htm | access-date = 2007-03-30| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070425204934/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/11/04/stories/2005110401910100.htm| archive-date= 25 April 2007 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | url-status= dead}}</ref> The release of ''Anandabhadram'' in India followed that of the horror movie ''[[Chandramukhi]]'', starring [[Rajnikanth]], which was a remake of the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Manichitrathazhu]]'', creating a brief success for the horror genre.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060907002853/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/07/08/stories/2005070800840100.htm Horror is the current flavour from the Hindu]</ref> The film was showcased in [[Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema]] in 2006.<ref>[http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20060710/week.html Brain Candy], ''India Today''</ref>

==Reception==
''Anandabhadram'' received critical acclaim for its screenplay, story, music, cinematography, cast performances and horror elements. Most of the critics especially praised Manoj K. Jayan's performance and the dark ambience of the movie. The film was average success.<ref>{{cite news | title = Santosh on a roll | date = 2005-11-24 | url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/11/24/stories/2005112400380100.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001091741/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/11/24/stories/2005112400380100.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2007-10-01 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 2007-04-20}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201512/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14055617 2005– An analysis from Sify]</ref> According to one of the producer of the film [[Maniyanpilla Raju]], the film was released on the same day as Mammootty's blockbuster ''[[Rajamanikyam]]'' and could not compete with it.<ref name="thegulfindians.com">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-20 |title=Ananthabhadram became an average grosser due to Mammootty, says Maniyanpillai Raju |url=https://www.thegulfindians.com/ananthabhadram-became-an-average-grosser-due-to-mammootty-says-maniyanpillai-raju/ |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=The Gulf Indians |language=en-US}}</ref>

The songs from the film, ''Pinakkamano, Thira Nurayam'' and ''Malama Lalooya,'' became the top hits among Malayalam film songs in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/news/news.asp?it=4867 |title=Raja Ravi Varma's art makes song number one favourite from Now Running |access-date=29 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714203450/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/news.asp?it=4867 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film also inspired director KJ Bose's ''Tanthra'' (2006) featuring actors [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] and [[Shweta Menon]]. Sunil Babu, the art director, came to the notice of [[Kerala]] audience through the film, especially for his treatment for the Raja Ravi Varma inspired song, ''Pinakkamano''.<ref>{{cite news | title = Casting a spell | author = Vijay George | date = 2005-12-18 | url = http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/11/11/stories/2005111101430300.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001044632/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/11/11/stories/2005111101430300.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2007-10-01 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 2005-11-11}}</ref>

===Accolades===
''Anandabhadram'' won five awards in the [[Kerala State Film Award]]s for 2005, including Best Cinematography (Santosh Sivan), Best Music Direction (MG Radhakrishnan), Best Editing (Sreekar Prasad), Best Art Direction (Sunil Babu) and Best Makeup ([[Pattanam Rasheed]]).<ref>{{cite news | title = Thanmatra, Anandabhadram bag five State film awards each | date = 2006-08-02 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/08/stories/2006020820990100.htm | access-date = 2007-03-28| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070416132151/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/08/stories/2006020820990100.htm| archive-date= 16 April 2007 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | url-status= dead}}</ref> It won five awards in the Kerala Film Critics Association Awards 2005, including Best Film, Best Director (Santhosh Sivan), Best Actor (Manoj K Jayan), and Best Cinematography (Santhosh Sivan).<ref>{{cite web | title = Kerala Film Critics Association 2005 Awards | publisher = Alternative Film Guide | url = http://www.altfg.com/awards/2005/kerala.htm | access-date = 2007-03-29| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070314113532/http://www.altfg.com/awards/2005/kerala.htm| archive-date= 14 March 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> [[M. R. Rajakrishnan]] had won the Amritha Fertanity Award for Best Audiography for his work in this film.

== See also ==
* [[List of Malayalam horror films]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://www.anandabhadram.com|Anandabhadram}}
* {{IMDb title|0487011}}
* [http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3717 ''Anandabhadram''] at the Malayalam Movie Database

{{Santosh Sivan}}
{{Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film}}

[[Category:2005 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2005 fantasy films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chalakudy]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ottapalam]]
[[Category:Films shot at Varikkasseri Mana]]
[[Category:Indian dark fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Santosh Sivan]]

The Age of Kali

2026-03-27T01:56:59Z

DeangeloKater: basic updated page and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|Book by William Dalrymple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Age of Kali
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = The Age of Kali.jpg
| caption =
| author = [[William Dalrymple]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series =
| subject = Travel
| genre = Non-fiction
| publisher = Penguin Books
| pub_date = 1998
| english_pub_date =
| media_type =
| pages = 400 pp.
| isbn = 978-0307948908
| oclc = 1336313297
| preceded_by = [[From the Holy Mountain]]
| followed_by = [[White Mughals]]
}}
'''''The Age of Kali''''' is a 1998 travel book by [[William Dalrymple]]. The book's theme is trouble in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and the Hindu belief in a time called the [[Kali Yuga]] when many problems will come to exist in the world.

The book gives an overview of many of the top controversies in the region at the time of publication, including interviews with players in those events.

==Publication==
Dalrymple's fourth book, ''The Age of Kali'' (1998), saw the author rekindle his love affair with India. It was released in India renamed as ''At the Court of the Fish-Eyed Goddess'' ({{ISBN|8172233329}}). (The "fish eyed goddess" refers to the Goddess [[Meenakshi]] of [[Madurai]].)

==Synopsis by chapter==
The book is a collection of essays collected through almost a decade of travel around the [[Indian subcontinent]].

It deals with many controversial subjects such as [[Sati (practice)|Sati]], the [[caste]] wars in India, political corruption and terrorism.

===The Age of Kali: Patna, 1998===
This chapter on [[Patna]] includes discussions of the 13 February 1992 massacre of high caste people by low caste people in Barra, Bihar; the arrest and political style of [[Anand Mohan Singh]]; violence in Patna; and a profile of and interview with [[Laloo Prasad Yadav]].

===In the Kingdom of Avadh: Lucknow, 1998===
This chapter includes a discussion of the culture of 19th-century [[Lucknow]]; the general decline of Lucknow; the poet [[Mir Taqi Mir]]; the palace [[Dilkusha, Lucknow|Dilkusha]]; and the [[Tawaif]] (courtesan) subculture. Interviews with Mushtaq Naqvi, an elderly poet, profound author and a historian and Suleiman Mahmudabad, a literati prince, lead the narrative.

===The City of Widows: Vrindavan, Uttar Pradesh, 1997===
This chapter on [[Vrindavan]] discusses the lives of widows who retire there and corruption in the systems for providing aid to widows.

===Warrior Queen: Gwalior, 1993===
This chapter on [[Gwalior]] includes an interview with [[Vijayaraje Scindia]] co founder of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and discussions of [[Jai Vilas Mahal|Jai Vilas palace]] and the [[Babri Mosque]].

===East of Eton: Lucknow, 1997===
This chapter includes a description of the 1997 murder of an instructor in Lucknow's [[La Martiniere College]]. It goes on to describe the colonial influence in Indian education and gives some anecdotes about the [[University of Lucknow]]'s student union organizing [[protection racket]]s.

===The sad tale of Bahveri Devi: Batteri, Jaipur, 1994===
The chapter includes an interview with [[Bhanwari Devi]], the social worker charged by the government to report [[child marriage]] in her area, and who was gang raped in retaliation. It also includes interviews with politically motivated people who say that she was not raped.

===Caste wars: Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 1990===
The chapter gives the story of the [[Brahmin]] student [[Rajiv Goswami]]'s [[self-immolation]] in response to [[V. P. Singh]]'s 1990 implementation of the [[Mandal Commission]] recommendations for making [[Reservation in India|reservations]] for [[Other Backward Castes]] (OBCs) and further discusses [[Caste politics in India|caste politics]] in general.

===Sati Mata: Deorala, Jaipur, 1997===
The chapter talks about [[Roop Kanwar]], the 18-year-old female who died in 1987 during [[Sati (practice)|sati]] on her dead husband's funeral pyre. The author interviews people in [[Deorala]] and gives an overview of the 19th century history of the practice of sati.

===Two Bombay Portraits: Bombay 1993 and 1992===
This chapter has two parts. The first part discusses the work of Indian [[rapper]] [[Baba Sehgal]]. It also describes India's music industry and discusses [[Remo Fernandes]], [[STAR (India)|STAR TV network]], the success of the soundtrack to the movie [[Saajan]].

The second part discusses sexuality in the Indian media and contains an interview of [[Shobhaa De]], the author who writes erotica novels wherein female characters seek sexual encounters in Mumbai. It also reviews the Mumbai high-society party scene.

===Bangalore and the Fast-Food Invaders: Bangalore, 1997===
The theme of this chapter is the intervention of globalization into the lives of poor people in India. It starts with an anecdote about 200 farmers from rural Bangalore ransacking a [[Kentucky Fried Chicken]] restaurant in the city on account of it being non-Indian and for serving meat. Other topics discussed include [[Cargill]]'s India presence, modern culture of the rich in [[Bangalore]], [[Foreign trade of India|foreign trade]], and the controversy about Bangalore's hosting [[Miss World 1996]]. The author interviews Professor [[M. D. Nanjundaswamy]], president of the [[Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha|Karnataka State Farmer's Association]], about globalization.

===At the Court of the Fish-eyed Goddess: Madurai 1998===
[[Minakshi]] is the Fish-eyed Goddess worshipped in [[Madurai]] and this chapter discusses the history of the politics of the region and how in modern times educated people became more respectful of the faith. The chapter also discusses a 300BCE document called [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]], the epic poem [[Silappatikaram]], and the [[Meenakshi Amman Temple]].

===Under the Char Minar: Hyderabad, 1998===
The chapter is guided by an interview with Mir Moazam Husain, grandson of Fakrool Mulk, who was Deputy Prime Minister of the Nizam's last government in Hyderabad and a building enthusiast. Mir Husain recounts [[Operation Polo]] and also talks about present-day local black magic practices. The author compares the old State of Hyderabad to [[Ruritania]].

===Parashakti: Cochin, 1993===
Venugopal, a retired engineer of the [[Kerala State Electricity Board]], takes the author on a tour of [[Chottanikkara]] where they discuss the motives of people's worship of [[Parashakti]].

===At Donna Georgina's: Fort Aguada, Goa, 1993===
The chapter gives an introduction to [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colonization]] in [[Goa]] as he interviews an elderly Goan aristocratic woman named Donna Georgina. Donna Georgina discusses two invasions of Goa - the [[1961 Indian annexation of Goa]] and the migration of Western [[hippie]]s as tourists to their beaches.

===Up the Tiger Path: Jaffna, Sri Lanka, 1990===
The author goes to [[Jaffna]] and interviews members of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]]. Particular focus is given to the female contingent, the Freedom Birds, the youth, the rank systems, and their military camps. The author interviews [[Anton Balasingham]] and other LTTE members at a time when the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] is leaving [[Sri Lanka]].

===The Sorcerer's Grave: Saint-Denis, Réunion, 1998===
The chapter gives the story of [[Olivier Levasseur]] and the people's local belief in the spiritual power associated with his grave. The author writes on the Frenchness of [[Réunion]] and its mix with Indian culture. A story of Saint [[Expeditus]] is given.

===Imran Khan - Out for a Duck: Lahore, 1989 and 1996===
There are two parts in this chapter and each one contains an interview of [[Imran Khan]]. The first one in 1989 is when Khan is a star player on the [[Pakistan national cricket team]] and the second is when Khan founds the political party [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]].

===On the Frontier: Peshawar, 1989===
The author visits the Northwest Frontier, known today as the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], and interviews a proprietor of a military supplies shop which then sold [[AK-47]]s to tribesmen but previously supplied participants in the [[War in Afghanistan (1978–present)|Afghan civil war]] and other military actions. He visits [[Kohtal]] and surveys the opium trade there. He gives the history of the Greek ruins in [[Gandhara]] where [[Alexander the Great]] lived in the area 2300 years prior.

===Blood on the Tracks: Lahore, 1997===
The author talks with a retired [[Pakistan Railways]] employee about his experience during the [[Partition of India]]. Further discussion about the Partition follows.

===Benazir Bhutto - Mills & Boon in Karachi: Karachi, 1994===
The author interviews [[Benazir Bhutto]] and [[Nusrat Bhutto]] at her separate homes. He gives a description of their homes and recounts parts of their biographies. [[Mills & Boon]] refers to a series of romance novels which Benazir Bhutto enjoyed.

==Reviews==
In reviewing this book [[Robert Twigger]] said that "Dalrymple has become a kind of Uberjournalist who has superseded [[Mark Tully]] as the voice of India and this book collects 19 essays on places and people located on or near the Indian subcontinent."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_199901/ai_n8847264/ |title=A sure foot in both camps |author=Robert Twigger |author-link=Robert Twigger |work=findarticles.com |date=9 January 1999 |accessdate=20 October 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Age of Kali}}
[[Category:1998 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:British travel books]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about India]]
[[Category:Books by William Dalrymple]]
[[Category:Scottish non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Culture of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Books about Mumbai]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan civil war books]]
[[Category:Books about Lahore]]
[[Category:Benazir Bhutto]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Imran Khan]]
[[Category:Indian Peace Keeping Force]]
[[Category:Books about globalization]]
[[Category:Books about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Books about rape]]
[[Category:Books about Indian prostitution]]
[[Category:Works about reservation in India]]
[[Category:Scindia dynasty]]
[[Category:V. P. Singh administration]]

Railways Act, 1989

2026-03-23T06:58:57Z

DeangeloKater: starting new data

{{Short description|Indian Railway Act,1989}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Railways Act, 1989
| imagesize = 100
| imagealt = Railways Act, 1989
| long_title = An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to Railways.
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1908 Act No. 24 of 1989]
| territorial_extent = India
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_enacted = 3 June 1989
| date_effective = 1 July 1990
| repeals = Indian Railways Act, 1890 (9 of 1890)
| amended_by = {{Ubl|Railways (Amendment) Act, 1994|Railways (Second Amendment) Act, 2003|Railways (Amendment) Act, 2003|Railways (Amendment) Act, 2005|Railways (Amendment) Act, 2008|Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023}}
| related_legislation = {{Ubl|Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996|Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers
(Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006}}
| status = in force
}}

The '''Railways Act, 1989''' is an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] which regulates all aspects of rail transport. The Act came into force in 1989, replacing the Railways Act of 1890. The Act provides in detail the legislative provisions regarding railway zones, construction and maintenance of works, passenger and employee services.

==Definitions==
Some of the definitions from the act are given below:
* "authorized" means authorized by a railway administration;
* "carriage" means the carriage of passengers or goods by a railway administration;
* "Claims Tribunal" means the Railway Claims Tribunal established under section 3 of the Railway Claims Tribunal Act, 1987 (54 of 1987);
* "classification" means the classification of commodities made under section 31 for the purpose of determining the rates to be charged for carriage of such commodities;
* "class rates" means the rate fixed for a class of commodity in the classification;
* "Commissioner" means the Chief Commissioner of Railway Safety or the Commissioner of Railway Safety appointed under section 5;
* "commodity" means a specific item of goods;
* "consignee" means the person named as consignee in a railway receipt;
* "consignment" means goods entrusted to a railway administration for carriage;
* "consignor" means the person, named in a railway receipt as consignor, by whom or on whose behalf goods covered by the railway receipt are entrusted to a railway administration for carriage;
* "demurrage" means the charge levied for the detention of any rolling stock after the expiry of free time, if any, allowed for such detention;
* "endorsee" means the person in whose favor an endorsement is made, and in the case of successive endorsements, the person in whose favor the last endorsement is made;
* "endorsement" means the signing by the consignee or the endorsee after adding a direction on a railway receipt to pass the property in the goods mentioned in such receipt to a specified person;
* "fare" means the charge levied for the carriage of passengers;
* "ferry" includes a bridge of boats, pontoons or rafts, a swing bridge, a fly-bridge and a temporary bridge and the approaches to, and landing places of, a ferry;
* "forwarding note" means the document executed under section 64;
* "freight" means the charge levied for the carriage of goods including transhipment charges, if any;
* "General Manager" means the General Manager of a Zonal Railway appointed under section 4;
* "goods" includes-
* containers, pallets or similar articles of transport used to consolidate goods; and animals;
* "Government railway" means a railway owned by the Central Government;
* "in transit", in relation to the carriage of goods by railway, means the period between the commencement and the termination of transit of such goods, and unless otherwise previously determined-
** transit commences as soon as the railway receipt is issued or the consignment is loaded, whichever is earlier;
** transit terminates on the expiry of the free time allowed for unloading of consignment from any rolling stock and where such unloading has been completed within such free time, transit terminates on the expiry of the free time allowed, for the removal of the goods from the railway premises;
* "level crossing" means an inter-section of a road with lines of rails at the same level;
* "luggage" means the goods of a passenger either carried by him in his charge or entrusted to a railway administration for carriage;
* "lump sum rate" means the rate mutually agreed upon between a railway administration and a consignor for the carriage of goods and for any service in relation to such carriage
* "non-Government railway" means a railway other than a Government railway;
* "notification" means a notification published in the Official Gazette;
* "parcel" means goods entrusted to a railway administration for carriage by a passenger or a parcel train;
* "pass" means an authority given by the Central Government or a railway Administration to a person allowing him to travel as a passenger, but does not include a ticket;
* "passenger" means a person traveling with a valid pass or ticket;
* "prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Act;
* "railway" means a railway, or any portion of a railway, for the public carriage of passengers or goods, and includes-
** all lands within the fences or other boundary marks indicating the limits of the land appurtenant to a railway;
** all lines of rails, sidings, or yards, or branches used for the purposes of, or in connection with, a railway;
** all electric traction equipment, power supply and distribution installations used for the purposes of, or in connection with, a railway;.
** all rolling stock, stations, offices, warehouses, wharves, workshops, manufactories, fixed plant and machinery, roads and streets, running rooms, rest houses, institutes, hospitals, water works and water supply installations, staff' dwellings and any other works constructed for the purpose of, or in connection with, railway;
** all vehicles which are used on any road for the purposes of traffic of a railway and owned, hired or worked by a railway, and
** all ferries, ships, boats and rafts which are used on any canal, river, lake or other navigable inland waters for the purposes of the traffic of a railway and owned, hired or worked by a railway administration, but does not include-
*** a tramway wholly within a municipal area;. and
*** lines of rails built in any exhibition ground, fair, park, or any other place solely for the purpose of recreation;
** "railway administration", in relation to-
*** a Government railway, means the General Manager of a Zonal Railway; and
*** a non-Government railway, means the parson who is the owner or lessee of the railway or the person working the railway under an agreement;
* "railway receipt" means the receipt issued under section 65;
* "railway servant" means any person employed by the Central Government or by a railway administration in connection with the service of a railway;
* "rate" includes any fare, freight or any other charge for the carriage of any passenger or goods;
* "regulations" means the regulations made by the Railway Rates Tribunal under this Act;
* "rolling stock" includes locomotives, lenders, carriages, wagons, rail-cars, containers, trucks, trolleys and vehicles of all kinds moving on rails;
* "station to station rate" means a special reduced rate applicable to a specific commodity booked between specified stations;
* "traffic" includes rolling stock of every description, as well as passengers and goods;
* "Tribunal" means the Railway Rates Tribunal constituted under section 33;
* "wharfage" means the charge levied on goods for not removing them from the railway after the expiry of the free time for such removal;
* "Zonal Railway" means a Zonal Railway constituted under section 3.

==Powers==
===Executing necessary works===
According to this act, a railway administration may make or construct in or upon, across, under, or over any lands, or any streets, hills, valleys, roads, railway, tramways, or any rivers, canals, brooks, streams, or other waters, or any drains, water-pipes, gas-pipes, oil-pipes, sewers. electric supply lines, or telegraph lines such, temporary or permanent inclined-planes, bridges, tunnels, culverts, embankments, aqueducts, roads, lines of rails, ways, passages, conduits, drains, piers, cuttings and fences, in-take wells, tube wells, dams, river training and protection works as it thinks proper; alter the course of any rivers, brooks, streams or other water courses, for the purpose of constructing and maintaining tunnels, bridges, passages or other works over or under them and divert or alter either temporarily or permanently, the course of any rivers, brooks, streams or other water courses or any roads, streets or ways, or raise or sink the level thereof, in order to carry them more conveniently over or under, or by the side of the railway, make drains or conduits into, through or under any lands adjoining the railway for the purpose of conveying water from or to the railway; erect and construct such houses, warehouses, offices and other buildings, and such yards, stations, wharves, engines, machinery apparatus and other works and conveniences as the railway administration thinks proper, alter, repair or discontinue such buildings, works and conveniences as aforesaid or any of them and substitute others in their stead; erect operate, maintain or repair any telegraph and telephone lines in connection with the working of the railway, erect operate, maintain or repair any electric traction equipment, power supply and distribution installation in connection with the working of the railway; and do all other acts necessary for making, maintaining, altering or repairing and using the railway<ref>{{cite web |title=Railways Act, Power to execute necessary works |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/Railway_Act.PDF |website=indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>

===Scheduling===
*Every railway administration shall cause to be pasted in a conspicuous and accessible place at every station in Hindi and English and also in the regional language commonly in use in the area where the station is
** a table of times of arrival and departure of trains which carry passengers and stop at that station, and
** list of fares from such station to such other stations as it may consider necessary.
* At every station where tickets are issued to passengers, a copy of the time table in force shall be kept in the office of the station master.<ref>{{cite web |title=Railways Act, Power to exhibit fare and timing |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/Railway_Act.PDF |website=indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>

===Pricing and rates===
As per the act, the [[Government of India|Central Government]] may, from time to time, by general or special order fix, for the carriage of passengers and goods, rates for the whole or any part of the railway and different rates may be fixed for different classes of goods and specify in such order the conditions subject to which such rates shall apply. the Central Government may also, by a like order, fix the rates of any other charges incidental to or connected with such carriage including demurrage and wharfage for the whole or any part of the railway and specify in the order the conditions subject to Which such rates shall apply.<ref>{{cite web |title=Railways Act, Power to fix rates |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/Railway_Act.PDF |website=indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>

==Offences==
===Smoking===
* No person in any compartment of a train shall, if objected to by any other passenger in that compartment, smoke therein.
* Notwithstanding anything contained in other sub-sections, a railway administration may prohibit smoking in any train or part of a train.
* Whosoever contravenes the provisions of other sub-sections shall be punishable with fine which may extend to ₹100.<ref>{{cite web |title=Railways Act, Smoking |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/Railway_Act.PDF |website=indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>

===Endangering safety===
Any person committing an offence under this Act or any rule made thereunder shall be triable for such offence in any place in which he may be or which the State Government may notify in this behalf, as well as in any other place in which he is liable to be tried under any law for the time being in force.<ref>{{cite web |title=Railways Act, Endangering safety |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/Railway_Act.PDF |website=indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>

If any railway servant, when on duty, endangers the safety of any person-
* by disobeying any rule made under this Act; or
* by disobeying any instruction, direction or order under this Act or the rules made there under; or
* by any rash or negligent act or omission, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine which may extend to ₹1000, or with both.

===Obstruction===
If any railway servant (whether on duty or otherwise) or any other person obstructs or causes to be obstructed or attempts to obstruct any train or other rolling stock upon a railway,-
* by squatting or picketing or during any Rail roko agitation or bandh; or
* by keeping without authority any rolling stock on the railway; or
* by tampering with, disconnecting or interfering in any other manner with its hose pipe or tampering with signal gear or otherwise, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two year, or with fine which may extend to two thousand rupees, or with both.<ref>{{cite web |title=Railways Act, Obstructing Services |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/Railway_Act.PDF |website=indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>

===Travel offences===
====Traveling on roof, step or engine of a train====
According to section 156 of this act, if any passenger or any other person, after being warned by a railway servant to desist, persists in traveling on the roof, step or footboard of any carriage or on an engine, or in any other part of a train not intended for the use of passengers, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three months, or with fine which imprisonment for a term which may extend to three months, or with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees, or with both and may be removed from the railway by any railway servant.
<ref>{{cite web |title=Railways Act, Traveling on roof, steps or engine |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/Railway_Act.PDF |website=indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>

====Traveling without pass/ticket====
If any person, with intent to defraud a railway administration,-
*enters or remains in any carriage on a railway or travels in train in contravention of section 55, or
*uses or attempts to use a single pass or a single ticket which has already been used on a previous journey, or in the case of a return ticket, a half thereof which has already been so used.

he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend of six months, or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees, or with both:

Provided that in the absence of special and adequate reasons to the contrary to be mentioned in the judgment of the court, such punishment shall not be less than a fine of five hundred rupees.
* The person referred to in sub-section (1) shall also be liable to pay the excess charge mentioned in sub-section (3) in addition to the ordinary single fare for the distance which he has traveled, or where there is any doubt as to the station from which he started, the ordinary single fare from the station from which the train originally started, or if the tickets of passengers traveling in the train have been examined since the original starting of the train, the ordinary single fare from the place where the tickets were so examined or, in case of their having been examined more than once, were last examined.
* The excess charge referred to in sub-section (2) shall be a sum equal to the ordinary single fare referred to in that sub-section or fifty rupees, whichever is more.
* Notwithstanding anything contained in section 65 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860), the court convicting an offender may direct that the person in default of payment of any fine inflicted by the court shall suffer imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months.<ref>{{cite web |title=Railways Act, Travel without pass/ticket |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/Railway_Act.PDF |website=indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>

====Entering reserved compartments====
* If any passenger-
** having entered a compartment wherein no berth or seat has been reserved by a railway administration for his use, or
** having unauthorizedly occupied a berth or seat reserved by a railway administration for the use of another passenger, refuses to leave it when required to do so by any railway servant authorized in this behalf, such railway servant may remove him or cause him to be removed, with the aid of any other person, from the compartment, berth or seat, as the case may be, and he shall also be punishable with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees.
* If any passenger resists the lawful entry of another passenger into a compartment not reserved for the use of the passenger resisting, he shall be punishable with fine which may extend to two hundred rupees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Railways Act, Entering reserved compartments without ticket |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/Railway_Act.PDF |website=indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>

====Altering tickets====
* If any passenger-
** having entered a compartment wherein no berth or seat has been reserved by a railway administration for his use, or
** having unauthorizedly occupied a berth or seat reserved by a railway administration for the use of another passenger, refuses to leave it when required to do so by any railway servant authorized in this behalf, such railway servant may remove him or cause him to be removed, with the aid of any other person, from the compartment, berth or seat, as the case may be, and he shall also be punishable with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees.
* If any passenger resists the lawful entry of another passenger into a compartment not reserved for the use of the passenger resisting, he shall be punishable with fine which may extend to two hundred rupees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Railways Act, Altering tickets |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/Railway_Act.PDF |website=indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>

==Provisions==
===Accident coverage===
According to the act, any accident attended with loss of any human life, or with grievous hurt, as defined in the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860), or with such serious injury to property as may be prescribed; or
* any collision between trains of which one is a train carrying passengers; or
* the derailment of any train carrying passengers, or of any part of such train; or
*any accident of a description usually attended with loss of human life or with such grievous hurt as aforesaid or with serious injury to property; or
* any accident of any other description which the Central Government may notify in this behalf in the Official Gazette, occurs, the station master of the station nearest to the place at which the accident occurs or where there is no station master, the railway servant in charge of the section of the railway on which the accident occurs, shall, without delay, give notice of the accident to the District Magistrate and Superintendent of Police, within whose jurisdiction the accident occurs, the officer in charge of the police station within the local limits of which the accident occurs and to such other Magistrate or police officer as may be appointed in this behalf by the Central Government.
*The railway administration within whose jurisdiction the accident occurs, as also the railway administration to whom the train involved in the accident belongs, shall without delay, give notice of the accident to the State Government and the Commissioner having jurisdiction over the place of the accident.<ref>{{cite web |title=Railways Act, Notice of accident |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/Railway_Act.PDF |website=indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1908?view_type=browse&sam_handle=123456789/1362 The Railways Act, 1989] at www.indiacode.nic.in
{{Transport in India}}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1989]]
[[Category:Rail transport in India]]
[[Category:Railway legislation]]
[[Category:1989 in transport]]
[[Category:1989 in rail transport]]

Bihar Legislative Assembly

2026-03-21T08:30:04Z

DeangeloKater:

{{Short description|Lower house of the bicameral legislature of the Indian state of Bihar}}
{{About|2=the upper house|3=Bihar Legislative Council}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Bihar Legislative Assembly
| native_name = बिहार विधान सभा
| native_name_lang = hi
| coa_pic = Seal of Bihar.svg
| coa_res =
| legislature = [[18th Bihar Assembly]]
| house_type = Lower house
| body = Bihar Legislature
| term_limits = 5 years
| leader1_type = [[List of governors of Bihar|Governor]]
| leader1 = '''[[Syed Ata Hasnain]]'''
| party1 =
| election1 = 14 March 2026
| leader2_type =
| leader2 =
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type = [[List of speakers of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| leader3 = '''[[Prem Kumar (politician)|Dr. Prem Kumar]]'''
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election3 = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2 December 2025]]
| leader4_type = Deputy Speaker
| leader4 = '''[[Narendra Narayan Yadav]]'''
| party4 = [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| election4 = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|3 December 2025]]
| leader5_type = [[List of Chief Ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister]] (Leader of the House)
| leader5 = '''[[Nitish Kumar]]'''
| party5 = [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| election5 = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|20 November 2025]]
| leader6_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Bihar|Deputy Chief Minister]] (Deputy Leader of the house)
| leader6 = '''[[Samrat Choudhary]]''', [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] '''[[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]'''
| party6 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election6 = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|20 November 2025]]
| leader10_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader10 = '''[[Tejashwi Yadav]]'''
| party10 = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
| election10 = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|17 November 2025]]
| leader8_type = '''Chief Whip'''
| leader8 = '''[[Shrawan Kumar (politician)|Shrawan Kumar]]'''
| election8 = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|01 December 2025]]
| party8 = [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| leader7_type = '''Minister of Parliamentary Affairs'''
| leader7 = '''[[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary ]]'''
| party7 = [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| election7 = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|20 November 2025]]
| members = '''243'''
| structure1 = {{Switcher|[[File:India Bihar Legislative Assembly Election 2025.svg|300px]]|By party|[[File:India Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Alliance Wise 2025.svg|300px]]|By alliance}}
| structure1_res =
| political_groups1 = 

'''[[Government of Bihar|Government]] (202)'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2025 |title=Party position (as on 14 November 2025) |url=https://vidhansabha.bihar.gov.in/pdf/Party%20in%20position.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923093153/https://vidhansabha.bihar.gov.in/pdf/Party%20in%20position.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2025 |website=Bihar Vidhan Sabha}}</ref>
:{{Color box|{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}} [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (202)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (89)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Janata Dal (United)}}}} [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] (85)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}} [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]] (19)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}}} [[Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular)|HAM(S)]] (5)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}}} [[Rashtriya Lok Morcha|RLM]] (4)

'''Opposition (41)'''
:{{Color box|{{Party color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}}} [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|MGB]] (35)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}}} [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] (25)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (6)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]] (2)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (1)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian Inclusive Party}}}} [[Indian Inclusive Party|IIP]] (1)
:{{Color box|{{Party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}}} [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] (5)
:{{Color box|{{Party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}}} [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] (1)
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post]]
| last_election1 = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|6–11 November 2025]]
| next_election1 = [[Next Bihar Legislative Assembly election|October–November 2030]]
| session_room = Vidhan-sabha-bihar.jpg
| session_res = 250
| meeting_place = Bihar State Assembly, [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| website = [https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in Bihar Legislative Assembly]
}}

The '''Bihar Legislative Assembly''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Bihār Vidhān Sabhā''), is the lower house of the bicameral [[Bihar Legislature]] of the state of [[Bihar]] in [[India]]. The first state elections were held in 1952.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oneindia.com/feature/bihar-poll-dates-announced-some-facts-need-know-about-bihar-legislative-assembly-1863907.html|title=Bihar poll dates announced: Some facts youn need to know about Bihar Legislative Assembly|newspaper=www.oneindia.com|access-date=19 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120003852/http://www.oneindia.com/feature/bihar-poll-dates-announced-some-facts-need-know-about-bihar-legislative-assembly-1863907.html|archive-date=20 November 2016}}</ref>

Before the partition of Bihar, the total strength of membership in the assembly was 331, including one nominated member. After the partition, the seats were reduced to 243 members. [[Shri Krishna Sinha|Shri Krishna Singh]] became the first leader of the House and the first chief minister, [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha|Anugrah Narayan Singh]] was elected as the first deputy leader of the house and the first deputy chief minister.<ref>{{cite web |title=First Polls, first rift, first rush:Bihar 1952 CM SK Sinha Dy CM Dr AN Sinha |date=11 October 2020 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/bihar-assembly-elections-1952-first-polls-first-rift-first-rush-19526720113/|access-date=11 October 2020}}</ref>

==History==
{{Further|List of speakers of the Bihar Legislative Assembly}}
After the passing of the [[Government of India Act 1935]], Bihar and [[Odisha|Orissa]] became separate states. A bicameral system of legislature was introduced according to the act. On 22 July 1936, the first Bihar legislative council was set up. It had 30 members and Rajiv Ranjan Prasad was the chairman. The first joint session of the two houses of the Bihar Assembly took place on 22 July 1937. Ram Dayalu Singh was elected as the [[List of speakers of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|speaker of the Bihar Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bihar Vidhan Sabha |url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/History_of_Bihar_Vidhan_Sabha.pdf |access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>

==Bihar Legislative Assembly terms==

Following are the dates of constitution and dissolution of the Bihar Legislative Assembly. First sitting date and date of completion of term for each [https://vidhansabha.bihar.gov.in Vidhan Sabha] can be different from the constitution and dissolution dates (respectively).
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Vidhan Sabha
! Constitution
! Dissolution
! Days
!Speaker
!Ministry
|-
|Interim Government
|25 April 1946
|19 May 1952
|2,041
| rowspan="3" |[[Bindeshwari Prasad Verma]]
| scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Shri Krishna Sinha|First Shri Krishna Sinha ministry]]
|-
| 1st
| 20 May 1952
| 31 March 1957
| 1,776
|Second Shri Krishna Sinha ministry
|-
| 2nd
| 20 May 1957
| 15 March 1962
| 1,760
|Third Shri Krishna Sinha ministry (Till 1961) Deep Narayan Singh interim ministry (17 days) First Binodanand Jha ministry (1961–62)
|-
| 3rd
| 16 March 1962
| 16 March 1967
| 1,826
|[[Lakshmi Narayan Sudhanshu|Dr Laxmi Narayan Sudhanshu]]
|
|-
| 4th
| 17 March 1967
| 26 February 1969
| 712
|[[Dhanik Lal Mandal|Dhaniklal Mandal]]
|
|-
| 5th
| 26 February 1969
| 28 March 1972
| 1,126
|[[Ram Narayan Mandal]]
|
|-
| 6th
| 29 March 1972
| 30 April 1977
| 1,858
|Hari Nath Mishr
|
|-
| 7th
| 24 June 1977
| 17 February 1980
| 968
|Tripurari Prasad Singh
|
|-
| 8th
| 8 June 1980
| 12 March 1985
| 1,738
|[[Radhanandan Jha]]
|
|-
| 9th
| 12 March 1985
| 10 March 1990
| 1,824
|Shiva Chandra Jha (till 1989)
[[Md Hidayatullah Khan]]
|
|-
| 10th
| 10 March 1990
| 28 March 1995
| 1,844
|Ghulam Sarwar
|
|-
| 11th
| 4 April 1995
| 2 March 2000
| 1,795
|[[Deo Narayan Yadav|Devnarayan Yadav]]
|
|-
| 12th
| 3 March 2000
| 6 March 2005
| 1,830
|[[Sadanand Singh]]
|
|-
| 13th
| 7 March 2005
| 24 November 2005
| 263
| rowspan="3" |[[Uday Narayan Choudhary|Uday Narayan Chaudhary]]
|
|-
| 14th
| 24 November 2005
| 26 November 2010
| 1,829
|[[Second Nitish Kumar ministry]]
|-
| [[15th Bihar Assembly|15th]]
| 26 November 2010
| 20 November 2015
| 1,821
|[[Third Nitish Kumar ministry]] (2010–14) [[Jitan Ram Manjhi ministry]] (2014–15) [[Fourth Nitish Kumar ministry]] (2015-15)
|-
| [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Bihar|16th]]
| 20 November 2015
| 14 November 2020<ref>{{cite news |last1=Etemaad |title=Bihar Governor Phagu Chauhan Formally Dissolved 16th Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.en.etemaaddaily.com/world/national/bihar-governor-phagu-chauhan-formally-dissolved-16th-legislative-assembly:85612 |date=14 November 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020}}</ref>
|1,821
|[[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]]
|[[Fifth Nitish Kumar ministry]] (2015–17) [[Sixth Nitish Kumar ministry]] (2017-20)
|-
| [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Bihar|17th]]
|16 November 2020
|17 November 2025
|{{Age in days|16 November 2020|17 November 2025}}
|[[Vijay Kumar Sinha]] (till 9 August 2022)
[[Awadh Bihari Choudhary]] (till 28 January 2024)

[[Nand Kishore Yadav]] (from 15 February 2024)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-15 |title=BJP leader Nand Kishore Yadav elected Speaker of Bihar Assembly |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/bjp-leader-nand-kishore-yadav-elected-speaker-of-bihar-assembly-101707979648121.html |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Seventh Nitish Kumar ministry]] (2020–22) [[Eighth Nitish Kumar ministry]] (2022-2024) [[Ninth Nitish Kumar ministry]] (2024-2025)
|-
| [[18th Bihar Assembly|18th]]
|20 November 2025
|''Incumbent''
|{{Age in days|20 November 2025}}
| [[Prem Kumar (politician)|Dr. Prem Kumar]]
|[[Tenth Nitish Kumar ministry]] (2025–present)
|}

==Working==
The Bihar Legislative Assembly<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bihar Assembly Elections 2025: Bihar Election Latest News, Photos, Videos, Live News |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/bihar-election |work=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref> is not a permanent body and is subject to dissolution. The tenure of the [[Vidhan Sabha|legislative assembly]] is five years from the date appointed for its first sitting unless dissolved sooner. Members of the legislative assembly are directly elected by the people.

