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Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

2026-05-07T05:04:31Z

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{{short description|2013 Indian film directed by Milan Luthria}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara!
| image = Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara!.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt = The bust of the title character, Shoaib Khan Akshay Kumar) wearing black full frame sunglasses consisting of the reflection from streetlights dotting the coast line of the city and a black suit and a purple and violet striped shirt underneath holding a gun in his hand occupies a significant portion of the poster, mostly left and lower-front. In this case, the city being Mumbai, or Bombay as it was known in the period in which the film is set in. The other male lead of the film is facing front wearing a denim jacket, saffron shirt and stylised sunglasses holding his shirt-collar up with a woman breaking into laughter resting on his chest looking upwards. The backdrop consists of verandahs of ''chawls'' of Mumbai and a waxing crescent moon in the sky. The title logo of the film and credits below.
| director = [[Milan Luthria]]
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| writer = [[Rajat Arora]]
| starring = {{ubl|
* [[Akshay Kumar]]
* [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]]
* [[Sonakshi Sinha]]
}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Pritam]] [[Anupam Amod]] [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] '''Background Score:''' [[Sandeep Shirodkar]]
| cinematography = [[Ayananka Bose]]
| editing = [[Akiv Ali]]
| studio =
| distributor = [[Balaji Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2013|08|15|ref1=<ref name="release date" />|df=yes}}
| runtime = 152 minutes<ref name="Runtime">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2013 |title=''Once Upon a TIME IN MUMBAI – DOBAARA!'' (12A) |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/once-upon-ay-time-mumbai-%E2%80%93-dobaara-film |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130814121301/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/once-upon-ay-time-mumbai-%E2%80%93-dobaara-film |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 August 2013 |access-date=14 August 2013 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |publisher=bbfc.co.uk}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|85 [[crore]]|link=yes}}<ref name="Maniar">{{Cite web |last=Maniar |first=Parag |date=21 August 2013 |title=Ekta Kapoor blames Shah Rukh Khan for OUATIMD failure |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ekta-Kapoor-blames-Shah-Rukh-Khan-for-Once-Upon-A-Time-In-Mumbai-Dobara-failure-at-the-box-office/articleshow/21949494.cms |access-date=25 August 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|91.7 crore|link=yes}}<ref name="boi2">{{Cite web |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobaara! – Movie |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1418 |access-date=25 August 2016 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>
}}

'''''Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara!''''' ({{translation|Once Upon a time in [[Mumbai]] again}}; {{IPA|hi|doːbaːra}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[gangster film]] directed by [[Milan Luthria]] and produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] and [[Shobha Kapoor]]. A sequel to 2010's ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai]]'', the film stars [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Imran Khan (film actor)|Imran Khan]] and [[Sonakshi Sinha]], with [[Sonali Bendre]] in a special appearance. The film's title is an [[Sensational spelling|intentional misspelling]] of "Once Upon a time in Mumbai Dobaara", done in accordance with Ekta's belief in numerology and astrology.

Filming began on 27 August 2012 in [[Mumbai]], with filming moving to [[Oman]] in September, becoming the first major Indian production filmed in the sultanate. Footage was shot on the beach in [[Qantab]], [[Qurum]], and at the [[Shangri-La's Barr Al Jissah Resort & Spa]] in [[Muscat]]. The film's [[visual effects]] (VFX) were by [[Reliance MediaWorks]], and a team of 40 artists [[Augmented reality|augmented]] 600 digital shots in one month. The live action sequences were filmed with [[Red Digital Cinema Camera Company|RED]] and [[Arri]]'s [[Arri Alexa|Alexa]] [[Digital cinematography|digital motion-picture camera]]. ''Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara!'' was well-promoted, and the film's second trailer was shown on prime-time slots on four television channels. Hollywood actor [[Al Pacino]] was shown the theatrical trailer for the film.

The film was released worldwide on 15 August 2013, on the eve of [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day in India]]. This was later scheduled to avoid clashing with [[Shah Rukh Khan]]'s ''[[Chennai Express]]'', which was released on 9 August.<ref name="release date">{{Cite web |date=12 June 2013 |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Returns Postponed by a Week |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=5752&nCat= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204132443/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=5752&nCat= |archive-date=4 December 2013 |access-date=18 December 2013 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> ''Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara!'' received mixed to negative reviews from critics, and became a box-office failure,<ref name=":3" /> grossing {{INR|91.7 crore|link=yes}}<ref name="boi2"/> against a budget of {{INR|85 crore|link=yes}}.<ref name="Maniar"/>

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=June 2024}}
The film begins [[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai|where its predecessor ended]], with reigning don Shoaib Khan earning respect after his mentor, Sultan Mirza handed over his power to Shoaib in 1975, only to be assassinated by him as revenge for a public humiliation immediately after.

Twelve years later, in 1987, Khan is still a charismatic, suave womaniser, who has extended his empire to the Middle East. His only friends are Javed (who oversees his illegal work), his former love Mumtaz, and Aslam, a teenager Khan met during a visit to the slums in which he grew up.

An older Khan returns to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] to kill Rawal, who opposed his ambition to take the reins in Bombay. Although the city was his first love, rising starlet Jasmine wins his heart. Khan advances Jasmine's career by rigging awards, and showers her with gifts; he becomes obsessed with her. He sends Aslam and another trustworthy aide, Jimmy, to kill Rawal. Jimmy fails, accidentally killing his girlfriend, Mona, and flees. He is soon captured by the police, hot on Khan's trail after learning about his arrival in Bombay. Jimmy, loyal to Khan, does not crack during his interrogation and is freed due to lack of evidence. The police intend to draw Khan out from hiding; he has eluded them for twelve years, and this is their last chance to take him on Indian soil.

Khan, suspicious that Jimmy has become a police informer, decides to kill him but Aslam offers to do the deed to deflect police attention. He, Dedh Tang and several thugs masquerade as rival biker gangs and stage a brawl. Plain-clothes police officers try to control the chaos when Aslam corners Jimmy. When a police officer stops Aslam, Khan appears out of nowhere, murders Jimmy and injures the policeman. A chase ensues; the police fail to catch the two, who escape in Khan's Mercedes.

Although Khan has bought Jasmine a house, she rejects his advances, saying that she has never seen him as being more than a friend. Angry and disappointed, Khan slaps her and tells her to leave. He angrily destroys the set of the film she is cast in, leaving with her a twenty-four-hour deadline to accept his proposal. Jasmine returns home to see that Khan has filled her house with expensive presents. Her mother is taken aback when Jasmine explains that Khan is a gangster with whom she'd prefer not to associate. Her family questions the sense in rejecting a man as powerful and dangerous as Khan.

Aslam arrives at the address Khan has given him and, much to his shock, sees Jasmine walking towards his car. Initially angry that he is still following her, the two realise that they have been caught up in a complicated affair – that Aslam, unbeknownst to Jasmine, works for Khan, and that Jasmine was the one he had been sent to pick up. Before either can speak, a car containing Rawal and his henchmen arrives at a distance. Rawal shoots Jasmine, having learned of her relationship with Khan and hoping that hurting her lure the gangster into a vulnerable position.

Jasmine remains unconscious at the hospital as Khan arrives. He accuses Aslam of being in love with his fiancée – an accusation which Aslam denies as Khan reveals in an attempt to pacify Aslam that he has masterminded a plan to murder Rawal and ensure his own dominance over the Mumbai underworld. Khan intends to fabricate a story of him feuding with Aslam to tempt Rawal and his rivals into contacting Aslam. The "news" reaches Rawal, who seems delighted at the prospect of being able to turn Khan's right-hand man against him.

When Rawal calls Aslam at the hospital, Aslam, now fully aware of Khan's feelings towards Jasmine, seems unsure whether to abide by Khan's plan. He reluctantly provides Rawal with an address, ending the phone call by telling him to "murder the bastard". Khan, lying in wait outside the address with a sniper rifle, kills Rawal and his henchmen when they arrive. Khan, having consolidated power, savours his victory and walks into a police station undeterred as a taunt to law enforcement. However, Dedh Tang accidentally reveals Aslam's feelings for Jasmine in the midst of celebration. Khan, infuriated, diverts the car to the hospital to confront Aslam, who has continued to stay with Jasmine as she recovers from being shot by Rawal. Knowing that his friend is in danger, Dedh Tang honks the horn of the car repeatedly after Shoaib and his henchmen enter the building, alerting Aslam to the danger and giving him time to escape. Entering to see an empty bed where Jasmine had before been laying, Khan realises that Dedh Tang had given him away.

Khan sends his aide Akbar to kill Aslam after he and Jasmine flee to Aslam's uncle's restaurant in [[Dongri]]. Aslam assures Jasmine that Khan, though violent, would never hurt him. Their conversation is interrupted by a car's horn honking – running outside, Aslam is ambushed by Akbar after discovering the body of Dedh Tang, who has been killed by Shoaib for aiding the couple in their escape. Aslam, though injured and initially losing the fight, kills Akbar with a shovel. He calls Khan to tell him that the murder of Dedh Tang has, in effect, erased his deep-seated loyalty to his former boss. Khan responds by telling Aslam that sending Akbar was a mistake, as he must be the one to kill the man he views as also having betrayed him by "stealing" Jasmine.

Aslam and Khan confront one another as the police, having been alerted to Khan's location by a storekeeper, descend upon [[Dongri]]. Shoaib rains down blows and insults upon Aslam, urging him to defend himself in front of Jasmine. Nevertheless, Aslam, who still feels indebted and bound to Khan, does not fight back until Inspector Sawant appears through the gathered crowd – even then, Aslam only pushes Khan away so that Khan is not shot by the officer. Reacting quickly, Khan draws a pistol of his own and shoots Sawant before turning his weapon on Jasmine and Aslam. Jasmine, through tears and while holding a bleeding Aslam, tells Khan that he is truly evil and will never have her love. Khan seems to recognise the truth in her words as he drops his weapon and stares at the couple. Just then, more police officers arrive on the scene and open fire on Khan, who, now injured, is dragged away by Javed. He and Aslam, both alive but bloodied, lock eyes and reach out for another, having finally put aside their differences.

In the last scene, a bullet-ridden, dejected Khan reads a letter in Urdu he was unable to give Jasmine in the [[Ship#Holds, compartments, and the superstructure|cargo hold]] of a ship leaving the city forever.

== Cast ==
* [[Akshay Kumar]] as Shoaib Khan, the main antagonist (based on [[Dawood Ibrahim]]), replacing [[Emraan Hashmi]] from the original
* [[Imran Khan (film actor)|Imran Khan]] as Aslam Siddiqui
* [[Sonakshi Sinha]] as Jasmine Sheikh (based on [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]])
* [[Sonali Bendre]] as Mumtaz, replacing [[Prachi Desai]] from the original (special appearance)
* [[Sarfaraz Khan (actor)|Sarfaraz Khan]] as Javed, replacing Mehul Bhojak from the original
* [[Abhimanyu Singh]] as ACP Ashish Sawant
* [[Kurush Deboo]] as Stylo tailor manager
* [[Pitobash Tripathy]] as Dedh Taang
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] as Jimmy
* [[Sophie Choudry]] as Ayesha Dixit
* [[Tiku Talsania]] as Tayyab Ali
* [[Ajay Devgn]] as Sultan Mirza (archive footage)
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as Rawal, Shoaib's Enemy
* [[Vidya Malvade]] in a cameo as Mona, Rawal's girlfriend
* [[Vidya Balan]] in a cameo appearance as Salma<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2013 |title=Vidya Balan to do cameo in Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/vidya-balan-to-do-cameo-in-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbai-dobaara/1155322/ |access-date=16 October 2013 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2013 |title=Vidya Balan charms in Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara surprise cameo : Bollywood, News |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vidya-balan-in-a-cameo-in-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-dobaara-173960-2013-08-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131223131108/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/vidya-balan-in-a-cameo-in-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-dobaara/1/299735.html |archive-date=23 December 2013 |access-date=16 October 2013 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2013 |title=Vidya Balan's surprise cameo in 'Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobara' |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130816/entertainment-bollywood/article/vidya-balans-surprise-cameo-once-upon-time-mumbaai-dobara |access-date=16 October 2013 |website=Deccan Chronicle |archive-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017065104/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130816/entertainment-bollywood/article/vidya-balans-surprise-cameo-once-upon-time-mumbaai-dobara |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Amanda Rosario]] as dancer in an [[item number]] "Tu Hi Khwahish"
* [[Hazel Crowney]] as dancer in an [[item girl|item number]] "Tu Hi Khwahish"
* [[Nazea Hasan Sayed]] as Jasmine's sister

== Production ==

=== Filming ===
[[File:Shangri La resort in Muscat.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Large hotel pool, with trees in foreground and ocean in background|The [[Shangri-La's Barr Al Jissah Resort & Spa|Shangri-La hotel]] where most of the Oman portion of the film was shot.]]
Tanuj Garg, CEO of Balaji Motion Pictures, announced on Twitter that principal photography began on 27 August 2012 in Mumbai.<ref name="Shooting begins">{{Cite web |date=27 August 2012 |title=Today we commence the shoot of 'Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai 2', starring @akshaykumar, @sonakshisinha, Imran Khan & Sonali Bendre ! |url=https://twitter.com/search?q=Today%20we%20commence%20the%20shoot%20of%20%22Once%20Upon%20A%20Time%20In%20Mumbaai%202%22%2C%20starring%20%40akshaykumar%20%2C%20%40sonakshisinha%20%2C%20Imran%20Khan%20%26amp%3B%20Sonali%20Bendre%20!&src=typd |access-date=18 December 2013 |website=Tanuj Garg |publisher=Twitter}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=July 2018}} Female lead Sonakshi Sinha joined the cast and crew two days later after completing her previous film, ''[[Son of Sardaar]]'', with [[Ajay Devgn]].<ref name="Sonakshi starts shoot">{{Cite news |date=30 August 2012 |title=Sonakshi begins shooting for Once Upon... sequel |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Sonakshi-begins-shooting-for-Once-Upon-sequel/Article1-921914.aspx |url-status=dead |access-date=18 December 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131223132113/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Sonakshi-begins-shooting-for-Once-Upon-sequel/Article1-921914.aspx |archive-date=23 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2012 |title=Sonakshi Sinha begins shooting for Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai sequel |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/sonakshi-sinha-begins-shooting-for-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-sequel-260850 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115224443/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/sonakshi-sinha-begins-shooting-for-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-sequel-260850 |archive-date=15 November 2013 |access-date=18 December 2013 |website=[[Mid-Day]] |publisher=NDTV Movies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2012 |title=Sonakshi Sinha begins shooting for Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai sequel |work=India Today |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sonakshi-sinha-begins-shooting-for-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-sequel-114665-2012-08-28 |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131223131520/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sonakshi-sinha-begins-shooting-for-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-sequel/1/215186.html |archive-date=23 December 2013}}</ref> The overseas shooting schedule began in September in [[Oman]],<ref name="Oman Schedule">{{Cite web |last=Foreign Schedule |first=OUATIMD |title=Oman in September 2012 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-again/ |access-date=1 September 2012 |website=Unknown |publisher=Box office india |archive-date=11 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611031939/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-again/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> the first major Indian production filmed in the sultanate. Portions of the film were shot on a beach in [[Qantab]], on the [[corniche]] in [[Qurum]], and at the [[Shangri-La's Barr Al Jissah Resort & Spa]] in [[Muscat]].<ref name="Oman Choice">{{Cite web |date=8 October 2012 |title=Akshay-Sonakshi starrer Once Upon a TIME IN MUMBAAI sequel being shot in Oman |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/12/oct/08-news-akshay-sonakshi-starrer-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-sequel-being-shot-in-oman-101207.asp |access-date=18 December 2013 |website=Glamsham Editorial |publisher=Glamsham}}</ref><ref name="Oman Leg shooting">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2012 |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai 2' shooting takes place in Oman |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-2-shooting-takes-place-in-oman/299717-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227204829/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-2-shooting-takes-place-in-oman/299717-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=18 December 2013 |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref><ref name="OUATIMD in Oman">{{Cite web |date=11 August 2013 |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaraa expected to boost Oman tourism |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Once-Upon-A-Time-in-Mumbai-Dobaraa-expected-to-boost-Oman-tourism/Article1-1106542.aspx?htse0022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225061555/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Once-Upon-A-Time-in-Mumbai-Dobaraa-expected-to-boost-Oman-tourism/Article1-1106542.aspx?htse0022 |archive-date=25 December 2013 |access-date=18 December 2013 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> When director [[Milan Luthria]] became ill with a virus, shooting was postponed for three days. To make up the lost time Luthria persuaded Kumar to work on two consecutive Sundays, the first time he had worked on a Sunday since [[Priyadarshan]]'s 2006 ''[[Bhagam Bhag]]''.<ref name="Akshay works on Sunday">{{Cite web |date=9 April 2013 |title=Akshay Kumar Breaks Rule for 'Once Upon a Time in Mumbai 2'; Shoots on Sunday After 7 Years |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/455094/20130409/akshay-kumar-ouatim-sunday-shahrukh-chennai-express.htm |access-date=18 December 2013 |website=Indian Business Times}}</ref> The remainder of the film was shot on location in Khala, on the [[Sassoon Docks]] and at Mukesh Mills in Mumbai.<ref name="Shoot wraps up in Jan 2013" /><ref name="OUATIMD wraps shoot in Jan 2013" /> The shoot was wrapped up by January 2013.<ref name="Shoot wraps up in Jan 2013">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2012 |title=Once Upon a Time Again wraps in January |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/once-upon-a-time-again-wraps-in-january/1047601/ |access-date=18 December 2013 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="OUATIMD wraps shoot in Jan 2013">{{Cite web |last=OUATIMD shoot |first=in Mumbai and wraps up by January 2013 |title=Once Upon a Time Again wraps in January |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/once-upon-a-time-again-wraps-in-january/1047601 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105063719/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/once-upon-a-time-again-wraps-in-january/1047601 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=21 December 2012 |website=Screen correspondent}}</ref>

=== Effects ===
The film's [[visual effects]] (VFX) were by [[Reliance MediaWorks]], which also produced computer-generated imagery (CGI) for [[Balaji Motion Pictures]] and Luthria for its prequel, ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai]]'' ([[List of Bollywood films of 2010|2010]]).<ref name="VFX-1" /> Since the company was also generating VFX for the yet-unreleased ''[[Chennai Express]]'' ([[List of Bollywood films of 2013|2013]]) its roster of animators and [[Compositing|compositors]] was divided into two teams. The ''Once Upon {{not a typo|ay}} Time in Mumbai Dobaara!'' team consisted of 40 artists, who [[Augmented reality|augmented]] 600 digital shots in one month.<ref name="VFX-1">{{Cite web |title=Deconstructing the 'VFX' of Once Upon a Time in Mumbai – Slide 1 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/slideshows/slideshow-all-that-will-happen-on-kbc-this-holi/ |access-date=28 August 2013 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=28 February 2007 }}</ref> Luthria informed the company that ''Dobaara!'' was set during the 1980s, with car chases requiring visual effects. About 25 percent were shot against [[chroma key]] backgrounds, since they would have been difficult to film otherwise.<ref name="VFX-2">{{Cite web |title=Deconstructing the 'VFX' of Once Upon a Time in Mumbai – Slide 2 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/slideshows/slideshow-all-that-will-happen-on-kbc-this-holi/ |access-date=28 August 2013 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=28 February 2007 }}</ref> Scenes in the [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium]] in the [[United Arab Emirates]] were recreated [[3D modeling|three-dimensionally]] with polygonal modelling in [[Autodesk Maya]] instead of the [[Rotoscoping|live-action plates]] used for shots in Muscat.<ref name="VFX-3" /> [[Adobe Photoshop]] and [[ZBrush]] were used to add texture to matte paintings in the background and the [[3D modeling|3D models]].<ref name="VFX-3" /> Outdoor shots in Mumbai (such as Colaba Causeway and Ballard Pier) were replaced by interior and exterior live-action plates from Oman.<ref name="VFX-3">{{Cite web |title=Deconstructing the 'VFX' of Once Upon a Time in Mumbai – Slide 3 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/slideshows/slideshow-all-that-will-happen-on-kbc-this-holi/ |access-date=28 August 2013 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=28 February 2007 }}</ref> According to Sanjiv Naik, the film's VFX supervisor, the last few scenes were the most difficult ones to shoot. In the last scene where Khan is lying wounded in the cargo hold of a ship, the camera zooms out to reveal the word ''Mumbai''.<ref name="VFX-4" /> The VFX shot was captured in 2,000 frames which took 15 days to complete, with the camera panning out only 30 feet in reality.<ref name="VFX-4" /> Except for the interior shot of Kumar, the remaining shots were digital.<ref name="VFX-4">{{Cite web |title=Deconstructing the 'VFX' of Once Upon a Time in Mumbai – Slide 4 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/slideshows/slideshow-all-that-will-happen-on-kbc-this-holi/ |access-date=28 August 2013 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=28 February 2007 }}</ref> The live action was filmed with [[Red Digital Cinema Camera Company|RED]] and [[Arri]]'s [[Arri Alexa|Alexa]] [[Digital cinematography|digital motion-picture camera]].<ref name="VFX-2" />

=== Casting ===
[[Emraan Hashmi]], who appeared in the original film, was initially chosen to play the lead role. However, Luthria was looking for an older actor and chose Kumar for the role of Shoaib Khan (based on [[Dawood Ibrahim]]). In February 2012 it was announced that there were two male leads in the film, the second said to be [[Shahid Kapoor]], but the following month [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]] was confirmed as the second male lead.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2012 |title=Imran Khan bags 'Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai 2' |work=indiaglitz.com |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/79182.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312012448/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/79182.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 March 2012 |access-date=18 December 2013}}</ref> Many actresses were considered for the female lead, including [[Ileana D'Cruz]], [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Kangana Ranaut]], [[Asin]], [[Sonam Kapoor]] and [[Deepika Padukone]], but in April it was reported that [[Sonakshi Sinha]] had been cast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 April 2012 |title=Sonakshi to star in 'Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai' sequel |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sonakshi-to-star-in-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-sequel-97831-2012-04-01 |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131223132319/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sonakshi-to-star-in-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-sequel/1/182691.html |archive-date=23 December 2013}}</ref> [[Sonali Bendre]] was also signed as a lead character in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 July 2012 |title=Sonali Bendre returns to films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Sonali-Bendre-returns-to-films/articleshow/14600938.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705101644/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-03/news-interviews/32509495_1_sonali-bendre-milan-luthria-chori-chori |url-status=live |archive-date=5 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2012 |title=Sonali Bendre to make her Bollywood return? |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/jun/280612-Sonali-Bendre-to-make-her-Bollywood-return.htm |access-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> The film marked Bendre's first role since ''[[Shankar Dada MBBS]]''. She did not charge her fees for the film as Sobha Kapoor, one of the producers of the film has been the friend of her mother-in-law for the past 40 years, and also out of gratitude for Luthria, who shot her first song ''Sambhala Hai Maine'' in the 1994 film ''[[Naaraaz (1994 film)|Naaraaz]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2013 |title=Bollywood News Sonali did not charge for OUATIMD |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1834130/Sonali-did-not-charge-for-OUATIMD |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228070028/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1834130/Sonali-did-not-charge-for-OUATIMD |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 December 2013 |access-date=27 December 2013 |website=Bollywood Hungama News Network }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 2013 |title=Haven't charged for 'Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobara': Sonali |publisher=CNN-IBN |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/havent-charged-for-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-dobara-sonali/399376-8.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630202122/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/havent-charged-for-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-dobara-sonali/399376-8.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2013 |access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> In November 2012, it was announced that the film was scheduled for release on [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]] 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 July 2012 |title=Sonali Bendre makes a comeback in films |publisher=mid-day.com |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/jul/030712-Sonali-Bendre-makes-a-comeback-in-films.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Geety Sahgal |date=4 January 2013 |title=Sonakshi to play a struggling actress in Once Upon ... |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sonakshi-to-play-a-struggling-actress-in-once-upon-.../1054057/ |access-date=10 March 2013 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Kumar revealed during the trailer launch of the film about having no aspirations to set new benchmarks on a role previously enacted by Hashmi.<ref name="On 8 Aug CE & OUATIMD">{{Cite news |date=30 May 2013 |title=Eid big enough for two films: Akshay Kumar |publisher=[[Zee News]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/eid-big-enough-for-two-films-akshay-kumar_135622.html |access-date=2 January 2014}}</ref> Khan in preparation for his role in the film drew inspiration from [[Jackie Shroff]] and [[Anil Kapoor]], copying their mannerisms, behaviour and dressing style by watching DVD's of films starring them produced in the 1980s. Back in those days copying mannerism of film stars drew appreciation from peers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2013 |title=Jackie, Anil inspire Imran's look in 'Once Upon a Time...' |publisher=CNN-IBN |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jackie-anil-inspire-imrans-look-in-once-upon-a-time/402484-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703040428/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jackie-anil-inspire-imrans-look-in-once-upon-a-time/402484-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 July 2013 |access-date=2 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 May 2013 |title='Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Again': Imran Khan learns Anil, Jackie's mannerisms |publisher=[[Zee News]] |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-again-imran-khan-learns-anil-jackie-s-mannerisms_135658.html |access-date=2 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2013 |title=Imran Khan Inspired By Anil Kapoor And Jackie Shroff For OUATIMA |url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/imran-khan-inspired-by-anil-kapoor-and-jackie-shroff-for-ouatima/ |access-date=2 January 2014 |website=Koimoi.com Team |publisher=Koimoi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2013 |title=Anil Kapoor, Jackie Shroff inspire Imran Khan |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/anil-kapoor-jackie-shroff-inspire-imran-khan/article1-1059352.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103081447/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Anil-Kapoor-Jackie-Shroff-inspire-Imran-Khan/Article1-1059352.aspx |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=2 January 2014 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2013 |title=Imran Khan took inspiration from Jackie Shroff for 'OUATIMD' |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/aug/020813-imran-khan-took-inspiration-from-jackie-shroff-for-ouatimd.htm |access-date=2 January 2014 |website=The Hitlist Team |publisher=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref>

== Promotion and distribution ==
[[File:Ashay Kumar and Sonakshi Sinha visiting the Dargah.jpg|thumb|alt=Man and woman, wearing white, in line with two other men|Akshay Kumar and Sonakshi Sinha visiting the [[Dargah Sharif|Ajmer Sharif]] to pray for the film's success]]
Akshay Kumar played a fictitious gangster based on Dawood Ibrahim. Kumar's character's look was revealed on a reality show on Aapka Colors. Kumar's entrance on the show was supposed to be accompanied by music after a scene from the prequel (choreographed by director Milan Luthria), followed by an action sequence.<ref name="Minor glitch during entry" /> The scene had a "minor glitch", believed to be a failed attempt to sabotage Kumar's entrance.<ref name="Minor glitch during entry" /> The scene was performed twice, taking a toll on Kumar's back and leading to the cancellation of a public appearance.<ref name="Minor glitch during entry">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2011 |title=Akshay's entry at awards suffers 'technical glitch' |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/feb/140211-Ekta-Kapoor-Akshay-Kumar-Once-Upon-A-Time-In-Mumbaai-2.htm |access-date=22 November 2013 |website=Upala KBR |publisher=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref> The film would reportedly feature a scene with Kumar watching a [[cricket]] match,<ref name="Trailer out and original release date">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2013 |title=TRAILER OUT: Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Again |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/TRAILER-OUT-Once-Upon-A-Time-in-Mumbaai-Again/Article1-1067724.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530065452/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/TRAILER-OUT-Once-Upon-A-Time-in-Mumbaai-Again/Article1-1067724.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2013 |access-date=21 November 2013 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref name="Trailer release and OR 2">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2013 |title=First Look: Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Again trailer is out! |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-again-trailer-164783-2013-05-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131223132813/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-again-trailer/1/273612.html |archive-date=23 December 2013 |access-date=21 November 2013 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 May 2013 |title='Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Again' first look: It's a battle for love |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-again-first-look-its-a-battle-for-love/394657-8-159.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208202145/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-again-first-look-its-a-battle-for-love/394657-8-159.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2013 |access-date=21 November 2013 |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 May 2013 |title='Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Again' trailer: Watch Akshay, Imran in new avatars! |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-again-trailer-watch-akshay-imran-in-new-avatars_135584.html |access-date=21 November 2013 |website=Zee Media Bureau |publisher=Zeenews.india.com}}</ref> but whether the match was between [[India cricket team|India]] and [[Pakistan cricket team|Pakistan]] at the Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium during the 1980s was unconfirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2012 |title=Akshay Kumar's Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai 2 entry is set in cricket match | NDTV Movies.com |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=275866&subcatg=&keyword=Bollywood&nid=275866 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216130714/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=275866&subcatg=&keyword=Bollywood&nid=275866 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 February 2013 |access-date=10 March 2013 |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com}}</ref> The first trailer premiered in Mumbai on 27 May 2013, where many of the film's outdoor scenes were shot.<ref>{{cite web |last=Akshay Kumar, Sonam Kapoor and Imran Khan |first=Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobara |title=Trailer launch |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/akshay-imran-sonakshi-launch-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-again-in-a-chawl/1122638/ |access-date=30 June 2013 |website=The Indian Express|date=30 May 2013 }}</ref> To promote the film, Kumar flew from New York (where he was on holiday with his family) to [[Birmingham]] to watch the India-Pakistan [[2013 ICC Champions Trophy|ICC Champions Trophy]] match on 15 June 2013 at Edgbaston Cricket Ground.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 June 2013 |title=Akshay Kumar to promote 'Once Upon...' at Indo-Pak cricket match |publisher=[[Zee News]] |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-to-promote-once-upon-at-indo-pak-cricket-match_136711.htm |access-date=5 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="Akshay flies to Edgbaston">{{cite web |last=Akshay to promote OUATIMD |first=in Indo-Pak match |title=ICC Champions Trophy: Akshay Kumar plays don at India-Pak match |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/icc-champions-trophy-2013/news/209323-icc-champions-trophy-akshay-kumar-plays-don-at-india-pak-match |access-date=16 June 2013 |website=NDTV india }}</ref> A second trailer of the film was released on 1 July 2013, with narration by Kumar's character (Shoaib Khan), revealing plot details such as the rivalry between Kumar's and Imran Khan's characters for Jasmine's love. The trailer described Khan as the film's [[antihero]], featuring action sequences between Shoaib Khan and Aslam ([[Imran Khan]]). Mohar Basu of Koimoi praised the second trailer, its background score, direction and action choreography, saying it "is even better than the film's first trailer" and has "an explosive impact on its audiences".<ref name="Trailer analysis of OUATIMD">{{Cite web |last=Second Trailer |first=Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobara |title=Trailer Analysis |url=http://www.koimoi.com/most-popular/trailer-analysis-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-dobaara/ |access-date=4 July 2013 |website=Mohar Basu |date=4 July 2013 |publisher=Koimoi}}</ref>

Producer Ekta Kapoor promoted the film's second trailer on 5 July 2013, buying prime-time (8 to 11 pm) slots on four television channels.<ref name="Prime time TV Slots">{{Cite web |last=Ekta Books TV slots |first=in Prime time TV |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobara trailer grabs TV slot worth crores |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Once-Upon-A-Time-In-Mumbaai-Dobara-trailer-grabs-TV-slot-worth-crores/Article1-1086232.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705001729/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Once-Upon-A-Time-In-Mumbaai-Dobara-trailer-grabs-TV-slot-worth-crores/Article1-1086232.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 July 2013 |access-date=3 July 2013 |website=Anirban Das}}</ref> She also spent 20 million rupees for a slot on a leading channel for a promotion for the film.<ref name="Ekta spends 20 million">{{Cite news |last=Ekta Kapoor spends 20 million rupees. |first=for OUATIMD |title=Chennai Express or OUATIMD; who stole the thunder? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Chennai-Express-or-OUATIMD-who-stole-the-thunder/articleshow/21672892.cms |access-date=7 August 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India|date=7 August 2013 }}</ref> Akshay Kumar, Sonakshi Sinha and Imran Khan (the three leads) promoted the film on ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]'', hosted by [[Kapil Sharma (comedian)|Kapil Sharma]]. The show was telecasted on 3 August 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akshay Kumar, Imran Khan, Sonakshi Sinha On 'Comedy Nights...' |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2013/once-upon-time-akshay-imran-sonakshi-comedy-nights-kapil-116295.html |access-date=3 August 2013 |website=Girija Narayan |publisher=One India |archive-date=5 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805124242/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2013/once-upon-time-akshay-imran-sonakshi-comedy-nights-kapil-116295.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Akshay Kumar, Imran Khan, Sonakshi Sinha promote 'OUATIM' at 'Comedy Nights with Kapil' |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130803/entertainment-bollywood/gallery/akshay-kumar-imran-khan-sonakshi-sinha-promote-ouatim-comedy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803055520/http://deccanchronicle.com/130803/entertainment-bollywood/gallery/akshay-kumar-imran-khan-sonakshi-sinha-promote-ouatim-comedy |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 August 2013 |access-date=3 August 2013 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Akshay, Sonakshi, Imran on Comedy Nights with Kapil |date=2 August 2013 |url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/akshay-sonakshi-imran-on-comedy-nights-with-kapil/ |access-date=2 August 2013 |publisher=Indicine}}</ref><ref name="comedy nights with Kapil with Akki, Imran, Sona & Kapil">{{Cite web |title=Reality shows lure SRK, Ranbir, Akshay & Priyanka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shahid-Kapoor-Ileana-Dcruz-Kaun-Banega-Crorepati-Phata-Poster-Nikla-Hero-Amitabh-Bachchan-Salman-Khan/etarticleshow/22760746.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009130441/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-06/news-interviews/42763372_1_comedy-nights-bigg-boss-7-small-screen |url-status=live |archive-date=9 October 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 October 2013 }}</ref> Kumar, Sinha, Khan, Kapoor and most of the other cast and crew visited the [[Dargah Sharif]] (a shrine to the Sufi saint [[Moinuddin Chishti]] in [[Ajmer]]) on Monday morning, 5 August, to pray for the film's success and the well-being of all involved.<ref name="C&C visit Dargah Sharif">{{Cite web |last=Cast Members of OUATIMD Visit |first=Ajmer Dargah |title=Sonakshi Sinha and Akshay Kumar visit Ajmer Sharif |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/sonakshi-sinha-and-akshay-kumar-visit-ajmer-sharif_140539.html |access-date=8 August 2013 |website=Zee Media Bureau |publisher=Zee News India}}</ref>

Hollywood actor [[Al Pacino]] enjoyed the film's promotion, saying that the promos and posters reminded him of ''[[The Godfather]]'' when business associate Barry Navidi showed him the theatrical trailer (Pacino portrayed [[Michael Corleone]], son of [[Vito Corleone]]).<ref name="The Godfather memories">{{Cite web |last=Al Pacino gives a nod to OUATIMD |first=Trailers, promos and poster |title=Al Pacino's thumbs up to Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobaara |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/al-pacino/ |access-date=29 July 2013 |website=Bollywood Hungama News Network }}</ref> Akshay Kumar said of Pacino's response: "A touch of appreciation is always held dearly in an actor's arms, even if it's from the simplest of people like our beloved spot boys. But to have your work spoken of so kindly by the world's most admired gangster Al Pacino himself – I had goose-bumps thinking about him watching the promo! I was so humbled, not only as an actor but as a fan of his legendary work. I pray he enjoys the final piece as much as he enjoyed the promo!"<ref name="The Godfather memories" /> Actor [[Rishi Kapoor]], on whom the original version of the song Tayyab Ali was picturised in ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'', praised Imran Khan's performance and the song after an impromptu meeting with Khan (who was concerned about comparisons between the versions) during a dubbing session for the film.<ref name="Rishi Kapoors approval">{{Cite news |last=Rishi Kapoors response to the |first=revamped version of Tayyab Ali |title=Rishi Kapoor appreciates new 'Tayyab Ali', Imran thrilled |work=The Times of India |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Rishi-Kapoor-appreciates-new-Tayyab-Ali-Imran-thrilled/articleshow/21621199.cms |access-date=6 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806154526/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Rishi-Kapoor-appreciates-new-Tayyab-Ali-Imran-thrilled/articleshow/21621199.cms |archive-date=6 August 2013}}</ref>

[[File:OUATIMD Logo.svg|thumb|200px|The Logo of the film containing the final title]]
The film's title has been changed several times. The media first referred to the production as ''Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai 2'', although it was earlier officially known as ''Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Again''.<ref name="Original name" /> Due to the producer's beliefs in [[astrology]] and [[numerology]], the film was renamed ''Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobara''<ref name="Original name">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2013 |title='Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Again' renamed, releasing on August 15 |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/jun/130613-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-again-dobara-august-15-release-chennai-express-bollywood.htm |access-date=21 November 2013 |publisher=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref> ("again" in Hindi). A "y" and an extra "a" were added, making it ''Once Upon {{not a typo|ay}} Time in Mumbai Dobaara!''.<ref name="Ekta">{{Cite news |last=The change of names along with the |first=reasons |title=Ekta Kapoor's obsession with numerology hits 'OUATIMD!' |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-05/news-interviews/40372416_1_mumbaai-milan-luthria-film |url-status=dead |access-date=5 July 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130815171702/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-05/news-interviews/40372416_1_mumbaai-milan-luthria-film |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=15 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2013 |title=WHAT'S IN A NAME? ASK THESE RECENT AND UPCOMING FILMS THAT HAVE PLAYED CHANGELING WITH THEIR TITLES |url=http://epaper.telegraphindia.com/detail/49081-164628265.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227224816/http://epaper.telegraphindia.com/detail/49081-164628265.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=27 December 2013 |website=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

It was promoted at the unveiling of a line of LED televisions by manufacturer [[Arise India]] with appearances by Kumar, Sinha, Khan and Kapoor.<ref name="Arise India Ltd. line of LED TV">{{Cite web |last=Neha Tomar |title=Akshay Kumar promotes OUATIM Dobaara with Arise India Ltd |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/filmi-party/bollywood/Akshay-Kumar-promotes-OUATIM-Dobaara-with-Arise-India-Ltd/articleshow/21708744.cms |access-date=8 August 2013 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In addition to visiting the Dargah Sharif and the Balaji shrine in South India to pray for the success of her films before their release, Kapoor fasted during [[Ramadan|Ramazan]] for the film's success and planned visits to Mumbai's Mohamed Ali Road to celebrate [[Iftar|iftaari]] and feed the poor.<ref name="Ekta2">{{cite web |title=Ekta Kapoor observes rozas for Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1926857 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224120426/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1926857 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=23 July 2013 |website=Bollywood Hungama News Network }}</ref> ''[[Chennai Express]]'' and ''Once Upon {{not a typo|ay}} Time in Mumbai Dobaara!'' were originally not scheduled for release by Pakistani distributors and exhibitors, but deals were finalised to release both films in Pakistan.<ref name="Pak Ban">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2013 |title=Pakistan bans SRK's Chennai Express and Akshay's Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai-2 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/pakistani-govt-shuns-chennai-express-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-2-159730-2013-04-22 |access-date=2 January 2014 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta Ritwika |title=Pakistan Bans SRK & Akki Films! |url=http://youthtimes.in/pakistan-bans-srk-akki-films/ |publisher=YouthTimes.in}}</ref> In an effort to discourage cinema audience from using Mobile phones at theatres with the help of a short-film featuring Kumar in his character, Shoaib Khan from the film. The short directed by Luthria was shown in [[PVR Cinemas]] from 31 May 2013 till the film's theatrical release.<ref name="Short film">{{cite news |date=3 June 2013 |title=Avoid using mobile phones in theatres, urges Akshay Kumar |publisher=[[Zee News]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/avoid-using-mobile-phones-in-theatres-urges-akshay-kumar_135969.html |access-date=2 January 2014}}</ref> The film was available on [[Netflix]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara! |url=https://www.netflix.com/in/title/70289558 |access-date=3 September 2019 |website=Netflix }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara! (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack of ''Once Upon {{not a typo|ay}} Time in Mumbai Dobaara!'' features five songs, with three of them were composed by [[Pritam]], and two of them by [[Anupam Amod]]. The latter also recreated the song "Tayyab Ali" which is originally composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal|Laxmikant-Pyarelal]] and written by [[Anand Bakshi]], from the 1977 film ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]''. The lyrics for all the songs were penned by [[Rajat Arora]], including the recreated version of "Tayyab Ali". The first single "Ye Tune Kya Kiya", sung by [[Javed Bashir]] and composed by [[Pritam]], was released on 13 June 2013,<ref>{{cite web |last=Pritam ft. Javed Bashir |first=Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobaara |title=Yeh Tune Kya Kiya |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZBRHiXYMxYI |access-date=15 June 2013 |website=Javed Bashir, Pritam |date=15 June 2013 |publisher=T Series}}</ref> as the lead single from the soundtrack album. The full soundtrack album was released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 17 July 2013, with all tracks available for digital download as [[Single (music)|singles]] on the digital music platform [[iTunes]].<ref name="Tracklisting">{{Cite web |last=Album |first=Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobaara! |title=Track listing |url=http://www.in.com/music/album/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-dobara-96637.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617185220/http://www.in.com/music/album/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-dobara-96637.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 June 2013 |access-date=18 July 2013 |website=in.com}}</ref><ref name="Ye Tune Kya Kiya">{{Cite web |last=Single |first=Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobaara! |title=Ye Tune Kya Kiya |website=Pritam, Javed Bashir, T-series, Balaji Motion Pictures |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref><ref name="Tayyab Ali">{{Cite web |last=Single |first=Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobaara! |title=Tayyab Ali |website=Laxmikant – Pyarelal, Pritam, Anupam Amod, T-Series, Balaji Motion Pictures |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref><ref name="Tu Hi Khwahish">{{Cite web |last=Single |first=Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobaara! |title=Tu Hi Khwahish |website=Pritam, Sunidhi Chauhan, T-Series, Balaji Motion Pictures |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref><ref name="Chugliyaan Single">{{Cite web |last=Single |first=Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobaara! |title=Chuliyaan |website=Pritam, Javed Ali, Sahir Ali Bagga, T-Series, Balaji Motion Pictures |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
''Once Upon {{not a typo|ay}} Time in Mumbai Dobaara!''<nowiki/>'s teaser trailer was released along with ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'', which released on 31 May 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Koimoi com |date=2013-05-28 |title=Satyagraha, OUATIMA Trailers To Launch With Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani? |url=https://www.koimoi.com/most-popular/satyagraha-and-ouatima-trailers-to-launch-with-yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani/ |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref>

''Once Upon {{not a typo|ay}} Time in Mumbai Dobaara!'' was initially scheduled to be released on Eid, 8 August 2013<ref name="Original name" /><ref name="Trailer & RD">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2013 |title=First look of 'Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Again' unveiled |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130531/entertainment-bollywood/article/first-look-once-upon-time-mumbaai-again-unveiled |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625064116/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130531/entertainment-bollywood/article/first-look-once-upon-time-mumbaai-again-unveiled |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 June 2013 |access-date=2 January 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref name="RS Financ. Exp" /><ref name="RD 8-15" /><ref name="RD IBN" /> was pushed back to 15 August 2013, to avoid clashing with [[Rohit Shetty]]'s directorial venture, ''[[Chennai Express]]'' starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]].<ref name="Original name" /><ref name="RS Financ. Exp" /><ref name="RD 8-15" /><ref name="RD IBN" /><ref name="RD 15 Aug">{{Cite web |date=12 August 2013 |title=Will SRK's Chennai Express derail Akshay's OUATIMD on 15 Aug? |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/chennai-express-to-derail-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbai-dobara-on-15-aug-1026449.html |access-date=2 January 2014 |website=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2013 |title=Bollywood's big Eid clash cancelled |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-again-chennai-express-166583-2013-06-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140102161955/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-again-chennai-express/1/279870.html |archive-date=2 January 2014 |access-date=2 January 2014 |website=India Today}}</ref> The decision was made by Jitendra on Shah Rukh Khan's request after a meeting was held between the producers of the respective films so as to provide both each of the films ample opportunity of earning-well at the box office without diminishing each other's profits.<ref name="RS Financ. Exp">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2013 |title=On Shah Rukh Khan's request, Jeetendra postpones Once Upon... release |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/on-shah-rukh-khans-request-jeetendra-postpones-once-upon...-release/1128585 |access-date=2 January 2014 |website=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref name="RD 8-15">{{Cite news |date=13 June 2013 |title=Once Upon.. Release date pushed to August 15 on SRK's request |work=Business Standard |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/once-upon-release-date-pushed-to-august-15-on-srk-s-request-113061300239_1.html |access-date=2 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="RD IBN">{{Cite news |date=20 June 2013 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's 'Chennai Express' to be released on August 9 |publisher=CNN-IBN |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shah-rukh-khans-chennai-express-to-be-released-on-august-9/408058-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723082556/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shah-rukh-khans-chennai-express-to-be-released-on-august-9/408058-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 July 2013 |access-date=2 January 2014}}</ref>

''Once Upon {{not a typo|ay}} Time in Mumbai Dobaara!'' was released on 1,300–1,600 screens for India's [[Independence Day (India)|67th Independence Day]], and some cinemas were sold out.<ref name="Screen count for day 1">{{Cite news |date=17 August 2013 |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara collection : Bollywood 2013, News |work=India Today |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood-2013/story/once-upon-ay-time-in-mumbai-dobaara-collection-174067-2013-08-16 |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131223133216/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/once-upon-ay-time-in-mumbai-dobaara-collection/1/299947.html |archive-date=23 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="Screen count for Day 1 & 2" /> The screen count increased on 16 August to 2,500–2,700 nationwide.<ref name="Screen count for day 1" /><ref name="Screen count for Day 1 & 2">{{Cite web |date=17 August 2013 |title='Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara' opens to packed houses |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/once-upon-ay-time-in-mumbai-dobaara-opens-to-packed-houses/414992-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820100735/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/once-upon-ay-time-in-mumbai-dobaara-opens-to-packed-houses/414992-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 August 2013 |access-date=23 December 2013 |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2013 |title=OUATIMD collects Rs 11 crore from paid previews, defeats Chennai Express |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ouatimd-collects-rs-11-crore-from-paid-previews-defeats-chennai-express/article1-1109052.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817124107/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/OUATIMD-collects-Rs-11-crore-from-paid-previews-defeats-Chennai-Express/Article1-1109052.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 August 2013 |access-date=22 November 2013 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2013 |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobara in 2,700 screens |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbai-dobara-to-release-across-2-700-screens-113081401071_1.html |access-date=16 October 2013 |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2013 |title=Chennai Express Now Accommodates OUATIMD at Box Office Screens |url=http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/chennai-express-now-accommodates-ouatimd-at-box-office-screens/ |access-date=16 October 2013 |publisher=Koimoi}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
''Once Upon {{not a typo|ay}} Time in Mumbai Dobaara!'' received mixed-to-negative reviews.<ref name="Critics">{{Cite web |title=''Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara'' reviews – ReviewGang |url=http://www.reviewgang.com/movies/188-Once-Upon-A-Time-In-Mumbai-Dobaara-movie-review |access-date=1 September 2013 |publisher=ReviewGang}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] gave the film three out of five stars in ''[[The Hindustan Times]]'': "Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobaara! had me cheering for the bad guy. Which, at least in the movies, is never a bad thing. The film gets one extra star for Akshay Kumar, who makes a stellar killer".<ref name="AC review">{{Cite web |date=16 August 2013 |title=Anupama Chopra's review: Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobaara! |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/anupama-chopra-s-review-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-dobaara/article1-1108821.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817121535/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Once-Upon-A-Time-In-Mumbaai-Dobaara/Article1-1108821.aspx |archive-date=17 August 2013 |access-date=22 November 2013 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Madhureeta Mukherjee awarded the film 3.5 out of five stars in ''[[The Times of India]]'', telling readers to watch the film only for its flattering dons and their heroines, saying "there's nothing criminal about it!"<ref name="Times of India review" /> She praised Milan Luthria for capturing the essence of the film's setting and Kumar's portrayal of Shoaib Khan: "''Bhai'' act with flamboyance and mojo ... He gets a chance to do what he does best – ''herogiri'' (albeit less menacing, more entertaining), with charisma and clap-trap dialoguebaazi"<ref name="Times of India review" /> but criticised Imran Khan's "ill-at-ease" rogue,<ref name="Times of India review" /> the second half of the film for being "at times too overbearing"<ref name="Times of India review" /> and said, "this film has its moments, but it's not as compelling as the prequel."<ref name="Times of India review">{{Cite news |last=Madhureeta |first=Mukherjee |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara! |work=Madhureeta Mukherjee |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Once-Upon-Ay-Time-In-Mumbai-Dobaara/movie-review/21820641.cms |access-date=15 August 2013}}</ref> Vinayak Chakrovorty gave the film two-and-a-half out of five stars in ''[[India Today]]'': "OUATIMD should remind Bollywood what we all always knew: Never make a sequel just for the heck of it if you don't have a genuine idea to entertain".<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2013 |title=Movie Review: Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara! struggles all along : Reviews, News |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/once-upon-ay-time-in-mumbai-dobaara-review-173992-2013-08-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131223133456/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/once-upon-ay-time-in-mumbai-dobaara-review/1/299795.html |archive-date=23 December 2013 |access-date=21 November 2013 |website=India Today}}</ref> Subhash K. Jha termed the film as "one of the most ill-timed gangster dramas" criticising the acting of all the three leads, praising only the short cameo of Sonali Bendre.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2013 |title=Subhash K. Jha speaks about Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara! |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5378/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228065355/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5378/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 December 2013 |access-date=27 December 2013 |website=Subhash K. Jha |publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

The film drew a number of negative reactions from the film critics. Subhra Gupta gave the film a half-star out of five in ''[[The Indian Express]]'', saying "After all the shoot-outs and bang-bangs are over, you are left with a film which leaves you with so little new that you wonder if there's any juice left in this style of the retro gangsta flick. Or are we heading for a third-time-in-Mumbai-Tibara?"<ref name="The Indian Express">{{Cite web |title=Movie Review: Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara! |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/movie-review-once-upon-ay-time-in-mumbai-dobaara-/1155839/0 |access-date=15 August 2013 |website=Subra Gupta}}</ref> Rajeev Masand of [[CNN-IBN]] gave the film 1.5 out of five stars, describing the film as the "equivalent of getting a root canal". He criticised the naivety of the three leads: Kumar for his "in-your-face flamboyance", Khan for playing an "urban rich kid slumming it out at a dress-up party"<ref name="CNN-IBN (Rajeev Masand) Review" /> and both for "rat-a-tat punch lines",<ref name="CNN-IBN (Rajeev Masand) Review" /> but praised [[Sonali Bendre]]'s cameo as Mumtaz.<ref name="CNN-IBN (Rajeev Masand) Review">{{Cite web |last=OUATIMD Review by Rajeev |first=Masand of CNN-IBN |title='Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara' review: It is like getting a root canal |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/once-upon-ay-time-in-mumbai-dobaara-review-it-is-like-getting-a-root-canal/414577-47-84.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817003610/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/once-upon-ay-time-in-mumbai-dobaara-review-it-is-like-getting-a-root-canal/414577-47-84.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 August 2013 |access-date=15 August 2013 |website=Rajeev Masand |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref> Mohar Basu gave the film two out of five stars in Koimoi, criticising the melodrama and the "lacklustre chemistry", remarking that the film "lacks the effervescence and naturalness of its prequel".<ref name="Koimoi review (Mohar Basu)">{{Cite web |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobaara! Review |url=http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/once-upon-ay-time-in-mumbaai-dobaara-review/ |access-date=15 August 2013 |website=Mohar Basu |date=15 August 2013 |publisher=Koimoi}}</ref>

''Once Upon {{not a typo|ay}} Time in Mumbai Dobaara!'' and its predecessor ''Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai'' have been described as having a storyline and characters similar to the life of [[Dawood Ibrahim]].<ref name="Striking Similiarity">{{Cite web |last=Chakravorty |first=Vinayak |title=When fiction reeks of reality |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/vinayak-chakravorty/story/when-fiction-reeks-of-reality-173364-2013-08-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131223133648/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/when-fiction-reeks-of-reality/1/298872.html |archive-date=23 December 2013 |access-date=10 August 2013 |website=India Today|date=10 August 2013 }}</ref> Luthria and Kapoor have "repeatedly drilled home the notion that Shoaib Khan could be any gangster and not necessarily Dawood"<ref name="Striking Similiarity" /> a position that Kumar has also stated.<ref name="Denial to rumours">{{Cite web |last=Deined rumors |title=I do movies according to market demand: Akshay Kumar |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/i-do-movies-according-to-market-demand-akshay-kumar_140609.html |access-date=9 August 2013 |website=Zee News India}}</ref><ref name="Reel or real?">{{Cite news |date=5 April 2013 |title=No real-life characters in 'Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai': Akshay Kumar |publisher=[[Zee News]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/no-real-life-characters-in-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-akshay-kumar_131417.html |access-date=2 January 2014}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Once Upon {{not a typo|ay}} Time in Mumbai Dobaara!'' opened well, with sold-out showings (particularly in Delhi, Mumbai, [[Punjab]], Uttar Pradesh and [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]) due to its release on Independence Day eve.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2013 |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/dyn/movies/hindi/once_upon_a_time_in_mumbaai_2/ |publisher=apunkachoice}}</ref> Due to limited screen availability (about 1,000), [[Balaji Motion Pictures]] negotiated with the producers of ''[[Chennai Express]]'' to release 1,000 more screens for a total of 2,700. Despite the low number of screens, the film netted {{INR|90 million}} on its opening day.<ref name="Opening Day collection">{{Cite web |last=OUATIMD on its opening Day |first=went on to collect. |title=Opening Day collections |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5970&nCat= |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130816113758/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5970&nCat= |archive-date=16 August 2013 |access-date=16 August 2013 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> Due to competition from ''Chennai Express'' the film earned {{INR|366 million}} ({{INR|273 million}} three-day<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Weekends 2013: Grand Masti 4th – Box Office India |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6069&nCat= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103151914/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6069&nCat= |archive-date=3 November 2013 |access-date=18 September 2013 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>) over its extended four-day weekend, considered a poor result.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobaara Has Dull Weekend |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5978&nCat= |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130826141152/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5978&nCat= |archive-date=26 August 2013 |access-date=26 August 2013 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobara Weekend Territorial Breakdown |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5981&nCat= |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130826141240/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5981&nCat= |archive-date=26 August 2013 |access-date=26 August 2013 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> Earnings dropped on Monday to {{INR|40 million}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobaara Drops on Monday |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5984&nCat= |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130826141154/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5984&nCat= |archive-date=26 August 2013 |access-date=26 August 2013 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> The film did better on Tuesday and Wednesday due to [[Raksha Bandhan]], earning {{INR|85 million}} on both days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara Collections Go Below Chennai Express |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5989&nCat= |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130826141202/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5989&nCat= |archive-date=26 August 2013 |access-date=26 August 2013 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> It earned {{INR|511 million}} ({{INR|485 million}} seven-day<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Fifteen Domestic First Week 2013: Boss 9th |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6177&nCat= |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131028001948/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6177&nCat= |archive-date=28 October 2013 |access-date=27 October 2013 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>) during its eight-day first week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobaara Week One Territorial Breakdown |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6000&nCat= |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130826141212/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6000&nCat= |archive-date=26 August 2013 |access-date=26 August 2013 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> During its second weekend the film dropped nearly 90 percent, earning {{INR|45 million}} to bring its total to {{INR|555 million}}.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara Has Huge Drop |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6003&nCat= |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130826141159/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6003&nCat= |archive-date=26 August 2013 |access-date=26 August 2013 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> The film earned {{INR|70 million}} during its second week, bringing its total to {{INR|580 million}}. Despite this, it was declared a "flop" by [[Box Office India]].<ref name="Box Office Verdict">{{Cite web |title=Satyagraha Average Opening Chennai Express Hits 200 Crore |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6017&nCat= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103154304/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6017&nCat= |archive-date=3 November 2013 |access-date=31 August 2013 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> The film did not do well overseas, earning $1.55 million during its first weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobaara Dull Chennai Express Heads For $16 Plus |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5985&nCat= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012543/http://boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5985&nCat= |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=26 August 2013 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> In total, the film grossed {{INR|917.1 million}} ({{US$|{{To USD|917.1|IND|year=2013}} million|long=no}}) worldwide.<ref name="boi2"/>

== {{anchor|Home media}}Home media ==
The film was scheduled to be released on [[DVD-Video|DVD]] and [[Blu-ray Disc|Blu-ray]] by [[Shemaroo Entertainment]] in early November, and pre-release orders were available on [[Flipkart]], [[Amazon.com|Amazon]] and other online shopping sites in early October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2013 |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai – Dobaara! DVD |url=http://www.flipkart.com/once-upon-time-mumbaai-dobaara/p/itmdpesfzpqhbfzt?q=Once+Upon+A+Time+In+Mumbaai+-+Dobaara%21&sid=search.flipkart.com&as=on&as-show=on&otracker=start&ref=a96898f6-98a9-438f-8dfb-eeab34ddbdcd&as-pos=p_2&pid=AVMDPABYWBZBYCYF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131010150142/http://www.flipkart.com/once-upon-time-mumbaai-dobaara/p/itmdpesfzpqhbfzt?q=Once+Upon+A+Time+In+Mumbaai+-+Dobaara%21&sid=search.flipkart.com&as=on&as-show=on&otracker=start&ref=a96898f6-98a9-438f-8dfb-eeab34ddbdcd&as-pos=p_2&pid=AVMDPABYWBZBYCYF |archive-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Flipkart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2013 |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai – Dobaara! Blu-ray |url=http://www.flipkart.com/once-upon-time-mumbaai-dobaara/p/itmdpesfzpqhbfzt?pid=AVMDPABYTGDSFH9H&otracker=variants |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131010150650/http://www.flipkart.com/once-upon-time-mumbaai-dobaara/p/itmdpesfzpqhbfzt?pid=AVMDPABYTGDSFH9H&otracker=variants |archive-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Flipkart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara! (Hindi Movie / Bollywood Film / Indian Cinema DVD) (2013) | website=Amazon |url=https://www.amazon.com/Mumbai-Dobaara-Bollywood-Indian-Cinema/dp/B00FK9VMVM/ref=sr_1_sc_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1381415208&sr=8-1-spell&keywords=Once+Upon+A+Time+In+Mumbaai+-+Dobaara%21 |access-date=10 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara! (Hindi Movie / Bollywood Film / Indian Cinema Blu Ray) (2013) | website=Amazon |url=https://www.amazon.com/Mumbai-Dobaara-Bollywood-Indian-Cinema/dp/B00FKA0DA2/ref=sr_1_2?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1381418143&sr=1-2&keywords=once+upon+ay+time+in+mumbai+dobaara |access-date=10 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobaara! Blu-ray (2013) |url=http://www.induna.com/1000015964-productdetails/ |access-date=21 October 2013 |publisher=Induna.com}}</ref> On Amazon, the expected delivery date was 7 November 2013 for Blu-ray preorders, with the DVD released by 26 October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2013 |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobara (2013) |url=https://www.amazon.in/Once-Upon-Time-Mumbai-Dobara/dp/B00FKA0DA2/ref=pd_sim_sbs_d_1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131026143737/http://www.amazon.in/Once-Upon-Time-Mumbai-Dobara/dp/B00FKA0DA2/ref=sr_1_1?s=dvd&ie=UTF8&qid=1382797963&sr=1-1&keywords=once+upon+a+time+in+mumbai+dobara |archive-date=26 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2013 |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobara (2013) |url=https://www.amazon.in/Once-Upon-Time-Mumbai-Dobara/dp/B00FKA0DA2/ref=pd_sim_sbs_d_1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030085620/http://www.amazon.in/Once-Upon-Time-Mumbai-Dobara/dp/B00FKA0DA2 |archive-date=30 October 2013 }} [http://s18.postimg.org/odnoiskih/2013_10_26_20_10_44_1348x644.png Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204747/http://s18.postimg.org/odnoiskih/2013_10_26_20_10_44_1348x644.png |date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> The Blu-ray version was released on 27 October as a 50 GB single disc with 1080p [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] video and an aspect ratio of 2.35:1 (instead of the 2.39:1 theatrical ratio) and Dolby DTS-HD Master Audio 5.1 and Dolby Digital 5.1 audio.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2013 |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara! Blu-ray (India) |url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Once-Upon-a-Time-in-Mumbai-Dobaara-Blu-ray/87078/#Overview |access-date=31 October 2013 |publisher=Blu-ray.com}}</ref> The film was made available on Netflix.<ref name=":2" />

== {{anchor|Aftermath and Impact}}Impact ==
After the film's mainly negative reviews Akshay Kumar lashed out at critics, accusing them of lacking an understanding of the audience and the basic ideas of filmmaking.<ref name="Akki fumes">{{Cite web |date=22 August 2013 |title=Akshay Kumar breathes fury at Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara critics : Bollywood, News |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-wakes-up-decides-to-breathe-fury-at-ouatimd-critics-174623-2013-08-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131223133910/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/akshay-kumar-wakes-up-decides-to-breathe-fury-at-ouatimd-critics/1/300772.html |archive-date=23 December 2013 |access-date=22 November 2013 |website=India Today}}</ref> There were rumours about a feud between Kumar and Ekta Kapoor about the former's distancing himself from the project and not promoting it enough.<ref name="Ekta Akki tiff">{{Cite web |date=22 August 2013 |title=Does Ekta Kapoor feel let down by Akshay? |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/aug/220813-does-ekta-kapoor-feel-let-down-by-akshay.htm |access-date=22 November 2013 |publisher=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref> The three leads attended the inaugural [[2013 Indian Premier League]] match between [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] and [[Delhi Daredevils]] to promote the film, but the match organisers asked their cameramen not to focus on the actors.<ref name="IPL Fiasco" /><ref name="IPL Fiasco 2" /> After this, a disappointed Kumar asked Kapoor to re-arrange the film's marketing schedule.<ref name="IPL Fiasco">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2013 |title=Is Akshay Kumar miffed with Ekta Kapoor? : Bollywood, News |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-miffed-ekta-kapoor-159239-2013-04-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131223134122/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/apr/180413-is-akshay-upset-with-ekta-kapoor.htm |archive-date=23 December 2013 |access-date=22 November 2013 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref name="IPL Fiasco 2">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2013 |title=Is Akshay upset with Ekta Kapoor? |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/apr/180413-is-akshay-upset-with-ekta-kapoor.htm |access-date=22 November 2013 |publisher=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
'''[[Zee Cine Awards]]'''—<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2014 |title=Zee Cine Awards 2014: Complete list of nominations |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2014/zee-cine-awards-2014-complete-list-of-nominations_150384.html |access-date=7 February 2014 |website=Aparna Mudi |publisher=Zee News}}</ref>
* Nominated, Best Actor in a Negative Role: Akshay Kumar.

== See also ==
* ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai]]''
* [[List of Bollywood films of 2013|Bollywood films of 2013]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Once Upon Ay Time In Mumbai Dobaara!}}
* {{IMDb title|1891884}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|once_upon_a_time_in_mumbai_dobaara|title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara!}}

{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}
{{Milan Luthria}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 crime action films]]
[[Category:2013 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Balaji Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Milan Luthria]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Oman]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Films à clef]]
[[Category:Biographical films about gangsters]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1952

2026-05-04T14:49:30Z

Davidxbr: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1950s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Randeep Maddoke

2026-05-02T05:58:03Z

Davidxbr: stub

{{Short description|Indian photographer and documentary maker (born 1977)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=September 2019}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=November 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Randeep Maddoke
| image = File:Randeep_Maddoke.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Randeep Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1977|01|10}}
| birth_place = Maddoke, Punjab, India
| native_name_lang = Punjabi
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| mother =
| father = Bagh Singh
| relations =
| known_for = [[Photography]], [[Photojournalism]]
| alma_mater = [[Government College of Arts, Chandigarh]]
| movement =
| notable_works = [[Landless]] (Documentary Film)<ref>{{cite web |title=Review: 'Landless' Disrupts the Popular Understanding of Caste and Land Relations |url=https://thewire.in/film/review-landless-disrupts-the-popular-understanding-of-caste-and-land-relations |website=The Wire}}</ref>
| awards =
| patrons = Zindabad Trust, Punjab Lalit Kala Academy
| module =
}}

'''Randeep Maddoke''' is a [[Punjab]]-based concept photographer and [[Documentary film|documentary]] [[filmmaker]], born and raised in the village [[Maddoke]], [[Moga, Punjab|Moga (Punjab)]]. Randeep, an activist turned photographer, is known for his focus on the pains of the marginalised sections of society which are constantly subject to a systematic social exclusion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://cafedissensus.com/2017/04/15/a-photographers-world-the-art-of-randeep-maddoke/|title=A Photographer's World: The Art of Randeep Maddoke|date=2017-04-15|website=Café Dissensus|language=en|access-date=2019-04-02}}</ref>

He completed his studies from [[Government College of Arts, Chandigarh]] with specialization in [[Printmaking|Graphics (Printmaking)]]. He documented the class struggle of [[Dalit]]s in [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]], and [[Tamil Nadu]] to study the practice and effects of caste.<ref name=":3" /> In 2008 he went to Nepal to document the making of the democratic Republic out of the [[Monarchy of Nepal|monarchical Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://countercurrents.org/2017/09/09/the-dera-sacha-sauda-followers-and-the-civil-society/|title=The Dera Sacha Sauda Followers And The Civil Society|first=K. Sheshu|last=Babu|date=2017-09-09|website=Countercurrents|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref> There too he located the threads of [[casteism]] and the resistance thereof.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20150302-lifes-full-circle-on-35mm-817610-2015-02-20|title=Life's full circle on 35mm|author=Sukant Deepak |date=February 20, 2015 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref> He made a documentary film ''[[Landless]]'' about caste based discrimination, communal violence in Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/return-of-the-native-5618821/|title=Return of the Native|date=2019-03-10|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-04-14}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.justicenews.co.in/landless-a-film-on-punjabs-dalit-farmers-gives-the-community-a-voice-that-statisticians-often-fail-to/|title=Landless: A film on Punjab's Dalit farmers gives the community a voice that statisticians often fail to|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref>

==Life==

===Early life ===
Randeep has grown up in a [[Dalit]] Landless family of village [[Maddoke]], in [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]] district of Punjab, where he started drawing and sending these artworks to the literary and art festivals organized by radical left groups. Here he got appreciation and encouragement that drove him to work more in the art field. As an activist Randeep traveled by bicycle from village to village to organize meetings on agricultural labor and farmers’ rights. He also joined a theatre group. He could only study up to class 12 due to poor financial conditions of his family. Having quit the further studies in 2004,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/landless-a-film-on-punjabs-dalit-farmers-gives-the-community-a-voice-that-statisticians-often-fail-to-6395421.html|title=Landless: A film on Punjab's Dalit farmers gives the community a voice that statisticians often fail to|date=2019-04-08|website=Firstpost|language=en|access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> he did what most of the boys with similar family backgrounds did -working as an agriculture laborer, daily wager in town or as a wall-painter in house construction.<ref name=":0" />

===Education and work ===
Despite the struggle to earn a living he kept on looking for avenues to express through art. Over a period of time, Randeep found an advertisement in a newspaper about admission into the Government College of Arts, Chandigarh.<ref name=":2" /> At the age of thirty and an eight years into union activism, he decided to appear in the entrance examination and eventually he got admission in this institution. To continue his studies in this college he sold a part of the land from his family property. Thus he began his study in BFA with Graphic Print course from the given options and he chose photography as an additional subject. To practice photography he borrowed a camera from an activist friend.<ref name=":0" /> Spent four years in this institute finally, he graduated from the college. During this, he realised that his main interest was in photography. So he decided to go ahead with photography as a profession as well as a way to express his ideas. He got a job as Photojournalist in ''Haryana Review''<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Randeep|date=March 2012|title=Haryana Review|url=http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/HR_Review_March_2012.pdf|journal=Haryana Review|volume=26|pages=60|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330172532/http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/HR_Review_March_2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> (under Public Relations & Information Department, State Government of Haryana), Chandigarh (April 2008 to April 2014). In 2010, Randeep made a short documentary film ‘Meri Pehchan’ produced by Directorate of Census Operations, Government of Haryana, (18 minutes).<ref name=":1" />

== Filmography ==
*''Meri Pehchan'' (2010) (documentary)
*''Landless'' (documentary)

== Awards ==

*2007 First prize in Photography Exhibition ‘Chandigarh in April’ Organized by Chandigarh Tourism.<ref>{{cite journal |title=PHOTOGRAPHY COMPETITION ON THE THEME "CHANDIGARH IN APRIL" |url=http://admser.chd.nic.in/uploadfiles/press/pressnote/pr1619.pdf}}</ref>
*2011 Group show on ‘World Photography Day’ at Punjab Kala Bhawan, Chandigarh.
*2012 Annual Art Exhibition Award, Chandigarh [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] (State Fine Art Academy), Chandigarh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chandigarh/Chandigarh-Lalit-Kala-Akademi-rewards-artistic-talent-at-Annual-Art-Exhibition-2012/articleshow/17965169.cms|title=Chandigarh Lalit Kala Akademi rewards artistic talent at Annual Art Exhibition 2012 - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref>

== Exhibitions ==
*2009 Group show ‘Jugnu Mela’ organized by People for Animals(PFA) at Taj Chandigarh.
*2014 A solo exhibition ‘Sculpted Moments’ at [[Alliance Française de Chandigarh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chandigarh.afindia.org/events/instants-sculptes-sculptured-moments-photo-exhibition-by-randeep-singh/|title=Instants sculptés / Sculpted moments – Photo Exhibition by Randeep Singh {{!}} Alliance Francaise de Chandigarh|last1=Ch|first1=Alliance Française|last2=igarh|language=fr-FR|access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141114/ttlife.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - The Tribune Lifestyle|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref>
*2015 Digital Display in International Exposure Awards held in Paris, France.
*2014 A solo exhibition ‘Chandigarh Through my Heart’ at Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh.
*2012 Group show ‘Untitled’ at Punjab Kala Bhawan, Chandigarh.
*2011 Group show on ‘World Photography Day’ at Punjab Kala Bhawan, Chandigarh.
*2009 A solo exhibition ‘Chandigarh Through My Heart’ at Alliance Française de Chandigarh.
*2006 Exhibition as a member of International Artist's Group ‘Flux Asia’ held at Fine Art Museum, Punjab University, Chandigarh.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061206/cth2.htm#2 |work=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

== Fellowships ==
*2011 Awarded Junior Fellowship to Outstanding Person in the Field of Culture for the project titled "Known and Unknown Landmarks of Punjab" by Ministry of Culture, Government of India, New Delhi.<ref>{{cite journal |title= List of Selected Candidates for the Award of Junior and Senior Fellowships for 2011-12 |url=https://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/Schemes/fellowship%202011-12.pdf}}</ref>
*2013 Awarded Sohan Qadri Fellowship for the photography project titled "Paradox of Prosperity" by Chandigarh Lalit Kala Akademi (State fine art academy), Chandigarh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-chandigarh-city/20130117/281758446648644|title=City's artists win Lalit Kala Akademi fellowship|via=PressReader|access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref>
*2019 Awarded grant by Zindabad Trust for Documentary film titled "Landless", New Delhi.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maddoke, Randeep}}
[[Category:Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Artists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian documentary film directors]]
[[Category:Indian activist journalists]]
[[Category:Government College of Art, Chandigarh, alumni]]
[[Category:Indian contemporary artists]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Vivek Chikara

2026-04-24T12:09:32Z

Davidxbr: adding a info

{{Short description|Indian Paralympic archer (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Vivek Chikara
| image =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|12 January 1990}}
| birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Meerut, Uttar Pradesh]], India}}
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Archery]]
| rank = 12
| event = Men's Recurve Open
| highestranking = 6
| updated = 9 October 2021
}}

'''Vivek Chikara''' (born 12 January 1990), also known as '''Chikara Vivek''', is an Indian [[Paralympic Games|paralympic]] archer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=4 years after an unfortunate accident, archer Vivek Chikara readies for Tokyo Paralympics |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/archery/tokyo-paralympics-2021-indian-archer-vivek-chikara-journey |work=[[Sportskeeda]] |location=India |first=Godwin |last=Mathew |date=25 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2021 Paralympics: Rakesh Kumar of the Indian archery squad finishes in 3rd place in the men's compound individual ranking event |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/archery/news-rakesh-kumar-fetched-3rd-place-finish-men-s-compound-individual-ranking-event-2021-paralympics |work=[[Sportskeeda]] |location=India |first=Aishwarya |last=Kasibhatla |date=27 August 2021 |quote='''Vivek Chikara''' finished 10th with 609 points ... [[Harvinder Singh (archer)|Harvinder Singh]] and '''Chikara Vivek''' scored 45 and 41 points, respectively}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vivek claims men's recurve title at Asian Para Archery Championships |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1086294/vivek-claims-recurve-gold-in-bangkok |work=[[Inside the Games]] |first=Patrick |last=O’Kane |date=24 October 2019 |quote=Chikara Vivek defeated top seed Wang Sijun to claim men's recurve gold at the Asian Para Archery Championships in Bangkok.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/en/results/archery/athlete-profile-n1670058-vivek-chikara.htm |title=VIVEK Chikara |work=Tokyo 2020 Paralympics |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]] |access-date=8 October 2021 |archive-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826155436/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/en/results/archery/athlete-profile-n1670058-vivek-chikara.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> He made his debut in [[2020 Summer Paralympics]], where he finished 10th in male individual [[Recurve bow|recurve]] [[archery]] category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tokyo Paralympics: Archer Vivek Chikara loses to David Phillips in Round of 16 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/tokyo-paralympics-archer-vivek-chikara-loses-to-david-phillips-in-round-of-1620210903153435/ |work=[[Asian News International]] |location=India |date=3 September 2021 |access-date=3 September 2021 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008200309/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/tokyo-paralympics-archer-vivek-chikara-loses-to-david-phillips-in-round-of-1620210903153435/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also won gold medal in Asian Para Championship 2019 with an impressive 7–1 win over China's Sijun Wang and in 2023, He won silver medal at Asian Para Archery Championship in Thailand with his teammate Harvinder Singh in Recurve open Team Event.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Archer Vivek Chikara wins Asian Para Championships gold after losing leg 2 years back. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/archer-vivek-chikara-wins-asian-para-championships-gold-after-losing-leg-2-years-back/articleshow/71751631.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |first=Sabi |last=Hussain |date=25 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=4 years after an unfortunate accident, archer Vivek Chikara readies for Tokyo Paralympics |url=https://thebridge.in/tokyo-2020-paralympics/4-years-accident-vivek-chikara-tokyo-paralympics-24387 |website=TheBridge.in |location=India |first=Naveed |last=Mohammed |date=13 August 2021 |access-date=8 October 2021 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008200308/https://thebridge.in/tokyo-2020-paralympics/4-years-accident-vivek-chikara-tokyo-paralympics-24387 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[India at the 2020 Summer Paralympics]]

<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldarchery.sport/competition/26627/bangkok-2023-asian-para-archery-championships-&-cqt-2024?photos_tag=DAY%206%20PARALYMPIC%20QUOTA%20TOURNAMENT |title=Bangkok 2023 Asian Para Archery Championships & CQT 2024 |website=World Archery}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{World Archery|28132/chikara-vivek|Chikara Vivek}}
* {{IPC|chikara-vivek|Chikara Vivek}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chikara, Vivek}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male archers]]
[[Category:Paralympic archers for India]]
[[Category:Archers at the 2020 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

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Chandra R. Bhat

2026-04-21T20:16:14Z

Davidxbr:

{{Short description|Indian-American engineering professor}}
{{Autobiography|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Chandra R. Bhat
| image =
| alt =
| birth_place = Madras, India
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1964}}
| fields = Civil engineering, Transportation research, Travel demand modeling, Econometrics, Discrete choice analysis
| workplaces = University of Texas at Austin
| alma_mater = IIT Madras (B.Tech.), Virginia Tech (M.S.), Northwestern University (Ph.D.)
| known_for = Travel behavior modeling, Travel demand modeling, Discrete choice analysis, Consumer choice analysis, Activity-based modeling
| awards = W.N. Carey Jr. Distinguished Service Award (TRB), Theodore M. Matson Memorial Award (ITE), Frank M. Masters Transportation Engineering Award (ASCE), Humboldt Research Award, CUTC Lifetime Achievement Award
}}

'''Chandra R. Bhat''' (born 1964) is an Indian-American civil engineer, transportation researcher, and academic known for the development of econometric methods for consumer choice analysis, travel behavior and demand modeling, discrete choice analysis, and transportation systems planning. He is the University Distinguished Teaching Professor and Joe J. King Chair in Engineering at the [[University of Texas at Austin]]. He is currently a faculty member in the civil, architectural, and environmental engineering department, as well as an adjunct faculty member in the economics department.<ref name="King"/><ref name="Home"/>

==Education==
Bhat was born in [[Madras]], India in 1964. Bhat earned a B.Tech. in Civil Engineering from the [[IIT Madras|Indian Institute of Technology Madras]] in 1985 (where his father was professor of electrical and communications engineering), an M.S. in Transportation Engineering from [[Virginia Tech|Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] in 1987, and a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from [[Northwestern University]] in 1991.<ref name="TheWeek"/><ref name="Education"/>

==Career==
After completing his doctorate under the supervision of Frank Koppelman, Bhat served as a research assistant professor and lecturer at Northwestern University’s Transportation Center and later as assistant professor at the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] (1993–1997). He joined The University of Texas at Austin in 1997, where he has held positions as professor (2005–), associate department chair (2001–2007), and director of the Center for Transportation Research (2012–2018).<ref name="CTRDir"/> In 2023, he was named director of the U.S. Department of Transportation’s National Center for Understanding Future Travel Behavior and Demand.<ref name="UTCenter"/><ref name="DailyTexan"/>

Bhat has been cited as a transportation expert in national media, including [[The New York Times]],<ref name="NYT2024"/> the [[Washington Post]],<ref name="WashPost2012"/> and the public radio program ''Marketplace'',<ref name="Marketplace2022"/> as well as in [[Newsweek]],<ref name="Newsweek2024"/> NPR’s KUT Austin,<ref name="KUT2014"/> and the [[Houston Chronicle]].<ref name="HC2023"/>

== Awards and honors ==
Bhat has received national and international awards. In 2024, he received the W.N. Carey Jr. Distinguished Service Award from the Transportation Research Board (TRB).<ref name="CareyAward"/> Two years earlier, he received the Theodore M. Matson Memorial Award from the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE).<ref name="ITE2022Matson"/> In 2017, he received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Council of University Transportation Centers (CUTC).<ref name="CUTC2017"/> He was named a Distinguished Alumnus of IIT Madras in 2016,<ref name="IITMNews"/> and received the Frank M. Masters Transportation Engineering Award from the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) in 2015.<ref name="ASCE"/> He was awarded the Humboldt Research Award in 2013 by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation,<ref name="Humboldt"/> and received the S.S. Steinberg Award in 2009 from the American Road and Transportation Builders Association.<ref name="ENRArtba2010"/> The Eno Center for Transportation listed him among the ''Top 10 Transportation Thought Leaders in Academia'' in 2016,<ref name="Eno2016"/> and he was profiled in the November–December 2013 issue of ''TR News''.<ref name="TRNews289"/> He was also featured as one of six scientists by ''The Week'' magazine in the article ''The Indian Scientific Invasion''.<ref name="TheWeek"/> From 2019 to 2024, Bhat was listed among the most-cited researchers in transportation and logistics in the standardized citation indicators compiled by Ioannidis and colleagues.<ref name="Ioannidis"/>

==Research Contributions==
Bhat has published over 280 peer-reviewed journal articles.<ref name="clarivate"/> One of his chief substantive contributions is the development of the Comprehensive Econometric Microsimulator for Daily Activity Patterns (CEMDAP) and Comprehensive Econometric Microsimulator for SocioEconomics, Landuse, and Transportation Systems (CEMSELTS), both agent-based simulation platforms that have been used for transportation and mobility planning in the [[New York metropolitan area]].<ref name="NYMTC"/> His methodological contributions include proposing the use of quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) techniques for the simulation estimation of discrete choice models, later recognized by Daniel McFadden in his Nobel Prize Lecture and accompanying 2001 ''American Economic Review'' article.<ref name="McFaddenNobel"/> He also introduced the multiple discrete-continuous extreme value (MDCEV) model for consumer choice, which was highlighted by Hensher and Rose as a foundational contribution in the field.<ref name="Hensher"/>

== Professional service ==
Bhat served as the President of the Council of University Transportation Centers (2020–2021)<ref name="CUTCNEWS"/> and as President of the ASCE Transportation and Development Institute (T&DI).<ref name="ASCEBoG"/> He is the Editor-in-Chief of ''Transportation Research Part B: Methodological''.<ref name="TRPartB"/>

==Selected publications==
*{{cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=Chandra R. |title=Quasi-random maximum simulated likelihood estimation of the mixed multinomial logit model |journal=Transportation Research Part B: Methodological |date=2001 |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=677–693 |doi=10.1016/S0191-2615(00)00014-X |bibcode=2001TRPB...35..677B }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=Chandra R. |title=A multiple discrete–continuous extreme value model: Formulation and application to discretionary time-use decisions |journal=Transportation Research Part B: Methodological |date=2005 |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=679–707 |doi=10.1016/j.trb.2004.08.003 |bibcode=2005TRPB...39..679B }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=Chandra R. |last2=Sener |first2=Ipek N. |last3=Eluru |first3=Naveen |title=A flexible spatially dependent discrete choice model: Formulation and application to teenagers' weekday recreational activity participation |journal=Transportation Research Part B: Methodological |date=2010 |volume=44 |issue=8–9 |pages=903–921 |doi=10.1016/j.trb.2010.02.003 |bibcode=2010TRPB...44..903B }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=Chandra R. |last2=Lavieri |first2=Patrícia S. |title=A new mixed MNP model accommodating a variety of dependent non-normal coefficient distributions |journal=Theory and Decision |date=2018 |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=239–275 |doi=10.1007/s11238-017-9638-4}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Mannering |first1=Fred |last2=Bhat |first2=Chandra R. |last3=Shankar |first3=Venky |last4=Abdel-Aty |first4=Mohamed |title=Big data, traditional data and the tradeoffs between prediction and causality in highway-safety analysis |journal=Analytic Methods in Accident Research |date=2020 |volume=25 |article-number=100113 |doi=10.1016/j.amar.2020.100113}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Mannering |first1=Fred L. |last2=Bhat |first2=Chandra R. |title=Analytic methods in accident research: Methodological frontier and future directions |journal=Analytic Methods in Accident Research |date=2014 |volume=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1016/j.amar.2013.09.001}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=Chandra R. |last2=Guo |first2=Jessica Y. |title=A comprehensive analysis of built environment characteristics on household residential choice and auto ownership levels |journal=Transportation Research Part B: Methodological |date=2007 |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=506–526 |doi=10.1016/j.trb.2005.12.005 |bibcode=2007TRPB...41..506B }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=Chandra R. |title=An Endogenous Segmentation Mode Choice Model with an Application to Intercity Travel |journal=Transportation Science |date=1997 |volume=31 |pages=34–48 |doi=10.1287/trsc.31.1.34}}

==Books and edited volumes==
* Bhat, C.R. (2014). ''The Composite Marginal Likelihood (CML) Inference Approach with Applications to Discrete and Mixed Dependent Variable Models''. ''Foundations and Trends in Econometrics'', '''7(1)'''. Now Publishers, Boston. [https://doi.org/10.1561/0800000022]
* Bhat, C.R. (ed.) (2021). ''International Conference on Transportation and Development 2021: Transportation Operations, Technologies, and Safety''. Transportation & Development Institute, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.
* Bhat, C.R. (ed.) (2021). ''International Conference on Transportation and Development 2021: Transportation Planning and Development''. Transportation & Development Institute, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.

==References==
<references>

<ref name="Education">{{cite web |title=Biography – Chandra R. Bhat, Director (former) CTR |publisher=Center for Transportation Research, UT Austin |url=https://ctr.utexas.edu/people/researchers/chandra-r-bhat |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="TRNews289">{{cite journal | title = Profile: Chandra R. Bhat featured in TR News No. 289 (Nov–Dec 2013) | journal = TR News | publisher = Transportation Research Board, National Academies | date = November–December 2013 | pages = see “Profiles” section
| url = https://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/trnews/trnews289.pdf | access-date = 27 August 2025
}}</ref>
<ref name="UTCenter">{{cite news |title=New Transportation Research Center to Focus on Travel Behavior and Demand |work=UT Austin News |date=28 February 2023 |url=https://news.utexas.edu/2023/02/28/new-transportation-research-center-to-focus-on-travel-behavior-and-demand |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="DailyTexan">{{cite news |title=UT researchers launch new transportation center to analyze travel behavior, safety |work=The Daily Texan |date=22 March 2023 |url=https://thedailytexan.com/2023/03/22/ut-researchers-launch-new-transportation-center-to-analyze-travel-behavior-safety/ |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="CareyAward">{{cite web |title=2024 W.N. Carey Jr. Distinguished Service Award |publisher=Transportation Research Board / National Academies |date=2024 |url=https://www.nationalacademies.org/docs/D5295F8710D6BCB8557AFF9F904DD93444846F8C99D5 |website=National Academies |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="clarivate">{{cite web |title=Web of Science - Chandra Bhat |url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/AAC-6965-2019
|website=Web of Science |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="NYMTC">{{cite web |title =Regional Transportation Plan Page C30
|url=https://www.nymtc.org/movingforward/pdfs/app_c.pdf |website=New York Metropolitan Transportation Council |access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="CTRDir">{{cite news |title=Cockrell School names new director for Center for Transportation |work=Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin |date=5 September 2012 |url=https://cockrell.utexas.edu/news/cockrell-school-names-new-director-for-center-for-transportation |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="IITMNews">{{cite news |title=Chandra Bhat – 2016 Distinguished Alumnus IIT Madras |work=College of Engineering News, UT Austin |date=3 February 2016 |url=https://caee.utexas.edu/news/657-bhat-iit |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="McFaddenNobel">{{cite journal | last = McFadden | first = Daniel | title = Economic Choices
| journal = American Economic Review | volume = 91 | issue = 3 | pages = 351–378 | year = 2001 | doi = 10.1257/aer.91.3.351 | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/mcfadden-lecture.pdf
| access-date = 27 August 2025 | quote = Nobel Prize Lecture delivered in Stockholm, December 2000; published in AER (2001)}}</ref>
<ref name="Hensher">{{cite book |last=Hensher|first=David A.|author2=John M. Rose |title=Choice Modeling: Foundational Contributions ISBN 978-0-85793-727-8|publisher=Edward Elgar|year=2011}}</ref>
<ref name="ITE2022Matson">{{cite press release | title = Chandra R. Bhat receives the 2022 Theodore M. Matson Memorial Award | publisher = Institute of Transportation Engineers | date = 2 August 2022
| url = https://www.ite.org/ITEORG/assets/File/Awards/2022/MATSON%202022%20PR_BHAT%20final.pdf
| access-date = 27 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="CUTC2017">{{cite news |title=Chandra Bhat – CUTC Lifetime Achievement Award
|work=Cockrell School of Engineering, UT Austin News |date=10 January 2017
|url=https://www.caee.utexas.edu/news/783-bhatcutc |access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="CUTCNEWS">{{cite news |title=Chandra Bhat Named President of the Council of University Transportation Centers |work=Cockrell School of Engineering News, UT Austin |date=29 June 2020 |url=https://cockrell.utexas.edu/news/chandra-bhat-named-president-of-the-council-of-university-transportation-centers/ |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="ASCE">{{cite web |title=2015 Frank M. Masters Transportation Engineering Award |url=https://www.asce.org/career-growth/awards-and-honors/frank-m-masters-transportation-engineering-award/frank-m-masters-transportation-engineering-award-past-award-winners |website=ASCE |access-date=4 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="ASCEBoG">{{cite web |title=Chandra R. Bhat elected to T&DI Board of Governors; to serve as President |publisher=ASCE |date=11 May 2021 |url=https://www.asce.org/communities/institutes-and-technical-groups/transportation-and-development-institute/news/bhat-appointed-to-four-year-position-on-tdi-board-of-governors |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="Humboldt">{{cite web |title=Professor Chandra Bhat Wins Humboldt Research Award
|work=Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin
|date=6 May 2013
|url=https://cockrell.utexas.edu/news/professor-chandra-bhat-wins-humboldt-research-award/
|access-date=27 August 2025}}; {{cite web |title=2013 Humboldt Research Award – Chandra Bhat
|publisher=Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung |url=https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/vernetzen/recherche-im-humboldt-netzwerk?tx_solr%5Bq%5D=Chandra+Bhat |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="Eno2016">{{cite web |title=The Lists: Top 10 Transportation Thought Leaders in Academia
|website=Eno Center for Transportation |date=11 May 2016
|url=https://enotrans.org/article/lists-top-10-transportation-thought-leaders-academia/
|access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="TRPartB">{{cite web |title=Editorial Board – Transportation Research Part B: Methodological |publisher=Elsevier |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/transportation-research-part-b-methodological/about/editorial-board |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="TheWeek">{{cite news |title=The Indian scientific invasion |work=The Week
|date=24 December 2017 |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/specials/the-indian-scientific-invasion.html
|access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="HC2023">{{cite news |last=Begley |first=Dug
|title=Houston's Black neighborhoods have a disproportionate number of pedestrian crashes, UT study finds |work=Houston Chronicle |date=29 July 2023 |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/transportation/article/pedestrian-crashes-black-neighborhoods-disparity-18257977.php |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="Newsweek2024">{{cite news |title=Texas Democrat pushes for high-speed rail line between three major cities |work=Newsweek |date=21 November 2024 |url=https://www.newsweek.com/texas-democrat-pushes-high-speed-rail-line-between-three-major-cities-1989323 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="KUT2014">{{cite news |title=How Driverless Cars Could Change the Way We Travel
|work=KUT 90.5 (NPR Austin) |date=10 March 2014
|url=https://www.kut.org/austin/2014-03-10/how-driverless-cars-could-change-the-way-we-travel
|access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="ENRArtba2010">{{cite news |title=UT Professor Earns ARTBA's Research & Education Award |work=Engineering News-Record |date=1 May 2010
|url=https://www.enr.com/articles/24504-ut-professor-earns-artba-8217-s-research-amp-education-award |access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="WashPost2012">{{cite news|last=Sachs |first=Andrea
|title=Toll roads toss the coins for electronic methods |newspaper=The Washington Post
|date=16 November 2012
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/travel/toll-roads-toss-the-coins-for-electronic-methods/2012/11/15/fa241d6c-29f9-11e2-b4e0-346287b7e56c_story.html |access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="NYT2024">{{cite news |last=Fadulu |first=Lola
|title=What to Do if Violence Breaks Out on a Train or Bus |work=The New York Times
|date=22 March 2024
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/22/us/public-transit-safety-subway-guide.html
|access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="Marketplace2022">{{cite news |title=Public transit could get a boost from high gas prices |work=Marketplace |date=10 March 2022
|url=https://www.marketplace.org/2022/03/10/public-transit-could-get-a-boost-from-high-gas-prices/
|access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="Ioannidis">{{cite book |title=Updated Science-Wide Author Databases of Standardized Citation Indicators |chapter-url=https://elsevier.digitalcommonsdata.com/datasets/btchxktzyw/6 |publisher=Elsevier |author=Ioannidis, JPA |chapter=Bibliometrics |year=2023 |volume=6 |doi=10.17632/btchxktzyw.6 |access-date=4 August 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="King">{{Cite web
|author=|date=2025|access-date=2 November 2025
|title=Chandra Bhat (faculty directory)
|url=https://www.caee.utexas.edu/people/faculty/faculty-directory/bhat
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809190514/https://www.caee.utexas.edu/people/faculty/faculty-directory/bhat
|archive-date=9 August 2025|url-status=live|language=en-US|location=Austin
|publisher=University of Texas at Austin: Maseeh Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering; Cockrell School of Engineering|via=utexas.edu}}</ref>
<ref name="Home">{{Cite web
|author=|date=2025|access-date=2 November 2025
|title=Chandra Bhat vita
|url=https://www.caee.utexas.edu/prof/bhat/home.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921202725/https://www.caee.utexas.edu/prof/bhat/home.html
|archive-date=21 September 2025|url-status=live|language=en-US|location=Austin
|publisher=University of Texas at Austin: Maseeh Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering; Cockrell School of Engineering|via=utexas.edu}}</ref>

</references>

==External links==
*[https://www.caee.utexas.edu/prof/bhat/home.html University Home Page]
*{{google scholar id|JDRGZeUAAAAJ}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhat, Chandra R.}}
[[Category:University of Texas at Austin faculty]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Virginia Tech alumni]]
[[Category:Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:American econometricians]]
[[Category:American civil engineers]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty]]

Jagannath Prasad, Ganjam

2026-04-21T13:01:31Z

Davidxbr: added a post

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jagannath Prasad
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| nickname = JNP
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.97|N|84.77|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
| named_for = The Blessings of [[Lord Jagannath]]
| government_type = [[Notified Area Council]]
| governing_body = Jagannath Prasad NAC
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| leader_name1 = [[Pradyumna Kumar Nayak]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name2 = [[Sukanta Kumar Panigrahi]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_m = 11
| population_total = 79,901 (JNP Block),<ref name=census>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/3073-jagannath-prasad-ganjam-orissa.html|title = Villages & Towns in JAGANNATH PRASAD Block of Ganjam, Orissa}}</ref> 4,527 (JNP Only) <ref name=census_jnp>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/410483-jagannathprasad-orissa.html|title=Jagannathprasad Village Population - JAGANNATH PRASAD - Ganjam, Orissa}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 761121
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code = 06818
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[District]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ganjam]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = Jagannathprasad
| blank1_name_sec2 = Legislative Assembly Constituency
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Bhanjanagar]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = Parliament Constituency
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[Kandhamal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kandhamal]]
| registration_plate ={{Unbulleted list
| OR-07
| OD-07 (Chhatrapur RTO)
| OD-32 (Bhanjanagar RTO)
}}
| website =
}}

'''Jagannath Prasad''' is a town and [[Notified Area Council]] (NAC) in [[Ganjam district]] of Indian state [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/ganjam-thanks-cm-for-declaring-5-new-municipalities-2-nacs/articleshow/123620314.cms | title = Ganjam thanks CM for declaring 5 new municipalities, 2 NACs | publisher = The Times of India | access-date = 2026-04-21
}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of 2011 India census, Jagannathprasad had a population of 4,527. Males constitute 50.98% of the population (i.e. 2308) and females 49.02% (i.e. 2219). 10.13% of the population (i.e. 459) is under 6 years of age.<ref name=census_jnp />

==Jagannath Prasad Block==
List of all towns and Villages in JAGANNATH PRASAD Block of Ganjam district, Odisha with population details according to 2011 census data.<ref name=census />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! Villages !! Population
|-
| 1 || Akulakumpa || 101
|-
| 2 || Alasuguma || 2,986
|-
| 3 || Alladi || 1,301
|-
| 4 || Angyaprasad || 1,107
|-
| 5 || Banikhola || 40
|-
| 6 || Barabara || 55
|-
| 7 || Beguniadiha || 380
|-
| 8 || Bhabasara || 811
|-
| 9 || Bhuktabhumi || 747
|-
| 10 || Bhusandapala || 855
|-
| 11 || Bijayadhanurjayapur || 1,379
|-
| 12 || Budurungu || 1,070
|-
| 13 || Chadheiapalli || 2,215
|-
| 14 || Chancharapalli || 190
|-
| 15 || Charikonia || 1,029
|-
| 16 || Chelakhai || 57
|-
| 17 || Chhamunda || 3,686
|-
| 18 || Chikili || 1,234
|-
| 19 || Chopara || 1,682
|-
| 20 || Deullapalli || 70
|-
| 21 || Dhimiripalli || 126
|-
| 22 || Dhodapalli || 634
|-
| 23 || Dungapalli || 559
|-
| 24 || Ekagharia || 131
|-
| 25 || Ekaghariapalli || 186
|-
| 26 || Gadisapalli || 727
|-
| 27 || Gandadhara || 1,053
|-
| 28 || Ganiapalli || 194
|-
| 29 || Gochabadi || 1,803
|-
| 30 || Gundurisahi || 671
|-
| 31 || Haripur || 1,229
|-
| 32 || Jagannathprasad || 4,527
|-
| 33 || Jagannathpur || 361
|-
| 34 || Jamagarada || 802
|-
| 35 || Jhadabhumi || 1,879
|-
| 36 || Jhadasahi || 612
|-
| 37 || Jirabadi || 2,366
|-
| 38 || Jodabandha || 644
|-
| 39 || Kadapada || 1,434
|-
| 40 || Kaduamangarajpur || 1,966
|-
| 41 || Kamasaragada || 2,408
|-
| 42 || Kandarasingi || 1,356
|-
| 43 || Kandhanuapalli || 1,128
|-
| 44 || Karadapalli || 357
|-
| 45 || Khairanati || 763
|-
| 46 || Khamarapalli || 1,353
|-
| 47 || Kriadhara || 139
|-
| 48 || Kumpapada || 2,945
|-
| 49 || Kumunda || 1,170
|-
| 50 || Kumundi || 622
|-
| 51 || Kusapali || 752
|-
| 52 || Lepa || 332
|-
| 53 || Mahuliagada || 484
|-
| 54 || Malingi || 603
|-
| 55 || Mentapur || 864
|-
| 56 || Nada || 959
|-
| 57 || Paikarapalli || 798
|-
| 58 || Panchabhuti || 4,649
|-
| 59 || Pandiripada || 180
|-
| 60 || Pankalasahi || 670
|-
| 61 || Pantiama || 21
|-
| 62 || Pattadhara || 2,441
|-
| 63 || Pelapada || 383
|-
| 64 || Ranibhumi || 617
|-
| 65 || Rauti || 1,891
|-
| 66 || Sarakumpa || 564
|-
| 67 || Singipur || 1,654
|-
| 68 || Sisunda || 1,240
|-
| 69 || Sorisamuli || 666
|-
| 70 || Sugumu || 195
|-
| 71 || Talaponka || 113
|-
| 72 || Tamanada || 1,329
|-
| 73 || Taraffa ||778
|-
| 74 || Tentulia || 832
|-
| 75 || Tholanda || 1,446
|-
| 76 || Tikarapalli || 300
|-
|}

==Geography==
Latitude 19.9406685
Longitude 84.9125509
It is in the 11 m elevation(altitude) above sea level.

===Weather and Climate===
Jagannathprasad is hot in summer, the highest day temperature ranges between 30 °C to 37 °C. The average temperature of January is 23 °C, February is 24 °C, March is 28 °C, April is 30 °C, May is 31 °C.

==Famous places==
The following are popular recreational spots of Jagannathprasad:
*Lankagada Dam (Picnic Spot)
* Rani Gonda Water Reservoir
* Raghunath Jiu Temple
* Sri Dadhibaman Jiu & Jagannath Temple
* Prashana General Store(Estd. 1955), Paika Sahi

==Transport==
* By road : Jagannath Prasad is located on State Highway 21, connecting [[Bhanjanagar]] to [[Nayagarh]].
* By rail : [[Brahmapur railway station]] is the nearest railway station which is about 110 km from Jagannath Prasad.
* By air : [[Biju Patnaik International Airport]] is about 140 km far from the town.

==Banks==
* Indian Bank, Jagannath Prasad (IFSC Code : IDIB000J001, MICR Code: 761019009)
* State Bank Of India, Jagannath Prasad (IFSC Code : SBIN0012113, MICR Code: 760002508)
* Utkal Grameen Bank, Jagannath Prasad (IFSC Code : SBIN0RRUKGB)
* The Aska Coop Central Bank Limited (IFSC Code : UTIB0SASKAC)

==Education institutions in Jagannath Prasad==

===Elementary and Higher Secondary Schools===
*Nodal U.P. School, Jagannath Prasad
*Judhisthir Bidyapitha (Boys' High School)
*N.P. Girls' High School
*Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya, Jagannath Prasad (located at Jamagarada, 5 km from JNP)
*Apart from the above schools, there are 3 more Govt. U.P. schools and 4 private schools

===Colleges===
* Anchalika Higher Secondary School (+2 Arts, Science, Commerce)
*Government Vocational Higher Secondary School (+2EDA & OM)
* Anchalika Degree Mahavidyalaya (+3 Arts)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ganjam district}}
{{Municipalities of Odisha}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ganjam district]]

Shukra-Niti

2026-04-20T11:04:19Z

Davidxbr: adding page

{{short description|Part of Dharmasastra}}
{{italic title}}
'''''Shukranīti''''' ({{lang|sa|शुक्रनीति}}–{{IAST|Śukranīti}}), also known as '''''Shukranītisara''''' ({{lang|sa|शुक्रनीतिसार}}–{{ IAST|Śukranītiśāstra}}) and ''Shukracharya's System of Morals'', is a part of the [[Dharmaśāstra|Dharmasastra]]. It is a treatise on government, instructing how to use political theory to uphold morality. The code is authored by [[Shukra]]charya, also known as [[Kavyamata|Usanas]], and was claimed to have been written during the [[Vedic period]]. However, modern historians claim the composition could date as early as the 4th century AD during the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]], or as late as a 19th-century forgery.{{sfn|Gopal|1962|p=524}} The term [[Ethics in religion#Bindu ethics|Niti]] is derived from the Sanskrit word which translates to ''To Lead''. Shukra-Niti focuses on morality, which it states to be vital for the overall well being of the people and the state (Rajya). Thus, the ruler must regulate the economic, social, and political aspects of human activity.{{sfn|Nagar|1985|pp=3-6}} According to the ''Shukranīti'', the main responsibilities of the king should be towards the protection of his subjects and punishment of the offenders, and such actions cannot be enacted without a guideline (Niti). According to Shukracharya: a person can live without grammar, logic, and [[Vedanta]], but cannot do in absence of Niti, and describes it as an essential aspect required for maintaining social order in the society.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Varma |first1=Vishwanath Prasad |title=Some Aspects of Public Administration in The Sukraniti |journal=Indian Journal of Political Science |date=December 1962 |volume=23 |issue=1/4 |pages=302–308 |jstor=41853941 }}</ref>

==History==
===Claims of much later period of origin===
Lallanji Gopal disputes the origin of Shukra-Niti to the Vedic period and claims the work was written far later. This is due to the mention of guns, gunpowder, and cannons in the work. Modern historians argue that although some incendiary arrows were used in ancient India, there were no mentions of fire-arms using gunpowder in those texts. Historically, guns were introduced to India by the Portuguese in the early 16th century and later used in the [[first Battle of Panipat]]. Hence, according to them, the origin of the ''Shukranīti'' is attributed to the 16th century AD. Similarly, J C. Ray places the origin to 11th century AD based on the use of the word [[Yona|Yavana]] and [[Mleccha]] in the ShukraNiti. According to him, the term Yavana or Mleccha refers to Greeks and Muslims respectively during the 11th century, as by then Muslims such as [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] had spread to most parts of India. Some historians, based on the reference made to various classifications of punishment meted out to the offenders and on other regulations mentioned in the ''Shukranīti'', conclude that the work was modern in approach, hence a nineteenth-century composition.{{sfn|Gopal|1962|pp=524-549}}

===Claims of origin from Vedic period===
[[Gustav Solomon Oppert|Dr. Gustav Oppert]], who was the first to compile and edit the original work of Shukracharya's ''Shukranīti'' in Sanskrit, placed the origin of the work to the Vedic period. According to some scholarly interpretations, the ''Shukranīti'' is frequently mentioned in Hindu epics like [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]] and was originally written by [[Brahma]] in a voluminous 100,000 chapters, which later was reduced to a readable one thousand chapters by Shukracharya.{{sfn|Oppert|1880|pp=35-36}}{{sfn|Nagar|1985|p=6}} Dr. Oppert in his other work on ancient India further elaborates on the much contentious issue on the mention of the use of firearms in ''Shukranīti''. He provides archaeological evidences from the ancient temple carvings in India, where soldiers are depicted carrying and in some cases firing firearms. Thus, he claims that the use of firearms in ''Shukranīti'' is authentic and establishes the use of firearms, gunpowder in India since the ancient Vedic period.{{sfn|Oppert|1880|pp=58-81}} This theory is further supported by some modern historians, in which the use of gunpowder, firearms, and cannons are described as weapons used in warfare in some Vedic literature.<ref name="Butalia1998">{{cite book|author=Romesh C. Butalia|title=The Evolution of the Artillery in India: From the Battle of Plassey (1757) to the Revolt of 1857|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eV262iNGUb4C|year=1998|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-872-0|pages=17–18}}</ref><ref name="Revill2016">{{cite book|last1=Revill|first1=James|title=Improvised Explosive Devices|chapter=From the Gunpowder Revolution to Dynamite Terrorism|year=2016|page=1|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-33834-7_1|isbn=978-3-319-33833-0}}</ref><ref name="Buchanan2006">{{cite book|author=Brenda J. Buchanan|title=Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7n6Cg9znFrUC&pg=PR8|year=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-5259-5|pages=43–44}}</ref> On the issue of antiquity, R. G Pradhan observes, given that the more recent work , the [[Nitisara|Kamandaka Nitisara]], draws from the ''Shukranīti'', the age of the ShukraNiti must precede it. Similarly, other historians, on the basis that [[Arthashastra|Kautilyas Arthashastra]] opens with salutations to Shukracharya and [[Bṛhaspati|Brhaspati]], conclude that the ShukraNiti has to be older than the Arthashastra and place the origin of Shukracharya's work to be of 4th-century BC.{{sfn|Nagar|1985|p=8}}

==Overview==
The ''Shukranīti'' as a comprehensive codebook lays out guidelines in both political and non-political aspects required to maintain social order in the state. The political part of the book addresses guidelines for a king, the council of ministers, the justice system, and international laws. The non-political part addresses morality, economics, architecture, and other social and religious laws. These laws are elaborately enshrined into five chapters in this epic.{{sfn|Nagar|1985|p=9}}
:*The first chapter details the duties and functions of the king.
:*The second elaborates on the duties of the crown prince and other administrators of the state.
:*The third chapter puts forth the general rules of morality.
:*The fourth is the largest chapter in the work, which is divided into seven parts.
::*The first subsection describes the maintenance of the treasury.
::*The second addresses social customs and institutions in the kingdom.
::*The third subsection addresses the arts and sciences.
::*The fourth lays out the guidelines for the characteristics required for a king's friend.
::*The fifth subsection describes the functions and duties of the king.
::*The sixth addresses the maintenance and security of forts.
::*The seventh subsection lays out the functions and composition of the army.
:*The concluding chapter five deals with miscellaneous and supplementary rules on morality as laid down in Shastras to promote the overall welfare of the people and the state.{{sfn|Sarkar|1913}}

==Relevance==
Though the book has centuries of history attached to it, the contents of it are still relevant in current-day politics, especially in the Indian context. Shukracharya lays out the virtues and qualities required in the king and crown prince, which would make a liberal and democratic leader. Most of the verses of chapter I and II are considered relevant in current day administrations of any democratic state in the world. For example, in chapter 2, the codebook states that the king should not take any policy decisions unilaterally without consulting his council of ministers, and that a ruler who arbitrarily makes decisions will be alienated from his kingdom and his people.{{sfn|Sarkar|1913|pp=54-55}} Similarly, the Shukranīti places people as the ultimate source of a king's power. In chapter-I, it states that the ruler a servant of the people.{{sfn|Nagar|1985|p=11}} One of the most discussed topics relevant to current times is the stress given on [[Karma]]. Shukracharya states that one becomes [[Brahmin]], [[Kshatriya]], [[Vaishya]] or [[Shudra]] based on fundamental concepts like ones character ([[Guṇa|Guna]]) and deeds ([[Karma]]).{{sfn|Sarkar|1913|p=8}} The book further advises the king to appoint his subordinates in any post irrespective of his [[jāti]].{{sfn|Nagar|1985|p=12}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==

* {{cite journal|last1=Gopal|first1=Lallanji|title=The Śukraniti— a Nineteenth-Century Text|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=25|issue=3|year= 1962|pages=524–556|issn=0041-977X|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00069494|s2cid=162793107 }}
* {{citation|last=Sarkar |first= Benoy Kumar|title=Sukra-niti-sara. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9tfbMgEACAAJ|year=1913}}
* {{citation|first=Gustav Salomon |last=Oppert|title=On the Weapons, Army Organisation, and Political Maxims of the Ancient Hindus: With Special Reference to Gunpowder and Firearms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFMIAAAAQAAJ|year=1880|publisher=Higginbotham|page=162}}
* {{citation|first=Vandana |last=Nagar|title=Kingship in the Śukra-nīti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h4sdAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Pushpa Prakashan}}

[[Category:Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Sanskrit encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Vedic period]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian law]]
[[Category:Legal history of India]]
[[Category:Dharmaśāstra]]

Mahi Lal

2026-04-20T01:43:26Z

Davidxbr: New stub.

{{Short description|Indian politician from Bijnor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mahi Lal
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1920|3|7}}
| birth_place = Milak Village, [[Moradabad district]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day  [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1990|2|5|1920|3|7}}<ref name="India. Parliament. House of the People 1990 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. House of the People | title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. | year=1990 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJYwAAAAMAAJ | access-date=19 Mar 2023 | page=21}}</ref>
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Bijnor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijnor]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term = 1977-1980
| predecessor = Ram Dayal
| successor = [[Mangal Ram Premi]]
| party = [[Janata Party]]
| spouse = Yasoda Devi
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2445.htm
}}
'''Mahi Lal''' was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Bijnor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijnor]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] as a member of the [[Janata Party]].<ref name="Reed 1958 p. ">{{cite book | last=Reed | first=Sir Stanley | title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who | publisher=Times of India Press | year=1958 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpAjAQAAMAAJ | access-date=19 Mar 2023 | page=1116}}</ref><ref name="India. Parliament. Lok Sabha 1977 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Lok Sabha Debates | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat | issue=v. 4, no. 26 | year=1977 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b5VnqH0fhuIC | language= | access-date=19 Mar 2023 | page=119}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2445.htm Official Biographical Sketch in Lok Sabha Website]

[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}

Raga Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:33:22Z

Davidxbr: done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Raga
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kamle district|Kamle]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| map_image = Raga Assembly constituency map.svg
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 25
| mla = Rotom Tebin
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = 16,938
}}
'''Raga''' is one of the 60 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoarunachal-ACs>{{cite web |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts & ACs|website=ceoarunachal.nic.in |accessdate= 27 June 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html}}</ref>

It is part of [[Kamle district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=3 | Talo Mugli || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan=2 | [[Nido Pavitra]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Tamar Murtem]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || Tarin Dakpe<ref name="Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs">{{cite news|title=Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|accessdate=19 May 2025|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=25 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519173615/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|archivedate=19 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>|| {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Rotom Tebin]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Raga<ref name="Raga (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Raga (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/raga |accessdate=23 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523145358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/raga |archivedate=23 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Raga">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Raga |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0225.htm |accessdate=23 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523145245/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0225.htm |archivedate=23 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Raga Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Rotom Tebin wins">{{cite news |title=Raga Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Rotom Tebin wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/raga-assembly-election-results-2024-raga-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110635846.cms |accessdate=23 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523145417/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/raga-assembly-election-results-2024-raga-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110635846.cms |archivedate=23 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rotom Tebin]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,791 |percentage=59.91% |change={{increase}}36.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Murtem |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=5,857 |percentage=39.91% |change={{increase}}13.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=26 |percentage=0.18% |change={{increase}}0.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,934 |percentage=19.99% |change= {{increase}}18.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,674 |percentage=86.63% |change= {{increase}}2.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,938 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=National People's Party (India) |swing= {{increase}}33.89 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Raga<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarin Dakpe |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=3,385 |percentage=26.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nido Pavitra]] |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=3,219 |percentage=24.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Takum Kabak |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=3,189 |percentage=24.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tamar Murtem]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,001 |percentage=23.06% |change={{decrease}}26.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maga Teti Pie |party=Independent politician |votes=117 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kabak Soping |party=Indian National Congress |votes=83 |percentage=0.64% |change={{decrease}}48.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=18 |percentage=0.14% |change={{decrease}}0.94 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=166 |percentage=1.28% |change= {{increase}}1.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,012 |percentage=84.27% |change= {{increase}}1.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,441 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}23.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Raga<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tamar Murtem]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,401 |percentage=49.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nido Pavitra]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,380 |percentage=49.38% |change={{increase}}8.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=139 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21 |percentage=0.16% |change= {{decrease}}8.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,920 |percentage=82.62% |change= {{increase}}8.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,637 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}13.31 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Raga<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nido Pavitra]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,460 |percentage=40.64% |change={{increase}}27.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aath Tacho Kabak |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,274 |percentage=31.81% |change={{increase}}12.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Talo Mugli |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=3,700 |percentage=27.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,186 |percentage=8.83% |change= {{decrease}}2.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,434 |percentage=74.48% |change= {{decrease}}6.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,037 |ref = |change= {{increase}}35.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Raga<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nido Pavitra]] |party=Independent politician |votes=4,258 |percentage=39.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Talo Mugli |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,029 |percentage=28.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kabak Tacho |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,092 |percentage=19.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ligu Tacho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,378 |percentage=12.81% |change={{decrease}}48.66 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,229 |percentage=11.43% |change= {{decrease}}15.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,757 |percentage=79.06% |change= {{increase}}10.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,322 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}21.89 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Raga<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Talo Mugli |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,939 |percentage=61.47% |change={{decrease}}9.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kabak Tacho |party=Independent politician |votes=2,744 |percentage=34.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Talum Babla |party=Independent politician |votes=265 |percentage=3.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Guchi Tamar |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=87 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,195 |percentage=27.32% |change= {{decrease}}15.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,035 |percentage=73.71% |change= {{decrease}}9.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,381 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.84 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Raga<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Talo Mugli |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,147 |percentage=71.31% |change={{increase}}18.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lonku Tania |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,071 |percentage=28.69% |change={{decrease}}2.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,076 |percentage=42.62% |change= {{increase}}20.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,218 |percentage=81.68% |change= {{decrease}}0.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,061 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}7.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Raga<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Talo Mugli |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,155 |percentage=52.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Boa Tamo |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,418 |percentage=30.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ratan Tama |party=Independent politician |votes=862 |percentage=10.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Biki Tacho |party=Janata Party |votes=406 |percentage=5.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,737 |percentage=22.15% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,841 |percentage=81.90% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,776 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kamle district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.8|94.07|display=title}}

[[Category:Kamle district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Durg Gramin Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:20:42Z

Davidxbr: new initial entry initial version.

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Durg Gramin
| mla = [[Lalit Chandrakar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party ]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Durg district|Durg]]
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Durg Lok Sabha constituency|Durg]]
| established = 2003
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 63
| map_image= Durg Gramin Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Durg Gramin Vidhan Sabha constituency''' is one of the 90 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of Chhattisgarh state in central India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/chhattisgarh/durg-gramin-election-result-s26a063/|title=Durg Gramin Assembly constituency (Chhattisgarh): Full details, live and past results}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency|website=CEO CG|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Durg district]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| 2008
| [[Pratima Chandrakar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2013
| Ramshila Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 2018
| [[Tamradhwaj Sahu]]<ref name=election2018/>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2023
| [[Lalit Chandrakar]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Durg Gramin}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Lalit Chandrakar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 87,175
|percentage = 52.52
|change = {{increase}}19.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Tamradhwaj Sahu]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=70,533|percentage=42.5|change={{decrease}}8.84}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sanjeet Vishwakarma|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=1,520|percentage=0.92|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ishwar Kumar Nishad|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=1,490|percentage=0.9|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=1,137|percentage=0.69|change={{decrease}}1.06}}
{{Election box majority||votes=16,642|percentage=10.02|change={{decrease}}8.24}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,65,976|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Durg Gramin<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Tamradhwaj Sahu]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 76,208
|percentage = 51.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jagdeshwar Sahu
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 49,096
|percentage = 33.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Balmukund Dewangan
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 11,485
|percentage = 7.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chumman Lal Deshmukh
|party = Independent
|votes = 2,819
|percentage = 1.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,603
|percentage = 1.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 27,112
|percentage = 18.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,48,425
|percentage = 74,47
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Durg district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}
{{coords|21.138|81.266|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Durg district]]
[[Category:Durg]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2003]]

Tamulpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:44:41Z

Davidxbr: adding entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tamulpur
| constituency_no = 43
| type = SLA
| map_image = Tamulpur Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year =
| loksabha_cons = [[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency|Darrang–Udalguri]]
| district = [[Tamulpur district|Tamulpur]]
| established = 1978
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
}}
''' Tamulpur Assembly constituency)''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. Tamulpur forms part of the [[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref><ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

This constituency is reserved for the [[Scheduled Tribes]] candidates since 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Year !! Name !! Party !! Votes !! Vote % !! Margin
|-
| 2021 (by-election) || [[Jolen Daimary]] || rowspan="2" | [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]] || 86,678 || 59.62% || 57,059
|-
| 2021 || [[Leho Ram Boro]]<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsr.in/n/India/1zn1t901eu/Another-Assam-MLA-dies-due-to-Covid-19.htm|title=Another Assam MLA dies due to Covid-19|website=One News Page}}</ref> || 78,818 || 46.75% || 32,183
|-
| 2016<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref> || rowspan="2" | Emmanuel Moshahary || rowspan="2" | BPF || 63,031 || 83% || 19,947
|-
| 2011 || 44,017 || 36% || 4,608
|-
| 2006 || Chandi Basumatary || rowspan="5" | IND || 37,131 || 31% || 3,350
|-
| 2001 || [[Biswajit Daimary]] || 56,017 || 52% || 16,854
|-
| 1996 || rowspan="2" | Derhagra Moshahary || 27,770 || 31% || 7,681
|-
| 1991 || 19,920 || 23% || 7,863
|-
| 1985 || Bhaben Narzinary || 20,401 || 29% || 7,112
|-
| 1983 || rowspan="2" | Padam Bahadur Chouhan || INC || 12,566 || 41% || 5,273
|-
| 1978 || JNP || 12,960 || 29% || 286
|}

==Election results==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Tamulpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rafie Daimary|party=Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Pramod Boro]]|party=United People's Party Liberal|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Biswajit Daimary|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021 by-election===
{{Election box begin |title=2021 Assam Legislative Assembly By-Election: Tamulpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = United People's Party Liberal
|candidate = [[Jolen Daimary]]
|votes = 86,678
|percentage = 59.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent politician
|candidate = Ganesh Kochari
|votes = 29,619
|percentage = 20.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Heera Saraniya|Gana Suraksha Party]]
|candidate = Brajendra Nath Deka
|votes = 13,573
|percentage = 9.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bhaskar Dahal
|votes = 7,763
|percentage = 5.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent politician
|candidate = Yashwanta Chouhan
|votes = 3,035
|percentage = 2.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =None of the Above
|candidate =[[None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,906
|percentage = 2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = VPI
|candidate = Rajkumar Baro
|votes = 1,814
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 57,059
|percentage = 38.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,45,388
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = United People's Party Liberal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Tamulpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Assam]]

2016 Royal Challengers Bangalore season

2026-04-17T21:40:22Z

Davidxbr: Put Up A Data First Draft

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Royal Challengers Bangalore
| season = 2016
| image =
| coach = [[Daniel Vettori]]
| captain = [[Virat Kohli]]
| ground = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| comp1 = [[Indian Premier League]]
| comp1 result = Runners-up
| most runs = [[Virat Kohli]] (973)
| most wickets = [[Shane Watson]] and [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (20)
| most catches =
| most dismissals =
| prevseason = [[2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2015]]
| nextseason = [[2017 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2017]]
}}

[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] is a franchise cricket team based in [[Bangalore]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]]. They were one of the eight teams which competed in the [[2016 Indian Premier League]]. They were captained by [[Virat Kohli]] and coached by [[Daniel Vettori]].