There are three sessions every year: budget session, monsoon session, and winter session.

The sessions of the legislative assembly are presided over by the speaker. The speaker certifies whether a bill is ordinary bill or money bill. Generally, the speaker does not participate in voting, except in the case of a tie. [[Nand Kishore Yadav]] is the current speaker of the Bihar Legislative Assembly.<ref name=":0" /> The legislative assembly also has a Secretariat. The secretary is under the disciplinary control of the speaker. The function of the secretary is to assist the speaker. Bateshwar Nath Pandey is the current secretary of the Bihar Legislative Assembly.

==Composition==
{{transcluded section|source=18th Bihar Assembly}}
{{trim|{{#Section-h:18th Bihar Assembly|Composition}}}}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{{transcluded section|source=18th Bihar Assembly}}
{{trim|{{#Section-h:18th Bihar Assembly|Members of Legislative Assembly}}}}

==See also==
* [[Bihar Economic Survey]]
* {{annotated link|Bihar Legislative Council}}
* {{annotated link|Government of Bihar}}
* [[List of chief ministers of Bihar]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of deputy chief ministers of Bihar]]
* [[List of speakers of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of governors of Bihar]]
* [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
* {{annotated link|Patna Secretariat}}

==Note==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://gov.bih.nic.in/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615165115/http://gov.bih.nic.in/ |date=15 June 2011 }}; Government of Bihar

{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Bihar Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:State lower houses in India]]

Portrait of Muhammad Dervish Khan

2026-03-18T06:41:33Z

DeangeloKater: starting new stub

{{Infobox artwork/wikidata|image_size=270px}}
'''''Portrait of Muhammad Dervish Khan''''' is an oil-on-canvas portrait painting by [[Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun]], from 1788. It is held in a private collection.

==History==
It featured in the 2004 exhibition ''Encounters: the Meeting of Asia and Europe 1500-1800'' at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] where it first received international attention as an unusually monumental portrait of a man from [[Mysore]]. Muhammad Dervish Khan was one of three ambassadors to the French court sent by [[Tipu Sultan]].

After finishing the portraits and leaving them with the ambassadors to dry, Vigée Le Brun sought their return in order to exhibit them in the [[Salon (Paris)|Salon]]; one of the ambassadors refused the request, stating that a painting "needs a soul", and hid the paintings behind his bed. Vigée Le Brun managed to secure the portraits through the ambassador's valet, which enraged the ambassador to the point that he wished to kill his valet, but he was dissuaded from doing so as "it was not custom in Paris to kill one's valet". She falsely convinced the ambassador that the King wanted the portraits, and they were exhibited in the Salon of 1789. Unknown to the artist, these ambassadors were later executed upon their return to Mysore for failing in their mission to forge a military alliance with [[Louis XVI]]. After [[Jean-Baptiste-Pierre Lebrun|her husband's]] death, the paintings were sold along with the remnants of his estate, and Vigée Le Brun did not know who possessed them at the time she wrote her memoirs.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Vigée Le Brun
|first=Élisabeth Louise
|title=Memoirs of Madame Vigée Lebrun
|translator=Lionel Strachey
|publisher=Doubleday, Page & Company
|location=New York
|year=1903
|url=https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/lebrun/memoirs/memoirs.html
|access-date=2026-03-17
}}</ref>

The portrait was never sold, though Vigée Le Brun fled Paris and left it behind when the city was mobbed.

==Provenance==
The portrait of ''Mahomet Dervisch-Kam, premier ambassadeur de Typpo-Sultan'' was shown in the [[Paris salon]] of 1789 in her absence, along with an even taller monumental portrait of ''Mahomet Usman-Kam, second ambassadeur de Typpo-Sultan'' that she painted (whereabouts unknown).<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cataloguesofpari1785acad/page/n150 Paintings by Mme Le Brun, Académicienne] in the 1789 Paris Salon catalog on archive.org</ref> Both paintings were admired greatly, partly because the ambassadors themselves had made quite a spectacle the year before. All three ambassadors returned to India without achieving the sought-for alliance and their heads were chopped off by order of the sultan, giving both paintings even more allure for their grim symbolism.

==Art market==
It was sold at [[Sotheby's]] for $7,185,900, at 30 January 2019.<ref>[http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2019/master-paintings-evening-n10007/lot.48.html Sotheby's, 30 January 2019]</ref>

<gallery>
File:Charles-Eloi Asselin - Promenade of the Ambassadors of Tipu Sultan in the Park of Saint-Cloud.jpg|''Promenade of the Ambassadors of Tipu Sultan in the Park of Saint-Cloud'', by Charles-Eloi Asselin
File:Louis XVI Receives the Ambassadors of Tipu Sultan 1788 Voyer after Emile Wattier 19th century.jpg|[[Louis XVI]] receives the ambassadors in 1788 negotiating [[Franco-Indian alliances]]
File:Charles de Wailly - Salon de Paris, 1789 lpdp 82552-1.jpg|Paintings on display at the 1789 salon, by Charles De Wailly
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2019/master-paintings-evening-n10007/lot.48.html Sotheby's auction record], 30 January 2019
* [https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/the-volatile-saga-behind-elisabeth-louise-vigee-le-bruns-portrait-of-indias-ambassador-to-france The Volatile Saga behind Elisabeth-Louise Vigée Le Brun's Portrait of India's Ambassador to France] Sotheby's blog, 10 January 2019

{{Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Portrait of Muhammad Dervish Khan}}
[[Category:Paintings by Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun]]
[[Category:Portraits of men]]
[[Category:1788 paintings]]
[[Category:Portraits by French artists]]
[[Category:Oil paintings on canvas]]
[[Category:Works about diplomats]]
[[Category:18th-century portraits]]
[[Category:Artworks exhibited at the Salon of 1789]]

3rd Delhi Assembly

2026-03-12T11:39:06Z

DeangeloKater: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Third Legislative Assembly of Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Legislative Assembly of Delhi (Vidhan Sabha of Delhi)
| legislature =
| coa_pic = Emblem of India.svg
| session_room =
| house_type = [[Unicameral]]
| term_limits = 5 year
| new_session =
| foundation = 2003
| disbanded = 2008
| preceded_by = [[2nd Delhi Assembly]]
| succeeded_by = [[4th Delhi Assembly]]
| leader1_type = Chief Minister
| leader1 = [[Sheila Dikshit]]
| party1 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election1 =
| leader2_type = Speaker of the Assembly
| leader2 =
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type = Leader of the House
| leader3 =
| party3 =
| election3 =
| leader4_type = Leader of the Opposition
| leader4 = [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| party4 = [[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]]
| leader5_type = Secretary
| leader5 =
| party5 =
| election4 =
| term_length =
| authority =
| salary =
| members = 70
| last_election1 = [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| structure1 = File:India_Delhi_Legislative_Assembly_2003.svg
| structure1_res =
| redistricting =
| political_groups1 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (47) [[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]] (20) [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD (U)]] (1) [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] (1) IND (1)
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post|FPTP]]
| meeting_place = Old Secretariat , [[Delhi]], India
| session_res = 200px
| website = {{URL|www.delhiassembly.nic.in/}}
}}

The '''Third Legislative Assembly of Delhi''' was constituted in 2003 after [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Legislative Assembly election]] held on 1 December 2003.

==Election and Government formation==
In all, six national parties, twelve state parties, forty-five registered (unrecognized) parties and other independent candidates contested for 70 assembly seats. With 47 seats, [[Indian National Congress|INC]] emerged as the single largest party and formed the Government with [[Sheila Dikshit]] as the Chief Minister. [[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]] won 20 seats and secured the second position. [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]], [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] and Independent contestant each won one seat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2003 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF NCT OF DELHI|publisher=eci.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electors==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! !! Male !! Female !! Total
|-
| Electors || 47,56,330 || 36,91,994 || 84,48,324
|-
| Electors who voted || 26,10,829 || 19,02,306 || 45,13,135
|-
| Polling percentage || 54.89% || 51.43% || 53.42%
|-
|}

==Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! !! Male !! Female !! Others !! Total
|-
| Candidates || 739 || 78 || 0 || 817
|-
| Elected || 63 || 7 || 0 || 70
|-
| Forfeited deposits || 612 || 60 || 0 || 672
|-
|}

==Elected members==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
| 01 || 2003 || 2008 || Chief Minister (Leader of the House)|| [[Shiela Dixit]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 02 || 2003 || 2008 || Speaker || [[Ajay Maken]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-

| 03 || 2003 || 2008 || Deputy Speaker || [[Krishna Tirath]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 04 || 2003 || 2008 || Leader of the Opposition || [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==List of members==
Default sort, in ascending order of constituency

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! Assembly constituency !! Name !! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| 01 || [[Adarsh Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Adarsh Nagar]] || [[Mangat Ram Singhal]]|| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 02 || [[Ambedkar Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]] (SC) || [[Prem Singh (Delhi politician)|Prem Singh]]
|-
| 03 || [[Babarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Babarpur]] || Vinay Sharma
|-
| 04 || [[Badarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badarpur]] || [[Ramvir Singh Bidhuri]] || {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| 05 || [[Badli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Badli]] || [[Jai Bhagwan Aggarwal]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 06 || [[Baljit Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Baljit Nagar]] (SC) || [[Krishna Tirath]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 07 || [[Ballimaran (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ballimaran]] || [[Haroon Yusuf]]
|-
| 08 || [[Bawana (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Bawana]] (SC) || [[Surender Kumar (politician)|Surender Kumar]]
|-
| 09 || [[Bhalswa Jahangirpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Bhalswa Jahangirpur]] || J S Chauhan
|-
| 10 || [[Chandni Chowk (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Chandni Chowk]] || [[Parlad Singh Sawhney]]
|-
| 11 || [[Delhi Cantt (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Delhi Cantt]] || [[Karan Singh Tanwar]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 12 || [[Gandhi Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Gandhi Nagar]] || [[Arvinder Singh Lovely]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 13 || [[Geeta Colony Assembly constituency|Geeta Colony]]|| [[Ashok Kumar Walia]]
|-
| 14 || [[Ghonda (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ghonda]] || [[Bheeshm Sharma]]
|-
| 15 || [[Gole Market (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Gole Market]] || [[Sheila Dikshit]]
|-
| 16 || [[Hari Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Hari Nagar]] || [[Harsharan Singh Balli]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 17 || [[Hastsal (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Hastsal]] || [[Mukesh Sharma (Delhi politician)|Mukesh Sharma]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 18 || [[Hauz Khas (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Hauz Khas]] || [[Kiran Walia]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 19 || [[Janakpuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Janakpuri]] || [[Jagdish Mukhi]]
|-
| 20 || [[Jangpura (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Jangpura]] || [[Tarvinder Singh Marwah]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 21 || [[Kalkaji (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kalkaji]] || [[Subhash Chopra]]
|-
| 22 || [[Kamla Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kamla Nagar]] || [[Shadi Ram]]
|-
| 23 || [[Karol Bagh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Karol Bagh]] (SC) || [[Surender Pal Ratawal]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 24 || [[Kasturba Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kasturba Nagar]] || [[Shushil Choudhary]]
|-
| 25 || [[Krishna Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Krishna Nagar]] || [[Dr. Harsh Vardhan|Harsh Vardhan]]
|-
| 26 || [[Madipur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Madipur]] (SC) || [[Mala Ram Gangwal]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 27 || [[Mahipalpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mahipalpur]] || [[Vijay Singh Lochav]]
|-
| 28 || [[Malviya Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Malviya Nagar]] || [[Yoganand Shastri]]
|-
| 29 || [[Mandawali (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mandawali]] || [[Meera Bhardwaj]]
|-
| 30 || [[Mangol Puri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mangol Puri]] (SC) || [[Raj Kumar Chauhan]]
|-
| 31 || [[Matia Mahal (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Matia Mahal]] || [[Shoaib Iqbal]] || {{party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| 32 || [[Minto Road (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Minto Road]] || [[Tajdar Babar]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 33 || [[Mehrauli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mehrauli]] || [[Balram Tanwar]]
|-
| 34 || [[Model Town (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Model Town]] || [[Kanwar Karan Singh]]
|-
| 35 || [[Moti Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Moti Nagar]] || [[Madan Lal Khurana]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 36 || [[Najafgarh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Najafgarh]] || [[Ranbir Singh Kharb]] || {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| 37 || [[Nand Nagari (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Nand Nagari]] (SC) || [[Baljor Singh]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| 38 || [[Nangloi Jat (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Nangloi Jat]] || [[Bijender Singh]]
|-
| 39 || [[Nerela (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Nerela]] (SC) || [[Charan Singh Kandera]]
|-
| 40 || [[Nasirpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Nasirpur]] || [[Mahabal Mishra]]
|-
| 41 || [[Okhla (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Okhla]] || [[Parvez Hashmi]]
|-
| 42 || [[Pahar Ganj (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Pahar Ganj]] || [[Anjali Rai]]
|-
| 43 || [[Palam (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Palam]] || [[Dharam Dev Solanki]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 44 || [[Patel Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Patel Nagar]] || [[Rama Kant Goswami]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 45 || [[Patparganj (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Patparganj]] (SC) || [[Amrish Singh Gautam]]
|-
| 46 || [[Qarawal Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Qarawal Nagar]] || [[Mohan Singh Bist]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 47 || [[Ram Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ram Nagar]] (SC) || [[Moti Lal Sodi]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 48 || [[R K Puram (Delhi Assembly constituency)|R. K. Puram]] || Barkha Singh
|-
| 49 || [[Rajinder Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rajinder Nagar]] || [[Puran Chand Yogi]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 50 || [[Rajouri Garden (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rajouri Garden]] || [[Ajay Maken]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 51 || [[Rohtas Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rohtas Nagar]] || [[Ram Babu Sharma]]
|-
| 52 || [[Sadar Bazar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sadar Bazar]] || [[Rajesh Jain]]
|-
| 53 || [[Sahibabad Daulatpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sahibabad Daulatpur]] || [[Kulwant Rana]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 54 || [[Saket (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Saket]] || [[Vijay Jolly]]
|-
| 55 || [[Sarojini Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sarojini Nagar]] || [[Ashok Ahuja]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 56 || [[Seelampur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Seelampur]] || [[Mateen Ahmed|Mateen Ahmad]]
|-
| 57 || [[Seema Puri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Seema Puri]] (SC) || [[Veer Singh Dhingan]]
|-
| 58 || [[Shahdara (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Shahdara]] || [[Narender Nath]]
|-
| 59 || [[Shakur Basti (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Shakur Basti]] || [[S. C. Vats]]
|-
| 60 || [[Shalimar Bagh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Shalimar Bagh]] || [[Ravinder Nath Bansal]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 61 || [[Sultan Pur Majra (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sultanpur]] (SC) || [[Jai Kishan]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 62 || [[Tilak Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tilak Nagar]] || [[O. P. Babbar]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 63 || [[Timarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Timarpur]] || Surinder Pal Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 64 || [[Tri Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tri Nagar]] || Anil Bhardwaj || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 65 || [[Trilokpuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Trilokpuri]] (SC) || [[Bhrampal]]
|-
| 66 || [[Tughlakabad (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tughlakabad]] || [[Ramesh Bidhuri]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 67 || [[Vishnu Garden (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Vishnu Garden]] || [[A. Dayanand Chandila]]
|-
| 68 || [[Vishwas Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Vishwas Nagar]] || [[Naseeb Singh]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 69 || [[Wazirpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Wazirpur]] || [[Mange Ram Garg]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 70 || [[Yamuna Vihar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Yamuna Vihar]] || [[Shahab Singh Chauhan]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Delhi Assemblies}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

[[Category:Terms of the Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2003–2008| ]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Thattathin Marayathu

2026-03-10T21:54:47Z

DeangeloKater:

{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thattathin Marayathu
| image = ThattathinMarayathu.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
| writer = Vineeth Sreenivasan
| based_on =
| producer = [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] [[Sreenivasan]]
| starring = [[Nivin Pauly]] [[Isha Talwar]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Jomon T. John]]
| editing = [[Ranjan Abraham]]
| music = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| studio = [[Mukesh (actor)|Lumiere Film Company]]
| distributor = [[Lal Jose|LJ Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|7|06|India}}
| runtime = 127 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Thattathin Marayathu - Behind The Veil |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/thattathin-marayathu-behind-the-veil-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mjkxmtk |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR|3 [[crore]]|link=yes}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/sme/small-budget-films-rake-in-big-profits-down-south-113022500441_1.html|title=Small-budget films rake in big profits down South|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=25 February 2013|last1=Narasimhan|first1=T. E.|access-date=5 December 2016|archive-date=15 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215030607/http://www.business-standard.com/article/sme/small-budget-films-rake-in-big-profits-down-south-113022500441_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/year-of-small-films-at-southern-box-office_125047.html|title=Year of small films at southern box-office|work=[[Zee News]]|date=25 December 2012|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225839/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/year-of-small-films-at-southern-box-office_125047.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|18.9 crore}}<ref>{{cite news|author=Anu James|title=Happy Birthday Nivin Pauly: Journey of an engineer who has become youth icon of Malayalam films|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/happy-birthday-nivin-pauly-journey-engineer-who-has-become-youth-icon-malayalam-films-649993|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=11 October 2015|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-date=11 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011210240/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/happy-birthday-nivin-pauly-journey-engineer-who-has-become-youth-icon-malayalam-films-649993|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Thattathin Marayathu''''' ({{translation|Behind The [[Veil]]}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic drama]] film written and directed by [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]. The film stars [[Nivin Pauly]] and [[Isha Talwar]], with [[Aju Varghese]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Sunny Wayne]], [[Sreeram Ramachandran]], [[Bhagath Manuel]], [[Manikuttan]], [[Sreenivasan]], and [[Niveda Thomas]] in supporting roles. The film is about a [[Hindu]] boy, Vinod, and a [[Muslim]] girl, Aisha, and the conflict arising out of this [[Interfaith marriage|inter-faith relationship]].

It has been considered as one of the defining films of the [[New Wave (Malayalam film movement)|Malayalam New Wave]],<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/movie-reviews/Thattathin-Marayathu/movie-review/14743903.cms "Thattathin Marayathu" (movie review)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725022859/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/movie-reviews/Thattathin-Marayathu/movie-review/14743903.cms |date=25 July 2012 }}. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 20 June 2014.</ref> and has been remade in Telugu as ''[[Saheba Subramanyam]]'' and Tamil as ''[[Meendum Oru Kadhal Kadhai]]''.

==Plot==

Sometime in the past, a young Hindu boy named Vinod sees a Muslim girl on [[Thalassery]] pier. He is immediately drawn to her and he prays to make her his wife in the future.

In the present, Vinod, while attending a wedding, accidentally collides with Aisha while running along a corridor. She falls down a [[Stairs|staircase]], and is taken unconscious to a hospital. He goes to the hospital to apologize and is attracted to her. With the help of his close friends Abdu and Mustafa, Vinod tries to win Aisha's heart. In order to get close to her, he enrolls in a university [[Daffmuttu]] competition that she too is taking part in. He asks an acquaintance, Najaf, to train him for this. Even though they have a bitter past between them, Najaf agrees to train Vinod.

During the [[Festival|cultural festival]], Vinod meets Aisha and gets to know her. After the festival is over, Vinod goes to Aisha's house at night and confesses his feelings. After a few days, Aisha reciprocates his feelings by writing a letter. One night, when he believes that no one is home, he tries to meet her. However he is caught and handed over to police.

While in police custody, he meets a sympathetic [[Sub-inspector|S.I]] Premkumar who decides to help the lovers unite. Vinod tries to find a way to communicate with Aisha and asks Hamza who is Aisha's tutor and cousin to help him. Hamza, who is in love with Vinod's sister, agrees to help Vinod. Vinod opens a [[Purdah]] shop and asks Aisha to inaugurate the shop. She agrees to do so without her parents knowing. During the inauguration, she meets Vinod's parents, who are very much happy with Aisha despite her religion. This is, however, discovered and she is then put into house-arrest by her father's elder brother, Abdul Khader. An accident in Khader's factory leads to a communal [[riot]] resulting in Aisha's father Abdul Rahman being attacked. Due to this, the family decide to move to [[Trivandrum]] the very next day. Aisha and Vinod met one final time that rainy night, with tears mingling with the downpour, as they sorrowfully accepted that her family would not allow them to be together. The next day, Abdul Rahman has a change of heart, because he already seen his first daughter's life get spoiled due to his silence and decides to let Aisha to live with the person she loves.

Aisha calls Vinod but finds that Vinod's [[Smartphone|phone]] is switched off and he is nowhere to be seen. Finally, with the help of SI Premkumar, they find him sitting by the pier and Aisha proposes him to marry her. Vinod asks to kiss her which she agrees. This kissing scene narrated with a short sarcastic dialogue from Abdu, ending the film.
The scene shifts back to the first scene at the same pier where Vinod prays to God to get that beautiful girl he saw and as he leaves, a woman calls out to the little girl as 'Aisha'.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Nivin Pauly]] as Vinod Nair
* [[Isha Talwar]] as Aisha Rahman
* [[Aju Varghese]] as Abdu, Vinod's friend
* [[Sreenivasan]] as Abdul Rahman, Aisha's father
* [[Manoj K. Jayan]] as [[Sub-inspector|S.I.]] Prem Kumar
* [[Ramu (actor)|Ramu]] as Abdul Khader, Aisha's uncle
* [[Aparna Nair]] as Mehru, Aisha's elder sister
* [[Ahmed Sidhique]] as Musthafa, Vinod's friend
* [[Bhagath Manuel]] as Hamza, Vinod's friend
* [[Deepak Parambol]] as Manoj Menon, the youth communist
* [[Dinesh Prabhakar]] as Satheeshan, police constable
* [[Kottayam Pradeep]] as Shaju, police constable
* [[Subeesh Sudhi]] as Subash, police constable
* [[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] as Vinod's mother
* [[Srinda Arhaan]] as Sandhya, Vinod's sister
* Nandan Unni as Baiju, Vinod's Jail mate
* [[Sunny Wayne]] as Majeed, a member of Smart Boyz Gang
* [[Sreeram Ramachandran]] as Nijad, a member of Smart Boyz Gang
* [[Manikuttan]] as Najaf, [[Duffmuttu]] trainer
* [[Joju George]] as Viswan, party leader
* [[Nivetha Thomas]] as Fathima ([[cameo appearance]])
* [[Sushin Shyam]] as the [[Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India|N.R.I]] boy ([[cameo appearance]])
* John Kaippallil as Imthiyaz ([[cameo appearance]])
}}

==Production==
''Thattathin Marayathu'' is Vineeth Sreenivasan's second directorial venture and was produced by Lumiere Film Company, a production house owned by Vineeth's father [[Sreenivasan]], actor [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], and Antony Edakochi. The film began its shooting in April 2012 in [[Thalassery]] and [[Kannur]].

Nivin Pauly, [[Aju Varghese]], [[Bhagath Manuel]] were cast once again by Vineeth Sreenivasan after their first film, while [[Isha Talwar]] was introduced by the cinematographer, [[Jomon T. John]], and was selected. Isha Talwar took a four-month voice training class and went through a course to learn Malayalam to ensure her debut was smooth.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ammu Zachariah |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Isha-Talwar-2-years-to-prepare-for-a-debut/articleshow/12220292.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701125815/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-12/news-interviews/31145592_1_malayalam-film-industry-debut-mollywood |url-status=live |archive-date=1 July 2012 |title=Isha Talwar: 2 years to prepare for a debut?|date=12 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref> Ahmed Siddique was chosen to play a very similar character like the one he played in the film ''[[Salt N' Pepper]]'', although the differences are he plays a typical Muslim guy with an impeccable Thalassery accent.<ref>{{cite web|author=Shiba Kurian, TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-13/news-interviews/31331709_1_gangster-upcoming-flick-film |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506095012/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-13/news-interviews/31331709_1_gangster-upcoming-flick-film |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 May 2013 |title=Ahmed Siddique ready for his next film |date=13 April 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=12 July 2012}}</ref> [[Alphonse Puthren]] cut the trailer of the film.

==Reception==
===Critical response ===

Moviebuzz in Sify.com rated the movie "Very Good", saying: "With a cute, simple storyline, which is meant to be enjoyed like of whiff of pure fresh air, the film just keeps you engaged all along, quite effectively."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120710000822/http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=15002496&ctid=5&cid=2428 Movie Review : Thattathin Marayathu]. Sify.com. Retrieved 20 June 2014.</ref> One India.com's Smitha gave a positive review, saying: "If you enjoy reading simple Mills and Boons kind of romantic love stories, you might just like Thattathin Marayathu."<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2012/thattathin-marayathu-movie-review-097251.html Thattathin Marayathu Movie Review – A soft romantic tale! – Oneindia Entertainment] . Entertainment.oneindia.in (28 August 2012). Retrieved 20 June 2014.</ref> Similarly, Indiaglitz.com also mentioned that the film is "advised for all who enjoyed reading Mills and Boons kind of romantic love stories, at some point of your adolescence", rating the movie 6/10.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120719024930/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/15800.html Thattathin Marayathu Malayalam Movie Review – cinema preview stills gallery trailer video clips showtimes]. Indiaglitz.com (16 July 2012). Retrieved 20 June 2014.</ref> The Times of India rated the movie 3.5 out of 5 stars, saying "Vineeth has crafted his dialogues with a highly laughable sense of humour".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/movie-reviews/Thattathin-Marayathu/movie-review/14743903.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Thattathin Marayathu – The Times of India | access-date=19 August 2012 | archive-date=25 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725022859/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/movie-reviews/Thattathin-Marayathu/movie-review/14743903.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

However, Veeyen of Nowrunning.com rated the movie 2.5 out of 5 stars. saying: "Performances of the lead actors often come to the rescue, even as the script holds few surprises."<ref>[http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/10318/malayalam/thattathin-marayathu/3786/review.htm Thattathin Marayathu Review – Malayalam Movie Review by Veeyen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710003927/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/10318/malayalam/thattathin-marayathu/3786/review.htm |date=10 July 2012 }}. Nowrunning.com (7 July 2012). Retrieved 20 June 2014.</ref> Rediff.com's Malayalam movie reviewer Paresh C Palicha also gave a negative review, rating the movie 2 stars out of 5.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-thattathin-marayathu-lacks-intensity/20120709.htm Review: Thattathin Marayathu lacks intensity – Rediff.com Movies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129143722/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-thattathin-marayathu-lacks-intensity/20120709.htm |date=29 November 2012 }}. Rediff.com (9 July 2012). Retrieved 20 June 2014.</ref> "The screenplay does try to be interesting going back and forth in the first half, and even has cheeky humour punctuating the proceedings. But, after a while, it feels as if the story is stuck in 'no man's land', not knowing whether to adopt a serious tone or go with the humorous flow," he said.

===Box office===
The film grossed {{INR Convert|10.52|c}} from 67 screens in [[Kerala]] in 21 days, earning a distributor's share of {{INRConvert|4.65|c}} from theatres alone in 3 weeks, which was a record in Malayalam cinema. ''Thattathin Marayathu'' created a new city record in [[Ernakulam]] where it netted {{INR}} 62 lakhs from Padma, Sridhar and two multiplexes. A distributor's share of approximately {{INR}} 34.2 lakhs in three weeks. In [[Thiruvananthapuram]], which has the lowest ticket rates among cities in Kerala, the film has taken a distributor's share of {{INR}} 19.5 lakhs in 21 days.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Box-Office (June-July 2012)|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15004289&cid=14625530|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807162616/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15004289&cid=14625530|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 August 2012|website=[[Sify]]|date=1 August 2012}}</ref> The film completed 50 days in 28 centres at the Kerala box office.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ustad-hotel-set-to-be-the-biggest-malayalam-hit-501884.html|title=Ustad Hotel' set to be the biggest Malayalam hit|work=[[News18]]|date=26 August 2012|access-date=31 March 2018|archive-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227035307/https://www.news18.com/news/india/ustad-hotel-set-to-be-the-biggest-malayalam-hit-501884.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film collected {{INR}} 1.66 lakhs in the 1st weekend<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/raaz-3-witnesses-day-wise-growth/|title=Raaz 3|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=11 September 2012|access-date=3 July 2023|archive-date=3 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403232846/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/raaz-3-witnesses-day-wise-growth/|url-status=live}}</ref> and {{INR}} 7.73 lakhs in the 9th weekend (final run) from US box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/luv-shuv-tey-chicken-khurana-ata-pata-laapata-fail/|title='Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana' & 'Ata Pata Laapata' fail!|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=6 November 2012|access-date=3 July 2023|archive-date=3 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403233219/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/luv-shuv-tey-chicken-khurana-ata-pata-laapata-fail/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film collected {{INR}} 16.24 lakhs from 13th weekend (final run) from UK box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/overseas-b-o-rejected/|title=Overseas B.O.: Rejected!|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=16 October 2012|access-date=3 July 2023|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404014653/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/overseas-b-o-rejected/|url-status=live}}</ref> The movie was second biggest grosser of 2012 and collected over [[₹]]18.9 [[crore]] at the box office.<ref>{{cite news|author=Anu James|title=Happy Birthday Nivin Pauly: Journey of an engineer who has become youth icon of Malayalam films|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/happy-birthday-nivin-pauly-journey-engineer-who-has-become-youth-icon-malayalam-films-649993|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=11 October 2015|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-date=11 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011210240/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/happy-birthday-nivin-pauly-journey-engineer-who-has-become-youth-icon-malayalam-films-649993|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/year-of-small-films-at-southern-box-office_125047.html|title=Year of small films at southern box-office|date=25 December 2012|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225839/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/year-of-small-films-at-southern-box-office_125047.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2015/02/17/coming-soon-tamil-remake-of-thattathin-marayathu|title = Coming Soon: Tamil Remake of 'Thattathin Marayathu'|date = 17 February 2015|access-date = 9 May 2016|archive-date = 19 April 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160419204215/http://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2015/02/17/coming-soon-tamil-remake-of-thattathin-marayathu|url-status = live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|Thattathin Marayathu (soundtrack)}}
The film's score and soundtrack were composed by [[Shaan Rahman]]. The lyrics for the soundtrack album featuring ten tracks in total, were written by [[Anu Elizabeth Jose]], Engandiyur Chandrasekharan, and [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]. The audio soundtrack was published by Mathrubhumi Music on 8 June 2012, at the film's audio release event held at [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Star studded music launch of Thattathin Marayathu in Kochi - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/Star-studded-music-launch-of-Thattathin-Marayathu-in-Kochi/articleshow/13964853.cms|access-date=2020-07-01|website=The Times of India|date=10 January 2014 |language=en|archive-date=3 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103032526/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/Star-studded-music-launch-of-Thattathin-Marayathu-in-Kochi/articleshow/13964853.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Actors [[Mammootty]], [[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Kunchacko Boban]] and [[Fahadh Faasil]] and the actors of the film released the audio by handing over the CD to M. V. Shreyas Kumar, the managing director of [[Mathrubhumi]] company.<ref>[http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/movies/malayalam/124693/ "Audio of `Thattathin Marayathu' released"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610160534/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/movies/malayalam/124693/ |date=10 June 2012 }}. Mathrubhumi.com (9 June 2012).</ref> The soundtrack album received positive reviews with the song "[[Muthuchippi Poloru|Muthuchippi]]". By late July 2012, the song had received more than six lakh hits on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-07-27|title=A voice for love|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-voice-for-love/article3689668.ece|access-date=2020-07-01|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701161856/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-voice-for-love/article3689668.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
''Thattathin Marayathu'' was remade into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages. It was first remade in Telugu as ''[[Saheba Subramanyam]]'' in 2014 starring [[Priyal Gor]] and Dileep Kumar.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/saheba-subramanyam-to-hit-screens/article6255076.ece |title='Saheba Subramanyam' to hit screens |date=28 July 2014 |work=The Hindu |access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-date=20 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520162817/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/saheba-subramanyam-to-hit-screens/article6255076.ece | url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015 a Tamil remake was also made with the title ''[[Meendum Oru Kadhal Kadhai]]'' by [[Mithran Jawahar]] starring Walter Philips and [[Isha Talwar]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Thattathin-Marayathu-Tamil-remake-gets-a-title/articleshow/46253107.cms | title=Thattathin Marayathu Tamil remake gets a title | date=16 January 2017 |work=The Times of India | access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010192026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Thattathin-Marayathu-Tamil-remake-gets-a-title/articleshow/46253107.cms | url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Director
|Vineeth Sreenivasan
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|Jomon T. John
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Music Director
|[[Shaan Rahman]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Lyricist
|Anu Elizabeth Jose for "Muthuchippi Poloru"
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer
|[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] for "Anuragathin"
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Female Debutant
|[[Isha Talwar]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[15th Asianet Film Awards]]
| Best Cinematographer
| [[Jomon T. John]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Popular Singer
| [[Ramya Nambeesan]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Star Couple
| [[Nivin Pauly]]-[[Isha Talwar]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Multi Faced Talent
| [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
| {{Won}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2248028|Thattathin Marayathu}}

{{Vineeth Sreenivasan}}

[[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shaan Rahman]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:2012 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thalassery]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kannur]]

Mundeyan Ton Bachke Rahin

2026-03-08T02:56:25Z

DeangeloKater: Put up the entry added tags!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mundeyan Ton Bachke Rahin
| image = Mundeyan Ton Bachke Rahin - Poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| producer = [[Pawan Gill]], [[Aman Gill]], Arun Mehra
| director = Navinder Kirpal Singh
| writer = [[Pawan Gill]], Navinder Kirpal Singh, [[Manoj Sabharwal]]
| starring = [[Roshan Prince]] [[Jassi Gill]] [[Simran Kaur Mundi]] [[Sunny Gill]] [[Bharti Singh]]
| music = Salil Amrute
| cinematography = John Wilmor
| editing = Parveen Kathikuloth
| studio = Gill Pictures Entertainment and AUM Moviez
| distributor = [[White Hill Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|05|30}}
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget =}}

'''''Mundeyan Ton Bachke Rahin''''' ([[English language|English]]: Beware of Boys) is a Punjabi romantic comedy film starring [[Roshan Prince]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newszoner.com/mundeyan-ton-bachke-rahin-reviews-trailers-wiki-details-bo-income/ |title=Mundeyan Ton Bachke Rahin Reviews, Trailers, Wiki Details | BO Income |publisher=NewsZoner |access-date=2014-05-21}}</ref> [[Jassi Gill]], [[Simran Kaur Mundi]], [[Sunny Gill]], [[Bharti Singh]] and Anshu (Preeto) Sawhney.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lakhi|first=Navleen Kaur|title=Voices To Reckon With - Jassi Gill|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/voices-to-reckon-with/article1-1166513.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226201622/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/voices-to-reckon-with/article1-1166513.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 December 2013|access-date=7 January 2014|newspaper=Hindustan Times City|date=26 December 2013}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is a romance comedy about two best friends, [[Roshan Prince]] & [[Jassi Gill]] who got their hearts broken at the age of 13 in school. They vowed to never fall in love again but instead make girls fall in love with them and break their hearts. However, now, 10 years later, they both end up meeting the same girl [[Simran Kaur Mundi]] and compete to see who can make her fall in love with them. Whoever gets her wins their game but instead both of them fall madly in love with her and then everything changes.