==Background==
In March 2016, the team director [[Vijay Mallya]] stepped down from his position, but chose to remain with the franchise in the role of chief mentor.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vijay Mallya quits as Royal Challengers Bangalore director, to remain chief mentor|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/vijay-mallya-quits-as-rcb-director-to-remain-chief-mentor/|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 April 2016}}</ref>

The Royal Challengers wore separate kits for home and away matches for the first time during the 2016 season.<ref>{{cite news|title=IPL 2016: Royal Challengers Bangalore (RCB) to don two separate jerseys|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/royal-challengers-bangalore-rcb-to-don-two-separate-ipl-jerseys/|access-date=8 April 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps before the start of 2016 IPL are listed in '''bold'''.<ref>{{cite news |title=RCB Indian Premier League 2016 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2016-968923/royal-challengers-bangalore-squad-969877/series-squads |access-date=17 April 2026 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Nationality
! Birth date
! Batting style
! Bowling style
! Year signed
! Salary
! Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
|9|| [[Mandeep Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1991|12|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| Traded player ||
|-
|11|| '''[[KL Rahul]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1992|04|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| Traded player || Occasional wicket-keeper
|-
|18|| '''[[Virat Kohli]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1988|11|05|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|12.5|c|year=2016|mode=historical}} || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
|34|| '''[[Travis Head]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1993|12|29|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} || Overseas
|-
|36|| [[Sachin Baby]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1988|12|18|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
|97|| [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1997|10|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
|99|| '''[[Kedar Jadhav]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1985|03|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| Traded player || Occasional wicket-keeper
|-
|333|| '''[[Chris Gayle]]''' || {{cr|JAM}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1979|09|21|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8.4|c|year=2016|mode=historical}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|1|| '''[[Parvez Rasool]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1989|02|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| Traded player ||
|-
|33|| '''[[Shane Watson]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1981|06|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|9.5|c|year=2016|mode=historical}} || Overseas
|-
|96|| '''[[David Wiese]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1985|05|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.8|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} || Overseas
|-
|84|| '''[[Stuart Binny]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1984|06|03|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} ||
|-
| || [[Akshay Karnewar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1992|10|12|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
| || [[Praveen Dubey]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1993|07|01|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] googly || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|35|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|17|| '''[[AB de Villiers]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1984|02|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|9.5|c|year=2016|mode=historical}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Bowlers
|-
|3|| [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1990|07|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] googly || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
|6|| '''[[Sreenath Aravind]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1984|04|08|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
|7|| '''[[Varun Aaron]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1989|10|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} ||
|-
|8|| '''[[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1988|10|04|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} || Overseas
|-
|13|| [[Harshal Patel]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1990|11|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|40|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
|20|| '''[[Adam Milne]]'''{{refn|group=lower-alpha|ruled out of the season with an injury}} || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1992|04|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|70|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} || Overseas
|-
|21|| [[Iqbal Abdulla]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1989|12|02|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
|23|| [[Abu Nechim]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1988|11|05|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
|47|| '''[[Kane Richardson]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1991|02|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} || Overseas
|-
|56|| '''[[Mitchell Starc]]'''{{refn|group=lower-alpha|withdrew from the season}} || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1990|01|30|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|5|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} || Overseas
|-
|90|| [[Tabraiz Shamsi]] || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1990|02|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Left-arm unorthodox spin]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} || Overseas
|-
| || '''[[Samuel Badree]]'''{{refn|group=lower-alpha|ruled out of the season with an injury}} || {{cr|TRI}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1981|03|09|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} || Overseas
|-
| || [[Vikramjeet Malik]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1983|05|09|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
| || [[Vikas Tokas]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1986|10|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|}

{{notelist}}

==Season standings==
{{2016 Indian Premier League Points table|team=RCB}}

==Fixtures==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
!Man of the match
!Scorecard
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 1 || {{dts|1=2016|2=4|3=12}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Won by 45 runs || [[AB de Villiers]] 82 (42) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980907.html Scorecard]
|-style="background:#fcc;"
| 2 || {{dts|1=2016|2=4|3=17}} || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Lost by 7 wickets || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980921.html Scorecard]
|-style="background:#fcc;"
| 3 || {{dts|1=2016|2=4|3=20}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Wankhede Stadium|Mumbai]] || Lost by 6 wickets || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980927.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 4 || {{dts|1=2016|2=4|3=22}} || [[Rising Pune Supergiant]] || [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|Pune]] || Won by 13 runs || [[AB de Villiers]] 83 (46) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2016/engine/match/980931.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fcc;"
| 5 || {{dts|1=2016|2=4|3=24}} || [[Gujarat Lions]] || [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium|Rajkot]] || Lost by 6 wickets || [[Virat Kohli]] 100[[not out|*]] (63) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2016/engine/match/980937.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fcc;"
| 6 || {{dts|1=2016|2=4|3=30}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] || Lost by 15 runs || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980953.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fcc;"
| 7 || {{dts|1=2016|2=5|3=2}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Lost by 5 wickets || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980959.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 8 || {{dts|1=2016|2=5|3=7}} || [[Rising Pune Supergiant]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Won by 7 wickets || [[Virat Kohli]] 108[[not out|*]] (58) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980969.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 9 || {{dts|1=2016|2=5|3=9}} || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium|Mohali]] || Won by 1 run || [[Shane Watson]] 2/22 (4 overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2016/engine/match/980977.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fcc;"
| 10 || {{dts|1=2016|2=5|3=11}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Lost by 6 wickets || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980981.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 11 || {{dts|1=2016|2=5|3=14}} || [[Gujarat Lions]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Won by 144 runs || [[AB de Villiers]] 129[[not out|*]] (52) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980987.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 12 || {{dts|1=2016|2=5|3=16}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Won by 9 Wickets || [[Virat Kohli]] 75[[not out|*]] (51) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980995.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 13 || {{dts|1=2016|2=5|3=18}} || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Won by 82 runs (D/L) || [[Virat Kohli]] 113 (50) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980999.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 14 || {{dts|1=2016|2=5|3=22}} || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium|Raipur]] || Won by 6 Wickets || [[Virat Kohli]] 54[[not out|*]] (45) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/981011.html Scorecard]
|-
! colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| Play-offs
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 15 || {{dts|1=2016|2=5|3=24}} || [[Gujarat Lions]] (Qualifier 1) || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Won by 4 Wickets || [[AB de Villiers]] 79[[not out|*]] (47) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/981013.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fcc;"
| 16 || {{dts|1=2016|2=5|3=29}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (Final) || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Lost by 8 Runs || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/981019.html Scorecard]
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| Overall record: 9–7. Runners-up.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Royal Challengers Bangalore}}

[[Category:Royal Challengers Bengaluru seasons]]
[[Category:2010s in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2016 Indian Premier League]]

Safidon Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:48Z

Davidxbr: adding new post

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Safidon
|type= SLA
| map_image = Safidon Assembly constituency map.svg

| map_alt =
|alliance = 
| latest_election_year = 
|region =
|division =
|constituency_no = 35
|established = 
|abolished = 

| mla = [[Ram Kumar Gautam]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| district = [[Jind district|Jind]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sonipat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sonipat]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,95,650
}}
'''Safidon Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref>

It is part of [[Jind district|Jind]] district. [[Ram Kumar Gautam]] is the incumbent MLA from the constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Safidon FINAL Election Result 2024: Ram Kumar Gautam of BJP Wins by... |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/safidon-final-election-result-2024-9079472.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Safidon Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/safidon.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || S. Krishan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || Satya Narain || {{Full party name with color|Vishal Haryana Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Dhajja Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Ram Krishan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Kundan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Sardul Singh || {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || [[Bachan Singh Arya|Bachan Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || rowspan="2" | Ram Phal Kundu || {{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || [[Bachan Singh Arya|Bachan Singh]] || {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Kali Ram Patwari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || Jasbir Deswal || {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Subhash Gangoli]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Ram Kumar Gautam]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Safidon<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Safidon">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Safidon |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0735.htm |access-date=17 November 2024 |date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008085600/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0735.htm |archive-date=8 October 2024}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Kumar Gautam]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=58,983 |percentage=40.22% |change={{increase}}0.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subhash Gangoli]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=54,946 |percentage=37.47% |change={{decrease}}4.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jasbir Deswal |party=Independent politician |votes=20,114 |percentage=13.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bachan Singh Arya |party=Independent politician |votes=8,807 |percentage=6.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pinki Kundu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=822 |percentage=0.56% |change={{decrease}}0.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Bairagi |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=814 |percentage=0.56% |change={{decrease}}5.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=172 |percentage=0.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,037 |percentage=2.75% |change= {{increase}}0.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,46,655 |percentage=75.00% |change= {{decrease}}0.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,95,650 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Safidon<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |access-date= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subhash Gangoli]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=57,468 |percentage=42.28% |change={{increase}}23.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bachan Singh Arya|Bachan Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=53,810 |percentage=39.58% |change={{increase}}18.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dayanand Kundu |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=7,772 |percentage=5.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajbir Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=7,361 |percentage=5.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Saini |party=Loktanter Suraksha Party |votes=5,617 |percentage=4.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Bhukal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,036 |percentage=1.50% |change={{decrease}}13.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joginder Kalwa |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=1,189 |percentage=0.87% |change={{decrease}}18.49 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,658 |percentage=2.69% |change= {{increase}}1.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,35,936 |percentage=75.80% |change= {{decrease}}6.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,79,332 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}20.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Safidon<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jasbir Deswal |party=Independent politician |votes=29,369 |percentage=21.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr.Vandana Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,947 |percentage=20.85% |change={{increase}}12.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kali Ram Patwari |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=25,958 |percentage=19.37% |change={{decrease}}16.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bachan Singh Arya|Bachan Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,204 |percentage=18.81% |change={{increase}}0.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karmvir Saini |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=19,843 |percentage=14.81% |change={{increase}}1.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ilam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,528 |percentage=1.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyam Singh |party=Haryana Jan Chetna Party (V) |votes=1,130 |percentage=0.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=747 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satpal Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=681 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,422 |percentage=1.06% |change= {{decrease}}13.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,34,014 |percentage=82.48% |change= {{increase}}4.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,62,474 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}13.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Safidon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kali Ram Patwari |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=38,618 |percentage=35.46% |change={{increase}}17.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bachan Singh Arya|Bachan Singh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=23,182 |percentage=21.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kishan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,771 |percentage=18.16% |change={{decrease}}7.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Kaushik |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=14,421 |percentage=13.24% |change={{increase}}12.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,697 |percentage=7.99% |change={{increase}}4.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Bhagwan Sharma |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=1,123 |percentage=1.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parveen |party=Independent politician |votes=767 |percentage=0.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh |party=Independent politician |votes=730 |percentage=0.67% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,436 |percentage=14.18% |change= {{decrease}}3.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,08,894 |percentage=78.21% |change= {{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,39,236 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}8.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Safidon<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bachan Singh Arya|Bachan Singh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=43,721 |percentage=43.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karmvir Saini |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,077 |percentage=26.15% |change={{decrease}}17.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramphal Kundu |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=17,584 |percentage=17.63% |change={{decrease}}35.3 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Pal Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,557 |percentage=3.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajpal Singh |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes=3,506 |percentage=3.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subhash Gangoli]] |party=Independent politician |votes=1,680 |percentage=1.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sardul Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,152 |percentage=1.16% |change={{decrease}}1.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=929 |percentage=0.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karambir |party=Independent politician |votes=537 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,644 |percentage=17.69% |change= {{increase}}7.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=99,725 |percentage=78.54% |change= {{increase}}4.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,26,978 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}9.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Safidon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Phal |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=45,382 |percentage=52.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bachan Singh Arya|Bachan Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,004 |percentage=43.16% |change={{increase}}24.2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surat Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,071 |percentage=2.42% |change={{decrease}}3.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijender Yogi |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=585 |percentage=0.68% |change={{decrease}}19.61 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,378 |percentage=9.77% |change= {{increase}}4.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=85,742 |percentage=74.40% |change= {{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,16,025 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Samata Party |swing= {{increase}}27.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Safidon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramphal S/O Jodha Ram |party=Samata Party |votes=21,502 |percentage=25.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranbir Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=17,301 |percentage=20.30% |change={{increase}}9.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal |party=Independent politician |votes=16,285 |percentage=19.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bachan Singh Arya|Bachan Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,164 |percentage=18.96% |change={{decrease}}13.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bal Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,332 |percentage=6.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hem Lata |party=Janhit Morcha |votes=4,722 |percentage=5.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paras Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,109 |percentage=1.30% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,201 |percentage=4.93% |change= {{increase}}1.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=85,245 |percentage=76.81% |change= {{increase}}6.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,14,879 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Samata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Safidon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bachan Singh Arya|Bachan Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,030 |percentage=32.10% |change={{increase}}9.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Phal |party=Janata Party |votes=19,433 |percentage=28.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bani Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=8,863 |percentage=12.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhajja Ram |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=7,460 |percentage=10.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Bhaj |party=Independent politician |votes=3,701 |percentage=5.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar |party=Kalyan Morcha |votes=1,570 |percentage=2.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,396 |percentage=2.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,313 |percentage=1.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sultan |party=Independent politician |votes=829 |percentage=1.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jasbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=679 |percentage=0.99% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,597 |percentage=3.78% |change= {{decrease}}36.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,633 |percentage=70.35% |change= {{decrease}}0.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,01,396 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}30.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Safidon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sardul Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=41,441 |percentage=63.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kundan Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,709 |percentage=22.38% |change={{decrease}}8.9 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chander Jangra |party=Lokdal |votes=4,897 |percentage=7.45% |change={{decrease}}11.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subhash Kumar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=1,201 |percentage=1.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devi Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,027 |percentage=1.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Charan Singh Dhank |party=Independent politician |votes=933 |percentage=1.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Kumar Ankush |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=360 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish |party=Independent politician |votes=310 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,732 |percentage=40.67% |change= {{increase}}28.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,724 |percentage=69.34% |change= {{decrease}}3.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,755 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}31.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Safidon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kundan Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,303 |percentage=31.28% |change={{increase}}14.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satvir Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=10,335 |percentage=18.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Randhri Singh Kalwa Wala |party=Independent politician |votes=6,554 |percentage=11.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sat Narain |party=Independent politician |votes=6,121 |percentage=11.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,801 |percentage=10.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vaid Shree Krishan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,226 |percentage=7.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khusi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=853 |percentage=1.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=657 |percentage=1.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Chand |party=Janata Party |votes=527 |percentage=0.95% |change={{decrease}}42.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Randhir |party=Independent politician |votes=519 |percentage=0.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kartar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=471 |percentage=0.85% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,968 |percentage=12.60% |change= {{decrease}}14.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,316 |percentage=73.08% |change= {{increase}}4.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,116 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}12.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Safidon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Krishan |party=Janata Party |votes=18,930 |percentage=43.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pratap Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,192 |percentage=16.47% |change={{decrease}}29.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kulbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,365 |percentage=12.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,082 |percentage=7.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagat Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,672 |percentage=6.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Bhan |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=2,387 |percentage=5.46% |change={{decrease}}40.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Narain |party=Independent politician |votes=2,312 |percentage=5.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish |party=Independent politician |votes=1,193 |percentage=2.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=253 |percentage=0.58% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,738 |percentage=26.87% |change= {{increase}}26.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,678 |percentage=67.52% |change= {{decrease}}6.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,434 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Safidon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhajja Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,570 |percentage=45.86% |change={{increase}}3.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sat Narain |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=19,462 |percentage=45.60% |change={{decrease}}4.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=1,952 |percentage=4.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roop Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,065 |percentage=2.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxmi Datt |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=628 |percentage=1.47% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=108 |percentage=0.25% |change= {{decrease}}7.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,677 |percentage=75.03% |change= {{increase}}14.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,448 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Vishal Haryana Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Safidon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Satya Narain |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=14,895 |percentage=49.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kishan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,655 |percentage=42.17% |change={{decrease}}6.5 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,510 |percentage=5.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gyan Chand |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=952 |percentage=3.17% |change={{decrease}}2.32 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,240 |percentage=7.46% |change= {{decrease}}8.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,012 |percentage=59.69% |change= {{decrease}}13.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,569 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.60 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Vishal Haryana Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Safidon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Krishan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,692 |percentage=48.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Narain |party=Independent politician |votes=11,721 |percentage=32.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Bhan |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=1,998 |percentage=5.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,917 |percentage=5.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,840 |percentage=5.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=718 |percentage=1.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=464 |percentage=1.28% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,971 |percentage=16.43% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,350 |percentage=75.65% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,758 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Jind district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|29.41|76.66|display=title}}

[[Category:Jind district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

Kothuru Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:22:29Z

Davidxbr: added stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh legislative assembly, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kothuru
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
| established = 1962
| abolished = 2008
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
}}

'''Kothuru Assembly constituency''' was an ST-reserved constituency of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]] until 2008 in [[Srikakulam district]].

==Overview==
It was a part of the [[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency]] along with another six Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Palasa (Assembly constituency)|Palasa]], [[Tekkali (Assembly constituency)|Tekkali]], [[Pathapatnam (Assembly constituency)|Pathapatnam]], [[Srikakulam (Assembly constituency)|Srikakulam]], [[Amadalavalasa (Assembly constituency)|Amadalavalasa]] and [[Narasannapeta (Assembly constituency)|Narasannapeta]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Political party
|-
| 1962
| Pothula Gunnayya
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1967
| M. Subbanna
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1972
| Viswasarai Narasimharao
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| 1978
| Viswasarai Narasimharao
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| 1983
| Nimmaka Gopalarao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 1985
| Viswasarai Narasimharao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1989
| Nimmaka Gopalarao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 1994
| Nimmaka Gopalarao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 1999
| Nimmaka Gopalarao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 2004
| Gomango Janni Minathi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kothuru<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Gomango Janni Minathi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Coord|18.70|84.23|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{Srikakulam-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Old Dhaka Central Jail

2026-04-04T11:51:27Z

Davidxbr: new

{{Short description|Former jail in Bangladesh}}
{{For|the operational prison|Dhaka Central Jail, Keraniganj}}
{{Infobox Prison
| prison_name = Old Dhaka Central Jail
| former_name = Dhaka Central Jail
| image = Dhaka central jail 5.jpg
| caption = Main gate of Dhaka Central Jail, Old Dhaka, Bangladesh
| location = Nazimuddin Road, [[Chawkbazar Thana|Chawkbazar]], [[Old Dhaka]]
| city=[[Dhaka]]
| country=[[Bangladesh]]
| coordinates ={{Coord|23.7186|N|90.3981|E|display=title,inline}}
| status = Unknown
| classification = Maximum
| capacity = 2,500
| opened = {{start date and age|1778}}
| closed = {{end date and age|2016}}
| managed_by = [[Bangladesh Jail]]
}}
'''Dhaka Central Jail''' was the largest [[jail]] in [[Bangladesh]], located in the old section of [[Dhaka]], the country's capital. The jail has been used to house criminals as well as [[political prisoner]]s, especially during the [[Bengali language movement|Language Movement]] of 1952, the [[6 Point Movement]], and the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]].

However, the jail earned infamy after the killings of four political leaders — [[A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman]], [[Tajuddin Ahmad]], [[Syed Nazrul Islam]] and Captain [[Muhammad Mansur Ali]] — on the eve of a military counter-coup on 3 November 1975, against the government of president [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]] and army chief [[Ziaur Rahman]], which was in power after 15 August after the [[assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]. The slain leaders are mourned by many in Bangladesh today, with the date informally known as "[[Jail killing day]]."

==History==
[[File:Prisoners at work in Dhaka Jail 1906.jpg|thumb|Prisoners at work in 1906]]
Before [[British Raj|British rule]], there was a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Fortification|fort]] at the site of the current jail. In 1788,<ref name=bt/> the fort was renovated, and converted into a jail. Until 1836, the Kotowali Police station was also co-located here. Records from 1833 show that the capacity of the jail at that time was 800 inmates. However, the jail had an average of 526 inmates every day. The Dhaka jail was converted into the central jail for [[East Bengal]].<ref name="muntasir.mamun">Muntasir Mamun, "Dhaka: Smriti Bismritir Nogori", 3rd edition, 4th reprint, Ananya Publishers, Dhaka, {{ISBN|984-412-104-3}} page 89.</ref> After the [[proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence]] by [[Ziaur Rahman]] in 1971, pro-independence guards working at the jail freed inmates from the prisons, prompting the [[Pakistan army]] to attack and take control of the jail. After the [[independence of Bangladesh|establishment of Bangladesh]], the prison returned to its original form.<ref name=bt>{{cite news|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/national/126419/%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A6%B6%E2%80%99-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0|script-title=bn:ঘটনাবহুল ঢাকা কেন্দ্রীয় কারাগারের ২শ’ বছর|language=bn|first=Amanur Rahman|last=Roni|date=30 July 2016|access-date=21 June 2024|work=[[Bangla Tribune]]}}</ref>

A jail museum was opened here in 2013 and the following year, it was included under the [[Bangladesh National Museum]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/news/2022/11/03/1199535|script-title=bn:আট বছরেও উন্মুক্ত হয়নি কারা স্মৃতি জাদুঘর|language=bn|date=3 November 2022|access-date=21 June 2024|newspaper=[[Kaler Kantho]]}}</ref> In 2015, a ruin from the period of Muslim rulers was found in the prison area, and the following year, an archaeological excavation was undertaken.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/node/215949|script-title=bn:চকবাজার জেল: ধ্বংসাবশেষের নিচে পুরোনো ঢাকার ইতিহাস|language=bn|first=Tarun|last=Sarker|date=11 April 2021|access-date=21 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> The jail has been shifted to the new [[Dhaka Central Jail, Keraniganj]] in July 2016.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 July 2016 |title=Dhaka jail prisoners shifted to Keraniganj jail |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/city/prisoners-being-shifted-newly-built-keraniganj-central-jail-1261288 |access-date=25 September 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 January 2015 |title=Dhaka Central Jail to be shifted to Keraniganj by June |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2015/01/28/dhaka-central-jail-to-be-shifted-to-keraniganj-by-june/ |access-date=25 September 2017 }}</ref> In 2017, a project was undertaken to preserve the prison grounds for historical needs. The design by Form Three Architects was finalized in a competition held for the proposed project and work on the project was inaugurated in 2019. According to the design, a cultural center and multipurpose complex will be constructed and in the prison area. Two museums are included in the proposed plan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.khaborerkagoj.com/special-report/796726|script-title=bn:বিনোদনকেন্দ্র হচ্ছে ঢাকার পুরোনো কেন্দ্রীয় কারাগার|language=bn|date=29 December 2023|access-date=21 June 2024|newspaper=Khaborer Kagoj}}</ref> In 2024, it was reported that pre-Mughal remains of the old fort of Dhaka mentioned by historian [[Baharistan-i-Ghaibi|Alauddin Isfahani]] was discovered from the excavation along with rolled and glazed potteries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/news/2024/10/30/1440707|script-title=bn:পুরনো কেন্দ্রীয় কারাগারে প্রত্নতাত্ত্বিক খনন: খুলছে ঢাকা আবিষ্কারের নতুন দরজা|language=bn|date=30 October 2024|access-date=1 January 2025|newspaper=[[Kaler Kantho]]}}</ref> It was reported in 2025 that B section, one of the three sections of the proposed project under construction, would be open for public in October 2025. It would include a jail model, a mosque, a shopping mall, a pond and walkway.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deshrupantor.com/605179/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97|title=টাকা দিয়ে জেল খাটার সুযোগ|lang=bn|first1=Habibur Rahman|last1=Palash|first2=Faisal|last2=Khan|date=10 July 2025|newspaper=Desh Rupantor}}</ref>

== Notable inmates ==
* [[Harendranath Munshi]]
* [[Begum Khaleda Zia]]
* [[Motiur Rahman Nizami]]
* [[Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury]]
* [[A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman]]
* [[Tajuddin Ahmad]]
* [[Syed Nazrul Islam]]
* [[Muhammad Mansur Ali]]
* [[Abdul Quader Mollah]]
* [[Muhammad Kamaruzzaman]]
* [[Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mojaheed]]
* [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
* [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]

== In popular culture ==
A Bangladeshi TV series, ''[[Karagar]]'' was shot at this former jail in 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/karagar-another-landmark-ott-3100016|title=Is 'Karagar' another landmark for OTT?|first=Sharmin|last=Joya|date=23 August 2022|access-date=25 August 2022|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|Daily Star]]|archive-date=25 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825184331/https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/karagar-another-landmark-ott-3100016|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kashimpur Central Jail]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons-inline}}

[[Category:Old Dhaka]]
[[Category:Military history of Dhaka]]
[[Category:Prisons in Dhaka]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Dhaka]]
[[Category:Mughal fortifications]]
[[Category:Prison museums in Asia]]
[[Category:1788 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:2016 disestablishments in Bangladesh]]

Bijuli Kalita Medhi

2026-04-04T03:47:58Z

Davidxbr: new new biography from scratch.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bijuli Kalita Medhi
| image = Mpimage photo 5603.jpg
| office1 = Member of the [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency|Guwahati]]
| term_start1 = 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Queen Oja]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|05|21|df=y}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}

'''Bijuli Kalita Medhi''' (born 21 May 1978) is an Indian politician and member of the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency]]. She won by a margin of 251,090 votes against Mira Borthakur Goswami in the [[2024 Indian general election]]. She is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bijuli Kalita Medhi(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- GUWAHATI(ASSAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=4548 |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS035.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712152217/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS035.htm |archive-date=12 July 2024 |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Election commission of India |first=Guwahati LS results 2024 |date=5 June 2024 |title=Guwahati LS results 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S035.htm |access-date=20 January 2025 |website=Election commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Wildcards {{!}} Surprise elements">{{cite news |date=13 July 2024 |title=Wildcards {{!}} Surprise elements |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-wildcards-surprise-elements-2565861-2024-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712170947/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-wildcards-surprise-elements-2565861-2024-07-13 |archivedate=12 July 2025 |accessdate=12 July 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Bijuli Kalita Medhi became a member of the party in Guwahati, Assam in 2013. Her political career took a significant turn that year when she decided to run in the GMC council elections from ward number 23.

She was the Vice President of the Assam Pradesh BJP and has previously served as the President of the Mohila Morcha, BJP Assam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2024-05-02 |title=Guwahati Lok Sabha Elections 2024: Know Your Candidate Bijuli Kalita Medhi, BJP's Contender |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/guwahati-lok-sabha-elections-2024-know-your-candidate-bijuli-kalita-medhi-bjps-contender |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[18th Lok Sabha]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Facebook}}


{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Medhi, Bijuli Kalita}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Women in Assam politics]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Assam]]

{{Assam-BJP-politician-stub}}

Romeo S3

2026-03-31T23:31:36Z

Davidxbr: done

{{short description|Indian Hindi-language action thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Romeo S3
| image = Romeo S3.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Guddu Dhanoa]]
| writer = Shailesh Verma
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = ''[[Si3 (film)|Si3]]'' by [[Hari (director)|Hari]]
| producer = [[Jayantilal Gada]]
| starring = [[Thakur Anoop Singh]] Palak Tiwari
| narrator =
| cinematography = Raju Kaygee
| editing = Rahul Gupta
| music = '''Songs:''' Harshit Saxena Dilip Sen{{Endash}}Sameer Sen '''Score:''' [[Harris Jayaraj]] ({{abbr|unc.|uncredited}})
| studio = [[Pen Studios]] Wild River Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|5|15|df=yes}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Romeo S3''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Guddu Dhanoa]] and produced by [[Jayantilal Gada]]. A partial remake of the 2017 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film ''[[Si3 (film)|Si3]]'' (2017), where Thakur Anoop Singh played the antagonist, here he plays the protagonist. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/30-years-shah-rukh-khans-deewana-exclusive-manmohan-desai-ji-distributor-film-delhi-territory-told-us-change-ending-insisted-ladki-rishi/|title=30 Years Of Shah Rukh Khan's Deewana EXCLUSIVE: “Manmohan Desai ji was the distributor of the film in the Delhi-UP territory. He had told us to change the ending. He insisted that 'ladki Rishi Kapoor ko milni chahiye' – Guddu Dhanoa|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|first=Fenil|last=Seta|access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref> the film stars [[Thakur Anoop Singh]] and Palak Tiwari.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Thakur Anoop Singh]] as DCP Sangram Singh Shekhawat
*Palak Tiwari as Tanu
*[[Shivani Jadhav]] as Anushka
*[[Aman Dhaliwal]] as Jayant Makhija
*[[Sachin Khedekar]] as Praful Mankhija
*[[Rajesh Khattar]] as D'Mello
*[[Anant Jog]] as Leeladhar Sawant
*[[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Zakir
*[[Shaji Choudhary]] as Yusuf
*[[Susheel Parashar]] as Prime Minister
*[[Dinesh Kaushik]] as Home Minister
*[[Smita Jaykar]] as Goa CM
*Subhash Sehgal as Sabharwal (Home Secretary)
*Javed Haider as Gustaad
*Ganesh Yadav as Vijay Kalshekar
*[[Gireesh Sahdev]] as Bala
*Ashish Warang as Francis
*Amit Bahl as Shiv Chaudary
*[[Jeniffer Piccinato|Jeniffer Christine Piccinato]] as Monica, Makhija's Personal Secretary
}}

== Production ==
The film began production in early 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/27849/suriya-s3-si-3-remake-thakur-anoop-singh|title=Singam 3 villain turns hero for Hindi remake!|date=1 March 2021|work=Movie Crow|access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref> The film's title was announced in mid-2022. The film was shot in 43 days.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/etimes/bollywood/romeo-s3-team-talks-90s-vibe-action-tough-shoot/videoshow/121079042.cms|title='Romeo S3' Team Talks 90s Vibe, Action & Tough Shoot|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 May 2025|access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by Harshit Saxena and the duo Dilip Sen{{Endash}}Sameer Sen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/romeo-s3-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-single/1814818228|title=Romeo S3 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - Single|work=[[Apple Music]]|date=2025|access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]].{{Efn|The lyricist for "Sangram" is uncredited.}}
| title1 = Pyar Hai Pyar Hai
| music1 = Dilip Sen{{Endash}}Sameer Sen
| extra1 = Hashmat Sultana
| length1 = 4:00
| title2 = Dhoka Dhoka
| music2 = Harshit Saxena
| extra2 = Bhoomi Trivedi
| length2 = 3:54
| title3 = Elaan - E - Ishq
| music3 = Harshit Saxena
| extra3 = Palak Muchchal
| length3 = 4:23
| title4 = Sangram
| note4 = based on "S3 Vettai Theme" from ''[[Si3 (film)|Si3]]''
| music4 = [[Harris Jayaraj]] ({{abbr|unc.|uncredited}})
| extra4 = {{emdash}}
| length4 = {{emdash}}
| total_length = 12:00
}}

== Reception ==
Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2 stars out of 5 and wrote, "While a few action sequences manage to grab your attention, they aren't enough to salvage the overall experience. Romeo S3 tries to deliver a massy action thriller but ends up as an over-the-top masala fare with little payoff".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/romeo-s3/movie-review/121245404.cms|title=Romeo S3 Movie Review: A formulaic masala fare that lacks focus|date=18 May 2025|first=Dhaval|last=Roy|work=The Times of India|access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref> Sushmita Dey of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote, "In a nutshell, Romeo S3 is a beginner's entry in the action-thriller genre despite all its flaws. While it doesn’t break new ground, it delivers what it promises: a gripping ride full of grit, guns, and a crusade for justice".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/romeo-s3-movie-review-palak-tiwari-thakur-anoop-singhs-gritty-actioner-is-messy-review-151645671|title=Romeo S3 Movie Review: Palak Tiwari, Thakur Anoop Singh's Gritty Actioner Is Messy|work=[[Times Now]]|date=16 May 2025|first=Sushmita|last=Dey|access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|36812950}}

[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Pen Studios films]]

2024 Uttarakhand snowstorm disaster

2026-03-27T13:54:29Z

Davidxbr: Put Up First Entry First Draft

{{Short description|2024 death of nine Indian climbers in Himalayan blizzard}}
{{Infobox event
| image = Uttarakhand in India.png
| caption = [[Uttarakhand]] in [[India]]
| date = {{start and end dates|2024|06|01|2024|06|05}}
| time = Blizzard started ~14:00
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Location = Between Lambtal and Sahastra Tal peak
| cause = Blizzard
| organizers = Karnataka Mountaineering Association
| participants = 22
| reported deaths = 9
| reported injuries = 13
}}

In June 2024, nine Indian mountaineers died when a [[blizzard]] struck their location as they were trekking in the remote [[Himalayas]] in [[Uttarakhand]] state in north India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=6 June 2024 |title=Nine trekkers die in Himalayan blizzard |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/2806284/nine-trekkers-die-in-himalayan-blizzard |access-date=2024-06-06 |work=Bangkok Post |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
On 29 May 2024, nineteen members of the Karnataka Mountaineering Association from [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] in the southern Indian state of [[Karnataka]] began a 35-kilometer long high-altitude trek with three local guides in the remote Sahasra Tal area across the Himalayas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 June 2024 |title=Nine Bengaluru trekkers dead in Uttarakhand due to adverse climate, 13 rescued |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/nine-bengaluru-trekkers-dead-in-uttarakhand-due-to-adverse-climate-13-rescued-101717643888594.html |access-date=6 June 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The group was planning to return by 8 June 2024.<ref name=":1" />

== Disaster ==
On 3 June 2024 at around 14:00 (GMT+5:30), heavy snowfall struck the mountaineer group after reaching Lambtal and as they moved to Sahastra Tal peak at an elevation of about 12,000 feet, which intensified into blizzard conditions that lasted for four hours.<ref name=":1" /> The wind escalated to roughly 90 kilometres per hour, with the snow darkening and lowering the trekkers' field of vision.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Narendra |date=2024-06-06 |title=Uttarakhand ordeal: How eight trekkers survived on dry fruits in biting cold for 30 hours |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Jun/06/uttarakhand-ordeal-how-eight-trekkers-survived-on-dry-fruits-in-biting-cold-for-30-hours |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The group attempted to turn back to base camp in Lambtal to alert other mountaineers of their situation. By 18:00 (GMT+5:30), two mountaineers had died from the severe snow and wind in front of the group, which in addition to visibility dropping to near zero, made movement and orientation nearly impossible. The mountaineer group was forced to cluster together under a large rock to endure the night, where more mountaineers succumbed to the weather conditions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title='We saw people dying in front of us, unable to even drink water': Uttarakhand trekking tragedy survivors recount horror |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/uttarakhand-trekking-tragedy-survivors-horror-9376344/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Two other mountaineers died on the morning of 4 June 2024, with five more succumbing on 5 June 2024.

On 4 June 2024 evening, a local guide was able to alert rescuers about their situation after being able to connect to a mobile network, and at 5 June 2024, the [[Indian Air Force]] reached the team with two Chetak helicopters and a private helicopter to evacuate the 13 survivors to [[Dehradun]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The [[State Disaster Response Force (Uttarakhand)|State Disaster Response Force]] also dispatched two teams to the location.<ref name=":1" />

== Aftermath ==
{{Update|date=June 2024}}
An Indian health official stated that the likely cause of death was hypothermia in addition to dehydration, exacerbated by the severe cold preventing them from drinking water.

On the evening of 6 June 2024, the bodies of the deceased were airlifted from near the site of the disaster in [[Joshimath]] to [[Dehradun]], to be transported by road to [[Delhi]] and then by air from Delhi to Bengaluru.<ref name=":1" />

== List of deceased ==
All of the victims were from Bengaluru, Karnataka.
* Asha Sudhakar, 71
* Anitha Rangappa, 55
* Venkatesh Prasad K., 53
* Vinayak Mungurwadi, 54
* Sujata Mungurwadi, 51
* Padmanabha K. P., 50
* Chitra Praneeth, 48
* Sindhu Wakelam, 44
* Padmini Hegde, 34<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[2023 Himalayan floods]]
* [[2022 Uttarakhand avalanche]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Disasters in Uttarakhand}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uttarakhand snowstorm disaster, 2024}}
[[Category:June 2024 in India]]
[[Category:2024 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2024 natural disasters]]
[[Category:Mountaineering disasters]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in Asia]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Uttarakhand|2024 snowstorm]]
[[Category:Blizzards in Asia]]

Expenditure-tax Act, 1987

2026-03-26T10:17:11Z

Davidxbr:

{{Short description|Indian legislation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Expenditure-tax Act, 1987
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to provide for the levy of a tax on expenditure incurred in certain hotels or restaurants and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1892/1/a1987-35.pdf Act No. 35 of 1987]
| territorial_extent = whole of India
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| assented_by = President
| date_assented = 14 September 1987
| date_commenced = 1 November 1987
| amends = {{Ubl|Central Boards of Revenue Act, 1963 (54 of 1963)|Economic Offences (Inapplicability of Limitation) Act,1974 (12 of 1974)}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE EXPENDITURE TAX ACT 1987 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/(S(l2qn3pmygasihiwnqoeza2g3))/ViewPDF.aspx |access-date=13 February 2026 |website=egazette.gov.in}}</ref>
| amended_by = {{clist|Finance Act, 1988 (Act 26 of 1988)|Finance (No. 2) Act, 1991 (Act 49 of 1991)|Finance Act, 1992 (Act 18 of 1992)|Finance Act, 1994 (Act 32 of 1994)|Finance Act, 1997
(Act 26 of 1997)|Finance (No. 2) Act, 1998 (Act 21 of 1998)|Finance Act, 1999 (Act 27 of 1999)|Repealing and Amending Act, 2001 (Act 30 of 2001)|Finance Act, 2002 (Act 20 of 2002)|Finance Act, 2003 (Act 32 of 2003)|Taxation Laws (Amendment) Act, 2003 (Act 54 of 2003)|National Tax Tribunal Act, 2005 (Act 49 of 2005)}}
| status = in force
}}

The '''Expenditure-tax Act, 1987''' is an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]]. It applies to any charges incurred by an individual and in the event that these charges are implied to be chargeable expenditure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://law.incometaxindia.gov.in/DIT/File_opener.aspx?page=ODTA&schT=ETA&csId=77a44697-1f0a-4d55-ac3e-a8dccc476113&sch=&title=Taxmann%20-%20Direct%20Tax%20Laws |title=Expenditure-TAX ACT, 1987 |publisher=Income Tax Government of India |access-date=2013-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520220551/http://law.incometaxindia.gov.in/DIT/File_opener.aspx?page=ODTA&schT=ETA&csId=77a44697-1f0a-4d55-ac3e-a8dccc476113&sch=&title=Taxmann%20-%20Direct%20Tax%20Laws |archive-date=20 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Act is applicable to all the States and Union Territories in India.

==History==
The expenditure tax was first introduced by [[T. T. Krishnamachari]] (then [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]]) in 1957. After being abolished in 1962 by [[Morarji Desai]], it was brought again in 1964. It was finally abolished in 1966 after which Chaudhary [[Charan Singh]] tried to bring it again in 1979 but failed.<ref>{{citation |title=What Arun Jaitley shouldn't do this Union Budget |url=http://www.dailyo.in/business/union-budget-2017-arun-jaitley-service-tax-income-tax-expenditure-inheritance-demonetisation-gst-bill/story/1/15414.html |work=[[Daily O]] |date=31 January 2017 }}</ref>

==Expenditure Tax Act ==

The Expenditure-tax Act, 1987 governs the taxation process associated with the chargeable expenditure incurred by an individual in a certain hotel or restaurant.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.incometaxindiapr.gov.in/incometaxindiacr/contents/expenditure2010/etsec3.htm |title=Application of the Act |publisher=Directorate of Income Tax |date=2013-03-08 |access-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202224850/http://www.incometaxindiapr.gov.in/incometaxindiacr/contents/expenditure2010/etsec3.htm |archive-date=2 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Act applies to chargeable expenditure provided the following criteria are fulfilled

# If the charges are incurred in a hotel where the room charges for an accommodation is INR 3000 per day or in excess of this amount
# The charges are incurred in a restaurant
In case of the rooms charges the Assessing Officer of the Income Tax Department has the freedom to decide whether the charges are mentioned in the right manner along with other respective charges such as food, drinks, and other services. In the event that a discrepancy is found in the breakup of charges the Assessing Officer is given the right to decide on the amount required to be charged as room charges.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

==Value of Expenditure Tax applicable ==

The Expenditure Tax taxable under this Act is charged at<ref>{{cite web |url=http://law.incometaxindia.gov.in/DIT/File_opener.aspx?page=ODTA&schT=ETA&csId=4ad039fa-d339-4474-8e1e-30d2114f9591&sch=&title=Taxmann%20-%20Direct%20Tax%20Laws |title=Charge of expenditure-tax |publisher=Government of India, Income Tax |access-date=2013-03-08 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* 10% (Ten percent) of the charges incurred at a hotel as long as the hotel is as per Clause (1) of Section 3 of the [[Income-tax Act, 1961|Income Tax Act of 1961]]
* 15% (Fifteen percent) on charges incurred in a restaurant as long as the restaurant is as per Clause (2) of Section 3 of the Income Tax Act of 1961.

==Collection of expenditure tax ==

In the event that a hotel provides the services mentioned in Sub Clauses (a) to (d) of Clause (1) of Section 5, the amount of Expenditure Tax is to be recovered from the person carrying on the business.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://law.incometaxindia.gov.in/DIT/File_opener.aspx?page=ODTA&schT=ETA&csId=7b44164f-07af-4255-969e-997469f6179e&sch=&title=Taxmann%20-%20Direct%20Tax%20Laws |title=Collection and recovery of expenditure-tax |publisher=Law Government of India, Income Tax |access-date=2013-03-08 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In the event that a hotel provides the services mentioned in Sub Clause (b) or Sub Clause (d) of Clause (1) of Section 5, the amount of Expenditure Tax will be recovered from the other person referred to.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

In the event that a restaurant as per Clause (2) of Section 3 and the services it renders are as per Clause (2) of Section 5. And said services are provided by the restaurant or the person carrying on business in the restaurant or by the other person, the [[Expenditure]] Tax will be collected at the rate specified in Clause (b) of Section 4.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxation in India}}

[[Category:Indian tax legislation]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1987]]
[[Category:Expenditure]]

Vespa

2026-03-25T11:24:07Z

Davidxbr: quick fixed lead based on references also and improved wording after review

{{About|the line of scooters}}{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{short description|Italian scooter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Vespa
| logo = Vespa-logo.svg
| image_size = 200px
| type = Subsidiary
| founder = [[Enrico Piaggio]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1946|04|23|df=y}} in [[Florence]], Tuscany
| location_city = [[Pontedera]], Tuscany
| location_country = Italy
| key_people =
| num_employees =
| industry = [[Scooter (motorcycle)|Scooter]]
| products =
| parent = [[Piaggio]]
| owner =
| website = {{URL|https://www.vespa.com|vespa.com}}
}}

[[File:PerthVespa.jpg|thumb|Classic Vespas in [[Perth]], Western Australia ]]
[[File:Vespa.ogg|thumb|Classic Vespa sound (43 seconds)]]

'''Vespa''' ({{IPA|it|ˈvɛspa}}; [[Italian language|Italian]] for '[[wasp]]') is an Italian brand of [[scooter (motorcycle)|scooters]] and [[moped]]s manufactured by [[Piaggio]]. The Vespa has evolved from a single model motor scooter manufactured in 1946 by Piaggio & Co. S.p.A. of [[Pontedera]], Italy, to a full line of scooters and one of seven companies today owned by Piaggio.<ref name="from Rider Magazine" />

From their inception, Vespa scooters have been known for a painted, pressed steel body which combines, in a unified structure: a full cowling enclosure around the engine concealing dirt or grease, a flat floor panel protecting the feet, and a prominent front fairing to divert wind and rain.

==History==
[[File:Vespamilitare.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Vespa 150 TAP]], modified for the French paratroopers that carried (not fired) an antitank weapon.]]
After World War II, in light of its agreement to cease war activities with the Allies, Italy had its aircraft industry severely restricted in both capability and capacity.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

Piaggio emerged from the conflict with its [[Pontedera]] bomber plane plant demolished by bombing. Italy's crippled economy, and the disastrous state of its roads, were not immediately conducive to the redevelopment of the automobile market. [[Enrico Piaggio]], the son of Piaggio's founder Rinaldo Piaggio, decided to leave the aeronautical field to address Italy's urgent need for a modern and affordable mode of transportation for the masses.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

In 2024 [[Piaggio]] celebrated 140 years with limited edition of 'Vespa 140th of Piaggio,' with only 140 units available from 18 to 21 April 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Vespa Special Edition Introduced To Celebrate Piaggio's 140th Anniversary|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/auto/bike-news/vespa-special-edition-introduced-to-celebrate-piaggios-140th-anniversary-article-109394529 |accessdate=27 April 2024 |publisher=[[Times Now]] |date=18 April 2024}}</ref>

===Design===
[[File:Biella-MP5 Piaggio Paperino.jpg|thumb|Piaggio MP5 "Paperino", the initial Piaggio prototype]]
In 1944 Piaggio engineers Renzo Spolti and Vittorio Casini designed a motorcycle with bodywork fully enclosing the drivetrain and forming a tall splash guard at the front. In addition to the bodywork, the design included handlebar-mounted controls, forced air cooling, wheels of small diameter, and a tall central section that had to be straddled. Officially known as the MP5 ("Moto Piaggio no. 5"), the prototype was nicknamed "Paperino" (meaning "Donald Duck" in Italian).<ref name="Vespa46_06pp80_83" />
Piaggio was displeased with the MP5, especially the tall central section. He contracted [[Aerospace engineering|aeronautical engineer]] [[Corradino D'Ascanio]], to redesign the scooter.<ref name="Vespa46_06pp80_83"/> D'Ascanio, who had earlier been consulted by [[Ferdinando Innocenti]] about scooter design and manufacture, made it immediately known that he hated motorcycles, believing them to be bulky, dirty, and unreliable.<ref name="RedEyes2022"/>

D'Ascanio's MP6 prototype had its engine mounted beside the rear wheel. The wheel was driven directly from the transmission, eliminating the drive chain and the oil and dirt associated with it. The prototype had a unit spar frame with stress-bearing steel outer panels.<ref name="RedEyes2022"/> These changes allowed the MP6 to have a step-through design instead of a tall centre section like that of the MP5 Paperino. The MP6 design also included a single-sided front suspension, interchangeable front and rear wheels mounted on stub axles, and a spare wheel. Other features of the MP6 were similar to those on the Paperino, including the handlebar-mounted controls and the enclosed bodywork with the tall front splash guard.<ref name="Vespa46_06pp80_83"/>

Upon seeing the MP6 for the first time, Enrico Piaggio exclaimed: "Sembra una vespa!" ("It looks like a wasp!") Piaggio effectively named his new scooter on the spot.<ref name="RedEyes2022" /><ref name="thecarconnection.com"/> ''Vespa'' is both [[Latin]] and Italian for wasp—derived from the vehicle's body shape: the thicker rear part connected to the front part by a narrow waist, and the steering rod resembled [[antenna (biology)|antennae]].{{fact|date=May 2025}}

===Product===
[[File:PepperBoxVespa.jpg|thumb|Glove box on newer [[Vespa PX]] ]]
On 23 April 1946 at 12 o'clock in the central office for inventions, models and makes of the [[Ministry of Economic Development (Italy)|Ministry of Industry and Commerce]] in [[Florence]], Piaggio e C. S.p.A. took out a patent for a "motorcycle of a rational complexity of organs and elements combined with a frame with mudguards and a casing covering the whole mechanical part".<ref name="VASOS">[https://web.archive.org/web/20010313020959/http://home.rol3.com/~u0341403/iss15/vespa.htm Vespa – A Story of Success]</ref>

The basic patented design allowed a series of features to be deployed on the spar-frame that would later allow quick development of new models. The original Vespa featured a rear [[pillion]] seat for a passenger, or optionally a storage compartment. The original front protection "shield" was a flat piece of aero metal; later, this developed into a twin skin to allow additional storage behind the front shield, similar to the glove compartment in a car. The fuel cap was located underneath the (hinged) seat, which saved the cost of an additional lock on the fuel cap or need for additional metal work on the smooth skin.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

The scooter had rigid rear suspension and small {{convert|8|in|mm|adj=on}} wheels that allowed a compact design and plenty of room for the rider's legs. The Vespa's enclosed, horizontally mounted 98 cc [[two-stroke engine]] acted directly on the rear drive wheel through a three-speed transmission. The [[twistgrip]]-controlled gear change involved a system of rods. The early engine had no forced-air cooling, but fan blades were soon attached to the [[magneto]]-flywheel (which houses the points and generates electricity for accessories and for the engine's spark) to push air over the cylinder's cooling fins. The modern Vespa engine is still cooled this way.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

The MP6 prototype had large grilles on the front and rear of the rear fender covering the engine. This was done to allow air in to cool the engine, as the prototype did not have fan cooling. A cooling fan similar to that used on the MP5 "Paperino" prototype was included in the design of the production Vespa, and the grilles were removed from the fender.<ref name="Vespa46_06pp80_83" />

==Launch==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2025}}
Piaggio filed a patent for the Vespa scooter design in April 1946. The application documents referred to a "model of a practical nature" for a "motorcycle with rationally placed parts and elements with a frame combining with mudguards and engine-cowling covering all working parts", of which "the whole constitutes a rational, comfortable motorcycle offering protection from mud and dust without jeopardizing requirements of appearance and elegance". The patent was approved the following December.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

The first 13 examples appeared in spring 1946, and revealed their aeronautical background. In the first examples, one can recognize the typical aircraft technology. Attention to aerodynamics is evident in all the design, in particular on the tail. It was also one of the first vehicles to use monocoque construction (where the body is an integral part of the chassis).{{fact|date=May 2025}}

The company was aiming to manufacture the new Vespa in large numbers, and their longstanding industrial experience led to an efficient [[Ford Motor Company|Ford-style]] volume production line. The scooter was presented to the press at Rome Golf Club, where journalists were apparently mystified by the strange, pastel coloured, toy-like object on display. However, the road tests were encouraging, and even with no rear suspension the machine was more manoeuvrable and comfortable to ride than a traditional motorcycle.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

Following its public debut at the 1946 Milan Fair, the first fifty sold slowly. With the introduction of payment by installments, sales took off.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

==Sales and development==
[[File:Vespasidecar.JPG|thumb|Original Vespa with attached sidecar]]
Piaggio sold some 2,500 Vespas in 1947, over 10,000 in 1948, 20,000 in 1949, and over 60,000 in 1950.<ref name="PatrickTaylorVespa"/>

The biggest sales promotion ever came courtesy of [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]. In 1952, [[Audrey Hepburn]] side-saddled [[Gregory Peck]]'s Vespa in the feature film ''[[Roman Holiday (1953 film)|Roman Holiday]]'' for a ride through Rome, resulting in over 100,000 sales. In 1956, [[John Wayne]] dismounted from his horse in favor of the two-wheeler to get between takes on sets,<ref name="ScooteringUSA" /> and [[Marlon Brando]], [[Dean Martin]], and the entertainer [[Abbe Lane]] had become Vespa owners. [[William Wyler]] filmed ''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben Hur]]'' in Rome in 1959, allowing [[Charlton Heston]] to abandon horse and chariot between takes to take a spin on the Vespa.<ref name="DolceVita" /><ref name="Capital">{{cite web|url=http://www.capital.it/trovacinema/pop_gallery.jsp?idContent=279350 |title=Photogallery – TrovaCinema – la Repubblica.it |language=it |publisher=Capital.it |access-date=2010-10-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106013055/http://www.capital.it/trovacinema/pop_gallery.jsp?idContent=279350 |archive-date=6 January 2009 }}</ref>

Vespa clubs popped up throughout Europe, and by 1952, worldwide Vespa Club membership had surpassed 50,000. By the mid-1950s, Vespas were being manufactured under licence in Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Belgium and Spain; in the 1960s, production was started in India, Brazil and Indonesia. By 1956, one million had been sold, then two million by 1960. By the 1960s, the Vespa—originally conceived as a utility vehicle—had come to symbolize freedom and imagination, and resulted in further sales boosts: four million by 1970, and ten million by the late 1980s.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

Improvements were made to the original design and new models were introduced. The 1948 Vespa 125 had rear suspension and a bigger engine. The headlamp was moved up to the handlebars in 1953 and had more engine power and a restyled rear fairing. A cheaper spartan version was also available. One of the best-loved models was the Vespa 150 GS introduced in 1955 with a 150 cc engine, a long saddle, and the faired handlebar-headlamp unit. Then came the 50 cc of 1963, and in 1968 Vespa 125 Primavera became one of the most durable of all.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

[[File:Piaggio vespa px125 060117.jpg|thumb|upright|T5 Millennium from the [[Vespa PX|PX]] series]]
Vespas came in two sizes, referred to as "largeframe" and "smallframe". The smallframe scooters came in 50 cc, 90 cc, 100 cc, and 125 cc versions, all using an engine derived from the 50 cc model of 1963, and the largeframe scooters in 125 cc, 150 cc, 160 cc, 180 cc, and 200 cc displacements using engines derived from the redesigned 125 cc VNA engine from 1957.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

The largeframe Vespa evolved into the [[Vespa PX|PX]] range in the late 1970s and was produced in 125, 150 and 200 cc versions until July 2007. Starting in 1981, an 80cc version was available as well. Piaggio reintroduced the PX 125 and 150 models in 2011, with a revised EURO3 compliant engine.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

The smallframe evolved into the PK range in the early 1980s, although some vintage-styled smallframes were produced for the Japanese market as late as the mid-1990s.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

==1950s and beyond==
The ET model range stuck true to the wasp/aero design principles. It was lighter, more aerodynamic, had an automatic gearbox and could take a series of engines from a 50 cc in either [[Two-stroke cycle|two-stroke]] or [[four-stroke cycle|four-stroke]], up to a 150 cc four stroke.<ref name="ET2Analysis"/>

===Under new ownership===
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2010}}
In 1959 Piaggio came under the control of the [[Agnelli family]], the owners of car maker [[Fiat S.p.A.]] Vespa thrived until 1992 when [[Giovanni Alberto Agnelli]] became CEO, but Agnelli was already suffering from cancer and died in 1997. In 1999 [[Morgan Grenfell|Morgan Grenfell Private Equity]] acquired Piaggio, but a quickly hoped-for sale was dashed by a failed joint venture in China.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

By 2003 the company found itself close to bankruptcy. Continual management changes and great sums spent on many different plans and products had saddled Piaggio with debt and left it vulnerable to competition from cheaper Asian rivals. Despite this, the brand was still well-known and products like the Vespa ET4 were gaining positive publicity. In October 2003 [[Roberto Colaninno]] made an initial investment of €100 million through his holding company Immsi S.p.A. in exchange for just under a third of Piaggio and the mandate to run it. Chief executive Rocco Sabelli redesigned the factory to Japanese principles so that every Piaggio scooter could be made on any assembly line.<ref>{{Cite web |last=JOURNAL |first=GABRIEL KAHN THE WALL STREET |title=Vespa scoots back to profitability |url=https://www.heraldtribune.com/story/news/2006/06/06/vespa-scoots-back-to-profitability/28481738007/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Sarasota Herald-Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2004 the company introduced a gas-electric hybrid scooter and a scooter with two wheels at the front and one at the back.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

Piaggio acquired scooter and motorcycle maker [[Aprilia]] in 2006 and in that same year Piaggio shares were launched onto the [[Borsa Italiana]] with the listing symbol PIAGF.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

===Relaunch in North America===
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2010}}
Piaggio first came back into the market in 2001 with the ET2 (two stroke 50 cc) and ET4 (four stroke 150 cc). In 2004, the PX (model year 2005) was reintroduced to North America to meet market demand for the classic Vespa design. Growth in the US market and worldwide environmental concerns meant a need for larger and cleaner engines, so Vespa developed the LEADER (Low Emissions ADvanced Engine Range) series of four-stroke engines. The larger Granturismo frame, with larger {{convert|12|in|adj=on}} wheels, was introduced to handle the additional power. The bike in 2006 spawned the iconic GTS-250ie version, with an upgraded suspension and the new QUASAR (QUArter-liter Smooth Augmented Range) 250 cc fuel-injected engine, capable of 80+ mph. As of the end of 2010 the GTS 250 has been replaced by the GTS 300 which has a 278cc fuel – injected engine. In 2005, the ET was withdrawn from Europe and North America and replaced by a new small-frame scooter, the LX range. These were available in the US in 50 cc and 150 cc versions, while Europeans could choose a 50 cc, 125 cc and 150 cc..{{fact|date=May 2025}}

==Design and Culture Icon==
[[File:VespaMod.jpg|thumb|Modified Vespa as popular in the [[Mod (subculture)|mods]]/[[skinhead]] culture ]]
In recent years, many urban commuters have purchased new or restored Vespas. A shortage of available parking for automobiles in large urban areas and the Vespa's low running costs are two reasons for the increase in Vespa (and other scooter) popularity. The cultural use of the scooter as a recreational vehicle with a sub-cultural following in the US, Canada and parts of Europe and Japan has also contributed to the rise in Vespa ownership. In contrast, the Vespa is considered a utilitarian vehicle for hauling products and sometimes up to 5 family members in much of Asia and Mexico.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

In the 2000s Indonesia, classic Vespa culture was born as people treat Vespa as hobby, recreational, and historic vehicle, although many still use them as regular transportation. In this era, very low priced and abundance stocks of used Vespa models from 1970s-1990s leads to people using Vespa as a form of modification to express their freedom and rebel. Eventually, the "'''Vespa Extreme'''" culture was born in this era, where Vespa users heavily even extremely customizing their vespa until it really have completely different form compared the original shape of standard Vespa scooters, in respect to values such as freedom, rebellion, and unestablished-ness.[[File:Indonesian Vespa Extreme.jpg|thumb|Vespa Extreme member and their ride]]

Since 2010s until now, classic Vespas continued to have a large group of enthusiasts across Indonesia who kept vintage scooters on the road by rebuilding, restoring, and adding performance-enhancing engine parts as the stock parts would wear out. Vintage Vespas also saw resurgence in price as people see more historic value in the classic Vespa scooters, especially one with original condition (paint, body part, engine, etc.)[[File:Mods May Day Parade Jakarta 2025.jpg|thumb|Vespa Riders Strolls Around The Street of Jakarta in The Jakarta Mods May Day 2025 Parade]]

This resurgence in interest in vintage motor scooters has also spawned a scooter restoration industry, with many restored Vespas being exported from Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia to the rest of the world.<ref name="HowBad" /><ref name="ChaoVespa"/><ref name="Vierra"/>

There is a Piaggio Museum & Gift Shop adjacent to the plant in central Pontedera, near Pisa, Tuscany. The permanent exhibition includes those items which toured venues such as the Guggenheim in New York and the Centre Pompidou in Paris. Also on display is a model personally customised by [[Salvador Dalí]] in 1962..{{fact|date=May 2025}}

The [[Miami Auto Museum]] in [[North Miami, Florida]], claims to have largest collection of Vespa scooters with over 400 items.<ref>[http://www.dezercollection.com/museums/bicycle-motorcycle-scooter-museum/ Miami Auto Museum website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212155255/http://www.dezercollection.com/museums/bicycle-motorcycle-scooter-museum/ |date=12 February 2016 }}</ref>

==Global markets==
===Europe===
Vespa's largest market by all measures globally is still Italy, but as a result of the [[Mod (subculture)|Mod subculture]] that developed in the 1960s, the United Kingdom is still Vespa's second largest global market—and at one point in the 1960s, its largest. The appeal of the Vespa to the style-conscious mods was the weather protection. Their counterparts, the [[Rocker (subculture)|rockers]] rode classic British motorcycles such as [[Triumph Bonneville]] and [[Birmingham Small Arms Company|BSA]]s, and needed to wear leathers against the elements. Mods would modify their Vespas, adding lights, mascots, accessories, various racks and crash bars. A new lifestyle evolved in the UK, with thousands attending [[Scooter rally|scooter rallies]]..{{fact|date=May 2025}}

The dominance of the Vespa declined through the 1970s, as small car ownership increased and cheap and reliable commuter bikes like the [[Honda Super Cub]] hit sales. Despite the introduction of the more modern [[Vespa PX|'P' range]] in the 1970s, the lack of development cost Vespa, and like other markets, the sales fell off drastically in the economic boom of the 1980s. Then Vespa introduced the trendy automatic ET2, the city of London introduced the [[London congestion charge|congestion charge]] and—partly with celebrity chef [[Jamie Oliver]]'s indirect help from his [[BBC2]] TV series—sales suddenly leapt.<ref>[https://www.thetimes.com/article/vespa-it-still-has-that-buzz-rnkkzkwtmb2 Vespa – it still has that buzz] Sunday Times. 13 March 2005.</ref>

=== Indonesia ===
Indonesia have imported Vespa Scooters since the early 1950s, but not until 1972 Indonesia was able to built their own Vespa through PT Danmotors Vespa Indonesia (DMVI).

In the Mid-1970s, Danmotors reached their peak sales performance for the Vespa Scooters, making Indonesia the second-largest global market for Vespa aside from Italy itself. Sales performance continued to rise through the 1980s and finally began to fall in the 1990s as more modern and cheaper Japanese manufactured motorcycle gained favor among customers.

===North America===
{{More citations needed|section|date=June 2022}}
[[File:Vespadealership.jpg|thumb|A Vespa Boutique in San Francisco]]
Much as Vespa had used the Cushman Army scooter as inspiration for its original design, Vespa in turn made scooters for [[Sears|Sears, Roebuck & Company]] (labeled and marketed as "Allstate" scooters) and [[Cushman (company)|Cushman]] after World War II.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bulletproofscooters.com/pics/vs5.htm | title = Bulletproof Scooters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050828233936/http://www.bulletproofscooters.com/pics/vs5.htm |archive-date = 28 August 2005 |url-status=usurped |website=Bulletproofscooters.com}}</ref>

Imported by Morton Colby of Colby General Tire Company, 662 East Fordham Road, Bronx, New York, the Sears models were 3- and 4-speed 125 cc Vespas rebadged as Sears Allstate [[Cruiseaire]]s. Innocenti also distributed their [[Lambretta]] brand via [[Montgomery Ward]]'s catalogue during this post-World War II period. These were the premier brands of scooters, bringing premium pricing to many, including farmers, whose link to the outside world was via purchases made in these catalogues. Cushman sold rebadged Vespa scooters as Cushmans, but many Cushman dealers refused to market a "foreign" machine. However, collectors prize the Cushman Vespa because it is relatively rare..{{fact|date=May 2025}}

Two expensive product-liability lawsuits, increased competition from Japanese scooters, and certain states' passing so-called "green laws" led to the bankruptcy of Vespa's American importer and the withdrawal of Vespa from the US market in late 1981..{{fact|date=May 2025}}

During 1981–2001, despite an absence of United States domestic sales, Vespas continued to have a core group of enthusiasts who kept vintage scooters on the road by rebuilding, restoring, and adding performance-enhancing engine parts as the stock parts would wear out..{{fact|date=May 2025}}

Vespa returned to the American market in 2001 with a new, more modern style ET series, in 50 cc two and four stroke, and 150 cc four-stroke. "These adjustments in engine power and the production of high-end “touring" Vespas make it apt for long-distance driving."<ref>{{cite web |title=An Italian Icon: The VESPA |url=http://www.livitaly.com/italian-icon-vespa/ |website=LivItaly Tours |access-date=5 July 2018 |date=2 March 2016}}</ref> According to the Motorcycle Industry Council, U.S. scooter sales increased fivefold over six years, swelling from 12,000 units in 1997 to 69,000 units in 2002. Vespa sales in the U.S. increased 27 percent between 2001 and 2002. The 65 "Vespa Boutiques" scattered throughout the U.S. gave scooterists a place to buy, service, and customize Vespa scooters, and outfit themselves in everything from Vespa watches and helmets to Vespa jackets, T-shirts, and sunglasses. Vespa restarted its American sales effort, opening its first boutique on Ventura Boulevard in [[Sherman Oaks, California]]..{{fact|date=May 2025}}

In light of vastly-increasing US sales, Vespa developed the GT, offered as a 200 cc four-stroke and a 125 cc variant in Europe. In 2004, Vespa reintroduced a modernized PX 150 to the United States. In the fall of 2005, Piaggio offered their largest-selling Vespa scooter ever, the 250 cc-engined GTS250, available in Europe with ABS. In 2009, Vespa released the GTS 300 which can cruise at {{Convert|65|–|70|mph|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref name="GTS300SuperReview"/>

=== Asia/Pacific ===
Vespa have exported Scooters to Australia since the 1960s. They have recently started exporting to India for the first time (traditionally, that market was served by licensed Indian versions of the Vespa made by LML and Bajaj). Vespa produces some of its scooters in Vietnam, and has also sold its Italian ones there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drive.com.au/motor-news/vespa-production-starts-in-vietnam-20090624-149jd|title=Vespa Production Starts in Vietnam|date=2017|website=Drive|access-date=23 October 2018|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410202216/https://www.drive.com.au/motor-news/vespa-production-starts-in-vietnam-20090624-149jd|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Production outside Italy==
[[File:BKK Vespa078.jpg|thumb|[[Bangkok]]: Vespa in use to haul cargo ]]
Vespa scooters were sold beyond Europe and North America. When expanding into these markets it was common for Vespa to partner with, or license certain models to, existing manufacturers..{{fact|date=May 2025}}

===India===
Piaggio first licensed the production of Vespa scooters in India to [[Bajaj Auto]] in the 1960s. In 1971, Piaggio's license was not renewed as a part of then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]'s changes to foreign ownership rules, which favoured Indian control over foreign brands. When the licence expired, Bajaj lost the right to use the Vespa name, but not the ability to manufacture scooters using the knowledge and tooling it had already lawfully acquired, and Bajaj continued to produce scooters based on the Vespa design, namely the [[Bajaj Chetak|Chetak]].
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/rahul-bajaj-vespa-bajaj-chetak-government-restrictions-7770117 |title=How Rahul Bajaj and Bajaj Chetak beat Government restrictions, legal challenges by competitors |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

Another Vespa partner in India was that of [[Lohia Machinery Limited|LML Motors]]. Beginning as a joint-venture with Piaggio in 1983, LML, in addition to being a large parts supplier for Piaggio, produced the [[LML NV|P-Series scooters for the Indian market]]. In 1999, after protracted dispute with Piaggio, LML bought back Piaggio's stake in the company and the partnership ceased. LML continued to produce (and also exported) the P-Series variant known as the [[Stella (scooter)|Stella]] in the U.S. market and by other names in different markets. LML Factory which produced these P-Series variants issued a notice of insolvency on 2 June 2017 and closed down permanently in 2018.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

In the 2012 Auto Expo held in New Delhi, the iconic Vespa re-entered the Indian market. Piaggio unveiled its range of scooters at the Expo. This became the first such venture of Piaggio in India without a local partner.<ref name="PiaggioInIndia"/>

===Indonesia===
PT Danmotors Vespa Indonesia (DMVI) was a joint venture between Indonesian interests and the East Asiatic Company, which was based in Denmark. Between 1972 and 2001, it produced Vespas under license for the Indonesian market.<ref name="EastAsiaticCo" /><ref name="MasihBerbatuBatu">{{cite web|author1=Tempomedia |url=https://majalah.tempo.co/read/70687/masih-berbatu-batu|title=Masih Berbatu-Batu|work=Tempo |date=11 December 1976|publisher=Majalah Tempo Online|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110015323/http://majalah.tempo.co/read/70687/masih-berbatu-batu|archive-date=10 January 2020|access-date=10 January 2020}}</ref>
In 1976 approximately 40,000 units were produced giving DMVI the third biggest share of the Indonesian scooter market. Government tax incentives allowed these scooters to be exported to Thailand at less than the domestic market price, so that they would be economically competitive.<ref>{{cite web|title=Didorong Piaggio |url=http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/1977/09/24/EB/mbm.19770924.EB75587.id.html |publisher=Majalah Tempo Online |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710224045/http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/1977/09/24/EB/mbm.19770924.EB75587.id.html |archive-date=10 July 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

From 1972 to 1977, DMVI only built 90 and 150cc models, while 100cc, 150cc, and 200cc model were built in the 1980s.