==Cast==
* [[Roshan Prince]]
* [[Jassi Gill]]
* [[Simran Kaur Mundi]]
* [[Sunny Gill]]
* [[Bharti Singh]]
* [[Harleen Sethi]]
* [[Anshu (Preeto) Sawhney]]
* Minto
* [[Hobby Dhaliwal]]
* Sunita Dhir
* [[Manoj Sabharwal]]

==Production==
The title of the film is inspired by the [[Panjabi MC]] song [[Mundian To Bach Ke|Mundian To Bach Ke Rahi]]. Shooting for the film took place in November and December 2013 in [[Nalagarh]] and [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Jasmine|title=Youth Connect - Actor Jassi Gill|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131216/ttlife1.htm|access-date=7 January 2014|newspaper=The Tribune India|date=16 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Jasmine|title=Jatts Roll On - Laugh On|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140103/ttlife1.htm|access-date=7 January 2014|newspaper=The Tribune India|date=3 January 2014}}</ref> The films trailer along with the first look posters were launched on April 15, 2014 at a first of its kind media event for a Punjabi film<ref>{{cite web|last1=Batish|first1=Ashima|title=Of Bromance and Romance|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140416/ttlife1.htm|website=The Tribune Lifestyle|publisher=The Tribune|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref> and the film released on 30 May 2014<ref>{{cite web|last=Dasgupta|first=Sagorika|title=Punjabi Beat|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/punjabi-beat/|publisher=Box Office India Magazine|access-date=27 February 2014}}</ref> receiving three star review ratings, the tribune said "the film has everything different on platter...and will be known for its unconventional climax, it's something unheard of or unseen in Punjabi films."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Jasmine|title=Punjabi Scope - Decently Inspired|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140531/ttlife1.htm#5|work=The Tribune|access-date=31 May 2014}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mundeyan Ton Bachke Rahin
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Jassi Katyal]] and Gurmeet Singh
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=23|s=32}}
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singers(s)
| total length = {{Duration|m=23|s=32}}
| title1 = Dil Da Plot
| extra1 = [[Roshan Prince]], [[Jassi Gill]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kumaar]]
| length1 = 3:19
| music1 = Jassi Katyal

| title2 = Dil Roi Janda
| extra2 = [[Jassi Katyal]]
| lyrics2 = [[Kumaar]]
| length2 = 4:56
| music2 = Jassi Katyal

| title3 = Mundeyan Ton Bachke Rahin
| extra3 = Roshan Prince, Jassi Gill
| lyrics3 = [[Kumaar]]
| length3 = 3:28
| music3 = Jassi Katyal

| title4 = Ranno
| extra4 = Jassi Katyal, [[Shipra Goyal]]
| lyrics4 = [[Kumaar]]
| length4 = 3:49
| music4 = Jassi Katyal

| title5 = Suraj
| extra5 = Roshan Prince
| lyrics5 = [[Kumaar]]
| length5 = 3:47
| music5 = Gurmeet Singh

| title6 = Umb Leine
| extra6 = Roshan Prince, Jassi Gill
| lyrics6 = [[Kumaar]]
| length6 = 4:05
| music6 = Jassi Katyal
}}

==Awards==

The film was nominated for 5 PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2015<ref>{{cite web|last1=Valecha|first1=Sameer|title=Nominations for PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2015|url=http://punjabimania.com/nominations-for-ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2015/|website=Punjabi Mania|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> and went on to win for Best Lyrics.

Nominated
*Best Actress - [[Simran Kaur Mundi]]
*Best Debut Director - Navinderpal Singh
*Best Music Director - Jassi Katyal / Gurmeet Singh
*Best Playback Singer (Male) - [[Roshan Prince]] for Suraj

Won
*Best Lyricist - [[Kumaar]] for Suraj

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/MundeyanTonBachkeRahin ''Mundeyan Ton Bachke Rahin'' Official Page] at Facebook
* {{IMDb title|3449788}}
* [https://www.twitter.com/MTBR_Official ''Mundeyan Ton Bachke Rahin'' Official Handle] on Twitter

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mundeyan Ton Bachke Rahin}}
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jassi Katyal]]

Edward Livingston

2026-03-05T21:07:40Z

DeangeloKater: refine lead after review and updated info to improve readability

{{Short description|American politician and jurist (1764–1836)}}
{{Other people|Edward Livingston}}
{{redirect|Senator Livingston}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Edward Livingston
| image = Portrait of Edward Livingston, by Thomas Sully, c. 1810-1836, oil on canvas - Portland Art Museum - Portland, Oregon - DSC08898.jpg
| office = 14th [[United States Ambassador to France|United States Minister to France]]
| president = [[Andrew Jackson]]
| term_start = September 30, 1833
| term_end = April 29, 1835
| predecessor = Levett Harris (''acting'')
| successor = [[Lewis Cass]]
| office1 = 11th [[United States Secretary of State]]
| president1 = [[Andrew Jackson]]
| term_start1 = May 24, 1831
| term_end1 = May 29, 1833
| predecessor1 = [[Martin Van Buren]]
| successor1 = [[Louis McLane]]
| jr/sr2 = United States Senator
| state2 = [[Louisiana]]
| term_start2 = March 4, 1829
| term_end2 = May 24, 1831
| predecessor2 = [[Charles Dominique Joseph Bouligny]]
| successor2 = [[George A. Waggaman]]
| office3 = Member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]]
| constituency3= {{ushr|LA|1|Louisiana 1st}}
| term_start3 = March 4, 1823
| term_end3 = March 3, 1829
| predecessor3 = ''District established''
| successor3 = [[Edward D. White Sr.]]
| constituency4= {{ushr|NY|2|New York 2nd}}
| term_start4 = March 4, 1795
| term_end4 = March 3, 1801
| predecessor4 = [[John Watts (New York politician)|John Watts]]
| successor4 = [[Samuel L. Mitchill]]
| office5 = 47th [[Mayor of New York City]]
| term_start5 = 1801
| term_end5 = 1803
| predecessor5 = [[Richard Varick]]
| successor5 = [[DeWitt Clinton]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1764|5|28}}
| birth_place = [[Clermont, New York|Clermont]], [[Province of New York]], British America
| death_date = {{death date and age|1836|5|23|1764|5|28}}
| death_place = [[Rhinebeck, New York]], U.S.
| resting_place= [[Livingston Memorial Church and Burial Ground]]
| party = [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] (before 1825) [[Jacksonian democracy|Jacksonian]] (1825–1836)
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Mary McEvers |April 10, 1788|March 13, 1801|reason=d}}
* {{marriage|Louise d'Avezac de Castera |June 1805}}
}}
| education = [[Princeton University]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}
| relations = ''See'' [[Livingston family]]
| signature = Edward Livingston Signature.svg
}}
'''Edward Livingston''' (May 28, 1764{{snd}}May 23, 1836) was an American jurist, statesman and slaveholder.<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news |last1=Weil |first1=Julie Zauzmer |title=More than 1,800 congressmen once enslaved Black people. This is who they were, and how they shaped the nation. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/interactive/2022/congress-slaveowners-names-list/ |access-date=5 May 2024 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=10 January 2022}} Database at {{Citation|title=Congress slaveowners|date=2022-01-13|url=https://github.com/washingtonpost/data-congress-slaveowners|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2024-04-29}}</ref> He was an influential figure in the drafting of the [[Louisiana Civil Code]] of 1825, a civil code based largely on the [[Napoleonic Code]].<ref>Lawrence Friedman, ''A History of American Law'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 118. Louisiana, along with Scotland and [[Quebec]], is one of a few "mixed" jurisdictions whose law derives from both the [[Civil law (legal system)|civil]] and the [[common law]] traditions.</ref> Livingston represented both New York and then Louisiana in Congress and served as the [[U.S. Secretary of State]] from 1831 to 1833<ref>U.S. Department of State, "Secretary of State Edward Livingston" (July 15, 2003), http://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/livingston-edward.</ref> and Minister to France from 1833 to 1835 under President [[Andrew Jackson]]. He was also the 47th [[mayor of New York City]].

== Early life ==
Edward Livingston was born in [[Clermont, New York|Clermont]], [[Albany County, New York#Colonial|colonial Albany County]], [[Province of New York]] (since 4 April 1786 within [[Columbia County, New York|Columbia County]], New York). He was the youngest son of Judge [[Robert Livingston (1718–1775)|Robert Livingston]] and Margaret (née Beekman) Livingston, and was a member of the prestigious [[Livingston family]]. His father was a member of the [[New York Provincial Congress|New York Provincial Assembly]] and a [[New York Supreme Court|Judge of the New York Supreme Court of Judicature]], and his mother was heir to immense tracts of land in [[Dutchess County|Dutchess]] and [[Ulster County|Ulster]] counties. Among his many siblings were [[New York Court of Chancery|Chancellor of New York]] [[Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)|Robert R. Livingston]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Livingston, Robert (1746-1813) to John R. Livingston|url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/content/john-r-livingston|website=www.gilderlehrman.org|publisher=[[Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History]]|access-date=January 17, 2018}}</ref> Janet Livingston, who married Gen. [[Richard Montgomery]];<ref name="Shelton1996">{{cite book|last1=Shelton|first1=Hal T.|title=General Richard Montgomery and the American Revolution: From Redcoat to Rebel|date=1996|publisher=[[NYU Press]]|isbn=9780814780398|page=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BwUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|access-date=January 17, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Margaret Livingston, who married [[New York Secretary of State]] [[Thomas Tillotson]];<ref name="friendsofclermont"/> Henry Beekman Livingston;<ref name="friendsofclermont">{{cite web|title=Friends of Clermont Historic Site|url=https://www.friendsofclermont.org/the-livingstons|website=friendsofclermont.org|publisher=Friends of Clermont Historic Site|access-date=January 17, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Catharine Livingston, who married [[Freeborn Garrettson]];<ref name="friendsofclermont"/><ref name="Andrews2010">{{cite book|last1=Andrews|first1=Dee E.|title=The Methodists and Revolutionary America, 1760-1800: The Shaping of an Evangelical Culture|date=2010|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-1400823598|page=302|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EEZ2ODvhbg4C&pg=PA302|access-date=January 17, 2018|language=en}}</ref> merchant John R. Livingston;<ref name="Clermont2016">{{cite news|last1=Clermont State Historic Site|title=Clermont State Historic Site: Was John R. Livingston a Murderer?|url=https://clermontstatehistoricsite.blogspot.com/2016/05/was-john-r-livingston-murderer.html|access-date=January 17, 2018|work=Clermont State Historic Site|date=May 16, 2016|archive-date=January 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118011222/https://clermontstatehistoricsite.blogspot.com/2016/05/was-john-r-livingston-murderer.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="nyhistory">{{cite web|title=John R. Livingston (1755-1851)|url=https://www.nyhistory.org/exhibit/john-r-livingston-1755-1851|website=www.nyhistory.org|publisher=[[New-York Historical Society]]|access-date=January 17, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hess2017">{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Stephen|title=America's Political Dynasties|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351532150|page=552|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zMrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA552|access-date=January 17, 2018|language=en}}</ref> [[Gertrude Livingston Lewis|Gertrude Livingston]], who married Gov. [[Morgan Lewis (governor)|Morgan Lewis]]; Joanna Livingston, who married [[Peter R. Livingston (politician, born 1766)|Peter R. Livingston]], acting [[Lieutenant Governor of New York]]; and Alida Livingston, who married [[John Armstrong, Jr.]], a [[U.S. Senator]], [[U.S. Secretary of War]], and [[U.S. Minister to France]] who was the son of Gen. [[John Armstrong, Sr.]]

His maternal grandparents were [[Henry Beekman]], a descendant of [[Wilhelmus Beekman]], and Janet (née Livingston) Beekman, a Livingston cousin. Their children included:<ref name="Livingston1910">{{cite book|last1=Livingston|first1=Edwin Brockholst|title=The Livingstons of Livingston Manor: Being the History of that Branch of the Scottish House of Callendar which Settled in the English Province of New York During the Reign of Charles the Second; and Also Including an Account of Robert Livingston of Albany, "The Nephew," a Settler in the Same Province and His Principal Descendants|date=1910|publisher=Knickerbocker Press|url=https://archive.org/details/livingstonslivi00unkngoog|access-date=August 10, 2017|language=en}}</ref> His father was the only child of [[Robert Livingston (1688–1775)|Robert Livingston]], known as "Robert of [[Clermont Manor|Clermont]]" (himself a son of [[Robert Livingston the Elder]], the first Lord of [[Livingston Manor]], and [[Alida Schuyler|Alida (née Schuyler) Van Rensselaer Livingston]]) and Margaret (née Howarden) Livingston.<ref name="Livingston1910"/>

He graduated from [[Princeton University]] in 1781.<ref name="Livingston1910"/>

==Career==
Livingston was admitted to the bar in 1785, and began to practice law in New York City along with [[James Kent (jurist)|James Kent]], [[Aaron Burr]] and [[Alexander Hamilton]], rapidly rising to distinction.<ref name="Aitken1912">{{cite book |last1=Aitken |first1=William Benford |title=Distinguished Families in America, Descended from Wilhelmus Beekman and Jan Thomasse Van Dyke |date=1912 |publisher=Knickerbocker Press |pages=51–52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZ0xAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA52 |access-date=January 16, 2019 |language=en}}</ref> From 1795 to 1801, Livingston was a [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] [[U.S. Representative]] in the [[United States Congress]] from the state of New York, where he was one of the leaders of the opposition to [[Jay's Treaty]], and introduced the resolution calling upon President [[George Washington]] to furnish Congress with the details of the negotiations of the peace treaty with the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]], which the President refused to share. At the close of Washington's administration, he voted with [[Andrew Jackson]] and other radicals against the address to the president.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=811}}

Livingston was a prominent opponent of the [[Alien and Sedition Laws]], introduced legislation on behalf of American seamen, and in 1800 attacked the president for permitting the extradition to the British government of Jonathan Robbins, who had committed murder on an English frigate and then escaped to [[South Carolina]] and falsely claimed to be an American citizen. In the debate on this question Livingston was opposed by [[John Marshall]], the [[Chief Justice of the United States]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=811}}

In 1801, Livingston was appointed [[United States Attorney]] for the district of New York, and while retaining that position was in the same year appointed [[Mayor of New York City]]. When, in the summer of 1803, the city was visited with [[yellow fever]], Livingston displayed courage and energy in his endeavors to prevent the spread of the disease and relieve distress. He suffered a violent attack of fever, during which the people gave many proofs of their attachment to him.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=811–812}}

Upon his recovery he found his private affairs in some confusion, and he was at the same time deeply indebted to the government for public funds which had been lost through the mismanagement or dishonesty of a confidential clerk, and for which he was responsible as US attorney. He at once surrendered all his property, resigned his two offices in 1803, and moved early in 1804 to [[New Orleans]] in what would shortly become the [[Territory of Orleans]] (1804–1812).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=812}} His older brother, Robert R. Livingston, had negotiated the [[Louisiana Purchase]], in 1803.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}} Edward Livingston soon built a large [[Practice of law|law practice]] in New Orleans, and in 1826 he repaid the [[Federal government of the United States|Federal government]] in full, including the interest, which by that time amounted to more than the original principal.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=812}}

=== Louisiana ===
Almost immediately upon his arrival in Louisiana, where the legal system had previously been based on [[Roman Law|Roman]], French, and Spanish law, and where [[Jury trial|trial by jury]] and other particularities of English common law were now first introduced, he was appointed by the legislature to prepare a provisional code of judicial procedure, which (in the form of an act passed in April 1805) was continued in force from 1805 to 1825.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=812}}

In 1807, after conducting a successful suit on behalf of a client's title to a part of the batture or alluvial land near New Orleans, Livingston attempted to improve part of this land (which he had received as his fee) in the Batture Ste. Marie. Great popular excitement was aroused against him; his workmen were mobbed; and territorial Governor [[William C. C. Claiborne]], when appealed to for protection, referred the question to the Federal government.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=812}}

It has been alleged that Livingston's case was damaged by then-President [[Thomas Jefferson]], who believed that Livingston had favored Aaron Burr in the [[Presidential election of 1800]], and that he had afterwards been a party to Burr's schemes. Jefferson made it impossible for Livingston to secure his [[Title (property)|property title]],{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=812}} since by asserting the claim that such battures were the property of the Federal government, Livingston's title obtained from the Territorial Court was invalid.{{Clarify|date=March 2008}} In response, Livingston filed a civil [[lawsuit]] against Jefferson in 1810. After the case was dismissed on December 5, 1811, by Chief Justice John Marshall due to lack of jurisdiction,<ref>See Dumas Malone's biography, ''Jefferson and His Time - Volume 6, The Sage of Monticello'', ch. 5, "The Batture Controversy".</ref> Jefferson, nonetheless, in 1812 published a pamphlet originally intended "for the use of counsel" in the case against Livingston, to which Livingston published a reply.

[[Louisiana]] became a U.S. state just one and a half months before the [[U.S. Congress]] declared war upon [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]]. During the [[War of 1812]], Edward Livingston was active in rousing the ethnically mixed population of New Orleans to resistance against the threat of British invasion. He used his influence to secure amnesty for [[Jean Lafitte]] and his followers when they offered to [[Battle of New Orleans|help defend the city]], and in 1814–15 acted as adviser and one of several [[Aide-de-camp|aides-de-camp]] to Major General Andrew Jackson, who was his personal friend.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=812}}

===Livingston Code===
In 1821, by appointment of the [[Louisiana State Legislature]], of which he had become a member of the [[Louisiana House of Representatives]] in the preceding year, Livingston began the preparation of a new [[Code (law)|code]] of criminal law and procedure, afterwards known in Europe and America as the "Livingston Code." It was prepared in both French and English, as was required by the necessities of practice in Louisiana, and actually consisted of four sections: crimes and punishments, procedure, evidence in criminal cases, and reform and prison discipline. Though substantially completed in 1824, when it was accidentally burned, and again in 1826, the criminal code was not printed in its entirety until 1833. It was never adopted by the state.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=812}}

The Livingston Code was at once reprinted in England, France, and Germany, attracting wide praise by its remarkable simplicity and vigor, and especially by reason of its philanthropic provisions in the code of reform and prison discipline, which noticeably influenced the penal legislation of various countries. In referring to this code, [[Henry James Sumner Maine|Sir Henry Maine]] spoke of Livingston as "the first legal genius of modern times."<ref>''Cambridge Essays'', 1856, p. 17.</ref> The spirit of Livingston's code was remedial rather than vindictive; it provided for the abolition of capital punishment and the making of penitentiary labor not a punishment forced on the prisoner, but a matter of his choice and a reward for good behavior, bringing with it better accommodations. His Code of Reform and Prison Discipline was adopted by the government of the short-lived [[Federal Republic of Central America]] under liberal president [[Francisco Morazán]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=812}}

Livingston was the leading member of a commission appointed to prepare a new [[civil code]] for Louisiana, which for the most part the legislature adopted in 1825; and the most important chapters of which, including all those on contracts, were prepared by Edward Livingston alone. Livingston became again a U.S. Representative, this time as the first person to serve [[Louisiana's 1st congressional district]]. The preliminary work for the preparation of a new civil code was completed by [[James Brown (Louisiana)|James Brown]] and [[Louis Moreau-Lislet]], who in 1808 reported a ''Digest of the Civil Laws now in force in the Territory of Orleans with Alterations and Amendments adapted to the present Form of Government''.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=812}}

=== Later career===
[[File:Edward Livingston MET DP110365.jpg|thumb|Edward Livingston c. 1827 by [[Anson Dickinson]]]]
Livingston served as a [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] from Louisiana from 1823 to 1829, a [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] from 1829 to 1831, and for two years (1831–1833) [[United States Secretary of State]] under President Jackson. In this last position he was one of Jackson's most trusted advisers. Livingston prepared a number of state papers for President Jackson, the most important being the famous anti-nullification proclamation of December 10, 1832.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=812}}

From 1833 to 1835, Livingston was minister plenipotentiary to France, charged with procuring the fulfillment by the French government of the treaty negotiated by W. C. Rives in 1831, by which France had bound herself to pay an indemnity of twenty-five millions of francs for French spoliations of American shipping chiefly under the [[Berlin]] and [[Milan]] decrees, and the United States in turn agreed to pay to France 1,500,000 francs in satisfaction of French claims. Livingston's negotiations were conducted with excellent judgment,{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} but the French Chamber of Deputies refused to make an appropriation to pay the first installment due under the treaty in 1833, relations between the two governments became strained, and Livingston was finally instructed to close the legation and return to America.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=812}}

==Personal life==
Livingston was married twice. His first wife, Mary McEvers, whom he wed on April 10, 1788, later died of [[scarlet fever]].<ref name="Livingston1910"/> She was the daughter of Charles McEvers and Mary (née Bache) McEvers and her sister, Eliza McEvers, was the second wife of Edwards older brother, the merchant John R. Livingston.<ref name="Livingston1910"/> Before her death on March 13, 1801, they were the parents of two sons and a daughter.<ref name="Aitken1912"/>

In June 1805, he married Madame Marie Louise Magdaleine Valentine "Louise" (née d'Avezac) de Castera Moreau de Lassy (1785–1860), a widow who was then 19 years of age, and a refugee in New Orleans from the [[Haitian Revolution]].<ref name="Browning1891">{{cite book |last1=Browning |first1=Charles Henry |title=Americans of Royal Descent: A Collection of Genealogies of American Families Whose Lineage is Traced to the Legitimate Issue of Kings |date=1891 |publisher=Porter & Costes |page=167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dIUaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA167 |access-date=January 16, 2019 |language=en}}</ref> She was the daughter of a wealthy landowner and the sister of [[Auguste Davezac]], a politician and diplomat who served twice as [[United States Ambassador to the Netherlands|U.S. Minister to the Netherlands]]. She is said to have greatly influenced her husband's public career.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=812}} Together, Louise and Edward were the parents of two children, only one of whom lived to adulthood:<ref name="Livingston1910"/>

* Coralie Livingston (1806–1873), who married [[Thomas Pennant Barton]] (1803–1869), the son of noted physician [[Benjamin Smith Barton]], in April 1833.<ref name="Livingston1910"/>

Livingston died on May 23, 1836, five days before his 72nd birthday at [[Montgomery Place]] in [[Red Hook, New York]], an estate left him by his sister, to which he had removed in 1831.<ref name="Livingston1910"/>

===Legacy and honors===
The town of [[Livingston, Guatemala]], is named after Edward Livingston, in commemoration of the Livingston Code.

Edward Livingston is the namesake of counties in [[Livingston County, Illinois|Illinois]], [[Livingston County, Michigan|Michigan]], and [[Livingston County, Missouri|Missouri]],<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RfAuAAAAYAAJ | title=How Missouri Counties, Towns and Streams Were Named | publisher=The State Historical Society of Missouri | author=Eaton, David Wolfe | year=1916 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RfAuAAAAYAAJ/page/n85 188]}}</ref> and [[Livingston Parish, Louisiana|a parish in Louisiana]] with its seat of [[Livingston, Louisiana|Livingston]]. Also named for him is [[Livingston, Tennessee|a town]] in [[Tennessee]] (and by extension, the town of [[Livingston, Texas]], [[Lake Livingston|Lake Livingston in Texas]], and the Livingston Dam), and the town of [[Livingston, Alabama]] in Sumter County, Alabama.

Edward Livingston High School<ref>[http://lrsd.entest.org/Superintendent_s%20Report%20%20for%20February%202013.pdf New Orleans Public Schools Superintendent's report of February 2013] page 13, accessed April 6, 2015.</ref> (formerly a middle school) in [[New Orleans]] was named for him. [[Fort Livingston, Louisiana|Fort Livingston]], a 19th-century coastal fortification, was named after Edward Livingston, along with today's '''Fort Livingston State Commemorative Area''' in south Louisiana.

Livingston was elected a member of the [[American Philosophical Society]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1825&year-max=1825&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=April 6, 2021|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> in 1825 and the [[American Antiquarian Society]]<ref>[http://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlist American Antiquarian Society Members Directory]</ref> in 1833.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Livingston, Edward|volume=16|pages=811–812}}

==Further reading==
Hatcher, William B., ''Edward Livingston: Jeffersonian Republican and Jacksonian Democrat'', Louisiana State University Press (1940).

Hunt, Charles Havens, ''Life of Edward Livingston'', Appleton & Co. (1863).

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography|Politics}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{CongBio|L000366}}
*[https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/livingston-edward Office of the Historian profile] at [[U.S. Department of State]]
* [http://hnoc.minisisinc.com/thnoc/catalog/3/69 Edward Livingston Letters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405160233/http://hnoc.minisisinc.com/thnoc/catalog/3/69 |date=April 5, 2020 }} at [http://www.hnoc.org The Historic New Orleans Collection]
* [https://archive.org/search?query=external-identifier%3A%22urn%3Alcp%3Aedwardlivingston0000will%3Alcpdf%3Aabc81f10-a7d8-4513-91f6-e84bba980026%22 ''Edward Livingston'' by William B. Hatcher] at [[Internet Archive]]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Livingston, Edward}}
[[Category:1764 births]]
[[Category:1836 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century American diplomats]]
[[Category:19th-century mayors of places in New York (state)]]
[[Category:People from Columbia County, New York]]
[[Category:People from the Province of New York]]
[[Category:Livingston family|Edward]]
[[Category:Schuyler family]]
[[Category:United States secretaries of state]]
[[Category:Jackson administration cabinet members]]
[[Category:Democratic-Republican Party United States representatives from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Democratic-Republican Party United States representatives from Louisiana]]
[[Category:Jacksonian United States representatives from Louisiana]]
[[Category:New York (state) Jacksonians]]
[[Category:Jacksonian United States senators from Louisiana]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to France]]
[[Category:Members of the Louisiana House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Mayors of New York City]]
[[Category:United States attorneys for the District of New York]]
[[Category:People from New Orleans]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:American people of the War of 1812]]
[[Category:Beekman family]]
[[Category:19th-century United States senators]]
[[Category:19th-century United States representatives]]
[[Category:18th-century United States representatives]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]

Mukkam Post Devach Ghar

2026-03-04T09:37:52Z

DeangeloKater: Put up the pg more to come!

{{Short description|Indian Marathi-language film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mukkam Post Devach Ghar
| image = Mukkam Post Devach Ghar film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sanket Mane
| writer = Sanket Mane Sumit Giri
| producer = Maahesh Kumar Jaiswal Kirti Jaiswal
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Myra Vaikul
*Spruha Parab
*Kalyani Mulye
*Mangesh Desai
*[[Usha Nadkarni]]
}}
| cinematography = Rohan Madkaikar
| editing = Dinesh Pujari
| music = Chinar - Mahesh '''Background score:''' Aditya Bedekar
| studio = Keemaya Productions Vadapav Films ACDCAT
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|01|31}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mukkam Post Devach Ghar''''' ({{Translation|Destination: God's Home}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi-language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed and co-written by Sanket Mane.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borade |first=Aarti Vilas |title=आजी तू देवा घरी कधी जाणार?; निरागस मायराच्या 'मुक्काम पोस्ट देवाचं घर'चा ट्रेलर पाहिला का? |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/mukkam-post-devach-ghar-movie-trailer-is-out-141737191308479.html |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref> The film stars child actor Myra Vaikul in the lead role, supported by an ensemble cast including Spruha Parab, Mangesh Desai, Kalyani Mulye, [[Usha Nadkarni]], Savita Malpekar and [[Prathamesh Parab]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-05 |title=मायरा वायकुळच्या पहिल्या चित्रपटाचा टीझर कधी येणार? |url=https://www.loksatta.com/web-stories/entertainment/myra-vaikul-mukkam-post-devach-ghar-movie-teaser-release-date-spl-93/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Navarashtra |date=2025-01-06 |title="मुक्काम पोस्ट देवाचं घर" चित्रपटातून मिळणार "देवाचं घर नक्की कुठे असतं?" प्रश्नाचं उत्तर; हृदयस्पर्शी टीझर रिलीज-Navarashtra (नवराष्ट्र)- Marathi News {{!}} mayra vaikul starrer marathi movie mukkam post devach ghar official teaser released on social media |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/mayra-vaikul-starrer-marathi-movie-mukkam-post-devach-ghar-official-teaser-released-on-social-media-743548.html |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref> The story follows Jija, a young village girl on a heartfelt mission to send a letter to "God's Home," whose journey, filled with humor and emotions, unites her family and community in meaningful ways.<ref>{{Cite web |last=जगताप |first=नामदेव |date=2025-01-08 |title=देवाचं घर कुठंय? उत्तर मिळणार 31 जानेवारीला; 'मुक्काम पोस्ट देवाचं घर' चित्रपटाचा टीजर लॉन्च! |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/mukkam-post-devache-ghar-teaser-launch-marathi-film-myra-vaikul-upcoming-film-released-on-31st-january-1337498 |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref>

The film was released on 31 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=शिकलगार |first=स्वालिया न |date=2025-01-18 |title="मुक्काम पोस्ट देवाचं घर" चित्रपट यादिवशी प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/mukkam-post-devach-ghar-film-release |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Pudhari News |language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Myra Vaikul as Jija
* Spruha Parab as Shubhi
* Kalyani Mulye as Kalpana
* Mangesh Desai as Postman
* [[Usha Nadkarni]] as Sarpanch Aaji
* Madhavi Juvekar as Shubhi's Mother
* [[Prathamesh Parab]] as Ganya
* Savita Malpekar as Jija's Grandmother
* Resham Shrivardhan as Sangi
* [[Kamlesh Sawant]] as Police Inspector
* Rukmini Sutar as Aajibai
* Sachin Narkar as Bapya
* [[Pooja Sawant]] in a special appearance

== Production ==
The film was announced officially on 19 December 2024 with a poster unveiled at [[Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai|Siddhivinayak Temple]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=मुंबई |first=ब्युरो रिपोर्ट, साम टीव्ही |date=2024-12-19 |title=Myra Vaikul : छोटी मायरा झळकणार 'मुक्काम पोस्ट देवाचं घर' या चित्रपटात |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/myra-vaikul-marathi-child-actress-working-in-marathi-movie-mukkam-post-devache-ghar-svk01 |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Marathi News Saam TV |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-19 |title=Photos: बालकलाकार मायरा वायकुळ लवकरच 'या' मराठी चित्रपटात झळकणार; पहिले पोस्टर सोशल मीडियावर चर्चेत |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/4777857/child-actor-myra-vaikul-upcoming-marathi-movie-mukkam-post-devach-ghar-poster-viral-know-about-release-date-sdn-96/4/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The first song from the film, featuring Myra Vaikul and Spruha Parab, was released on January 10, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-13 |title=Mukkam Post Devach Ghar : 'मुक्काम पोस्ट देवाचं घर' चित्रपटातलं 'सुंदर परीवानी' गाणं प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://prahaar.in/2025/01/13/the-song-sundar-parivaani-from-the-movie-mukkam-post-devach-ghar-is-out-now/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Prahaar.in |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Sundar Pariwani
| length1 = 2:45
| lyrics1 = Chinar - Mahesh
| extra1 = Swara Bansode
}}

== Release ==
The teaser of the film was launched on 6 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-07 |title=Mukkam Post Devach Ghar : 'मुक्काम पोस्ट देवाचं घर' चित्रपटाचा टीजर लाँच! |url=https://prahaar.in/2025/01/07/teaser-of-the-film-mukkam-post-devachan-ghar-launched/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Prahaar.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mukkam Post Devach Ghar - Official Teaser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/marathi/mukkam-post-devach-ghar-official-teaser/videoshow/117016006.cms |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Several famous Marathi celebrities, like [[Milind Gawali]], Sanju Rathod, [[Subodh Bhave]], [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] and [[Prasad Khandekar]], helped promote it.<ref>{{Cite web |title='तुमच्या दत्तावतारात जे पायाशी चौघे उभे आहेत ना...', पूजा सावंतची स्वामींना कळकळीची विनंती |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/pooja-sawant-post-letter-on-instagram-to-swami-samarth-mukkam-post-devach-ghar/articleshow/116933479.cms |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> The trailer was unveiled on 17 January 2025, in the presence of actor-director [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=शिकलगार |first=स्वालिया न |date=2025-01-18 |title=Mukkam Post Devach Ghar Trailer {{!}} "मुक्काम पोस्ट देवाचं घर" चित्रपटाचा ट्रेलर लॉन्च |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/mukkam-post-devach-ghar-trailer-launch |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Pudhari News |language=mr}}</ref>

==Reception==
''Mukkam Post Devach Ghar'' garnered positive reviews from critics, who lauded its emotional storytelling, Myra Vaikul's performance, and its poignant exploration of grief through a child's perspective, though some noted its slower pacing as a drawback. Chaitrali Joshi of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' called the film a "touching and heartfelt narrative" that effectively portrays a child's emotional journey, praising Vaikul's nuanced performance, but remarked that the film’s pacing could feel sluggish at times.<ref>{{cite web |last=Joshi |first=Chaitrali |title=मुक्काम पोस्ट देवाचं घर: भावनिक आणि हळुवार प्रवास |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/mukkam-post-devach-ghar/moviereview/117817073.cms |website=Maharashtra Times |date=2025-01-31 |access-date=2025-04-22 |language=mr}}</ref> Santosh Bhigarde, writing for ''[[Sakal]]'', described the film as a "sensitive and moving tale" that showcases Vaikul’s ability to anchor the story, though he noted that its deliberate pace might not appeal to all viewers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhigarde |first=Santosh |title='मुक्काम पोस्ट देवाचं घर' चित्रपट परीक्षण: मायरा वायकुळ स्टारर मराठी सिनेमाचे ताजे रिव्ह्यू |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/mayra-waikul-starrer-mukkam-post-devacha-ghar-latest-marathi-movie-review-entertainment-news-kds07 |website=Esakal |date=2025-01-31 |access-date=2025-04-22 |language=mr}}</ref> Reshma Raikwar of ''[[Loksatta]]'' praised the film’s unique premise and emotional depth, particularly highlighting Vaikul’s expressive acting and the director’s delicate handling of the subject, but suggested that tighter editing could have strengthened its impact.<ref>{{cite web |last=Raikwar |first=Reshma |title='मुक्काम पोस्ट देवाचं घर' चित्रपट रिव्ह्यू: मायरा वायकुळचा भावनिक प्रवास |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/myra-vaikul-upcoming-movie-mukkam-post-devach-ghar-review-amy-95-4865032/ |website=Loksatta |date=2025-01-31 |access-date=2025-04-22 |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=34959943}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language family drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]

Mayagadu

2026-03-03T21:53:05Z

DeangeloKater: Put up some post more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mayagadu
| image = Mayagadu poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = Dilip Polan
| writer = '''Dialogues:''' Nandyala Ravi Mohan
| screenplay = Dilip Polan
| story = Dilip Polan
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|[[Venu Thottempudi]]
*[[Charmy Kaur]]
*[[Satya Krishnan]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Prasad K.
| editing = Nandamuri Hari
| music = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
| studio = Sambasiva Creations
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|2011|7|16}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mayagadu''''' ({{Translation|Magician}}) is a 2011 Indian Telugu-language [[romantic film|romantic]] [[drama film]] directed by Dilip Polan and starring [[Venu Thottempudi]], [[Charmy Kaur]] and [[Satya Krishnan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/charmi-seduces-venu-in-mayagudu-10859#photo-135694|title=Charmi seduces Venu in ''Mayagudu''|work=[[NDTV]]|date=5 July 2011|access-date=21 December 2022|archive-date=21 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221050354/https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/charmi-seduces-venu-in-mayagudu-10859#photo-135694|url-status=live}}</ref> It is a remake of the Bollywood film ''[[Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta]]'', which was released in 2001. The film was released after much delay.<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/photogallery/mayagadu/index.html|title=Mayagadu - Venu & Charmme|date=23 June 2008|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Venu Thottempudi]] as Leela Krishna
*[[Charmy Kaur]] as Vandana
*[[Satya Krishnan]] as Spandana
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Raghu, Krishna's friend
*[[Sayaji Shinde]] as Chidambaram
*[[Ravi Babu]] as Ravi
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Vishwanath
*[[AVS (actor)|AVS]]
*[[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]]
}}

== Production ==
The film reached its post-production stage in mid-2008.<ref name="I"/>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mayagadu songs |url=https://www.hungama.com/amp/album/mayagadu/84648032/ |website=[[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama]] |access-date=18 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118022047/https://www.hungama.com/amp/album/mayagadu/84648032/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Love Me Love Me
| length1 = 4:08
| lyrics1 = [[Kandikonda]]
| extra1 = Ravi Varma, [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| title2 = Morning Morning
| length2 = 3:34
| lyrics2 = Kandikonda
| extra2 = [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
| title3 = Andamaina Aasa Undi
| length3 = 4:10
| lyrics3 = Kandikonda
| extra3 = Chakri, [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]]
| title4 = Ye Face Choosina
| length4 = 3:23
| lyrics4 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra4 = Chakri
| title5 = Mounam Prema
| length5 = 4:22
| lyrics5 = [[Anantha Sriram]]
| extra5 = Chakri, Pranavi
| title6 = Vinna Vinna
| length6 = 4:17
| lyrics6 = Anantha Sriram
| extra6 = Chakri, Pranavi
| total_length = 23:54
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that the film was "As boring as sitting through a tax seminar".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mayagadu-it-doesnt-cast-a-spell/article2233203.ece|title=Mayagadu: It doesn't cast a spell|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 July 2011|last=Chowdhury|first=Y. Sunitha|access-date=21 December 2022|archive-date=21 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221050352/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mayagadu-it-doesnt-cast-a-spell/article2233203.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|2079539}}

[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:2011 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2011 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]

Tiger Salim

2026-03-03T21:00:39Z

DeangeloKater: typo fix

{{short description|1978 film directed by Joshiy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tiger Salim
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Joshiy]]
| producer = S. R. Shaji
| writer = [[S. L. Puram Sadanandan]]
| screenplay = S. L. Puram Sadanandan
| starring = [[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]], [[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]], [[Ravikumar (actor)|Ravikumar]], Kaviyoor Ponnamma, [[Balan K. Nair]], [[Alummoodan]]
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] '''Lyrics:''' [[Bichu Thirumala]]
| cinematography = N. A. Thara
| editing =
| studio = SR Productions
| distributor = SR Productions
| released = {{Film date|1978|12|22|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Tiger Salim''''' is a 1978 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[Joshiy]] in his directorial debut, written by [[S. L. Puram Sadanandan]] and produced by S. R. Shaji. The film stars [[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]], [[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]], [[Ravikumar (actor)|Ravi Kumar]], etc. in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=878|title=Tiger Salim|accessdate=2014-10-08|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3209|title=Tiger Salim|accessdate=2014-10-08|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/tiger-salim-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013212036/http://spicyonion.com/title/tiger-salim-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 October 2014|title=Tiger Salim|accessdate=2014-10-08|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]] as Tiger Salim
*[[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]]
*[[Ravikumar (actor)|Ravikumar]]
*[[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]]
*[[Balan K. Nair]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] and the lyrics were written by [[Bichu Thirumala]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Chingathennal" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]] || [[Bichu Thirumala]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Jil Jil Enna Roopam" || S. Janaki || Bichu Thirumala ||
|-
| 3 || "Paambadum Paarayil" || [[P. Jayachandran]], [[Vani Jairam]], [[Ambili (singer)|Ambili]] || Bichu Thirumala ||
|-
| 4 || "Roopa Lavanyame" || K. J. Yesudas, S. Janaki || Bichu Thirumala ||
|-
| 5 || "Sankalpangal" || K. J. Yesudas || Bichu Thirumala ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0268693|Tiger Salim}}

{{Joshiy}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Joshiy]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Rendella Tharuvatha

2026-03-03T18:11:47Z

DeangeloKater: starting a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rendella Tharuvatha
| image = Rendella tharuvatha.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = K. B. Anand
| producer = BVSR. Chowdary
| screenplay = K. B. Anand
| story = K. B. Anand
| starring = {{ubl|[[Gopichand Lagadapati]] Dhanush.K.P, Sreeram Gokul}}
| music = Seshu Kumar P.
| cinematography = Ramana Salva
| editing = Mohana Ramarao
| studio = Surya Teja Films
| distributor = Mayuri Film Distributors
| released = {{Film date|2005|07|25|df=y}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 2 Cr
}}
'''''Rendella Tharuvatha''''' (English title: ''After Two Years''; Telugu: రెండేళ్ళ తర్వాత ) is a 2005 Indian Telugu-language [[thriller film]] directed by K. B. Anand. The film stars Sreeram Gokul, Danish K. P. and [[Gopichand Lagadapati]] in the lead roles along with Sreeji.

==Plot==
''Rendella Tharuvatha'' is the story of three young men who follow their hearts. They always believe in the ideology that life could be adventurous in creating new paths rather than walking in the good old beaten path. These three choose the creative field as it could fill their creative thirst. In certain situation, they meet Malathi. Malathi falls in love with Kittu in the process. Looking at the creative dimension in these three guys, she introduces them to Gandam, who runs creative agency. Gandam is quite ebullient person and likes the creative approach in these three boys. Gandam already gathered many rivalries in the market because of the tough competition he gives to others. With these three guys joining the company it becomes highly impossible for others to sustain in the market. With company's rapid growth and success they all decide to party in an abandoned place far from city. All of them get fully drunk and slowly move into a nearby cemetery. Vamshi who is also a photographer plans a prank to fool Gandam. They all go into sleep only to find that Gandam is missing. The practical joke played by three guys misfires and they become the prime suspects behind the Gandam's missing case. How these three guys prove their innocence makes the rest of the story.

==Cast==
* Sreeram Gokul as Kittu
* Danush K. P. as Madhu
* [[Gopichand Lagadapati]] as Vamsi
* Sreeji as Malathi
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Gandam
* [[Shankar Melkote|Melkote]] as Panchabhootam
* Baby Yasasvi

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rendella Tharuvata
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Seshu Kumar P.
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|6|12}}
| recorded = 2005
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:06
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = Padmini Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The music was composed by Seshu Kumar.<ref> [http://musicmazaa.com/telugu/audiosongs/movie/Rendella+Tharvaatha.html Rendella Tharuvatha]</ref>
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:06
| title1 = Rendella Tharuvata
| extra1 = Valisha Babji
| length1 = 1:26
| title2 = Chinni Chinni
| extra2 = [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]], Valisha Babji
| length2 = 4:31
| title3 = Emcet...Edcet
| extra3 = Linus
| length3 = 4:59
| title4 = Holi
| extra4 = Gayatri, Mythili, Valisha Babji
| length4 = 4:46
| title5 = Rendella Tharuvatha
| extra5 = Valisha Babji
| length5 = 1:26
| title6 = Enta Enta Dhooram
| extra6 = Nishma, Suresh Krishna
| length6 = 5:18

}}

==Critical reception==
The film received mostly negative reviews from the critics.

''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' wrote, "KB.Anand seems to have inspired by Aitey's success and started a film in that manner but his futile effort to weave a kidnap drama out of nothing is tiresome and illogical".<ref>{{cite web|title=Rendella Taruvatha - Review|last=G.|first=Jalapathy|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/rendellataruvatha.php|website=[[Telugucinema.com]]|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006003615/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/rendellataruvatha.php|archivedate=6 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote, "First half of the film is OK. Second half of the film is boring. The climax of the film is very badly handled".<ref>{{cite web|title=Movie review - Rendella Taruvatha|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-rendellataruvatha.html|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Jeevi|access-date=23 April 2014|archive-date=3 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203195601/http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-rendellataruvatha.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The minus points of the film are poor screenplay, inability to handle the climax and especially failure to maintain the suspense".<ref>{{cite web|title=Better luck next time|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005073108440200.htm&date=2005/07/31/&prd=th&|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140527174010/http://hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005073108440200.htm&date=2005/07/31/&prd=th&|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 May 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Box office ==
''Rendella Tharuvatha'', released on 29 July 2005, proved to be a box office disaster in its first week. The film failed to recover its budget.<ref>{{cite web|title=AFBA, AOR pick up!|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movietrade/boxoffice_aug0405_printer.php|website=[[Telugucinema.com]]|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235351/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movietrade/boxoffice_aug0405_printer.php|archivedate=2 December 2013|df=dmy-all|first=Jalapathy|last=Gudelli}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=1883315}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]

Peary Chand Mitra

2026-02-21T15:47:07Z

DeangeloKater: further fixed citations per standard format and fixed typos per sources

{{Short description|Indian author and journalist (1814–1883)}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Peary Chand Mitra
| image = Peary Chand Mitra (1814-1883).jpg
| caption = Portrait of Peary Chand Mitra, {{circa|1906}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1814|07|22}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1883|11|23|1814|07|24}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[British India]] (now [[Kolkata]], India)
|other_names = Tek Chand Thakur
| occupation = Writer, journalist, cultural activist, entrepreneur
| notable_works = ''[[Alaler Gharer Dulal]]'' (1857)
}}
{{Young Bengal}}

'''Peary Chand Mitra''' (22 July 1814 – 23 November 1883) was an Indian writer, journalist, cultural activist and entrepreneur.<ref name=bpedia>{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |year=2012 |chapter=Mitra, Peary Chand |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mitra,_Peary_Chand |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> His pseudonym was Tek Chand Thakur. He was a member of [[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio|Henry Derozio's]] [[Young Bengal]] group, who played a leading role in the [[Bengal Renaissance]] with the introduction of simple Bengali prose. His ''[[Alaler Gharer Dulal]]'' pioneered the novel in the [[Bengali language]], leading to a tradition taken up by [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]] and others. Mitra died on 23 November 1883 in Kolkata.

==Early life==
Mitra was born at [[Calcutta]] on 22 July 1814. His ancestral village was Panisehala in [[Hooghly District]] of present-day [[West Bengal]].<ref name = "Ghosh11">Ghosh, Manmathnath, ''Karmabeer Kishorichand Mitra'', 1926, p 11</ref> His father, Ramnarayan Mitra, moved from Panisehala, [[Hooghly district|Hooghli District]] to Calcutta in early life and made his fortunes as banians<ref>Banians are local brokers and agents to the European merchants in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries</ref> to European merchants and officials.<ref name=bpedia/> [[Kishori Chand Mitra]] was his brother. As was the custom at that time, he started learning [[Persian language|Persian]] at a young age and in 1827 joined the [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Hindu College]],<ref name=bpedia/> where he started learning English. While still a student he started a school in his own home to teach others in his locality what he learnt. At some point in time his friends [[Rasik Krishna Mallick]], [[Radhanath Sikdar]] and Sib Chandra Deb joined him to bolster his efforts. [[David Hare (philanthropist)|David Hare]] and Derozio helped him as well.

==Career==
Mitra joined Calcutta Public Library as deputy librarian in 1836.<ref name=bpedia/> The library was established the same year in the residence of an Englishman named Strong in the Esplanade. It was later shifted to [[Fort William College]] and when the Metcalfe Hall was constructed to pay respect to the memory of [[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe|Charles Metcalfe]], the library was moved to the hall in 1844. Mitra rapidly rose up the ladder as librarian, secretary and finally curator, a position he held till his retirement.

He was associated with a variety of social welfare activities of his day. He was a member of the Calcutta University Senate, the society for prevention of cruelty to animals, and the Bethune Society. He was secretary of the British India Society (later Association). He was also a [[Justice of the peace|Justice of the Peace]].

He had a strong interest in the development of agriculture in the country. His criticism of the permanent settlement, ''The Zemindar and Ryots'', created a sensation. While a member of the Agricultural Society, he started an organisation for the translation of books on agriculture from English to Bengali. In 1881, when [[Madame Blavatsky]] and [[Henry Steel Olcott|Col Olcott]] visited India, he became involved with the [[Theosophical Society]].

==Journalism and literary work==
Mitra was a contributor to the ''Englishman'', ''Indian Field'', ''Hindu Patriot'', ''Friend of India'', ''Calcutta Review'', ''Bengal Harkara'' and ''Bengal Spectator''.<ref name=bpedia/> Along with his Derozian friend Rasik Krishna Mallick, he edited the ''Jnananeswan''. Another Derozian, Ram Gopal Ghosh, was associated with it.

His major literary works include:

* ''[[Alaler Gharer Dulal]]'' (1857)
* ''Mad Khaoya Bada Day Jat Thakar ki Upay'' (1859)
* ''Ramaranjika'' (1860)
* ''Krsipath'' (1861)
* ''Bamatoshini'' (1881)
* ''Abhedi'' (1871)
* ''Jatkinchit'' (1865)
* ''Adhyantika'' (1881)
In English he wrote ''A Biographical Sketch of David Hare'' (1877), ''The Spiritual Stray Leaves'' (1879), ''Stray Thought of Spiritualism'' (1879), and ''Life of Dewan Ramkamal Sen'' (1880) and an essay named ''The Zamindar and Royats.''<ref name="bpedia" /> That was the age when [[Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar]] was writing Bengali heavily loaded with Sanskrit words and [[Akshay Kumar Datta]] was experimenting with the language in [[Tattwabodhini Patrika]]. Both were masters of Sanskrit and used all the ornamentation of that rich language. Bengali prose was in its infancy. Learned people used to poke fun at it and ridiculed the language, and a newspaper such as Iswar Chandra Gupta's ''[[Sambad Prabhakar]]'' published all that.

In 1857, Mitra and [[Radhanath Sikdar]] started a small magazine, ''Masik Patrika'', which used simple spoken Bengali prose everybody could understand. It was a major breakthrough in the use of Bengali, and the magazine instantly became popular. His novel ''Alaler Gharer Dulal'', written under the pseudonym Tek Chand Thakur, used simple Bengali prose, closer to the spoken speech of the day, and was serialised in the magazine. It was one of the earliest Bengali novels and became an instant success.<ref>[[Hana Catherine Mullens]] wrote ''Phoolmani O Karunar Bibaran'' in 1852. This is regarded as the first novel in Bengali; ''Alaler Gharer Dulal'' was published in 1858, as per ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' page 423. Harinath Mazumdar wrote a novel ''Bijay Basanta'' at the same time as per ''Ramtanu Lahiri O Tatkalin Banga Samaj'', page 88.</ref> So great was its popularity that the language style came to be known as 'Alali'. That set the trend for Bengali prose then. In 1864, [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] published his first novel ''Durgeshnandini'' to finally lay down the standard for Bengali prose. ''Alaler Ghare Dulal'' was later translated into English.

===''Dickens of Bengal''===
Rev. James Long was a keen observer of the literary scene in Bengal and referred to Mitra as 'the [[Charles Dickens|Dickens]] of Bengal'. He was imprisoned and fined for writing a preface to the English translation of [[Dinabandhu Mitra]]'s controversial play ''[[Nil Darpan]]''. The translation was done by [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]].

==Entrepreneurship==
In later life, Mitra became a successful businessman.<ref name=bpedia/> Along with his Derozian friend Tarachand Chakraborti, he was involved in export-import business ''Pearychand & Tarachand Limited''.

== Family ==
Mitra had a brother [[Kishori Chand Mitra]], a civil servant. He had four sons{{snd}}Amrita Lal Mitra, Chuuni Lal Mitra, Heera Lal Mitra and Nagendra Lal Mitra and a daughter Uma Shashi Mitra.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''Ramtanu Lahiri O Tatkalin Banga Samaj'' in Bengali by Sivanath Sastri, page 87.
* ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) in Bengali edited by Subodh Chandra Sengupta and Anjali Bose, page 292.

{{Bengal Renaissance}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitra, Peary Chand}}
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Brahmos]]
[[Category:1814 births]]
[[Category:1883 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali-language novelists]]
[[Category:Young Bengal]]
[[Category:Journalists from British India]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]

Akshat Gupta

2026-02-13T15:23:48Z

DeangeloKater: Started

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Akshat Gupta
| image = {{CSS image crop
|Image = Akshat Gupta at a book launch event.jpg
|bSize = 400
|cWidth = 220
|cHeight = 190
|oTop = 70
|oLeft = 110
|Location = center
}}
| image_size =
| birth_date = 2 April
| birth_place = [[Ambikapur, India|Ambikapur]], [[Chhattisgarh]], India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akshat Gupta - Most of Our Modern Scientific Advancements Had Already Been Laid Down in Our Religious Texts (Author) |url=https://www.eatmy.news/2020/12/akshat-gupta-most-of-our-modern.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Eat My News}}</ref>
| occupation = Writer, screenwriter, motivational speaker, lyricist, and poet
| notable_works = ''[[The Hidden Hindu (trilogy)|The Hidden Hindu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-10 |title=Chef Vikas Khanna launches author Akshat Gupta's 'The Hidden Hindu' |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book/the-hidden-hindu/articleshow/91444585.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
| spouse =
| website =
}}

'''Akshat Gupta''' is an Indian writer, [[screenwriter]], [[motivational speaker]], [[lyricist]], poet and restaurateur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudevan |first=Praveen |date=2022-05-02 |title=How 'The Hidden Hindu' saved the life of author Akshat Gupta |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/akshat-gupta-the-hidden-hindu/article65366075.ece |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> He is best known for his national best selling<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=The Literature |date=2022-09-08 |title=NATIONAL BEST-SELLING AUTHOR, AKSHAT GUPTA, IS BACK WITH THE SECOND PART OF THE THRILLING SERIES, THE HIDDEN HINDU |url=https://www.theliteraturetimes.com/national-best-selling-author-akshat-gupta-is-back-with-the-second-part-of-the-thrilling-series-the-hidden-hindu/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=The Literature Times |language=en-US}}</ref> mythological, science fiction<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akshita |date=2022-02-28 |title='The Hidden Hindu' is an amalgamation of mythology and science fiction: Akshat Gupta |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/the-hidden-hindu-is-an-amalgamation-of-mythology-and-science-fiction-akshat-gupta-1503049030.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> and adventurous ''[[The Hidden Hindu (trilogy)|The Hidden Hindu]]'' trilogy series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Paromita |date=2023-08-30 |title=The Man Behind the 'The Hidden Hindu' Triology |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/lifestyle/the-man-behind-the-the-hidden-hindu-triology/458185 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Akshat was born in Ambikapur, [[Chhattisgarh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akshat Gupta Exclusive Interview: अक्षत गुप्ता से जानें 7 चिरंजीवी, अश्वत्थामा और अघोरियों के बारे में |url=https://www.jagrantv.com/hi-show/author-akshat-gupta-exclusive-interview-rc1046855 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=jagrantv |language=hi}}</ref>

==Adaptations based on Gupta's work==
Dhoni Production House is producing a web series based on Gupta's book ''The Hidden Hindu''.
Bake My Cake Productiona is also making a movie on his book ''Naga Warriors''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-06 |title=EXCLUSIVE: MS Dhoni's debut digital venture is a web series based on THIS book; find out inside |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-ms-dhonis-debut-digital-venture-web-series-based-book-find-out-inside-566748 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Books===
*''We Were Friends''. Blue Rose Publishers, 2016, {{ISBN| 978-9386126030}}
*''Concealed Existence: Unconcealed''. Partridge India, 2016, {{ISBN|978-1482874532}}
*''Kismet or Karma: Unleash the Mystery''. AKS Publishing House, 2020, {{ISBN| 978-8194646815}}
*''The Hidden Hindu: Book 1''. Penguin eBury Press, 2021, {{ISBN|978-0143455691}}
*''The Hidden Hindu: Book 2''. Penguin eBury Press, 2022, {{ISBN|978-0143456544}}
*''The Hidden Hindu: Book 3''. Penguin eBury Press, 2023, {{ISBN|978-0143456551}}
*The Naga Warriors: Battle of Gokul Vol. 1, 2024, {{ISBN|978-0143465935}}
*The Naga Warriors 2: Battle of Gokul Vol 2, 2025, {{ISBN|978-01434365942}}

=== Akshat Gupta Books In Marathi ===

* [https://akshardhara.com/collections/akshat-gupta?_pos=1&_psq=akshat+gupta&_ss=e&_v=1.0 Hidden Hindu (All Parts) In Marathi]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Instagram|authorakshatgupta}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Akshat}}
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:People from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Sharad Kelkar

2026-02-11T07:19:14Z

DeangeloKater: quick enhanced structure per sources further

{{short description|Indian television actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sharad Kelkar
| image = Sharad Kelkar at the Lokmat Most Stylish Awards 2023.jpg
| alt = A photo of Sharad Kelkar smiling to the camera from the chest up
| caption = Sharad Kelkar in 2023
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1976|10|07}}<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sharad-kelkar-celebrates-his-47th-birthday-with-friends-and-family-watch/articleshow/104262225.cms</ref>
| birth_place = Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| alma_mater = Prestige Institute of Management, Gwalior (M.B.A)
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Keerti Gaekwad Kelkar]]|2005}}
| children = 1
| height = {{height|ft=6|in=1}}
| years_active = 2001-present
}}

'''Sharad Kelkar''' is an Indian television and film actor and voice actor who works primarily in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] and [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films, [[television]] and [[web series]].

==Early and personal life==
Kelkar was born in a [[Marathi people|Marathi family]] and brought up in [[Gwalior]]. His father was a PWD engineer in [[Madhya Pradesh]] Government. Kelkar graduated in MBA from Prestige Institute of Management, Gwalior and Laxmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior. He married his co-star [[Keerti Gaekwad Kelkar]] on 3 June 2005, and together they have a daughter named Kesha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaubey |first=Pranita |date=3 June 2021 |title=On 16th Wedding Anniversary, Sharad Kelkar Posts Throwback With Wife Keerti |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/on-16th-wedding-anniversary-sharad-kelkar-posts-throwback-with-wife-keerti-2455411 |access-date=4 June 2021 |website=NDTV |archive-date=4 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604093543/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/on-16th-wedding-anniversary-sharad-kelkar-posts-throwback-with-wife-keerti-2455411 |url-status=live }}</ref> They both have participated in ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 2|Nach Baliye 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Meet the couples of Nach Baliye 2 |url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/18sld10.htm |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=specials.rediff.com |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404015642/https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/18sld10.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
In 2004, Kelkar made his television debut with the show ''Aakrosh'' which aired on [[Doordarshan]] in which he played the role of Inspector Sachin Kulkarni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-24 |title=First of Many: Sharad Kelkar revisits Aakrosh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sharad-kelkar-acting-debut-aakrosh-tv-show-doordarshan-first-of-many-7458174/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420192535/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sharad-kelkar-acting-debut-aakrosh-tv-show-doordarshan-first-of-many-7458174/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

His wife [[Keerti Gaekwad Kelkar]] is a television actress who has appeared in ''[[Saat Phere – Saloni Ka Safar]]'' as Chandni / Devika in a negative role. Together, in 2006 the couple also appeared on the dance reality show ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 2|Nach Baliye 2]]''.

In 2007, Kelkar hosted ''[[Rock-N-Roll Family]]'' along with former Hero Honda ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007]]'' contestant [[Mauli Dave]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k8/mar/marrel22.php |title=Zee TV presents Rock N Roll Family |publisher=indiantelevision.com |date=8 March 2008 | access-date=8 November 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011051621/http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k8/mar/marrel22.php | archive-date=11 October 2008 | url-status=live}}</ref> Kelkar was host of the show ''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (TV series)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]'' on [[NDTV Imagine]] in 2009. Then he appeared as ''Thakur Digvijay Singh Bhadoria'' in ''[[Bairi Piya (serial)|Bairi Piya]]'' which earned him critical acclaim for his performance.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} In 2010, he participated in reality comedy TV series, ''[[Comedy Circus Mahasangram]]'' (2010) paired with [[Bharti Singh]] and [[Paresh Ganatra]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Comedy-Circus-Mahasangram-begins/articleshow/5538835.cms |title=Comedy Circus Mahasangram begins |date=6 February 2010|access-date=4 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204312/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-06/tv/28131482_1_season-big-fight-funny-bone|archive-date=4 January 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, Kelkar played a grey character role of Satya in [[Uttaran]] he entered the show along with [[Harsha Khandeparkar]] who played his sister in the show.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} His role lasted for about six months in the show.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} Kelkar was also part of Marathi film ''Chinu'' where he played the hero to the female protagonist who plays the title role of ''Chinu''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sharad Kelkar's date with Big B |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sharad-kelkar-amitabh-bachchan-chinu-ram-leela-tejaswini-lonari-deepika-padukone/articleshow/29098176.cms |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420192536/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sharad-kelkar-amitabh-bachchan-chinu-ram-leela-tejaswini-lonari-deepika-padukone/articleshow/29098176.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, he replaced [[Mohnish Behl]] as Dr. Ashutosh in the serial ''[[Kuch Toh Log Kahenge]]'' which aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] India.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} From 2010 to 2013, he presented a crime show, ''Shaitaan – A Criminal Mind''.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

In 2013, Kelkar was offered a role in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's ''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]'' where he plays the role of a possessive elder brother. Then in 2014, he was seen in ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'' where he played Sangram the main antagonist. The film became the highest-grossing Marathi film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Marathi premieres 'Lai Bhaari' – the highest grossing Marathi movie – ZEE Entertainment Corporate Website |url=https://www.zee.com/in-the-news/zee-marathi-premieres-lai-bhaari-the-highest-grossing-marathi-movie/ |access-date=2021-03-16 |website=www.zee.com |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204060329/https://www.zee.com/in-the-news/zee-marathi-premieres-lai-bhaari-the-highest-grossing-marathi-movie/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, he was seen in ''[[Hero (2015 Hindi film)|Hero]]'' and did a special appearance for a single song in ''[[A Paying Ghost]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-30 |title=Maybe I'll do a Bangla film: Hindi, Marathi, Telugu actor Sharad Kelkar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/maybe-i-ll-do-a-bangla-film-hindi-marathi-telugu-actor-sharad-kelkar/story-kT9ZXoJ8PL2te2CYP9qU3J.html |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420192535/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/maybe-i-ll-do-a-bangla-film-hindi-marathi-telugu-actor-sharad-kelkar/story-kT9ZXoJ8PL2te2CYP9qU3J.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='A Paying Ghost' – Sharad Kelkar: Marathi movies of the actor you should not miss |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/sharad-kelkar-marathi-movies-of-the-actor-you-should-not-miss/a-paying-ghost/photostory/64138131.cms |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=20 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420192535/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/sharad-kelkar-marathi-movies-of-the-actor-you-should-not-miss/a-paying-ghost/photostory/64138131.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

From September 2015 to April 2016, Kelkar was seen as Agent Raghav Sinha in his crime and mystery thriller ''[[Agent Raghav - Crime Branch]]'' which aired on [[&TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Razzaq |first=Sameena |date=2016-04-17 |title=Two of a kind: On screen love-hate relationship of Sharad Kelkar and Aahana Kumra |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/170416/two-of-a-kind-on-screen-love-hate-relationship-of-sharad-kelkar-and-aahana-kumra.html |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420192535/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/170416/two-of-a-kind-on-screen-love-hate-relationship-of-sharad-kelkar-and-aahana-kumra.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He describes his role as "Here's a guy who is suave and dapper, with an IQ that can give even the most intelligent and shrewd criminal a run for his money. He can do things that very few can – read people's minds and use deductive reasoning. I haven't played such a character or taken up a crime series like this before. Besides, the premise of the show was unique and I couldn't let it go.".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/How-Sharad-Kelkar-became-Agent-Raghav/articleshow/48835179.cms |title=How Sharad Kelkar became Agent Raghav |work=The Times of India |date=6 September 2015 | access-date=18 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907072459/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/How-Sharad-Kelkar-became-Agent-Raghav/articleshow/48835179.cms | archive-date=7 September 2015 | url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016 he was seen in ''[[Mohenjo Daro (film)|Mohenjo Daro]]'', ''[[Rocky Handsome]]'' which released on 25 March 2016. In the same year, he also did his Telugu debut through ''[[Sardaar Gabbar Singh]]'' where he played the main antagonist Bhairav Singh.

In 2017, Kelkarwas seen in Indian television show ''[[Koi Laut Ke Aaya Hai]]'' as Rishabh Singh Shekhari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=2017-02-03 |title=Koi Laut Ke Aaya Hai: Sharad Kelkar to play a blind man on the TV show! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/koi-laut-ke-aaya-hai-sharad-kelkar-to-play-a-blind-man-on-the-tv-show-823091 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404015641/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/koi-laut-ke-aaya-hai-sharad-kelkar-to-play-a-blind-man-on-the-tv-show-823091 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also played the main antagonist Dhauli in Sanjay Dutt starrer ''[[Bhoomi (2017 film)|Bhoomi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharad Kelkar To Play Antagonist Opposite Sanjay Dutt In Bhoomi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sharad-kelkar-to-play-antagonist-opposite-sanjay-dutt-in-bhoomi-1654735 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=20 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420192535/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sharad-kelkar-to-play-antagonist-opposite-sanjay-dutt-in-bhoomi-1654735 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also appeared in ''[[Irada (2017 film)|Irada]]'' as Paddy F Sharma a business tycoon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-17 |title=Irada movie review: Arshad Warsi, Naseeruddin Shah's eco-thriller raises pertinent questions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/irada-movie-review-arshad-warsi-naseeruddin-shah-s-eco-thriller-raises-pertinent-questions/story-aEsRKPKsqVN64MWjb8d5dK.html |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420192536/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/irada-movie-review-arshad-warsi-naseeruddin-shah-s-eco-thriller-raises-pertinent-questions/story-aEsRKPKsqVN64MWjb8d5dK.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He also acted in ''Sangharsh Yatra'' Biopic of late [[Gopinath Munde]] a famous [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] politician in Maharashtra.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} He did guest appearances in movies like ''Guest in London'' and ''[[Baadshaho]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guest Iin London: PremierePhotos – Premiere-Movies-The Times of India Photogallery |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/movies/premiere/Sharad-Kelkar-at-the-premiere-of-Guest-Iin-London/morphshow/59484472.cms |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404092831/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/movies/premiere/Sharad-Kelkar-at-the-premiere-of-Guest-Iin-London/morphshow/59484472.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-01 |title=Sharad Kelkar did not want to punch Ajay Devgn in 'Baadshaho' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/Sharad-Kelkar-did-not-want-to-punch-Ajay-Devgn-in--Baadshaho--mumbai-news-bollywood-gossip-18547192 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=www.mid-day.com |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420192540/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/Sharad-Kelkar-did-not-want-to-punch-Ajay-Devgn-in--Baadshaho--mumbai-news-bollywood-gossip-18547192 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also debuted as a producer for Marathi film ''Idak : The Goat'' which was screened at the Cannes festival.

In 2018, Kelkar acted in three Marathi films ''[[Rakshas (film)|Rakshas]]'', ''[[Madhuri (2018 film)|Madhuri]],'' and ''[[Youngraad]]''. He was also seen in a music video Majbooriyan.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Majbooriyaan' depicts the life of an undercover agent |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/180403-majbooriyaan-depicts-the-life-undercover |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404021155/https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/180403-majbooriyaan-depicts-the-life-undercover |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, Kelkar did his debut short film ''Through Purple''. He also did his digital debut web series through ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]],'' an Amazon prime series. Then he was seen in ''[[Housefull 4]]'' where he played as Suryabhan/Michael Bhai one of the antagonists. His another web-series ''[[Rangbaaz (web series)|Rangbaaz phirse (season 2)]]'' released in December 2019.

In January 2020, Kelkar played the role of [[Shivaji I]] in the film ''[[Tanhaji]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sharad-kelkar-i-dont-want-to-be-just-a-hero-i-want-to-play-different-characters/articleshow/79180762.cms |title=Sharad Kelkar: I don't want to be just a hero, I want to play different characters |website=The Times of India |date=12 November 2020 |access-date=13 November 2020 |archive-date=13 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113071709/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sharad-kelkar-i-dont-want-to-be-just-a-hero-i-want-to-play-different-characters/articleshow/79180762.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> he was appreciated for his performance. [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' praised the portrayal of Laxmii by Sharad Kelkar calling it a mature performance.<ref>{{cite news |first=Anna |last=M. M. Vetticad |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/laxmii-movie-review-akshay-kumars-torturous-acting-and-loud-storytelling-drown-out-every-good-intention-in-the-script-8998841.html |title=Laxmii movie review: Akshay Kumar's torturous acting and loud storytelling drown out every good intention in the script |work=Firstpost |date=10 November 2020 |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110061227/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/laxmii-movie-review-akshay-kumars-torturous-acting-and-loud-storytelling-drown-out-every-good-intention-in-the-script-8998841.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was also seen in [[ZEE5]] series Black Widows opposite [[Mona Singh]] in December 2020

In 2021, Kelkar played the role of a military officer in the film ''[[Bhuj: The Pride of India]]''.

In 2022, Kelkar played a dark-shaded character in ''[[Operation Romeo (film)|Operation Romeo]]''. In the film, he played the character of a police officer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-21 |title=Operation Romeo: Sharad Kelkar Opens Up On His Character In The Film, "Played The Most Uncomfortable Part" |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/operation-romeo-sharad-kelkar-opens-up-on-his-character-in-the-film-played-the-most-uncomfortable-part/ |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427193835/https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/operation-romeo-sharad-kelkar-opens-up-on-his-character-in-the-film-played-the-most-uncomfortable-part/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Kelkar played the Antagonist role in ''[[Code Name: Tiranga]]''. His next release was Pan Indian Marathi historical Period film ''[[Har Har Mahadev]]'' playing the role of Bhaji Prabhu Deshpande, a [[Marathi people|Maratha]] warrior character in the film.