From 1972 onwards the company was located at a purpose-built factory in [[Pulo Gadung]]. This was greatly expanded in 1977 to also manufacture sub-components, following a government decree that a higher domestically built proportion of these should be used. Sub-components were also bought from other Indonesian manufacturers after their quality had been approved by Piaggio.<ref name="Odaka" /> In early 2000s, the company changed its name to PT Danmotor Indonesia.

Production from PT Danmotor Indonesia (DMVI) ceased in early 2000s as the company was impacted from 1998 Asian monetary crisis and the surge of Japanese-manufactured mopeds. The last classic 2-stroke Vespa built by the company was approximately sold in 2007.

===Taiwan===
Vespa has had various partnerships and presence in Taiwan. In 1965, Taiwan Vespa Co. Ltd was licensed for Vespa scooter production. From 1972 to 1982, Vespa entered into a collaboration with scooter manufacturer [[PGO Scooters|PGO]]. In 1978, Vespa entered into a collaboration with [[Taiwan Golden Bee|TGB]], which to some extent, continues to this day (namely with CVT transmission production)..{{fact|date=May 2025}}

===United Kingdom===
In 1951 the financially troubled motorcycle manufacturer [[Douglas (motorcycles)|Douglas]] started production of Piaggio licensed Vespa scooters in [[Bristol, England|Bristol]], with a market to include some [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth countries]] as well as the UK. It was a year which also saw the first meeting of the newly-formed Vespa scooter clubs with nearly 20,000 riders showing up for the event.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bikesure.co.uk/bikesureblog/2021/07/vespa-scooter-75th-anniversary.html|title = World's most popular wasp: Vespa at 75 years old|date = 20 July 2021}}</ref> [[Westinghouse Brake and Signal Company Ltd|Westinghouse]] took over Douglas in 1955, and while motorcycle production was stopped in 1957, Vespa production in Britain continued until 1965.<ref name="veteranvespaclub.com">{{cite web |title=A HISTORY OF THE DOUGLAS VESPA |url=http://www.veteranvespaclub.com/1008.html |website=Veteran Vespa Club UK |access-date=2010-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228194532/http://www.veteranvespaclub.com/1008.html |archive-date=28 February 2010}}</ref>

Douglas was more than a simple assembly plant for parts imported from Piaggio; many of the models made by Douglas had a high percentage of content manufactured by Douglas (''eg cylinder heads, gear clusters, brake drums and other mechanical parts'') or by UK supply companies (''eg seats, carburetors, tyres, and some electrical components were made in the UK''). Models made by Douglas were primarily the Vespa 125 and 150 (VBB).<ref name="veteranvespaclub.com"/>

Douglas produced Vespas which were often outdated compared to current Italian models. Douglas failed to meet the production numbers hoped for by Piaggio, though after production ceased in 1965, Douglas remained the UK importer for Vespa scooters until its demise in 1982.<ref name="veteranvespaclub.com"/>

=== Spain ===
In 1953 a factory in Madrid began production of [[Motovespa]]s, production continued until 2000. The factory was demolished in 2001..{{fact|date=May 2025}}

===Soviet Union===
Between 1956 and 1966 an unauthorised, [[reverse-engineered]] version of the Vespa was built and sold in the USSR by [[Vyatka (motor scooter)|Vyatka]]. This was withdrawn after protests by Piaggio.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autosoviet.altervista.org/ENGLISH-automotorusse9moto(Vyatka).htm|title=Autosoviet: VYATKA|publisher=Autosoviet.altervista.org|access-date=2010-10-16}}</ref>

==Racing==
In the 1950s and early 1960s Vespa and Lambretta scooters were raced competitively against motorcycles, often winning the races. In the mid-1960s, motorcycle engines became larger and faster, and a gap was created—along with varying cc classifications. Since the 1980s, Vespa and Lambretta racing has grown into a serious sport in the United States. There are various classes in the United States, depending on the racing association. They are generally:
*Small Frame Class: Open class up to 152 cc
*Automatics Class
*Specials Class

==Models==
There have been many different versions of the Vespa. Today five series are in production: the [[Continuously variable transmission|CVT transmission]] Sprint, Primavera, GTS, GTV, Elettrica, and 946..{{fact|date=May 2025}}

[[File:Rally180.jpg|thumb|upright|1969 Vespa Rally 180]]
[[File:Vespa sport.jpg|thumb|1963 VBB Standard 150]]
[[File:Light blue Vespa GL, front.jpg|thumb|upright|1963 Vespa 150 GL]]
[[File:VintageVespa-AutoExpo-Delhi.jpg|thumb|Vintage Vespa AutoExpo, Delhi, India]]

===Historic===
* Paperino – the original prototype made in 1945 at Biella
* [[Vespa 150 TAP]] – A Vespa modified for the French paratroopers that carried (not fired) an antitank weapon.
* VNC Super 125
* VBC Super 150
* VBA 150
* VB1 150
* VBB 150
* 125 Sport (1950-51)
* 125 (1958-60)
* 125 (1959-61)
* 125 Second series (1961-63)
* 125 third series (1963-66)
* 125 GT (1966-73)
* V98 (1946)
* V98 Second Series (1947-48)
* 125 (1950-52)
* 125 Second series (1953-54)
* 125 3rd series (1955-57)
* 125 U – U is for utilitaria (English – economic). 1953 model with a price of 110,000 Italian Lira (about US$175), 7,000 were produced
* 125 Sei Giorni (1951-53)
* GS 150 (1955)
* GS 150 Second series (1956-58)
* GS 150 3rd series (1958-61)
* GS 160 (1962-63)
* GS 160 Second Series (1963-64)
* SS 180
* Vespa 90 (3 spd)
* Vespa 50 (3 spd)
* SS50 (1965-73)
* SS90 (1965-71)
* 150 (1958-60)
* 150 Second Series (1960-67)
* 150 GL (1962-65)
* 90 Racer
* 90 (1961-67)
* 125 Super (1965-69)
* 125 TS (1975-78)
* 100 Sport
* 125 Nuova (1965-67)
* 125 GTR (1968-75)
* VLB 150 Sprint (1965-74)
* VLB 150 Sprint Veloce ([[Vespa Sprint]]) (1969-79)
* 150 Super (1965-69)
* 180 Super Sport (1964-68)
* Rally 180 (1968-73)
* Rally 200 (1972-79)
* 125 Nuova (VMA-1T) – Prelude to Primavera
* Primavera 125 (1967-73)
* Primavera 125 2nd series (1974-77)
* Primavera 125 3rd series (1976-77)
* Primavera 125 ET3 (1976-83)
* 50 Elestart (1969-75)
* 50 Elestart second series (1975-76)
* 50 L (1966-70)
* 50 N (1963-71)
* 50 R (1969-75)
* 50 R second series (1969-75)
* 50 S (1963-68)
* 50 Special (1969-75)
* 50 Special second series (1975-83)
* 50 Special Elestart
* 50 Sprinter / 50 SR (D)
* 50 Special Revival (Limited to 3,000 Italy-only numbered units, released in 1991)
* [[Vespa Cosa|COSA 125]] (1988-91)
* [[Vespa Cosa|COSA 150]] (1988-91)
* [[Vespa Cosa|COSA 200]] (1988-91)
* [[Vespa Cosa|COSA 125 Cosa 2]] (1992-95)
* [[Vespa Cosa|COSA 150 Cosa 2]] (1992-95)
* [[Vespa Cosa|COSA 200 Cosa 2]] (1992-95)
* [[Vespa PX|PE 200]] 1977-82)
* [[Vespa PX|P 80 / P 80 E (France)]]
* [[Vespa PX|P 80 X / PX 80 E (France)]]
* PK 50 Roma (Automatic)
* PK 50 S (1982-86)
* PK 50 S Automatica (1984-86)
* PK 50 XLS (1986-89)
* PK 50 XL Plurimatic (1986-89)
* PK 50 Rush (1988-90)
* PK 50 N (1989-91)
* PK 50 N Speedmatic (1989-91)
* PK 50 FL2 (1992-96)
* PK 50 FL2 Speedmatic (1992-96)
* PK 80 S / Elestart
* PK 80 S Automatica / Elestart
* PK 100 S / Elestart
* PK 100 S Automatica
* [[File:Scooter in workshop.jpg|thumb|VNA 1961 Model vespa in workshop]]PK 100 XL
* PK 125 ETS (1984-85)
* PK 125 XL / Elestart
* PK 125 S (1982-86)
* PK 125 S Automatica (1983-86)
* PK 125 (1978-80)
* PK 125 FL2 (1991-96)
* PK 125 FL2 Plurimatic (1991-96)
* PK 125 XLS (1986-90)
* PK 125 XL Plurimatic (1987-90)
* [[Vespa PX|PX 150 Arcobaleno]] (1983-92)
* [[Vespa PX|P 125 X]]
* [[Vespa PX|PX 125 E/Electronic]]
* [[Vespa PX|PX 150]] (1978-80)
* [[Vespa PX|P 150 XE]] (Indonesia only)
* [[Vespa PX|P 150 S]] (Indonesia only)
* [[Vespa P 150 SE|P 150 SE]] (Indonesia only)
* [[Vespa PX|PX 200 E FL]]
* [[Vespa PX|PX 200 Serie Speciale (Limited to 400 UK-only numbered units)]]
* Vespa TX 200 (Spain only)
* [[Vespa PX|PX-E 125]] (1981-82)
* [[Vespa PX|PX-E 150]] (1981-82)
* [[Vespa PX|PX-E 150 Arcobaleno]] (1984-92)
* [[Vespa PX|PX-E 200 Arcobaleno]] (1983-92)
* [[Vespa T5|PX T5 / Elestart (5 port engine 125 cc P series)]] (1985-90)
* [[Vespa T5|T5 Classic (5 port engine 125 cc P series)]]
* [[Vespa T5|T5 Millennium (5 port engine 125 cc P series) (Limited to 400 UK-only numbered units)]]

===Recent===
*Vespa Elettrica 45 kph (2019-21)
* [[Vespa ET|ET2 50]] Carburettor (1997-2005)
* [[Vespa ET|ET2 50]] FAST Injection (1997-2005)
* [[Vespa ET|ET4 50]] (1996-2004)
* [[Vespa ET|ET4 125]] (1996-2000)
* [[Vespa ET|ET4 125]] Second series (2000-05)
* [[Vespa ET|ET4 150]] (1999-2005)
* [[Vespa ET|ET4 150]] Second series (2000-05)
* [[Vespa ET|ET8 150]] (Rebadged ET4)
*GT 250 60 (2006-2010)
(60th anniversary limited run variant of GTS 250) Features the fender mounted headlight as a tribute to the original Vespas.
*GTL 125 (2003-2007)
*GTL 200 (2003-2008)
*GTS 125 (2007-16)
*GTS 125 Super ie (2009-16)
*GTS 125 Super Sport (2011-16)
*GTS 125 70th (2016)
*GTS 125 I-Get (2017-18)
*GTS 125 75th Anniversario (2021-22)
*GTS 125 Racing Sixties (2020-21)
*GTS 125 Super Sport series 2 (2019-22)
*GTS 125 Super series 2 (2019-22)
*GTS 125 Touring series 2 (2019-22)
*GTS 125 series 2 (2019-22)
*GTS 150 (2017-18)
*GTS 250 ie (2005-10)
*GTS 300 Super ie (2008-16)
*GTS 300 Super Sport (2010-16)
*GTS 300 Touring (2011-16)
*GTS 300 Sei Giorni (2017-18)
*GTS 300 HPE series 2 (2019-20)
*GTS 300 HPE Touring series 2 (2019-22)
*GTS 300 HPE Yacht Club (2019-21)
*GTS 300 HPE Super series 2 (2019-22)
*GTS 300 HPE Super Sport series 2 (2019-22)
*GTS 300 HPE Sei Giorni series 2 (2019-22)
*GTS 300 HPE Notte (2019-22)
*GTS 300 HPE SuperTech series 2 (2019-22)
*GTS 300 HPE Racing Sixties (2020-21)
*GTS 300 75th Anniversario (2021-22)
*GTV 125 (2006-08)
*GTV 125 Navy (2008)
*GTV 250 (2006-2010)
*GTV 250 Navy (2008)
*GTV 300 Vespa 140th of Piaggio (18/4/2024-21/4/2024)
*[[Vespa LX 150|LX 50 2T]] (2005-09)
*[[Vespa LX 150|LX 50 4T]] (2005-09)
*[[Vespa LX 150|LX 50]] FL 2T (2009-2014)
*[[Vespa LX 150|LX 50]] FL 4T 4V (2009-2014)
*[[Vespa LX 150|LX 50]] Touring 2T (2010-2014)
*[[Vespa LX 150|LX 50]] Touring 4T 4V (2010-2014)
*[[Vespa LX 150|LX 125]] (2005-09)
*[[Vespa LX 150|LX 125]] FL ie (2009-2014)
*[[Vespa LX 150|LX 125]] Touring (2010-2014)
*[[Vespa LX 150|LX 150]] (2005-09)
*[[Vespa LX 150|LX 150]] FL ie (2009-2014)
*[[Vespa LX 150|LX 150]] Touring (2010-2014)
*[[Vespa LX 150|LXV 50]] (2006-08)
*[[Vespa LX 150|LXV 50 Navy]] (2008)
*[[Vespa LX 150|LXV 125]] (2006-09)
*[[Vespa LX 150|LXV 125]] Navy (2008)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 50]] Disney Mickey Mouse Edition (2023)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 50]] Touring series 2 (2019)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 50]] Color Vibe (2023)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 50]] Pic Nic (2023)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 50]] Batik (2024)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 50]] Touring series 2 (2019)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 50]] (2014-18)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 50]] 2T(2014-18)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 50]] Yacht Club (2019-21)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 50]] Touring (2014-18)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 50]] Wotherspoon (2020-22)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 50]] 75th Anniversario (2021-22)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 125]] (2014-18)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 125]] 50th (2018-19)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 125]] 70th (2016-18)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 125]] Touring (2014-18)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 125]] 75th Anniversario (2021-22)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 125]] Sean Wotherspoon (2020-22)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 125]] Color Vibe (2023)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 125]] Disney Mickey Mouse Edition (2023)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 125]] Pic Nic (2023)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 125]] Batik (2024)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 125]] Touring series 2 (2019)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 150]] Batik (2024)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 150]] (2014-18)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 150]] Touring (2014-18)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 150]] Wotherspoon (2020-22)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 150]] 75th Anniversario (2021-22)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 150]] Touring series 2 (2019)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 150]] Color Vibe (2023)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 150]] Disney Mickey Mouse Edition (2023)
*[[Vespa PX|PX 125 Classic]] (1993-96)
*[[Vespa PX|PX 125 Disco]] (1997-99)
*[[Vespa PX|PX 125]] (2011-14)
*[[Vespa PX|PX 125]] 150th Unification of Italy (2011)
*[[Vespa PX|PX 125]] 70th (2016)
*[[Vespa PX|PX 125]] Catalysed Series 1 (1999-2001)
*[[Vespa PX|PX 125]] Catalysed Series 2 (2002-07)
*[[Vespa PX|PX 125]] 30 Years (2007)
(A limited edition, only 1000 produced to celebrate the 30 years of the P range<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scooter-infos.com/essai-1277-vespa-px30-125.html| title=Essai du VESPA PX30 125| work=Scooter Infos|access-date=2010-10-16}}</ref>)
*[[Vespa PX|PX 150 Classic]] (1993-96)
*[[Vespa PX|PX 150 Disco]] (1997-99)
*[[Vespa PX|PX 200 Classic]] (1993-96)
*[[Vespa PX|PX 200 Disco]] (1997-99)
*[[Vespa PX|PX 150]] Time 2000 Series 1 (2000-2001)
*[[Vespa PX|PX 150]] Catalysed Series 1 (1999-2001)
*[[Vespa PX|PX 150]] Catalysed Series 2 (2001-07)
*[[Vespa PX|PX 150]] (2011-14)
in 2011 the PX series restarted to be produced in Italy after a 3-year absence because of the European Union restriction about [[Euro III]] engines emissions not followed. In occasion of the 150th anniversary of Italian union, Piaggio has proposed this special version, with a re-designed saddle but with the same "Vespa experience".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motorbox.com/moto/magazine-moto/anteprima/piaggio-vespa-px-2011 |title=Anteprima: Piaggio Vespa PX 2011 |publisher=Motorbox.com |access-date=2011-10-04}}</ref>
*[[Vespa PX|PX 200 Classic]] (1993-96)
*[[Vespa PX|PX 200 Disco]] (1997-99)
*[[Vespa LX 150|S 50]] 2T (2007-10)
*[[Vespa LX 150|S 50]] 4T 4V (2008-14)
*[[Vespa LX 150|S 125]] (2007-09)
*[[Vespa LX 150|S 125]] College (2010-14)
*[[Vespa LX 150|S 125]] ie (2009-14)
*[[Vespa LX 150|S 150]] (2008-09)
*[[Vespa LX 150|S 150]] ie (2009-14)
*[[Vespa Sprint 2015-|Sprint 50]] (2015-18)
*[[Vespa Sprint 2015-|Sprint 50]] S 2t (2015-18)
*[[Vespa Sprint 2015-|Sprint 50]] 2t (2015-18)
*[[Vespa Sprint 2015-|Sprint 50]] Racing Sixties (2020-22)
*[[Vespa Sprint 2015-|Sprint 50]] Notte (2019-21)
*[[Vespa Sprint 2015-|Sprint 50]] Sport series 2 (2019- )
*[[Vespa Sprint 2015-|Sprint 50]] Justin Bieber (2022)
*[[Vespa Sprint 2015-|Sprint 125]] Sport Sport (2019-? )
*[[Vespa Sprint 2015-|Sprint 125]] series 2 (2019-?)
*[[Vespa Sprint 2015-|Sprint 125]] Racing Sixties (2019-21)
*[[Vespa Sprint 2015-|Sprint 125]] Notte (2019-21)
*[[Vespa Sprint 2015-|Sprint 125]] (2015-18)
*[[Vespa Sprint 2015-|Sprint 125]] S (2015-18)
*[[Vespa Sprint 2015-|Sprint 150]] Racing Sixties (2019-21)
*[[Vespa Sprint 2015-|Sprint 150]] (2015-18)
*[[Vespa Sprint 2015-|Sprint 150]] S (2015-18)
*[[Vespa Sprint 2015-|Sprint 150]] Justin Bieber (2022)
*[[Vespa LX 150|Zafferano]] 50 cc and 125 cc (A limited edition, only 200 produced)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uk.vespa.com/en_UK/vespa/zafferano/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505003231/http://www.uk.vespa.com/en_UK/vespa/zafferano/|archive-date=2010-05-05|title=Vespa Official Web Site|publisher=Uk.vespa.com|access-date=2009-06-14}}</ref>
*[[Vespa 946|Vespa 946]] (2013-18)
*[[Vespa 946|Vespa 946]] Emporio Armani (2015-18)
*[[Vespa 946|Vespa 946]] Christian Dior (2022-23)
*[[Vespa 946]] Dragon (2024)
*[[Vespa 946]] Snake (2025)
*[[Vespa 946]] 10 Anniversario (2023)

===Current===
*GTS 125 Super Sport series 3 (2023- )
*GTS 125 Super series 3 (2023- )
*GTS 125 series 3 (2023- )
*GTS 125 Super Tech (2023- )
*GTV 300 (2023- )
*GTV 310 (2025- )
*GTS 300 (2023- )
*GTS 300 Super series 3 (2023- )
*GTS 300 Super Tech series 3 (2023- )
*GTS 300 80th Anniversary (2026)
*GTS 310 (2025- )
*GTS 310 Super (2025- )
*GTS 310 Super Tech (2025- )
*GTV Officina 8 300 HPE (2025- )
*GTV Officina 8 310 (2025- )
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 45]] Elettrica (2020- )
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 45]] Elettrica Red (2020- )
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 50]] Officina 8 (2025- )
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 50]] Red (2020- )
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 50]] Sport (2019- )
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 50]] series 2 (2019- )
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 50]] Tech (2024- )
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 70]] Elettrica (2020- )
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 70]] Elettrica Red (2020- )
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 125]] Officina 8 (2025- )
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 125]] Red (2018- )
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 125]] series 2 (2019- )
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 125]] Sport (2019- )
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 125]] Tech (2024- )
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 125]] 80th Anniversary (2026)
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 150]] Red (2018- )
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 150]] Officina 8 (2025- )
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 150]] series 2 (2019- )
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 150]] Sport (2019- )
*[[Vespa Primavera|Primavera 150]] Tech (2024- )
*[[Vespa Sprint 2015-|Sprint 45]] Elettrica (2020- )
*[[Vespa Sprint 2015-|Sprint 50]] S
*[[Vespa Sprint 2015-|Sprint 125]] S series 2
*[[Vespa 946|Vespa 946]] Red (2019- )
*[[Vespa 946]] Horse (May 2026- )<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-26 |title=Vespa Delivers the 946 Horse for 2026 |url=https://www.motorcycle.com/bikes/news/vespa-delivers-the-946-horse-for-2026-44661169 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=Motorcycle.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Vespa 946===
{{main article|Vespa 946}}

[[File:Vespa 946 schraeg.jpg|thumb|right|Vespa 946]]
The '''Vespa 946''' is a scooter announced by Piaggio, sold under their Vespa brand, that sold starting in July 2013. Piaggio presented the [[Retro-futurism|retro-futurist]] Vespa Quarantasei [[Concept vehicle|concept]], based on the 1945 Vespa MP6 prototype, at the 2011 [[EICMA]] motorcycle show. The final production version, renamed the Vespa 946, appeared the following year, at EICMA 2012. The 946 will be fitted with Piaggio's new [[air-cooled engine|air-cooled]], [[Multi-valve|three-valve]], [[single-cylinder engine]], with a claimed output of {{Convert|11.7|hp|abbr=on}} for the {{Convert|125|cc|cuin|abbr=on}} [[Engine displacement|displacement]] version, and {{Convert|13|hp|abbr=on}} for the {{Convert|150|cc|cuin|abbr=on}} version.<ref name=Harley2011/><ref name=dePrato2012/><ref name=Wilson2012/>

===Electric vehicles===
[[File:Vespa-Elettrica-Madrid-070219.jpg|thumb|right|Electric Vespa Electrica in Madrid, Spain]]
Vespa Elettrica with a 2 kWh battery and a range of {{convert|100|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>[https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/8/16622942/vespa-elettrica-range-specs-photos-sale Vespa’s first electric scooter is coming in 2018 with 62 miles of range]</ref> There will be an hybrid option as well with a range of 200 km. Piaggio started production in September 2018 and it was released at the beginning of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.piaggiogroup.com/en/archive/press/piaggio-group-vespa-elettrica-go-production-september| title=Piaggio Group: Vespa Elettrica to go into production in September| date=27 August 2018| access-date=27 April 2019| archive-date=22 February 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222170025/https://www.piaggiogroup.com/en/archive/press/piaggio-group-vespa-elettrica-go-production-september| url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{clear|left}}

====Hybrids====
Piaggio/Vespa is developing a range of hybrid scooters. Two models are being developed at present, based on the [[Vespa LX 50]] and the [[Piaggio X8]] 125.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.treehugger.com/files/2006/04/vespa_unveils_h.php#ch01 |title=Vespa Unveils Hybrid Scooters |publisher=TreeHugger |access-date=2009-06-14}}</ref>

===Specials===
One-offs and special machines:

* Montlhéry – produced in 1950 to break world records on the French [[Montlhéry|circuit of the same name]]. It smashed 17 records in 10 hours
* Torpedo – 1951 125 cc special with counter-opposing pistons. [[Dino Mazzoncini]] set the world record on the kilometre at an average of 171 km/h
{{clear}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Italy|Companies}}
* [[List of companies of Italy]]
* [[List of motor scooter manufacturers and brands]]
* [[List of motorcycle manufacturers]]
* [[Vespa 400]] – a car also made by Piaggio

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="from Rider Magazine">{{cite web | url= http://www.ridermagazine.com/output.cfm?id=956269 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090115110528/http://www.ridermagazine.com/output.cfm?id=956269 | archive-date= 15 January 2009 | title= Piaggio Group Launches Market Expansion Plans | work= Rider Magazine | access-date= 2007-09-03 }}</ref>

<ref name="Vespa46_06pp80_83">{{cite book|last=Sarti|first=Giorgio|title=Vespa: 1946–2006: 60 Years of the Vespa|year=2006|publisher=MotorBooks International|location=St. Paul, MN, USA|isbn=978-0-7603-2577-3|pages=80–83|chapter=Origin and Development: The Forerunners}}</ref>

<ref name="RedEyes2022">{{cite book|first1=Colin |last1=Shattuck |first2=Eric |last2=Peterson |title=Scooters: Red Eyes, Whitewalls and Blue Smoke|year=2005|publisher=Speck Press|isbn =978-0-9725776-3-2|pages=20–22|chapter= Chapter 1: The Evolution of a Revolution |quote=He and D'Ascanio agreed that Innocenti should get into the business of building the lightweight people movers as soon as possible. But D'Ascanio never actually designed a scooter for Innocenti; instead he would move on to assist Piaggio with the Vespa in 1948|name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

<ref name="thecarconnection.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecarconnection.com/tips-article/1005464_vespa-city-mobile-italian-style|title=Vespa: City-Mobile, Italian Style|last=Traeger|first=Carol|access-date=2010-09-14|work=The Car Connection|publisher=High Gear Media|archive-date=6 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706050308/https://www.thecarconnection.com/tips-article/1005464_vespa-city-mobile-italian-style|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="PatrickTaylorVespa">{{cite web|url=http://www.patricktaylor.com/vespa-scooter |title=Vespa Scooter |publisher=Patricktaylor.com |date=18 February 2006 |access-date=2010-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806073921/http://www.patricktaylor.com/vespa-scooter|archive-date=2012-08-06|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ScooteringUSA">{{cite web |author=Frank Giovinazzi |url=http://www.scooteringusa.com/2006/03 |title=Scooter news and reviews, published by Frank Giovinazzi |publisher=Scooteringusa.com |access-date=2010-10-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112111349/http://www.scooteringusa.com/2006/03/ |archive-date=2010-11-12 }}</ref>

<ref name="DolceVita">{{cite web|url= http://www.dolcevita.com/design/vespa/vespa.htm|title= DolceVita: Vespa's 50th|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223074418/http://www.dolcevita.com/design/vespa/vespa.htm|archive-date= 23 December 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="ET2Analysis">{{cite web|url=http://www.motorcycle.com/mo/mcvespa/et2.html |title=Tech Analysis 1997 Vespa 50cc ET2 |publisher=Motorcycle.com |date=20 March 1997 |access-date=2010-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603160137/http://www.motorcycle.com/mo/mcvespa/et2.html |archive-date=2007-06-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="HowBad">{{Citation |title= How bad do you want it? |last= Mark |first= Millhone |magazine= [[Men's Health (magazine)|Men's Health]] |date= September 2008 |pages= 120, 124–125 |access-date=2010-06-27 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=I8gDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA120 |volume= 23 |issue= 7 |issn= 1054-4836 |publisher= Rodale }}</ref>

<ref name="ChaoVespa">{{citation |title= Chao Vespa! With vintage Vespa clubs, cafes and festivals it seems these classic Italian scooters are more popular than ever in Vietnam |publisher= ECNext |date= 11 June 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="Vierra">{{citation |title= Vietnam Business Guide: Getting Started in Tomorrow's Market Today |first1= Kimberly |last1= Vierra |first2= Brian |last2= Vierra |publisher= John Wiley and Sons |year= 2010 | isbn= 978-0-470-82452-8 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4-t0dMHgjQgC&pg=PA111 |page=111 |access-date=2010-06-27 }}</ref>

<ref name="GTS300SuperReview">{{cite web |url= http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/265/7208/Motorcycle-Article/2010-Vespa-GTS-300-Super-Review-.aspx|title= 2010 Vespa GTS 300 Super Review|last= Ets-Hokin|first= Gabe|date= 16 June 2010|work= MotorcycleUSA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024102554/http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/265/7208/Motorcycle-Article/2010-Vespa-GTS-300-Super-Review-.aspx |archive-date=2012-10-24 |url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name="PiaggioInIndia">{{cite web|first= Pankaj|last= Doval|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Auto-Expo-2012-13-years-later-Piaggio-brings-Vespa-to-India/articleshow/11411340.cms |title=Auto Expo 2012: 13 years later, Piaggio brings Vespa to India – The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=8 January 2012 |access-date=2012-04-15}}</ref>

<ref name="EastAsiaticCo">{{cite web|title=East Asiatic Company|url= http://www.oceanlinermuseum.co.uk/East%20Asiatic%20Company%20history.html|publisher=The Ocean Liner Virtual Museum|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120317165857/http://www.oceanlinermuseum.co.uk/East%20Asiatic%20Company%20history.html|archive-date= 17 March 2012|url-status= dead}}</ref>

<ref name= Odaka >{{cite book | last = Odaka | first = Kōnosuke | year = 1983 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dWrQxa-5yWwC | title = The Motor vehicle industry in Asia: a study of ancillary firm development | location = Singapore | publisher = Published for Council for Asian Manpower Studies by [[Singapore University Press]] | isbn = 978-9971-69-057-1}}</ref>

<ref name=Harley2011>{{Citation |title= Vespa Quarantasei '46' Scooter First Look |first= Bryan |last= Harley |magazine= MotorcycleUSA |date= 11 November 2011 |url= http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/644/11537/Motorcycle-Article/Vespa-Quarantasei-46-Scooter-First-Look.aspx |access-date= 7 March 2013 |archive-date= 29 March 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130329212901/http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/644/11537/Motorcycle-Article/Vespa-Quarantasei-46-Scooter-First-Look.aspx |url-status= dead }}</ref>

<ref name=dePrato2012>{{Citation |title= Preview – EICMA 2012 A sneak peek at Piaggio's four upcoming Milan Show unveilings |date= 8 November 2012 |first=Bruno |last= dePrato |url= http://www.cycleworld.com/2012/11/08/piaggio-preview-at-eicma-2012/ |magazine= [[Cycle World]] }}</ref>

<ref name=Wilson2012>{{Citation |title= EICMA Teaser – Vespa 946 |first= Byron |last= Wilson |magazine= MotorcycleUSA |date= 9 November 2012 |url= http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/593/14845/Motorcycle-Article/EICMA-Teaser---Vespa-946.aspx |access-date= 7 March 2013 |archive-date= 28 January 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130128014553/http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/593/14845/Motorcycle-Article/EICMA-Teaser---Vespa-946.aspx |url-status= dead }}</ref>
}}

=== Sources ===
*Boni, Valeri. ''Vespa''. Pub: Rizzoli International Publications, 1 February 2007. {{ISBN|0-8478-2936-7}}
*Brockway, Eric. ''Vespa: An Illustrated History.'' Pub: Haynes Manuals Inc, 16 August 1999. {{ISBN|1-85960-443-9}}
*Giorgio Sarti, Giorgio. ''1946–2006: 60 Years of the Vespa.'' Pub: J H Haynes & Co Ltd, 29 June 2006. {{ISBN|1-84425-313-9}}
*Jean Goyard, Jean & Soler, Bernard. ''The A–Z of Classic Scooters: The Illustrated Guide to All Makes and Models.'' Pub: J H Haynes & Co Ltd, 18 January 2007. {{ISBN|1-84425-390-2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

* {{Official website|http://www.vespa.com/}}
* {{Official website|http://www.vespa946.com|name=Official Vespa 946 website}}
* [http://www.scooterdave.com/vespa-vin-decoder/ Vespa Vin Decoder]—guide to decoding frame and engine numbers on older Vespas
* [https://scooterdave.com/max-meyer-vespa-paint-codes/ Max Mayer paint codes]—The Max Mayer Paint codes for older Vespas
* [http://scooterdave.com/vespa-manuals/ Vespa manuals]— A nice collection of manuals for older Vespas
* [https://www.museopiaggio.it/en/museum Vespa at the Piaggio Museum] the official factory museum
* [https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2005/apr/24/italy.observerescapesection Dolce vita on a Vespa]—summary of [[Peter Moore (travel author)|Peter Moore]]'s travels in Italy on a Vespa (from [[The Guardian]])
* {{imcdb vehicle|make=Piaggio|model=Vespa|Piaggio Vespa}}

{{Piaggio motorcycles}}
{{Mods}}
{{Major Italian motorcycle manufacturers}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Piaggio Vespa| ]]
[[Category:Motor scooters]]
[[Category:Motorcycle manufacturers of Italy]]
[[Category:Piaggio Group]]
[[Category:Piaggio motorcycles]]
[[Category:Scooter manufacturers]]
[[Category:Italian brands]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1946]]
[[Category:1946 establishments in Italy]]
[[Category:Transport in Italy]]
[[Category:Road transport in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Motorcycles introduced in the 1940s]]

Saswad

2026-03-24T21:23:47Z

Davidxbr: expanded layout additionally and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Saswad
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.55|N|74.00|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district|PUNE]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Sasvad.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Sasvad, India|website=www.fallingrain.com|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref>

| elevation_m = 767
| population_total = 78,521
| population_as_of = 2019
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = MH-12
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Saswad''' {{audio|Saswad.ogg|pronunciation}} is a municipal council located on the South-Eastern corridor of [[Pune district]] of the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. Saswad is situated on the banks of the [[Karha river|Karha]] River. Saswad is about 31 km from Pune-Central Station.

==History==
[[File:Saswad 019XZZ000000400U00031000(SVC2).jpg|thumb|right|Sangameshwar temple in 1813 by British artist Robert Melville Grindlay. The Purandare palace can be seen in the background]]
Saswad is a place with a long history. It is situated on the ancient trade route connecting the coastal [[Konkan]] ports to the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] interiors. Being on a trade route made it a center for [[Buddhist monasteries]].<ref>Kantak, M.R., 1991. Urbanization of Pune: How Its Ground Was Prepared. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 51, pp.489-495.</ref> The ''[[samadhi]]'' or the resting place of the 13th century [[Varkari]] Sant [[Sopan]] is located in the town. The [[Pandharpur Wari|annual Alandi to Pandharpur Wari]] of Dnyaneshwar [[Palkhi]] stops in the town. Later it was known as the town at the foot of the historic [[Purandar fort]]. The first [[Peshwa]] from the Bhat family, [[Balaji Vishwanath]] had his base in the town. His son, [[Bajirao I]] moved his base in 1720 to [[Pune]] and turned that place into a large city.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kosambi|first1=Meera|title=Glory of Peshwa Pune|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|year=1989|volume=24|issue=5|page=247}}</ref> Bajirao's family built the Sangameshwar temple in the 1720s.<ref>Sohoni, A., 1998. Temple architecture of the Marathas in Maharashtra.</ref> During the 18th century, Saswad was the seat of the [[Purandare|Purandare family]], hereditary knights of the Peshwa. The family's now crumbling palatial mansion was an imposing sight during the late Peshwa era.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000000400u00031000.html|title=View of Sassoor in the Deccan, drawn in 1813|last=Wright|first=Colin|website=www.bl.uk|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref>

In the 20th century, socialist leader Marathi writer and filmmaker [[Aacharya Atre]] born in [[Kodit Khurd]] near Saswad. He was one of the leaders of the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Movement]]. His series of books on the movement. viz. Karheche Pani कऱ्हेचे पाणी created an undisputed place in the history of [[Marathi language]].

Maharashtra Bhushan, Padmavibhushan Shivshahir [[Babasaheb Purandare]] was also from Saswad.

Saswas is land of Brave and Intellectual People. Saswad gets legacy from [[Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]], Founder of Maratha Empire.

Birth Place of [[Chatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj]] which is [[Purandar Fort]] located nearby Saswad.

Some prominent Pandav era's Temples are located in Saswad. Some of them are Vateshwar Temple, Sangameshwar Temple and Siddheshwar Temple.

Karhabai Temple is also located on karha River.

First Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath has Samadhi located nearby Karhabai Temple.

Mastani wada was constructed for Mastani who was wife of [[Bajirao I]] is located in saswad. Mastani lake is also nearby.

First Battle for Hindavi Swarajy was fought nearby Saswad. First Sarsenapati of Hindavi Swarajy was Veer [[Baji Pasalkar]]. Who's Samadhi is also located in Saswad.

Famous personalities from saswad in recent times are [[Pralhad Keshav Atre]] alias Achary Atre, [[Babasaheb Purandare]] [[Vijay Shivtare]], [[Sanjay Jagtap]], and famous actor [[Nilesh Sable]].

Diwali Pahat event gets arranged in [[Achary Atre Sanskrutik Bhavan]], Saswad during Diwali festival.

87th Akhil Bhartiy Marathi Sahitya Sammelan was conducted in Saswad in 2014.

Many movies shooting was conducted at [[Sardar Purandare Wada]] and vateshwar Temple. Eg.[[Tumbad]], [[fatteshikast]] etc.

==Demographics==

As of 2019, Saswad had a population of 78,521. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Saswad has an average literacy rate of 85%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 90%, and female literacy was 80%. In Saswad, 12% of the population was under 6.

== Geography ==
Given its proximity to Pune, Saswad may become part of [[Pune Metropolitan Region|Pune metropolitan area]]. The town is just 25 km away from [[Pune]] city and 20 minutes from [[Hadapsar]]. The Eotte (Royal Purandar) city that is under construction is 10 km from Saswad. [[Magarpatta]] City and Amannora Tower City are 25 km from Saswad. Saswad offers many apartments and shopping complexes. Saswad is the base for visitors to nearby [[Khandoba]] temple at [[Jejuri]], the ek-mukhi Datta temple at [[Narayanpur, Pune|Narayanpur]] and the historic [[Purandar fort]]. It is mentioned as the residence of Peshwa Bajirao in the TV soap ''Peshwa Bajirao.''

Saswad city recently received Cleanest city in India award from Urband Development Ministry of India.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

==Transport==
Pune city buses ([[PMPML]]) run services to Saswad from [[Hadapsar]], [[Swargate]] and [[Pune Junction railway station|Pune Train Station]]. The town has its own [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation|ST depot]] to long-distance destinations.

Saswad is close to [[Jejuri railway station]] with services to Pune and to destinations south such as [[Miraj]].

[[Pune airport]] is 50-60 min(via [[Kharadi]] bypass) away.

New Pune International Airport (Sambhaji Maharaj International Airport, Purandar) is getting constructed nearby Saswad area.

==Education==
Saswad has educational institutions that cater for the needs of different ages and sections of the society. Eight schools are run by the municipal council, many privately run primary and secondary schools that offering instruction in Marathi and English, and Christian mission run schools offering instruction in English. The town hosts colleges offering degree level courses. An ITI offers vocational training.

===Schools===
*Kanya prashala
*M.E.S Waghire high school (म.ए.सो.वाघीरे विद्यालय)
*Purandar high school
*Shivaji English Medium
*Gurukul primary school
*Bachpan primary school
*St. Joseph English medium

===Colleges===
*Purandar engineering college
*Shivaji D'ed college
*Waghire College of Arts, Commerce and Science<ref>{{cite web |title=Waghire College of Arts, Commerce and Science |url=http://pdeawcsaswad.edu.in/ |website=pdeawcsaswad.edu.in |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330134020/http://www.pdeawcsaswad.edu.in/ |archive-date=Mar 30, 2023 |language=en-in |url-status=live}}</ref>
*Purandar college
*Sheth Govind Raghunath Sabale college of Pharmacy- Saswad

===Tourist Places===
* Sangameshwar temple<ref name="Place">Sasvad">{{cite book |last1=Choudhari |first1=K.K. |title=Gazetteer of Bombay Presidency-Poona District |date=15 June 1991 |publisher=Govt. Of Maharashtra |location=Bombay |url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Poona%20District/places_s.html#. |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref>
* [[Purandare]] wada
* [[Acharya Atre]] Garden
* Old Bhairoba Temple (Temple of Village God)
* Veer [[Vir Baji Pasalkar Dam|Baji Pasalkar]] Samadhi
* [[Sopan]]dev Samadhi
* Sardar Godaji Raje Jagtap Samadhi *Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Garden*

==Industry==

Due to improvement in transport, many [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]] industrial parks around Pune - ([[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]) MIDC, [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]] MIDC, [[Ranjangaon]] MIDC and [[Jejuri]] MIDC are close enough for commuting from Saswad.

[[Kirloskar pneumatics]] industry is located in Saswad.

==In Art and Literature==
{{wikisource|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835/Sassoor, in the Deccan|Sassoor, in the Deccan, a poetical illustration by L. E. L.}}
An engraving of the painting by William Purser (taken from drawings by Grindlay) is the subject of a poetical illustration by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835.<ref>{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Bzk_AAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA6|section=picture and poetical illustration|pages=7-8|year=1834|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref> Landon records the temple as being dedicated to Mahadeo.

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Saswad}}
*{{Official website|url=http://www.saswad.in}}
{{Pune district topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Pune district]]

Sattur Ramachandran

2026-03-22T06:16:42Z

Davidxbr:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran
| image = The Health Minister of Tamil Nadu Shri K.K.S.S.R. Ramachandran and the Special Representative, Govt. of Tamil Nadu, Shri Cumbum Selvendran calling on the Union Minister for Health & Family Welfare, Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss (cropped).jpg
| caption = K. K. S. S. R in 2006
| office1 = [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| governor1 = [[Banwarilal Purohit]] [[R. N. Ravi]]
| term_start1 = 7 May 2021
| term_end1 =
| minister1 = *Revenue
*District Revenue Establishment
*Deputy Collectors
*Disaster Management
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| office2 = [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| governor2 = [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
| term_start2 = 13 May 2006
| term_end2 = 15 May 2011
| minister2 = * Backward Classes
* Most Backward Classes and De-notified Communities
* Overseas Indians
* Refugees and Evacuees
* Handlooms and Textiles
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| office3 = [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| minister3 = *Public Works
| term_start3 = 14 February 1985
| term_end3 = 7 January 1988
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| office4 = [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| minister4 = *Cooperatives
| term_start4 = 9 June 1980
| term_end4 = 14 February 1985
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| office5 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start5 = 19 May 2016
| predecessor5 = [[Vaigaichelvan]]
| constituency5 = [[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukottai]]
| term_start7 = 25 January 1989
| term_end7 = 30 January 1991
| predecessor7 = [[S. Kumara Kurubara Ramanathan]]
| successor7 = [[N. C. Kanagavalli]]
| constituency7 = [[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam]]
| term_start8 = 25 June 1977
| term_end8 = 30 January 1988
| constituency8 = [[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]
| predecessor8 = [[S. Alagu Thevar]]
| successor8 = [[S. S. Karuppasamy]]
| term_start6 = 19 June 1991
| term_end6 = 13 May 2011
| constituency6 = [[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]
| predecessor6 = [[S. S. Karuppasamy]]
| successor6 = [[R. B. Udhaya Kumar]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| other_party = *[[Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam]]
*[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|08|08|df=y}}
| birth_name = Kopalapuram Kanthasamy Subbu Reddiar Subbu Reddiar Ranganatha Reddiar Ramachandran
}}

'''K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran Reddiyar''' (generally known as '''Sattur Ramachandran''') is an Indian politician and the current [[Department of Revenue (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Revenue and Disaster Management]], Government of Tamil Nadu. He had also been the minister for [[Backward Classes]] between 2006 and 2011 in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]], India. He has been an MLA 9 times which record he holds with senior members like [[Durai Murugan|Duraimurugan]] and [[K. A. Sengottaiyan]] among currently serving MLAs, with a political career spanning over 40 years. His full name is Kopalapuram Kanthasamy Subbu Reddiar Subbu Reddiar Ranganatha Reddiar Ramachandran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members, 6th ASSEMBLY(1976-1980)|url=https://assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/6th_1977/6th_1977.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=assembly.tn.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Members, 8th ASSEMBLY(1984-1988) |url=https://assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/8th_1985/8th_1985.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250607012759/https://assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/8th_1985/8th_1985.pdf |archive-date=2025-06-07 |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=assembly.tn.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/dmks-cabinet-full-of-foes-turned-friends/articleshow/82698146.cms | title=DMK's cabinet full of foes-turned-friends | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=R Rangaraj | date=17 May 2021 | accessdate=17 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/m-k-stalin-cabinet-in-tamil-nadu-raj-bhavan-releases-list-of-ministers/articleshow/82430341.cms | title=DMK govt in Tamil Nadu: Names of MK Stalin's cabinet colleagues revealed | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Julie Mariappan | date=6 May 2021 | accessdate=6 May 2021}}</ref>

== Political career ==
He has been elected to the Tamil Nadu Assembly eight times and won on three consecutive occasions as an [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) candidate from the [[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur constituency]]. After the death of [[M. G. Ramachandran]], he won the neighbouring [[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam constituency]] as a candidate for the AIADMK ([[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]] faction). He started Anna Puratchi Thalaivar Munnetra Kazhagam with [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]] in 1989. He again won Sattur, as a candidate for the then-new Anna Puratchi Thalaivar Munnetra Kazhagam (but registered as the candidate of [[Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam]]) and subsequently suffered his first defeat after re-joining and merged his party with AIADMK in 1996. Switching allegiance once more - this time to the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] - he won the next two elections, in 2001 and 2006.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060421150933/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/20/stories/2006042005070500.htm Will `Sattur' Ramachandran set record?]</ref>

He was the [[Department of Co-operation, Food and Consumer Protection (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Cooperation]] and [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|Public Works Department]] in the M. G. Ramachandran Cabinet between 1984 and 1987. In M. Karunanidhi Cabinet he was appointed the [[Department of Health and Family Welfare (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Health]], and later appointed the [[Department of Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Backward class welfare]] between 2006 and 2011. Currently, he is the Minister for Revenue and Disaster Management.

== Electoral Career ==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2"|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan="2"|Opponent Party
! Opponent Votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]
| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
| 38,772
| 43.24
| M. Karmegasamy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 21,830
| 24.35
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 16,942
| 18.90
|-
! [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 54,720
| 69.40
| S. Saudi Sundara Barati
| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
| 43,795
| 44.10
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 10,925
| 13.86
|-
! [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| 58,745
| 51.03
| [[S. S. Karuppasamy]]
| 51,338
| 44.60
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 7,407
| 6.43
|-
! [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam]]
| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK(J)}}
| 33,951
| 36.59
| S. Kumaragurubara Ramanathan
| 25,955
| 27.97
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 7,996
| 8.62
|-
! [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="4"|[[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]
| {{Party name with color|Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam|shortname=TMK}}
| 59,942
| 36.59
| Sannasi Karuppasamy
| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 57,703
| 27.97
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 2,239
| 1.28
|-
! [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 49,608
| 36.34
| S. Vijayakumar
| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 58,972
| 43.20
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -9,364
| -6.86
|-
! [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}
| 57,953
| 42.91
| A. Rajendran
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 53,538
| 39.64
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 4,415
| 3.27
|-
! [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 73,918
| 49.58
| G. Chockeswaran
| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
| 53,073
| 35.60
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 20,845
| 13.98
|-
! [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukottai]]
| 65,908
| 44.05
| rowspan="3"|[[Vaigaichelvan]]
| 76,546
| 51.15
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -10,638
| -7.11
|-
! [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 81,485
| 49.41
| 63,431
| 38.46
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 18,054
| 10.95
|-
! [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 91,040
| 53.18
| 52,006
| 30.38
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 39,034
| 28.80
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

*https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/remembering-ancestors/article34126952.ece/
{{Government of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Council of Ministers of Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandran, Sattur}}
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu ministers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]

Great Eastern Hotel, Kolkata

2026-03-21T02:56:26Z

Davidxbr: new some stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Five star hotel in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox hotel
| name = The LaLiT Great Eastern Hotel
| image = Great Eastern Entry.jpg
| caption = The LaLiT Great Eastern Hotel entrance
| location = [[B.B.D. Bagh]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| opening_date = {{ubl|{{launch date and age|1840}}|19 November 2013 (reopened)}}
| developer =
| architect =
| operator =
| owner = The LaLiT Hotels
| number_of_restaurants = 5
| number_of_rooms =
| number_of_suites =
| floor_area =
| floor_count =
| parking =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Great Eastern Hotel''' (officially '''The LaLiT Great Eastern Kolkata''') is a colonial era hotel in the [[India]]n city of [[Kolkata]] (formerly Calcutta). The hotel was established in 1840/41; at a time when Calcutta, the seat of the [[East India Company]], was the most important city in India. Referred to as "Jewel of the East" in its heyday, Great Eastern Hotel hosted several notable persons visiting the city. After India's independence in 1947, the hotel continued its business and later the state government took over the management. In 2005 it was sold to a private company and was reopened in November 2013 after an extensive renovation.

==History==

[[File:Great-eastern-hotel.jpg|right|thumb|The Great Eastern Hotel (Calcutta) in 1865]]

The British brought modern hotels to Kolkata. The oldest was [[Spence's Hotel|John Spence's Hotel]]. Spence's, the first ever hotel in Asia was opened to the public in 1830. The Great Eastern Hotel was established in 1840 or 1841 by [[David Wilson (Calcutta)|David Wilson]] as the Auckland Hotel, named after [[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland]], then Governor General of India.<ref name=frontline>{{Cite journal|last= Chattopadhyay |first=Suhrid Sankar|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=13 August 2005|volume=22|issue=17|accessdate=11 April 2013|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2217/stories/20050826001608400.htm| title=Hotel with a history}}</ref> Prior to opening the hotel, Wilson ran a bakery at the same site.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Massey|first=Montague|title=Recollections of Calcutta over Half a Century|page=69|year=1918}}</ref> The hotel opened with 100 rooms and a department store on the ground floor (Spence's Hotel, established in 1830 but no longer in existence, is considered to be the first major hotel in Calcutta).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Denby|first=Elaine|title=Grand Hotels: Reality and Illusion|publisher=Reaktion|date=April 2004|page=197|isbn=9781861891211|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhLyGME7734C&q=%22Great+Eastern+Hotel%22+%22Spence+Hotel%22&pg=PA197}}</ref> The Auckland was expanded in the 1860s and its managing company renamed from D. Wilson and Co. to Great Eastern Hotel Wine and General Purveying Co. It was also amongst the first to have an Indian on its board of directors, in 1859.<ref name=frontline/> It became the Great Eastern Hotel in 1915.<ref name=dna>{{Cite news|last1=Mookerjee|first1=Madhumita|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Sumanta Ray|work=DNA|date=20 November 2005|accessdate=11 April 2013|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/10591/report-end-of-an-era-great-eastern-changes-hands | title= End of an era: Great Eastern changes hands}}</ref> In 1883 the premises of the hotel were electrified, thus probably becoming the first hotel in [[India]], to be illuminated by electricity.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chattopadhyay|first1=Suhrid Shankar|title=Hotel with a History|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2217/stories/20050826001608400.htm|accessdate=20 May 2016|volume=22|issue=17|publisher=Frontline|date=13 August 2005}}</ref>

[[File:Greta eastern hotel calcutta old image 1870.jpg|thumb|Another image, taken between 1850 and 1870]]

During its heyday, the hotel was known variously as the "Jewel of the East"<ref name=frontline/> and the "Savoy of the East"<ref name=dna/> and was prosaically described by [[Rudyard Kipling|Kipling]] in his short story ''City of Dreadful Night''.<ref name=frontline/> It was said of the hotel in 1883 that "a man could walk in at one end, buy a complete outfit, a wedding present, or seeds for the garden, have an excellent meal, a burra peg (double) and if the barmaid was agreeable, walk out at the other end engaged to be married".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dasgupta|first1=Minakshie|last2=Gupta|first2=Bunny|last3=Chaliha|first3=Aya|title=Calcutta Cookbook: A Treasury of Recipes from Pavement to Place|date=March 1995|publisher=Penguin Books|page=158|isbn=9780140469721|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btECzLTe6kMC&q=%22Great+Eastern+Hotel%22&pg=PA158}}</ref> The hotel has housed many famous personalities including [[Nikita Khrushchev]] and [[Nikolai Bulganin]],<ref name=dna/> [[Elizabeth II]],<ref name=frontline/> [[Mark Twain]],<ref name=dna/> [[Dave Brubeck]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Crist|first=Steven A.|journal=Journal of Musicology|volume=26|issue=2|date=Spring 2009|pages=133–174|jstor=10.1525/jm.2009.26.2.133| title=Deff Brubeck and Cold War politics|doi=10.1525/jm.2009.26.2.133}}</ref> and possibly [[Ho Chi Minh]].<ref name=frontline/> The management of the hotel was taken over by the state government in the 1970s and continued operations for over 30 years.<ref name=frontline/> The state sold it to the private group The LaLiT Hotels, Palaces and Resorts in 2005.<ref name=dna/> Until its closure for restoration in 2005, the hotel was the longest continuously operating hotel in Asia.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dutta|first=Indrani|title=Great Eastern Hotel set for re-launch|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 November 2012|accessdate=11 April 2013|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/great-eastern-hotel-set-for-relaunch/article4112459.ece}}</ref>

[[File:Great Eastern Hotel Kolkata (4).jpg|thumb|Renovation going on after it was taken over by LaLiT]]

The hotel remained closed for a number of years for extensive renovations. It reopened with a soft launch as The LaLiT Great Eastern Hotel on 19 November 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Revamped, renamed, Kolkata's Great Eastern Hotel returns Nov 19|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/revamped-renamed-kolkatas-great-eastern-hotel-returns-nov-19/1159807/|accessdate=4 October 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=25 August 2013}}</ref> The building is registered as a heritage structure and the renovations maintained essential features of the building, such as its facade and the grand staircase.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pandey|first=Jhimli Mukherjee|date=17 May 2012|accessdate=11 April 2013|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-17/kolkata/31748802_1_staircase-new-hotel-building|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413231434/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-17/kolkata/31748802_1_staircase-new-hotel-building|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]| title= Swanky new Great Eastern may be thrown open by year-end}}</ref> The hotel has been divided into three parts – Heritage I, Heritage II and New Block.<ref name=ttganesha>{{cite news|title=Mamata's Ganesha unveils new-look Great Eastern|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131120/jsp/calcutta/story_17590948.jsp#.UozkKMRkNzs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125051311/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131120/jsp/calcutta/story_17590948.jsp#.UozkKMRkNzs|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 November 2013|accessdate=20 November 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=20 November 2013}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:The Lalit Great Eastern Hotel.jpg|View of The LaLiT Great Eastern Hotel (Kolkata) from Hemanta Basu Sarani
File:Lalit Great Eastern at Night.jpg|The LaLiT Great Eastern Hotel (Kolkata) Night View
File:Great Eastern Loby.jpg|The LaLiT Great Eastern Hotel (Kolkata), Lobby
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Great Eastern Hotel (Kolkata)}}
*[http://www.thelalit.com/the-lalit-great-eastern-kolkata/ The LaLiT Great Eastern Kolkata official page]

{{coord|22.5684|88.3495|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Hotel buildings completed in 1841]]
[[Category:Hotels in Kolkata]]

Annamayya district

2026-03-19T16:13:32Z

Davidxbr: typo fix

{{Short description|District of Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Annamayya District
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 300
|photo1a = Horsley hills HDR.jpg
|photo2a = Baba Ehsanulla Khan Warsi Dargah, Madanapalle - 1.jpg
|photo2b = Dusk,pileru,A.P - panoramio.jpg
|photo3a = Paddy Fields In Kosuvari Palle.jpg
|photo3b = Punganur palace.jpg
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: View of [[Horsely Hills]] during winter ,Ehsanulla Khan Warsi Dargah in [[Madanapalle]], sunset in [[Pileru]],Paddy Fields In Kosuvari Palle Village,View of a old palace in [[Punganur]].
| image_map = Annamayya in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 7
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| map_caption = Location of Annamayya district in Andhra Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|13.55|78.50|display=title,inline}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{Flag icon image|Emblem of Andhra Pradesh.svg}} [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions in India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rayalaseema]]
| seat_type = Headquarters & Largest City
| seat = [[Madanapalle]]
| parts_type = Administrative Divisions
| parts = {{bulleted list|
| [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|3 revenue divisions]]
[[Madanapalle revenue division|Madanapalle]], [[Pileru revenue division|Pileru]], [[Rayachoti revenue division|Rayachoti]]
| [[List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh|25 Mandals]]
}}
| native_name = 
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[District magistrate (India)|District Collector]]
| leader_name = Nishant Kumar, IAS
| leader_title1 = [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]]
| leader_name1 = Dheeraj Kunubili, IPS
| leader_title2 = [[Indian Forest Service|DFO]]
| leader_name2 = R. Jagannath Singh, IFS
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 7951
| area_footnotes = {{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=IX}}
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="dem0"/><ref name="dem1"/>
| population_total = 1697308
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| demographics_type2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics2_footnotes = {{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=iX}}
| demographics2_title1 = Literates
| demographics2_info1 = 10,03,000
| demographics3_footnotes = 
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code = 516XXX, 517XXX
| website = {{URL|https://annamayya.ap.gov.in/}}
| established_title = Formed
| established_date = 4 April 2022
| established_title2 = Reorganized
| established_date2 = 31 December 2025
| founder = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| named_for = [[Annamacharya]]
| other_name = Madanapalle District
}}
'''Annamayya district''' is one of the eight districts in the [[Rayalaseema]] region of [[Andhra Pradesh]], formed in 2022 as part of the state's administrative reorganisation. [[Madanapalle]] serves as the district's administrative headquarters. Other major urban centres in the district include [[Pileru]], [[Punganur]], and [[Rayachoti]], which function as other important hubs for administration, commerce, education, and regional connectivity.

==Etymology==
The district is named after [[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency]] & [[Annamacharya]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Apparasu |first=Srinivasa Rao |date=2022-04-05 |title=Andhra adds 13 new districts with aim to boost governance |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/andhra-adds-13-new-districts-with-aim-to-boost-governance-101649099374136.html |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> a 15th-century [[Hindu]] saint from [[Tallapaka, India|Tallapaka]], [[Kadapa district]], and the earliest known Indian musician to compose songs called ''sankirtanas'' in praise of the Hindu deity [[Venkateswara]].<ref name="svasa">{{cite web |url=http://www.svasa.org/annamacharya1.html |title=Life and Times of Sri Tallapaka Annamacharya |publisher=Svasa.org |access-date=2013-06-20 |archive-date=18 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918225615/http://www.svasa.org/annamacharya1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
{{main|Chittoor district#History}}
{{main|Kadapa district#History}}
'''Annamayya district''' was formed on 4 April 2022 from parts of the former [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]] and [[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]] districts as part of the reorganisation of districts in Andhra Pradesh, with parliamentary constituencies serving as the basis for the new boundaries.{{Sfn|CPO|2022}} The district was initially formed based on the [[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency]].