In 2023, Kelkar appeared in ''[[Chor Nikal Ke Bhaga]]'' where he played the role of an investigation officer. He also played the role of Golf Coach in the sports Drama ''Slum Golf''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/it-will-inspire-you-to-achieve-your-goals-sharad-kelkar-on-sports-drama-series-slum-golf/articleshow/105617349.cms|title="It will inspire you to achieve your goals": Sharad Kelkar on sports drama series 'Slum Golf'|newspaper=The Times of India|date=30 November 2023|access-date=28 January 2024|archive-date=28 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128025025/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/it-will-inspire-you-to-achieve-your-goals-sharad-kelkar-on-sports-drama-series-slum-golf/articleshow/105617349.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2024, Kelkar made his Tamil debut through playing the role of Aryan in ''[[Ayalaan]]''. Later that year, Kelkar played the supporting role of real-life businessman [[Ravi Mantha]] in [[Srikanth Bolla]]'s Hindi biopic, ''[[Srikanth (film)|Srikanth]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Production begins for Rajkummar Rao's next film 'Sri', a biopic on Srikanth Bolla |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/production-begins-for-rajkummar-raos-next-film-sri-a-biopic-on-srikanth-bolla/articleshow/95659426.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508095744/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/production-begins-for-rajkummar-raos-next-film-sri-a-biopic-on-srikanth-bolla/articleshow/95659426.cms |archive-date=8 May 2024 |access-date=2022-11-21 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Rajkummar Rao to star in the inspiring story of Srikanth Bolla in SRI |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/rajkummar-rao-to-star-in-the-inspiring-story-of-srikanth-bolla-in-sri-567627 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref> The same year, he also starred Marathi action film ''Raanti''.

Since July 2025, he portraying Aryavardhan in Zee TV's ''[[Tumm Se Tumm Tak]]'', opposite Niharika Chouksey after an eight-year television hiatus.<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 April 2025|title=Sharad Kelkar says, "Tum Se Tum Tak felt like the perfect choice" as he returns to TV after 8 years
|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sharad-kelkar-says-tum-se-tum-tak-felt-like-perfect-choice-returns-tv-8-years/|access-date=16 August 2025|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=25 July 2025|title=Why Sharad Kelkar Said Yes To Tumm Se Tumm Tak, Returning To TV After 8 Years
|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/why-sharad-kelkar-said-yes-to-tumm-se-tumm-tak-returning-to-tv-after-8-years-ws-l-aa-9463371.html|access-date=16 August 2025|work=[[News18]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

=== Films ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ List of Sharad Kelkar film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
!Notes
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Hulchul (2004 film)|Hulchul]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sharad-kelkar-duped-on-hulchul-priyadarshan-refused-to-dub-8531939/|title=Sharad Kelkar recalls being duped into accepting role in Hulchul, says after 6 days of doing nothing on set, he refused to dub for the film in protest|date=1 April 2023|access-date=28 January 2024|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601205926/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sharad-kelkar-duped-on-hulchul-priyadarshan-refused-to-dub-8531939/|url-status=live}}</ref> || Dr. Satyendra "Sattu" Mishra || [[Hindi]]
|Cameo
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Uttarayan (film)|Uttarayan]]'' || Young Raghu || [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012 || ''[[1920: Evil Returns]]'' || Amar Pratap || Hindi
|Cameo
|-
| ''Chinu'' || Raj || Marathi
|
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]'' || Khanji Sanera || Hindi
|
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'' || Sangram || Marathi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Hero (2015 Hindi film)|Hero]]'' || Dheeraj Mathur || Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[A Paying Ghost]]'' || Himself || Marathi
|Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016 || ''[[Mohenjo Daro (film)|Mohenjo Daro]]'' || Srujan Dhanraj || rowspan="2" | Hindi
|Cameo
|-
| ''[[Rocky Handsome]]'' || ACP Dilip
|
|-
| ''[[Sardaar Gabbar Singh]]'' || Raja Bhairon Singh || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2017 || ''[[Irada (2017 film)|Irada]]'' || Paddy Sharma || Hindi
|
|-
| ''Sangharsh Yatra'' || Gopinath Munde || Marathi
|
|-
| ''[[Guest Iin London]]'' || Ashutosh || rowspan="3" | Hindi
|Cameo
|-
| ''[[Bhoomi (2017 film)|Bhoomi]]'' || Dhauli
|
|-
| ''[[Baadshaho]]'' || Inspector Durjan
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018 || ''[[Rakshas (film)|Rakshas]]'' || Avinash || rowspan="3" | Marathi
|
|-
| ''[[Youngraad]]'' || Senapati
|
|-
| ''[[Madhuri (2018 film)|Madhuri]]'' || Dr. Tushar Kesar
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019 || ''Purple'' || Mohit || rowspan="10" | Hindi
|Short film
|-
|''[[Housefull 4]]'' || Suryabhan/Michael
|Double role
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020 || ''[[Tanhaji]]'' || [[Shivaji|Chatrapati Shivaji]]
|
|-
|''[[London Confidential]]'' || Tanmay Kulkarni
|Cameo
|-
|''[[Laxmii]]'' || Laxman Sharma
|
|-
| ''[[Darbaan]]'' || Anukul
|
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Bhuj: The Pride of India]]'' || Ram Karan "RK" Nair
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022 || ''[[Operation Romeo (film)|Operation Romeo]]'' || Mangesh Jadhav
|
|-
| ''[[Bhediya]]'' || Anika's father
|Cameo
|-
| ''[[Code Name: Tiranga]]'' || Khalid Omar
|
|-
| ''[[Har Har Mahadev (film)|Har Har Mahadev]]'' || [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]]|| Marathi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023 || ''[[Chor Nikal Ke Bhaga]]'' || Parvez Sheikh<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Chor Nikal Ke Bhaga Review: Yami Gautam Powers The Film Along |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/chor-nikal-ke-bhaga-review-yami-gautam-powers-the-film-along-2-5-stars-3891784 |access-date=25 March 2023 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=March 25, 2023 |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061317/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/chor-nikal-ke-bhaga-review-yami-gautam-powers-the-film-along-2-5-stars-3891784 |url-status=live }}</ref> || rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Chatrapathi (2023 film)|Chatrapathi]]'' || Bhavani<ref name="penmovies.trailer.2023.03.30">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLNHpnE3-KI |title=Chatrapathi – Official Teaser {{!}} Bellamkonda Sai Sreenivas {{!}} Pen Studios {{!}} In Cinemas 12 May 2023 |date=March 30, 2023 |publisher=Pen Movies |via=YouTube |quote=Cast – Sai Srinivas Bellamkonda, Nushrratt Bharuccha, Bhagyashree, Sharad Kelkar, Karan Singh Chhabra |access-date=9 April 2023 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409015507/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLNHpnE3-KI |url-status=live }}</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan=3" | 2024 || ''[[Ayalaan]]'' || Aryan<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2018 |title=Sharad Kelkar lands a role in Sivakarthikeyan's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sharad-kelkar-lands-a-role-in-sivakarthikeyans-next/articleshow/65384668.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331091039/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sharad-kelkar-lands-a-role-in-sivakarthikeyans-next/articleshow/65384668.cms |archive-date=31 March 2022 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
| ''[[Srikanth (film)|Srikanth]]'' || [[Ravi Mantha]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/production-begins-for-rajkummar-raos-next-film-sri-a-biopic-on-srikanth-bolla/articleshow/95659426.cms |title=Production begins for Rajkummar Rao's next film 'Sri', a biopic on Srikanth Bolla |work=Economic Times |date=21 November 2022|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-date=27 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127202206/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/production-begins-for-rajkummar-raos-next-film-sri-a-biopic-on-srikanth-bolla/articleshow/95659426.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> || Hindi
|
|-
|''Raanti''
|
|Marathi <ref>{{cite web |title=Raanti Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} रानटी {{!}} Exclusive 2024 |url=https://rangmarathi.com/raanti-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=15 September 2024 |date=15 September 2024}}</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2025
| ''[[Sky Force (film)|Sky Force]]'' || Ahmed Hussain / Sq Leader 71 || rowspan = "2" | Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Dil Dosti Aur Dogs]]''
| Sanjay
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2001
| ''Aap Beeti''
| Inspector Sameer
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004
| ''Aakrosh''
| Inspector Sachin Kulkarni
|
|-
| ''[[Bhabhi (TV series)|Bhabhi]]''
| Advocate Kunal
|
|-
| ''[[Raat Hone Ko Hai]]''
| Neel
|
|-
| 2004–2005
| ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''
| rowspan="2" | Inspector Jehan
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[C.I.D. Special Bureau]]''
|
|-
| 2005–2007
| ''[[Sinndoor Tere Naam Ka]]''
| Rudra Raizada
|
|-
| 2005–2009
| ''[[Saat Phere – Saloni Ka Safar]]''
| Nahar Singh/Amritanand
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 2|Nach Baliye 2]]''
| Contestant
|8th place
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge]]''
| Host
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Rock-N-Roll Family]]''
|Host
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (TV series)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]''
| Host
|
|-
| 2009–2010
| ''[[Comedy Circus]]''
| Contestant
|
|-
| 2009–2010
| ''[[Bairi Piya (TV series)|Bairi Piya]]''
| Digvijay Singh Bhadoria / Ranveer
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Sarvggun Sampanna]]''
| Abhay
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Uttaran]]''
| Satya Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012–2013
| ''[[Kuch Toh Log Kahenge]]''
| Dr. Ashutosh Mathur
|
|-
| ''Shaitaan – A Criminal Mind''
| Host
|
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Agent Raghav – Crime Branch]]''
| Agent Raghav Sinha
|
|-
| 2017
| ''Cineplay – Stage On Screen'' – Boichek
| Parag
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Koi Laut Ke Aaya Hai]]''
| Rishabh Singh Shekhari
|
|-
| 2019–present
| ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]''
| Arvind
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Rangbaaz (web series)|Rangbaaz Phir Se]]''
| Raja Phogat
|
|-
| 2020
|''[[Special OPS]]''
| IB Officer Surya
|
|-
| 2021
| ''Case Files With Sharad Kelkar''
| Host
|
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Black Widows (web series)|Black Widows]]''
| Yatin Mehrotra<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-26 |title=Black Widows: Meet The Characters of the Upcoming Revenge Drama Series |url=https://www.zee5.com/zeekannada/black-widows-meet-the-characters-of-the-upcoming-thriller-drama-series/|access-date=2020-09-21 |website=ZEE5 News |language=en|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011204148/https://www.zee5.com/zeekannada/black-widows-meet-the-characters-of-the-upcoming-thriller-drama-series/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|-
|2021-2024
| ''[[The Legend of Hanuman]]''
|Narrator/[[Ravana]]
|
|-
| 2023
|''Slum Golf''
|Gautam Rane
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2024
| ''[[Indian Police Force (web series)|Indian Police Force]]''
| Jagtap
|
|-
| ''[[Baahubali: Crown of Blood]]''
| [[Amarendra Baahubali]]
|
|-
| ''[[Doctors (2024 TV series)|Doctors]]''
| Dr. Ishaan Ahuja
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=PeepingMoon Exclusive: Hichki director Siddharth P Malhotra to next produce a medical drama series starring Sharad Kelkar and Harleen Sethi |url=https://www.peepingmoon.com/exclusive-news/news/66162/PeepingMoon-Exclusive-Hichki-director-Siddharth-P-Malhotra-to-next-produce-a-medical-drama-series-starring-Sharad-Kelkar-and-Harleen-Sethi.html |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=peepingmoon.com/ |date=11 January 2019 |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103170958/https://www.peepingmoon.com/exclusive-news/news/66162/PeepingMoon-Exclusive-Hichki-director-Siddharth-P-Malhotra-to-next-produce-a-medical-drama-series-starring-Sharad-Kelkar-and-Harleen-Sethi.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2025–present
| ''[[Tumm Se Tumm Tak]]''
| Aryavardhan
| Lead Role
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Taskaree]]''
| Bada Chaudhary
| [[Netflix]] series<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2025 |title=Neeraj Pandey, Emraan Hashmi team up for Netflix series 'Taskaree: The Smugglers Web' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/neeraj-pandey-emraan-hashmi-team-up-for-netflix-series-taskaree-the-smugglers-web/cid/2137968 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=16 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Taskaree Trailer: Meet Smuggling Kingpin Sharad Kelkar's Dark Turn In Emraan Hashmi Starrer Crime Web Series |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/news/taskaree-trailer-meet-smuggling-kingpin-sharad-kelkar-dark-turn-in-emraan-hashmi-starrer-crime-web-series-10291149 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=www.thedailyjagran.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ List of Sharad Kelkar music video credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Singer(s)
|-
| 2018 || "Majbooriyan" || Agent Vikram || Soham Nayak and [[Antara Mitra]]
|}

== Voice acting ==
===Dubbing roles===
====Hollywood films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Actor
! scope="col" width=200| Character
! scope="col" | Dub Language
! scope="col" | Original Language
! scope="col" | Original Year release
! scope="col" | Dub Year release
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| ''[[Dawn of the Planet of the Apes]]'' || [[Jason Clarke]] || Malcolm || rowspan="13" | Hindi || rowspan="13" | English || rowspan="2" | 2014 || rowspan="2" | 2014 ||
|-
| ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]'' || [[Lee Pace]] || rowspan="2" | [[Ronan (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Ronan the Accuser]]|| Released as ''Brahmand Ke Boss'' (ब्रह्मांड के रक्षक) for the title of the Hindi dubbed version and he was credited in the Hindi dub credits for the DVD release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-28 |title=After X-Men, Guardians of the Galaxy, Sharad Kelkar to dub for Star Trek |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/after-x-men-guardians-of-the-galaxy-sharad-kelkar-to-dub-for-star-trek/story-2Vyg8sEf5jnM8cujSCIgfK.html |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420193708/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/after-x-men-guardians-of-the-galaxy-sharad-kelkar-to-dub-for-star-trek/story-2Vyg8sEf5jnM8cujSCIgfK.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Captain Marvel (film)|Captain Marvel]]'' || [[Lee Pace]] || 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
| ''[[Furious 7]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Jason Statham]] || rowspan="2" | [[Deckard Shaw]]|| 2015 || 2015 ||
|-
| ''[[The Fate of the Furious]]'' || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
| ''[[Exodus: Gods and Kings]]'' || [[Joel Edgerton]] || [[Ramesses II]] || 2014 || 2014 ||
|-
| ''[[Mad Max: Fury Road]]'' || [[Tom Hardy]] || [[Max Rockatansky]] || 2015 || 2015 ||
|-
| ''[[X-Men: Apocalypse]]'' || [[Oscar Isaac]] || [[Apocalypse (character)|En Sabah Nur / Apocalypse]]|| 2016 || 2016 ||
|-
| ''[[xXx: Return of Xander Cage]]'' || [[Vin Diesel]] || Xander Cage || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
| ''[[Hobbs & Shaw (film)|Hobbs & Shaw]]'' || rowspan="3" | [[Jason Statham]] || rowspan="3" | [[Deckard Shaw]]|| 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
|''[[F9 (film)|F9: The Fast Saga]]''
|2021
|2021
|
|-
| ''[[Fast X]]'' || 2023 || 2023 ||
|-
| ''[[Heads of State (film)|Heads of State]]'' || [[Idris Elba]] || Sam Clarke || 2025 || 2025 || {{centre|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.primevideo.com/-/hi/detail/0Q0ZD7AIZGM4ISJE4J5T9AF9FA |title=Heads of State |language=hi |publisher=[[Amazon MGM Studios]] |year=2025 |place=United States |access-date=9 July 2025 |via=[[Amazon Prime Video]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}}
|}

====Indian films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Actor
! scope="col" width=200| Character
! scope="col" | Dub Language
! scope="col" | Original Language
! scope="col" | Original Year release
! scope="col" | Dub Year release
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''|| rowspan="2" | [[Prabhas]]|| rowspan="2" | Amarendra Baahubali and Mahendra Baahubali || rowspan="2" | Hindi || rowspan="2" | Telugu || 2015
|2015||''<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Baahubali's voice! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/meet-baahubalis-voice/20150826.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192550/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/meet-baahubalis-voice/20150826.htm |archive-date=26 June 2018 |access-date=3 September 2015}}</ref>''
|-
| ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
| ''[[Gaddalakonda Ganesh]]'' || [[Varun Tej]] || Gaddalakonda "Gani" Ganesh
|Hindi
|Telugu|| 2019 || 2022 ||
|-
|''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]''
|[[Ram Charan]]
|Konidela Ram
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2019
|2023
|
|-
| ''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]'' || [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] || Dharani
|Hindi
|Telugu|| 2023
|2023||
|-
|''[[Adipurush]]''
|[[Prabhas]]
|[[Rama|Raghava]]
| colspan="2" |Hindi
|2023
|2023
|Original Hindi version dubbed
|-
| ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
|[[Prabhas]]|| Deva
|Hindi|| Telugu
|2023
|2023||
|-
|''[[Rangasthalam]]''
|[[Ram Charan]]
|Chelluboina Chitti Babu
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2018
|2025
|
|-
|''[[Ayalaan]]''
|Himself
|Aryan
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2024
|2025
|
|}

== Awards ==
* 2010 – [[Gold Awards]] for Best Actor in a Negative Role (Critics) — ''[[Bairi Piya (serial)|Bairi Piya]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zee Gold Awards 2010 winners |url=https://goldawards.weebly.com/2010.html |access-date=17 December 2020 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102244/https://goldawards.weebly.com/2010.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=April 2023|reason=Weebly is not a reliable source.}}
* 2014 - Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Marathi]] for [[Lai Bhaari]]
* 2017 – Nominated- [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role (Telugu)]] for ''[[Sardaar Gabbar Singh]]''
* 2023 – [[Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards]] – Super Stylish Versatile Personality<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865|title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Edition 2 Winners list: Kiara Advani, Janhvi to Kartik Aaryan, a look at who won what!|date=7 April 2023|website=Pinkvilla|access-date=11 April 2023|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411065217/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2025 - NDTV Entertainment Awards - Personality of the Year

==See also==
* [[List of Indian television actors]]
* [[Dubbing (filmmaking)]]
* [[List of Indian Dubbing Artists]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sharad Kelkar}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|sharad-kelkar}}
* {{IMDb name|2821544}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kelkar, Sharad}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Gwalior]]

Janakiyudeyum Abhiyudeyum Veedu

2026-02-05T22:25:40Z

DeangeloKater: Started a page - done

{{Short description|2024 Indian Malayalam TV series }}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Janakiyudeyum Abhiyudeyum Veedu.jpeg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Family drama]]
| creator =
| developer = [[Kannan Thamarakkulam]]
| based_on = [[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]
| writer = Murali Nellanad
| director = Niju Soman(Ep:1–48) Gopalan Manoj(Ep:49–260) Santhosh Anand(Ep: 261-358)
| voices =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Reneesha
*[[Raksha Raj]]
*Arathy Sojan
}}
| theme_music_composer = Sanand George
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 358
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Joseph Cletus
| producer =
| editor = Sangeeth Thrippalavoor
| cinematography = Vydi
| location = Trivandrum
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Lime Tree Productions LLP
| network = {{plainlist|
* [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
* [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|06|17|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|10|31|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''Janakiyudeyum Abhiyudeyum Veedu''''' ({{Translation|''Janaki and Abhi's Home''}}) is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[soap opera]] directed by Niju Soman.<ref>{{cite news|title=New Serial 'Janakiyudeyum Abhiyudeyum Veedu' Gains Attention|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/new-serial-janakiyudeyum-abhiyudeyum-veedu-gains-attention/articleshow/111110612.cms|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=19 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> It is an official remake of the [[Hindi]] soap opera ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/janakiyudeyum-abhiyudeyum-veedu/|title=Janakiyudeyum Abhiyudeyum Veedu Upcoming Malayalam Television Serial on Asianet|website=Kerala TV|date=20 May 2024 }}</ref> It stars Raneesha, [[Raksha Raj]] and Arathy Sojan in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|title=ജാനകിയുടെയും അഭിയുടെയും വീട് പരമ്പര ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റിൽ ജൂൺ 17 മുതൽ സംപ്രേക്ഷണം ചെയ്യുന്നു|url=https://www.malayalam.keralatv.in/janakiyudeyum-abhiyudeyum-veedu|work=Kerala TV|date=10 June 2024 }}</ref> The show aired from 17 June 2024 to 31 October 2025 on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] and OTT platform [[JioHotstar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/santhwanam-2-launch-date/|title=Santhwanam 2 , Janakiyudeyum Abhiyudeyum Veedu Serials Launch Date and Time Announced by Asianet|work=Kerala TV|date=2 June 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Asianet Announces New Serial "Janakiyudeyum Abhiyudeyum Veedu"|url=https://www.kerala9.com/latest-news/entertainment/asianet-announces-new-serial-janakiyudeyum-abhiyudeyum-veedu/|website=Kerala9.com}}</ref> The series was launched along with [[Santhwanam 2]].

==Synopsis==
The story is about Alakapuri family, home of Suryanarayan and Prabhavati, they have four children: Abhiram, Ajay, Amal, and Amrita. As the eldest son, Abhiram holds a significant position in both the Alakapuri household and the Surya Prabha organization. His wife, Janaki, is the eldest daughter in law of the family, maintains unity, peace and happiness of the family. They have a four-year-old daughter, Ponnu.

The family faces challenges when Ajay and Amal get married, and their new wives enter the household.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asianet Announces "Janakiyudeyum Abhiyudeyum Veedu"|url=https://www.disneystar.com//newsroom/asianet-announces-janakiyudeyum-abhiyudeyum-veedu/|work=Disney Star|language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==

* [[Raksha Raj]] as Janaki Abhiram
* Yuva Krishna as Abhiram Varma aka 'Abhi'
* [[Jose (actor)|Jose]] ( Promo)/ Anil Mohan (episode 1 to 125)/ Payyannur Murali (126 to 198)as Suryanarayana Varma
* Arathy Sojan as Aparna Thampi : Vishwanathan Thampi and Nirmala's daughter.
*Subhash Menon / Saaju Attingal as Vishwanathan Thampi
* [[Reneesha Rahiman]] as Niranjana Unnithan:<ref>{{cite web|title=ഇപ്പോൾ പ്രേമിച്ചു നടക്കുന്ന പൈതലാണ്! ഉടനെ വൈകാതെ അവളുടെ വിവാഹം ഉണ്ടാകും; റെനീഷ ഇനി കണ്ണീർ നായികയല്ല നിരഞ്ജന|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/bigg-boss-fame-reneesha-joined-janakiyudeyum-abhiyudeyum-veedu-serial/articleshow/111275835.cms|work=Samayam Malayalam}}</ref> Hemambika and Adv. Unnithan's daughter.
* Baby Sasha Isla as Ponnu
* Girija Kayalatt as Sumangala
*Mithun M K (EP: 1 — 259)/ Fawaz Zayani (EP:260 — 358) as Ajay
*[[Souparnika Subhash]] as Amrita
* Maya Menon as Prabhavathi
* Nihas Khan as Amal
*[[Boban Alummoodan]] as Advocate Unnithan Menon
*Krishnapriya as Hemambika menon (Mrs.Unnithan menon)
*Archana Jayakrishnan as Malavika
*Ishani as Honey Rose

;Cameo appearances
*Arun Nair as [[Chempaneer Poovu|Sachin]]
*[[Rebecca Santhosh]] as [[Chempaneer Poovu|Revathi]]

==Production==
As part of premiere Yuva Krishna, [[Raksha Raj]] and Baby Sasha promoted the TV series on [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 6)|''Bigg Boss Malayalam'' season 6]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ബിഗ് ബോസ് വീട്ടുകാരെ അത്ഭുതപ്പെടുത്തി അതിഥികള്‍; ജാനകിയും അഭിയും പൊന്നുസും|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-biggboss/bigg-boss-malayalam-season-6-janakiyudeyum-abhiyudeyum-veedu-serial-cast-visit-bigg-boss-house-vvk-sez6ta|website=Asianet News|language=ml}}</ref> They entered Bigg Boss House on Day 94, met the contestants and shared the details about the series.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 6: Yuva Krishna and Raksha Raj meet the housemates, Baby Sasha steals the spotlight|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-6-yuva-krishna-and-raksha-raj-meet-the-housemates-baby-sasha-steals-the-spotlight/articleshow/110960120.cms|website=The Times Of India|date=13 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

An event titled Tharolsavam, which was the launch event for ''Janakiyudeyum Abhiyudeyum Veedu'' and another TV series ''[[Santhwanam 2]]'' and the relaunch of [[Star Singer|Star Singer Season 9]], was held at [[Kannur]]. The event aired on Asianet on 16 June 2024 a day before the show's launch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asianet Schedule Sunday, 16 June – Tharolsavam Kannur Event, Bigg Boss Season 6 Grand Finale Telecast|url=https://www.keralatv.in/asianet-tharolsavam-kannur-event/|website=Keralatv |date=13 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
In the launch week, the show secured fourth position in [[Target Rating Point|TRP]] ratings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janakiyudeyum Abhiyudeyum Veedu Makes It To The Top 5 In The Premiere Week; Bigg Boss Malayalam 6 Grand Finale Grabs Record Rating|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/janakiyudeyum-abhiyudeyum-veedu-makes-it-to-the-top-5-in-the-premiere-week-bigg-boss-malayalam-6-grand-finale-grabs-record-rating/articleshow/111361837.cms|website=The Times Of India|language=en|date=29 June 2024}}</ref> As of September 2024, the show got sixth position at 9 pm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chempaneerpoovu remains the most-watched show; Ishtam Mathram joins the top 5|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chempaneerpoovu-remains-the-most-watched-show-ishtam-mathram-joins-the-top-5/articleshow/113093461.cms|website=The Times Of India|language=en|date=5 September 2024}}</ref> Later it was shifted to 9.30 PM where it managed sixth position.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chempaneerpoovu continues to be the most-watched show on Malayalam TV; Santhwanam 2 falls to fifth spot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chempaneerpoovu-continues-to-be-the-most-watched-show-on-malayalam-tv-santhwanam-2-falls-to-fifth-spot/articleshow/115334520.cms|website=The Times Of India|language=en|date=15 November 2024}}</ref> From 16 December 2024, it was again shifted to 10.30 PM.

=== Original series ===
The original version Hindi language series, ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'', was created by [[Ekta Kapoor]] under the banner of her production company [[Balaji Telefilms]]. The show aired on [[StarPlus]] from 16 October 2000 to 9 October 2008, which starred [[Sakshi Tanwar]] and [[Kiran Karmarkar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Best of Television, 2007|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/26slide10.htm|website=Rediff.com|access-date=3 July 2020|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421163605/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/26slide10.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

16 years after the broadcast of ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'', [[Disney Star]] Network [[Marathi language]] channel [[Star Pravah]] planned to remake it in Marathi as ''Gharoghari Matichya Chuli'', which started on 18 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Aggabai Sasubai fame Ashutosh Patki is all set to play Saumitra Ranadive in Gharoghari Matichya Chuli - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/aggabai-sasubai-fame-ashutosh-patki-is-all-set-to-play-saumitra-ranadive-in-gharoghari-matichya-chuli/articleshow/107906281.cms|access-date=2024-08-19|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 February 2024 }}</ref> One month later, the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] remake ''Veetuku Veedu Vaasapadi'' started 22 April 2024.,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.disneystar.com/newsroom/star-vijay-launches-veetukku-veedu-vasappadi/| title=Star Vijay launches Veetukku Veedu Vasappadi| website=www.disneystar.com| date=18 April 2024}}</ref> followed by a [[Kannada]] remake, ''Janaki Samsara'' on [[Star Suvarna]] from 6 May 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiantvinfo.com/janaki-samsara-serial-star-cast/|title=Janaki Samsara Serial Star Cast – Star Suvarna Channel Latest Prime Time Kannada Show|website=Indiantvinfo|date=4 May 2024 }}</ref> The [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam]] remake versions, ''Intinti Ramayanam''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/star-maa-new-serial-intinti-ramayanam-premiere-date-intinti-ramayanam-serial-start-on-june-10-telugu-tv-serials-121717826719861.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608071623/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/star-maa-new-serial-intinti-ramayanam-premiere-date-intinti-ramayanam-serial-start-on-june-10-telugu-tv-serials-121717826719861.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 June 2024 |title=స్టార్ మాలో సరికొత్త సీరియల్ ఇంటింటి రామాయణం.. 20 మంది గల ఉమ్మడి కుటుంబ గాథ|language=te |access-date=2024-06-08 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> and ''Janakiyudeyum Abhiyudeyum Veedu,'' respectively started in June the same year.

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Language
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Title
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Original release
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Notes
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' कहानी घर घर की
| 16 October 2000
| [[StarPlus]]
| 9 October 2008
| Original
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Gharoghari Matichya Chuli'' घरोघरी मातीच्या चुली<ref>{{Cite news|title=Aggabai Sasubai fame Ashutosh Patki is all set to play Saumitra Ranadive in Gharoghari Matichya Chuli - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/aggabai-sasubai-fame-ashutosh-patki-is-all-set-to-play-saumitra-ranadive-in-gharoghari-matichya-chuli/articleshow/107906281.cms|access-date=2024-08-19|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 February 2024 }}</ref>
| 18 March 2024
| [[Star Pravah]]
| Ongoing
| rowspan="5"| Remake
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Veetuku Veedu Vaasapadi'' வீட்டுக்கு வீடு வாசப்படி<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-show-veetuku-veedu-vasal-padi-to-premiere-on-april-22/articleshow/109343887.cms| title=New TV show 'Veetuku Veedu Vasal Padi' to premiere on April 22 2024| website=[[The Times of India]]| date=19 August 2024}}</ref>
| 22 April 2024
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 15 February 2025
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Janaki Samsara'' ಜಾನಕಿ ಸಂಸಾರ<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiantvinfo.com/janaki-samsara-serial-star-cast/|title=Janaki Samsara Serial Star Cast – Star Suvarna Channel Latest Prime Time Kannada Show|website=Indiantvinfo|date=4 May 2024 }}</ref>
| 6 May 2024
| [[Star Suvarna]]
| 21 September 2024
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Intinti Ramayanam'' ఇంటింటి రామాయణం<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/star-maa-new-serial-intinti-ramayanam-premiere-date-intinti-ramayanam-serial-start-on-june-10-telugu-tv-serials-121717826719861.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608071623/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/star-maa-new-serial-intinti-ramayanam-premiere-date-intinti-ramayanam-serial-start-on-june-10-telugu-tv-serials-121717826719861.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 June 2024 |title=స్టార్ మాలో సరికొత్త సీరియల్ ఇంటింటి రామాయణం.. 20 మంది గల ఉమ్మడి కుటుంబ గాథ|language=te |access-date=2024-06-08 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
| 10 June 2024
| [[Star Maa]]
| Ongoing
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Janakiyudeyum Abhiyudeyum Veedu'' ജാനകിയുടെയും അഭിയുടെയും വീട്
| 17 June 2024
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| 31 October 2025
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/janakiyudeyum-abhiyudeyum-veedu/1271319744 Janakiyudeyum Abhiyudeyum Veedu - Disney+ Hotstar]

{{Asianet programs}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Hindi-language television series]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]

Sepak takraw in India

2026-02-05T14:53:06Z

DeangeloKater: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{sport overview
| image = Rattan sepak tawraw ball.png
| imagesize = 200px
| image_alt = Sepak takraw ball
| caption = Sepak takraw ball
| union = [[Sepaktakraw Federation of India]]
| country = India
| sport = sepak takraw
| nickname = 
| first = 
| registered = 
| clubs = 
| national_list = 
| club_list = 
| intl_list = 
| match = 
| league = 
}}

[[Sepak takraw]] is not very well known in India, although it was a demonstration sport at the Delhi Asian Games in 1982.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/03/stories/2005020300460400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102235957/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/03/stories/2005020300460400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2 November 2007 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Takraw tourney to kick off | date=3 February 2005}}</ref> The Sepak Takraw Federation with its headquarters in Nagpur, Maharashtra, was founded on 10 September 1982. It is recognised by the [[Indian Olympic Association]] and Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports since 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sportal.nic.in/innerindex.asp?moduleid=26&maincatid=101&comid=2 |title=Sportal - Sports Portal - GOVERNMENT OF INDIA |access-date=4 May 2012 |archive-date=16 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416174643/http://sportal.nic.in/innerindex.asp?moduleid=26&maincatid=101&comid=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> So far, the Federation has conducted 14 Senior, seven Junior, and six Sub-Junior National Championships in different cities and is also conducting Federation Cup Tournament and zonal National Championship.

The game is very popular in the northeastern state of [[Manipur]] and some of the best players for the national team hail from the state. The sport has also been growing in popularity in [[Nagaland]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/nagaland/story/nagaland-athletes-shine-in-asian-beach-sepaktakraw-championship-1097286-2024-09-24 |title=Nagaland athletes shine in Asian Beach Sepaktakraw Championship |website=India Today NE |date=24 September 2024 }}</ref> In the 22nd King's Cup International Sepak Takraw Tournament held at [[Bangkok]], the India men's team lost in the semifinals and claimed bronze in the team event. In doubles event, the women's team lost in the semifinals, but won bronze medals.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=headline&newsid=38912&typeid=3&Idoc_Session=675c609a27ff40ff109ba1daaff8ed58 |title=Sepak Takraw players and officials felicited :: KanglaOnline ~ Your Gateway |access-date=4 May 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303051212/http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=headline&newsid=38912&typeid=3&Idoc_Session=675c609a27ff40ff109ba1daaff8ed58 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

India won the first medal in Sepak Takraw in Asian Games.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/asian-games-2018/story/asian-games-2018-india-bronze-sepak-takraw-1320021-2018-08-21|title=Asian Games 2018: India win first medal in sepak takraw. All you need to know about the sport|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref> India grabbed bronze at the [[Sepak takraw at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's team regu|men's team regu Sepak Takraw competition]] at the [[2018 Asian Games]] held at Ranau Sports Hall, Palembang, Indonesia from 19 to 22 August 2018.

==Medal summary==
===Sepak takraw===
* Total medals won by the Indian national sepak takraw teams in major tournaments (updated as on February 2026):

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Competition !! Format !! Gold !! Silver !! Bronze !! Total
|-
| rowspan=3|[[ISTAF World Cup]] || M || 1 || 1 || 4 || 6
|-
| F || 0 || 1 || 3 || 4
|-
| X || 1 || 0 || 1 || 2
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Sepak takraw at the Asian Games|Asian Games]] || M || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
| F || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
| ASTAF Asian Cup || M || 0 || 0 || 3 || 3
|-
| Asian Sepaktakraw Championship || M || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
! colspan=2|Total !! 3 !! 2 !! 13 !! 18
|}

===Beach Sepak takraw===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Competition !! Format !! Gold !! Silver !! Bronze !! Total
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Asian Beach Games]] || M || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
| F || 0 || 0 || 2 || 2
|-
| rowspan=2|ASTAF Asian Championship || M || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
| F || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
! colspan=2|Total !! 0 !! 1 !! 4 !! 5
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sport in India}}

[[Category:Sepak takraw in India]]
[[Category:Sport in India]]

{{India-sport-stub}}

Tata Cliq

2026-02-04T03:07:37Z

DeangeloKater: Created new stub more to come

{{short description|Indian e-commerce company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Tata CLiQ
| logo = Tata Cliq logo.svg
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| screenshot =
| screenshot_size = 220px
| screenshot_alt =
| caption =
| founded = {{start date and age|df=y|2016|05|27}}
| founder =
| url =
| commercial = Yes
| company_type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| num_employees =
| industry = {{plainlist|
*[[E-commerce]]
*[[Internet]]
*[[Retail]]
*Luxury Retail}}
| type = {{plainlist|
*[[E-commerce]]
*[[Fashion]]
*[[Marketplace]]}}
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.owler.com/company/tatacliq |title=Tata CLiQ Competitors, Revenue and Employees - Owler Company Profile |website=owler.com |publisher=[[Owler]] |location=San Mateo, California, U.S. |access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref>
| services = [[Online shopping]]
| key_people = Gopal Asthana ([[CEO]])<ref name=":1"/>
| registration = Required
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]]
| area_served = India
| num_users =
| content_license = 
| programming_language =
| owner = [[Tata Digital]]
| owners =
| author = 
| editor = 
| launch_date = 
| revenue =
| issn = 
| eissn = 
| oclc = 
| parent = Tata Unistore Limited
| subsid =
| native_clients = [[Android (operating system)|Android]] [[iOS]]
| advertising = No
| current_status = Active
| website = {{url|www.tatacliq.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tata CLiQ''' (stylised as '''TΛTΛ CLiQ''') is an Indian [[e-commerce]] company based in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/tata-cliq-takes-on-bigger-rivals-with-big-discounts/articleshow/63496809.cms?from=mdr |title=Tata CLiQ takes on bigger rivals with big discounts |last=Mukherjee |first=Writankar |date=2018-03-28 |website=economictimes.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |location=India |access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref> It is owned by Tata Digital, under the [[Tata Group]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tata.com/newsroom/tata-unistore-ecommerce-platform-tata-cliq |title=Tata Unistore to launch its e-commerce platform, Tata CLiQ |website=www.tata.com |publisher=[[Tata Sons|Tata]] |location=India |access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref> Tata CLiQ operates in categories such as [[Fashion]], [[Footwear]], and [[Fashion accessory|Accessories]]. [[Tata Group]]'s [[E-commerce]] platform, [[Tata CLiQ]].

==History==
Tata CLiQ was launched on 27 May 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/internet/news/tata-group-enters-e-commerce-market-with-apparel-electronics-site-cliq-842455 |title=Tata Enters E-Commerce Market With Apparel, Electronics Site 'Cliq' |website=gadgets.ndtv.com |date=27 May 2016 |publisher=[[NDTV]] Gadgets |access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref> It tied up with Genesis Luxury Fashion to sell international luxury brands<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/tata-cliq-ties-up-with-genesis-luxury-to-bring-international-brands-for-online-portal/articleshow/52355053.cms?from=mdr |title=Tata CLiQ ties up with Genesis Luxury, to bring international brands for online portal |last=Chaturvedi |first=Anumeha |date=2016-05-20 |website=economictimes.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |location=India |access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref> and partnered with [[Adobe Inc.|Adobe]] for digital shopping.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/tata-cliq-adobe-partner-for-enhancing-digital-shopping-experience/article23515099.ece |title=Tata Cliq, Adobe partner for enhancing digital shopping experience |last=PTI |website=thehindubusinessline.com |date=12 April 2018 |publisher=[[Business Line]] |location=India |access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref> It launched ''Tata CLiQ Luxury'', a luxury fashion and lifestyle venture, in December 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/tata-cliq-launches-tata-cliq-luxury/articleshow/56103349.cms |title=Tata CLiQ launches Tata CLiQ Luxury |date=2016-12-21 |website=economictimes.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |location=India |access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.indianbeautyhub.com/online-shopping-experience-tata-cliq/ |title= Tata Cliq History |date= 12 June 2016 }} Friday, 26 July 2019</ref> In mid-2022, Tata CLiQ exited its [[consumer electronics]] business, with the division being integrated with Croma, Tata’s flagship consumer electronics retail chain.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/tata-cliq-to-be-integrated-with-tata-neu-super-app-report/ |title= Tata Cliq exits electronics business|date= July 2022}}</ref>

On May 24, 2017, Tata CLiQ collaborated with American clothing brand Brooks Brothers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US |first=FashionNetwork com |title=Tata Cliq Luxury adds American brand Brooks Brothers to brand portfolio |url=https://us.fashionnetwork.com/news/Tata-cliq-luxury-adds-american-brand-brooks-brothers-to-brand-portfolio,830958.html |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=FashionNetwork.com |date=24 May 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Indian film actress [[Twinkle Khanna]] became the brand ambassador of Tata Clique for 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Twinkle Khanna spills the beans on her shopping confessions with Tata CLiQ Luxury - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/advertising-news/twinkle-khanna-spills-the-beans-on-her-shopping-confessions-with-tata-cliq-luxury-143559.html |website=e4m |language=en |date=19 May 2025}}</ref>

==Business Model==
TataCLiQ has an omni-channel marketplace model.<ref>{{cite web |title=The store at your fingertips: Tata CLiq, the Omnichannel Marketplace {{!}} Apparel Resources |url=https://in.apparelresources.com/business-news/sourcing/the-store-at-your-fingertips-tata-cliq-the-omnichannel-marketplace/ |website=Apparel Resources India |date=18 November 2019}}</ref> Tata CLiQ is the flagship digital commerce initiative of the [[Tata Group]], the India-headquartered global conglomerate with over US$100 billion in annual revenue.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

==Tata CLiQ Luxury==
Tata CLiQ has a [[luxury goods|luxury]] [[fashion]] brand named Tata CLiQ Luxury which houses apparel and [[Fashion accessory|accessories]] for [[men]] and [[women]] by luxury and bridge-to-luxury brands.

On Feb19 2024, Tata CLiQ Luxury launched the ReLoved Store, which primarily serves used luxury watches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata CLiQ to have a bigger pre-owned luxury basket: CEO Gopal Asthana |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/plan-to-launch-other-pre-owned-luxury-categories-soon-tata-cliq-ceo-124021800490_1.html}}</ref>

In August 2025, Tata Clique Luxury with Sabyasachi launched first digital jewellery boutique in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sabyasachi with Tata CLiQ Luxury Launches Digital Boutique in India |url=https://www.impactonnet.com/more-from-impact/sabyasachi-with-tata-cliq-luxury-launches-digital-boutique-in-india-11458.html |website=Impact is weekly |language=en}}</ref> In September 2025, Tata Clique Luxury along with HSBC launched Luxe Avenue boutique.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tata CLiQ Luxury, HSBC launch Luxe Avenue boutique for India’s premium shoppers |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/lifestyle/fashion/story/tata-cliq-luxury-hsbc-launch-luxe-avenue-boutique-for-indias-premium-shoppers-492225-2025-09-03 |website=Business Today |language=en |date=3 September 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[E-commerce in India]]
* [[Online shopping]]
* [[Retail]]-Westside, Tanishq, 1mg, Zudio etc.
* [[Omnichannel order fulfillment]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.tatacliq.com/ Official website]

{{Tata Group|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Tata Group]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2016]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 2016]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2016]]
[[Category:Online retailers of India]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:E-commerce in India]]
[[Category:Luxury brands]]

Alfred Chichele Plowden

2026-01-29T19:25:10Z

DeangeloKater: Started

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Alfred_Chichele_Plowden_Vanity_Fair_16_December_1908.jpg|thumb|"Wit and Wisdom". Caricature of Alfred Chichele Plowden by [[Leslie Ward|Spy]] in [[Vanity Fair (UK magazine)|Vanity Fair]], 16 December 1908]]
'''Alfred Chichele Plowden''' (21 October 1844, [[Meerut]], [[British India]] – 8 August 1914, [[South Kensington]]) was an English barrister and [[Metropolitan Police]] magistrate of the [[Marlborough Street Magistrates Court]]. He wrote an autobiography which was published in 1903 by [[T. Fisher Unwin]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Plowden, Alfred Chichele|title=Grain or chaff? The autobiography of a police magistrate|year=1903|location=London|publisher=T. Fisher Unwin|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006555922}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Review of ''Grain or Chaff'' by Alfred Chichele Plowden|journal=The Athenaeum|issue= 3872|page=793|date=12 December 1903|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jr05AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA793|last1=Buckingham|first1=James Silk|last2=Sterling|first2=John|last3=Maurice|first3=Frederick Denison|last4=Stebbing|first4=Henry|last5=Dilke|first5=Charles Wentworth|last6=Hervey|first6=Thomas Kibble|last7=Dixon|first7=William Hepworth|last8=MacColl|first8=Norman|last9=Rendall|first9=Vernon Horace|last10=Murry|first10=John Middleton}}</ref>

Alfred Chichele Plowden was the elder son of Trevor John Chichele Plowden (1809–1899) and the elder brother of Sir Trevor John Chichele-Plowden of the Indian Civil Service. Alfred's elder sister Georgina married [[William Grey (governor)|Sir William Grey]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Grain or chaff?|page=19|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo1.ark:/13960/t9k36cj0k;view=1up;seq=35}}</ref> After education at [[Westminster School]],<ref name=WhoWho>{{cite journal|title=Plowden, Alfred Chichele|year=1914|journal=Who's Who|page= 1676|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3453342;view=1up;seq=1710}}</ref> Alfred Plowden matriculated on 12 June 1862 at [[Brasenose College, Oxford]] and graduated there B.A. in 1866.<ref name=AlumOxon>{{cite book|title=Alumni oxonienses; the members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886|volume=3|page=1122|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435021497789;view=1up;seq=325}}</ref> From 1866 to 1868 he was private secretary to his uncle Sir [[John Peter Grant]], Governor of Jamaica.<ref name=WhoWho/><ref>{{cite book|title=Grain or chaff?|pages=70–81|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo1.ark:/13960/t9k36cj0k;view=1up;seq=86}}</ref> Upon his return to England, Alfred Plowden read for the bar and was appointed barrister-at-law in the [[Middle Temple]] in 1870. He was recorder of [[Much Wenlock]] from 1879 to 1888 and became magistrate at Marlborough Street Magistrates Court in 1888,<ref name=AlumOxon/> remaining magistrate there until his death in 1914. He was also a revising barrister in [[Oxfordshire]] from 1882 to 1888.<ref name=WhoWho/>

In the summer of 1883 at the Anglican [[St. Michael's Church, Chester Square]] in [[Chester Square]] he married his cousin Evelyn Foster, daughter of General Sir Charles Foster.<ref>{{cite book|title=Grain or chaff?|pages=195–196|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo1.ark:/13960/t9k36cj0k;view=1up;seq=211}}</ref> Upon his death Alfred Plowden was survived by his widow, two sons, and a daughter.<ref name=WhoWho/>

==References==
<references/>

==Further reading==
[https://ia904603.us.archive.org/3/items/recordsofchichel00plow/recordsofchichel00plow.pdf "Records of the Chicheley Plowdens, A.D. 1590-1913"]

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.19thcenturyphotos.com/Alfred-Chichele-Plowden-124855.htm|title=Alfred Chichele Plowden. A ''carte-de-visite'' portrait of Alfred Chichele Plowden (1844-1914). Photographed by G.W. Davis of Kingston, Jamaica.}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Plowden, Alfred Chichele}}
[[Category:1844 births]]
[[Category:1914 deaths]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:People educated at Westminster School, London]]
[[Category:Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford]]
[[Category:English barristers]]
[[Category:Stipendiary magistrates (England and Wales)]]
[[Category:19th-century English lawyers]]

The Unfinished Quest

2026-01-14T21:43:37Z

DeangeloKater: Created some data and citations

{{Short description|2024 book by T.V. Paul}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox book|
| name = The Unfinished Quest: India's Search for Major Power Status from Nehru to Modi
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = File:The_Unfinished_Quest.jpg
| caption =
| author = [[T. V. Paul]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country =
| language = English
| series =
| genre =
| publisher =
| release_date = 2024
| english_release_date =
| media_type =
| pages = 288
| isbn =
| oclc =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''The Unfinished Quest: India's Search for Major Power Status from Nehru to Modi''' is a book by [[T. V. Paul]]. It charts India's path toward a higher regional and global status.<ref name="k080">{{cite web | last1=Economics | first1=London School of | last2=Science | first2=Political | title=The Unfinished Quest: India's Search for Major Power Status from Nehru to Modi | website=London School of Economics and Political Science | date=8 May 2024 | url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/events/2024/05/The-Unfinished-Quest/The-Unfinished-Quest | access-date=9 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="u091">{{cite web | last=Kumar | first=Avatans | title=The Unfinished Quest: India's Search for Major Power Status from Nehru to Modi | website=India Currents | date=5 June 2024 | url=https://indiacurrents.com/the-unfinished-quest-indias-search-for-major-power-status-from-nehru-to-modi/ | access-date=9 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="g024">{{citation | last=Simms | first=Brendan | title='The Unfinished Quest' Review: India's Path to Global Power | url=https://www.wsj.com/world/asia/the-unfinished-quest-review-indias-path-to-global-power-cdaa28a8 | language=en-US | access-date=9 June 2024 | page=}}</ref><ref name="v910">{{cite web | title=The Unfinished Quest: India's Search for Major Power Status from Nehru to Modi | website=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies | date=19 January 2024 | url=https://nonproliferation.org/the-unfinished-quest-indias-search-for-major-power-status-from-nehru-to-modi/ | access-date=9 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="l692">{{cite web | title=Human Verification | website=Human Verification | url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-unfinished-quest-9780197669990?cc=us&lang=en& | access-date=9 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="z205">{{cite web | last=London | first=s College | title=Book talk: 'The Unfinished Quest: India's search for major power status from Nehru to Modi' | website=King's College London | date=16 April 2024 | url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/events/unfinished-quest-indias-search-for-major-power-status-from-nehru-to-modi | access-date=9 June 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unfinished Quest}}
[[Category:2024 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about the Modi administration]]

Charlie Chopra & the Mystery of Solang Valley

2025-12-27T21:41:19Z

DeangeloKater: starting new post

{{EngvarB|date=September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language series directed by Vishal Bhardwaj}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Charlie Chopra & The Mystery Of Solang Valley.png
| caption = Official Poster
| genre = [[Mystery film|Mystery]]
| creator =
| director = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Priti Shahani
* Vishal Bhardwaj
}}
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Vishal Bhardwaj
* Jyotsna Hariharan
* [[Anjum Rajabali]]
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Wamiqa Gabbi]]
* [[Priyanshu Painyuli]]
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
* [[Lara Dutta]]
* [[Neena Gupta]]
* [[Ratna Pathak Shah]]
* [[Gulshan Grover]]
* [[Paoli Dam]]
}}
| based_on = {{based on|''[[The Sittaford Mystery]]''|[[Agatha Christie]]}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| editor =
| cinematography = [[Tassaduq Hussain Mufti|Tassaduq Hussain]]
| runtime =
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| music = Vishal Bhardwaj
| company = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vishal Bhardwaj Pictures]]
* Tusk Tale Films
* Agatha Christie Limited
}}
| composer =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|06|30|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|09|27|df=yes}}
| released =
}}
'''''Charlie Chopra & the Mystery of Solang Valley'''''<ref>{{cite news|title=Production on Vishal Bhardwaj's series Charlie Chopra and The Mystery Of Solang Valley complete|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/production-on-vishal-bhardwajs-series-charlie-chopra-and-the-mystery-of-solang-valley-complete-8587373/|access-date=30 June 2023|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2 May 2023|language=en-IN|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630112018/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/production-on-vishal-bhardwajs-series-charlie-chopra-and-the-mystery-of-solang-valley-complete-8587373/|url-status=live}}</ref> is a 2023 Indian Hindi-language [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller (genre)|thriller]] television series on [[SonyLIV]], directed by [[Vishal Bhardwaj]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vishal Bhardwaj drops surprise first episode from his new web series adapted from Agatha Christie's novel |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/vishal-bhardwaj-agatha-christies-the-sittaford-mystery-web-series-101688112294118.html |access-date=30 June 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630090927/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/vishal-bhardwaj-agatha-christies-the-sittaford-mystery-web-series-101688112294118.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Here's how you can help Charlie Chopra solve the mystery in Vishal Bhardwaj's adaptation of Agatha Christie's novel|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-vishal-bhardwaj-adaptation-of-agatha-christie-novel-charlie-chopra-murder-mystery-watch-pilot-epsiode-sonyliv-3049783|access-date=30 June 2023|work=DNA|date=30 June 2023|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630095721/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-vishal-bhardwaj-adaptation-of-agatha-christie-novel-charlie-chopra-murder-mystery-watch-pilot-epsiode-sonyliv-3049783|url-status=live}}</ref> The show is based on a crime mystery novel by [[Agatha Christie]], ''[[The Sittaford Mystery]]''. It was produced by Vishal Bhardwaj Pictures, Priti Sahani, and Agatha Christie Limited.

The series stars [[Wamiqa Gabbi]], [[Priyanshu Painyuli]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Lara Dutta]], [[Neena Gupta]], [[Ratna Pathak Shah]],[[Gulshan Grover]], [[Paoli Dam]], [[Vivaan Shah]], [[Imaad Shah]] with an ensemble cast<ref>{{cite news|title=Vishal Bhardwaj's Adaptation of Agatha Christie's Novel Is Streaming On SonyLIV|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/vishal-bhardwajs-adaptation-of-agatha-christies-novel-charlie-chopra-drops-on-sonyliv|access-date=30 June 2023|work=The Quint|language=en|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630093552/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/vishal-bhardwajs-adaptation-of-agatha-christies-novel-charlie-chopra-drops-on-sonyliv|url-status=live}}</ref> The pilot episode of the series released on SonyLIV, on 30 June 2023.<ref>{{cite news|title=Director Vishal Bhardwaj's mystery thriller 'Charlie Chopra' motion poster out now|url=https://theprint.in/feature/director-vishal-bhardwajs-mystery-thriller-charlie-chopra-motion-poster-out-now/1649056/|access-date=30 June 2023|work=The Print|language=en|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630112018/https://theprint.in/feature/director-vishal-bhardwajs-mystery-thriller-charlie-chopra-motion-poster-out-now/1649056/|url-status=live}}</ref> The remaining episodes premiered on SonyLIV on 27 September 2023 <ref>{{cite news|title=Charlie Chopra and The Mystery Of Solang Valley trailer: Wamiqa Gabbi leads Vishal Bhardwaj's Agatha Christie mystery|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/charlie-chopra-trailer-vishal-bhardwaj-agatha-christie-murder-mystery-series-sony-liv-8926214/|access-date=6 September 2023|work=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906034547/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/charlie-chopra-trailer-vishal-bhardwaj-agatha-christie-murder-mystery-series-sony-liv-8926214/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Charlie Chopra: Naseeruddin Shah, Ratna Pathak and sons come together for gripping murder mystery. Watch|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/charlie-chopra-trailer-naseeruddin-shah-ratna-pathak-vivaan-shah-imaad-shah-101693968443634.html|access-date=6 September 2023|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906051908/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/charlie-chopra-trailer-naseeruddin-shah-ratna-pathak-vivaan-shah-imaad-shah-101693968443634.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
When her quiet, timid fiancé, Jimmy Nautiyal, gets implicated as the prime suspect in the murder of his uncle, Charulata ‘Charlie’ Chopra rushes to his aid. Upon arriving at his family home in Solang Valley, Charlie uncovers the strange circumstances of the murder and soon starts unravelling the stories of this peaceful little town - long buried family secrets, runaway fugitives, friendship, betrayal, love, and greed. But as she inches closer and closer to the truth that someone would rather keep buried, the next person to lose their life might very well be Charlie herself.

==Cast==
* [[Wamiqa Gabbi]] as Charulatha "Charlie" Chopra
* [[Priyanshu Painyuli]] as Sitaram Bisht
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Dr. Rai
* [[Lara Dutta]] as Wilayat Hussain <ref>{{cite news|title=Lara Dutta Bhupathi's Charlie Chopra: Preview of the pilot episode created by Vishal Bhardwaj OUT now on Sony LIV|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/lara-dutta-bhupathis-charlie-chopra-preview-of-the-pilot-episode-created-by-vishal-bhardwaj-out-now-on-sony-liv/8d7e6c06ff481|access-date=30 June 2023|work=OTT Play|language=en|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630112018/https://www.ottplay.com/news/lara-dutta-bhupathis-charlie-chopra-preview-of-the-pilot-episode-created-by-vishal-bhardwaj-out-now-on-sony-liv/8d7e6c06ff481|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Neena Gupta]] as Dr. Janki Rawat
** [[Pankhuri Gidwani]] as Young Janki
* [[Ratna Pathak Shah]] as Ms. Bharucha
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Brigadier Meherbaan Singh Rawat
**Sumit Keshri as Young Meherbaan Singh Rawat
* [[Paoli Dam]] as Saloni Debral
* [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]] as Manas Debral
* [[Imaad Shah|Imaaduddin Shah]] as Billu Nautiyal
* [[Vivaan Shah]] as Jimmy Nautiyal
* [[Lalit Parimoo]] as Prof. Mohan Rawat
* [[Richa Chadha]] as Dolly Chopra, Charlie's mother (Cameo appearance)
* Pulkit Makol as Varun Rawat
* [[Shataf Figar]] as Ajay Thakur
* Baharul Islam as Colonel Barua
* Amitabh Bhatacharjee as Mr. Negi
* Damini Basu as Mrs. Negi
* Ashique Hussain as Hanif
* Heeba Shah as Hanif's wife
* Monnica Rae Laher as Lady Rose
* Ghanshyam Garg as Inspector Narayan
* Emily Ackland as Nikki
* Bhagyashree Tarke as Wasima Hussain
* Karan Nagar as Ronny

==Reception==
{{empty section|date=October 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt26914830}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/charlie-chopra-the-mystery-of-solang-valley-hindi-1700001251 ''Charlie Chopra & The Mystery Of Solang Valley''] at [[SonyLIV]]

{{Vishal Bhardwaj}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Charlie Chopra and the Mystery of Solang Valley}}
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows based on works by Agatha Christie]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]

Xenophrys ancrae

2025-12-18T04:15:19Z

DeangeloKater: Created some details more to come

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. |year=2023 |title=''Megophrys ancrae'' |volume=2023 |article-number=e.T79080640A166116643 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T79080640A166116643.en |access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref>
| taxon = Xenophrys ancrae
| authority = (Mahony, Teeling & Biju, 2013)
| synonyms = ''Megophrys ancrae'' Mahony, Teelin & Biju, 2013
}}

'''''Xenophrys ancrae''''' is a species of [[frog]] in the family [[Megophryidae]]. Its [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] is Namdapha National Park and Tiger Reserve, [[Changlang District]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Xenophrys ancrae'' (Mahony, Teeling, and Biju, 2013) {{!}} Amphibian Species of the World |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Megophryidae/Megophryinae/Xenophrys/Xenophrys-ancrae |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q17000337}}

[[Category:Xenophrys|ancrae]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2013]]

{{Megophryidae-stub}}

List of airports in Goa

2025-12-07T21:07:02Z

DeangeloKater: Put up the info w/ infobox!

{{Short description|None}}

[[File:Goa-Vasco 03-2016 12 Dabolim Airport.jpg|thumb|Dabolim Airport]]

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

[[Goa]] is a small [[India]]n state in western India bordering [[Karnataka]] and [[Maharashtra]]. [[Goa]] has 2 operational airports. '''[[Dabolim Airport]]''' at [[Dabolim]], and '''[[Manohar International Airport]]''' at [[Mopa, Goa|Mopa]].

The [[Dabolim Airport]] is an [[international airport]] which was built in 1955 and is currently owned by the [[Government of Goa]] and [[Indian Navy]] and operated by [[Airports Authority of India]]. A new terminal at [[Dabolim Airport]] was inaugurated on 3 December 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/new-terminal-building-of-goa-airport-inaugurated-543227|title=New terminal building of Goa airport inaugurated|work=NDTV|accessdate=3 December 2013}}</ref> The current airport has regular and charter flights to a few [[Middle East|Middle Eastern countries]], [[Russia]], and the [[United Kingdom]]. However, due to the [[Dabolim Airport]] being a civilian as well as a military airport, airside congestion was a significant problem as the [[Dabolim Airport|airport]] has only one runway.

Therefore, a new airport at [[Mopa, Goa|Mopa]] was proposed. The foundation stone for the Mopa Airport was laid by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in November 2016.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-mopa-greenfield-airport-in-goa/articleshow/55397538.cms|title=PM<nowiki> Modi lays foundation stone for Mopa greenfield airport in Goa|work=Times of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</nowiki></ref> Mopa Airport, owned and operated by the [[GMR Group]] is being built in an area of 2,133 acres (863 ha) at a cost of approximately ₹2,650 crores (US$330 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/mopa-airport-nears-completion-how-a-second-airport-will-change-goa-8503911.html|title=Mopa airport nears completion; how a second airport will change Goa|work=Moneycontrol|accessdate=13 May 2022}}</ref>

On 11 December 2022, Mopa Airport was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and Mopa Airport was christened as [[Manohar International Airport]] named after late Chief Minister of Goa [[Manohar Parrikar]]. Flight operations from [[Manohar International Airport]], [[Mopa, Goa|Mopa]] have commenced from 5 January 2023.

==List==
The list includes the airports in the [[India]]n state of [[Goa]] with their respective [[ICAO]] and [[IATA]] codes.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Airports in India:|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf|publisher=Airports Authority of India|accessdate=11 September 2022}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+<big>List of airports in Goa</big>
|-
! Sl. no.
! Location in Goa
! Airport name
! [[ICAO airport code|ICAO]]
! [[IATA airport code|IATA]]
! Operator
! Category
! Role
|-
| 1 ||[[Dabolim Airport|Dabolim]]|| style="background:#FFFFF0;" |[[Dabolim Airport]]|| align="center" |VOGO|| align="center" |GOI||[[Airports Authority of India]] and [[Indian Navy]] ||[[International airport]]||Commercial/Military
|-
| 2 ||[[Manohar International Airport|Mopa]]|| style="background:#FFFFF0;" |[[Manohar International Airport]]|| align="center" |VOGA|| align="center" |GOX||[[GMR Group]]||[[International airport]] ||Commercial
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Airports in India}}
{{Transport in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Goa| ]]
[[Category:Lists of airports in India|Goa]]

2016 in India

2025-11-25T05:19:00Z

DeangeloKater: Expanded content with additional details

{{short description|none}}
{{update|date=August 2016}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}

{{Year in India|2016}}

The following lists events that happened during '''2016 in [[India]]'''.

==Incumbents==
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Photo
! Post
! Name
|-
| [[File:Pranab Mukherjee (cropped).JPG|50px]]
| '''[[President of India|President]]'''
| [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|-
| [[File:Hamid ansari.jpg|50px]]
| '''[[Vice President of India|Vice President]]'''
| [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]]
|-
| [[File:PM Modi 2015.jpg|50px]]
| '''[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]'''
| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
| [[File:Justice T. S. Thakur.jpg|50px]]
| '''[[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice]]'''
| [[T. S. Thakur]]
|}

===Governors===
{| class=wikitable
! Post
! Name
|-
| '''[[Governor of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]'''
| [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
|-
| '''[[Governor of Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh]]'''
| [[Jyoti Prasad Rajkhowa]] (until 9 July) [[Tathagata Roy]] (10 July-12 August) [[V. Shanmuganathan]] (starting 14 September)
|-
| '''[[Governor of Assam|Assam]]'''
| [[Padmanabha Acharya]] (until 17 August) [[Banwarilal Purohit]] (starting 22 August)
|-
| '''[[Governor of Bihar|Bihar]]'''
| [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|-
| '''[[Governor of Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]]'''
| [[Balram Das Tandon]]
|-
| '''[[Governor of Goa|Goa]]'''
| [[Mridula Sinha]]
|-
| '''[[Governor of Gujarat|Gujarat]]'''
| [[Om Prakash Kohli]]
|-
| '''[[Governor of Haryana|Haryana]]'''
| [[Kaptan Singh Solanki]]
|-
| '''[[Governor of Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]]'''
| [[Acharya Devvrat]]
|-
| '''[[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]'''
| [[Draupadi Murmu]]
|-
| '''[[Governor of Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]'''
| [[Draupadi Murmu]]
|-
| '''[[Governor of Karnataka|Karnataka]]'''
| [[Vajubhai Rudabhai Vala]]
|-
| '''[[Governor of Kerala|Kerala]]'''
| [[P. Sathasivam]]
|-
| '''[[Governor of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]'''
| [[Ram Naresh Yadav]]
|-
| '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]'''
| [[V. Shanmuganathan]]
|-
| '''[[Governor of Manipur|Manipur]]'''
| [[Najma A. Heptulla]]
|-
| '''[[Governor of Meghalaya|Meghalaya]]'''
| [[Kummanam Rajasekharan]]
|-
| '''[[Governor of Mizoram|Mizoram]]'''
| [[P. S. Sreedharan Pillai]]
|-
| '''[[Governor of Nagaland|Nagaland]]'''
| [[Padmanabha Acharya]]
|-
| '''[[Governor of Odisha|Odisha]]'''
| [[S. C. Jamir]]
|-
| '''[[List of governors of Punjab, India|Punjab]]'''
| [[Kaptan Singh Solanki]] (until 22 August) [[Vijayendra Pal Singh Badnore]] (starting 22 August)
|-
| '''[[Governor of Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]'''
| [[Kalyan Singh]]
|-
| '''[[Governor of Sikkim|Sikkim]]'''
| [[Shriniwas Dadasaheb Patil]]
|-
| '''[[Governor of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]'''
| [[Konijeti Rosaiah]] (until 1 September) [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]] (starting 1 September)
|-
| '''[[Governor of Tripura|Tripura]]'''
| [[Tathagata Roy]]
|-
| '''[[Governor of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]'''
| [[Ram Naik]]
|-
| '''[[Governor of West Bengal|West Bengal]]'''
| [[Baby Rani Maurya]]
|-
|}

==Events==
=== January ===
* 1 January – The Indian and Pakistani governments exchanged a full list of nuclear sites, military and civilian, in accordance with the 1988 [[Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India, Pakistan exchange list of nuke installations, prisoners|publisher=Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-Pakistan-exchange-list-of-nuke-installations-prisoners/articleshow/50408001.cms}}</ref>
* 2 January – Heavily armed gunmen, reportedly members of [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], [[2016 Pathankot attack|attacked]] an [[Indian Air Force]] base in [[Pathankot]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. Two of the gunmen were killed.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 January 2016|title=LIVE: Pathankot terror attack: Terrorists killed, 2 jawans dead at IAF base|publisher=DNA|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/live-terrorists-launch-attack-on-iaf-base-in-pathankot-fierce-gunbattle-on-2161442}}</ref>
* 3 January – A magnitude [[2016 Imphal earthquake|6.7 earthquake struck India]], {{convert|29|km|abbr=on}} west of [[Imphal]], with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of VII (''Very strong'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us10004b2n#general_summary|title=M6.7 – 29km W of Imphal, India|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|access-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> At least eight people were killed, 100 others were injured, and some buildings were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|title=8 dead, 100 injured as 6.8 earthquake hits Northeast India|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/earthquake-today/story/6-7-magnitude-earthquake-strikes-myanmar-india-border-region-301893-2016-01-03|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=4 January 2016|access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=7 dead, 50 injured as 6.7 magnitude quake hits northeast India|url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/india/strong-6-7-magnitude-earthquake-hits-highly-vulnerable-area-in-northeast-india/story-3CRyYzFwjVdtQyj6STokbJ.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=4 January 2016|access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref>
*17 January – A [[PhD student]] from [[University of Hyderabad]] named [[Rohith Vemula]] died by suicide, reportedly due to [[Casteism|caste-based discrimination.]] The event triggered a countrywide agitation against casteism in institutions of higher learning.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-17|title=Remembering Rohith Vemula: On his sixth death anniversary, a look at the PhD student's demise and its aftermath|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/remembering-rohith-vemula-a-look-back-at-what-happened-six-years-ago-10292711.html|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref>

=== February ===
* 3 February - A twenty one year old [[Tanzanian]] girl was attacked by a mob and paraded naked in [[Bengaluru]] suspecting her of a vehicle accident.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2016-02-04 |title=Shame in Bengaluru Again: Tanzanian Woman Stripped and Paraded Naked |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/Feb/03/shame-in-bengaluru-again-tanzanian-woman-stripped-and-paraded-naked-888103.html |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 8 February – [[Facebook]]'s [[FreeBasics]] was declared illegal in India and ceased operations in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-12|title=The inside story of Facebook's biggest setback {{!}} Rahul Bhatia|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/12/facebook-free-basics-india-zuckerberg|access-date=2021-06-27|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Goel|first1=Vindu|last2=Isaac|first2=Mike|date=2016-02-08|title=Facebook Loses a Battle in India Over Its Free Basics Program|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/09/business/facebook-loses-a-battle-in-india-over-its-free-basics-program.html|access-date=2021-06-27|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|title=India Bans Facebook's Basics App to Support Net Neutrality|language=en-US|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/02/facebooks-free-basics-app-is-now-banned-in-india/|access-date=2021-06-27|issn=1059-1028}}</ref>
* 9 February – A group of JNU students held a campus protest marking the third anniversary of the hanging of [[Afzal Guru|Muhammad Afzal Guru]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Delhi |first=Nikhil Kumar/New |date=2016-02-25 |title=The Arrest of a Student Leader Spotlights India's Battle for Free Speech |url=https://time.com/4237319/the-arrest-of-a-student-leader-spotlights-indias-battle-for-free-speech/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=TIME |language=en}}</ref>
* 12 February – JNU student-union president [[Kanhaiya Kumar]] was arrested on charges of [[sedition]].<ref name=":1" />
* 13 February – Nationwide protests and rallies took place, with students and teachers from multiple universities demonstrating against the arrest of [[Kanhaiya Kumar]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Jason |date=2016-02-15 |title=Protests to continue at Indian university after student leader's arrest |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/15/jawaharlal-nehru-university-kanhaiya-kumar-student-arrest-india |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
* 15 February –
** Lawyers assaulted journalists at the court where [[Kanhaiya Kumar]] was scheduled to appear, chanting nationalist slogans.<ref name=":1" />
** Protests against the arrest of Kanhaiya Kumar continued at JNU, with a [[Student protest|campus strike]] disrupting classes.<ref name=":2" />
* 17 February – [[Kanhaiya Kumar]] was assaulted inside the court premises, despite heavy police presence.<ref name=":1" />
* 20 February – Militants laid [[February 2016 Pulwama militant siege|siege]] to the Entrepreneurship Development Institute<ref>{{cite news |title=Stand-off in Kashmir as militants take over government building |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Militants-storm-training-institute-in-Kashmir/article60516022.ece |work=The Hindu |date=20 February 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* 22 February – Five JNU students accused of [[sedition]] returned to campus after going into hiding.<ref name=":1" />
* 24 February – JNU students [[Umar Khalid]] and Anirban Bhattacharya surrendered to police around midnight.<ref name=":1" />

=== March ===
* 14 March – Police horse [[Shaktiman (horse)|Shaktiman]] was attacked with a stick by [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] politician and cabinet minister [[Ganesh Joshi]] during a protest organized by [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] against the [[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]]. The attack and the horse's later death sparked worldwide outrage.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2016-04-20 |title='Attacked' India police horse dies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-36093674 |access-date=2024-09-14 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* 16 March – [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI activist]] Vinayak Baliga was murdered in [[Mangalore]] by contract killers allegedly linked to [[Hindutva|Hindutva group]] [[D. Vedavyas Kamath|NaMo Brigade]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangaluru: Two years since Vinayak Baliga murder – family still waits for justice |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=500824 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FIRA chief questions Kamath over Baliga murder |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/fira-chief-questions-kamath-over-baliga-murder-669185.html |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* 18 March – Ahead of polls in West Bengal and Tamil Nadu, [[Supreme Court of India]] allows pictures of Union Ministers, Chief Ministers, Governors and State Ministers to appear in government advertisements.<ref>{{Cite news|last=PTI|date=2016-03-18|title=SC allows photos of CMs, Governors, ministers in government advertisements|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/SC-allows-photos-of-CMs-Governors-ministers-in-government-advertisements/article14162376.ece|access-date=2022-01-13|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 31 March – [[2016 Kolkata flyover collapse]]: At least 27 people were killed and 80 others injured in a bridge collapse in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] in [[India]].