In 2025, the district boundaries were reorganised and consolidated. As part of this reorganisation, the [[Rajampet]] area was merged back into [[Kadapa district]], Kodur was transferred to [[Tirupati district]], and Punganur from [[Chittoor district]] was added to '''Annamayya district'''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Madanapalle becomes district headquarters from today |last=Vennelakanti |first=Pradeep |date=2026-01-01 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/madanapalle-becomes-district-headquarters-from-today-1035505# |work=The Hans India}}</ref>

==Geography==
Annamayya district is located in the extreme southwestern part of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It forms part of the [[Rayalaseema]] region. The district is bounded by [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]] district to the east, [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]] to the west, [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]] district to the north, and [[Chittoor district]] to the south. It also shares its south-western boundary with the [[Chikballapur district|Chikballapur]] and [[Kolar district|Kolar]] districts of [[Karnataka]].{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=III}}

=== Natural resources ===
The district is characterised by undulating terrain and hill ranges forming part of the Eastern Ghats. The district includes plateau regions, fertile valleys, and rugged hills. The '''Madanapalle''' region consists of gently undulating plateaus with black and red soils, supporting extensive agriculture and patches of scrub and forest, which are home to birds such as grey partridge (kamju in Telugu) and quail. The '''Pileru''' region, lying close to the Seshachalam Hills, features rugged hills, narrow valleys, and dry deciduous forests that support wildlife including bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata), grey langurs, and occasional leopards. This region is also notable for the endangered red sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus), which is found in the eastern forested slopes of Pileru. The '''Rayachoty''' region is a transitional zone with rocky terrain, scattered hillocks, and fertile valleys, where mineral resources such as limestone and barytes are found. The '''Punganur''' region, on the south-western plateau, consists of open plains interspersed with low hills, with black soil dominating agricultural lands and forest patches providing habitat for small mammals and birds. Seasonal streams originating from the hills drain the district and support local irrigation, and the average annual rainfall is about 743.7 mm, generally increasing from the north-western parts towards the south-east.

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Annamayya district based on the 2011 census<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|81.97}}
{{bar percent|[[Andhra Muslims|Islam]]|green|17.25}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.78}}
}}

According to the 2011 census, Annamayya District had a population of 1,697,308, of which 391,511 (23.07%) lived in urban areas. The district has a sex ratio of 989 females for every 1,000 males. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] account for 228,501 (13.46%) and 62,475 (3.68%) of the population, respectively.<ref name="dem0">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – YSR Kadapa |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/148/download/242/DH_2011_2820_PART_A_DCHB_YSR.pdf|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>{{rp|80–84}}<ref name="dem1">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Chittoor |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/116/download/114/DH_2011_2823_PART_A_DCHB_CHITTOOR.pdf|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>{{rp|82–87}}

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Annamayya district based on the 2011 census<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 81.91 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 16.40 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Lambadi]] |value3 = 1.04 |color3 = khaki
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.65 |color4 = grey
|thumb = right
}}
According to the 2011 census, 81.91% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 16.40% spoke [[Urdu language|Urdu]], and 1.04% spoke [[Lambadi language|Lambadi]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==


=== Mandals ===
The district is divided into three revenue divisions: [[Madanapalle revenue division|Madanapalle]], [[Pileru revenue division|Pileru]], and [[Rayachoti revenue division|Rayachoti]]. These divisions are further subdivided into a total of 25 mandals and are administered by either a Sub-Collector or a Revenue Divisional Officer (RDO), depending on the division.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Issue No: 883; DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION - RE-STRUCTURING OF ANNAMAYYA DISTRICT - HEADQUARTERS AT MADANAPALLE AND CREATION OF NEW REVENUE DIVISION - FINAL NOTIFICATION |url=https://apegazette.cgg.gov.in/uploadGazette_view?filePath=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL2FwZWdhemV0dGUuY2dnLmdvdi5pbi9zZWFyY2hBbGxHYXpldHRlcyIsImlhdCI6MTc3MDUyODU1Niwic3ViIjoiL1VwbG9hZHMvQVBHQVpFVFRFL2dhemV0dGVzLzE3NjcxMDc4NzM5OTcucGRmIn0.9nHSYDEYec9d1ONOgI3NLXyKCi37vWpZyKgZTBPX-0s |date=2025-12-30 |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=APeGAZETTE}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revenue Division |url=https://annamayya.ap.gov.in/revenue-division/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=Annamayya district}}</ref> The mandals are:
{{Div col}}

'''[[Madanapalle revenue division]]'''
# [[B.Kothakota|Beerangi Kothakota]]
# [[Chowdepalle]]
# [[Kurabalakota]]
# [[Madanapalle mandal|Madanapalle]]
# [[Mulakalacheruvu]]
# [[Nimmanapalle]]
# [[Peddamandyam]]
# [[Peddathippasamudram]]
# [[Punganur]]
# [[Ramasamudram]]
# [[Thamballapalle]]

'''[[Pileru revenue division]]'''
# [[Gurramkonda mandal|Gurramkonda]]
# [[Kalakada mandal|Kalakada]]
# [[Kalikiri]]
# [[Kambhamvaripalle]]
# [[Pileru mandal|Pileru]]
# [[Sodam]]
# [[Somala]]
# [[Valmikipuram|Vayalpad]]

'''[[Rayachoti revenue division]]'''
# [[Chinnamandyam mandal|Chinnamandyam]]
# [[Galiveedu mandal|Galiveedu]]
# [[Lakkireddypalli mandal|Lakkireddipalli]]
# [[Ramapuram mandal|Ramapuram]]
# [[Rayachoti mandal|Rayachoti]]
# [[Sambepalli mandal|Sambepalli]]

{{Div col end}}

== Politics ==
There is one [[Lok Sabha]] constituency named [[Rajampet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajampet]], along with six assembly constituencies in the district.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=XVI}}

The assembly constituencies are given below.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number
!Name
!style="font-size:75%"|Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
!Parliamentary constituency
|-
|128
|[[Rayachoti (Assembly constituency)|Rayachoti]]
|None
| rowspan="5" |[[Rajampet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajampet]]
|-
|162
|[[Thamballapalle (Assembly constituency)|Thamballapalle]]
|None
|-
|163
|[[Pileru (Assembly constituency)|Pileru]]
|None
|-
|164
|[[Madanapalle (Assembly constituency)|Madanapalle]]
|None
|-
|165
|[[Punganur Assembly constituency|Punganur]] (partial)
|None
|}

== Cities and towns ==
There are three municipalities {{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=XV}} and one nagar panchayat in the district.
{{Srn}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers"
|+Municipal Bodies in Annamayya District
!Ciy/Town !! Civil status !! Revenue Division !! Population(2011)
|-
| [[Madanapalle]]
| Municipality
| Madanapalle
| 180,180
|-
| [[Rayachoti]]
| Municipality
| Rayachoti
| 98,299
|-
| [[Pileru]]
| Major Panchayath
| Pileru
| 60,253
|-
| [[Punganur]]
| Municipality
| Madanapalle
| 54,746
|}

== Economy ==
Agriculture is the primary economic activity of the district. The major crops cultivated include paddy, groundnut, sunflower, cotton, and betel leaves. Horticulture also contributes significantly to the local economy, with mango, papaya, banana, lemon, and sweet orange being the principal horticultural crops. As of the 2019–20 fiscal year, the district recorded a gross cropped area of 171,617 hectares and a gross irrigated area of 66,281 hectares. Irrigation is mainly supported by the Pincha project, which are the major irrigation initiatives serving the district.
{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=V-VI}}

==Transport==

===Roadways===
The road network of the region is supported by a well-distributed hierarchy of roads, ensuring connectivity between major towns and rural areas. It includes National Highways, State Highways, major district roads, and Panchayat Raj roads that together form the backbone of transportation. National Highways NH-71, NH-40, NH-42, and NH-340 pass through and around district providing direct inter-town connectivity. Pileru serves as a major junction connecting Madanapalle and Tirupati, while Rayachoty is linked through north–south corridors. In addition, several state highways and major district roads strengthen indirect connections between these towns. This integrated road network plays a crucial role in regional mobility, trade, and access to neighboring districts and states.

'''1. [[National Highway 40 (India)]]''' – Runs from Kurnool to Ranipet (Tamil Nadu); passes through Rayachoty and Pileru in the district. NH 40 intersects with NH 71 at Pileru junction, making it a major connectivity point.

'''2. [[National Highway 71 (India)]]''' – Extends from Madanapalle to Naidupeta (Tirupati district); touches Pileru and Madanapalle. It crosses NH 40 at Pileru junction.

'''3. [[National Highway 42 (India)]]''' – Runs from Anantapur to Ranipet (Tamil Nadu); passes through Madanapalle and Punganur within the district.

'''4. [[National Highway 340 (India)]]''' – Connects Rayachoty with Madanapalle, serving as an important inter-district and regional route.

National Highway 370 (NH-370) is a proposed National Highway planned to run from Nellore to Anantapuram via Rapur, Chitvel, Rajampet, '''Rayachoty''', and Kadiri. The highway is intended to strengthen east–west connectivity between coastal Andhra and the Rayalaseema region, with Rayachoty clearly included in the proposed alignment.

In addition, there is a sanctioned road corridor from the Karnataka border through '''Punganur''' to Rompicherla, aimed at improving inter-state and regional connectivity. This route is not yet declared a National Highway and is currently planned as a State Highway or Major District Road, but it holds official sanction for development.

=== APSRTC ===
Road-based public transport in the Annamayya region is operated by the Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC). Major towns in the region are served by APSRTC bus stations and depots, which manage fleet operations and provide regular passenger services to nearby districts, state capitals, and rural mandals.

In addition to APSRTC, the Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) operates inter-state bus services in the region. KSRTC runs services to Tirupati via Madanapalle and Pileru, providing an important inter-state and pilgrimage travel link.

Madanapalle and Punganur, located close to the Andhra Pradesh–Karnataka border, function as key inter-state transport points. Both towns are served by APSRTC and KSRTC buses, offering regular connectivity to various destinations in Karnataka, in addition to services within Andhra Pradesh.

The prominent APSRTC bus stations and depots in the Annamayya region include:

'''Madanapalle-I''' (MPL-1)

'''Madanapalle-II''' (MPL-2)

'''Pileru''' (PLR)

'''Punganur''' (PGNR)

'''Rayachoty''' (RCT)

===Railways===
The district is served by a 111 km long broad-gauge railway network with 09 railway stations, all falling under the Guntakal railway division of the South Coastal Railway Zone.
Madanapalle Road railway station, located about 12 km from Madanapalle, lies on the Guntakal–Pakala–Tirupati line and serves as the major railhead for the Madanapalle region.
Piler railway station is another important station on the same line, acting as a key halt for nearby mandals.

The stations between Piler and Tanakallu form part of the continuous ''''Guntakal–Pakala–Tirupati''' line. Listed from east to west (Pakala side to Guntakal side), the stations are :

* '''Piler''' (PIL)
* '''Kalikiri''' (KCI)
* '''Vayalpad''' (VLD)
* '''Madanapalle Road''' (MPL)
* '''Kurabalakota''' (KBA)
* '''Tummanamgutta''' (TAT)
* '''Battulapuram''' (BTM)
* '''Mulakalacheruvu''' (MCU)
* '''Tanakallu''' (TKU)

In addition, a proposed railway line between Kadapa and Bangalore has been planned. The alignment is proposed to pass through Kadapa, a new station at Rayachoty, Vayalpad, and Madanapalle, before entering Karnataka, which would significantly enhance regional and inter-state rail connectivity once completed.

===Airways===
The nearest airports are [[Kempegowda International Airport]] , [[Bengaluru]], which is {{convert|114|km}}, [[Tirupati International Airport]], which is {{convert|128|km}} & [[Kadapa Airport]] which is {{convert|131|km}} , located from [[Madanapalle]].

== Education ==
The region is home to several nationally and internationally recognised educational institutions. [[Rishi Valley School]], founded by [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]], is well known for pioneering the multi-grade teaching methodology and is internationally regarded for its alternative education model. Besant Theosophical College, established by Annie Besant, is another prominent institution located in '''Madanapalle''' with historical importance in higher education.

The district has a growing presence of technical, professional, and medical institutions.'''Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science (MITS)''' has attained university status, marking a significant milestone in higher education in the region. Major engineering institutions include '''Viswam Engineering College Madanapalle''', '''Sri Sai Institute of Science and Technology (SSITS) Rayachoti''', and '''MJR College of Engineering and Technology (MJRCET) Pileru'''.

Medical education in the district is provided by the '''Government Medical College Madanapalle''', which serves as the principal government medical institution in the Annamayya region. The college plays a key role in training medical professionals and strengthening healthcare services for the surrounding districts.

==Tourism==
[[Horsley Hills]] is a major hill station in the region in this district located near Madanapalle.

==Indian hub of tomato==
[[Madanapalle]] is widely recognised as a major centre for tomato cultivation and trade and is often referred to as an Asian hub of tomato production. The region benefits from favourable climatic conditions, fertile soils, and assured irrigation, enabling year-round cultivation. Large tomato markets, extensive cold storage facilities, and efficient transport networks support the movement of produce to major markets across Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and other parts of India. Tomato cultivation and trading form a key component of Madanapalle's economy, providing livelihoods to farmers, traders, and allied sectors.

== Notable people ==

# [[Jiddu Krishnamurthy]] – [[Indian philosopher]]
# [[Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy]] – Former [[Chief Minister]] of [[United Andhra Pradesh]]
# [[P. V. Midhun Reddy]] ([[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Member Of Parliament Rajampeta (AP)]] & Former Panel Speaker Of [[Lok Sabha]])
# [[Bindu Madhavi]] - [[Actress|Indian actress]] who has appeared in [[Tamil Cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu Cinema|Telugu]] films
# [[Kiran Abbavaram]] – [[Telugu Cinema|Tollywood]] actor
# [[Harishankar Reddy]] – Cricketer, played for [[Chennai Super Kings]] in the [[Indian Premier League]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Books===
{{Cite book |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s31be3bc32e6564055d5ca3e5a354acbef/uploads/2022/04/2022042050.pdf|title=District Hand Book of Statistics – 2020 Annamayya district|year=2022|author=CPO}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Annamayya district | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=Q110714854}}

*[https://overpass-turbo.eu/map.html?Q=%2F*%0AShow%20Mandals%20with%20English%20labels%20for%20Andhra%20Pradesh%0A*%2F%0A%5Bout%3Ajson%5D%5Btimeout%3A25%5D%3B%0Aarea%5Bname%3D%22Andhra%20Pradesh%22%5D-%3E.b%3B%0Arel(area.b)%5Bname%3D%22Annamayya%22%5D%3B%0Amap_to_area%20-%3E%20.searchArea%3B%0A(%0A%20%20relation%5B%22admin_level%22%3D%226%22%5D(area.searchArea)%3B%0A)%3B%0A%2F%2F%20print%20results%0Aout%20body%20geom%3B%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%7B%7Bstyle%3A%20%0A%20%20node%2Cway%2Crelation%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20text%3Aeval(%27tag(%22name%22)%27)%3B%0A%7D%0A%20%7D%7D Mandals of Annamayya district - OSM interactive map]

{{Annamayya district}}{{Andhra Pradesh}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Annamayya district
|North = [[Kadapa district]]
|Northeast = [[Kadapa district]]
|East = [[Tirupati district]]
|Southeast = [[Chittoor district]]
|South = [[Chittoor district]]
|Southwest = [[Kolar district]],[[Karnataka]]
|West = [[Chikkaballapura district]],[[Karnataka]]
|Northwest = [[Sri Sathya Sai district]]
}}

[[Category:Districts of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Annamayya district]]

Manoranjan TV

2026-03-16T21:12:56Z

Davidxbr: quick update

{{Short description|Indian Hindi Movie and Entertainment channel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}

{{Infobox television channel
| name = Manoranjan TV
| logo = ManoranjanTVLogo.jpg
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2010|10|14|df=y}}
| closed_date =
| picture_format = [[576i]] ([[SDTV]])
| network =
| owner = Manoranjan TV Group Limited
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| area = India
| affiliates =
| headquarters = New Delhi, Delhi, India
| former_names =
| replaced =
| replaced_by =
| sister_channels = Manoranjan Movies 
[[Khushboo Bangla]] [[Manoranjan Grand]] [[Manoranjan Prime]]
| timeshift_service =
| website =
| sat_radio_chan_1 =
| adsl serv 1 =
| adsl chan 1 =
| online_serv_1 =
| online_chan_1 =
| 3gmobile serv 1 =
}}

'''Manoranjan TV''' is an Indian [[Hindi-language]] entertainment and movie channel which was owned by Manoranjan TV Group Limited.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Broadcasting Icons of India – The Manoranjan Group |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/broadcasting-icons-of-india-the-manoranjan-group-121071500360_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manoranjan Group to launch new channel on 15 August – Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/manoranjan-group-to-launch-new-channel-on-august-15-98770.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, the channel aired Bollywood and Hindi-dubbed movies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NETWORK |first=LIVELAW NEWS |date=2020-07-24 |title=Bombay High Court Ordered Television Channels "Maha Movie" And "Manoranjan TV" To Abstain From Broadcasting Zee Owned Films "Jung" And "Kartavya" [Read Order] |url=https://www.livelaw.in/law-firms/bombay-high-court-ordered-television-channels-maha-movie-and-manoranjan-tv-to-abstain-from-broadcasting-zee-owned-films-jung-and-kartavya-read-order-160430 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> Now it is an entertainment channel airing children's programming. In 2022 the channel launched content in Bhojpuri<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-16 |title=Manoranjan Group to launch Bhojpuri TV Channel – Manoranjan Prime |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/manoranjan-group-to-launch-bhojpuri-tv-channel-manoranjan-prime/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> and in 2023, in Urdu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manoranjan Movies, a leading television channel launches a slew of content in Urdu, marking a new entertainment category for the channel |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/manoranjan-movies-a-leading-television-channel-launches-a-slew-of-content-in-urdu-marking-a-new-entertainment-category-for-the-channel20230407145630/ |website=ANI News}}</ref>

==Programming==
=== Current shows ===
*''Fundaar''
*''Kissey Kahaniyan''
*''Chottu Dada''
*''Zabardast Kahaniyan''
*''Kissey Kahaniyan''
*''Majedaar Kahaniyan''

'''Animated'''
* ''[[The Jungle Book (2010 TV series)|The Jungle Book]]''
* ''[[Chacha Bhatija (TV series)|Chacha Bhatija]]''
* ''[[Oggy and the Cockroaches]]''

===Former programming===
*''Majedaar Kahaniyan''

'''Animated'''
* ''Watch Cars ''
*''[[Supa Strikas]]''
*''[[Grizzy & the Lemmings]]''
*''[[Gormiti]]''
*''Super King''
*''Mighty Raju''
*''[[List of programmes broadcast by Hungama TV#Animated series|Vir: The Robot Boy]]''
*'' Peter Pan''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2010]]
[[Category:Television stations in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Manoranjan Group]]
[[Category:Movie channels in India]]

{{India-tv-stub}}

Yasmin Saikia

2026-03-09T13:49:01Z

Davidxbr: adding new page

{{short description|American professor of South Asian history and author}}
{{Infobox academic
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Assam, India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| citizenship = 
| occupation = Professor and author
| period =
| known_for =
| title =
| awards = 
| website =
| education = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]]
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| influences = 
| era =
| discipline = History
| sub_discipline = South Asia
| workplaces = <nowiki>[[Carleton College]</nowiki> [[University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill]] [[Arizona State University]]
| main_interests =
| notable_works = ''Fragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India'' ''Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971''
}}
'''Yasmin Saikia''' is the Hardt-Nickachos Chair in Peace Studies and a professor of South Asian history at [[Arizona State University]]. She is the author of ''Fragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India'' (2004) and ''Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971'' (2011).

==Early life and education==
Saikia was born in [[Assam, India]].<ref name="Longhi 2012">{{cite web |last1=Longhi |first1=Lorraine |title=Connecting with Yasmin Saikia on the study of peace |url=https://news.asu.edu/content/connecting-yasmin-saikia-study-peace |website=ASU News |publisher=[[Arizona State University]] |access-date=3 January 2024 |language=en |date=13 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="Baruah 2005"/> She completed a bachelor's and master's degree in history at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] in India, and then a master's degree in South Asian history and a Ph.D. in South Asian history with a focus on American and Southeast Asia at the [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]].<ref name="Saikia ASU profile">{{cite web |title=Yasmin Saikia |url=https://search.asu.edu/profile/1614088 |website=search.asu.edu |publisher=[[Arizona State University]] |access-date=3 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Boruah 2004"/>

==Career==
Saikia worked as an assistant professor at [[Carleton College]] from 1997 to 1999, during which she completed her PHD at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin, Madison]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |title=Carleton College Announces New Faculty Appointments |url=https://www.carleton.edu/news/stories/carleton-college-announces-new-faculty-appointments/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.carleton.edu |date=2 October 1997 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Saikia's early academic career includes teaching history and conducting research at the [[University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill]].<ref name="Boruah 2004" /><ref name="Longhi 2012" /> She regularly returned to [[Guwahati]] to visit family and to conduct research in India, and spent a year in Pakistan conducting research.<ref name="Boruah 2004">{{cite news |last1=Boruah |first1=Maitreyee |title=A historian who digs the past for a better future |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/a-historian-who-digs-the-past-for-a-better-future/cid/1551239 |access-date=3 January 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |date=28 October 2004 |language=en}}</ref> In 2001, she traveled to Bangladesh to conduct research and began conducting interviews with women that would later form the foundation of her 2011 book ''Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Meenakshi |title=Suffering beyond a war |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/suffering-beyond-a-war/article2856807.ece |access-date=3 January 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 February 2012 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In 2010, she became the Hardt-Nickachos Endowed Chair in Peace Studies and a South Asian history professor at [[Arizona State University]].<ref name="Syracuse press">{{cite web |title=People's Peace – Syracuse University Press |url=https://press.syr.edu/supressbooks/2882/people-s-peace/ |website=press.syr.edu |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |access-date=3 January 2024}}</ref> After she became a professor at ASU, she continued to travel to conduct research.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Castillo |first1=Isabella |title=ASU professor travels to war ravaged countries to study impacts of war |url=https://www.statepress.com/article/2015/09/asu-professor-travels-globe-studies-peace-and-war |access-date=3 January 2024 |work=[[The State Press]] |date=September 16, 2015}}</ref> In 2022, she additionally became the co-director of the Center of Muslim Experience in the United States at Arizona State University.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fan |first1=Sherry |title=ASU's Center of Muslim Experience in the US opens|url=https://www.statepress.com/article/2022/09/asu-center-of-muslim-experience-opens |access-date=3 January 2024 |work=[[The State Press]] |date=September 23, 2022}}</ref><ref name="ASU News 2022">{{cite web |title=New ASU center aims to showcase Muslim contributions, accomplishments in US |url=https://news.asu.edu/20220829-new-centers-aim-highlight-and-showcase-muslim-contributions-and-accomplishments-united |website=ASU News |publisher=[[Arizona State University]] |access-date=3 January 2024 |language=en |date=29 August 2022}}</ref>

Saikia is the author of several books, including ''In the Meadows of Gold: Telling Tales of the Swargadeos at the Crossroads of Assam'' (1997),<ref name="Boruah 2004"/> ''Fragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai‐Ahom in India'' (2004), and ''Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh''. She has also co-edited various works, including collections intended to become a trilogy: ''Women and Peace in the Islamic World: Gender, Influence and Agency'' (2015) and ''People's Peace: Prospects for a Human Future'' (2019).<ref>{{cite web |title=Peace Studies: Chair {{!}} Center for the Study of Religion and Conflict |url=https://csrc.asu.edu/peacestudies/chair2 |website=csrc.asu.edu |publisher=[[Arizona State University]] |access-date=3 January 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103055748/https://csrc.asu.edu/peacestudies/chair2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2022, she was appointed as editor for the Muslim South Asia 15-book series from [[Cambridge University Press]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beeson |first1=Dawn R. |title=ASU South Asia expert poised to make global impact in new role |url=https://news.asu.edu/20220718-south-asia-expert-poised-make-global-impact-new-role |website=ASU News |publisher=[[Arizona State University]] |access-date=3 January 2024 |language=en |date=18 July 2022}}</ref>

===''Fragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai‐Ahom in India''===
In a review of ''Fragmented Memories'' for ''[[The Journal of Asian Studies]]'', Jayeeta Sharma writes of how Saikia "posits an alternative view of the precolonial Ahom as a relatively open-status group whose membership came from a diverse set of local peoples participating in a warrior ruling ethos. Rather than an inherited bodily identity, it was a prestigious rank achieved by those who had made it into the king's favor. Later, the British intervention ethnicized the meaning of Ahom and laid the groundwork for the local invention of a Tai-Ahom identity."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Jayeeta |title=Review of Fragmented Memories: Struggling to Be Tai-Ahom in India |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |date=2007 |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=277–279 |doi=10.1017/S0021911807000484 |jstor=20203149 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20203149 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In a review for ''[[The American Historical Review]]'', Sanjib Baruah describes the book as a "significant publication event" in the context of a lack of a "strong intellectual tradition in India of looking at local pasts in autonomous terms", and the limited number of available research visas.<ref name="Baruah 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Baruah |first1=Sanjib |title=Review of Fragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |date=2005 |volume=110 |issue=4 |pages=1150–1151 |doi=10.1086/ahr.110.4.1150a |jstor=10.1086/ahr.110.4.1150a |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/ahr.110.4.1150a |issn=0002-8762|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===''Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971''===
In a review for ''[[Human Rights Quarterly]]'', Elora Chowdhury and Devin Atallah describe ''Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh'' as "groundbreaking" because it is one of the few scholarly works addressing the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971]], as well as because of the book's emphasis on the experience of women during the war.<ref name="Chowdhury and Atallah 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Elora Halim |last2=Atallah-Gutierrez |first2=Devin G. |title=Review of Debunking 'Truths', Claiming Justice: Reflections on Yasmin Saikia, 'Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971' |journal=[[Human Rights Quarterly]] |date=2012 |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=1201–1211 |doi=10.1353/hrq.2012.0070 |s2cid=144722964 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260103904 |issn=0275-0392|access-date=3 January 2024}}</ref> They also describe the book as "provocative because it debunks a number of national myths that have shaped the consciousness of the post-1971 nation of Bangladesh."<ref name="Chowdhury and Atallah 2012"/> Hannah Sholder describes the book as "unique" in a review for the ''South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal'' and writes, "By bringing the experiences of Bangladeshi women from diverse ethnic and religious backgrounds into the spotlight, Saikia not only challenges the often one-sided and nationalistic accounts of the war, but she also produces an alternative discourse that reveals an opportunity for reconciliation to heal the wounds of war which are still festering today among those who experienced the war or its aftereffects."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sholder |first1=Hannah |title=Yasmin Saikia, Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971 |journal=[[South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal]] |date=15 May 2012 |doi=10.4000/samaj.3393 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/3393 |language=En |issn=1960-6060|access-date=3 January 2024|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Honors and awards==
* 2005 Srikanta Datta Best Book Award on Northeast India and the Social Sciences, for ''Fragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India''<ref name="Syracuse press"/>
* 2013 [[Oral History Association]] Bienniel Book Award, for ''Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971''<ref name="Syracuse press"/>

==Selected works==
*{{cite book |last1=Saikia |first1=Sayeeda Yasmin |title=In the Meadows of Gold: Telling Tales of the Swargadeos at the Crossroads of Assam |date=1997 |publisher=Spectrum Publ |location=Guwahati |isbn=9788185319612 |edition=1. publ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Saikia |first1=Sayeeda Yasmin |title=Fragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India |date=2004 |publisher=Duke Univ. Press |location=Durham, NC |isbn=9780822333739}}<ref>Additional reviews of ''Fragmented Memories''
*{{cite journal |last1=Aggarwal |first1=Ravina |title=Review of Fragmented Memories: Struggling to Be Tai-Ahom in India |journal=[[American Anthropologist]] |date=2006 |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=434–435 |doi=10.1525/aa.2006.108.2.434 |jstor=3804842 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3804842 |issn=0002-7294|url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Fisher |first1=Michael H. |title=Review of Fragmented Memories: Struggling to Be Tai-Ahom in India |journal=[[The Journal of Interdisciplinary History]] |date=2006 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=337–338 |doi=10.1162/jinh.2006.37.2.337 |jstor=4139601 |s2cid=141964651 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4139601 |issn=0022-1953|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* {{cite book |last1=Saikia |first1=Yasmin |title=Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971 |date=2011 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |location=Durham (N C.) |isbn=9780822350385}}<ref>Additional reviews of ''Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh''
*{{cite news |last1=Ahsan |first1=Syed Badrul |title=Dhaka's Despair |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/dhaka-s-despair/ |access-date=2 January 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=4 February 2012 |language=en}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Zutshi |first1=Chitralekha |title=Yasmin Saikia. Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971. |journal=[[H-Net|H-Net Reviews]] |date=September 2012 |url=https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=34711 |access-date=3 January 2024}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Nair |first1=Neeti |title=Review of Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971 |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |date=2013 |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=169–170 |doi=10.1093/ahr/118.1.169 |jstor=23425491 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23425491 |issn=0002-8762|url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Jahan |first1=Rounaq |title=Review of Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971 |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |date=2014 |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=842–844 |doi=10.1017/S0021911814000928 |jstor=43553385 |s2cid=163495512 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43553385 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kilinçoğlu |first1=Sevil Çakir |title=Review of Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971 |journal=[[The Oral History Review]] |date=2015 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=164–166 |doi=10.1093/ohr/ohv031 |jstor=43863639 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43863639 |issn=0094-0798|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Saikia |editor1-first=Yasmin |editor2-last=Haines |editor2-first=Chad |title=Women and Peace in the Islamic world: Gender, Agency and Influence |date=2015 |publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co |location=London & New York |isbn=9781784530174}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Saikia |editor1-first=Yasmin |editor2-last=Haines |editor2-first=Chad |title=People's Peace: Prospects for a Human Future |date=2019 |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |location=Syracuse, New York |isbn=9780815636571 |edition=1st}}<ref>Review of ''People's Peace''
*{{cite journal |last1=Rinker |first1=Jeremy A. |title=People's Peace: Prospects for a Human Future. |journal=[[Peace & Change]] |date=October 2020 |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=609–612 |doi=10.1111/pech.12437 |s2cid=224957737 |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/pech.12437 |language=en |issn=0149-0508|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Saikia |editor1-first=Yasmin |editor2-last=Rahman |editor2-first=M. Raisur |title=The Cambridge Companion to Sayyid Ahmad Khan |date=2019 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge New York, NY Port Melbourne New Delhi Singapore |isbn=9781108705240}}

==Personal life==
Saikia is [[Muslim]] and a [[naturalized]] American citizen.<ref name="ASU News 2022"/>

==See also==
* [[Ahom people]]
* [[Assamese people]]
* [[Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Google Scholar ID|id=4t0eS8MAAAAJ|name=Yasmin Saikia}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saikia, Yasmin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women academics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:21st-century American educators]]
[[Category:21st-century American academics]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni]]
[[Category:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty]]
[[Category:Arizona State University faculty]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Maharashtra Sampark Kranti Express

2026-03-08T16:13:39Z

Davidxbr: Article updated with latest changes

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 600000
| name = Maharashtra Sampark Kranti Express
| logo =
| image = Maharashtra Sampark Kranti Express 2023.jpg
| image_size = 330px
| caption = Maharashtra Sampark Kranti Express At [[Bharatpur Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Sampark Kranti Express]]
| locale = [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]] & Delhi
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2004|11|04}}
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Bandra Terminus}} (BDTS)
| stops = 4
| end = {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} (NZM)
| distance = {{convert|1367|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 16 hours 45 minutes
| frequency = Bi-weekly
| class = {{unbulleted list||AC First Class Class|AC 2 Tier|AC 3 Tier|Sleeper Class|General Unreserved}}
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12907 / 12908
| speed = {{convert|82|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Maharashtra Samparkkranti Express (NZM - BDTS) Route map.jpg|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12907 / 12908 '''Maharashtra Sampark Kranti Express''' is a [[Sampark Kranti Express|Sampark Kranti Superfast Express]] train that operates between {{stnlnk|Bandra Terminus}} in Mumbai and {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} in Delhi, India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Sampark Kranti Express (PT)/12907 Time Table/Schedule: Mumbai Bandra Terminus to Hazrat Nizamuddin WR/Western Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/maharashtra-sampark-kranti-express-12907/1039/303/748 |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=12907 Maharashtra Sampark Kranti Express Train Schedule & Route Details - RailYatri |url=http://www.railyatri.in/app |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=www.railyatri.in |language=en}}</ref>

It is the fastest non premium train of Indian Railways with average speeds competing with many Rajdhani trains.

==Background==
This train was introduced as one of the [[Sampark Kranti]] trains announced by the then-Railway Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] in the 2004/2005 rail budget. It originally departed from {{stnlnk|Bandra Terminus}} and, after a stop at {{stnlnk|Borivali}}, ran non-stop to {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}}, except for operational halts. Due to low ridership, the operational stops were changed to commercial stops. It now also halts at {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}} , {{stnlnk|Ratlam Junction }} and {{stnlnk|Kota Junction}} for crew changes. It formerly used [[ICF coach]] cars, but has used [[LHB coach|LHB rakes]] cars since 15 January 2017.

==Coach composition==

The train uses standard [[LHB coach|LHB rakes]] cars and has a maximum speed of 130&nbsp;km/h. The train consists of 22 coaches:
* 1 AC I Tier
* 2 AC II Tier
* 6 AC III Tier
* 8 Sleeper coaches + SLR
* 1 Pantry car
* 3 General
* 1 End-on Generator

==Stoppage==

* '''{{stnlnk|Bandra Terminus}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Borivali}}
* {{stnlnk|Surat}}
* {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ratlam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kota Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}}'''

==Traction==

As the [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] has switched to AC traction, {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}} is now an operational halt. It is hauled end-to-end by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara]]-based [[WAP-7]] (HOG) equipped locomotive.

From April 2018, bio toilets were installed in this train.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2018 |title=As Bio-Toilets Clog, Railways Turns To Vacuum Toilets In 13 Trains |url=https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/bio-toilets-clog-railways-turns-vacuum-toilets-13-trains-18877/ |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=NDTV}}</ref> In August 2016, along with a few other trains, this train was selected to run advertisements on the coaches.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Rakesh |date=2016-08-26 |title=Over 10,000 trains to be covered with advertisements to boost revenue |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/indian-railways-rajdhani-express-ministry-of-railways-advertisements-337258-2016-08-26 |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The train was temporarily halted during COVID19 and was restarted in January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-01-14 |title=रेल यात्रियों की सुविधा के लिए रेलवे फिर से दिल्ली से मुंबई के बीच चलाएगी ये ट्रेन |url=https://www.abplive.com/business/indian-railways-to-run-maharashtra-sampark-kranti-express-again-from-independence-day-2022-irctc-ticket-book-2038610 |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sampark Kranti Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maharashtra Sampark Kranti Express}}
[[Category:Delhi–Mumbai trains]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2004]]
[[Category:Sampark Kranti Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-06T13:32:28Z

Davidxbr:

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly election in Nagaland, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| party_name =
| alliance_name =
| previous_election = 1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1998
| election_date = ''26 February 2003''
| next_election = 2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2008
| seats_for_election = All 60 seats in the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 31
| registered = {{formatnum:1014841}}
| turnout = 87.85%

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=NeiphiuRio.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| leader1 = [[Neiphiu Rio]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Northern Angami-II Assembly constituency|Northern Angami-II]]
| party1 = Naga People's Front
| leader_since1 = 2002
| seats_before1 = ''New''
| popular_vote1 = 29.76%
| seat_change1 = ''New''
| seats1 = 19
| swing1 =
| alliance1 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Governor S. C. Jamir with CM Naveen Patnaik and President Kovind (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[S.C. Jamir]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Aonglenden Assembly constituency|Aonglenden]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since2 =
| seats_before2 = 53
| popular_vote2 = '''35.86%'''
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 32
| seats2 = '''21'''
| swing2 =

| image3 = File:Lotus flower symbol.svg

| leader3 = [[Hokishe Sema]]
| leaders_seat3 = Dimapur-I
| party3 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader_since3 =
| seats_before3 =
| popular_vote3 = 10.88%
| seat_change3 = ''New''
| seats3 = 7
| swing3 =
| alliance3= [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]


| title = [[Chief Minister of Nagaland|CM]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| before_election = [[S. C. Jamir]]
| after_party = Naga People's Front
| after_election = [[Neiphiu Rio]]
}}

Elections to the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] were held in February 2003 to elect members of the 60 constituencies in [[Nagaland]], India. The [[Democratic Alliance of Nagaland]], which was formed of the [[Naga People's Front]], the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Janata Dal (United)]] and the [[Samata Party]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2003/mar/02naga.htm |title=DAN to stake claim in Nagaland - Lok Sabha Election news |website=rediff.com |date=2 March 2003 |agency=PTI |access-date= 3 September 2021}}</ref> won a majority of seats and [[Neiphiu Rio]] was appointed as the [[Chief Minister of Nagaland]]. The number of constituencies was set as 60 by the recommendation of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]].<ref name="delimitation1976">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=DPACO (1976) - Archive Delimitation Orders |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= December 9, 2020}}</ref>

==Background==
After the previous elections in [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]], [[Neiphiu Rio]], was made the Home minister in [[S C Jamir]]'s cabinet, but he resigned from the Congress in September 2002, accusing the chief minister of blocking a negotiated settlement on the Naga issue.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ex-nagaland-chief-minister-neiphiu-rio-teams-up-with-bjp-this-time-1813781 |title=Ex-Nagaland Chief Minister Neiphiu Rio Teams Up With BJP This Time |date=17 February 2018 |editor=Debanish Achom |access-date= 4 September 2021 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> After his resignation, Rio joined the [[Naga People's Front]] which partnered with other Naga regionalist parties and the state branch of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] under his leadership, to form the [[Democratic Alliance of Nagaland]].

== Parties contested ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
! colspan="2" | Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[S. C. Jamir]]
|60
|-
|{{party color cell|Naga People's Front}}
|[[Naga People's Front]]
|[[File:Flag of the Naga People's Front.png|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cock.png|50px]]
|[[Neiphiu Rio]]
|56
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[L. K. Advani]]
|38
|-
|{{party color cell|Nationalist Democratic Movement}}
|[[Nationalist Democratic Movement]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Battery Torch.svg|50px]]
|[[K. L. Chishi]]
|25
|-
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|[[File:Janata Dal (United) Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Arrow.svg|50px]]
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
|13
|-
|{{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Clock.png|50px]]
|[[File:Clock symbol of NCP.png|50px]]
|[[P. A. Sangma]]
|7
|-
|{{party color cell|Samata Party}}
|[[Samata Party]]
|
| [[File:Samata Party Election Symbol Flaming Torch.png|50px]]
|[[George Fernandes]]
|4
|-
|{{party color cell|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Hand Pump.png|50px]]
|[[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]
|3
|-
|{{party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|[[File:All India Trinamool Congress flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:All India Trinamool Congress symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Mamata Banerjee]]
|2
|-
| style="background-color: pink;"|
| [[Nagaland Democratic Party]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|Roland Lotha
|2
|-
|}

==Result==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=318671|seats1=21|sc1={{decrease}}32
|party2=[[Naga People's Front]]|votes2=264534|seats2=19|sc2=New
|party3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes3=96658|seats3=7|sc3=New
|party4=[[Nationalist Democratic Movement]]|votes4=84699|seats4=5|sc4=New
|party5=[[Janata Dal (United)]]|votes5=51562|seats5=3|sc5=New
|party6=[[Samata Party]]|votes6=10456|seats6=1|sc6=New
|party7=[[Nationalist Congress Party]]|votes7=17726|seats7=0|sc7=New
|party8=[[All India Trinamool Congress]]|votes8=2951|seats8=0|sc8=New
|party9=[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]|votes9=1796|seats9=0|sc9=New
|party10=[[Nagaland Democratic Party]]|votes10=423|seats10=0|sc10=New
|party11=Independents|votes11=39285|seats11=4|sc11={{decrease}}3
|total_sc=0
|invalid=2736
|electorate=1014841
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3642-nagaland-2003/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=3 September 2021}}</ref>
}}

=== Results by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_Feb_2003/StatReport2003_NL.pdf |title=Statistical Report on the General Elections, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland |publisher=Election Commission of India |year=2003 |location=New Delhi |pages= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050311202215/http://www.eci.gov.in:80/StatisticalReports/SE_Feb_2003/StatReport2003_NL.pdf |archive-date=11 March 2005}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
| 1 || [[Dimapur I Assembly constituency|Dimapur I ]] || 66.11 || [[Hokishe Sema]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 7,494 || 52.70 || Kevi Zakiesatuo || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,080 || 28.69 || 3,414
|-
| 2 || [[Dimapur II Assembly constituency|Dimapur II]] || 63.25 || [[Y. Hewoto Awomi]] || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 14,006 || 48.19 || Imtisunget Jamir || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 13,218 || 45.48 || 788
|-
| 3 || [[Dimapur III Assembly constituency|Dimapur III]] || 83.73 || [[Kihoto Hollohon]] || {{party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Movement}} || 6,549 || 46.03 || Azheto Zhimomi || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 6,263 || 44.02 || 286
|-
| 4 || [[Ghaspani I Assembly constituency|Ghaspani I]] || 82.50 || [[H. Khekiho Zhimomi]] || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 22,888 || 50.95 || Dr. Kanito || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 9,600 || 21.37 || 13,288
|-
| 5 || [[Ghaspani II Assembly constituency|Ghaspani II]] || 88.12 || Rokonicha || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,337 || 30.21 || Dr. Kakheto Zhimomi || {{party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Movement}} || 5,970 || 28.46 || 367
|-
| 6 || [[Tening Assembly constituency|Tening]] || 95.36 || [[T. R. Zeliang]]|| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|| 6,374 || 35.17 || Namri Nchang || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 4,175 || 23.04 || 2,199
|-
| 7 || [[Peren Assembly constituency|Peren]] || 90.33 || Vatsu Meru || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 7,869 || 42.10 || [[Neiba Ndang]]|| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|| 6,658 || 35.63 || 1,211
|-
| 8 || [[Western Angami Assembly constituency|Western Angami]] || 72.87 || [[Kiyanilie Peseyie]] || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 5,192 || 40.20 || Asu Keyho || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,226 || 32.72 || 966
|-
| 9 || [[Kohima Town Assembly constituency|Kohima Town]] || 64.78 || [[Z. Obed]] || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 8,367 || 44.83 || T. Abao Kire || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 7,870 || 42.17 || 497
|-
| 10 || [[Northern Angami I Assembly constituency|Northern Angami I]] || 61.49 || [[Shürhozelie Liezietsu|Dr. Shürhozelie Liezietsu]] || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 5,502 || 53.91 || [[Shürhozelie Liezietsu|Dr. Shürhozelie Liezietsu]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,703 || 46.09 || 799
|-
| 11 || [[Northern Angami II Assembly constituency|Northern Angami II]] || 87.07 || [[Neiphiu Rio]] || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 9,882 || 67.60 || Zakio Metha || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,815 || 26.10 || 6,067
|-
| 12 || [[Tseminyü Assembly constituency|Tseminyü]] || 96.15 || R. Khing || {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}} || 8,327 || 38.91 || Nillo || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,612 || 30.89 || 1,715
|-
| 13 || [[Pughoboto Assembly constituency|Pughoboto]] || 85.45 || Huska Sumi || {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}} || 5,745 || 49.25 || Joshua Achumi || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,593 || 39.38 || 1,152
|-
| 14 || [[Southern Angami I Assembly constituency|Southern Angami I]] || 76.63 || Medokul Sophie || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,845 || 30.23 || Mavil Khieya || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 2,415 || 25.66 || 430
|-
| 15 || [[Southern Angami II Assembly constituency|Southern Angami II]] || 85.40 || [[Viswesül Pusa]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,466 || 56.28 || Zaku Tsukru || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 4,247 || 43.72 || 1,219
|-
| 16 || [[Pfütsero Assembly constituency|Pfütsero]] || 87.61 || Kewekhape || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 8,268 || 51.04 || Lhiweshelo Mero || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,765 || 41.76 || 1,503
|-
| 17 || [[Chizami Assembly constituency|Chizami]] || 94.63 || [[Deo Nukhu]]|| {{party name with color|Samata Party|shortname=SMP}}
|| 4,616 || 34.71 || [[Zhovehu Lohe]]|| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|| 3,769 || 28.34 || 847
|-
| 18 || [[Chozuba Assembly constituency|Chozuba]] || 93.33 || Thenucho || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 6,166 || 35.85 || Nuzota Swuro || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,295 || 24.97 || 1,871
|-
| 19 || [[Phek Assembly constituency|Phek]] || 93.87 || [[Küzholuzo Nienü]] || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 9,084 || 59.09 || Zachilhu Vadeo || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,282 || 40.86 || 2,802
|-
| 20 || [[Meluri Assembly constituency|Meluri]] || 97.35 || [[Yitachu]] || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 5,557 || 41.37 || Khuosatho || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,832 || 35.97 || 725
|-
| 21 || [[Tuli Assembly constituency|Tuli]] || 98.78 || T. Tali || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 10,131 || 57.71 || L. Temjen Jamir || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 7,423 || 42.28 || 2,708
|-
| 22 || [[Arkakong Assembly constituency|Arkakong]] || 99.66 || Takatiba Masa Ao || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 7,950 || 51.52 || Imtiyanger || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 7,452 || 48.29 || 498
|-
| 23 || [[Impur Assembly constituency|Impur]] || 97.96 || Nungsangyapang || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 7,597 || 58.05 || T. Yubangnenba || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 5,488 || 41.93 || 2,109
|-
| 24 || [[Angetyongpang Assembly constituency|Angetyongpang]] || 87.44 || Jonshilemba || {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} || 4,535 || 42.14 || [[Tongpang Ozüküm]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,094 || 19.46 || 2,441
|-
| 25 || [[Mongoya Assembly constituency|Mongoya]] || 87.05 || [[S. Supongmeren Jamir]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 7,081 || 67.43 || Nungsanginba || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 3,145 || 29.95 || 3,936
|-
| 26 || [[Aonglenden Assembly constituency|Aonglenden]] || 95.70 || [[S. C. Jamir]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 8,714 || 89.46 || Chubalemla || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 928 || 9.53 || 7,786
|-
| 27 || [[Mokokchung Town Assembly constituency|Mokokchung Town]] || 72.84 || Nungshizenba || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 1,937 || 53.49 || L. Nokzenketba || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 1,675 || 46.26 || 262
|-
| 28 || [[Koridang Assembly constituency|Koridang]] || 97.56 || [[Imkong L. Imchen]] || {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} || 7,258 || 42.37 || T. Nokyu Longchar || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,894 || 40.24 || 364
|-
| 29 || [[Jangpetkong Assembly constituency|Jangpetkong]] || 78.86 || I. Imkong || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,329 || 74.01 || Chubatemjen Ao || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 1,497 || 17.50 || 4,832
|-
| 30 || [[Alongtaki Assembly constituency|Alongtaki]] || 85.84 || Tiameren || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 7,423 || 59.81 || T. Saku Aier || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,988 || 40.19 || 2,435
|-
| 31 || [[Akuluto Assembly constituency|Akuluto]] || 78.91 || Khetoho || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 3,318 || 54.43 || Kazheto Kinimi || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,778 || 45.57 || 540
|-
| 32 || [[Atoizü Assembly constituency|Atoizu]] || 87.65 || Doshehe Y. Sema || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,200 || 33.68 || Kiyezhe L. Chishi || {{party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Movement}} || 3,182 || 33.49 || 18
|-
| 33 || [[Suruhoto Assembly constituency|Suruhoto]] || 90.99 || Khutovi || {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} || 4,209 || 45.28 || Kiyezhe Aye || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,516 || 27.07 || 1,693
|-
| 34 || [[Aghunato Assembly constituency|Aghunato]] || 77.10 || [[Tokheho Yepthomi]]|| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|| 4,363 || 54.56 || Pukhayi || {{party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Movement}} || 3,608 || 45.12 || 755
|-
| 35 || [[Zünheboto Assembly constituency|Zünheboto]] || 72.54 || S. Hukavi Zhimomi || {{party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Movement}} || 4,700 || 44.86 || Kakheho || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,573 || 43.65 || 127
|-
| 36 || [[Satakha Assembly constituency|Satakha]] || 79.33 || Kaito || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,792 || 40.88 || Kughavi || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 3,048 || 32.86 || 744
|-
| 37 || [[Tyüi Assembly constituency|Tyüi]] || 90.32 || Yankithung Yanthan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 8,108 || 49.45 || T. A. Ngullie || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 5,496 || 33.52 || 2,612
|-
| 38 || [[Wokha Assembly constituency|Wokha]] || 77.82 || [[T. M. Lotha|Dr. T. M. Lotha]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 8,347 || 35.33 || A. Yentsao Odyuo || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 5,755 || 24.36 || 2,592
|-
| 39 || [[Sanis Assembly constituency|Sanis]] || 94.80 || Nkhao Lotha || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 5,168 || 26.74 || Y. Sulanthung H. Lotha || {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}} || 5,131 || 26.55 || 37
|-
| 40 || [[Bhandari Assembly constituency|Bhandari]] || 84.24 || E. Thungohamo Ezung || {{party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Movement}} || 5,240 || 30.96 || L. Yanthungo Patton || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,554 || 26.90 || 686
|-
| 41 || [[Tizit Assembly constituency|Tizit]] || 96.69 || N. Yeangphong Konyak || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 5,387 || 39.21 || Aloh Wangham || {{party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Movement}} || 4,056 || 29.52 || 1,331
|-
| 42 || [[Wakching Assembly constituency|Wakching]] || 92.16 || M. C. Konyak || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 5,859 || 51.67 || P. Enyei Konyak || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,408 || 47.69 || 451
|-
| 43 || [[Tapi Assembly constituency|Tapi]] || 98.43 || [[Noke Wangnao]] || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 3,328 || 31.90 || Lanpha Konyak || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,151 || 30.20 || 177
|-
| 44 || [[Phomching Assembly constituency|Phomching]] || 98.22 || Kongam || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 9,399 || 58.62 || Pohwang Konyak || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 4,841 || 30.19 || 4,558
|-
| 45 || [[Tehok Assembly constituency|Tehok]] || 98.16 || W. Wongyuh Konyak || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,748 || 51.22 || Noklem || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 4,729 || 35.90 || 2,019
|-
| 46 || [[Mon Town Assembly constituency|Mon Town]] || 83.95 || Chingwang || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,701 || 43.59 || S. Yokten || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 4,260 || 32.57 || 1,441
|-
| 47 || [[Aboi Assembly constituency|Aboi]] || 97.53 || [[Nyeiwang Konyak]]|| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|| 3,721 || 43.17 || E. Eshak Konyak || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 2,955 || 34.28 || 766
|-
| 48 || [[Moka Assembly constituency|Moka]] || 99.43 || E. E. Pangteang || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 5,837 || 45.38 || A. Nyamnyei Konyak || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,282 || 33.29 || 1,555
|-
| 49 || [[Tamlu Assembly constituency|Tamlu]] || 99.94 || Nyemli Phom || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 9,427 || 31.33 || B. Bangtick Phom || {{party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Movement}} || 8,947 || 29.73 || 480
|-
| 50 || [[Longleng Assembly constituency|Longleng]] || 99.86 || Chenlom Phom || {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}} || 8,595 || 27.52 || Pukyong Phom || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 7,895 || 25.27 || 700
|-
| 51 || [[Noksen Assembly constituency|Noksen]] || 98.81 || [[H. Chuba Chang]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,478 || 56.12 || [[C. M. Chang]] || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 3,495 || 43.80 || 983
|-
| 52 || [[Longkhim–Chare Assembly constituency|Longkhim Chare]] || 91.84 || Imtilemba Sangtam || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 7,211 || 50.81 || S. Kyukhangba Sangtam || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,968 || 49.09 || 243
|-
| 53 || [[Tuensang Sadar I Assembly constituency|Tuensang Sadar I]] || 94.17 || P. Chuba || {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} || 5,595 || 36.95 || Nungsang || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,504 || 36.34 || 91
|-
| 54 || [[Tuensang Sadar II Assembly constituency|Tuensang Sadar II]] || 98.79 || A. Lakiumong Yimchunger || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 4,595 || 35.85 || Wongto || {{party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Movement}} || 4,104 || 32.01 || 491
|-
| 55 || [[Tobu Assembly constituency|Tobu]] || 98.09 || [[K. Naiba Konyak]]|| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|| 5,792 || 48.05 || A. Thongo Mukiano || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,199 || 43.13 || 593
|-
| 56 || [[Noklak Assembly constituency|Noklak]] || 95.39 || [[Puthai Longon]]|| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|| 5,736 || 53.26 || Sedem Khaming || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,793 || 44.51 || 943
|-
| 57 || [[Thonoknyu Assembly constituency|Thonoknyu]] || 98.24 || S. Heno Khiamniungan || {{party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Movement}} || 4,371 || 36.06 || N. L. Aimong || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,242 || 18.50 || 2,129
|-
| 58 || [[Shamator–Chessore Assembly constituency|Shamator–Chessore]] || 98.54 || K. Yamakam || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,602 || 30.15 || Zungkum || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 4,379 || 28.68 || 223
|-
| 59 || [[Seyochung–Sitimi Assembly constituency|Seyochung–Sitimi]] || 99.51 || [[C. Kipili Sangtam]]|| {{party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Movement}}
|| 10,476 || 64.23 || S. Sethricho Sangtam || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,940 || 30.29 || 5,536
|-
| 60 || [[Pungro–Kiphire Assembly constituency|Pungro–Kiphire]] || 98.51 || [[T. Torechu]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 10,246 || 46.16 || Tsepikiu || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 9,071 || 40.86 || 1,175
|}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
*[[2003 elections in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nagaland elections}}

[[Category:2003 in Nagaland]]
[[Category:2003 State Assembly elections in India|Nagaland]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Nagaland]]
[[Category:2000s in Nagaland|2003]]

People associated with Santiniketan

2026-03-04T08:13:45Z

Davidxbr: done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Dynamic list}}{{Cleanup|date=August 2020|reason=See talk page - page needs to be restructured}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
The following is a list of '''notable people associated with''' '''[[Visva-Bharati University|Visva- Bharati University]]''' and/or '''[[Santiniketan]]''', a [[neighbourhood]] in [[Bolpur]] city in [[West Bengal]], [[India]]:

==People in the Tagore family==

*[[Debendranath Tagore]] established [[Santiniketan]] in 1861, a small place for prayers and meditation with land from Bhuban Mohan Singha of [[Raipur, Birbhum|Raipur]].<ref>Ghosh, Binoy, ''Paschim Banger Sanskriti'', {{in lang|bn}}, part I, 1976 edition, pages 299-304, Prakash Bhaban, Kolkata</ref><ref>Basak, Tapan Kumar, ''Rabindranath-Santiniketan-Sriniketan (An Introduction)'', p. 2, B.B.Publication</ref>
*[[Rabindranath Tagore]] started a Brahmacharyaashrama in 1901 and it came to be known as [[Patha Bhavana, Santiniketan|Patha Bhavana]] from 1925.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/History.html | title = Visva Bharati| work= History| publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 25 July 2019}}</ref> Founded in 1921 by him, [[Visva-Bharati University|Visva Bharati]] was declared to be a [[Central University (India)|central university]] in 1951.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/Visva_Bharati.html | title = Visva Bharati| work= About Visva-Bharati| publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 25 July 2019}}</ref> In 1913, Rabindranath won the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Hjärne |first=H.|publication-date=10 December 1913|year=1913|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913: Rabindranath Tagore—Award Ceremony Speech|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1913/press.html|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref> He wrote many of his literary classics at Santiniketan.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://gradestack.com/CBSE-Class-8th-Complete/Civilising-the-Native-/Tagore-s-Santiniketan/14841-2939-2495-study-wtw| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151122053906/http://gradestack.com/CBSE-Class-8th-Complete/Civilising-the-Native-/Tagore-s-Santiniketan/14841-2939-2495-study-wtw| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 22 November 2015| title = Tagore's Santiniketan |work=Tagore’s idea of education | publisher = Grade Stak |access-date = 5 August 2019}}</ref>
*[[Rathindranath Tagore]], after completing his education first at Santiniketan and then abroad, spent the next four decades of his life serving Santiniketan and Visva Bharati.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/RathindranathTagore.html| title = Rathindranath Tagore (1888-1961) | publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 8 August 2019}}</ref>
*[[Pratima Devi (painter)|Pratima Devi]] was a talented artist and contributed substantially to improvising and popularising Rabindranath's dance dramas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/PratimaDevi.html|title=Pratima Devi (1893-1969)|publisher=Visva-Bharati|access-date=4 August 2019}}</ref>
*[[Krishna Kripalani]], husband of Nandita, a grand daughter of Rabindranath, taught at Santiniketan for about 15 years, His biography of Tagore was amongst the best ever written.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://thesindhuworld.com/krishna-kripalani/| title = Padma Bhusan Krishna Kripalani| publisher = The Sindhu World |access-date = 5 August 2019}}</ref>
*[[Dwijendranath Tagore]], Rabindranath's eldest brother, spent the last twenty years of his life at Santiniketan. He was a poet, musician, philosopher and mathematician.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/DwijendranathTagore.html |title= Dwijendranath Tagore (1840-1926)|publisher=Visva-Bharati|access-date=4 August 2019}}</ref>
*[[Dinendranath Tagore]], grandson of Dwijendranath, was a talented musician. He codified many of the tunes that appeared impetuously to Rabindranath. He named Rabindranath's songs as [[Rabindra Sangeet]]. He was the first principal of [[Sangit Bhavana]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/DinendranathTagore.html| title = Dinendranath Tagore | publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 3 August 2019}}</ref>
*[[Indira Devi Chaudhurani]], daughter of [[Satyendranath Tagore]], excelled in both Western and Indian classical music and composed Brahmasangit. She wrote the notations for many of Rabindranath's songs.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/IndiradeviChaudhurani.html|title= Indiradevi Choudhrani |publisher=Visva-Bharati|access-date=4 August 2019}}</ref>
*[[Abanindranath Tagore]], founder of the [[Bengal school of art]] joined as chancellor of Visva Bharati in 1942.<ref>Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan (Biographical Dictionary), Chief Editor: Subodh Chandra Sengupta, Editor: Anjali Bose, 4th edition 1998, {{in lang|bn}}, Vol I, page 23, {{ISBN|81-85626-65-0}}, Sishu Sahitya Samsad Pvt. Ltd., 32A Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata.</ref>
*[[Asit Kumar Haldar]], was art teacher in Santiniketan Vidyalaya from 1911 to 1915 and was incharge of [[Kala Bhavana]] from 1919 to 1921.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/AsitkumarHaldar.html| title = Asitkumar Halder (1890-1961) | publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 19 August 2019}}</ref>

==People of foreign citizenship or origin==

:''This list includes names of persons who may have been citizens of British India, but later became citizens of Pakistan/ Bangladesh''
*[[Charles Freer Andrews]] (''[[Honorary titles of Indian leaders|Deenabandhu]]'' Andrews) was a lifelong friend of Rabindranath Tagore and assisted in setting up Visva Bharati.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/CharlesFreerAndrews.html| title = Charles Freer Andrews | publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 3 August 2019}}</ref>
*[[Leonard Knight Elmhirst]], set up the Institute of Rural Reconstruction at [[Sriniketan]].<ref>Leonard Knight Elmhirst, ''The Straight and Its Origin'', 1975, OCLC 2046429 originally serialized in ''Cornell Alumni News'', 1974–75</ref>
*[[Khan Abdul Ghani Khan]], poet and philosopher, son of [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], was sent to Santiniketan, along with [[Indira Gandhi]], by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Although known primarily as a poet, he got interested in sculpture, while studying in Santiniketan. He spent his later years in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://tribune.com.pk/story/655390/ghani-khan-the-poet-of-beautiful-contradictions/ | title = Ghani Khan – the poet of beautiful contradictions | date = 6 January 2014 | publisher = The Express Tribune, 6 January 2014 |access-date = 29 August 2019}}</ref>
*[[Martin Kämpchen]] is a Santiniketan-based translator of Rabindranath Tagore's poems from Bengali to German, author, journalist and social worker.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-german-tagore/936842/| title = The German Tagore| publisher = The Indian Express, 15 April 2012 |access-date = 12 August 2019}}</ref>

{{Cquote
| quote =
When I decided to return to West-Bengal at the end of 1979, I moved to Santiniketan where I am still based. I had not settled in Santiniketan because I felt drawn to Rabindranath. Rather, it was the peace and quiet which then still engulfed this small University town, which made me decide to settle there for work on a Ph.D. True, I had read the English ''Gitanjali'' and some other slim books and was charmed by them. But I had no foreboding that Rabindranath would soon occupy a central position in my life.
| author = '''Martin Kämpchen'''
| source = <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.martin-kaempchen.de/?page_id=196 |title = Rabindranath Tagore and Germany – the Story Behind My Research | publisher = Martin Kämpchen |access-date = 7 September 2019}}</ref>
| width = 70%
| float = center
}}
*[[Anand Yang]], historian, was born and initially raised here.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jsis.washington.edu/people/anand-yang/|title=Anand Yang - Jackson School of International Studies|website=The Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies|language=en|access-date=2019-05-20}}</ref>
*[[Savitri Devi]], the pseudonym of the daughter of a French citizen of Greek-Italian ancestry and an English woman, born Maximiani Portas, was a political activist and writer. She was at Santiniketan for a short while and acquired her pseudonym there.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.savitridevi.org/mrs_devi.html | title = Don't all me 'Mrs. Devi'| publisher = The Savitri Devi Archive |access-date = 29 August 2019}}</ref>
*[[Affandi]], the Indonesian master, was at Santiniketan in 1951. His daughter [[Kartika Affandi]] had accompanied him.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://prezi.com/twdv8gk5ussy/stories-of-and-from-santiniketan/| title = Stories of and from Santiniketan | publisher = Prezi |access-date = 29 August 2019}}</ref><ref>See [https://www.readersdigest.co.in/culturescape/story-100-years-of-kala-bhavana-124816] for a sketch of Santiniketan hospital by Affandi</ref>