=== April ===
* 5 April – [[Bihar]] state imposed a liquor ban.<ref name="Biharliq" />
* 5 April – [[India]]'s fastest train, [[Gatimaan Express]], began operating between [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]] and [[Agra Cantonment railway station|Agra Cantonment]], run by [[Indian Railways]].
* 22 April – 21 May - The 2016 [[Ujjain Simhastha]] Kumbha Mela was held, attracting nearly 75 million visitors over one month.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ujjain-simhastha-humbh-mela-ends-kshipra-river-2812330/ |title=Ujjain: As Kumbh draws to a close, devotees throng Kshipra for 'shahi snan' |date=21 May 2016 |publisher=Indian Express }}</ref>
* 10 April – The [[Puttingal temple fire]] caused 107 deaths.<ref name="Pereira 2016">{{cite web | last=Pereira | first=Ignatius | title=Fireworks show in Kerala goes awry, kills 107 | website=The Hindu | date=10 April 2016 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Fireworks-show-in-Kerala-goes-awry-kills-107/article14231744.ece | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* 11 April – [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] – BJP won the majority.
* 29 April – [[Jisha murder case]].

=== May ===
* 2 May – A 17-year-old [[Joint Entrance Examination|JEE]] aspirant named, Kriti Tripathi, died by suicide in [[Kota, Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 May 2016 |title=A Day After Clearing Exam, IIT Aspirant Commits Suicide, Kota DC Writes to Parents Not to Burden the Children |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/May/02/a-day-after-clearing-exam-iit-aspirant-commits-suicide-kota-dc-writes-to-parents-not-to-burden-the-children-931821.html |access-date=9 January 2025 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2016 |title=Kota suicide: 17-year-old wrote 5-page letter, wanted to do BSc |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kota-suicide-17-yr-old-writes-5-page-letter-wanted-to-study-bsc/story-bKeRdVkFZ4Qo7pDDxM052K.html |access-date=9 January 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2016 |title=Student suicides: Rajasthan Governor wants regulator for Kota coaching centres |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/student-suicides-rajasthan-governor-wants-regulator-for-kota-coaching-centres-2797698/ |access-date=9 January 2016 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
* 5 May – [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] – [[Mamata Banerjee]]-led TMC won the majority.
* 16 May – [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]- [[Jayalalithaa]]-led [[AIADMK]] won the majority.
* 16 May – [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]] – Congress won the majority.
* 23 May – [[Hypersonic Flight Experiment]]: [[ISRO]]'s [[RLV-TD]] vehicle was launched from the first launchpad of [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] aboard an HS9 rocket booster.<ref name="HEX launch">{{cite news |last=Bagla |first=Pallava |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-all-set-to-launch-its-own-space-shuttle-today-1408943 |title=Swadeshi Space Shuttle Tests, ISRO's 'Mission Accomplished': 10 Facts |work=DDTV |location=India |date=2 May 2016 |access-date=25 May 2016 }}</ref>
* 30 May – 30 people died following a fire at an army weapons depot in [[Pulgaon]], [[Wardha district]], Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web | title=Fire in Pulgaon army depot, which killed 16, completely doused, says military official | website=The Indian Express | date=31 May 2016 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/live-central-ammuntion-depot-pulgaon-wardha-maharashtra-2826707/ | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* 31 May – [[2016 Bihar school examination scandal]]: A controversy broke out over the topper scam involving the [[Bihar School Examination Board]].

=== June ===
* 14 June – [[Murder of Anu Bansal|Anu Bansal]] suffered burns over 80% of her body after being set on fire by her husband for giving birth to a daughter. She died several days later. It would take her daughters eight years to get justice for her murder.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-29 |title=Bulandshahr: India girls who wrote letter with blood get justice |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-62344788 |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* 22 June – [[ISRO]] launched 20 satellites into space using [[PSLV-XL]].<ref name="Choudhury 2016">{{cite web | last=Choudhury | first=Santanu | title=India's Space Agency Sends 20 Satellites Into Orbit | website=WSJ | date=22 June 2016 | url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2016/06/22/indias-space-agency-sends-20-satellites-into-orbit/ | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* 25 June – [[2016 Pampore attack]].
* 28 June – [[Government of India]] accepted the [[7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces|7th Pay Commission]] recommendations, increasing salaries of employees.<ref>{{cite web | last=Shaikh | first=Zeeshan | title=7th Pay Commission: Central Govt employee union calls nationwide strike on February 15, demand settlement of 21-points-charter demand | website=India.com | date=17 December 2016 | url=http://www.india.com/news/india/7th-pay-commission-central-govt-employee-union-calls-nationwide-strike-on-february-15-demand-settlement-of-21-points-charter-demand-1710719/ | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* [[2016 Indian Air Force An-32 disappearance]].

=== July ===
* 2 July – At least 30 people died due to heavy rains in [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Uttarakhand cloudburst: At least 30 killed as heavy rains lash Pithoragarh, Chamoli districts | website=Firstpost | date=2 July 2016 | url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/uttarakhand-cloudburst-22-killed-as-heavy-rains-lashed-chamoli-district-2868232.html | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* 8 July – [[2016 Kashmir Unrest]]: Violent protests erupt in [[Kashmir]] over the killing of [[Burhan Wani]] by security forces.
* 11 July - A seven member Dalit family assaulted and flagged in [[2016 Una flogging incident|Una]] by [[Cow vigilante violence in India|Cow vigilante]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-13 |title=4 Dalits stripped, beaten up for skinning dead cow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/4-Dalits-stripped-beaten-up-for-skinning-dead-cow/articleshow/53184266.cms |access-date=2025-10-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== August ===
* 3 August – [[Goods and Services Tax (India)]] Bill passed in Parliament.<ref name="Tiwari 2016">{{cite web | last=Tiwari | first=Santosh | title=GST success a big boost for PM Modi and pending reforms | website=The Financial Express | date=29 July 2016 | url=http://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/gst-success-a-big-boost-for-pm-narendra-modi-and-pending-reforms/332999/ | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Internet Archive |date=25 December 2016 |url=http://ddinews.gov.in/Home%20-%20Top%20Story/Pages/GSTlaw.aspx|title=GST Council clears drafts of 3 enabling bills including compensation for states |access-date=25 December 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225061906/http://ddinews.gov.in/Home%20-%20Top%20Story/Pages/GSTlaw.aspx |archive-date=25 December 2016 }}</ref>
* 5 August – [[2016 Kokrajhar shooting]] occurred.
* 9 August – [[Manipur]] activist [[Irom Sharmila]] ended her 16-year hunger strike.<ref name="Singh 2016">{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Shiv Sahay | title=Irom Sharmila ends 16-year fast | website=The Hindu | date=9 August 2016 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Irom-Sharmila-ends-16-year-fast/article14562315.ece | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* 13 August – Pramukh Swami Maharaj, a Swaminarayan guru, died.
* 14 August – Na. Muthukumar, an Indian Tamil poet, lyricist, and National Award-winning author, died.

=== September ===
* 2 September – [[Indian general strike of 2016]] took place.
* [[Kaveri River water dispute#2016|Kaveri River water dispute]]: Violence broke out in [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Cauvery Water Management Board: Only Parliament Can Form it, Govt tells SC | website=News18 | date=3 October 2016 | url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/cauvery-water-management-board-can-only-be-formed-by-parliament-centre-tells-sc-1298103.html | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* 13 September – 43 out of 44 MLAs from the [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] left Congress and joined [[People's Party of Arunachal]].<ref name="NDTV.com 2016">{{cite web | title=BJP To Join Government In Arunachal Pradesh, Month After Congress Exit | website=NDTV.com | date=14 October 2016 | url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-to-join-government-in-arunachal-pradesh-month-after-congress-exit-1474005 | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* 18 September – [[2016 Uri attack]]: Four [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] terrorists attacked an Indian Army brigade headquarters in Uri near the Line of Control, killing 19 soldiers in a pre-dawn ambush.
* 22 September – Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] was hospitalized at Apollo Hospital.
*29 September – [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike]]: The [[Indian Army]] conducted a surgical strike in response to the [[2016 Uri attack|Uri attack]].
* 30 September – Bihar liquor ban: The [[Patna High Court]] struck down liquor ban law.<ref name="Biharliq" />

=== October ===
* 2 October – [[2016 Baramulla attack]] occurred.
* 11 October – [[Jangaon district]] was formed in [[Telangana]].
* 13 October – BJP joined People's Party of Arunachal- led Government in [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name="The Quint 2016">{{cite web | title=After Jayalalithaa's Death, BJP May Do an Arunachal in Tamil Nadu | website=The Quint | date=6 December 2016 | url=https://www.thequint.com/jayalalithaa/2016/12/06/jayas-demise-will-bjp-be-able-do-a-arunachal-in-tamil-nadu-aiadmk-narendra-modi-m-thambidurai-vajpayee-jayalalithaa | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* 15 October – 24 people died in a stampede at a religious gathering in [[Varanasi]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Varanasi stampede victims followers of affluent 'godman' Jai Gurudev | website=hindustantimes.com/ | date=15 October 2016 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/varanasi-stampede-victims-followers-of-affluent-godman-jai-gurudev/story-vR3wvPhVJvI4pJPZqn7ZhP.html | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* 17 October – A fire at SUM Hospital in [[Bhubaneshwar]] killed 22 died.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bhubaneswar hospital fire: 22 dead, PM offers support to rescue ops | website=hindustantimes.com/ | date=17 October 2016 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eight-killed-several-injured-in-fire-at-bhubaneshwar-hospital/story-ufWqAUk0ftdugXkDvfUy2N.html | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* 19 October – In the Qnet [[multi-level marketing]] case, former World Billiards Champion [[Michael Ferreira]] was arrested.<ref>{{cite web | author=PTI | title=Qnet scam: Padma Bhushan awardee and former World Billiards Champion Michael Ferreira arrested | website=The Economic Times | date=19 October 2016 | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/qnet-scam-padma-bhushan-awardee-and-former-world-billiards-champion-michael-ferreira-arrested/articleshow/54932288.cms | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* 24 October – [[Cyrus Mistry]] was removed as the Chairman of the [[Tata Sons]], one of India's largest conglomerates.<ref>{{cite web | title=Cyrus Mistry-Tata Sons spat: Everything that has happened so far | website=The Indian Express | date=29 October 2016 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/cyrus-mistry-tata-sons-ratan-tata-tata-group-shapoorji-pallonji-everything-that-has-happened-so-far-3728855/ | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* 27 October – In the Senari massacre case in Bihar, 15 were convicted and 23 acquitted; 10 received death sentences.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bihar: 15 convicted, 23 acquitted in Senari massacre case | website=The Indian Express | date=28 October 2016 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-15-convicted-23-acquitted-in-senari-massacre-case/ | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* October – Bihar liquor ban: The Supreme Court stayed the High Court order, reimposing the ban.<ref name="Biharliq">{{cite web | title=Liquor ban: 8 months on, state still struggles to plug holes | website=The Times of India | date=19 December 2016 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Liquor-ban-8-months-on-state-still-struggles-to-plug-holes/articleshow/56052843.cms | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* October – [[Samajwadi Party]], ruling [[Uttar Pradesh]], was embroiled in a family feud.<ref>{{cite web | title=SP feud, Kanpur train tragedy: Highlights of UP's political scene in 2016 | website=Business Standard News | date=18 December 2016 | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/sp-feud-kanpur-train-tragedy-highlights-of-up-s-political-scene-in-2016-116121800117_1.html | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* 31 October – [[October 2016 Bhopal encounter]] occurred.

=== November ===
* 1 November – [[2016 Manipur unrest]] began.
* 8 November – The Indian government [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetized {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes]] with immediate effect, causing political uproar.
* 11 November – 42 Congress MLAs resigned from the [[Punjab Vidhan Sabha]] following a Supreme Court ruling on the [[Sutlej Yamuna link canal]] project.
* 16 November – [[2016 winter session of Indian Parliament and debate on note ban|The winter session of Indian Parliament]] began, with debates on demonetization.<ref>{{cite web | title=Punjab: Speaker to meet Cong MLAs to ascertain they didn't quit under duress | website=The Indian Express | date=15 December 2016 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-speaker-to-meet-cong-mlas-to-ascertain-they-didnt-quit-under-duress-4427297/ | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* 20 November – A [[Pukhrayan train derailment|train derailsment]] near [[Pukhrayan]] killed at least 150 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indore-Patna-Express-derailment-Toll-touches-150-deadliest-rail-mishap-since-1999/articleshow/55565092.cms|title=Indore-Patna Express derailment: Toll touches 150; deadliest rail mishap since 1999 – Times of India ►|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
* 26 November – Nabha jailbreak in Punjab. Six inmates escaped.<ref name="The Indian Express 2016">{{cite web | title=Nabha Jailbreak: Harminder Singh Mintoo promised men money to target Punjab assembly polls, says police | website=The Indian Express | date=1 December 2016 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/harminder-singh-mintoo-interrogation-nabha-jailbreak-4404022/ | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* 29 November – [[2016 Nagrota army base attack]] occurred.
* 30 November – The Supreme Court of India ordered cinemas to play [[Jana Gana Mana|national anthem]] before films.<ref name="Safi 2016">{{cite web | last=Safi | first=Michael | title=Indian court orders cinemas to play national anthem before films | website=the Guardian | date=30 November 2016 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/30/indian-court-orders-cinemas-to-play-national-anthem-before-films | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>

=== December ===
* 5 December – Former Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[J Jayalalithaa]] died after 72 days of hospitalization at Apollo Hospital.
* 10 December – Industrialist [[Pawan Ruia]] was arrested following a railway complaint.<ref>{{cite web | title=Industrialist Pawan Ruia Arrested In Delhi By Bengal CID | website=NDTV.com | date=10 December 2016 | url=http://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/industrialist-pawan-ruia-arrested-in-delhi-by-bengal-cid-1636325 | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* 12 December – [[Cyclone Vardah]] makes landfall on the [[Tamil Nadu]] coast. 18 people died.<ref name="Gori 2016">{{cite web | last=Gori | first=Chintan | title=Cyclone Vardah: 18 people killed in Tamil Nadu due to heavy rains, cyclonic winds | website=India.com | date=13 December 2016 | url=http://www.india.com/news/india/cyclone-vardah-18-people-killed-in-tamil-nadu-due-to-heavy-rains-cyclonic-winds-1704691/ | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* 14 December – The [[National Green Tribunal]] banned kite-flying with manja, a glass-coated thread, due to safety concerns.<ref>{{cite web | title=Green tribunal bans manja for kites across the country till February | website=hindustantimes.com/ | date=14 December 2016 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/green-tribunal-bans-manja-for-kites-till-february/story-nirMEPgYBQTDb5WJbZQ9aP.html | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* 15 December – Supreme Court banned liquor sales on national and state highways to reduce road accidents caused by drunk driving.<ref>{{cite web | title=Supreme Court bans sale of liquor on highways | website=Business Standard News | date=15 December 2016 | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/no-liquor-to-be-sold-on-highways-from-now-on-supreme-court-orders-116121500233_1.html | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* 24 December – [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Narendra Modi]] laid the foundation for the [[Pune Metro|Pune Metro Project]]; construction began.<ref>Modi inaugurates Pune Metro</ref>
* 25 December – In the [[2013 Indian helicopter bribery scandal]]: arrests were made, including a former [[Indian Air Force]] chief.<ref name="Firstpost 2016">{{cite web | title=AgustaWestland scam: Ex-IAF chief SP Tyagi, two others remanded to three days' CBI custody | website=Firstpost | date=14 December 2016 | url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/agustawestland-scam-cbi-seeks-custody-of-ex-iaf-chief-sp-tyagi-for-seven-more-days-3155896.html | access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* 29 December – [[2016 Ariyalur gang rape case]] occurred.

==Public holidays==
{{Main|Public holidays in India}}

==Publications==
* "Devlok" by [[Devdutt Pattanaik]]
* "One Indian Girl" by [[Chetan Bhagat]]

==Deaths==
===January===
* 2 January
** [[Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan]], Indian politician (b. 1924)<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/veteran-cpi-leader-a-b-bardhan-passes-away/ Veteran CPI leader A B Bardhan passes away] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104130531/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/veteran-cpi-leader-a-b-bardhan-passes-away/ |date=4 January 2016 }}, indianexpress.com</ref>
** [[Fateh Singh (shooter)|Fateh Singh]], shooter and army officer (b. 1964)<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pathankot-attack-Commonwealth-gold-medalist-Fateh-Singh-martyred/articleshow/50423057.cms Pathankot attack: Commonwealth gold medalist Fateh Singh martyred] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103123424/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pathankot-attack-Commonwealth-gold-medalist-Fateh-Singh-martyred/articleshow/50423057.cms |date=3 January 2016 }}, indiatimes.com</ref>
* 3 January
** [[Shankar Prasad Jaiswal]], Indian politician (b. 1932)<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Ex-MP-and-BJP-leader-Shankar-Prasad-Jaiswal-passes-away/articleshow/50440038.cms Ex-MP and BJP leader Shankar Prasad Jaiswal passes away] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127114647/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Ex-MP-and-BJP-leader-Shankar-Prasad-Jaiswal-passes-away/articleshow/50440038.cms |date=27 November 2017 }}, indiatimes.com</ref>
** [[Raghu Nandan Mandal]], Indian politician (b. 1952)<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-mla-dies-in-jharkhand/article8064890.ece BJP MLA dies in Jharkhand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114201432/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/BJP-MLA-dies-in-Jharkhand/article13980937.ece |date=14 November 2022 }}, thehindu.com</ref>
* 4 January – [[S. H. Kapadia]], Indian judge (b. 1947)<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/former-chief-justice-of-india-sh-kapadia-passes-away/articleshow/50450344.cms Former chief justice of India SH Kapadia passes away] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225104604/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/former-chief-justice-of-india-sh-kapadia-passes-away/articleshow/50450344.cms |date=25 February 2019 }}, indiatimes.com</ref>
* 6 January – [[Labhshankar Thakar]], Gujarati author (b. 1935)<ref>[http://deshgujarat.com/2016/01/06/noted-gujarati-litterateur-labshankar-thakar-passes-away/ Noted Gujarati Litterateur Labshankar Thakar passes away] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124205718/http://deshgujarat.com/2016/01/06/noted-gujarati-litterateur-labshankar-thakar-passes-away/ |date=24 January 2016 }}, deshgujarat.com/</ref>
* 7 January – [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]], Indian politician (b. 1936)<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/jk-chief-minister-mufti-mohammad-sayeed-passes-away/article8075774.ece J&K Chief Minister Mufti Mohammad Sayeed dies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114201432/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/JampK-Chief-Minister-Mufti-Mohammad-Sayeed-passes-away/article60536624.ece |date=14 November 2022 }}, thehindu.com</ref>
* 8 January
** [[M. O. Joseph]], Malayalam film producer (b. 1929)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/film-producer-manjilas-joseph-passes-away-english-news-1.784769|title=Film producer Manjilas Joseph passes away|website=Mathrubhumi.com|access-date=20 October 2017|archive-date=1 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301140141/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/film-producer-manjilas-joseph-passes-away-english-news-1.784769|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** [[Gunaram Khanikar]], herbalist (b. 1949)<ref>[http://www.northeasttoday.in/bheshaj-ratna-dr-gunaram-khanikar-passes-away/ 'Bheshaj Ratna' Dr Gunaram Khanikar Passes Away] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113031538/http://www.northeasttoday.in/bheshaj-ratna-dr-gunaram-khanikar-passes-away/ |date=13 January 2016 }}, northeasttoday.in</ref>
* 13 January
** [[J. F. R. Jacob]], army general (b. 1923)<ref>[http://www.thedailystar.net/country/1971-war-hero-lt-gen-jacob-no-more-201208 1971 War hero Lt Gen Jacob no more] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117235438/http://www.thedailystar.net/country/1971-war-hero-lt-gen-jacob-no-more-201208 |date=17 January 2016 }}. thedailystar.net</ref>
** [[G A Vadivelu]], independence activist and politician (b. 1923)<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/former-jds-state-president-vadivelu-dead/article8104366.ece Former JD(S) State president Vadivelu dead] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114034902/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/former-jds-state-president-vadivelu-dead/article8104366.ece |date=14 January 2016 }}. thehindu.com</ref>
* [[File:RajeshVivek.jpg|thumb|195x195px|[[Rajesh Vivek]]]]14 January – [[Rajesh Vivek]], actor (b. 1949)<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160217103057/http://www.ignarchives.com/rajesh-vivek-dead-lagaan-actor-dies-of-heart-attack-at-66/ Rajesh Vivek Dead – Lagaan actor Dies Of Heart Attack At 66]}}, ignarchives.com</ref>
* 15 January – [[Anil Ganguly]], film director (b. 1933)<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/filmmaker-anil-ganguly-no-more/ Filmmaker Anil Ganguly no more] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117194011/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/filmmaker-anil-ganguly-no-more/ |date=17 January 2016 }}, indianexpress.com</ref>
* 16 January – [[Ananda Chandra Dutta]], botanist (b. 1923)<ref>[http://www.sentinelassam.com/state1/story.php?sec=2&subsec=2&id=254339&dtP=2016-01-18&ppr=1 Demise of acclaimed botanist Ananda Chandra Dutta mourned] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127144400/http://www.sentinelassam.com/state1/story.php?sec=2&subsec=2&id=254339&dtP=2016-01-18&ppr=1 |date=27 January 2016 }}, sentinelassam.com</ref>
* 17 January
** [[Geethapriya]], film director (b. 1932)<ref>[http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Movie-Director-Geethapriya-Dies/2016/01/18/article3232222.ece Movie Director Geethapriya Dies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126031920/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Movie-Director-Geethapriya-Dies/2016/01/18/article3232222.ece |date=26 January 2016 }}, newindianexpress.com</ref>
** [[V. Rama Rao]], politician (b. 1935)<ref>[http://www.telangananewspaper.com/sikkim-former-governor-rama-rao-died/ Sikkim former Governor Rama Rao died] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118134228/http://www.telangananewspaper.com/sikkim-former-governor-rama-rao-died/ |date=18 January 2016 }}, telangananewspaper.com</ref>
** [[Sudhindra Tirtha (Kashi Math)|Sudhindra Thirtha]], Hindu religious leader (b. 1926)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160119070722/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Sudhindra-Thirtha-Swamiji-Attains-Samadhi/2016/01/18/article3231805.ece Sudhindra Thirtha Swamiji Attains Samadhi], newindianexpress.com</ref>
**[[Rohith Vemula]], PhD scholar. (b. 1989)
* 18 January – [[Asha Patil]], actress (b. 1936)<ref>[http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/kolhapur/asha-patil-passed-away/articleshow/50631905.cms Actress Asha Patil passed away] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126173656/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/kolhapur/asha-patil-passed-away/articleshow/50631905.cms |date=26 January 2016 }}, maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com</ref>
* 20 January – [[Subrata Bose]], politician (b. 1932)<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ex-forward-bloc-mp-and-nephew-of-subhas-bose-passes-away/articleshow/50668143.cms Ex-Forward Bloc MP and nephew of Subhas Bose passes away], economictimes.indiatimes.com</ref>
* 21 January – [[Mrinalini Sarabhai]], classical dancer, choreographer and instructor (b. 1918)<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/noted-danseuse-mrinalini-sarabhai-passed-away/article8133753.ece/ Mrinalini Sarabhai passes away] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128204303/http://www.thehindu.com/news/noted-danseuse-mrinalini-sarabhai-passed-away/article8133753.ece |date=28 January 2016 }}, thehindu.com</ref>
* 22 January – [[Shankar Ghosh (musician)|Shankar Ghosh]], [[tabla]] player (b. 1935)<ref>[http://www.newsx.com/national/18523-tabla-maestro-shankar-ghosh-dies-at-80 Tabla maestro Shankar Ghosh dies at 80], newsx.com</ref>
* 23 January – [[A. C. Jose]], politician (b. 1937)<ref>[http://www.thestatesman.com/news/latest-headlines/senior-congress-leader-ac-jose-dies/118438.html Senior Congress leader AC Jose dies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309185444/http://www.thestatesman.com/news/latest-headlines/senior-congress-leader-ac-jose-dies/118438.html |date=9 March 2016 }}, thestatesman.com</ref>
* 25 January
** [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]], Malayalam actress (b. 1965)<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/malayalam-actress-kalpana-passes-away-at-51/ Malayalam actress Kalpana passes away at 51] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204122234/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/malayalam-actress-kalpana-passes-away-at-51/ |date=4 February 2016 }}, indianexpress.com</ref>
** [[Jashubhai Dhanabhai Barad]], politician (b. 1955)<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/congress-mla-jashubhai-barad-dies-at-60/ Congress MLA Jashubhai Barad dies at 60] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126094421/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/congress-mla-jashubhai-barad-dies-at-60/ |date=26 January 2016 }} indianexpress.com</ref>
** [[Padmarani]], Gujarati actress (b. 1936)<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/Veteran-Gujarati-actress-Padmarani-passes-away/articleshow/50719053.cms Veteran Gujarati actress Padmarani passes away] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114201429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/Veteran-Gujarati-actress-Padmarani-passes-away/articleshow/50719053.cms |date=14 November 2022 }}, indiatimes.com</ref>
* 28 January – [[Maheswar Baug]], politician and independence activist (b. 1930)<ref>[http://www.thestatesman.com/news/odisha/former-minister-maheswar-baug-passes-away/119667.html Former minister Maheswar Baug passes away] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128163404/http://www.thestatesman.com/news/odisha/former-minister-maheswar-baug-passes-away/119667.html |date=28 January 2016 }}, thestatesman.com</ref>
* 29 January – [[Nayani Krishnakumari]], writer and folklorist (b. 1930)<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/south/noted-writer-educationist-nayani-krishnakumari-passes-away-at-86-1271855 Noted Writer, Educationist Nayani Krishnakumari Dies At 86] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201062350/http://www.ndtv.com/south/noted-writer-educationist-nayani-krishnakumari-passes-away-at-86-1271855 |date=1 February 2016 }}, ndtv.com</ref>
* 30 January
** [[T. N. Gopakumar]], journalist (b. 1957)<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/senior-journalist-tn-gopakumar-passes-away/article8171653.ece Senior journalist T.N. Gopakumar passes away] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130101620/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/senior-journalist-tn-gopakumar-passes-away/article8171653.ece |date=30 January 2016 }}, thehindu.com</ref>
** [[K. V. Krishna Rao]], military officer (b. 1923)<ref>[http://bdnews24.com/neighbours/2016/01/30/former-indian-army-chief-gen-kv-krishna-rao-dies Former Indian Army chief Gen KV Krishna Rao dies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130191807/http://bdnews24.com/neighbours/2016/01/30/former-indian-army-chief-gen-kv-krishna-rao-dies |date=30 January 2016 }}, bdnews24.com</ref>
** [[Kollam G. K. Pillai]], actor (b. 1933)<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/malayalam-actor-kollam-g-k-pillai-passes-away/ Malayalam actor Kollam G K Pillai passes away] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201095626/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/malayalam-actor-kollam-g-k-pillai-passes-away/ |date=1 February 2016 }}, indianexpress.com</ref>
* 31 January – [[Randhir Singh (academic)|Randhir Singh]], political scientist (b. 1921)<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/prof-randhir-singh-passes-away/190816.html Prof Randhir Singh passes away] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204190803/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/prof-randhir-singh-passes-away/190816.html |date=4 February 2016 }}, tribuneindia.com</ref>

===February===
* 1 February – [[Kunigal Ramanath]], 83, Kannada actor.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/actor-kunigal-ramnath-passes-away/article8179695.ece Actor Kunigal Ramnath passes away], thehindu.com</ref>
* 3 February –
** [[Balram Jakhar]], 92, politician, [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]] (1980–1989).<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/former-lok-sabha-speaker-balram-jakhar-passes-away-306823-2016-02-03 Former Lok Sabha speaker Balram Jakhar passes away] , intoday.in</ref>
** [[K. S. Paripoornan]], 83, Supreme Court judge<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Justice-KS-Paripoornan-passes-away/articleshow/50840982.cms Justice KS Paripoornan passes away] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205091840/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Justice-KS-Paripoornan-passes-away/articleshow/50840982.cms |date=5 February 2016 }}, timesofindia.indiatimes.com</ref>
* 5 February – [[Markand Bhatt]], 87, theatre director and actor.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Veteran-Gujarati-theatre-artist-Markand-Bhatt-dies/articleshow/50874883.cms Veteran Gujarati theatre artist Markand Bhatt dies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210022823/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Veteran-Gujarati-theatre-artist-Markand-Bhatt-dies/articleshow/50874883.cms |date=10 February 2016 }}, indiatimes.com</ref>
* 6 February – [[Sudhir Tailang]], 55, cartoonist.<ref>[http://www.india.com/news/india/renowned-cartoonist-sudhir-tailang-dies-of-brain-cancer-in-gurgaon-924313/ Renowned cartoonist Sudhir Tailang dies of brain cancer in Gurgaon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306102324/http://www.india.com/news/india/renowned-cartoonist-sudhir-tailang-dies-of-brain-cancer-in-gurgaon-924313/ |date=6 March 2016 }}, india.com</ref>
* 8 February – [[Nida Fazli]], 77, poet.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/acclaimed-poet-lyricist-nida-fazli-dies-in-mumbai-1275075 Acclaimed Poet-Lyricist Nida Fazli Dies In Mumbai] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215132706/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/acclaimed-poet-lyricist-nida-fazli-dies-in-mumbai-1275075 |date=15 February 2016 }}, ndtv.com</ref>
* 13 February – [[O. N. V. Kurup]], 84, poet, recipient of the [[Jnanpith Award]] (2007).<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/jnanpithwinning-poet-onv-kurup-no-more/article8233631.ece Jnanpith-winning poet O.N.V Kurup no more] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216085348/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/jnanpithwinning-poet-onv-kurup-no-more/article8233631.ece |date=16 February 2016 }}, thehindu.com</ref>
* 17 February – [[Akbar Kakkattil]], 62, writer.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/malayalam-writer-akbar-kakkattil-dies-62-667245 Malayalam writer Akbar Kakkattil dies at 62] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224141551/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/malayalam-writer-akbar-kakkattil-dies-62-667245 |date=24 February 2016 }}, ibtimes.co.in</ref>
* 18 February –
** [[Abdul Rashid Khan]], 107, Hindustani musician.<ref>[http://ibtn9.com/2016/02/ustad-abdul-rashid-khans-tragic-demise/ Ustad Abdul Rashid Khan's Tragic Demise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301063907/http://ibtn9.com/2016/02/ustad-abdul-rashid-khans-tragic-demise/ |date=1 March 2016 }}, ibtn9.com</ref>
** [[Cherussery Zainuddeen Musliyar]], 78, Indian religious scholar.<ref>[http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Cherussery-Zainudheen-Musliyar-Passes-Away/2016/02/19/article3284902.ece Cherussery Zainudheen Musliyar Passes Away] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225143312/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Cherussery-Zainudheen-Musliyar-Passes-Away/2016/02/19/article3284902.ece |date=25 February 2016 }}, newindianexpress.com</ref>
* 20 February – [[Pradeep Shakti]], 60, actor and restaurateur.<ref>[http://www.telugucinema.com/news/Actor-Pradeep-Shakti-passes-away Actor Pradeep Shakti passes away] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303040320/http://www.telugucinema.com/news/Actor-Pradeep-Shakti-passes-away |date=3 March 2016 }}, telugucinema.com</ref>
* 21 February –
** [[Akbar Ali (poet)|Akbar Ali]], 90, [[Kannada]] poet.<ref>[http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Poet-Akbar-Ali-Known-for-Limericks-Dies-at-91/2016/02/22/article3290386.ece Poet Akbar Ali, Known for Limericks, Dies at 91] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302053845/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Poet-Akbar-Ali-Known-for-Limericks-Dies-at-91/2016/02/22/article3290386.ece |date=2 March 2016 }}, newindianexpress.com</ref>
** [[Kalanidhi Narayanan]], 87, [[Indian classical dance|classical dancer]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Bharatanatyam-exponent-Kalanidhi-Narayanan-dies-aged-87/articleshow/51088402.cms Bharatanatyam exponent Kalanidhi Narayanan dies aged 87] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228162514/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Bharatanatyam-exponent-Kalanidhi-Narayanan-dies-aged-87/articleshow/51088402.cms |date=28 February 2016 }}, indiatimes.com</ref>
* 25 February – [[Bhavarlal Jain]], 78, businessman ([[Jain Irrigation Systems]]).<ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/jain-irrigation-founder-bhavarlal-jain-dies/931692 Jain Irrigation Founder Bhavarlal Jain Dies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114201430/https://www.outlookindia.com/ |date=14 November 2022 }}, outlookindia.com</ref>
* 26 February
** [[Mirza Mohammed Athar]], 79, Muslim cleric.<ref>[http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/shia-leader-athar-passes-away-79-657 Shia leader Athar passes away at 79] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310052823/http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/shia-leader-athar-passes-away-79-657 |date=10 March 2016 }}, asianage.com</ref>
** [[B. K. Garudachar]], 99, cricket player.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/sports/cricket/india-s-oldest-first-class-cricketer-bk-garudachar-dies-aged-99-2025630.html|title=India's oldest first-class cricketer BK Garudachar dies aged 99|date=26 February 2016|website=OneIndia.com|access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref>
* 27 February
** [[Banda Jyothi]], 41, comedian and actress.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-comedian-banda-jyothi-passes-away-in-hyderabad-2183022 Comedian Banda Jyothi passes away in Hyderabad], dnaindia.com</ref>
** [[Rajesh Pillai]], 41, film director (''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]'').<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rajesh-pillai-malayalam-filmmaker-traffic-director-director-dies-passes-away-41/ Rajesh Pillai, Malayalam filmmaker passes away at 41] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305125442/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rajesh-pillai-malayalam-filmmaker-traffic-director-director-dies-passes-away-41/ |date=5 March 2016 }}, indianexpress.com</ref>
* 28 February –
** [[Honey Chhaya]], 85, film director and actor (''[[The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]]'').<ref>[http://daily.bhaskar.com/news-ht/ENT-BOW-veteran-actor-honey-chhaya-passes-away-5261444-PHO.html Veteran Actor Honey Chhaya of 'OMG', 'Being Cyrus' Fame Passes Away] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307042217/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news-ht/ENT-BOW-veteran-actor-honey-chhaya-passes-away-5261444-PHO.html |date=7 March 2016 }}, bhaskar.com</ref>
** [[Kumarimuthu]], 76, comedian and film actor.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/tamil-actor-comedian-kumarimuthu-dies-at-77/story-BgbfsT3v6iuQazZGLdTgqI.html Tamil actor-comedian Kumarimuthu dies at 77] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315060622/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/tamil-actor-comedian-kumarimuthu-dies-at-77/story-BgbfsT3v6iuQazZGLdTgqI.html |date=15 March 2016 }}, hindustantimes.com</ref>
* 29 February – [[Nihal Ahmed Maulavi Mohammed Usman]], 90, politician, [[Maharashtra]] [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] (1960{{ndash}}1999), mayor of [[Malegaon]].<ref>[http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/former-maharashtra-minister-nihal-ahmed-maulavi-mohammed-usman-died-1456740703-1 Former Maharashtra Minister Nihal Ahmed Maulavi Mohammed Usman died] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306003239/http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/former-maharashtra-minister-nihal-ahmed-maulavi-mohammed-usman-died-1456740703-1 |date=6 March 2016 }}, jagranjosh.com</ref>

=== April ===

* 20 April – [[Shaktiman (horse)|Shaktiman]], Uttarakhand police horse.<ref name=":0" />

===June===
* 4 June – [[Sulabha Deshpande]], 79, Veteran actress.

===July===
* 23 July – [[S. H. Raza]], Famous painter.