==Notable alumni==


===Arts and letters===
====Film and television====
{{Quote box|quote= In the two and a half years, I had time to think, and time to realise that, without my being aware of it, the place had opened windows for me. More than anything else, it had brought me an awareness of our tradition, which I knew would serve as a foundation for any branch of art that I wished to pursue.
| author = '''Satyajit Ray'''
| source = <ref>{{cite book | url = https://archive.org/details/satyajitrayinner00robi_0| url-access = registration| page = [https://archive.org/details/satyajitrayinner00robi_0/page/51 51]| quote = Satyajit Ray learnt at Santiniketan.| title = Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye| year = 1989|work= Andrew Robinson | publisher = University of California / Google|access-date = 6 September 2019}}</ref> |width=30% |quoted=1}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! data-sort-type="isoDate" | Class year
! class="unsortable" | Notability
! class="unsortable" | {{Reference heading}}
|-
| {{sortname|Satyajit|Ray}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| studied [[oriental art]] at Visva Bharati, went on become a legendary film maker.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite book|last1=Seton|given1=Marie|author-link=Marie Seton|year=1971|title=Satyajit Ray: Portrait of a director|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-16815-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/portraitofdirect0000seto/page/70 70-73]|url=https://archive.org/details/portraitofdirect0000seto/page/70}}</ref>
|-
|}

====Writing====
{{Quote box|quote= Those nine years in Shantiniketan are the best days of my life. It was also the golden period for Shantiniketan...
| author = '''Shivani'''
| source = <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.kalpana.it/eng/writer/indian_writers/shivani.htm | title = Shivani (Gaura Pant) | work = Indian writers that I like by Sunil Deepak | publisher = Kalpana.it | access-date = 8 September 2019 | archive-date = 4 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211204061624/http://www.kalpana.it/eng/writer/indian_writers/shivani.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| width = 30% }}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! data-sort-type="isoDate" | Class year
! class="unsortable" | Notability
! class="unsortable" | {{Reference heading}}
|-
| {{sortname|Mahasweta|Devi}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| studied English honours at Visva Bharati, became a Bengali writer and social activist, won [[Jnanpith Award]], [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]], [[Padma Vibhushan]] and other honours
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1iegDJAYakC&pg=PA153| title=Greatness of Spirit: Profiles of Indian Magsaysay Award Winners | publisher=Rajpal & Sons | last=Johri |first= Meera | year=2010 | isbn=978-8-17028-858-9 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Shivani]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
| well known Hindi writer and [[Padma Shri]] award winner, went to Santiniketan in 1936, when she was 12-years old and remained till her graduation.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>[http://www.kalpana.it/eng/writer/indian_writers/shivani.htm First story] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204061624/http://www.kalpana.it/eng/writer/indian_writers/shivani.htm |date=4 December 2021 }} Biography at kalpana.it.</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Sagarmoy|Ghosh}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| younger brother of [[Santidev Ghosh]], attended school at Santiniketan. He subsequently became assistant editor of the literary magazine ''[[Desh (magazine)|Desh]]'' in 1933 and its editor in 1976. He made ''Desh'' an institution amongst Bengalis. He was conferred Desikottama.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/mar/18/guardianobituaries1 |title=Sagarmoy Ghosh obituary |first=Shrabani |last=Basu |date=18 March 1999 | newspaper=The Guardian | access-date=22 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319084512/https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/mar/18/guardianobituaries1 |archive-date=2018-03-19 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/patrika/some-unknown-facts-about-sagarmoy-ghosh-1.724467|title=Ami To Stage Er Malik (Bengali)|website=anandabazar.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319005558/http://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/patrika/some-unknown-facts-about-sagarmoy-ghosh-1.724467|archive-date=2018-03-19|url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Nabakanta|Barua}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
|noted [[Assamese language|Assamese]] poet, novelist and dramatist, completed his undergraduate education at Santiniketan. He later received the Sahitya Akademi Award and was conferred the Padma Bhusan.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&q=nabakanta+barua+visva+bharati+university&pg=PA398| title = Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |work= Nabakanta Barua, Vol I, Page 398| year = 1987 | publisher = Sahitya Akademi | isbn = 9788126018031 |access-date = 2 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Arianna|Huffington}}
|style="text-align:center;" |
| Greek-American journalist-entrepreneur, was a student of comparative religion at Visva Bharati.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/india-has-much-to-offer-in-wellness-space-arianna-huffington-ians-interview-118081900149_1.html|title=India has much to offer in wellness space: Arianna Huffington (IANS Interview)|last=IANS|date=19 August 2018|via=Business Standard}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Jan|Yun-hua}}
|style="text-align:center;" |
| a researcher and writer, did his PhD from [[Cheena Bhavana]] and joined [[McMaster University]] in Canada.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.thespec.com/announcements-obituaries-memorials/obituaries-death-notices/9107497-jan-yun-hua/| title = Jan, Yun-hua|work=Obituary | publisher = The Hamilton Spectator, 3 January 2019 |access-date = 20 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bhuwan Dhungana]]
|1971
|Nepali poet and storywriter. She received a Diploma in Manipuri dance and Bengali literature.
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhuwan Dhungana -- Nepali writer: The South Asian Literary Recordings Project (Library of Congress New Delhi Office)|url=https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/bhuwandhungana.html|access-date=2021-11-12|website=www.loc.gov}}</ref>
|-
|}

====Visual arts====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! data-sort-type="isoDate" | Class year
! class="unsortable" | Notability
! class="unsortable" | {{Reference heading}}
|-
| {{sortname|Krishna|Reddy|Krishna Reddy (artist)}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| master printmaker at [[Stanley William Hayter|Atelier 17]] and sculptor, studied at Kala Bhavana.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metmuseum.org/blogs/ruminations/2016/workshop-and-legacy-krishna-reddy-a-new-form|title=Krishna Reddy and Atelier 17: A "New Form" Takes Shape|date=18 October 2016|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, (The Met)|language=en|access-date=2018-03-26}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Mukul|Dey}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| pioneering printmaker and graphic artist; first Indian principal of [[Government College of Art & Craft|Government School of Art & Craft, Kolkata]] went to school at Santiniketan in its earlier days.
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.chitralekha.org/| title = Pioneering Indian Graphic Artists|work= Satyasri Ukil| publisher = Mukul Dey Archives |access-date = 20 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Jayasri|Burman}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| an artist staying and working in Paris, graduated from Kala Bhavana.
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.aicongallery.com/artists/jayasri-burman/biography | title = Jayasri Burman | publisher = Aicon Gallery |access-date = 20 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Sreeraj|Gopinathan}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| an artist based in Berlin, studied at Santiniketan.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|title=Biografie|periodical=Sreeraj Gopinathan Vita|url=http://www.sreerajgopinathan.com/vita.html|date=22 April 2016|language=de}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Dinanath|Bhargava}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| was a student of Kala Bhavana and is credited with having developed the adaptation of the [[State Emblem of India|national emblem]] and designed other pages of the [[Constitution of India]].
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Meet-the-man-who-gave-us-the-national-emblem/articleshow/11645120.cms| title = Meet the man who gave us the National Emblem | work = The Times of India | date = 27 January 2012 | publisher = The Times of India, 27 June 2012|access-date = 29 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Kripal Singh|Shekhawat}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| one of the illustrators of the Indian constitution, was a student of Kala Bhavana.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rlka.org/tab/view_artist/95| title = Kripal Singh Shekhawat | publisher = Rajasthan Lalit Kala Akademi |access-date = 29 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Kailash Chandra|Meher}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| painter, studied at Kala Bhavana. He was later conferred Padma Shri.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.indian-heritage.org/painting/kcmehr.html| title = Paintings|work= Kailash Chandra Mehr| publisher = Indian Heritage |access-date = 29 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Ramkinkar|Baij}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| came to Santiniketan at a young age and went on to become a legendary sculptor and artist. He was one of the 'greats', who made Santiniketan, a notable centre of modern art. He was elected a [[List of Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi|Fellow of the Lalit Kala Academy]] and conferred [[Padma Bhushan]], Desikottama by Visva Bharati and D Litt by [[Rabindra Bharati University]].
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/RamkinkarBaij.html | title = Ramkinkar Baij (1906-1980) | publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 8 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2905/stories/20120323290506400.htm | title = Being universal by being local |work= Interview with K.S. Radhakrishnan, who curated a retrospective comprising 350 works of Ramkinkar Baij | publisher = Frontline, Volume 29, Issue 05, 10–23 March 2012 |access-date = 8 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Benode Behari|Mukherjee}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| was a student of [[Kala Bhavana]] and later joined the faculty. A brilliant artist, he was elected a [[List of Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi|Fellow of the Lalit Kala Academy]] and conferred [[Padma Vibhushan]] and Desikottama.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/BenodebehariMukhopadhyay.html| title = Benodebehari Mukhopadhyaya| publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 3 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|K.G.|Subramanyan}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| noted painter and [[Padma Vibhushan]] award winner, was a student of Kala Bhavana and later came back to teach at Santiniketan.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.vadehraart.com/k-g-subramanyam| title = K.G.Subramanyan| publisher = Vadhera Art Gallery| access-date = 20 August 2019| archive-date = 6 January 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200106203433/http://www.vadehraart.com/k-g-subramanyam| url-status = dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Beohar Rammanohar|Sinha}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| the renowned artist and illustrator of the Indian constitution, was a student at Kala Bhavana and later also associated actively.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hobbyshobby.com/Z_profile_DATED_05_26_1906_Ram_Kinker_Baij_DOB.html| title = Ram Kinker Baij | publisher = Hobby Shobby |access-date = 25 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.businessworld.in/article/Art-Compass-Points-East/14-12-2017-134728/| title = Art compass points east | publisher = Business World, 14 December 2017 |access-date = 25 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Dinkar|Kaushik}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| was a noted painter who had studied at Kala Bhavana and later as principal reshaped it for contemporary art practices.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/The-man-who-gave-Kala-Bhavan-a-new-life/articleshow/7490716.cms | title = The man who gave Kala Bhavan a new life | work = The Times of India | date = 14 February 2011 | publisher = The Times of India, 14 February 2011 |access-date = 23 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Sankho|Chaudhuri}}
|style="text-align:center;" |
| who was student at Santiniketan and was later actively associated with it. He was conferred with Desikottama and [[Padma Shri]].
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = https://prinseps.com/research/sankho-chowdhury-artist-biography/ | title = Sankho Chowdhuri (1916-2006)| date = 16 February 2019| publisher = Princeps |access-date = 29 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|}

====Music====
{{Quote box|quote=
There was a much closer bond with nature. Secondly, there was music everywhere, a scene that was quite new to someone who had come from Bangladesh. Thirdly, the understanding and relationship between teachers and students was integral in bringing about a positive change in our lifestyle.
| author = '''Rezwana Chowdhury Bannya'''
| source = <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.thedailystar.net/tagores-legend-lives-in-bannya-43320| title = Tagore's Legend Lives in Bannya| newspaper = The Daily Star, 27 September 2014| date = 27 September 2014|access-date = 7 September 2019}}</ref>
| width = 30%
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! data-sort-type="isoDate" | Class year
! class="unsortable" | Notability
! class="unsortable" | {{Reference heading}}
|-
| {{sortname|Suchitra|Mitra}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| the Rabindra Sangeet exponent was a student of Sangit Bhavana.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |title=Rabindra Sangeet exponent Suchitra Mitra passes away|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rabindra-sangeet-exponent-suchitra-mitra-pas/732688/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=3 January 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|A.|Ramachandran}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| noted painter and [[Padma Bhusan]] award winner, was a student of Kala Bhavana.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.vadehraart.com/a-ramachandran| title = A. Ramachandran| publisher = Vadhera Art Gallery| access-date = 23 August 2019| archive-date = 6 January 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200106202935/http://www.vadehraart.com/a-ramachandran| url-status = dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Subinoy|Roy}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| came to Santiniketan to study Chemistry and became a renowned singer specialising in Rabindrasangeet.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.anandabazar.com/calcutta/kolkatar-korcha-1.702335 | title = Kolkatar Karcha|work= {{in lang|bn}}| publisher = Ananda Bazar Patrika, 6 November 2017|access-date = 29 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Sumitra|Guha}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| exponent of both Carnatic and Hindusthani classical music. After learning Carnatic classical music as a child from her mother, she came to Santiniketan to study philosophy and got attracted towards Hindusthani classical music.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = https://underscorerecords.com/artistes/detail/145/Sumitra-Guha| title = Sumitra Guha| publisher = Underscore Records |access-date = 29 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Sahana|Bajpaie}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| a prominent Rabindra Sangeet singer, was born and educated at Santiniketan.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url =https://cafedissensus.com/2015/10/17/an-interview-with-sahana-bajpaie/ | title = An Interview with Sahana Bajpaie|work= Bhaswati Ghosh | date = 17 October 2015| publisher = Café Dissensus |access-date = 29 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Santidev|Ghosh}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| joined as a student in the ashrama and later became a teacher and Principal of Sangit Bhavana. An exponent of music and dance, he was elected for the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]], conferred Desikottama by Visva Bharati and honorary D Litt by Burdwan University.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/SantidevGhosh.html| title = Santidev Ghosh| publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 3 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Kanika|Banerjee}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| was trained at Sangit Bhavana, and later joined the institution as a teacher and went on to become its principal. She was conferred Desikottama. She had over 300 gramophone discs to her credit and sang regularly in numerous programmes in India and abroad.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/KanikaBandyopadhyay.html| title = Kanika Bandopadhyay| publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 3 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Gourgopal|Ghosh}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| was a student and later a teacher at Santiniketan.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/GourgopalGhosh.html| title = Gourgopal Ghosh (1893-1940)| publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 20 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Nilima|Sen}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Rabindra Sangeet exponent, was a student at Santiniketan and later joined the faculty at Sangit Bhavana.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.veethi.com/india-people/nilima_sen-profile-9271-24.htm| title = Nilima Sen profile| publisher = Veethi |access-date = 29 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Aditi|Mohsin}}
|style="text-align:center;" |
| Bangladeshi singer, was a topper at Sangit Bhavana.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/lifes-lyrics/soulful-singing-1492696|title=Soulful Singing|date= 18 November 2017|work=The Daily Star|access-date=3 September 2019|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Shayan Chowdhury|Arnob}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Bangladeshi musician, singer and composer, spent 17 years at Santiniketan.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |author=Hussain Amir Ali |date=27 June 2005 |title=Tête-à-tête: Shayan Chowdhury Arnob |url=http://www.newagebd.com/2005/jun/27/time.html |newspaper=[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061123174058/http://www.newagebd.com/2005/jun/27/time.html |archive-date=23 November 2006 |access-date=14 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Ananda|Samarakoon}}
|style="text-align:center;" |
| composer and musician, who had composed the Sri Lankan national anthem, had studied at Santiniketan for a short spell.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|last=Hettiarachchi|first=Kumudini|url=http://sundaytimes.lk/010204/plus5.html |title=When words killed a great man|publisher= Sunday Times|date=4 February 2001}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Rezwana|Chowdhury Bannya}}
|style="text-align:center;" |
| the Bangladeshi exponent of Rabindra Sangeet, was trained at Santiniketan. She was conferred the [[Independence Day Award]], the highest civilian award in Bangladesh in 2016.
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/meet-rezwana-choudhury-bannya-a-bangladeshi-exponent-of-rabindra-sangeet/articleshow/53575934.cms?from=mdr| title = Meet Rezwana Chowdhury Bannya, a Bangladeshi exponent of Rabindra Sangeet | work = The Economic Times | date = 7 August 2016 | publisher = The Economic Times, 7 August 2016 |access-date = 10 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|}

====Performing arts====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! data-sort-type="isoDate" | Class year
! class="unsortable" | Notability
! class="unsortable" | {{Reference heading}}
|-
| {{sortname|Mrinalini|Sarabhai}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| joined Santiniketan in 1939.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2GlDwAAQBAJ&q=mrinalini+sarabhai+Santiniketan+Chandalika&pg=PT172| title = Women, Speak, Nation: Gender, Culture and Politics|work= edited by Panchali Roy| date = 24 July 2019| publisher = Taylor and Francis/ Google | isbn = 9781000507270|access-date = 29 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Scientists and academics===
{{Quote box|quote=
It was mainly in Tagore’s school that my educational attitudes were formed. This was a co-educational school, with many progressive features. The emphasis was on fostering curiosity rather than competitive excellence, and any kind of interest in examination performance and grades was severely discouraged…Since I was, I have to confess, a reasonably good student, I had to do my best to efface that stigma.
| author = '''Amartya Sen'''
| source = <ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1998/sen/biographical/| title = Amartya Sen|work= Biographical | publisher = The Nobel Prize|access-date = 6 September 2019}}</ref>
| width = 30%
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! data-sort-type="isoDate" | Class year
! class="unsortable" | Notability
! class="unsortable" | {{Reference heading}}
|-
| {{sortname|Amartya|Sen}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| who was born at Santiniketan and studied at Patha Bhavana, later won the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]].
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1998/sen-bio.html|title=Amartya Sen - Biographical |publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Pradip K.|Chakraborti}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| a molecular biologist, who did his Ph D from Visva Bharati University, was the chief scientist at the Institute of Microbial Technology. He is an elected fellow of all three Science Academies in India - the National Academy of Sciences, Indian Academy of Sciences and the Indian National Science Academy.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Chakraborti,_Dr_Pradip_K |title=Fellow profile |date=2017-11-12 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date= 2 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.jamiahamdard.ac.in/PDF/biotechnology_cv/PC%20Brief%20CV.pdf| title = Professor Pradik K. Chakraborti| publisher = Jamiahamdard |access-date = 2 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Chitra|Dutta}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| scientist and coordinator, Bio Informatics Centre, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, had studied physics at Santiniketan.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.streeshakti.com/Chitra-Dutta.aspx|title=StreeShakti - The Parallel Force|website=www.streeshakti.com|access-date=2 September 2019|archive-date=21 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121071303/http://www.streeshakti.com/Chitra-Dutta.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Manoj|Majee}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| plant molecular biologist, biochemist, inventor and a senior scientist at the National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi. He is known for his studies on the molecular and biochemical basis of seed vigor, longevity and seedling establishment. He completed his post graduation in botany at Santiniketan.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="National Institute of Plant Genome Research">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nipgr.res.in/research/dr_mmajee.php |title=National Institute of Plant Genome Research |date=30 December 2018 |website=www.nipgr.res.in |access-date=2 September 2019 |archive-date=30 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230181221/http://www.nipgr.res.in/research/dr_mmajee.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uky.edu/Ag/Horticulture/downie/Team/index.php?id=4 |title=Dr. Manoj Majee (Post-Doctoral Researcher) |date=30 December 2018 |website=www.uky.edu |access-date=2 September 2019 |archive-date=30 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230130550/https://www.uky.edu/Ag/Horticulture/downie/Team/index.php?id=4 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Anirban|Basu}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| neurobiologist, senior scientist at National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, completed his pre-doctoral studies in life sciences at Visva Bharati University.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web| url = http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P17-1739| title = Indian Fellow| work = Dr. A. Basu| publisher = Indian National Science Academy| access-date = 3 September 2019}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|R. Siva|Kumar}}
|style="text-align:center;" |
| who studied history of art at [[Kala Bhavana]], later joined as faculty and became its principal, is a leading art historian and has curated numerous art exhibitions.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.iaac.us/erasing_borders2008/marg.htm| title = Contemporary Indian Art| publisher = Indo-American Arts Council| access-date = 3 August 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140511030303/http://www.iaac.us/erasing_borders2008/marg.htm| archive-date = 11 May 2014| url-status = dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Tan|Chung}}
|style="text-align:center;" |
| did his Ph D from Visva Bharati University and went on hold important academic positions as a Chinese scholar. He was conferred with Desikottama, [[Padma Bhusan]] and other awards.
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="tanlee"/>
|-
| {{sortname|Syed Mujtaba|Ali}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| was one of the earliest students of Visva Bharati and later became a professor of Islamic history and culture. He also taught the German language at Visva Bharati. He was a Bengali author, academic and linguist.
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/SyedMujtabaAli.html| title = Syed Mujtaba Ali | publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 3 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Giuseppe|Tucci}}
|style="text-align:center;" |
| stayed after his graduation at Santiniketan, where he studied Buddhism and Bengali and taught Italian, Chinese and Tibetan.
|style="text-align:center;" | {{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
|-
|[[Ragadeepika Pucha]]
|2010–2015
|completed MSc in physics, and became astrophysicist at the University of Arizona and the University of Utah. She has produced the largest 3D map of the universe and discovered the most number of dwarf galaxies and black holes.
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bharat|first=E. T. V.|date=2025-02-28|title=National Science Day: Tenali's Young Astronomer Ragadeepika Exploring Depth Of The Universe|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/national-science-day-2025-tenali-young-astronomer-ragadeepika-exploring-depth-of-the-universe-enn25022802064|access-date=2026-03-04|website=ETV Bharat News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-09|title=DESI uncovers 300 intermediate-mass black holes plus 2,500 active black holes in dwarf galaxies|url=https://phys.org/news/2025-02-desi-uncovers-intermediate-mass-black.html|website=Phys.org}}</ref>
|}

===Government and law===
====Parliamentarians====
{{Quote box|quote=Before Santiniketan there was absolutely no music in our home. At Santiniketan, my relationship with all these things grew. We also went closer to nature.
| author = '''Indira Gandhi'''
| source = <ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wOYlDwAAQBAJ&q=indira+gandhi+Santiniketan&pg=PT23| title = Indira Gandhi: A Life in Nature |work= Jairam Ramesh| date = 10 June 2017 | publisher = Simon & Schuster / Google| isbn = 9788193355251 |access-date = 6 September 2019}}</ref>|width=30% |quoted=1}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! data-sort-type="isoDate" | Class year
! class="unsortable" | Notability
! class="unsortable" | {{Reference heading}}
|-
| {{sortname|Indira|Gandhi}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| studied at the Patha Bhavana, Santiniketan, later became [[Prime Minister of India]].
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite book | author = Katherine Frank | title = Indira: the life of Indira Nehru Gandhi | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0007372508 | ref = CITEREFFrank2010|page=90 }}</ref>
|-
|}

====Judges====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! data-sort-type="isoDate" | Class year
! class="unsortable" | Notability
! class="unsortable" | {{Reference heading}}
|-
| {{sortname|Sudhi Ranjan|Das}}
|style="text-align:center;" |
| who studied at Patha Bhavana, Santiniketan, and became Chief Justice of India.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name=SCIbio>[http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/srdas.htm Biography on Supreme Court of India's NIC webpage]</ref>
|-
|}

====Activists====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! data-sort-type="isoDate" | Class year
! class="unsortable" | Notability
! class="unsortable" | {{Reference heading}}
|-
| {{sortname|Malati|Choudhury}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| civil rights and freedom activist, studied at Santiniketan. She later married [[Nabakrushna Choudhuri]].
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite book | last=Joshi | first=N. | title=Freedom fighters remember | publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India | year=1997 | isbn=978-81-230-0575-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ghuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA84 | access-date=2019-08-19 | page=84}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Kalyan|Banerjee|Kalyan Banerjee (Rotary International)}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| President of Rotary International in 2011–2012, was a student at Santiniketan.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="smr">{{cite web|url=http://showmerotary.org/banerjee.html|title=Kalyan Banerjee Rotary International President-Elect|work=Show Me Rotary|publisher=Missouri District 6040, 6060, 6080|access-date=2 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023055349/http://showmerotary.org/banerjee.html|archive-date=23 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Others===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! data-sort-type="isoDate" | Class year
! class="unsortable" | Notability
! class="unsortable" | {{Reference heading}}
|-
| {{sortname|Gayatri|Devi}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| then princess of [[Cooch Behar]] and later Maharani of [[Jaipur]], was a student at Santiniketan.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = https://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/gayatri-devi-the-maharani-who-went-beyond-purdah_2497.html| title = The Maharani who went beyond 'purdah' | publisher = Zee News, 31 July 2009 |access-date = 2 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Notable faculty==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! data-sort-type="isoDate" | Tenure
! class="unsortable" | Notability
! class="unsortable" | {{Reference heading}}
|-
| {{sortname|Ajit Kumar|Chakravarty}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 1903–1910
| taught at Santiniketan and translated Tagore's works into English.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |last1=Islam |first1=Muhammad Saiful |title=Chakravarty, Ajit Kumar |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chakravarty,_Ajit_Kumar |website=Banglapedia}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Lisa|von Pott}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Austrian, first instructor in sculpture at Kala Bhavana, later spy for the Nazis in Vienna.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181448/page/n291/mode/2up/search/vienna "Annual Report, 1928"] in ''The Visva-bharati Quarterly'', April–July 1929, p. 184.</ref><ref>Nahar, Sujata. (1986) [https://www.motherandsriaurobindo.in/_StaticContent/SriAurobindoAshram/-09%20E-Library/-03%20Disciples/Sujata%20Nahar/-01%20English/_pdfs/-02_Mother%5es%20Chronicles%20Book%20Two.pdf ''Mirra the Artist''] Paris: Institut de Recherches Évolutives. p. 57. {{ISBN|2902776209}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Hasan Shaheed|Suhrawardy}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| was a scholar and Nizam professor of Iranian Art at [[Visva-Bharati University|Visva Bharati]]. He later migrated to Pakistan and settled in Karachi.
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A5YkBQAAQBAJ&q=Hasan+Saheed+Suhrawardy+visva+bharati&pg=PA49| title = The Life and Times of Lokmanya Tilak |first= Nandini|last= Saraf| work= Page 49| date = January 2012 | publisher = Prabhat Prakashan | isbn = 9788184301526 |access-date = 29 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7sTfDAAAQBAJ&q=hassan+suhrawardy+Visva+Bharati&pg=PT56| title = The Life and Times of Shyama Prasad Mookerjee |first= Tathagata| last=Roy| date = 25 June 2014 | publisher = Prabhat Prakashan | isbn = 9789350488812 |access-date = 29 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|{{sortname|Alex|Aronson|Alex Aronson (author)}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| taught in Santiniketan from 1937 to 1944. He was a prolific writer and was conferred the Desikottama.
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.martin-kaempchen.de/?page_id=228| title = Alex Aronson Lives|work= 8th Day| publisher = The Statesman, 4 November 2012 |access-date = 12 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Gyula|Germanus}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| was a Hungarian orientalist, Islamologist and writer. In 1928, Tagore invited him to organise the Islamic history department at Visva Bharati.
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.paperbackswap.com/Gyula-Germanus/author/| title = List of Books by Gyula Germanus | publisher = paperbackswap |access-date = 3 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Tan|Yun-Shan}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| was a Chinese scholar and effective founder of Santiniketan's [[Cheena Bhavana]], the oldest centre of Chinese studies in India. He devoted his life to the cause of Sino-Indian cultural friendship. He was conferred with Desikottama.
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="tanlee">{{cite web | url = http://ignca.gov.in/divisionss/kalakosa/kalasamalocana/in-the-footsteps-of-xuanzang-tan-yun-shan-and-india/| title = In the Footsteps of Zuangzang: Tan Yun-Shan and India |work=Life sketch of Tan Yun-Shan by Tan Lee | publisher = Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts |access-date = 17 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|William W.|Pearson}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| taught at Santiniketan and translated Tagore's books into English.
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/W-W-Pearson.html| title = William Winstanley Pearson | publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 3 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Stella|Kramrisch}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Austrian [[art historian]], taught at Kala Bhavana, Santiniketan in 1922–24. A skilled dancer she taught "musical drill" to the children of Santiniketan ashrama. She was conferred Desikottama and [[Padma Bhusan]].
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/StellaKramrisch.html| title = Stella Kramrich (1896-1993)|work= Great Personalities| publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 15 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Vincenc|Lesný}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Czech Indologist and translator, taught at Santiniketan and has translated Tagore into Czech.
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/VincencLesny.html| title = Vincenc Lensy (1882-1953) |work= Great Personalities| publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 16 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Xu|Beihong}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| one of the pioneers of Chinese modern art, was visiting professor of Chinese fine arts at Santiniketan in 1939.
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="tanlee"/>
|-
| {{sortname|Luther Carrington|Goodrich}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| from [[Columbia University]] came as visiting professor of Sinology at Santiniketan in 1953–54.
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="tanlee"/>
|-
| {{sortname|Nandalal|Bose}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| was one of the pioneers of modern Indian art. Many critics consider his paintings among India's most important modern paintings. A [[Padma Vibhushan]] awardee he has trained a generation of artists at Santiniketan.
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=San Diego museum showcases Nandalal Bose |url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/25paint.htm |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] News |date=25 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Art of Nandalal Bose' is first U.S. showcase for an Indian icon |author=Robert L. Pincus |url=http://www.paramuspost.com/article.php/20080314111558184 |publisher=Paramus Post |date=15 March 2008 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202012/http://www.paramuspost.com/article.php/20080314111558184 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="GaneshThakkar2005">{{cite book|author1=Kamala Ganesh|author2=Usha Thakkar|title=Culture and the Making of Identity in Contemporary India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ePtg79MKkkwC&pg=PT49|date=13 July 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-3381-6|pages=49–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/NandalalBose.html| title = Nandalal Bose (1882-1966) | publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 3 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Surendranath|Kar}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| was an artist and architect known for developing an Indian style of architecture. He taught at [[Kala Bhavana]] and designed many buildings at Santiniketan
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/SurendranathKar.html| title = Surendranath Kar | publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 3 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|{{sortname|Guru Kelu|Nair}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| was the first Kathakali teacher at Santiniketan from 1937 to 1941.
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.sangeetgalaxy.co.in/admin/manufiles/17514625094-Chandani.pdf| title = Dance Education in Santiniketan| work = Shasthrapathi Chandani Kasturi Arachchi| publisher = Sangeet Galaxy, July 2016| access-date = 3 September 2019| archive-date = 14 February 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170214190302/http://sangeetgalaxy.co.in/admin/manufiles/17514625094-Chandani.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{sortname|Somnath|Hore}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| sculptor and printmaker, taught at Kala Bhavana. He was recipient of the [[Padma Bhusan]] award.
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>''Somnath Hore, Life and Art'', Arun Ghose, Gallerie 88, 2007</ref>
|-
|{{sortname|Jogen|Chowdhury}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| eminent painter and parliamentarian, teaches at Kala Bhavana.
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiaart.com/Artists/Jogen-Chowdhury/Profile-of-Jogen-Chowdhury.asp| title = Jogen Chowdhury | publisher = IndiaArt |access-date = 23 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|{{sortname|Shakti|Chattopadhyay}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| the ''[[Hungry generation]]'' poet, was a visiting professor at Visva Bharati after his retirement from Ananda Bazar Patrika
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&q=Shakti+Chattopadhyay+Santiniketan&pg=PA127| title = Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis |work= Sakti Chattopadhyay, Pages 127-128| date = 22 August 2013 | publisher = Scarecrow Press, USA | isbn = 9780810880245 |access-date = 2 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Banarsidas|Chaturvedi}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| journalist, writer, parliamentarian and [[Padma Bhusan]] award winner played an active role in the setting up and construction of the Hindi Bhavana at Santiniketan in 1939.
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/file/English-Chapter-I.pdf| title = From Bharmacharyashrama to Visva-Bharati: A Chronicle of Metamorphosis of a Tiny School into an Internationally-Acclaimed Centre of Learning| work = Chapter I, page 2| publisher = Visva Bharati| access-date = 23 August 2019| archive-date = 16 March 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150316115647/http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/file/English-Chapter-I.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Hazari Prasad|Dwivedi}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| taught Hindi at Visva Bharati and helped in establishing Hindi Bhavana, He was its head for many years. A noted Hindi writer and winner of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], he was conferred [[Padma Bhusan]].
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/HazariprasadDwivedi.html| title = Hazariprasad Dwivedi | publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 3 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Haricharan|Bandopadhayaya}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| was a scholar best known for his 5-volume ''Bangiya Sabdakosh'' (Bengali dictionary), worked at Santiniketan all his life. He was conferred the Desikottama.
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), 1976/1998, ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) Vol I, {{in lang|bn}}, p 614, {{ISBN|81-85626-65-0}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Ujjwal|Maulik}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Computer Scientist, Fellow of IEEE, USA was a faculty in Computer Science at Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan.
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.inae.in/search-fellow/ |title= INAE Fellow Directory |website= www.inae.in/search-fellow / }}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Sailajaranjan|Majumdar}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| came to Santiniketan to teach chemistry and went on to be principal of Sangit Bhavana. A distinguished exponent and teacher of [[Rabindra Sangeet]], he was conferred Desikottama.
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>Bose, Anjali (editor), 2004, ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) Vol 2, {{in lang|bn}}, p 337, {{ISBN|81-86806-98-9}} (set) and {{ISBN|81-86806-99-7}} (Vol 2).</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Sylvain|Lévi}}
|style="text-align:center;" |
| was visiting professor at Santiniketan. He was a leading Orientalist.
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/SylvainLevi.html | title = Sylvain Levi | publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 3 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|{{sortname|Moriz|Winternitz}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| was originating from Austria, he was Jewish. He was an [[Oriental studies|Oriental]] scholar who was visiting professor at Santniketan in 1923–24.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/MorizWinternitz.html| title = Moriz Winternitz (1863-1937)|work= Great Personalities| publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 15 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|{{sortname|Walter|Liebenthal}}
|style="text-align:center;" |
| German Indologist, Sinlogist and Buddhist scholar, was visiting professor and fellow before becoming director of the Sino-Indian Institute in 1955–1960 at Santiniketan.
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web | url =https://whowaswho-indology.info/3801/liebenthal-walter/ | title = Persons of Indian Studies |author=Klaus Klaus Karttunen |work= Liebenthal, Walter| date = 17 March 2017 | publisher = whowaswho-indology.com |access-date = 20 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Santosh Chandra|Majumdar}}
|style="text-align:center;" |
| was one of the first five students of Brahmavidyalaya at Santiniketan and was associated with Santiniketan most of his later life.
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name = "santosh">Bose, Anjali (editor), 2004, ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) Vol 2, {{in lang|bn}}, p 560, {{ISBN|81-86806-98-9}} (set) and {{ISBN|81-86806-99-7}} (Vol 2).</ref><ref name="visva">{{cite web | url =http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/SantoshchandraMajumdar.html | title = Santoshchandra Majumdar (1888-1926) | publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 17 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Prabhat Kumar|Mukhopadhyaya}}
|style="text-align:center;" |
| was associated with Santiniketan almost all his working life, He is best known as the biographer of Rabindranath. He was honoured with Desikottama and [[Padma Bhusan]].
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), 1976/1998, ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) Vol I, {{in lang|bn}}, p304, {{ISBN|81-85626-65-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/PrabhatkumarMukhopadhyaya.html | title = Prabhatkumar Mukhopadhyaya| publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 3 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Amiya|Chakravarty}}
|style="text-align:center;" |
| literary critic, academic and Bengali poet, was associated with Visva Bharati from 1924 to 1933. Thereafter, he earned a D Phil from Oxford university and worked in various academic positions in India and abroad. He won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] and was conferred the Desikottama and [[Padma Bhusan]].
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/AmiyaChakravarty.html | title = Amiya Chakrabarti (1901-1986) | publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 8 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Kshitimohan|Sen}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| was principal of Vidya Bhavana and vice chancellor for some time. He was a scholar and researcher.
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/KshitimohanSen.html| title = Kshitimohan Sen | publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 3 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|David|McCutchion}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 1957-1960
| was a Coventry born scholar who came to India as a lecturer of English literature at Visva Bharati. He is famous for his pioneering work on the terracotta temples of Bengal.
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/fine-art-of-folk-research/articleshow/48716961.cms| title = David McCutchion| website = [[The Times of India]]| date = 29 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Other Indians==


*[[Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha]], of [[Raipur, Birbhum|Raipur]], had donated for the construction of ''Singha Sadan'' with a clock tower and bell. It was in this building that Oxford University conferred its honorary doctorate on the poet.<ref>{{cite web |title=Santiniketan |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5495 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Brajendra Nath Seal]], philosopher and vice-chancellor of Mysore University, presided over the inauguration of Visva Bharati on 23 December 1921, and presided over the Visva Bharati Society.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Seal,_Brajendra_Nath| title = Seal, Brjendra Nath| publisher = Banglapedia |access-date = 29 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.santiniketan.in/visva-bharati-university-rabindranath-tagore/| title = Visva Bharati | publisher = Santiniketan |access-date = 29 August 2019}}</ref>
*[[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]], founder of the [[Indian Statistical Institute]], framed the constitution of Visva Bharati in 1921, and was general secretary from 1921 to 1932.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/PrasantachandraMahalanobis.html| title = Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis (1893-1972)| publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 20 August 2019}}</ref>
*[[Nabakrushna Choudhuri]] freedom fighter was at Santiniketan for a short time. He later became chief minister of Odisha.<ref>{{cite book | last=Mahapatra | first=J.H. | title=My Life, My Work | publisher=Allied Publishers | series=First edition | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-8424-640-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZ_cWeqBj9YC&pg=PA151 | access-date=2019-08-19 | pages=151–152}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Vice-Chancellors of Visva-Bharati University]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Santiniketan}}

[[Category:People associated with Santiniketan|*]]

Ee Jeeva Ninagagi

2026-03-03T22:13:24Z

Davidxbr: rework intro for clarity

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ee Jeeva Ninagagi
| image = Ee Jeeva Ninagagi.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[V. Somashekhar]]
| producer = Vijaya Shankar Bhat
| story = [[P. Vasu]]
| writer = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = P. Vasu
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] [[Baby Shalini]] [[Lokanath]]
| music = Vijayanand
| cinematography = H. G. Raju
| editing = Victor Yadav
| studio = Devi & Devi Films
| distributor = Devi & Devi Films
| released = {{Film date|1986|05|28|df=y}}
| runtime = 136 min
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Ee Jeeva Ninagagi''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಈ ಜೀವ ನಿನಗಾಗಿ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|This life is for you}}) is a 1986 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama]] film, directed by [[V. Somashekhar]] and produced by Vijaya Shankar Bhat. The film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Baby Shalini]] and [[Lokanath]]. The film has musical score by Vijayanand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/eej/ee-jeeva-ninagagi/mid_35521/music-album/ |title=Ee Jeeva Ninagagi |accessdate=2015-01-23 |publisher=apunkachoice.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123195104/http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/eej/ee-jeeva-ninagagi/mid_35521/music-album/ |archivedate=23 January 2015 }}</ref> Vasu who wrote story for this film remade it in Tamil as ''[[Amma Vandhachu]]''.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Chandrasekhar
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Rohini
*[[Baby Shalini]]
*[[Lokanath]]
*N. S. Rao
*[[Mysore Lokesh]]
*Bangalore Nagesh
*Thimmayya
*Karanth
*[[Shani Mahadevappa]]
*Sarigama Viji
*B. K. Shankar
*Thipatur Siddaramaiah
*Chandrashekar
*Sampangi
*Chikkanna
*Muniraju
*Master Rajesh
*Pramila Joshai
*[[Shashikala]]
*Shamala
*Kokila
*Lalithamma
*Sathyabhama
*Seema
*Hemanalini
*Srivani
*Baby Nandini
*Baby Pramodini
*Dinesh in Guest Appearance
*[[Jai Jagadish]] in Guest Appearance
*[[Sudheer (Kannada Actor)|Sudheer]] in Guest Appearance
*[[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] in Guest Appearance
{{div col end}}

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by Vijayanand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hungama.com/album/ee-jeeva-ninagaagi/401724/|title = Ee Jeeva Ninagaagi}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Amma Amma Anno Maathu
| extra1 =[[Shalini Ajith Kumar]]
| length1 = 3:58
| title2 = Mannisu Endodane
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length2 = 3:51
| title3 = Amma Amma Anno Maathu
| extra3 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length3 = 3:39
| title4 = Preethiyinda Ene Kelu
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 4:12
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1356902}}
* {{YouTube|id=vSANtjxVkdw|title=Ee Jeeva Ninagagi}}

{{V. Somashekhar}}

[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:1986 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Somashekhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijay Anand (composer)]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}

List of cases of police brutality in India

2026-02-17T14:26:40Z

Davidxbr: basic expand references to improve readability additionally and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|None}}
{{expand list|date=September 2012}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2013}}
This is a list of notable cases of [[police brutality]] in [[India]]. This list also includes events from the [[British Raj]].

== British India ==
*'''?? September 1895''' – In Old Dhule Township, Maharashtra, Khambete Guruji, inspired by Lokmanya Tilak, started ''Sarvajanik Ganeshotsav''. On the day of Anant Chaturdashi in 1895, the Ganesh ''Visarjan'' procession passed from the vicinity of the Sai Masjid, and communal altercations between Hindus and Muslims ensued. To control the riot, the police open fired on the crowd killing and wounding many. Till date, the Ganpati temple is known as the Khuni (lit. Bloody) Ganpati. However it acts as a symbol of communal harmony with both Hindus and Muslims participating in the Ganeshotsave<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abhishek |first1=Pandey |title=Khooni Ganpati Story |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/story-of-dhules-ganesh-celebration-1098792.html |publisher=news18 |website=hindi.news18.com |date=4 September 2017 |access-date=4 September 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803172532/https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/story-of-dhules-ganesh-celebration-1098792.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''15 April 1919''' – After the '''[[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]''', protests occurred in [[Gujranwala]] against the killings of civilians at Amritsar. Police and aircraft were used against the protestors, resulting in at least 379 deaths and leaving more than a thousand people injured.<ref name="Colletp263">{{cite book|author=Nigel Collett|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuQC5pgzCw4C&pg=PA263|title=The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer|date=15 October 2006|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-85285-575-8|page=263}}</ref>
*'''12 December 1930''' – [[Bombay]] cotton mill worker '''[[Babu Genu Said]]''' was crushed by a truck at the order of police. He was an active participant in the protests, organized by Indian independence activists against the import of foreign made cloth. His death resulted in a huge wave of anger, strikes, and protests throughout Bombay.

== Post-Independence ==

=== 1950s ===
*'''13 June 1959''' – The [[Angamaly police firing|'''Angamaly firing''']] involved police firing at a group of people marching to the police station protesting against the incumbent Communist government. The firing killed seven people and injured many others.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-06-12|title=Remembering the Angamaly police firing|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2009/jun/12/remembering-the-angamaly-police-firing-57671.html|access-date=2021-07-31|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

=== 1960s ===
*'''25 March 1966''' – [[Pravir Chandra Bhanj Deo]], first Oriya ruler and 20th Maharaja of Bastar state, was killed in police firing at the steps of his own palace at Jagdalpur along with many others.<ref name="The-Hindu-1">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/a-king-mulls-over-two-strategies/article4652086.ece A king mulls over two strategies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108104143/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/a-king-mulls-over-two-strategies/article4652086.ece |date=8 November 2020 }}, The Hindu, 25 April 2013. (Story about Pravir Chandra's great-nephew.)</ref>

=== 1970s ===
*'''1976''' – The '''[[Rajan case]]'''.
*'''18 April 1976''' – The '''[[Turkman gate demolition and rioting|Turkman gate demolition and firing]]'''.
*'''1979 to 1980''' – The '''[[1980 Bhagalpur blindings|Bhagalpur blindings]]''' was an incident in [[Bhagalpur]] in the state of Bihar, India when police blinded 31 undertrials (or convicted criminals, according to some versions), by pouring acid into their eyes.

=== 1980s ===

*'''20 April 1981''' – The '''[[1981 Indravelli massacre]]''' was an incident where a gathering of [[Gondi people|Gond]] Adivasis, some organised by the [[Kondapalli Seetharamaiah|Kondapalli Sitaramayya]] faction of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|CPI(ML)]] and some attending the local market, were fired on by police officers at the village of [[Indervelly, Adilabad district|Indravelli]] in Andhra Pradesh. The official report claimed that a group of 30 police and five officials opened fire after they were attacked and one of their number speared to death. The number of civilian deaths was cited as 13. Investigations by journalists and local human rights groups place the number of police present in the dozens, and the number of victims between 60 and 250<ref>{{cite book |last1=von Fürer-Haimendorf |first1=Christoph |title=Tribes of India: The Struggle for Survival |date=1982 |publisher=University of California Press|url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft8r29p2r8&chunk.id=d0e7858&toc.id=&brand=ucpress |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523054032/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft8r29p2r8&chunk.id=d0e7858&toc.id=&brand=ucpress |archive-date=2022-05-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Raghuram |first1=M. |title=Carnage at Indravelli: A Report |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=June 13, 1981 |volume=16 |issue=24 |page=1048 |jstor=4369932 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4369932 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |access-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523055245/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4369932 |url-status=live }}</ref>

*'''22 May 1987''' – The '''[[Hashimpura massacre]]''' took place during the [[Religious violence in India|Hindu-Muslim riots]] in [[Meerut]] city in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state, India, when 19 personnel of the [[Provincial Armed Constabulary]] (PAC) allegedly rounded up 42 Muslim youths from the Hashimpura ''[[mohalla]]'' (locality) of the city, took them in truck to the outskirts, near [[Murad Nagar]], in [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad district]], where they were shot and their bodies were [[Dump job#Police usage|dump]]ed in water canals. A few days later dead bodies were found floating in the canals.

=== 1990s ===
*'''20 June 1992''' - [[Vachathi case]] – The '''Vachathi case''' involved a mass crime that occurred on 20 June 1992 in the village of Vachathi, in [[Dharmapuri district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. A team of 155 forest personnel, 108 policemen and six revenue officials entered the [[Tribal]]-dominated Vachathi village, searching for smuggled [[sandalwood]]<ref>{{cite news|first=S.|last=Dorairaj|title=Justice for Vachathi|url=http://www.flonnet.com/stories/20111104282203200.htm|publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=22 October 2011|access-date=18 October 2011|location=Chennai}}</ref> and to gather information about [[Veerappan]].<ref>{{cite news |date=29 September 2011 |title=TN: 19 yrs on, 215 guilty of atrocities on tribals |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Vachati-dalit-rape-victims-get-justice-19-years-later/Article1-751500.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201215822/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Vachati-Dalit-rape-victims-get-justice-19-years-later/Article1-751500.aspx |archive-date=1 December 2011 |newspaper=Hindustan times |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Under the pretext of conducting a search, the team ransacked the villagers' property, destroyed their houses, killed their cattle, assaulted around 100 villagers, and raped 18 women.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-15106778 India abuse: Scores guilty of Dalit rape and torture]</ref>
*'''30 October 1992 – 2 November 1992''' – '''[[Ayodhya firing incident]]''' took place when [[Uttar Pradesh police]] fired live ammunition at civilians who were religious devotees or ''[[kar sevak]]s'', assembled near the [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] site at [[Ayodhya]].
*'''21 July 1993''' - The '''[[1993 Kolkata firing|Kolkata firing]]''' took place in the vicinity of [[Writers' Building]], the state secretariat when police tried to disperse a massive rally of the Youth Congress, organised by the Youth Congress president [[Mamata Banerjee]]. 13 people were shot dead by the police & 200 others (including Banerjee herself) were injured in police lathicharge.
*'''1–2 October 1994''' – The '''[[Rampur Tiraha firing case|Rampur Tiraha firing]]''' involved police firing on unarmed [[Uttarakhand]] activists at [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]] Tiraha (crossing) in [[Muzaffarnagar district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[India]] on the night of 1–2 October 1994. The activists, part of the agitation for the separate state of [[Uttarakhand]], were going to [[Delhi]] to stage a dharna at [[Raj Ghat]] on [[Gandhi Jayanti]], the following day, when alleged unprovoked police firing in the night of 1 October led to the death of six activists, and some women were allegedly raped and molested in the ensuing melee.
*'''25 November 1994''' – The '''[[Koothuparamba firing]]''' was a police action in the Kannur district of Kerala. The firing happened after the inauguration of the Co-operative Urban Bank's evening branch, when the [[Democratic Youth Federation of India|DYFI]] protested against [[Communist Marxist Party]] (CMP) leader and Kerala's Minister, [[M. V. Raghavan|M.V. Raghavan]]. The police fired at the crowd for both the protection of the Minister and public and private property. Five [[Democratic Youth Federation of India|DYFI]] activists were dead and six people were injured.
*'''31 August 1995''' - The '''[[1995 Kodiyankulam violence]]''', where a force of 600 policemen attacked the all-Dalit village of Kodiyankulam in Thoothukudi district, Tamil Nadu.
*'''11 July 1997''' - The '''[[1997 Ramabai killings]]''' were a mass killing of [[Dalit]] residents of the [[Ramabai Ambedkar]] Nagar colony in [[Mumbai]] on 11 July 1997. A team of [[Maharashtra Police#Special units|State Reserve Police Force]] members fired upon a crowd protesting the recent [[Vandalism of Ambedkar statues|desecration of a statue]] of Constitution maker [[B. R. Ambedkar]]. 10 Dalits were killed and 26 injured in the incident.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narula |first=Smita |editor1-last=Gossman |editor1-first=Patricia |editor2-last=Tayler |editor2-first=Wilder |editor3-last=Brown |editor3-first=Cynthia |title=Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's "Untouchables" |chapter=The Ramabai Killings |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=March 1999 |isbn=1-56432-228-9 |chapter-url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/india/India994-08.htm |access-date=2024-06-18 |via=www.hrw.org |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118065926/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/india/India994-08.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''1999''' – The '''[[Manjolai Labourers massacre]]''' was brutal police action on a procession taken out in support of agitating tea estate workers, claimed 17 lives in Thirunelveli, Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|title=THE TIRUNELVELI MASSACRE|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1616/16160180.htm|accessdate=|newspaper=Frontline|date=13 August 1999|location=Tamil Nadu, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1999/08/05/police-killings-tamil-nadu-india|title=Police Killings In Tamil Nadu, India|author=|date=7 August 1999|publisher=Human rights watch|accessdate=15 May 2013|archive-date=29 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429045037/http://www.hrw.org/news/1999/08/05/police-killings-tamil-nadu-india|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2000s ===
*'''2003''' – The '''[[Muthanga incident]]''' was a brutal police action on [[Adivasi]]s who had gathered under [[Adivasi Gothra Mahasabha]] (AGMS) in protest to the [[Kerala Government]]'s delay in allotting them land, which had been contracted in October 2001. Two fatalities were officially confirmed, however the government later put the death toll at five.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/02/20/stories/2003022004730700.htm |title=Two killed as tribals, police clash |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2003-02-20 |accessdate=2012-04-20 |archive-date=29 December 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041229210239/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/02/20/stories/2003022004730700.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=PUCL |url=http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Dalit-tribal/2003/wayanad-statement.htm |title=Statement against police firings on adivasis in Muthanga |publisher=Pucl.org |date= |accessdate=2012-04-20 |archive-date=10 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410223138/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Dalit-tribal/2003/wayanad-statement.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> More than 15 Adivasis were fatally wounded.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/02/25/stories/2003022502630500.htm |title=Tribals issue: Claim on the dead and missing |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2003-02-25 |accessdate=2012-04-20 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004233803/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/02/25/stories/2003022502630500.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*'''2006''' – Police opened fire on people protesting against land acquisition for SEZ of [[Videocon Group|Videocon]] at Maan village in [[Pune district|Pune]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Eight years on, Maan villagers rue a disconnect with tech neighbour – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Eight-years-on-Maan-villagers-rue-a-disconnect-with-tech-neighbour/articleshow/21498122.cms |website=The Times of India |date=31 July 2013 |archive-date=8 November 2018 |access-date=30 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108023351/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Eight-years-on-Maan-villagers-rue-a-disconnect-with-tech-neighbour/articleshow/21498122.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''2007''' – '''[[Nandigram violence]] –''' Police opened fire on villagers protesting against land acquisition for building a SEZ with Indonesian real-estate company [[Salim Group|Salim group]] at [[Nandigram]] village in [[East Midnapore]], [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Sanchita|date=2007-03-15|title=Nandigram protests: 14 killed as violence spills over to Kolkata|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/CAZYvJRNWnxOsvFMoYcFHI/Nandigram-protests-14-killed-as-violence-spills-over-to-Kol.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503223428if_/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/CAZYvJRNWnxOsvFMoYcFHI/Nandigram-protests-14-killed-as-violence-spills-over-to-Kol.html|archive-date=2021-05-03|access-date=2021-07-30|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2009-12-28|title=2007-Nandigram violence: A state of failure|language=en|website=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20091228-2007-nandigram-violence-a-state-of-failure-741632-2009-12-24|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015205327/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20091228-2007-nandigram-violence-a-state-of-failure-741632-2009-12-24|archive-date=2019-10-15}}</ref>
*'''2008''' – [[Haveri police shooting|'''Haveri police shooting''']] – Police opened fire on farmers protesting shortages of subsidized fertilizers during the pre-monsoon sowing season. Two protestors died during the shooting.
*'''2009''' – The [[2009 Beemapally police shooting|'''Beemapally police shooting''']] saw the police opening fire on the Muslim fishing community at [[Beemapally]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Trivandrum District]], [[Kerala]] who had gathered to protest the police inaction in controlling goons. The firing killed 6 and injured around 43-52 people—all Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web|last=O|first=Najiya|date=2020-05-20|title=11 years on, justice eludes Muslim victims of Beemapalli police firing|url=https://twocircles.net/2020may20/436895.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527160800/https://twocircles.net/2020may20/436895.html|archive-date=2020-05-27|access-date=2021-07-30|website=[[Two Circles]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/City-police-chief-justifies-firing-at-Cheriathura/article16364092.ece|title=City police chief justifies firing at Cheriathura|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sacw.net/article1021.html|title=India: Sitting Ducks – A Beemapalli reflection – South Asia Citizens Web|date=2018-06-04|work=South Asia Citizens Web|access-date=2018-06-04|language=en-EN|archive-date=22 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522173205/http://www.sacw.net/article1021.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-05-18|title=Kerala Police fires at fishing community, six dead – NCHRO|url=https://www.nchro.org/index.php/2009/05/18/kerala-police-fires-at-fishing-community-six-dead/|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125083548/https://www.nchro.org/index.php/2009/05/18/kerala-police-fires-at-fishing-community-six-dead/|archive-date=2021-01-25|access-date=2021-07-30|website=NCHRO|language=en-US}}</ref>
*'''23 July 2009''' – at [[Khwairamband Bazar|Khwairamband market]], [[Imphal]], Manipur police commandos killed an unarmed youth Ch Sanjit Meitei in an alleged encounter and later claiming to seize a pistol on him; in the ensuing encounter a pregnant lady Rabina Devi was also killed, whom the police claimed was shot during the crossfire.{{citation needed|date=January 2020|reason= note: this uncited content was added by [[Special:Contributions/Napisu]] }}

=== 2010s ===
*'''2011''' – The police opened fire on protesters protesting against the Jaitapur Nuclear Power Plant and killed one of the protesters.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/one-person-dies-in-firing-at-jaitapur-453356 | title=One killed at Jaitapur police firing | access-date=30 May 2018 | archive-date=14 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214070900/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/one-person-dies-in-firing-at-jaitapur-453356 | url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''3 June 2011''' – The '''[[Forbesganj police firing|Forbesganj firing]]''' was an act of state brutality in which four villagers were killed near [[Forbesganj]], a town in [[Bihar]], [[India]]. An inquiry into the incident, conducted by reputed NGO [[ANHAD]], suggests a role of politicians from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the killings. The residents of the village of Bhajanpur were protesting the grant of land to a factory owned by the son of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] politician Ashok Agarwal.
*'''5 June 2011''' – The [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement]].
*'''2013''' – The [[Dhule]] Shootout was an incident in which police opened fire on violent Muslim youths killing 6 and injuring around 20. Police were also involved in burning Muslim houses and destroying their property.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Deshpande|first=Vinaya|date=2013-01-16|title=Dhule riots reflect changing nature of communal violence, says activist|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dhule-riots-reflect-changing-nature-of-communal-violence-says-activist/article4310335.ece|access-date=2020-11-05|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416060216/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dhule-riots-reflect-changing-nature-of-communal-violence-says-activist/article4310335.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''25 August 2015''' – The [[Patidar]] community organised an assembly of over 500,000 people at the GMDC Ground in [[Ahmedabad]] demanding [[OBC quota]]. The convener [[Hardik Patel]] led others remaining there on hunger strike after the formal rally was over. Police arrested him in the evening, using a [[lathicharge]] during which journalists were among those injured.<ref name="hardik_bs_2015-08-25">{{cite news | title = Patidar rally youth leader Hardik Patel arrested in Ahmedabad | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/patidar-rally-youth-leader-hardik-patel-arrested-in-ahmedabad-115082501394_1.html | publisher = Business Standard | date = 25 August 2015 | accessdate = 7 January 2020}}</ref>
*'''13 October 2015''' – Punjab police shot two protestors and injured 50 others at a protest in [[Kotkapura]], Punjab, following the [[2015 Guru Granth Sahib desecration controversy|Guru Granth Sahib desecration]] in different parts of Punjab. Police claimed to be acting in self-defence.<ref name="TwoDead-Tribune">{{cite news|title=2 dead in Kotkapura police firing|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/2-dead-in-kotkapura-police-firing/146172.html|accessdate=19 March 2016|work=[[The Tribune (India)]]|date=15 October 2015|archive-date=18 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118225955/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/2-dead-in-kotkapura-police-firing/146172.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''2015''' – The '''[[2015 Andhra shootout|Andhra shootout]]''' was an incident in the Seshachalam forest in [[Chittoor District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] that killed 20 suspected woodcutters.
*'''2015''' – The [[Mumbai Police]] was found to have engaged in [[Moral Police|moral policing]], after several officers raided hotels and guest houses near [[Aksa Beach]] and [[Madh Island]], and detained about 40 couples. Most of them were consenting couples in private rooms, but they were charged under Section 110 (Indecent behaviour in public) of the Bombay Police Act and fined {{INRConvert|1200}}.<ref name=Malwani2015>{{cite news|title=Mumbai: Couples picked up from hotel rooms, charged with 'public indecency'|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-couples-picked-up-from-hotel-rooms-charged-with-public-indecency/16437186|accessdate=10 August 2015|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=8 August 2015}}</ref> Then Commissioner [[Rakesh Maria]] order a probe into the raids after criticism.<ref name=ProbeOrdered>{{cite news|title=Mumbai Police Hotel Raid: Commissioner Rakesh Maria orders probe into alleged moral policing|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mumbai-police-hotel-raid-commissioner-rakesh-maria-orders-probe-into-alleged-moral-policing-2112723|accessdate=10 August 2015|work=[[DNA India]]|date=9 August 2015}}</ref>
*'''2018''' – The '''[[Thoothukudi violence]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/23/police-in-south-india-accused-of-mass-after-shooting-dead-protesters|title=Police in south India accused of mass murder after shooting dead protesters|last=Safi|first=Michael|date=2018-05-23|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-05-24}}</ref> was an incident in [[Thoothukudi]], [[Tamil Nadu]] where 13 unarmed protestors were killed and 100+ injured by the [[Tamil Nadu Police]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/thoothukudi-anti-sterlite-protests-death-toll-goes-up-to-13/article23975664.ece|title=Thoothukudi anti-Sterlite protests: Death toll goes up to 13|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=2018-05-24|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-06-22|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*'''2019''' –The '''[[2019 Jamia Milia Islamia attack]]''', during the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]], police attacked student protesters as well as non-protesting students at the campus of [[Jamia Millia Islamia|Jamia Milia Islamia]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-18|title=US to France to Oxford: Cry against police brutality|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/us-to-france-to-oxford-cry-against-police-brutality/cid/1727989|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228203045/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/us-to-france-to-oxford-cry-against-police-brutality/cid/1727989|archive-date=2019-12-28|access-date=2019-12-31|website=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 December 2019|title=Police crackdown in Jamia made it epicentre of anti-CAA protests|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/police-crackdown-in-jamia-made-it-epicentre-of-anti-caa-protests-1632166-2019-12-28|access-date=2019-12-31|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229165317/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/police-crackdown-in-jamia-made-it-epicentre-of-anti-caa-protests-1632166-2019-12-28|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Baruah|first=Amit|date=2019-12-17|title=News Analysis: In Jamia, entering a library is a first for the police|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/news-analysis-in-jamia-entering-a-library-is-a-first-for-the-police/article30324642.ece|access-date=2019-12-31|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226094751/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/news-analysis-in-jamia-entering-a-library-is-a-first-for-the-police/article30324642.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On the same day, Police and [[Rapid Action Force]] injured several students—including some serious injuries—by firing tear-gas shells, rubber bullets, stun grenades and pellets at students of the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] protesting against the same act. The security forces reportedly hurled communal abuses at the students. The forces fired tear gas shell inside hostel rooms and set ablaze vehicles belonging to students.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-12-19|title=AMU protests: Report puts question mark on number of detained students|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/report-puts-question-mark-on-number-of-detained-students/article30343075.ece|access-date=2021-01-09|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111175206/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/report-puts-question-mark-on-number-of-detained-students/article30343075.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahmad|first=Salik|date=18 December 2019|title=AMU: Student's Hand Amputated, 'Police Violence Worse Than In Jamia'|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-amu-amu-students-hand-amputated-police-violence-worse-than-in-jamia/344341|access-date=2021-01-09|website=Outlook India|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414014607/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-amu-amu-students-hand-amputated-police-violence-worse-than-in-jamia/344341|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=24 February 2020|title=AMU violence: Court orders UP police chief, CRPF head to act against officers who attacked students|url=https://scroll.in/latest/954191/amu-violence-court-orders-up-police-chief-to-act-against-police-officials-who-attacked-students|access-date=2021-01-09|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507023230/https://scroll.in/latest/954191/amu-violence-court-orders-up-police-chief-to-act-against-police-officials-who-attacked-students|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2020s ===
*'''22 June 2020''' – [[Custodial deaths of P Jayaraj and Bennicks|Custodial death of father and son]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Tamil Nadu]] The duo had been beaten, brutally tortured, and sexually assaulted.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Tuticorin|first1=India Today Web Desk|date=June 25, 2020|title=Tuticorin custodial death: Kin say father-son duo was sexually abused in police custody, outrage in Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tuticorin-custodial-death-kin-say-father-son-duo-was-sexually-abused-in-police-custody-outrage-in-tamil-nadu-1692411-2020-06-25|access-date=2020-06-25|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625204315/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tuticorin-custodial-death-kin-say-father-son-duo-was-sexually-abused-in-police-custody-outrage-in-tamil-nadu-1692411-2020-06-25|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-23|title=Tension prevails in Tamil Nadu's Sattankulam as trader, son held during lockdown die|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/father-son-die-in-judicial-custody-in-sattankulam-tension-prevails/article31897154.ece|access-date=2020-06-25|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=26 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626113858/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/father-son-die-in-judicial-custody-in-sattankulam-tension-prevails/article31897154.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-23|title=Protests in Tamil Nadu town over 'custodial death' of shopkeeper, son|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/protests-in-tamil-nadu-town-over-custodial-death-thoothukudi-6472816/|access-date=2020-06-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="Custodial Death" Of Father-Son Sparks Outrage In Tamil Nadu; High Court Seeks Report|url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/custodial-death-of-father-son-sparks-outrage-in-tamil-nadu-madras-high-court-seeks-report-2251677|access-date=2020-06-25|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Father and son duo allegedly killed in police custody for opening shop beyond time in Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/jun/23/father-and-son-duo-allegedly-killed-in-police-custody-for-opening-shop-beyond-time-in-tamil-nadu-2160262.html|access-date=2020-06-25|website=The New Indian Express|date=23 June 2020|archive-date=26 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626214608/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/jun/23/father-and-son-duo-allegedly-killed-in-police-custody-for-opening-shop-beyond-time-in-tamil-nadu-2160262.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 24, 202|first=M. K.|last=Ananth|title=Man, son die in custody: Relatives, traders complain of police torture in Tamil Nadu {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/man-son-die-in-custody-relatives-traders-complain-of-police-torture/articleshow/76539691.cms|access-date=2020-06-25|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625074125/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/man-son-die-in-custody-relatives-traders-complain-of-police-torture/articleshow/76539691.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''23 September 2021''' – In [[Sipajhar|Sipajhar, Assam]], three people including [[Killing of Moinul Haque|Moinul Haque]] were killed and several others injured by police firing during a protest staged by evicted residents.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sitlhou|first=Makepeace|date=2021-09-27|title=How a forceful eviction in India's Assam state turned bloodied|url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/how-a-forceful-eviction-in-india-s-assam-state-turned-bloodied-50275|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927123202/https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/how-a-forceful-eviction-in-india-s-assam-state-turned-bloodied-50275|archive-date=2021-09-27|access-date=2021-09-29|website=TRT World|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=A|first=Syeda|date=2021-09-26|title=Eviction, identity and shifting sands: A ground report from Sipajhar, Assam|url=http://www.eastmojo.com/in-depth/2021/09/26/eviction-identity-and-shifting-sands-a-ground-report-from-sipajhar-assam/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927061609/https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2021/09/26/eviction-identity-and-shifting-sands-a-ground-report-from-sipajhar-assam/|archive-date=2021-09-27|access-date=2021-09-29|website=EastMojo|language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''28 June 2025''' – A 27-year-old temple guard, B. Ajith Kumar, was illegally taken into custody by the [[Tamil Nadu Police]] for investigation into an alleged theft case in [[Thirupuvanam, Sivaganga]]. He later died of police torture during the unofficial interrogation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/social-issues/social-justice/custodial-death-ajith-kumar-tamil-nadu-police-brutality/article69767793.ece|title=How many more Ajith Kumars?|date=4 July 2025|access-date=1 August 2025|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/murderer-will-not-attack-like-this-madras-high-court-on-tamil-nadu-custodial-death-8808732|title="Even Murderer Will Not Attack Like This": Madras High Court On Tamil Nadu Custodial Death|date=1 July 2025|access-date=1 August 2025|work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Law enforcement in India]]
*[[Police Complaints Authority (India)]]
*[[Police Mitra scheme]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Law enforcement in India}}
{{Indian intelligence agencies}}
{{Indian Penal Code navbox}}
{{Criminal procedure}}
{{Law}}
{{Asia topic|Law enforcement in}}
{{Asia topic|Mass surveillance in}}
{{Crime in Asia}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{India topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Police brutality in India}}
[[Category:Lists of cases of police brutality|India]]
[[Category:Police misconduct in India|Brutality]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in India]]
[[Category:India law-related lists]]
[[Category:India crime-related lists]]
[[Category:Police brutality in India| ]]
[[Category:Law enforcement-related lists]]

Poovilangu Mohan

2026-02-13T05:52:46Z

Davidxbr: slightly refined references after review also and fixed typos for clarity

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|10|24|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| birth_name = T. S. Babumohan
| occupation = Actor
| years_active =
| spouse =
}}

'''Poovilangu Mohan''' is an Indian film and television actor. He got the sobriquet "Poovilangu" because of his performance in the Tamil film ''[[Poovilangu]]''. He has acted in more than 100 movies in supporting roles and played leading parts in many Television serials.

==Partial filmography==
;Actor
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1981||''[[Thanneer Thanneer]]''||
| rowspan="2" |credited as Babumohan
|-
| rowspan="2" |1983||''[[Anal Kaatru]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Poikkal Kudhirai (1983 film)|Poikkal Kudhirai]]''||Mohan ||credited as Balumohan
|-
| rowspan="2" |1984||''[[Poovilangu]]''||Senthil || rowspan="3" |credited as T. S. Babumohan
|-
|''[[Pudhiavan]]'' ||
|-
|1985||''[[Pagal Nilavu]]''||
|-
|1986||''[[Punnagai Mannan]]''||
| rowspan="2" |credited as Babumohan
|-
|1987||''[[Kudumbam Oru Koyil]]''||
|-
|1987 ||''[[Kalyana Agathigal]]'' ||
|credited as T. S. Babumohan
|-
|1992||''[[Vaaname Ellai]]'' ||
|
|-
|1993 ||''[[Vedan]]'' ||
|
|-
|1999||''[[Ninaivirukkum Varai]]''||Doctor
|
|-
|1999||''[[Amarkkalam]]''||DCP Ranjith Bose
|
|-
|2000||''[[Eazhaiyin Sirippil]]''||Thulasi's brother
|
|-
|2001||''[[Aalavandhan]]''||Vijay & Nandhu's headmaster
|
|-
|2002||''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]''||Doctor
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2003|| ''[[Anbe Sivam]]'' || Grieving father
|
|-
|''[[Anbe Anbe]]'' || Shiva's father
|
|-
|''[[Alaudin]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Konji Pesalaam]]''||
|
|-
|2005||''[[Vetrivel Sakthivel]]'' || Manju's father
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2007||''[[Malaikottai]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Manikanda]]''||
|
|-
|2008 || ''[[Tharagu]]'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2009 ||''[[Aarumugam]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Guru En Aalu]]'' ||
|
|-
| 2011 || ''Vazhi Vidu Kanne Vazhi Vidu'' || ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Andhadhi (film)|Andhadhi]]'' || Vallarasu
|
|}

;Dubbing artist
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Actor
! Film
! Language
|-
|[[Sridhar (actor)|Sridhar]] || ''[[Manathil Uruthi Vendum]]'' || rowspan=2|[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|[[Gowtham Sundararajan|Gowtham Sundarajan]] || ''[[Vaaname Ellai]]''
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Language
|-
|1995||''[[Air Bus]]'' / Balachanderin Chinnatirai|| ||rowspan=6|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||rowspan=6|[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|1997||''[[Marmadesam|Ragasiyam]]''||CB-CID officer Rudrapathi
|-
|1997–1998||''[[Marmadesam|Vidathu Karupu]]''||Schoolmaster Varadharajan
|-
|1998–1999||''[[Marmadesam|Sorna Regai]]''||Police Inspector Anwar
|-
|rowspan=3|1998||''Jannal - Sila Nijangal Sila Nyayangal''||
|-
|''[[Ramany vs Ramany|Ramany vs Ramany Part 01]]''||
|-
|''Aalumagalu''|| ||rowspan=2|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]||rowspan=2|[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
|-
|1998–1999||''Velagu Needalu''||
|-
|1998–2000 || ''[[Ganga Yamuna Saraswati]]''|| ||rowspan=3|[[Raj TV]]||rowspan=14|[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|1999||''Jannal - Adutha Veetu Kavithai''||
|-
|1999–2000||''[[Marmadesam|Iyanthira Paravai]]''||Police Inspector Anwar
|-
|rowspan=2|2000–2001||''[[Chithi (TV series)|Chithi]]''||Marudhappan || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|''[[Marmadesam|Edhuvum Nadakkum]]'' || Moopar || rowspan="2"|[[Raj TV]]
|-
|2001|| ''[[Ramany vs Ramany|Ramany vs Ramany Part 02]]'' || Renigunta Venkatrama Reddy
|-
|2002–2003||'' Veetukku Veedu Looty'' || Palakkad Kasi Viswanatha Harihara Mahadevan || [[Jaya TV]]
|-
|2002–2005||''[[Annamalai (2002 TV series)|Annamalai]]''|| Mandiramoorthy(Kangaaniyar) || rowspan="6"|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2005–2006|| ''Malargal'' || Mohanasundaram
|-
|2006–2008||''[[Anjali (2006 TV series)|Anjali]]'' || Chakravarthy
|-
|2006–2009||''Bhandham''||
|-
|2008||''Thiruvilayadal''||[[Brahma]]
|-
|2008–2009||''[[Sivasakthi (TV series)|Sivasakthi]]''||
|-
|2009–2012||''Uravukku Kai Koduppom''||Jothi Krishna || [[Kalaignar TV]]
|-
|2010–2012||''Swanthanga Raktha Sambandham''||Jyothi Krishna || [[Star Maa|Maa TV]] || [[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
|-
|2010–2015||''[[Nadhaswaram (TV Series)|Nadhaswaram]]''|| Mayilvahanam ||rowspan="2"|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]|| rowspan="20" |[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|2013–2016||''[[Mahabharatham (TV series)|Mahabharatham]]''|| [[Veda Vyasa]]
|-
|2013–2014||''[[Ranga Vilas]]''|| ||[[Jaya TV]]
|-
|2013–2019||''[[Valli (TV series)|Valli]]''||Azhagamperumal||rowspan="4"|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2014||''[[Bhairavi Aavigalukku Priyamanaval]]''||Special appearance
|-
|2017–2019||''[[Azhagu (TV series)|Azhagu]]''||Sethuraman
|-
|2019||''Arundhathi''|| Somasundaram
|-
|2019–2020||''[[Rettai Roja]]''||Kandhaswamy||[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2020–2023||''[[Magarasi]]''||rowspan="2"|Chidhambaram||rowspan="2"|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2020||''Chandralekha''
|-
|rowspan="2" |2021
|''Karma 1''
|rowspan="2" |Somasekara Ganapadigal
|rowspan="2" |Bombay Chanakya's FastFlix
|-
|''Karma 2''
|-
|rowspan="3" |2022||''[[Oru Oorla Rendu Rajakumari]]''||Shivashankaran||[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|''[[Ramany vs Ramany 3.0]]''|| ||[[aha (streaming service)|aha]]
|-
|''Karma 3''
|Somasekara Ganapadigal
|Bombay Chanakya's FastFlix
|-
|2022–2023||''[[Jamelaa (TV series)|Jamelaa]]''||Dakshinamurthy||[[Colors Tamil]]
|-
|2023–2026||''[[Anna (Tamil TV series)|Anna]]''||Soundira Pandi||[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2024–2025||''[[Thayamma Kudumbathaar]]''||Sattanathan ||[[DD Podhigai|DD Tamil]]
|-
|2025||''[[Aadukalam (TV series)|Aadukalam]]''||Govindan||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|}

== References ==
* {{cite news|title=Grill Mill: Poovilangu Mohan|author=S. R. Ashok Kumar|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article553403.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 August 2010}}
* {{cite news|title=Playing a different tune|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/10/01/stories/2010100150910100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108141330/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/10/01/stories/2010100150910100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2012|author=Geetha Venkatraman|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 October 2010}}
* {{cite news|title=An evening that evoked a hearty laugh|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/article867312.ece?textsize=large&test=1|author=Saraswathi Srinivasan|date=4 November 2010|work=The Hindu}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, Poovilangu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil theatre]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:Tamil television presenters]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Gufran-Ullah Beig

2026-02-07T19:31:49Z

Davidxbr: new new article basic info.

{{Short description|Indian meteorologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Gufran-Ullah Beig
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|5|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Atmospheric sciences]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Mohanlal Sukhadia University]] | [[National Physical Laboratory of India]] | [[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Rajasthan University]] | [[Mohanlal Sukhadia University]] | [[Physical Research Laboratory]] | [[National Center for Atmospheric Research]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Human impact on the environment|anthropogenic]] emissions of [[green house gases]]
| awards = {{ublist|1999 Young Muslim Scientist Award | 2005 [[World Meteorological Organization|WMO]] Norbert Gerbier-Mumm International Award | 2006 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|S. S. Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2007 Maharana Udai Singh Award }}
}}
'''Gufran-Ullah Beig''' (born 24 May 1961) is an Indian meteorologist and a scientist at the [[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]], Pune.<ref name="Contact details of the Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/cont2006.pdf |title=Contact details of the Awardees |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327060207/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/cont2006.pdf |archive-date=2017-03-27 }}</ref><ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://safar.tropmet.res.in/beig/ |title=Faculty profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology }}</ref> He is the programme director of ''System of Air Quality Forecasting and Research'' (SAFAR),<ref name="Hadapsar, Shivajinagar most polluted areas in Pune">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4685029779421251728&SectionId=5171561142064258099&SectionName=Top%20Stories&NewsDate=20140509&NewsTitle=%27Hadapsar,%20Shivajinagar%20most%20polluted%20areas%20in%20Pune%27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107005805/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4685029779421251728&SectionId=5171561142064258099&SectionName=Top%20Stories&NewsDate=20140509&NewsTitle=%27Hadapsar,%20Shivajinagar%20most%20polluted%20areas%20in%20Pune%27 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 January 2017 |title=Hadapsar, Shivajinagar most polluted areas in Pune |date=9 May 2014 |publisher=Sakal Times}}</ref> a network of air quality and weather monitoring stations, which assists in the forecast of air quality and in maintaining an [[emission inventory]].<ref name="Now, get metro air quality info digitally and weather forecast">{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Now-get-metro-air-quality-info-digitally-and-weather-forecast/articleshow/19851444.cms |title=Now, get metro air quality info digitally and weather forecast |date=3 May 2013 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref> An elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Beig,_Dr_Gufran-Ullah |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> he received the Norbert Gerbier-Mumm International Award of the [[World Meteorological Organization]] in 2005,<ref name="Norbert Gerbier-Mumm International Award">{{Cite web |url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/awards/norbert-gerbier-mumm-international-award |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107004110/https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/awards/norbert-gerbier-mumm-international-award |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2017 |title=Norbert Gerbier-Mumm International Award |date=2016 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> the first Indian to receive the honor.<ref name="Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/01-15Aug04-Print-Edition/011508200440.htm |title=Awards |date=2004 |publisher=The Milli Gazette}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences in 2006.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
Beig, born on 24 May 1961 in Jhalawar, Rajasthan, he completed his graduate studies in science from [[Rajasthan University]] in 1980 and obtained a master's degree in physics from [[Mohanlal Sukhadia University]] in 1983.<ref name="Beig on IITM">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tropmet.res.in/Dr.G.Beig-13-Scientist |title=Beig on IITM |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology |access-date=6 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107095640/http://www.tropmet.res.in/Dr.G.Beig-13-Scientist |archive-date=7 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Subsequently, he enrolled for doctoral studies at [[Physical Research Laboratory]] and after securing a PhD in [[atmospheric physics]] in 1990, he did his post-doctoral studies at [[National Center for Atmospheric Research]]. On his return to India, he joined Mohanlal Sukhadia University as an assistant professor in 1994 and after a service of two years, he moved to [[National Physical Laboratory of India]] in February 1994 as a scientist (B-Grade). His stay at NPL lasted only 5 months and in July 1996, he joined (IITM) as a scientist (Grade-C). Over the years, he rose through ranks to hold the position of a scientist (Grade-G) and also heads the System of Air Quality Forecasting and Research (SAFAR) programme as its director.<ref name="Now, get metro air quality info digitally and weather forecast" /> He is known for his studies on [[Human impact on the environment|anthropogenic]] emissions of [[green house gases]]<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=396 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and his studies have been documented in several peer-reviewed articles.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Beig=3AGufran-Ullah=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}}

== Awards and honors ==
The [[World Meteorological Organization]] selected him for the Norbert Gerbier-Mumm International Award in 2005, making him the first Indian recipient of the honor.<ref name="Faculty profile" /><ref name="Awards" /> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2006<ref name="Earth Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |title=Earth Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200915/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> and three years later, the Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as their fellow.<ref name="Fellow profile" /> He is also a recipient of the Young Muslim Scientist Award in physical sciences (1999)<ref name="Awards" /> and the Maharana Udai Singh Award (2007).<ref name="Maharana Udai Singh Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.charkha.org/newsletter/salute.htm |title=Maharana Udai Singh Award |date=2016 |publisher=Charkhs E-newsletter |access-date=6 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317125946/http://www.charkha.org/newsletter/salute.htm |archive-date=17 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |author1=Roy |first=Sompriti |author2=Beig |first2=Gufran |author3=Jacob |first3=Daniela |author-link3=Daniela Jacob |title=Seasonal distribution of ozone and its precursors over the tropical Indian region using regional chemistry-transport model |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |date=2008 |volume=113 |issue=D21 |pages=D21307 |doi=10.1029/2007JD009712 |bibcode=2008JGRD..11321307R |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0011-F947-B |hdl-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Fadnavis, S. |author2=Beig, G. |title=Quasi-biennial oscillation in ozone and temperature over tropics |journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics |date=2009 |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=257–263 |doi=10.1016/j.jastp.2008.11.012 |bibcode=2009JASTP..71..257F}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Relationship between lightning activity over peninsular India and sea surface temperature |title=Tinmaker, M. I. R.; Ali, Kaushar; Beig, G. |journal=Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology |date=2010 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=828–835 |doi=10.1175/2009JAMC2199.1|bibcode=2010JApMC..49..828T |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Beig, Gufran |title=Long-term trends in the temperature of the mesosphere/lower thermosphere region: 2. Solar response |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |date=2011 |volume=1–7 |pages=A00H12 |doi=10.1029/2011JA016766|bibcode=2011JGRA..116.0H12B |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Beig, G. |author2=Fadnavis, S. |author3=Schmidt, H. |author4=Brasseur, Guy P. |title=Inter-comparison of 11-year solar cycle response in mesospheric ozone and temperature obtained by HALOE satellite data and HAMMONIA model |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |date=2012 |volume=117 |issue=D4 |pages=D00P10 |doi=10.1029/2011JD015697|bibcode=2012JGRD..117.0P10B |url=http://www.hzg.de/imperia/md/content/gkss/zentrale_einrichtungen/bibliothek/journals/2012/beig_31746.pdf |doi-access=free }}

== See also ==
* [[Greenhouse effect]]
* [[Air quality index]]
{{Portal|India|Geology}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_096_04_0597_0597_0.pdf |title=Indian Academy of Sciences elects new Fellows – 2009 |date=2009 |publisher=Current Science |work=Academy News}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/bestpractices/SAFAR%20System%20of%20Air%20quality%20Forecasting%20And%20Research%20in%20metropolitan%20cities%20like%20Delhi.pdf |title=SAFAR: System of Air quality Forecasting And Research |date=2016 |publisher=NITI Aayog |work=Social Sector Service Delivery: Good Practices Resource Book 2015}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beig, Gufran-Ullah}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian geologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Indian meteorologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Pune]]
[[Category:University of Rajasthan alumni]]
[[Category:Mohanlal Sukhadia University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Mohanlal Sukhadia University]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian earth scientists]]

List of mayors of Pune

2026-02-07T10:20:48Z

Davidxbr:

{{short description|None}}

{{Infobox Political post|
| style = Honorable Mayor
| inaugural =
| succession =
| formation = {{start date and age|1952}}
| termlength = 2.5 years
| appointer = [[List of Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| residence =
| post = Mayor of Pune
| incumbent = Manjusha Nagpure
| image =
| insigniacaption = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]] of the Pune Municipal Corporation
| insigniasize = 150px
| insignia =
| body =
| website = https://pmc.gov.in/mr
| first = Baburao Sanas
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
The '''Mayor of Pune''' is the first citizen of the [[India]]n city of [[Pune]]. The mayor is the chief of the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]]. The mayor’s role is largely ceremonial as the real powers are vested in the [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]].

The mayor is elected from within the ranks of the council in a quinquennial election. The elections are conducted in all 76 regions in the city to elect corporators. The Mayor is generally the leader of a [[political party|party]] (or coalition of parties) that has a majority. Currently, the mayor is Manjusha Nagpure of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

== List ==
{{incomplete list|date=November 2024}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sr.no
!Mayor
!Term
! colspan="2" |Political Party
|-
|2
|Shankarrao Dasharathrao Ursal
|1952
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|3
|Bhausaheb Shirole
|1957
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|4
|Rambhau Telang
|1958–1959
|
|INC
|-
|5
|[[Narayan Ganesh Gore]]
|1967–1968
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|- Namdeorao Ramkrishna Mate
|6
|Namdeorao Ramkrishna Mate
Bhausaheb Sonba Anaji Chavan
|1970/1971,
1971–1972
| style="background-color: {{party color|Republican Party of India}}" |
|[[Republican Party of India|INC]]
RPI
|-
|8
|Hambirrao Moze
|1977–1979
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|9
|Balasaheb Shirole
|1983
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|10
|[[Datta Ekbote]]<ref name="th">{{cite news |first=Shoumojit |last=Banerjee |title=Former Pune Mayor Datta Ekbote succumbs to COVID-19 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/former-pune-mayor-datta-ekbote-succumbs-to-covid-19/article32514647.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2020-09-03 |access-date=2020-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920091204/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/former-pune-mayor-datta-ekbote-succumbs-to-covid-19/article32514647.ece |archive-date=2020-09-20 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!#
!Portrait
!Name
! colspan="3" |Term of office
!Election
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|
|[[Baburao Sanas]]
|1951
|1952
|
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|(1)
|
|[[Baburao Sanas]]
|1954
|1955
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|Bhausaheb Shirole
|1957
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|Shivajirao Dhere
|1961
|1962
|
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|Baburao Jagtap
|1962
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[File:BHAI VAIDYA .jpg|75x75px]]
|[[Bhai Vaidya]]
|1974
|1975
|
|
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|Chandrakant Chhajed
|1987
|1988
|
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[File:Vandana Chavan.jpg|107x107px]]
|[[Vandana Chavan]]
|1997
|1998
|
| rowspan="3" |1997
| rowspan="5" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|
|
|Vatsala Andekar
|1998
|1999
|
|-
|
|
|Dattatrey Gaikwad
|1999
|2002
|
|-
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-03-16 |title=Chaudhari, Barate to head PMC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/chaudhari-barate-to-head-pmc/articleshow/3900128.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|
|Dipti Chaudhari
|15 March 2002
|17 February 2005
|{{Age in years and days|15 March 2002|17 February 2005}}
| rowspan="2" |2002
|-
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-02-19 |title=Grass-roots to first citizen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/grass-roots-to-first-citizen/articleshow/1025705.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|
|Rajani Tribhuvan
|18 February 2005
|14 March 2007
|{{Age in years and days|18 February 2005|14 March 2007}}
|-
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-03-16 |title=Kalmadi's dominance of 14 yrs in PMC broken |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/kalmadis-dominance-of-14-yrs-in-pmc-broken/articleshow/1770141.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|
|Rajlaxmi Bhonsle
|15 March 2007
|30 November 2009
|{{Age in years and days|15 March 2007|30 November 2009}}
| rowspan="2" |2007
| rowspan="6" |[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| rowspan="6" style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|-
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-12-02 |title=Mohansingh Rajpal is Pune's first Sikh mayor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/mohansingh-rajpal-is-punes-first-sikh-mayor/articleshow/5289537.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|
|Mohan Singh Rajpal
|1 December 2009
|14 March 2012
|{{Age in years and days|1 December 2009|14 March 2012}}
|-
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-03-16 |title=Bankar is new Mayor, Mankar her deputy |url=https://punemirror.com/pune/cover-story/bankar-is-new-mayor-mankar-her-deputy/cid5136181.htm |access-date= |website=punemirror.com |language=}}</ref>
|
|[[Vaishali Bankar]]
|15 March 2012
|4 September 2013
|{{Age in years and days|15 March 2012|4 September 2013}}
| rowspan="4" |2012
|-
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2013-09-05 |title=NCP leader Chanchala Kodre wins Pune Mayor post |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/ncp-leader-chanchala-kodre-wins-pune-mayor-post-27432.html |access-date= |website=India TV |language=}}</ref>
|
|Chanchala Kodre
|5 September 2013
|14 September 2014
|{{Age in years and days|5 September 2013|14 September 2014}}
|-
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-09-15 |title=NCP leader elected Pune Mayor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ncp-leader-elected-pune-mayor/article6413087.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=}}</ref>
|
|[[Dattatray Dhankawade]]
|15 September 2014
|24 February 2016
|{{Age in years and days|15 September 2014|24 February 2016}}
|-
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-26 |title=Jagtap takes over as mayor, Algude deputy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/jagtap-takes-over-as-mayor-algude-deputy/articleshow/51147271.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|
|[[Prashant Jagtap]]
|25 February 2016
|14 March 2017
|{{Age in years and days|25 February 2016|14 March 2017}}
|-
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-15 |title=Pune: BJP Corporator Mukta Tilak elected mayor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-bjp-corporator-mukta-tilak-elected-mayor-4570025/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=}}</ref>
|
|[[Mukta Tilak]]
|15 March 2017
|21 November 2019
|{{Age in years and days|15 March 2017|21 November 2019}}
| rowspan="2" |[[2017 Pune Municipal Corporation election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-22 |title=BJP's Murlidhar Mohol is new Mayor of Pune |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bjp-s-murlidhar-mohol-is-new-mayor-of-pune-119112200651_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref>
|[[File:Murlidhar Mohol.png|98x98px]]
|[[Murlidhar Mohol]]
|22 November 2019
|14 March 2022
|{{Age in years and days|22 November 2019|14 March 2022}}
|-
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|
|Vacant
([[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner's rule]])
|14 March 2022
|9 February 2026
|{{Age in years and days|14 March 2022|9 February 2026}}
|
|
|-
|
|
|[[Manjusha Nagpure]]
|9 February 2026
|''incumbent''
|{{Age in years and days|9 February 2026|}}
|[[2026 Pune Municipal Corporation election|2026]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|}

== See also ==
* [[Mayor of Mumbai]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Pune topics}}

[[Category:Mayors of Pune| ]]
[[Category:Government of Pune]]
[[Category:Lists of mayors of places in Maharashtra|Pune]]

Simi Garewal

2026-01-27T19:08:54Z

Davidxbr: slightly reworked article to improve readability further

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1947)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Simi Garewal
| image = SimiGarewal.jpg
| imagesize =
| spouse = {{marriage|Ravi Mohan|1970|1979|end=div}}<ref name="news18">{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ratan-tata-and-ravi-mohan-to-mansoor-ali-khan-men-in-simi-garewals-life-7034299.html |title=Ratan Tata And Ravi Mohan To Mansoor Ali Khan, Men In Simi Garewal's Life |website=[[news18.com]] |date=9 February 2023 |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027110527/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ratan-tata-and-ravi-mohan-to-mansoor-ali-khan-men-in-simi-garewals-life-7034299.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-simi-garewal-almost-adopted-a-girl-from-orphanage-but-her-parents-showed-up-it-was-heartbreaking-101630479050754.html |title=When Simi Garewal almost adopted a girl from orphanage but her parents showed up: 'It was heartbreaking' |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 September 2021 |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027110528/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-simi-garewal-almost-adopted-a-girl-from-orphanage-but-her-parents-showed-up-it-was-heartbreaking-101630479050754.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| caption = Garewal in 2012
| birth_name = Simrita Garewal<ref name="Rendezvous"/>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1947|10|17}}
| birth_place = [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India<ref name="ndtv"/><ref name="Rendezvous-with-Simi-Garewal"/>
| occupation = Film actress, [[Producer (film)|producer]], director, talk show hostess
| years active = 1962–2011
| relations = [[Pamela Chopra]] (first cousin)
| website = {{URL|http://www.simigarewal.com}}
}}
'''Simi Garewal''' (born '''Simrita Garewal'''; 17 October 1947<ref name="Rendezvous">{{cite web |title=Rendezvous With Simi Garewal SPECIAL 3rd Season Part-2 |via=YouTube |date=16 October 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrhozCKMILM |time=03:03 |access-date=24 August 2019 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115045559/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrhozCKMILM |url-status=live }}</ref>) is an Indian director, producer, talk show hostess, and former actress.

She is known for her work in Hindi films like ''[[Do Badan]]'' (1966), ''[[Saathi (1968 film)|Saathi]]'' (1968), ''[[Mera Naam Joker]]'' (1970), ''[[Siddhartha (1972 film)|Siddhartha]]'' (1972), ''[[Karz (film)|Karz]]'' (1980) and ''Udeekaan'' (Punjabi film). She acted in the Bengali film ''[[Aranyer Din Ratri]]'' directed by [[Satyajit Ray]]; [[Padatik (1973 film)|Padatik]] by [[Mrinal Sen]]. She is also known for her celebrity talk show, ''[[Rendezvous with Simi Garewal]]''.

==Early life==
Garewal was born in [[Ludhiana]] on 17 October 1947.<ref name="ndtv">{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/happy-birthday-simi-grewal-8404#photo-102186 |title=Happy birthday Simi Grewal |website=[[ndtv.com]] |date=17 October 2010 |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930021023/https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/happy-birthday-simi-grewal-8404#photo-102186 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Rendezvous-with-Simi-Garewal">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/rendezvous-with-simi-garewal/articleshow/467992.cms Rendezvous-with-Simi-Garewal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115045558/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/rendezvous-with-simi-garewal/articleshow/467992.cms |date=15 November 2022 }}. ''[[The Times of India]]''.</ref> Her father, Brigadier J. S. Garewal served in the [[Indian Army]]. Simi is a cousin of [[Pamela Chopra]], wife of director [[Yash Chopra]]. Simi's mother Darshi and Pamela's father Mohinder Singh were siblings.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/oct/241012-Yashji-was-always-Pams-priority-Simi-Garewal.htm |title=Pamela and Simi}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Simi grew up in England and studied at [[Newland House School]] with her sister Amrita.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi-times/Rendezvous-with-Simi-Garewal/articleshow/467992.cms Rendezvous with Simi Garewal – The Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803162604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi-times/Rendezvous-with-Simi-Garewal/articleshow/467992.cms |date=3 August 2018 }}. ''The Times of India''. (1 February 2004). Retrieved 26 June 2011.</ref>

==Film and television career==
After spending much of her childhood in England, Garewal returned to India while a teenager. Her fluency in the English language induced the makers of the English-language film ''[[Tarzan Goes to India]]'' to offer her a role. Garewal made her debut alongside [[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]] in this film released in 1962.<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/entertainment/16-bollywood-actor-firoz-khan-dies-at-70-hs-08] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430031232/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/entertainment/16-bollywood-actor-firoz-khan-dies-at-70-hs-08|date=30 April 2009}}</ref> Her performance was good enough for her to fetch many more film offers. During the 1960s and '70s, she was in several notable [[Cinema of India|Indian films]], working with leading directors such as with Mehboob Khan in ''Son of India'' (1962), [[Raj Khosla]] in ''[[Do Badan]]'' (1966), [[Raj Kapoor]] in ''[[Mera Naam Joker]]'' (1970), [[Satyajit Ray]] in ''[[Aranyer Din Ratri]]'' (1970, ''Days and Nights in the Forest'') and [[Mrinal Sen]] in ''[[Padatik (1973 film)|Padatik]]'' (1973, ''The Guerilla Fighter''). She starred opposite [[Shashi Kapoor]] in [[Columbia Pictures]]' ''[[Siddhartha (1972 film)|Siddhartha]]'' (1972), an English-language movie based on the [[Siddhartha (book)|novel]] by [[Hermann Hesse]]. Garewal did a nude scene in this film which caused some controversy in India and was only released for exhibition after complying with cuts ordered by the Indian Censor board.<ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?228947-0 'I Don't Know One Editor In India Who Is Well-Read'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807211033/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?228947-0 |date=7 August 2011 }}. www.outlookindia.com. Retrieved 26 June 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/sep/21sid.htm Movies: Siddhartha, a lost tale] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630102315/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/sep/21sid.htm |date=30 June 2020 }}. rediff.com (21 September 2002). Retrieved 26 June 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.popmatters.com/film/reviews/s/siddhartha-dvd.shtml Siddhartha (1972)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826235209/http://www.popmatters.com/film/reviews/s/siddhartha-dvd.shtml |date=26 August 2009 }}. ''PopMatters''. Retrieved 26 June 2011.</ref> Later, in the mid-1970s, she made an appearance in the popular film ''[[Kabhie Kabhie (1976 film)|Kabhi Kabhie]]'' (1976), made by her brother in-law [[Yash Chopra]], and had a starring role in ''[[Chalte Chalte (1976 film)|Chalte Chalte]]'' (1976).<ref>[http://www.screenindia.com/news/gloriously-grey/374177/ Gloriously grey] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017192212/http://www.screenindia.com/news/gloriously-grey/374177/ |date=17 October 2008 }}. Screenindia.com (17 October 2008). Retrieved 26 June 2011.</ref> Another notable role she played was as a [[Femme fatale#20th century film and theatre|vamp]] in ''[[Karz (film)|Karz]]'' (1980). She starred in the BBC docu-drama ''Maharajas'' (1987), based on the book by [[Charles Allen (writer)|Charles Allen]].

In the early 1980s, her attention turned to writing and direction. She formed her own production company, [[Siga Arts International]]. She hosted, produced and directed a TV series for Doordarshan called ''It's a Woman's World'' (1983). She also made a documentary for Channel 4 in the UK called ''[[Living Legend Raj Kapoor]]'' (1984). This was followed by a three-part documentary on [[Rajiv Gandhi]] titled ''India's Rajiv.'' She wrote and directed a Hindi feature film ''[[Rukhsat]]'' and produced television commercials.

Garewal anchored the talk show ''Rendezvous with Simi Garewal''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040629170307/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13497641 Simi Garewal's Rendezvous 100 Party]. Sify.com (14 June 2004). Retrieved 26 June 2011.</ref>

She usually wears her signature white clothes on TV shows and at award ceremonies, and is popularly known as "The Lady in White".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/archive/ |title=Archive News |website=The Hindu |access-date=26 January 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323125406/http://www.thehindu.com/archive/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Garewal recently appeared on ''Say Shava Shava 2008'' as a hostess and judge.<ref>[http://www.screenindia.com/old/archive/archive_fullstory.php?content_id=18505 Screen > The Business of Entertainment]{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. Screenindia.com (4 January 2008). Retrieved 26 June 2011.</ref> After the Mumbai terrorist attacks of November 2008, Simi Garewal aroused controversy by publicly calling for the Indian government to "carpet-bomb" the training camps in Pakistan for which she later apologised.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/we-the-people-the-mumbai-tragedy-and-the-english-language-news-media/cid/520438 |title=WE, THE PEOPLE - The Mumbai tragedy and the English language news media |access-date=31 May 2024 |archive-date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601014020/https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/we-the-people-the-mumbai-tragedy-and-the-english-language-news-media/cid/520438 |url-status=live }}</ref>

She returned to television with her new talk show ''[[India's Most Desirable]]'' on [[Star Plus]] which would interview only eligible singles, Bollywood actors, business and media icons, and Indian cricketers about their "ideal and desirable beaus".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/simi-brings-indias-most-desirable-on-tv/158329-44.html |title=Simi brings 'India's Most Desirable' on TV - TV News - IBNLive |website=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613084207/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/simi-brings-indias-most-desirable-on-tv/158329-44.html |archive-date=13 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Simi Garewal has her own website which she uses to interact with her fans. The site has her voice reading the text.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.simigarewal.com/ |title=Simi Garewal website |access-date=31 May 2024 |archive-date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601014018/https://www.simigarewal.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She also has her own channel on YouTube where all her shows and documentaries are uploaded. The channel has received over 40 million views.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/simigarewalofficial |title=SimiGarewalOfficial on YouTube |via=YouTube |access-date=31 May 2024 |archive-date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601014021/https://www.youtube.com/simigarewalofficial/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Garewal had her first serious relationship at the age of 17, with the [[Nawanagar State|Maharaja of Jamnagar]], [[Shatrusalyasinhji]] who was also her neighbour in England.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-simi-garewal-spoke-about-passionate-affair-with-maharaja-of-jamnagar-we-did-mad-crazy-things-101634471290765.html |title=When Simi Garewal spoke about 'passionate affair' with Maharaja of Jamnagar: 'We did mad, crazy things' |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=17 October 2021 |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016203131/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-simi-garewal-spoke-about-passionate-affair-with-maharaja-of-jamnagar-we-did-mad-crazy-things-101634471290765.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/im-a-sucker-for-looks-simi-garewal/articleshow/10713069.cms |title=I'm a sucker for looks: Simi Garewal - Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=13 November 2011 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303140944/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/im-a-sucker-for-looks-simi-garewal/articleshow/10713069.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=''I regret not having a child'' - Simi Garewal |url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/i-regret-not-having-a-child-simi-garewal-2696.html |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104201310/https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/i-regret-not-having-a-child-simi-garewal-2696.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Garewal was later in a relationship with [[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi]], the [[Nawab of Pataudi]], but he broke up with her after he met [[Sharmila Tagore]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/from-toi-archives-tiger-pataudis-untold-tale/articleshow/10089930.cms |title=From TOI Archives: Tiger Pataudi's untold tale |website=The Times of India |date=23 September 2011 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224184602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/from-toi-archives-tiger-pataudis-untold-tale/articleshow/10089930.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/rendezvous-simi-garewal-mansoor-ali-khan-pataudi-sharmila-tagore-142497-2011-10-03 |title='Rendezvous with Simi'to rekindle Pataudi's romance |first1=Sonali |last1=Joshi |first2=Priyanka |last2=Srivastava |date=3 October 2011 |website=India Today |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227052533/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/rendezvous-simi-garewal-mansoor-ali-khan-pataudi-sharmila-tagore-142497-2011-10-03 |url-status=live }}</ref> She was then in a relationship with the Pakistani politician [[Salman Taseer]], which began in Dubai, and ended after a year.<ref name="simi3">{{cite news| last=Gopinath| first=Vrinda| date=5 February 2022| title=A Lahore Boy in Delhi| url= https://www.outlookindia.com/opinion/a-lahore-boy-in-delhi-news-269956| work=[[Outlook India]]| access-date=5 September 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905020051/https://www.outlookindia.com/opinion/a-lahore-boy-in-delhi-news-269956| archive-date=5 September 2024| url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1970, she married Ravi Mohan, a member of the aristocratic [[Chunnamal Haveli|Chunnamal]] family from Delhi. They divorced in 1979.<ref name="news18" /><ref name="Hindustan Times" /><ref name=":0" />

==Filmography==
===As an actress===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1962
| ''[[Raaz Ki Baat]]''
| Kamal
|
|-
| ''[[Son of India (1962 film)|Son of India]]''
| Lalita
|
|-
|''Kaneez''
|
|Shelved film
|-
| ''[[Tarzan Goes to India]]''
| Princess Kamara
|
|-
|1964
|''Vidyapati''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1965
| ''[[Teen Devian]]''
| Simi / Radha Rani
|
|-
| ''[[Johar-Mehmood in Goa]]''
| Simmi
|
|-
| 1966
| ''[[Do Badan]]''
| Dr. Anjali
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1968
| ''[[Aadmi (1968 film)|Aadmi]]''
| Aarti
|
|-
| ''[[Saathi (1968 film)|Saathi]]''
| Rajini
|
|-
| ''[[Ek Raat]]''
| Rekha B. Sharma
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1970
| ''[[Mera Naam Joker]]''
| Mary
|
|-
|''Night In Calcutta''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aranyer Din Ratri]]''
| Duli
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]] film
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1971
| ''[[Andaz (1971 film)|Andaz]]''
| Mona
| Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Do Boond Pani]]''
| Gauri
|
|-
| [[Seema (1971 film)|''Seema'']]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1972
| ''[[Anokhi Pehchan]]''
|
|
|-
| [[Siddhartha (1972 film)|''Siddhartha'']]
| Kamala
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1973
| [[Padatik (1973 film)|''Padatik'']]
| Woman Who Shelters Activist
|Bengali film
|-
| ''[[Namak Haraam]]''
| Manisha
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1974
| ''[[Haath Ki Safai]]''
| Roma S. Kumar
|
|-
| ''Doosri Sita''
|Doctor
|
|-
|''Dak Bangla''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1976
| ''[[Naach Uthe Sansaar]]''
| Somu
|
|-
| [[Chalte Chalte (1976 film)|''Chalte Chalte'']]
| Geeta
|
|-
| [[Kabhi Kabhie (1976 film)|''Kabhi Kabhie'']]
| Shobha Kapoor
|
|-
| 1977
| ''[[Abhi To Jee Lein]]''
| Miss Mahajan
|
|-
|1978
|''Udeekan''
|Naranjan 'Nanjo'
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1979
|''[[Shaayad]]''
|Defence Counsel
|
|-
| ''[[Ahsaas]]''
| Asha Choudhry
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1980
| ''[[The Burning Train]]''
| School Teacher
|
|-
| [[Karz (film)|''Karz'']]
| Kamini Verma
|
|-
| ''[[Insaf Ka Tarazu]]''
| Bharti Saxena's Lawyer
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1981
| [[Naseeb (1981 film)|''Naseeb'']]
| Herself
| Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Professor Pyarelal]]''
| Rita
|
|-
| ''[[Biwi-O-Biwi]]''
| Nisha
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1982
|Daulat Ka Nasha
|
|
|-
|''[[Dard Ka Rishta]]''
|Lady Dr. Mukharjee
|
|-
|''Teri Meri Kahani''
|Meena Sastry / Seema
|TV Film
|-
| ''Thikana''
|
| Shelved film
|-
| [[Haathkadi (1982 film)|''Haathkadi'']]
| Pammi Mittal
|
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Love and God]]''
| Ghazala
|
|-
|1987–1988
|''Kings To Commoners''
|
|TV Series
|-
| 1988
| ''[[Rukhsat]]''
| Radha Talwar
| Also director
|-
|1989
|''Izhaar''
|
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Show name
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1983
|''It's A Woman's World''
|Producer/Director
|Show about fashion, relationships and astrology
|-
| 1984– 1986
| ''Living Legend Raj Kapoor''
| Writer/Director
| Documentary on [[Raj Kapoor]] for [[Channel Four Television]], UK
|-
| 1991
| ''India's Rajiv''
| Writer/Director
| Three-part documentary series on [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
| 1997–2005
| ''Rendezvous with Simi Garewal''
| Hostess
| 5 seasons (140 episodes), on [[Star World India]]
|-
|2011
|''[[Simi Selects India's Most Desirable]]''
|Hostess
| 1 seasons (22 episodes), on [[Star World India]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/simigarewalofficial Simi Garewal's Official YouTube Channel, of Siga Arts International]
*[http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2003/apr/03dinesh.htm Simi Garewal: the icon of style]
* {{IMDb name|0307231}}
*Kesavan, Mukul. [https://archive.today/20130203182101/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081204/jsp/opinion/story_10201347.jsp "The Mumbai tragedy and the English language news media"], ''The Telegraph'', 4 December 2008.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garewal, Simi}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television talk show hosts]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:People educated at Newland House School]]
[[Category:People from Ludhiana]]
[[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian women television directors]]
[[Category:Indian women television writers]]
[[Category:Indian television writers]]
[[Category:1947 births]]

Jakhar

2026-01-23T02:03:50Z

Davidxbr:

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Wikt|Jakhar}}

'''Jakhar''' is a surname of Indian origin. It may refer to:

== Notable persons with the surname ==
* [[Badri Ram Jakhar]], Indian politician
* [[Balram Jakhar]], Indian politician
* [[Geetika Jakhar]], Indian wrestler
* [[Jagat Jakhar]], Indian film actor
* [[Rahul Jakhar]], Indian para-pistol shooter
* [[Ramavtar Singh Jakhar]], Indian volleyball player
* [[Sandeep Jakhar]], Indian politician
* [[Sunil Kumar Jakhar]], Indian politician

{{disambiguation|surname|geo}}
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Surnames]]

Pierre Sonnerat

2026-01-17T07:04:56Z

Davidxbr: done

{{Short description|French naturalist, colonial administrator, writer and explorer}}
{{Redirect|Sonn.|other uses|Sonn}}
{{Infobox artist
| birth_name = Pierre Sonnerat
| image = Sonnerat.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1748|08|18|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1814|03|31|1748|08|18|df=yes}}
}}

'''Pierre Sonnerat''' (18 August 1748 – 31 March 1814) was a French [[natural history|naturalist]], colonial administrator, writer and [[List of explorers|explorer]]. He described numerous species of plants and animals on his travels and is honoured in the genus ''[[Sonneratia]]'' and in other specific names such as that of the [[grey junglefowl]], ''Gallus sonneratii.'' {{Botanist|Sonn.|Pierre Sonnerat|inline=yes}}

== Life and travels ==
Sonnerat was born in [[Lyon]] and was the nephew of the [[botanist]] [[Pierre Poivre]] (mother of Pierre Sonnerat, Benoîte Poivre, was a cousine of Pierre Poivre) who was a French colonial administrator in the [[Mascarene Islands|Mascarenes]]. Sonnerat became a private secretary to his uncle Pierre and made several voyages to southeast [[Asia]], visiting the [[Philippines]] and [[Moluccas]] between 1769 and 1772. In Mauritius, Sonnerat met the naturalist [[Philibert Commerson]] in 1767 and worked for him briefly, travelling to Reunion. He then worked as a naval commissar and travelled to [[India]] and [[China]] from 1774 to 1781 with a base in Yanam and [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. From 1781 to 1785, he was in France where he married Marguerite Ménissier. In 1786, he was posted in Pondicherry. Travelling around the [[Cape of Good Hope]], he examined parts of southern [[Africa]], southern India and [[Sri Lanka]]. In 1789, he was posted at Yanam and in 1795, he was briefly held prisoner of war by the English administration as England and France had gone to war. Sonnerat returned to Europe in 1813, meeting [[Joseph Banks]] in London and returned to [[Paris]] in 1814 where he died.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=1892|title=Pierre Sonnerat (1745-1814)|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25895648|journal=Gardeners' Chronicle|series=3|volume=12|pages=338, 378}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/history/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000008002|title=Sonnerat, Pierre (1745-1814)|work=[[Global Plants]]}}</ref>

== Natural history ==
Sonnerat collected bird and plant specimens on his travels. He was the first person to give a scientific description of the south Chinese fruit tree [[lychee]]. It has been claimed that Sonnerat misinterpreted the call of a helpful [[Madagascar|Malagasy]] guide who had spotted a [[lemur]] and shouted "indri!" ("look!" in [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]]). Sonnerat supposedly took this by "mistake" to be the animal's name, and it was called the [[Indri]] (''Indri indri'').<ref>Isaak, M. (2008). [http://www.curioustaxonomy.net/etym/misnamed.html Curiosities of Biological Nomenclature]. Accessed 2008-12-28.</ref> This claim has been re-examined and it would appear that Sonnerat actually recorded a local name ''endrina'' which is still in use.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hacking, I.|year=1981| title=Was there ever a radical mistranslation?| journal= Analysis|volume= 41| issue=4|pages= 171–175| doi=10.1093/analys/41.4.171 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Giant rabbits, marmosets, and British comedies: etymology of lemur names, part 1| author1=Dunkel, Alexander R. |author2=Zijlstra, Jelle S.| author3=Groves, Colin P.|journal=Lemur News| pages=64–70| volume=16|year=2011 }}</ref> The birds ''[[Dacelo novaeguineae]]'' and ''[[Pygoscelis papua]]'', neither of which are found in [[New Guinea]] (Papua), were also misnamed due to Sonnerat. His books included ''Voyage à la Nouvelle-Guinée'' (1776) and ''Voyage aux Indes orientales et à la Chine, fait depuis 1774 jusqu'à 1781'' (1782). The standard [[Binomial nomenclature#Authorship in scientific names|botanical author abbreviation]] '''Sonn.''' is applied to plants he described. His name is used in the specific name of the [[grey junglefowl]] (''Gallus sonneratii'').

A species of shrew in the genus ''Crocidura'' (or ''Diplomesodon'') which has been described based on his manuscripts as ''[[Diplomesodon sonnerati]]'' is thought to have become extinct and was collected from around Pondicherry.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sonnerat's shrew- evidence for a new and possibly extinct species in an early 19th century manuscript (Mammalia: Soricidae)| author=Cheke, Anthony|pages=95–97| journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=108| year=2011}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Bulbul Sonnerat.jpg|Red-whiskered bulbul
File:Giant squirrel Sonnerat.jpg|Malabar giant squirrel
File:Scribe Sonnerat.jpg|Indian scribe
File:Tamil Sonnerat.jpg|Tamil alphabet
File:God of love Sonnerat.jpg|God of love on a parakeet
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Biography==
* {{cite book|author-link=Marie Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane|author=Ly-Tio-Fane, Madeleine |year=1976|title= Pierre Sonnerat 1748–1814. An account of his life and work.|publisher= Self published|place= Mauritius|ref=none}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* ''Voyage a la Nouvelle Guinée'' − by Pierre Sonnerat (1776) [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/nat_hist/id/32002 Linda Hall Library] [http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=4383 Biblioteca Digital Real Jardin Botanico]
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2300576f Gallica.bnf.fr: ''Illustrations de Voyage à la Nouvelle Guinée''] — {{Open access}}
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/121762 Collection de planches pour servir au Voyage aux Indes Orientales et a la Chine]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sonnerat, Pierre}}
[[Category:French naturalists]]
[[Category:1748 births]]
[[Category:1814 deaths]]
[[Category:Botanists active in China]]
[[Category:Botanists active in India]]
[[Category:Botanists active in the Pacific]]
[[Category:Botanists with author abbreviations]]
[[Category:18th-century French explorers]]
[[Category:18th-century French botanists]]
[[Category:19th-century French botanists]]
[[Category:18th-century French zoologists]]
[[Category:19th-century French zoologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Lyon]]

Exhaust gas

2026-01-13T21:55:26Z

Davidxbr: added layout for accuracy additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Gases emitted as a result of fuel reactions in combustion engines}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{MCN|date=June 2025}}
[[File:Diesel-smoke.jpg|thumb|This diesel-powered truck emits an exhaust gas full of black [[Particulates|particulate matter]] when starting up the engine.]]
{{Pollution sidebar|Air}}

'''Exhaust gas''' or [[flue gas]] is emitted as a result of the [[combustion]] of fuels such as [[natural gas]], [[gasoline|gasoline (petrol)]], [[diesel fuel]], [[fuel oil]], biodiesel blends,<ref name="sciencedirect.com">{{cite journal|last1=Omidvarborna|title=Characterization of particulate matter emitted from transit buses fueled with B20 in idle modes|journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering|volume=2|issue=4|pages=2335–2342|doi=10.1016/j.jece.2014.09.020|display-authors=etal|year=2014}}</ref> or [[coal]]. According to the type of engine, it is discharged into the atmosphere through an [[exhaust pipe]], [[flue gas stack]], or [[propelling nozzle]]. It often disperses downwind in a pattern called an ''exhaust plume''.

It is a major component of [[motor vehicle]] emissions (and from stationary [[internal combustion engine]]s), which can also include [[crankcase]] blow-by and evaporation of unused gasoline.

[[Air pollution]] from burning [[Fossil fuel|fossil fuels]] is estimated to kill over 5 million people each year. Motor vehicle emissions are a common source of air pollution and are a major ingredient in the creation of [[smog]] in some large cities.

==Composition==
The largest part of most combustion gas is [[nitrogen]] (N2), water vapor (H2O) (except with pure-carbon fuels), and [[carbon dioxide]] (CO2) (except for fuels without carbon); these are not toxic or noxious (although water vapor and carbon dioxide are [[greenhouse gas]]es that contribute to [[climate change]]). A relatively small part of combustion gas is undesirable, noxious, or toxic substances, such as [[carbon monoxide]] (CO) from incomplete combustion, [[hydrocarbon]]s (properly indicated as CxHy, but typically shown simply as "HC" on emissions-test slips) from unburnt fuel, [[nitrogen oxide]]s (NOx) from excessive combustion temperatures, and [[Atmospheric particulate matter|particulate matter]] (mostly [[soot]]) from incomplete combustion.

==Exhaust gas temperature==
Exhaust gas temperature (EGT) is important to the functioning of the [[catalytic converter]] of an [[internal combustion engine]]. It may be measured by an [[exhaust gas temperature gauge]]. EGT is also a measure of engine health in gas-turbine engines (see below).

==Cold engines==
[[File:Exhaust.jpg|thumb|right|Steam from tailpipe of cold car]]
During the first two minutes after starting the engine of a car that has not been operated for several hours, the amount of emissions can be very high. This occurs for two main reasons:
* '''Rich air-fuel ratio requirement in cold engines''': When a cold engine is started, the fuel does not vaporize completely, creating higher emissions of [[hydrocarbon]]s and [[carbon monoxide]], which diminishes only as the engine reaches operating temperature. The duration of this start-up phase has been reduced by advances in materials and technology, including [[Multi-point fuel injection|computer-controlled fuel injection]], shorter intake lengths, and pre-heating of fuel and/or inducted air.
* '''Inefficient catalytic converter under cold conditions''': Catalytic converters are very inefficient until warmed up to their [[operating temperature]]. This time has been much reduced by moving the converter closer to the exhaust manifold and even more so placing a small yet quick-to-heat-up converter directly at the exhaust manifold. The small converter handles the start-up emissions, which allows enough time for the larger main converter to heat up. Further improvements can be realised in many ways,<ref>Pulkrabek W.W. (2004) Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine. Pearson Prentice Hall, new Jersey</ref> including electric heating, thermal battery, chemical reaction preheating, flame heating and superinsulation.

==Passenger car emissions summary==
{| class="wikitable"
|+U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates of average passenger car emissions in the United States for April 2000<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/f00013.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20011125193019/http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/f00013.pdf | archive-date = 25 November 2001 | title = Average Annual Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks | publisher = United States Environmental Protection Agency | work = Transportation and Air Quality| date = 19 August 2015 }}</ref>
! Component
! Emission Rate
! Annual pollution emitted
|-
| Hydrocarbons
| 2.80 grams/mile (1.75 g/km)
| {{convert|77.1|lb}}
|-
| Carbon monoxide
| 20.9 grams/mile (13.06 g/km)
| {{convert|575|lb}}
|-
| NO''x''
| 1.39 grams/mile (0.87 g/km)
| {{convert|38.2|lb}}
|-
| Carbon dioxide - greenhouse gas
| 415 grams/mile (258 g/km)
| {{convert|11,450|lb}}
|}

Comparable with the [[European emission standards]] EURO III as it was applied in October 2000

In 2000, the United States [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] began to implement more stringent [[emissions standard]]s for light duty vehicles. The requirements were phased in beginning with 2004 vehicles and all new cars and light trucks were required to meet the updated standards by the end of 2007.
{| class="wikitable"
|+United States Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, and Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicle—Tier 2 Exhaust Emission Standards (for Bin 5)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.epa.gov/otaq/standards/light-duty/tier2stds.htm | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120731034855/http://www.epa.gov/otaq/standards/light-duty/tier2stds.htm | archive-date = 31 July 2012 | title = Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, and Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicle -- Tier 2 Exhaust Emission Standards | work = Emission Standards Reference Guide | publisher = United States Environmental Protection Agency | date = 14 November 2012}}</ref>
! Component
! Emission Rate
! Annual pollution emitted
|-
| NMOG ([[Volatile organic compound]]s)
| 0.075  grams/mile (0.046 g/km)
| {{convert|2.1|lb}}
|-
| Carbon Monoxide
| 3.4 grams/mile (2.1 g/km)
| {{convert|94|lb}}
|-
| NO''X''
| 0.05 grams/mile (0.0305 g/km)
| {{convert|1.4|lb}}
|-
| [[Formaldehyde]]
| 0.015 grams/mile (0.0092 g/km)
| {{convert|0.41|lb}}
|}

==Types==

===Internal-combustion engines===
[[Image:Automobile exhaust gas.jpg|thumb|[[Automobile exhaust]]]]

====Spark-ignition and Diesel engines====
{{see also|Automobile emissions control}}

In [[spark-ignition engine]]s the gases resulting from combustion of the fuel and air mix are called exhaust gases. The composition varies from petrol to diesel engines, but is around these levels:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Combustion-engine exhaust gases<ref name=AUDIEmiss1>{{cite book |title=Self-Study Programme 230: Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions |date=April 2000 |publisher=AUDI |url=http://www.volkspage.net/technik/ssp/ssp/SSP_230.pdf |access-date=23 March 2012}}</ref> ''All figures are approximate''
! rowspan=2|Compound
! colspan="2" | % of total
|-
! Petrol
! Diesel
|-
|[[Nitrogen]]
|71
|67
|-
|[[Carbon dioxide]]
|14
|12
|-
|[[Water vapor]]
|13
|11
|-
|[[Oxygen]]
|
|10
|-
| Trace elements{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
|< 0.6
|~ 0.3
|-
|[[Nitrogen oxide]]s
|< 0.25
|< 0.15
|-
|[[Carbon monoxide]]
|1 - 2
|< 0.045
|-
|[[Particulate matter]]
|
|< 0.045
|-
|[[Hydrocarbon]]s
|< 0.25
|< 0.03
|-
|[[Sulfur dioxide]]
|Possible traces
|< 0.03
|}

The 10% oxygen for "diesel" is likely if the engine was idling, e.g. in a test rig. It is much less if the engine is running under load, although diesel engines always operate with an excess of air over fuel. {{citation needed|date=July 2016}}
The CO content for petrol engines varies from ≈15 ppm for well tuned engine with fuel injection and a catalytic converter up to 100,000 ppm (10%) for a richly tuned carburetor engine, such as typically found on small generators and garden equipment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abe.iastate.edu/extension-and-outreach/carbon-monoxide-poisoning-operating-fossil-fuel-engines-inside-buildings-aen-206/|title=Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Operating Fossil Fuel Engines Inside Buildings (AEN-206)|website=Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering|access-date=18 June 2023}}</ref>

=====Nitromethane additive=====
Exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine whose fuel includes [[nitromethane]] will contain [[nitric acid]] vapour, which is corrosive, and when inhaled causes a muscular reaction making it impossible to breathe. People who are likely to be exposed to it should wear a [[gas mask]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turbofast.com.au/racefuel6.html |title=Race Fuel - Nitromethane |website=www.turbofast.com.au |access-date=23 January 2008 |archive-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313151211/http://www.turbofast.com.au/racefuel6.html }}</ref>

====Diesel engines====
{{See also|Soot}}
{{Excerpt|Diesel exhaust|only=paragraphs}}

====Gas-turbine engines====
In aircraft gas turbine engines, "exhaust gas temperature" (EGT) is a primary measure of engine health. Typically the EGT is compared with a primary engine power indication called "engine pressure ratio" (EPR). For example: at full power EPR there will be a maximum permitted EGT limit. Once an engine reaches a stage in its life where it reaches this EGT limit, the engine will require specific maintenance in order to rectify the problem. The amount the EGT is below the EGT limit is called EGT margin. The EGT margin of an engine will be greatest when the engine is new, or has been overhauled. For most airlines, this information is also monitored remotely by the airline maintenance department by means of [[ACARS]].

====Jet engines and rocket engines====
[[Image:Jet exhaust by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|A [[contrail]] formed by the presence of water vapour in the exhaust from jet engines.]]
In [[jet engine]]s and [[rocket engine]]s, exhaust from [[propelling nozzle]]s which in some applications shows [[shock diamond]]s.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}

===Other types===

====From burning coal====
[[Flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion|Flue gas]] is that emitted from ovens, furnaces and boilers.

====Steam engines====
In [[steam engine]] terminology the exhaust is steam that is now so low in pressure that it can no longer do useful work.

==Main motor vehicle emissions==
Road vehicles produce a significant amount of all air pollution. Vehicles with petrol and diesel engines produce about half of their emissions from their [[exhaust gas]], and the other half from [[non-exhaust emissions]] (tire and brake wear and erosion or disturbance of the road surface).