===August===
* 9 August – [[Kalikho Pul]], 47, former [[List of Chief Ministers of Arunachal Pradesh|Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh]]<ref name="Violent">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/crowd-turns-violent-outside-puls-residence/article8964097.ece |title=Crowd turns violent outside deceased Kalikho Pul's house |date=9 August 2016 |access-date=10 August 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |last=Dodum |first=Ranju}}</ref>

===October===
* 10 October – [[Parmeshwar Godrej]], 70, philanthropist and socialite.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.ndtv.com/people/philanthropist-businesswoman-parmeshwar-godrej-dies-at-70-1472826 | title = Philanthropist, Businesswoman Parmeshwar Godrej Dies At 70 | work = NDTV | access-date = 13 October 2016}}</ref>

===November===
* 22 November
** [[M. Balamuralikrishna]], 86, Carnatic vocalist<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Balamuralikrishna-veteran-Carnatic-musician-dies-aged-86/articleshow/55562203.cms|title=Balamuralikrishna, veteran Carnatic musician, dies aged 86|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 November 2016|access-date=22 November 2016}}</ref>
** [[M. G. K. Menon]], 88, physicist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/acclaimed-physicist-and-ex-isro-chief-prof-mgk-menon-dies-at-88/story-KhdZ36LxxsH1z1CasRb6CN.html|title=Acclaimed physicist and ex-ISRO chief Prof MGK Menon dies at 88|date=22 November 2016|website=HindustanTimes.com|access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref>

===December===
* [[File:J Jayalalithaa.jpg|thumb|140x140px|[[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]]]5 December – [[Jayalalithaa]], 68, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-passes-away/article16760190.ece |title=Jayalalithaa's health: AIADMK MLAs' meeting postponed |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 October 2009 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref>
* 7 December – [[Cho Ramaswamy]], 82, actor, political satirist, journalist, lawyer<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Cho-Ramaswamy-passes-away/article16771236.ece|title=Cho Ramaswamy passes away|date=7 December 2016|publisher=The Hindu India|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>
* 24 December – [[Chetan Ramarao]], 76, Kannada film actor<ref name="The Hindu 2016">{{cite web | title=Veteran actor Chetan Ramarao passes away | website=The Hindu | date=24 December 2016 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Veteran-actor-Chetan-Ramarao-passes-away/article16937195.ece | access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[2016 attacks on India]]
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Years in India}}
{{Asia topic|2016 in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2016 In India}}
[[Category:2016 in India| ]]
[[Category:2016 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 21st century in India]]
[[Category:2010s in India]]
[[Category:2016 in Asia|India]]

Nandi Awards of 2001

2025-10-31T08:34:49Z

DeangeloKater: Put up a data more to come!

{{Short description|Indian Telugu film and TV awards ceremony}}
{{moresources|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Nandi Awards}}
The [[Nandi Awards]] are presented annually in [[Andhra Pradesh]], For [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu cinema]] by State government. "Nandi" means "bull", the awards being named after the big granite bull at [[Lepakshi]] — a cultural and historical symbol of Andhra Pradesh. Nandi Awards are presented in four categories: [[Gold]], [[Silver]], [[Bronze]], and [[Copper]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.greenmangos.net/Awards/nandi_awards.aspx|title= Nandi Awards of year 2001 | publisher= greenmangos.net |accessdate= 8 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2001.html|title=Telugu Cinema Etc - Nandi award winners list 2001|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref>

== 2001 Nandi Awards Winners List ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Category
!Winner
!Film
|-
|[[List of winners of the Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
|[[Preminchu]]
|[[Preminchu]]
|-
|Second Best Feature Film
|[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]
|[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]
|-
|Third Best Feature Film
|Atu America Itu India
|Atu America Itu India
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Akkineni Award for best home-viewing feature film|Best Home Viewing Feature Film]]
|[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]
|[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]
|-
|[[Sarojini Devi Award for a Film on National Integration|Best Film on National Integration]]
|Padma
|Padma
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Children Film
|Little Hearts
|Little Hearts
|-
|Kuchi Kuchi Kunamma
|Kuchi Kuchi Kunamma
|-
|First Best Documentary Film
|Janani
|Janani
|-
|Second Best Documentary Film
|Neeru Meeru
|Neeru Meeru
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Teja (director)|Teja]]
|[[Nuvvu Nenu]]
|-
|Best Children Film Director
|Srikanth
|Little Hearts
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
|[[Narasimha Naidu]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Laya (actress)|Laya]]
|[[Preminchu]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Murali Mohan]]
|[[Preminchu]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Suhasini Maniratnam]]
|[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Character Actor|Best Character Actor]]
|[[Tanikella Bharani]]
|[[Nuvvu Nenu]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian|Best Male Comedian]]
|[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
|[[Nuvvu Nenu]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Female Comedian|Best Female Comedian]]
|[[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]]
|[[Preminchu]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]
|[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
|Chinna
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Child Actor|Best Child Actor]]
|Master Mahendra
|Little Hearts
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Child Actress|Best Child Actress]]
|Baby Nitya
|Little Hearts
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director|Best First Film of a Director]]
|[[K. N. T. Sastry]]
|[[Thilaadanam]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer|Best Screenplay Writer]]
|[[Neelakanta (director)|Neelakanta]]
|[[Show (film)|Show]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer|Best Story Writer]]
|[[Puri Jagannadh]]
|[[Itlu Sravani Subramanyam]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer|Best Dialogue Writer]]
|[[Trivikram Srinivas|Trivikram]]
|[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[C. Narayana Reddy]]
|[[Preminchu]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
|[[Rasool Ellore]]
|[[Nuvvu Nenu]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[R. P. Patnaik]]
|[[Nuvvu Nenu]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|[[Student No.1]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Usha (singer)|Usha]]
|Padma
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]]
|[[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
|[[Daddy (2001 film)|Daddy]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]
|Ashok
|[[Daddy (2001 film)|Daddy]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]]
|Suchitra Chandrabose
|[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Audiographer|Best Audiographer]]
|Kolli Rama Krishna
|Wife
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]
|Ghalib
|Jabili
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Makeup Artist|Best Makeup Artist]]
|Shyam Zadcharla
|[[Thilaadanam]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Fight Master|Best Fight Master]]
|[[Vijayan (stunt coordinator)|Vijayan]]
|[[Bhadrachalam (film)|Bhadrachalam]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist|Best Male Dubbing Artist]]
|Raghu
|Sampangi
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Book on Telugu Cinema|Best Book on Telugu Cinema]](Books, posters, etc.)
|Vasiraju Prakasam
|Cine Bharatam
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Film Critic|Best Film Critic on Telugu Cinema]]
|Mohan Goteti
|[[Eenadu|Sitara Magazine]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Female Dubbing Artist|Best Female Dubbing Artist]]
|Savitha
|[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]]
|[[Manjula Ghattamaneni]]
|[[Show (film)|Show]]
|-
|[[Mahesh Babu]]
|[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]
|-
|Surya
|[[Show (film)|Show]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Nandi Awards|2001]]
[[Category:2001 Indian film awards]]

Pravin Vasantrao Tayade

2025-10-15T06:32:09Z

DeangeloKater: starting a biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Achalpur Assembly constituency|Achalpur]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Bachchu Kadu]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Pravin Vasantrao Tayade''' is an Indian politician from Maharashtra. He is a [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Achalpur Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Achalpur, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Pravin Vasantrao Tayade defeats INC's Anirudha Alias Babalubhau Subhanrao Deshmukh with 19158 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/achalpur-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638146-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Achalpur Election Result 2024 LIVE: Pravin Vasantrao Tayade of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/achalpur-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9129986.html |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Achalpur Election Result: BJP's Pravin Vasantrao Tayade Wins With 78,201 Votes">{{cite news |last1=TimelineDaily |title=Achalpur Election Result: BJP's Pravin Vasantrao Tayade Wins With 78,201 Votes |url=https://timelinedaily.com/elections/achalpur-election-result-bjp-s-pravin-vasantrao-tayade-wins-with-78-201-votes |access-date=4 December 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204151030/https://timelinedaily.com/elections/achalpur-election-result-bjp-s-pravin-vasantrao-tayade-wins-with-78-201-votes |archive-date=4 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

He shot to limelight as he defeated four time MLA & Former Minister, [[Omprakash Babarao Kadu|Bachchu Kadu]].

==Political career==
Pravin Tayade is a member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a far-right Hindu nationalist paramilitary volunteer organisation.
== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra]]
* [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tayade, Pravin Vasantrao}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}

Paleru

2025-10-04T10:14:37Z

DeangeloKater: reworked content for clarity and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Short description|River in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
[[File:AP Paleru Reservoir.JPG|right|thumb|350px|Paleru Reservoir]]

The '''Paleru''' is a [[tributary]] of the [[River Krishna|Krishna]] river which joins the main river near Mukteswarapuram in [[Jaggayyapeta mandal]] of [[Krishna district]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.khammam.ap.gov.in/khammam/handBook.apo?mode=handBookDetails&id=Khammam_Hand_Book |title=Khammam district - Hand Book 2011-12 |access-date=27 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202222858/http://www.khammam.ap.gov.in/khammam/handBook.apo?mode=handBookDetails&id=Khammam_Hand_Book |archive-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the [[Nizam]] rule, a reservoir was constructed on the river at [[Palair, Khammam|Paleru]] village, [[Kusumanchi]]. Hundreds of acres are irrigated with the help of this reservoir.<ref>{{cite web|title=Palair Dam D02877|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Palair_Dam_D02877|accessdate=21 January 2017}}</ref> Paleru reservoir acts as a balancing reservoir to the [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam|Nagarjunasagar left canal]].

==Attraction==
There is a small park adjoining the reservoir where boating facility is available.

==Bhakta Ramadasu lift irrigation scheme==
[[Kancherla Gopanna|Bhakta Ramadasu]] Lift Irrigation scheme is in the final stages of completion{{When|date=September 2025|reason=Was this final stage of completion in 2017? Has it been completed?}} for using 5.5 [[tmcft]] water for stabilising water supply to nearly 60,000 acres which was part of [[Sriram Sagar Project|SRSP]] (stage II) irrigation project. Under this scheme, [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam|Nagarjuna Sagar]] left canal water is lifted by 59 metres from Paleru reservoir and fed into DBM-60 main canal of the SRSP Stage-II project at Madhiripuram in Tirumalayapalem mandal.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sridhar |first1=P. |title=Bhakta Ramadasu LI project ready for commissioning on Jan 28|work=The Hindu |date=13 January 2017 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/Bhakta-Ramadasu-LI-project-ready-for-commissioning-on-Jan-28/article17037498.ece|accessdate=21 January 2017}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{coord|15|19|N|80|06|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Khammam district]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Krishna River]]
[[Category:Rivers of Telangana]]

{{Khammam-geo-stub}}
{{India-river-stub}}

Khuangthing

2025-09-20T08:06:53Z

DeangeloKater: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khuangthing
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Mizoram#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mizoram, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.0962691|N|93.1986805|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mizoram]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Champhai district|Champhai]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Block (district subdivision)|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Khawbung]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 1194
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1435
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 271375
| footnotes =
}}
'''Khuangthing''' is a village in the [[Champhai district]] of [[Mizoram]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Khawbung]] [[Block (district subdivision)|R.D. Block]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Mizoram.pdf |title=Mizoram villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |access-date=2015-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806123151/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Mizoram.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Khuangthing has 293 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 98.42%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1504_PART_B_DCHB_CHAMPHAI.pdf |title=District Census Handbook - Champhai |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Mizoram |access-date=2015-08-22 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1435 || 723 || 712
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 235 || 117 || 118
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 1430 || 722 || 708
|-
| Literates || 1181 || 596 || 585
|-
| Workers (all) || 762 || 398 || 364
|-
| Main workers (total) || 762 || 398 || 364
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 735 || 377 || 358
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 4 || 3 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 22 || 17 || 5
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Non-workers || 673 || 325 || 348
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Champhai district}}

[[Category:Villages in Khawbung block]]

{{Mizoram-geo-stub}}

Gottipati Brahmayya

2025-09-14T14:53:08Z

DeangeloKater: starting new data

{{short description|Indian politician}}

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}

'''Gottipati Brahmayya''' (3 December 1889 – 1984) was a [[freedom fighter]], popularly known as ''Ryotu Pedda'' (Leader of Farmers). He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/images/pb_awards.pdf|title=Padma Bhushan awardees}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Brahmayya was born in 1889 in a [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]] family in [[Ghantasala (town)|Ghantasala]] (Divi Taluka of [[Krishna district]]) in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]];<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stoddart |first=Brian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZccTAwAAQBAJ&dq=Krishna+Patrika&pg=PT143 |title=Land, Water, Language and Politics in Andhra: Regional Evolution in India Since 1850 |date=2014-03-14 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-80975-3 |pages=131 |language=en}}</ref> he was educated at Noble High School, [[Machilipatnam]], he organized the library movement and the [[adult education]] movement in 1917. He was also the [[President (corporate title)|President]] of District Congress Committee during 1922-1923. He was the founder of the Khadi Consumers' and Producers' Society at Ghantasala and became President of Krishna Khadi Board during 1923-1929.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

== Freedom fighter ==
Brahmayya was one of the pioneers of the Zamindari Ryot Movement. He participated in the boycott of the [[Simon Commission]] in 1927. He was sentenced to [[imprisonment]] for one year and six months in 1930 for participating in the black flag demonstration against the then Governor’s visit to [[Machilipatnam]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} He was imprisoned in [[Rajahmundry]], [[Baharampur|Berhampore]] and [[Vellore]] jails. He again took part in the [[civil disobedience]] movement and was sentenced to two years of imprisonment in [[Rajahmundry]], [[Bellary]], [[Madras]] and [[Cuddalore]] jails. He was responsible for the temple entry of [[dalits]] at [[Ghantasala (town)|Ghantasala]] in 1933. He was General Secretary of Andhra Provincial Congress Committee during 1937-1940. He was again detained for participating in the [[Quit India movement]] in 1942 and placed in [[Vellore]] and [[Thanjavur]] prisons.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

== Politician in independent India ==
After independence, Brahmayya became President of [[Andhra Pradesh]] Congress Committee in 1962. He served as Chairman of [[Andhra Pradesh]] [[Vidhan Parishad|Legislative Council]] from 1964 to 1968. He was conferred with a doctorate "Kalaprapoorna" by [[Andhra University]]. Brahmayya 's autobiography ''Naa Jeevana Nauka'' was published in the Telugu daily newspaper ''Andhra Jyothi'' in the late 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/apr22007/national225724200741.asp |title=Legislative Council back in Andhra |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125459/http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/apr22007/national225724200741.asp |archivedate=29 September 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brahmaiah, Gottipati}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in social work]]
[[Category:Politicians from Krishna district]]
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Chairs of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Presidents of Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee]]
[[Category:Civil disobedience in India]]

Vinayak Vaithianathan

2025-09-12T12:43:47Z

DeangeloKater: Created the details and citations

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vinayak Vaithianathan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|7|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Director|screenwriter}}
| alma mater = [[DG Vaishnav College]]
| years_active = 2014–present
}}

'''Vinayak Vaithianathan''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works primarily in Tamil cinema. Vinayak directed several limited series before venturing into feature films with his directorial debut being ''[[Romeo (2024 film)|Romeo]]'',<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-02-05 |title=My movie with Vijay and Mirnalini will be a grand romantic drama: Vinayak Vaithianathan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/my-movie-with-vijay-and-mirnalini-will-be-a-grand-romantic-drama-vinayak-vaithianathan/articleshow/107421477.cms?_gl=1*meg5xu*_ga*OF9FUXljVUFfMlhfc200MmpudDNRYlFZa0pFQjlDUFhhbkZKN2JkTlZuaDQ2N1Y0QmRfQmx1WWFnRElWY3puZw |access-date=2024-09-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> starring [[Vijay Antony]] and [[Mirnalini Ravi]], produced by Vijay Antony himself.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Romeo Is A Film That Has Been Specially Made For Wives, Says Vijay Antony |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/romeo-is-a-film-that-has-been-specially-made-for-wives-says-vijay-antony-article-108769069/amp |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Vinayak Vaithianathan started as an assistant director in the Tamil film industry. He joined [[Shree Karthick]] and worked on ''Happy To Be Single'', the first-ever Tamil web series, later distributed by [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]].

Vinayak directed over twenty television commercials in the early stages of his career.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=2024-02-07 |title=Vijay Antony will surprise the audience with Romeo: Vinayak |url=https://www.dtnext.in/amp/news/cinema/vijay-antony-will-surprise-the-audience-with-romeo-vinayak-766105 |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=dtnext |language=en}}</ref> He then collaborated with Shree Karthick again for ''[[Oke Oka Jeevitham]]'', where he worked as the first assistant director. In the meantime, Vinayak also created and starred in ''Kadhal Distancing'',<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=|first=|date=2023-08-16 |title=Vijay Antony’s next, ‘Romeo’; to be bankrolled by his new production house |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-antonys-next-romeo-to-be-bankrolled-by-his-new-production-house/article67201351.ece/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> a web series shot and set entirely over the pandemic lockdown. Following that, Vinayak then directed an episode in the anthology series ''I Hate You - I Love You'',<ref name=":1" /> created by Madboys Entertainment, where he was one of the three central directors, alongside Shree Karthick and Vignesh Raja, the director of ''[[Por Thozhil]]''.

Vinayak's work on the anthology series landed him an opportunity to direct a Tamil feature film with Vijay Antony in the lead.<ref>{{Cite web |work=|date=2024-04-01 |title="Romeo” Director Vinayak Vaithianathan |url=https://chennaivision.com/romeo-director-vinayak-vaithianathan/amp/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Chennai Vision}}</ref> In 2023, Vinayak Vaithianathan's directorial feature-film debut [[Romeo (2024 film)|Romeo]] was announced,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-08-02 |title=First Look Of Vijay Antony's Romeo Out |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/first-look-of-vijay-antonys-romeo-out-mirnalini-ravi |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref> starring [[Vijay Antony]], [[Mirnalini Ravi]] and [[Yogi Babu]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-02 |title=Tenkasi schedule of Vijay Antony and Mirnalini's 'Romeo' wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tenkasi-schedule-of-vijay-antony-and-mirnalinis-romeo-wrapped-up/articleshow/103312277.cms?_gl=1*1mmr0cv*_ga*OF9FUXljVUFfMlhfc200MmpudDNRYlFZa0pFQjlDUFhhbkZKN2JkTlZuaDQ2N1Y0QmRfQmx1WWFnRElWY3puZw |access-date=2024-09-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film opened to a positive response from the audience.<ref>{{Cite news |last=|first=|date=2024-03-26 |title=‘Romeo’ trailer: Vijay Antony stars as a husband on a mission to woo his wife |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/romeo-trailer-vijay-antony-stars-as-a-husband-on-a-mission-to-woo-his-wife/article67993745.ece/amp/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2024-04-07 |title=Romeo Movie Review: Impressive performances elevate this all-too-familiar story |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/tamil/review/2024/Apr/11/romeo-movie-review-impressive-performances-elevate-this-unoriginal-story |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Writer
!Actor
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2020
|''Kadhal Distancing''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Web Series
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Oke Oka Jeevitham]] / Kanam''
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] / Tamil
| Cameo appearance
|-
|''I Hate You - I Love You''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Web Series; episode 3
|-
|2024
|''[[Romeo (2024 film) |Romeo ]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|}

== References ==

[[Category:1996 births]]
<references />
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]

Diocese of Tura

2025-08-24T08:10:56Z

DeangeloKater: starting new pg

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Meghalaya, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Tura
|latin = Dioecesis Turana
|country = [[India]]
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Shillong|Shillong]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Shillong|Shillong]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|cathedral = Cathedral of Mary Help of Christians in [[Tura, Meghalaya]]
|cocathedral =
|established = 1 March 1973
|area_km2 = 8,500
|population =
1,177,748
|population_as_of = 2020
|catholics = 326,716
|catholics_percent= 27.7
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = [[Andrew Marak]]
|auxiliary_bishops = [[Jose Chirakal]]
|metro_archbishop = [[Victor Lyngdoh]]
|coadjutor =
|local=|image=|coat=|flag=|territory=|headquarters=|denomination=|parishes=|churches=|sui_iuris_church=|founded=|dissolved=|patron=|language=
|map=Map of Roman Catholic Diocese of Tura.png

}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Tura''' ({{langx|la|Dioecesis Turana}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Tura, India|Tura]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Shillong|Shillong]] in India.

==History==
* March 1, 1973: Established as Diocese of Tura from the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Shillong–Gauhati

==Bishops==
* [[Bishop]]s of Tura ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
** Bishop [[Oreste Marengo]], [[S.D.B.]] ([[Apostolic Administrator]] June 26, 1969 – January 12, 1979)
** Bishop [[George Mamalassery]] (January 12, 1979 – April 21, 2007)
** Bishop Andrew Marak (April 21, 2007 – present)

===Coadjutor Bishop===
*[[Andrew Marak]] (2004-2007)

===Auxiliary Bishop===
*[[Jose Chirackal]] (2020-)

==Saints and causes for canonisation==
* Servant of God Bishop [[Oreste Marengo]], SDB<ref name="CCBI">{{Cite web|url=http://ccbi.in/saints-blessed/|title=Saints & Blessed – CCBI|accessdate=Oct 17, 2019}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/tura0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dtura.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{coord|25.5259|N|90.2215|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roman Catholic Diocese of Tura}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India|Tura]]
[[Category:Christianity in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Tura, Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1973|Tura]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Meghalaya]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

Gajoldoba

2025-07-22T10:39:25Z

DeangeloKater: starting a stub...

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gajoldoba
| other_name = Gojaldoba
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.7515|N|88.5856|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2644
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 735133
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03562
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Rajganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajganj]]
| website = {{URL|jalpaiguri.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gajoldoba''' or '''Gojaldoba''' is a village at the [[Rajganj (community development block)|Rajganj]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] of the [[Jalpaiguri district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=410| height=350| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|26|50|0|N|88|44|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places and tea estates in Malbabazar subdivision (including Mal, Nagrakata and Matiali CD blocks) in Jalpaiguri district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate, JRS: junction railway station Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|52|30|N|88|44|10|E}}| label-pos1=top|label1= Malbazar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Malbazar]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|53|1|N|88|47|53|E}}| label-pos2=top|label2=Chalsa| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Chalsa, India]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|52|6|N|88|48|16|E}}| label-pos3=bottom|label3= Mangalbari| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Mangalbari]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|43|6|N|88|45|57|E}}| label-pos4=bottom|label4= Lataguri| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Lataguri]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|56|49|N|88|48|44|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5= Matelli| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Matialihat]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|52|20|N|88|37|17|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6= Odlabari| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Odlabari]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|50|20|N|88|37|1|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7= Dakshin Odlabari| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Dakshin Odlabari]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|53|57|N|88|35|4|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Bagrakote| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Bagrakote]] (R)|shape-color8= #A42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|50|20|N|88|47|43|E}}| label-pos9=bottom|label9=Batabari TG| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Batabari Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color9= #A42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|52|10|N|88|40|1|E}}| label-pos10=top|label10=Dam Dim| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Dam Dim]] (R)|shape-color10= #A42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|45|5|N|88|35|8|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Gajoldoba| numbered11=R| mark-title11= Gajoldoba (R)|shape-color11=black| label-size11=13|label-color11=black 
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|54|33|N|88|43|39|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Gurjangjhora TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Gurjangjhora Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color12= #A42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|50|15|N|88|49|31|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Murti| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Murti, Jalpaiguri]] (R)|shape-color13= #A42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|53|12|N|88|54|55|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Nagrakata| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Nagrakata]] (R)|shape-color14= #A42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|59|24|N|88|48|42|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Samsing| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Samsing]] (R)|shape-color15= #A42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|51|52|N|88|54|23|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16=Sulkapara| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Sulkapara]] (R)|shape-color16= #A42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|56|30|N|88|46|14|E}}| label-pos17=left|label17=Zurantee TG| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Zurantee Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color17= #A42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|55|13|N|88|41|3|E}}| label-pos18= left |label18= Meenglas TE | numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[Meenglas and Leesh River Tea Estates]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B
|mark-coord19={{coord|26|51|34|N|88|35|21|E}}| label-pos19= left |label19= Leesh River TE | numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[Meenglas and Leesh River Tea Estates]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B
|mark-coord20={{coord|26|58|0|N|88|55|10|E}}| label-pos20= bottom |label20= Hope TE | numbered20=TE| mark-title20= [[Hope and Jiti Tea Estates]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B
|mark-coord21={{coord|26|58|54|N|88|55|39|E}}| label-pos21= right |label21= Jiti TE | numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[Hope and Jiti Tea Estates]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B
|mark-coord22={{coord|26|57|47|N|88|46|59|E}}| label-pos22= left |label22= Chalouni TE | numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[Chalouni, Aibheel and Chalsa Tea Estates]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|55|0|N|88|47|10|E}}| label-pos23= right |label23= Aibheeli TE | numbered23=TE| mark-title23= [[Chalouni, Aibheel and Chalsa Tea Estates]] (TE)| shape-color23=#87A96B
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|56|3|N|88|50|15|E}}| label-pos24= right |label24= Chalsa TE | numbered24=TE| mark-title24= [[Chalouni, Aibheel and Chalsa Tea Estates]] (TE)| shape-color24=#87A96B
|mark-coord25={{coord|26|46|20|N|88|48|0|E}}| label-pos25=bottom|label25=Gorumara |labela25= National| labelb25= Park| numbered25=NP| mark-title25= [[Gorumara National Park]] (NP)| shape-color25=#228B22
|mark-coord26={{coord|26|54|20|N|88|51|18|E}}| label-pos26=bottom|label26=Chapramari |labela26= Wildlife| labelb26= Sanctuary| numbered26=NP| mark-title26= [[Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary]] (NP)| shape-color26=#228B22
|mark-coord27={{coord|26|39|40|N|88|38|40|E}}|label27= Teesta River| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=60| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27=none
|mark-coord28={{coord|26|49|0|N|88|57|0|E}}|label28= Gatia River| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=-45| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28=none
|mark-coord29={{coord|26|41|0|N|88|53|0|E}}|label29= Jaldhaka River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=80| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|27|1|0|N|88|55|0|E}}|arc-textA= BHUTAN| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=20| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
Gajoldoba is located at {{coord|26.7515|N|88.5856|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
[[Gorumara National Park]] has overtaken traditionally popular [[Jaldapara National Park]] in footfall and [[Malbazar]] has emerged as one of the most important towns in the [[Dooars]]. Malbazar subdivision is presented in the map alongside. It is a predominantly rural area with 88.62% of the population living in rural areas and 11.32% living in the urban areas.<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = https://jalpaiguri.gov.in/district-profile| title = Jalpaiguri | work =District Profile | publisher = District administration |accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 13 July 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> Tea gardens in the [[Dooars]] and [[Terai]] regions produce 226 million kg or over a quarter of India's total tea crop.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.indiatea.org/tea_growing_regions |title = Tea Growing Regions | work= Dooars and Terai|publisher= Indian Tea Association | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.teaboard.gov.in/TEABOARDCSM/MTA=|title = Dooars-Terai |publisher= Tea Board India | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref> Some tea gardens were identified in the 2011 census as [[census town]]s or villages.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> Such places are marked in the map as CT (census town) or R (rural/ urban centre). Specific tea estate pages are marked TE.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Gojaldoba Tea Garden had a total population of 5,184. There were 2,680 (52%) males and 2,054 (48%) females. There were 687 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Gojaldoba Tea Garden was 3,166 (70.40% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks| publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 8 July 2020}}</ref>

==Tourism==
[[File:Gajoldoba Barrage on Teesta river in Gajoldoba 13.jpg|thumb|Gajoldoba Barrage on Teesta river]]
In 1985, '''The Teesta Barrage''' was built here by [[Jessop & Company| Jessop]] for [[irrigation]] purposes, with its reservoir becoming both a popular tourist attraction and a [[bird watching]] centre.

'''The Baikunthapur Forest''', surrounding the reservoir, is said to have been chosen by [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] and his principal wife and queen '''Rukmani''' as their hiding place.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jalpaiguri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Jalpaiguri district]]

Van Vigyan Kendra

2025-07-22T04:10:31Z

DeangeloKater: General cleanup and content improvements

{{redirect|VVK|Voorzieningsfonds voor Kunstenaars|Artist subsidy (Netherlands)}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
'''Van Vigyan Kendra''' ('''VVK''')<ref name="icfre">{{cite web|url=http://www.icfre.org/pdf_files/6%20Shatabdi%20Van%20Vigyan%20Kendra%20and%20Photo%20Gallery.pdf|date=28 March 2012|title=Shatabdi Van Vigyan Kendra and Photo Gallery|access-date=2014-10-05}}</ref><ref name="sfri">{{cite web|url=http://sfri.nic.in/chessa.htm|title=Research Centres|publisher=sfri.nic.in|access-date=2014-10-05}}</ref><ref name="icfre2">{{cite web|url=http://www.icfre.org/UserFiles/File/Annual-Report-2010-11-English/Extension-Panorama.pdf|date=21 September 2012|title=Extension Panorama|access-date=2014-10-05}}</ref> or '''Forest Science Centres''' ('''FSC''') has been established by [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]] (ICFRE)<ref name="icfre3">{{cite web|url=http://www.icfre.org//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020811000115/http://www.icfre.org/|archive-date=2002-08-11|url-status=dead|title=Welcome to Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India - An Autonomous Body of Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India.|access-date=2014-10-05}}</ref> of the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]],<ref name="iteenvfor">{{cite web|url=http://envfor.nic.in/|title=Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India|publisher=envfor.nic.in|access-date=2014-10-05}}</ref> [[Government of India|Govt. of India]]. It intends to help disseminate various technologies developed by farmers, forest based industries and forest research institutes.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Dimensions of Wastelands Development: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Wastelands Development, New Delhi, 1986|author=Yadav, H.R.|date=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing House|isbn=9788170222644|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yg598bWV_rcC|page=181|access-date=2014-10-05}}</ref>

==Functions==
The '''Van Vigyan Kendra''' caters to the needs of field research of [[silviculture]], tree improvement, soil & water conservation techniques, and [[afforestation]] techniques for [[Soil salinity|saline land]], techniques for forestry extension, [[organic farming]] and [[compost]]ing techniques, sustainable land-use systems and introduction and evaluation of both [[Forest produce (India)|timber and non-timber species]].

There will be emphasis on developing superior planting material to enhance the productivity of [[Seedling]]s, which will aid the people associated with [[forestry]] and agriculture.

A number of trainings were provided on various themes including Awareness programme on Forestry Research and its utilization and protection of [[forest]]s.

As of 17 November 2021, a total of 15 people have been selected to undergo a certificate training course on forest fire management under the Department of Environment & Forest, with the guidance of the officers of Arunachal Pradesh Forest Corporation Ltd (APFCL). Trainers and experts from various institutions of the state, including those from the Department of Forest Research Institute, NERIST, Forest department, APFC Ltd, '''''Van Vigyan Kendra (VVK)''''' and others will impart training on the subject.

==See also==
* [[Chipko movement]]
* [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]] (ICFRE)
* [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)]]
* [[Social forestry in India]]
* [[Krishi Vigyan Kendra Kannur|Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) Kannur]] (Agriculture Science Centre)
* [[List of forest research institutes in India]]
* [[Rain Forest Research Institute]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sfri.org/chessa.htm Van Vigyan Kendra (VVK), Chessa]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.uasbangalore.edu.in/index.php/extension/krishi-vigyan-kendra Krishi Vigyan Kendra, KVK (Agriculture Science Centres)]

[[Category:Forestry agencies in India]]
[[Category:Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]
[[Category:Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]

Kutub Inamdar

2025-05-24T22:27:54Z

DeangeloKater: Started new data

{{short description|Indian film editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kutub Inamdar
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film editor]]|[[cinematographer]]}}
| years_active = 2009–present
| notable_works = ''[[Pistulya]]'' (2009) ''[[Sairat]]'' (2016) ''[[Jhund (film)|Jhund]]'' (2022)
}}

'''Kutub Inamdar''' is an Indian film editor and cinematographer mostly edited [[Marathi Films|Marathi films]]. He is best known for ''[[Sairat]]'' (2016), ''[[Jhund (film)|Jhund]]'' (2022), ''[[Ghar Banduk Biryani]]'' (2023). He was nominated for Best Editing at the [[3rd Filmfare Awards Marathi]] for ''[[Sairat]]''.

== Career ==
Kutub Inamdar began his career in 2009 with a short film, ''[[Pistulya]]'',<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ilc9XwWjLUC |title=Rāshtrīya Filma Puraskāra |date=2017 |publisher=Directorate of Advertising & Visual Publicity, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India for the Directorate of Film Festivals |language=hi}}</ref> his first collaboration with [[Nagraj Manjule]] before ''[[Sairat]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jagannath |first=J. |title=Who does Nagraj Manjule think he is? |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/who-does-nagraj-manjule-think-he-is/20160616.htm |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022 Kutub Inamdar was the editor of the miniseries ''Unpaused: Naya Safar'' (''a sequel to [[Unpaused]]'')''.'' Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' stated "Writers Manjule and Sudhir Kulkarni, cinematographer Harshvardhan Waghdhare and editor Kutub Inamdar build up a hypnotic rhythm before opening out the story to Vikas’s worst fears."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2022-01-21 |title='Unpaused: Naya Safar' review: Facing the pandemic eyes wide open |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1015443/unpaused-naya-safar-review-a-vastly-improved-sequel-to-the-pandemic-themed-series |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
|2009
|''[[Pistulya]]''
|[[short film]]; also cinematoghrapher
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-26 |title=Reel inspiration: Paywat makes it to Ravenna International Short Film Festival |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/reel-inspiration-paywat-makes-it-to-ravenna-international-short-film-festival-2770258/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Sairat]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairat: A brave new film |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/a-brave-new-film-116052701482_1.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=[[Business Standard]] |language=en |quote=The editing by '''Kutub Inamdar''' is taut.}}</ref>
|-
|''Paywat: The Road Less Travelled''
|short film; cinematographer
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-26 |title=Reel inspiration: Paywat makes it to Ravenna International Short Film Festival |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/reel-inspiration-paywat-makes-it-to-ravenna-international-short-film-festival-2770258/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|-
|2017
|''Pimpal''
|
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Pavsacha Nibandh]]''
|short film
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.mumbaifilmfestival.com/images/archive/festival%20catalogues/Festival%20Catalogue%202018.pdf |title=Pavsacha Nibandh |date=2023-12-19 |publisher=[[Mumbai Film Festival]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Jhund (film)|Jhund]]''
|[[Hindi film]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |date=2023-04-06 |title=Jhund's Formulaic Hindi Film Touches Flatten Nagraj Manjule's Voice |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/jhund-movie-review-amitabh-bachchan-jhunds-formulaic-hindi-film-touches-flatten-nagraj-manjules-voice |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=[[FilmCompanion]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Unpaused Naya Safar''
|Miniseries
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2023
|''[[Ghar Banduk Biryani]]''
|Released in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-01 |title='Before release, I used to discreetly carry Sairat's songs like bombs': Nagraj Manjule launches music of 'Ghar Banduk Biryani' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/before-release-discreetly-carry-sairats-songs-like-bombs-nagraj-manjule-launches-music-ghar-banduk-biryani-8472732/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|TBA
|{{Pending film|Frame}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=In single day Photojournalists experience multiple worlds |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1879117 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadhav |first=Devendra |date=2023-11-11 |title=Nagraj Manjule: पत्रकारांच्या जगण्यावर भाष्य? नागराज मंजुळेंचा आगामी सिनेमा 'फ्रेम', या अभिनेत्याची प्रमुख भुमिका |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/nagraj-manjule-new-marathi-movie-frame-with-amey-wagh-teaser-out-with-naal-2-drj96 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Sakal |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominated work
!Result
!Ref(s)
|-
|2015
|[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Editing – Marathi|Best Editing]]
|''[[Sairat]]''
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the Jio Filmfare Awards Marathi 2017 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-jio-filmfare-award-marathi-2017_-24704.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Twitter|id=InamdarKutub}}
* {{IMDb name|id=7827191}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Inamdar, Kutub}}
[[Category:Indian film editors]]
[[Category:Marathi film editors]]
[[Category:Marathi film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian cinematographers]]
[[Category:Film editors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]