===NO''x''===
[[Image:SmogNY.jpg|thumb|right|Smog in [[New York City]] as viewed from the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] in 1988]]
Mono-[[nitrogen oxide]]s NO and NO2 ([[NOx]]) (whether produced this way or naturally by [[lightning]]) react with [[ammonia]], moisture, and other compounds to form [[nitric acid]] vapor and related particles. Small particles can penetrate deeply into sensitive lung tissue and damage it, causing premature death in extreme cases. Inhalation of NO species increases the risk of [[lung cancer]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamra|first1=GB|last2=Laden|first2=F|last3=Cohen|first3=AJ|last4=Raaschou-Nielsen|first4=O|last5=Brauer|first5=M|last6=Loomis|first6=D|title=Lung Cancer and Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide and Traffic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|date=November 2015|volume=123|issue=11|pages=1107–12|doi=10.1289/ehp.1408882|pmid=25870974|pmc=4629738}}</ref> and colorectal cancer.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Turner|first1=MC|last2=Krewski|first2=D|last3=Diver|first3=WR|last4=Pope CA|first4=3rd|last5=Burnett|first5=RT|last6=Jerrett|first6=M|last7=Marshall|first7=JD|last8=Gapstur|first8=SM|title=Ambient Air Pollution and Cancer Mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II.|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|date=21 August 2017|volume=125|issue=8|page=087013|doi=10.1289/EHP1249|pmid=28886601|pmc=5783657}} {{open access}}</ref> and inhalation of such particles may cause or worsen respiratory diseases such as [[emphysema]] and [[bronchitis]] and heart disease.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.epa.gov/air/nitrogenoxides/health.html | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120802140219/http://www.epa.gov/air/nitrogenoxides/health.html | archive-date = 2 August 2012 | work = Nitrogen Dioxide | title = Health | publisher = United States Environmental Protection Agency | date = 14 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.epa.gov/air/noxfacts.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20011110030903/http://www.epa.gov/air/noxfacts.pdf | archive-date = 10 November 2001 | title = The Regional Transport of Ozone: New EPA Rulemaking on Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (EPA-456/F-98-006) | publisher = United States Environmental Protection Agency | date = September 1998}}</ref><ref name=EPA_NOx>{{cite web | url = http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/broker?_service=data&_debug=0&_program=dataprog.national_1.sas&polchoice=NOX | archive-url = https://archive.today/20121213042302/http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/broker?_service=data&_debug=0&_program=dataprog.national_1.sas&polchoice=NOX | archive-date = 13 December 2012 | title = State and County Emission Summaries: Nitrogen Oxides | work = Air emission sources | publisher = United States Environmental Protection Agency | date = 25 October 2013}}</ref>

In a 2005 [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. EPA]] study the largest emissions of {{NOx}} came from on road motor vehicles, with the second largest contributor being [[non-road equipment]] which is mostly gasoline and diesel stations.<ref name="EPA_NOx" />

The resulting nitric acid may be washed into soil, where it becomes [[nitrate]], which is useful to growing plants.

===Volatile organic compounds===
[[File:Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds.PNG|thumb|upright=2.0|right|Non-road equipment is mostly gasoline and diesel stations.<ref name="epa.gov">{{cite web | url = http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/broker?_service=data&_debug=0&_program=dataprog.national_1.sas&polchoice=VOC | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120801235821/http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/broker?_service=data&_debug=0&_program=dataprog.national_1.sas&polchoice=VOC | archive-date = 1 August 2012 | title = State and County Emission Summaries: Volatile Organic Compounds | work = Air emission sources | publisher = United States Environmental Protection Agency | date = 25 October 2013}}</ref>]]
When oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and [[volatile organic compound]]s (VOCs) react in the presence of sunlight, ground level [[ozone]] is formed, a primary ingredient in [[smog]]. A 2005 U.S. EPA report gives road vehicles as the second largest source of VOCs in the U.S. at 26% and 19% are from non road equipment which is mostly gasoline and diesel stations.<ref name="epa.gov"/> 27% of VOC emissions are from solvents which are used in the manufacturer of paints and paint thinners and other uses.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://toxics.usgs.gov/definitions/vocs.html | title = Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) | publisher = United States Geological Survey (USGS) | work = Toxic Substances Hydrology Program | date = 12 April 2013 | access-date = 2 June 2014 | archive-date = 5 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150905205650/http://toxics.usgs.gov/definitions/vocs.html }}</ref>

===Ozone===
Ozone is beneficial in the upper atmosphere,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/ozone/basicinfo.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140214093341/http://www.epa.gov/ozone/basicinfo.html|archive-date=14 February 2014|title=Ozone Layer Protection - US EPA|first=US|last=EPA, OAR, OAP, SPD|website=US EPA}}</ref> but at ground level ozone irritates the [[respiratory system]], causing coughing, choking, and reduced lung capacity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/airquality/ozonepollution/health.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140214093404/http://www.epa.gov/airquality/ozonepollution/health.html|archive-date=14 February 2014|title = Air Quality Planning and Standards}}</ref> It also has many negative effects throughout the ecosystem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone/ecosystem.html |title=Ecosystem Effects {{!}} Ground-level Ozone {{!}} US EPA |website=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518004831/http://www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone/ecosystem.html |archive-date=2012-05-18}}</ref>

===Carbon monoxide (CO)===
[[File:MOPITT www.acd.ucar.edu.Web-201003-mixing ratio at surface.png|thumb|upright=1.5|[[MOPITT]] satellite computer image of carbon monoxide March 2010]]
[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]] is the most common type of fatal air poisoning in many countries.<ref name="Toxicology2002-omaye">{{cite journal|author=Omaye ST.| title=Metabolic modulation of carbon monoxide toxicity|journal=Toxicology|year=2002|pages=139–150|volume=180|issue=2|doi=10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00387-6|pmid=12324190}}</ref> [[Carbon monoxide]] is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic. It combines with [[hemoglobin]] to produce [[carboxyhemoglobin]], which blocks the transport of oxygen. At concentrations above 1000ppm it is considered immediately dangerous and is the most immediate health hazard from running engines in a poorly ventilated space. In 2011, 52% of carbon monoxide emissions were created by mobile vehicles in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www3.epa.gov/cgi-bin/broker?polchoice=CO&_debug=0&_service=data&_program=dataprog.national_1.sas | work = Air Emission Sources | title = State and County Emission Summaries: Carbon Monoxide | date = 25 October 2013 | publisher = United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref>

===Hazardous air pollutants (toxics)===
[[Chronic (medicine)|Chronic]] (long-term) exposure to [[Benzene#Health effects|benzene]] ([[Benzene|C6H6]]) damages [[bone marrow]]. It can also cause excessive bleeding and depress the [[immune system]], increasing the chance of [[infection]]. Benzene causes leukemia and is associated with other blood cancers and pre-cancers of the blood.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/car-buyers-guide/cbg_toxics.html | title = Exhaust emissions: What comes out of your car's exhaust? | date = 23 February 2012 | publisher = Automobile Association Developments Limited}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | url = http://www.browardcountymufflers.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/f02004.pdf | title = Air Toxics from Motor Vehicles | journal = Transportation and Air Quality | publisher = United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref>

===Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5)===
The [[Particulate Matter#Health effects|health effects]] of inhaling [[Atmospheric particulate matter|airborne particulate matter]] have been widely studied in humans and animals and include [[asthma]], [[lung cancer]], cardiovascular issues, premature [[death]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kurt|first1=OK|last2=Zhang|first2=J|last3=Pinkerton|first3=KE|title=Pulmonary health effects of air pollution.|journal=Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine|date=March 2016|volume=22|issue=2|pages=138–43|doi=10.1097/MCP.0000000000000248|pmid=26761628|pmc=4776742}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bourdrel|first1=T|last2=Bind|first2=MA|last3=Béjot|first3=Y|last4=Morel|first4=O|last5=Argacha|first5=JF|title=Cardiovascular effects of air pollution.|journal=Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases|date=November 2017|volume=110|issue=11|pages=634–642|doi=10.1016/j.acvd.2017.05.003|pmid=28735838|pmc=5963518}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Babadjouni|first1=RM|last2=Hodis|first2=DM|last3=Radwanski|first3=R|last4=Durazo|first4=R|last5=Patel|first5=A|last6=Liu|first6=Q|last7=Mack|first7=WJ|title=Clinical effects of air pollution on the central nervous system; a review.|journal=Journal of Clinical Neuroscience|date=September 2017|volume=43|pages=16–24|doi=10.1016/j.jocn.2017.04.028|pmid=28528896|pmc=5544553}}</ref> Because of the size of the particles, they can penetrate the deepest part of the lungs.<ref>Region 4: Laboratory and Field Operations — PM 2.5 (2008).''PM 2.5 Objectives and History.'' U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.</ref> A 2011 UK study estimates 90 deaths per year due to passenger vehicle PM.<ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.1021/es060517w| title=Air Quality Impacts of Climate Mitigation: UK Policy and Passenger Vehicle Choice| year=2007| last1=Mazzi| first1=Eric A.| last2=Dowlatabadi| first2=Hadi| journal=Environmental Science & Technology| volume=41| pages=387–92| issue=2| pmid=17310696| bibcode=2007EnST...41..387M| doi-access=free}}</ref> In a 2006 publication, the [[Federal Highway Administration|U.S. Federal Highway Administration]] (FHWA) state that in 2002 about 1% of all PM10 and 2% of all PM2.5 emissions came from the exhaust of on-road motor vehicles (mostly from [[diesel engine]]s).<ref name="FHA_facts">{{cite web |url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/aqfactbk/page10.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616142403/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/aqfactbk/page10.htm |archive-date=16 June 2006 |title=Transportation Air Quality: Selected Facts and Figures |year=2006 |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Commission |access-date=2010-04-14}}</ref> In Chinese, European, and Indian markets, both diesel and gasoline vehicles are required to have a [[diesel particulate filter|tailpipe filter]] installed, while the United States has mandated it for diesel only. In 2022, British testing specialist Emissions Analytics estimated that the 300 million or so gasoline vehicles in the US over the subsequent decade would emit around 1.6 septillion harmful particles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lewis |first1=Barbara |last2=Carey |first2=Nick |title=Lacking filters, U.S. cars set to emit a septillion more particles - research |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/lacking-filters-us-cars-set-emit-septillion-more-particles-research-2022-04-27/ |work=Reuters |date=27 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

===Carbon dioxide (CO2)===
[[Carbon dioxide]] is a [[greenhouse gas]]. Motor vehicle CO2 emissions are part of the anthropogenic contribution to the growth of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere which according to the vast majority of the scientific community is causing [[climate change]].<ref>[http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.</ref> Motor vehicles are calculated to generate about 20% of the European Union's man-made CO2 emissions, with passenger cars contributing about 12%.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/155&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
|title=Commission plans legislative framework to ensure the EU meets its target for cutting CO2 emissions from cars
|date=2007-02-07
|publisher=European Commission}}</ref> [[European emission standards]] limit the CO2 emissions of new passenger cars and light vehicles. The European Union average new car CO2 emissions figure dropped by 5.4% in the year to the first quarter of 2010, down to 145.6 [[g/km]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.autoevolution.com/news/eu-average-new-car-co2-emissions-down-54-percent-in-q1-19385.html
|title=EU Average New Car CO2 Emissions Down 5.4 Percent in Q1
|date=2010-04-19
|publisher=SoftNews NET
|work=autoevolution}}</ref>

===Water vapour===
Vehicle exhaust contains much [[water vapour]].

====Water recovery====
There has been research into ways that troops in deserts can recover drinkable water from their vehicles' exhaust gases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=recovering+water+from+diesel+exhaust&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&gws_rd=cr&ei=qI7hVsOSHYr3UKvnruAE#q=recovering+water+from+exhaust|title=recovering water from diesel exhaust - Google Search|website=www.google.co.uk}}</ref>

==Pollution reduction==
{{see also | Air suction valve | Vehicle-specific power}}
[[Emission standard]]s focus on reducing [[pollutant]]s contained in the exhaust gases from vehicles as well as from industrial flue gas stacks and other [[air pollution]] exhaust sources in various large-scale industrial facilities such as [[oil refinery|petroleum refineries]], [[natural gas processing]] plants, [[petrochemical]] plants and [[chemical]] production plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/peg_caa/pegcaain.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/19970619011807/http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/peg_caa/pegcaain.html|archive-date=19 June 1997|title=EPA Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act|access-date=18 June 2023}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20100924132127/http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html US EPA Publication] AP 42, Fifth Edition, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors</ref> However, these are often referred to as [[flue gas]]es. [[Catalytic converter]]s in cars intend to break down the pollution of exhaust gases using a catalyst. [[Scrubber]]s in ships intend to remove the sulfur dioxide (SO2) of marine exhaust gases. The regulations on marine sulfur dioxide emissions are tightening, however only a small number of special areas worldwide have been designated for low sulfur diesel fuel use only.

==Disease and early deaths==
Air pollution from fossil fuel use by industry, power generation, and transportation is estimated to kill over 5 million people each year.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lelieveld |first=Jos |last2=Haines |first2=Andy |last3=Burnett |first3=Richard |last4=Tonne |first4=Cathryn |last5=Klingmüller |first5=Klaus |last6=Münzel |first6=Thomas |last7=Pozzer |first7=Andrea |date=2023-11-29 |title=Air pollution deaths attributable to fossil fuels: observational and modelling study |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/383/bmj-2023-077784 |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=383 |article-number=e077784 |doi=10.1136/bmj-2023-077784 |issn=1756-1833 |pmid=38030155|hdl=10230/60465 |hdl-access=free |pmc=10686100 }}</ref> A 2013 study by the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) indicates that 53,000 early deaths occur per year in the United States alone because of vehicle emissions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Caiazzo |first1=Fabio |last2=Ashok |first2=Akshay |last3=Waitz |first3=Ian A. |last4=Yim |first4=Steve H.L. |last5=Barrett |first5=Steven R.H. |date=November 2013 |title=Air pollution and early deaths in the United States. Part I: Quantifying the impact of major sectors in 2005 |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=79 |pages=198–208 |bibcode=2013AtmEn..79..198C |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.05.081}}</ref> According to another study from the same university, traffic fumes alone cause the death of 5,000 people every year just in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news |author=Roland Pease |title=Traffic pollution kills 5,000 a year in UK, says study |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-17704116 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

Researchers from the University of California, Los Angeles School of Public Health say preliminary results of their statistical study of children listed in the California Cancer Registry born between 1998 and 2007 found that traffic pollution may be associated with a 5% to 15% increase in the likelihood of some cancers.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://health.usnews.com/health-news/news/articles/2013/04/09/smog-exposure-during-pregnancy-might-raise-childs-cancer-risk-study | title = Smog Exposure During Pregnancy Might Raise Child's Cancer Risk: Study | date = 9 April 2013 | first = Steven | last = Reinberg | newspaper = USNews}}</ref> A [[World Health Organization]] study found that diesel fumes cause an increase in lung cancer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iarc.who.int/news-events/iarc-diesel-engine-exhaust-carcinogenic/|title=IARC Diesel engine exhaust carcinogenic |website=iarc.fr|access-date=18 June 2023}}</ref>

The [[California Air Resources Board]] found in studies that 50% or more of the [[air pollution]] ([[smog]]) in [[Southern California]] is due to car emissions.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Concentrations of pollutants emitted from combustion engines may be particularly high around signalized intersections because of idling and accelerations. Computer models often miss this kind of detail.<ref name="Int Panis1">{{cite journal
| last = Int Panis L| title = Modelling instantaneous traffic emission and the influence of traffic speed limits
| journal = Science of the Total Environment | volume = 371 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 270–285 | year = 2006 | doi =10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.017 | pmid = 17049967
|display-authors=etal| bibcode =2006ScTEn.371..270I}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col|small=no}}
* [[Alternative propulsion]]
* [[Atmospheric dispersion modeling]]
* [[Automobile#Environmental impact]]
* [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Act]]
* [[Congestion pricing]]
* [[Emission standard]]
* [[Environmental effects of transport]]
* [[European emission standards]]
* [[Exhaust gas analyzer]]
* [[Flue gas]]
* [[Kyoto Protocol]]
* [[Landfill gas]]
* [[List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration]]
* [[Low-emission zone]]
* [[Mobile source air pollution]]
* [[Motor vehicle emissions and pregnancy]]
* [[Rolling coal]]
* [[Space jellyfish]]
* [[United States emission standards]]
* [[Vehicle emissions control]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/health/health.htm Health and Air Pollution] Publication of the [[California Air Resources Board]]
* {{cite news | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/11/13/california-air-pollution-_n_143521.html | title = California Air Pollution Kills More People Than Car Crashes, Study Shows | first = Tracie | last = Cone | date = 13 November 2008 | newspaper = Huffington Post}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.nutramed.com/environment/carschemicals.htm | title = Automotive Exhaust Chemicals: disease causing effects | work = Alpha Online | publisher = Environmed Research Inc. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140705211720/http://nutramed.com/environment/carschemicals.htm | archive-date = 2014-07-05 }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/vehicle_impacts/cars_pickups_and_suvs/cars-trucks-air-pollution.html | publisher = Union of Concerned Scientists | title = Cars, Trucks, and Air Pollution | date = 3 September 2013 | work = Clean Vehicles}}
* About diesel exhaust:
** [https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/dieselexhaust/ U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration: Safety and Health Topics: Diesel Exhaust]
** [https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/dieselexhaust/chemical.html Partial List of Chemicals Associated with Diesel Exhaust]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20051031101139/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s069dies.pdf Diesel Exhaust Particulates: Reasonably Anticipated to Be A Human Carcinogen]
** [http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/159/3/702 Scientific Study of Harmful Effects of Diesel Exhaust: Acute Inflammatory Responses in the Airways and Peripheral Blood After Short-Term Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in Healthy Human Volunteers]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20080414094408/http://www.losh.ucla.edu/catalog/factsheets/diesel_english.pdf Diesel exhaust: what you need to know]

{{Motor fuel}}

{{Pollution}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Air pollution]]
[[Category:Engines]]
[[Category:Gases]]
[[Category:Smog]]
[[Category:Transport and the environment]]
[[Category:Pollution]]

Dilip Borkar

2025-12-22T21:28:36Z

Davidxbr: new a post initial version.

{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1956)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Dilip Borkar
| image = Dilip Borkar.jpg
| caption = Borkar in 2012
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|1|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Agaçaim]], Goa, [[Portuguese India]]
| spouse =
| occupation =
| notableworks = {{flatlist|
* ''Gomanchal te Himachal''
}}
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1995)
}}
'''Dilip Borkar''' (born 9 January 1956) is an Indian writer, dramatist, and essayist known for his contributions to [[Konkani literature]]. He has also been active in social, youth, and linguistic movements in Goa.

==Early life and education==
Dilip Borkar was born in [[Agaçaim]], Goa, on 9 January 1956. In 1980, he completed his Bachelor of Arts (B.A.). He later completed a Master of Arts (M.A.) degree in Hindi. Later, in 1990, he obtained a Master of Arts (M.A.) degree in Hindi and Konkani. He has also taught Konkani at the college level.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Viswakosh Vol3.pdf/262 |type= |edition= |series= |volume=3 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref>

==Literary career==
Borkar has written extensively across multiple literary genres including drama, plays, children’s stories, essays, travel writing, and novels. His works often explore themes of Goan identity, social change, and the human condition.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

===Selected works===
* Dramas: ''Vargshatru'', ''Bhartebhar'', ''Antichi Gadi'', ''Majach Maja'', ''Aaj Amache Rajya Ayela'' (street play), ''Cancer''
* Radio and Nabhonatya plays: ''Eka Talache Talake'', ''Ujvacho Chode Ek Zero Journey''
* Children’s stories: ''Darya Sundari'', ''Ashant Sushant'', ''Mastya Gunduchi Nasti''
* Essays: ''Rough Questions'', ''Sakhi''
* Novels: ''Pavitr Karar'' (translation), ''Babluchi Patre'' (a Marathi novel in letter form)
* Travel writing: ''Gomanchal to Himachal''

==Awards and recognition==
Borkar has received several awards for his literary contributions:<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* [[Kala Academy]] Award for ''Bhartebhar'' (1982)
* Kala Academy Award for ''Gomanchal te Himachal'' (1985)
* Aakashvani Award for ''Eka Talache Talake'' (1987)
* Kala Academy Award for ''Ujvadacho Doot'' (1987)
* [[Konkani Bhasha Mandal]] Award (1991)
* Kala Academy Award for ''Ek Shunya Pravas'' (1992)
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for ''Gomanchal te Himachal'' (1995)

==Public life==
From his student days, Borkar has been actively involved in the political, social, and youth movements of Goa. He continues to engage with initiatives promoting the [[Konkani language]] and its literature.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==See also==
* [[Konkani literature]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Konkani]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Borkar, Dilip}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Konkani-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]

Panch phoron

2025-12-18T12:58:06Z

Davidxbr: enhanced lead per sources and fixed typos

{{Short description|South Asian whole spice blend}}
{{For|Bengali web series named after this spice mixture|Paanch Phoron}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Panch phoron
| image = Panch-phoron.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Panch phoron
| alternate_name = Panch phodan, pancha phutana
| type = Spice blend
| course =
| country =
| region = India, Bangladesh
| national_cuisine =
| creator = 
| year =
| mintime =
| maxtime =
| served =
| main_ingredient = Fenugreek seed, nigella seed, cumin seed, [[Rhamphospermum nigrum|black mustard seed]] (or [[radhuni|wild celery seed]] (''radhuni'')), and fennel seed
| minor_ingredient = Radhuni
| variations =
| serving_size = 100 g
| calories =
| calories_ref =
| protein =
| fat =
| carbohydrate =
| glycemic_index =
| similar_dish = Chinese five-spice powder
| cookbook =
| commons =
| other =
| no_recipes= false
}}
[[File:Pancha-Phutana.jpg|thumb|Pancha phutana (in [[Odia language|Odia]]) in frying pan]]
{{cookbook|Bengali Five-Spice Mix (Panch Puran)}}
'''Panch phoron''' ({{langx|bn|পাঁচ ফোড়ন}}), '''panch phoran''' ([[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]: 𑂣𑂁𑂒 𑂤𑂷𑂩𑂢), '''pānch phodan''' or '''pāncha phutaṇa''' ({{langx|or|ପାଞ୍ଚ ଫୁଟଣ}}), is a whole [[Spice mix|spice blend]], originating from the eastern part of India, used as a prominent ingredient in the cuisines of [[Bengal]], [[Odisha]], and the [[Bhojpuri region]] of [[Bihar]]. It is also used in the cuisines of [[Bangladesh]], [[Northeast India]], other areas of [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2020 |title=The Bhojpuri feast |url=https://www.indiaperspectives.gov.in/en_US/the-bhojpuri-feast/ |quote=..panchphoran (a mix of cumin; radhuni, a strong spice; dry fenugreek seeds, fennel seeds and nigella seeds) are the two pillars of Bihari cuisine |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=India Perspectives |language=en-US |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119114431/https://www.indiaperspectives.gov.in/en_US/the-bhojpuri-feast/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], [[Assam]] and [[Nepal]]. The name literally means "five spices".

All of the spices in panch phoron are seeds. Typically, it consists of [[fenugreek|fenugreek seed]] (''methi''), [[cumin seed]] (''jeera''), [[Nigella sativa|nigella seed]] (''kalonji''), [[Rhamphospermum nigrum|black mustard seeds]] and [[Fennel|fennel seed]] (''mouri/saunf'') in equal parts.<ref name="Sahu"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tarladalal.com/glossary-panch-phoron-seeds-1027i |title=Panch Phoron Seeds Glossary | Recipes with Panch Phoron Seeds |publisher=Tarladalal.com |access-date=13 July 2012 |archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125113805/https://www.tarladalal.com/glossary-panch-phoron-seeds-1027i |url-status=dead }}</ref> The black mustard seeds are sometimes substituted with [[Trachyspermum roxburghianum|wild celery seed]] (''radhuni'').<ref name="Sahu"/> Some cooks prefer to use a smaller proportion of fenugreek seeds, because of their mildly bitter taste.<ref name="Sahu">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/The-power-of-five-seeds/articleshow/12594289.cms|title= The power of five seeds|author= Deepika Sahu|newspaper= The Times of India|date= 10 May 2012 |access-date= 13 June 2020}}</ref> Unlike most spice mixes, ''panch phoron'' is always used whole.

== See also ==
* [[Five-spice powder|Chinese five-spice powder]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Herbs and spices}}

[[Category:Herb and spice mixtures]]
[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi cuisine]]
[[Category:Nepalese cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian spices]]
[[Category:Indo-Caribbean cuisine]]

Sekar P. R.

2025-12-16T16:28:32Z

Davidxbr: adding new article

{{short description|Indian dubbing artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. R. Sekar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Rudrapathy Sekar
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| other names =
| occupation = Actor and Voice actor
| awards = Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist (for Actor Vignesh for the film Malarinum Melliya)
| years_active = 1980–present
| homepage =
| parents = K. P. Rudrapathy (Father)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007//jan/25shekar.htm|title = Shah Rukh's Tamil voice}}</ref>
Danam Rudhrapathy (Mother)
| spouse = Gayathri Sekar
| children = Akshath Tej Vilva
| relatives =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
}}

'''Sekar''' '''P. R.''' also known as '''Rudrapathy Sekar''' is a dubbing artist in the Southern [[Indian film industry]]. He has dubbed actors in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] industry including [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]].<ref name=vikatan>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/88093-dubbing-artist-shekar-interview|title=அமரேந்திர பாகுபலியாகிய நான் - சேகர் |date=1 May 2017|accessdate=26 May 2019|publisher=cinema.vikatan}}</ref><ref name=cinemaexpress>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/apr/08/deadpool-the-funny-tamil-guy-5423.html|title= Deadpool, the funny Tamil Guy - Sekar |date=8 April 2018|accessdate=26 May 2019|publisher=cinemaexpress}}</ref><ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/over-to-the-voices/article2723614.ece |title=Over to the Voices |date=17 December 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|first=Subha J|last=Rao|accessdate=26 July 2020}}</ref> He is a recipient of the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award]] from the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=anandan>{{Cite book |title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru |last=Anandan |first=‘Film News’ |publisher=Sivagami Publications |year=2004 |pages=738 |trans-title=Tamil Film History and Its Achievements |author-link=Film News Anandan}}</ref>

==Career==
Sekar was born in a Tamil family. His father K. P. Rudrapathy worked under director [[A. P. Nagarajan]].<ref name=vikatan/> Sekar started his career dubbing for child artists. He made his debut with the straight Tamil film ''[[Pavithra (film)|Pavithra]]'' (1994) lending his voice to actor [[Ajith Kumar]]'s character, in his second venture. His major break was with the ''[[Baahubali (franchise)]]'' lending his voice to actor [[Prabhas]] for the Amarendra Baahubali character. He also dubbed [[Vivek Oberoi]] for a film ''[[Vivegam]]''.<ref name=cinemaexpress/> His other major works include ''[[Kadhal Desam]]'', ''[[Ullam Ketkumae]]'' and ''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]''. He won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist]] for ''[[Malarinum Melliya]]'' (2011).<ref name=anandan/> He mainly dubs in Tamil and dubs Telugu, Hindi and English films, including the [[Marvel Comics Universe]] films ''[[Deadpool (film)|Deadpool (franchise)]]'', ''[[Ant-Man and the Wasp]]'', ''[[X-Men: First Class|X-Men: (franchise)]]'' for young [[Charles Xavier]] actor [[James McAvoy]]. He dubbed actor [[Ram Charan]]'s blockbuster Telugu Film ''[[Magadheera|Maaveeran]]'' to Tamil voice.<ref name="thehindu"/>

He dubbed a TV show in Tamil ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'' Season 2 by actor [[Shah Rukh Khan|Sharukh Khan]], the show telecast by [[Vijay TV]].<ref name=vikatan/> He has acted in a few Tamil films including ''[[Kodaikanal (film)|Kodaikanal]]'', ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]'', where he played police inspector and ''[[Adanga Maru]]''.<ref name=anandan/>

==Personal life==
Sekar is married to ''Gayathri'' and has two sons- ''Akshath Tej'' and ''Vilva''.<ref name=vikatan/>

==Filmography==
{{Incomplete list|date=May 2019}}

===As actor===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Kodaikanal (film)|Kodaikanal]]'' || Nandha ||
|-
| 2011 ||''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]'' ||News reporter || Uncredited role
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]'' || Police officer ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Adanga Maru]]'' || || Deleted scene<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211210/OABJNSJw0j4 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190106074230/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OABJNSJw0j4&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OABJNSJw0j4| title = Adanga Maru - Moviebuff Deleted Scene 02 {{!}} Jayam Ravi {{!}} Raashi Khanna {{!}} Karthik Thangavel | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Seeru]]'' || Kishore ||
|-
|}

==Dubbing roles==
{{Incomplete list|date=May 2019}}

===Tamil films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Actor !! Notes !! class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1994 || ''[[Pavithra (film)|Pavithra]]'' || Ashok || [[Ajith Kumar]] || ||
|-
|''[[Ilaignar Ani]]'' || ||Harish || ||
|-
| ''Ungal Anbu Thangachi'' || || [[Raja Ravindra]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1996 || ''[[Kadhal Desam]]'' || Karthik || [[Vineeth]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Chellakannu]]''|| || [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]] || ||
|-
| 1997 || [[Nandhini (film)|''Nandhini'']] || || [[Vineeth]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1999 || ''[[Kadhalar Dhinam]]'' || Raja || [[Kunal (actor)|Kunal]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Malabar Police]]'' || || [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] || ||
|-
|''[[Monisha En Monalisa]]'' || || Raman Trikha || ||
|-
|''[[Suyamvaram]]'' || ||Abbas || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2001 || ''[[Aanandham]]''|| || [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] || ||
|-
|''[[Kanna Unnai Thedukiren]]'' || || [[Sathyan Sivakumar|Sathyan]] || ||
|-
|''[[Shahjahan (film)|Shahjahan]]'' || ||[[Krishna (Malayalam actor)|Krishna]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2002 ||''[[Punnagai Desam]]'' || ||Kunal, [[Krishna (Malayalam actor)|Krishna]] || ||
|-
|''[[123 (film)|123]]'' || ||[[Raju Sundaram]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Virus]]'' || Deepak || [[Richard Rishi]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Varushamellam Vasantham]]'' || Ramesh || [[Kunal (actor)|Kunal]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Pesadha Kannum Pesume]]'' || Vikram || Kunal || ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Kirukkan]]'' || || Vineeth || ||
|-
| ''[[Arputham]]''|| || Kunal || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2003 || ''[[Banda Paramasivam]]'' || || [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Enakku 20 Unakku 18]]'' || Sridhar || [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]] || ||
|-
| [[Soori (2003 film)|''Soori'']] || Surya || [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Kurumbu]]''|| Ravi || [[Allari Naresh]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004 || ''[[Super Da]]'' || || Kunal || ||
|-
| [[Shock (2004 film)|''Shock'']] || || [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2005 || ''[[Sevvel]]''|| || [[Jai Akash]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Ullam Ketkumae]]'' || Shaam || [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] || ||
|-
| [[Chinna (2005 film)|''Chinna'']] || || [[Vikramaditya Shukla|Vikramaditya]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Bambara Kannaley]]'' || Gautham || [[Vikramaditya Shukla|Vikramaditya]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Vanakkam Thalaiva]]'' || || [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006 || ''[[47A Besant Nagar Varai]]'' || || [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Manathodu Mazhaikalam]]'' || || Shaam || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kadhal Seiveer]]'' || || Santosh || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''[[Nanbanin Kadhali]]'' || || [[Vikramaditya Shukla|Vikramaditya]] || ||
|-
|''[[Oru Ponnu Oru Paiyan]]'' || || Sandeep || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || [[Nepali (film)|''Nepali'']] || || [[Prem (actor)|Prem]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Malarinum Melliya]]'' || Elango || [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]] || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/awards/29-tn-govts-film-awards-to-karunanidhi-rajini.html|title=தமிழக அரசின் திரை விருதுகள் அறிவிப்பு|date=29 September 2009|accessdate=18 May 2018|language=Tamil|trans-title=Tamil Nadu Government announces the State Film Awards|publisher=filmibeat.com}}</ref>
|-
|2009||''[[TN 07 AL 4777]]''|| ||[[Ajmal Ameer]]|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''[[Pen Singam]]'' || || [[Uday Kiran]] || ||
|-
| [[Kutty (2010 film)|''Kutty'']] || || [[Sameer Dattani]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]'' || Major Raveendra || [[Nagarjuna Akkineni]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Kasethan Kadavulada]]'' || || Saran || ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Ninaithathu Yaaro]]'' || || Richard Rishi || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' || Amarendra Baahubali || [[Prabhas]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Vedalam]]'' || Abhinay || [[Kabir Duhan Singh]] || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Oru Melliya Kodu]]'' || || [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' || Amarendra Baahubali || Prabhas || ||
|-
| ''[[Vivegam]]'' || Aryan Singha || [[Vivek Oberoi]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || ''[[Sollividava]]''|| || [[Chandan Kumar]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhaskar Oru Rascal]]'' || Sanjay || [[Aftab Shivdasani]] || ||
|-
| 2019 ||''[[Kanchana 3]]'' || ||Kabir Duhan Singh || ||
|-
|}

===Tamil dubbed films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Actor !! class="unsoetable"|{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]]'' || Munna || [[Aamir Khan]] ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Rush Hour (1998 film)|Rush Hour]]'' || Lee || [[Chris Tucker]] ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Taal (film)|Thaalam]]'' || Manav Kumar Mehta || [[Akshaye Khanna]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001 || [[Devi Putrudu|''Paapa'']] || Balaram & Krishna || [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] ||
|-
| ''[[Prematho Raa|Kaadhal Galatta]]'' || Chandu || [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Swades|Desam]]'' || Mohan Bhargav || [[Shah Rukh Khan]] ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Mass (2004 film)|Veeran]]'' || Veeran/Ganesh || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Akkineni Nagarjuna]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007 || ''[[Rush Hour 2]]'' || Lee || [[Chris Tucker]] ||
|-
| ''[[Ranam (2006 film)|Stalin]]'' || Chinna || [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] ||
|-
| ''[[Don (2007 film)|Don]]'' || Surya aka Suri || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Akkineni Nagarjuna]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008 ||''[[King (2008 film)|Pudhukottai Azhagan]]'' || Raja Chandra Prathap Verma/Seenu/Sharath || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Akkineni Nagarjuna]] ||
|-
| ''[[Bedtime Stories (film)|Bedtime Stories]]'' || Skeeter Bronson || [[Adam Sandler]] ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Magadheera|Maaveeran]]'' || Harsha/Kala Bhairava || [[Ram Charan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]'' || [[Lakshmana]] || [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] ||Only for Tamil version
|-
| ''[[X-Men: First Class]]'' || [[Charles Xavier (film character)|Charles Xavier / Professor X]] || [[James McAvoy]] ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Businessman (film)|Businessman]]'' || Vijay Surya aka Surya Bhai || [[Mahesh Babu]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || [[Bejawada (film)|''Vikramdada'']] || Siva Krishna || [[Naga Chaitanya]] ||
|-
| ''[[Chennai Express]]'' || Rahul || [[Shah Rukh Khan]] || Dubbed for TV
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''[[X-Men: Days of Future Past]]'' || [[Charles Xavier (film character)|Charles Xavier / Professor X]] || [[James McAvoy]] ||
|-
| ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'' || Charlie || [[Shah Rukh Khan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015 || ''[[Ant-Man (film)|Ant-Man]]'' || [[Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Scott Lang / Ant-Man]] || [[Paul Rudd]] ||
|-
| [[Rudramadevi (film)|Rudramadevi]] || [[Gona Ganna Reddy]] || [[Allu Arjun]] ||
|-
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'' || [[Baji Rao I]] || [[Ranveer Singh]] ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2016 || ''[[The Angry Birds Movie]]'' || Red || [[Jason Sudeikis]] ||
|-
| ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'' || [[Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Scott Lang / Ant-Man]] || [[Paul Rudd]] ||
|-
| ''[[Deadpool (film)|Deadpool]]'' || [[Deadpool|Wade Willson / Deadpool]] || [[Ryan Reynolds]] ||
|-
| ''[[M. S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]'' || [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni|M. S. Dhoni]] || [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] ||
|-
| ''[[X-Men: Apocalypse]]'' || [[Charles Xavier (film character)|Charles Xavier / Professor X]] || [[James McAvoy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2018 ||''[[Mahanati|Nadigayar Thilagam]]'' || Vijay Anthony || [[Vijay Devarakonda]] ||
|-
| ''[[Ant-Man and the Wasp]]'' || [[Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Scott Lang / Ant-Man]] || [[Paul Rudd]] ||
|-
| ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]'' || Raja Krishnappa Bairya aka Rocky || [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] ||
|-
|''[[Naa Peru Surya|En Peyar Surya]]'' || Surya || [[Allu Arjun]] ||
|-
| ''[[Padmaavat]]'' || [[Alauddin Khalji]] || [[Ranveer Singh]] ||
|-
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2019 || ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' || [[Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Scott Lang / Ant-Man]] || [[Paul Rudd]] ||
|-
| ''[[The Angry Birds Movie 2]]'' || Red || [[Jason Sudeikis]] ||
|-
| ''[[Avane Srimannarayana]]'' || Inspector Narayanan || [[Rakshit Shetty]] ||
|-
| ''[[Dark Phoenix (film)|Dark Phoenix]]'' || [[Charles Xavier (film character)|Charles Xavier / Professor X]] || [[James McAvoy]] ||
|-
| ''[[Saaho]]'' || Siddhanth Nandan Saaho/Ashok Chakravarthy || [[Prabhas]] || lend voice only for Tamil version
|-
| ''[[Kurukshetra (2019 film)|Kurukshetram]]'' || [[Duryodhana]] || [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] ||
|-
|2020 ||''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramloo|Vaikunthapuram]]'' || Bantu || [[Allu Arjun]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2021 ||''[[Pogaru|Sema Thimiru]]'' || Shiva || [[Dhruv Sarja]] ||
|-
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' || Molleti Pushpa Raj || [[Allu Arjun]] ||
|-
|''[[83 (film)|83]]'' ||[[Kapil Dev]] || [[Ranveer Singh]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2022 ||''[[Radhe Shyam]]''|| Vikramaditya || [[Prabhas]] ||
|-
|''[[Acharya (2022 film)|Acharya]]'' || Siddha || [[Ram Charan]] ||
|-
|''[[K.G.F: Chapter 2]]'' || Raja Krishnappa Veeraiya aka Rocky || [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] ||
|-
|''[[777 Charlie]]'' || Dharma/Dharmaraj Dattana || [[Rakshit Shetty]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2023 || ||
|-
| ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' || Vikram Rathore & Azad Rathore [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] || [[Shah Rukh Khan]] ||
|-
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
|Molletti Pushpa Raj
|[[Allu Arjun]]
|
|}

===Tamil dubbed TV series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Series !! Role !! class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'' - Season 3 || [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]] ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Dragon Ball Z]]'' || Zordan ||
|-
| 2011–2014 || ''[[Best of Luck Nikki]]'' || Avatar Singh ||
|}

== Dubbing Director ==
Sekar has also scripted for different audiences (from other languages to Tamil). He has completed over 2000 movies, and 7000 hours of content for various movies and television

shows, both animated and live action. Shekar is known for his specialty to write for historical and mythological content like [[Jai Veer Hanuman|Jai Veera Hanuman]] (Jaya TV), Shirdi Sai Baba (Vijay TV), [[Ramayan (2008 TV series)|Ramayan]] (Sun TV), and Mahabharat (Doordarshan).

=== Films for Theatre Release ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Aired on
|-
|2006
|''[[The Da Vinci Code (film)|The Da Vinci Code]]''
| rowspan="4" |Theatre Release
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|''[[Ice Age: Collision Course]]''
|-
|''[[Ben-Hur (2016 film)|Ben-Hur]]''
|-
|''[[The Angry Birds Movie]]''
|}

=== Shows ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Series
!Aired on
|-
|''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]''
|Vijay TV
|-
|''[[Best of Luck Nikki]]''
|Disney Channel
|-
|''[[Hairy Bikers (American TV series)|Hairy Bikers]]''
|History Channel
|-
|[[Mann Vasanai (TV series)|''Mann Vasanai ( Balika Vadhu)'']]
|Raj TV
|-
|''[[The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir]]''
|Disney Channel
|-
|''Hong Kong Disneyland Special''
|Disney Channel
|-
|[[Chanakya (TV series)|''Dr. Chandraprakash Dwivedi's Chanakya'']]
|Jaya TV
|-
|[[Jai Veer Hanuman|''Jai Veera Hanuman'']]
|Jaya TV
|-
|''Shirdi Sai Baba''
|Vijay TV
|-
|[[Ramayan (2008 TV series)|''Ramayan'']]
|Sun TV
|-
|[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|''Mahabharat'']]
|Doordarshan
|-
|[[Vishnu Puran (TV series)|''Vishnu Puran'']]
|Doorsarshan
|-
|''Akbar The Great''
|Doordarshan
|-
|''[[Dekh Bhai Dekh]]''
|Doorsarshan
|-
|''Vansh''
|Doorsarshan
|-
|''Padosan''
|Doordarshan
|-
|''[[Shaktimaan]]''
|Doorsarshan
|-
|''Aurath''
|Doordarshan
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sekar, K. P.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian voice actors]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]

Chaturshringi Temple

2025-12-16T06:34:41Z

Davidxbr: reworked intro additionally and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Chattushringi Temple Chattushringi Temple
| image = Chaturshringi-TempleGates.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Maharashtra
| map_caption = Location in [[Maharashtra]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|18|32|20.36|N|73|49|41.60|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = श्री चतु:र्श्रुंगी देवस्थान
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| location = Senapati Bapat Road, [[Pune]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Goddess Chattushringi]]
| festivals= [[Navratri]]
| architecture = West Indian
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = During [[Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]]'s reign
| creator = Durlabhsheth Pitambardas Mahajan
| website = http://www.chattushringidevasthanpune.org
}}
The '''Chattushringi'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chattushringidevasthanpune.org|title=Website of Chattushringi Devi Mandir|date=n.d.|website=chattushringidevasthanpune.org|access-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> '''Temple''' also spelt as '''Chattushrungi Temple''' is a [[List of Hindu temples in India|Hindu temple]] in the city of [[Pune]] in [[Maharashtra]] state of [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/pune/places-of-interest/religious-places/chaturshringi-temple.html|title=Chaturshringi Temple|location=Pune|date=May 2013|access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> The temple is located on the slope of [[Chaturshringi Hill|a hill]] on Senapati Bapat Road.<ref name="IE"/> It is said to have been built during the reign of the [[Maratha]] king [[Shivaji]]. The temple is looked after by Chattushringi Devasthan (Temple) trustees.

Chattushringi (Chattu means four) is ''a mountain with four peaks''. The Chattushringi temple is {{convert|90|ft}} high and {{convert|125|ft}} wide and is a symbol of power and faith. One has to climb more than 200 steps to reach the shrine of Goddess [[Chaturshringi|Chattushringi]]. In the temple premises there are also temples of [[Durga|Goddess Durga]] and [[Lord Ganesh]]. This includes eight miniature idols of [[Ashtavinayaka]]. These small temples are located on the four separate hillocks.<ref name="IE">{{cite news |last= Hebbar|first= Prajakta|date=30 September 2013|title=Know Your City: Chaturshringi Temple|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/know-your-city-chaturshringi-temple/|newspaper=Indian Express }}</ref>

==Legend==

The legend associated with the temple is that, once there was a rich and prosperous merchant named Durlabhsheth Pitambardas Mahajan who was an ardent believer of Goddess Saptashrungi Devi and visited Vani every now and then. But as he grew older, he could no longer travel and this hindered him from visiting the temple and it bought him sorrow in his heart, he prayed Saptashrungi Devi with tears and then one night the Goddess Saptashrungi Devi appeared in his dream and told him, "if you can not come to me, I will come to you & stay near you." She told him to come to a mountain situated in the North-West of Pune & dig there. The place as described by the goddess was traced out and a miracle happened as he found a natural statue of the goddess (swayambhu devi). He constructed the temple at that place and this is the same temple which was renovated from time to time, which is the present temple.<ref name="Punekar">{{cite news |last= Burange|first= Yashodhaan|date=30 July 2018|title=Pune's Chaturshringi Temple – The Story and Myth|url=https://thepunekar.com/2018/07/punes-chaturshringi-temple-the-story-and-myth/|newspaper=Punekar}}</ref>

==Deity==

The presiding deity of the temple is '''Goddess Chattushringi''', also known as '''Goddess Ambareshwari'''. She is also considered as the presiding deity of the city of [[Pune]]. The temple is maintained by the Chattushringi Devasthan Trust. Every year a fair is held at the foothills on the eve of [[Navratri]]. Thousands of people gather to worship the Goddess Chattushringi.<ref name="IE"/>

==See also==
*[[List of Hindu temples in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.chattushringidevasthanpune.org/ Chattushringi Devasthan, Pune]

{{Pune topics}}
{{Hindu temples in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Pune]]
[[Category:Shakti temples]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Shivaji]]

{{india-hindu-temple-stub}}

Graceful leaf-toed gecko

2025-12-16T04:00:40Z

Davidxbr: new new details more to come

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Graceful Leaf-toed Gecko
| image = Hemidactylus_gracilis.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Srinivasulu, C. |author2=Srinivasulu, B. |date=2013 |title=''Hemidactylus gracilis'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T194108A2299467 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T194108A2299467.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Hemidactylus
| species = gracilis
| authority = [[William Thomas Blanford|Blanford]], 1870
}}

The '''graceful leaf-toed gecko''' ('''''Hemidactylus gracilis''''') is a species of small-sized [[gecko]] found in [[India]]. The [[holotype]] was described in [[British India]] in Berar (what is now [[Amravati]]).

==Description==
The head is narrow and elongated, with the snout a little longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-opening. The forehead is not concave, the ear-opening is small and roundish. The body and limbs are slender.

The snout has polygonal rugose scales, the back of the head has small granules.

The body is covered above with coarse granules intermixed with oval, subtrihedral, strongly keeled tubercles arranged in about twelve irregular longitudinal series. Abdominal scales are large.

The tail is round, but slightly depressed at the base and not at all further back, tapering, without any enlarged or spinose tubercles whatever. Grey above, with subquadrangular black spots arranged in longitudinal series. There is a black streak white-edged above on the side of the head, passing through the eye; whitish beneath, with or without longitudinal grey lines.<ref>Boulenger, G. A. (1890) Fauna of British India. Reptilia and Batrachia.</ref>

Type locality: southeastern Berar and Reipur, Central Provinces.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
* Annandale, Nelson 1912 Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911–1912. Rec. Indian Mus., Calcutta, 8 (1): 7-59 [Reptilia, pages 37–59] (supplement in same journal, 8 (4): 357–358, 1914).
* Blanford, W.T. 1870 Notes on some Reptilia and Amphibia from Central India. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 39: 335-376

==External links==
* {{NRDB species|genus=Hemidactylus|species=gracilis}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3010318}}

[[Category:Hemidactylus]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1870]]
[[Category:Taxa named by William Thomas Blanford]]

{{Hemidactylus-stub}}

Bangalore Rural District

2025-10-31T13:08:37Z

Davidxbr: created some place needs work - done

#REDIRECT [[Bengaluru North district]] {{R from other capitalisation}}

T. S. Thakur

2025-10-14T13:52:34Z

Davidxbr:

{{short description|43rd Chief Justice of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Judge
| name = Tirath Singh Thakur
| image = Justice T. S. Thakur.jpg
| caption = Justice T. S. Thakur
| order = 43rd
| office = Chief Justice of India
| term_start = 3 December 2015
| term_end = 4 January 2017
| appointer = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| predecessor = [[H. L. Dattu]]
| successor = [[Jagdish Singh Khehar]]
| office2 = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start2 = 17 November 2009
| term_end2 = 2 December 2015
| appointer2 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| office3 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Punjab and Haryana High Court|28th Chief Justice]] of the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
| term_start3 = 11 August 2008
| term_end3 = 16 November 2009
| appointer3 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| predecessor3 = Vijender Jain
| successor3 = [[Mukul Mudgal]]
| office4 = Judge of the [[Delhi High Court]]
| term_start4 = 9 July 2004
| term_end4 = 10 August 2008
| appointer4 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| nominator4 = [[Ramesh Chandra Lahoti]]
| office5 = Judge of the [[Karnataka High Court]]
| term_start5 = 5 March 1994
| term_end5 = 8 July 2004
| appointer5 = [[ Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
| nominator5 = [[M. N. Venkatachaliah]]
| office6 = Judge of the [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]]
| term_start6 = 16 February 1994
| term_end6 = 4 March 1994
| appointer6 = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
| nominator6 = [[M. N. Venkatachaliah]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|1|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pogal Paristan]] [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| education = [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]], [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]
| signature =
| website = {{URL|http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/sjud/tsthakur.htm|Supreme Court of India}}
| footnotes =
| nominator1 =
| nominator2 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| nominator3 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| alma_mater = [[Jammu University]], [[Govt. Gandhi Memorial Science College]]
| parents = [[Devi Das Thakur]]
| relations = [[Dhiraj Singh Thakur]] (Brother)
}}
'''Tirath Singh Thakur''' (born 4 January 1952) is an Indian jurist who served as the 43rd [[Chief Justice of India]] (CJI) from 3 December 2015 to 4 January 2017. Before being elevated to the Supreme Court, he served as the [[Chief Justice]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] from August 2008 to November 2009 .He has also served as a senior judge in [[Karnataka High Court]] from March 1994 to July 2004 and [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]] from February to March 1994.

== Early life and education ==
Thakur graduated from [[Govt. Gandhi Memorial Science College]] and completed law from Department of Law [[University of Jammu|Jammu University]].

== Career ==
Tirath Singh Thakur enrolled as a pleader in October 1972 and joined the chamber of his father Late Shri [[Devi Das Thakur]], former governor of Assam a leading advocate and later, a judge of High Court of J & K.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2021-12-09 |title=Tribute to D D Thakur |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/tribute-to-d-d-thakur/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref> Justice T. S. Thakur practised in civil, criminal, constitutional, taxation and service matters in the High Court of Jammu & Kashmir.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

He was designated as a senior advocate in 1990. He was appointed an additional judge of the High Court of J & K on 16 February 1994 and transferred as judge of the High Court of Karnataka in March 1994. He was appointed a permanent judge in September 1995. He was transferred as a judge of the High Court of Delhi in July 2004.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

He was appointed acting chief justice of the Delhi High Court on 9 April 2008 and took over as the chief justice of the High Court of Punjab and Haryana on 11 August 2008. He was elevated as a judge of the Supreme Court and assumed charge on 17 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/sjud/tsthakur.htm|title=Chief Justice of India & Sitting Hon'ble Judges Justice T.S. Thakur|publisher=Supreme Court of India portal}}</ref>

His brother [[Dhiraj Singh Thakur]] is also a judge and currently serving as Chief Justice of [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ridhi |date=2023-08-01 |title=Know Thy Judge {{!}} Justice Dhiraj Singh Thakur: 5th Chief Justice of Andhra Pradesh High Court |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/08/01/know-your-judge-andhra-pradesh-high-court-chief-justice-dhiraj-singh-thakur/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Chief Justice of India===
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee administering the oath of office of Chief Justice of India to Shri Justice Tirath Singh Thakur, at a Swearing in Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on December 03, 2015.jpg|thumb|left|President Pranab Mukherjee administering the oath of office of Chief Justice of India to Justice Thakur, at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], in New Delhi on 3 December 2015]]
He was appointed Chief Justice of India on 18 November 2015 assuming office on 3 December 2015,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/T-S-Thakur-appointed-next-Chief-Justice-of-India-to-take-over-on-Dec-3/articleshow/49839116.cms?u|title=TS Thakur to be next Chief Justice of India | India News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 November 2015 }}</ref> succeeding Justice [[H. L. Dattu]] who retired as CJI on 2 December 2015, on turning 65 years of age. He was sworn in by President Pranab Mukherjee.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 December 2015 |title=Justice TS Thakur sworn in as Chief Justice of India |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/justice-ts-thakur-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-india/articleshow/50022544.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> He retired on 4 January 2017 after reaching age 65 and was succeeded by the country's first Chief Justice of India from [[Sikh community]] [[Jagdish Singh Khehar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Misra |first=Vasudha |date=2017-01-03 |title=CJI TS Thakur retires, India to get first CJI from the Sikh community |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/cji-ts-thakur-retires-india-get-first-cji-sikh-community |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2016, he lamented the inaction by the government in increasing the number of judges.<ref>{{cite news|title=An overworked Chief Justice TS Thakur breaks down in front of PM Modi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/An-overworked-Chief-Justice-TS-Thakur-breaks-down-in-front-of-PM-Modi/articleshow/51964732.cms|accessdate=21 May 2016|work=TNN & Agencies|date=24 Apr 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Overburdened yet overactive, India's courts are failing to do justice|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21699156-overburdened-yet-overactive-indias-courts-are-failing-do-justice-dropping-scales|accessdate=20 May 2016|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=20 May 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chief Justices of India}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, T. S.}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Chief justices of India]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Delhi High Court]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Firstpost

2025-10-08T09:16:34Z

Davidxbr: enhance content for clarity and improved wording after review

{{short description|Indian news organisation}}{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{undue weight|date=September 2025}}{{synthesis|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox publisher
| name = Firstpost
| image = Firstpost.com Logo.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| image_size = 180
| parent = [[Network18 Group]]
| status = Live
| traded_as =
| predecessor =
| founded = {{Start date and age|2011|05|09|df=y}}
| founder = 
| successor =
| country = India
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], India
| distribution =
| keypeople = Palki Sharma {{small|(managing editor)}}
| publications =
| topics =
| genre =
| imprints =
| revenue =
| owner =
| numemployees =
| website = {{URL|firstpost.com}}
}}

'''Firstpost''' is an Indian news website owned by [[Network18 Group]], which also runs [[CNN-News18]] and [[CNBC TV18]].<ref name="Chatterjee">{{cite web | last=Chatterjee | first=Swasti | title=News18, Firstpost Tweet Old Video of Waterspout as Cyclone Nisarga | website=BOOM | date=3 June 2020 | url=https://www.boomlive.in/fake-news/news18-firstpost-tweet-old-video-of-waterspout-as-cyclone-nisarga-8354 | access-date=10 July 2023 | archive-date=11 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711134204/https://www.boomlive.in/fake-news/news18-firstpost-tweet-old-video-of-waterspout-as-cyclone-nisarga-8354 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Alt News">{{cite web | title=Media misreport: Viral photo of grave with iron grille is from Hyderabad, not Pakistan | website=Alt News | date=30 April 2023 | url=https://www.altnews.in/media-misreport-viral-photo-of-grave-with-iron-grille-is-from-hyderabad-not-pakistan/ | access-date=10 July 2023 | archive-date=18 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718011006/https://www.altnews.in/media-misreport-viral-photo-of-grave-with-iron-grille-is-from-hyderabad-not-pakistan/ | url-status=live }}</ref> It has posted misinformation on multiple occasions.<ref name="Chatterjee"/><ref name="Alt News"/>

The Network 18 group was originally owned by [[Raghav Bahl]]. In January 2012, the group received an investment from [[Mukesh Ambani]]'s [[Reliance Industries]] through a rights issue of up to {{currency|27 billion|INR}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reliance enters media by opening purse strings for Network18|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/reliance-enters-media-by-opening-pursestrings-for-network18/|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=11 January 2014|date=4 January 2012|archive-date=12 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112080432/http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/reliance-enters-media-by-opening-pursestrings-for-network18/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
Firstpost began in 2011 as an online news portal of Network18.<ref name="Jha 2019"/> In May 2013, the news group was merged with the Indian edition of ''[[Forbes India]]'' whose four top editorial heads, including editor in chief Indrajit Gupta, were dismissed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/forbes-india-editors-sacked-for-demanding-stock-ownership/article4795699.ece|title='Forbes India' editors sacked for demanding stock ownership|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 January 2014|date=9 June 2013|last1=Menon|first1=Meena|archive-date=6 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106170909/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/forbes-india-editors-sacked-for-demanding-stock-ownership/article4795699.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/special/why-forbes-editors-in-india-were-sacked/20130614.htm|title=Why Forbes' editors in India were sacked|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=11 January 2014|archive-date=11 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111154924/http://www.rediff.com/business/special/why-forbes-editors-in-india-were-sacked/20130614.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The event led to a media furor.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/no-country-for-good-journalists-113111600236_1.html|title=No country for good journalists?|date=16 November 2013|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=20 February 2014|last1=Aravind|first1=Indulekha|archive-date=26 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226111443/http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/no-country-for-good-journalists-113111600236_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Thereafter on 31 May 2013, Firstpost took over a satirical website [[Faking News|Fakingnews.com]] for an undisclosed amount.<ref>{{cite news |title=Firstpost buys current affairs satire portal FakingNews.com |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/firstpost-buys-current-affairs-satire-portal-fakingnews-com/story-wdMGZAVsDc1C2o1CBpBycJ.html |access-date=26 August 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=31 May 2013 |language=en |archive-date=7 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207073051/https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/firstpost-buys-current-affairs-satire-portal-fakingnews-com/story-wdMGZAVsDc1C2o1CBpBycJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Scroll.in]], "Network18, with its online outlet ''FirstPost'', famously lost its primetime anchors in 2014 because of a [[diktat]] against criticising [[Narendra Modi|Modi]]."<ref name="Venkataramakrishnan 2016">{{cite news |last1=Venkataramakrishnan |first1=Rohan |title=Vadra investigation: Congress attacks NDTV as FirstPost gets praise – what's going on? |url=https://scroll.in/article/809264/vadra-investigation-congress-attacks-ndtv-as-firstpost-gets-praise-whats-going-on |access-date=8 July 2023 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=3 June 2016 |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708145313/https://scroll.in/article/809264/vadra-investigation-congress-attacks-ndtv-as-firstpost-gets-praise-whats-going-on |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2015, ''[[The Caravan]]'' reported on censorship in Firstpost over criticism of political leaders such as [[Arun Jaitley]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dev |first=Atul |title=Why is Firstpost Being Asked to Refrain from Criticising Three Top Leaders from the BJP? |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/why-firstpost-being-asked-refrain-criticising-three-top-leaders-bjp |date=15 August 2015 |website=The Caravan |language=en |access-date=8 July 2023 |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708145016/https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/why-firstpost-being-asked-refrain-criticising-three-top-leaders-bjp |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2019, a weekly English-language print edition of ''Firstpost'' began,<ref name="Jha 2019">{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Lata |title=Firstpost newspaper targeted at niche, discerning audiences |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/firstpost-newspaper-targeted-at-niche-discerning-audiences-1548230093820.html |access-date=8 July 2023 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=23 January 2019 |language=en |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708150008/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/firstpost-newspaper-targeted-at-niche-discerning-audiences-1548230093820.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sirur |first1=Simrin |last2=Bajpai |first2=Shailaja |last3=Choudhary |first3=Ratnadeep |title=Making news — Zee's financial woes, Firstpost launch and BJP's WhatsApp 'fake news' |url=https://theprint.in/plugged-in/making-news-zees-financial-woes-firstpost-launch-and-bjps-whatsapp-fake-news/184231/ |access-date=8 July 2023 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=28 January 2019 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023172707/https://theprint.in/plugged-in/making-news-zees-financial-woes-firstpost-launch-and-bjps-whatsapp-fake-news/184231/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and then ended in June 2019, with publication of ''Firstpost'' continuing online.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Lata |title=Network18 suspends publication of Firstpost newspaper |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/network18-suspends-the-publication-of-firstpost-newspaper-1559813616620.html |access-date=8 July 2023 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=6 June 2019 |language=en |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708144638/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/network18-suspends-the-publication-of-firstpost-newspaper-1559813616620.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As of April 2020, Jaideep Giridhar is the executive editor of ''Firstpost'' in [[Mumbai]], while Sanjay Singh is the deputy executive editor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/about-firstpost|title=About Firstpost - Firstpost|website=Firstpost|access-date=31 August 2018|archive-date=31 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831141222/https://www.firstpost.com/about-firstpost|url-status=live}}</ref> On 26 January 2023, the prime-time show ''Vantage'' was launched, hosted by managing editor Palki Sharma Upadhyay, formerly of [[WION]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Srikanth |first1=Swarna |title=Palki Sharma's Vantage - Changing geopolitical landscape through the Indian lens |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/fpj-exclusive-palki-sharmas-vantage-changing-geopolitical-landscape-through-the-indian-lens |website=[[Free Press Journal]] |access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref>

Fact-checkers have found Firstpost to have posted incorrect information on multiple occasions. In 2023, it misreported a photo of a grave with an iron grille as having been taken in Pakistan, even though the grave was actually located in Hyderabad, India.<ref name="Alt News"/> In 2023, it falsely reported that [[Atiq Ahmed]]'s vote had 'saved' the [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|United Progressive Alliance government in 2008]].<ref name="Varma">{{cite web | last=Varma | first=Aishwarya | title=Fact-check: Did Atiq Ahmed's Vote 'Save the Upa Govt' in the 2008 Trust Vote? | website=TheQuint | date=18 April 2023 | url=https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/atiq-ahmed-saved-upa-government-fact-check | access-date=10 July 2023 | archive-date=11 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711134202/https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/atiq-ahmed-saved-upa-government-fact-check | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Chatterjee"/> In 2025, it passed off an unrelated image from a 2021 video as being that of the perpetrator of the [[2025 Pahalgam attack]].<ref name="x955">{{cite web | last=Majumder | first=Shinjinee | title=Kashmir Terror Attack: Media outlets use screengrab from 2021 video, claim it shows terrorist from Pahalgam incident | website=Alt News | date=2025-04-24 | url=https://www.altnews.in/kashmir-terror-attack-media-outlets-use-screengrab-from-2021-video-claim-it-shows-terrorist-from-pahalgam-incident/ | access-date=2025-05-12 | archive-date=21 May 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521234824/https://www.altnews.in/kashmir-terror-attack-media-outlets-use-screengrab-from-2021-video-claim-it-shows-terrorist-from-pahalgam-incident/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|firstpost.com}}

{{Network 18}}
{{Media of India}}

[[Category:2011 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Conservatism in India]]
[[Category:Conservative websites]]
[[Category:Godi media]]
[[Category:Indian news websites]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2011]]
[[Category:Mass media in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Network18 Group]]
[[Category:New media]]
[[Category:Right-wing politics in India]]

Ngwalwa Village

2025-09-20T03:56:37Z

Davidxbr: location

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ngwalwa Village
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.663770|N|93.786668|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Peren district|Peren]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Administrative divisions of India#Sub-districts|Circle]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pedi (Ngwalwa)]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1020
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 268295
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ngwalwa Village''' is a village in the [[Peren district]] of [[Nagaland]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Pedi (Ngwalwa)]] [[Administrative divisions of India#Sub-districts|Circle]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Nagaland.pdf |title=Nagaland revenue village directory |access-date=22 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054733/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Nagaland.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Early history ==

The early history of Ngwalwa is traced back to Gaili Namdi days.

Ngwalwa Village was founded by Peirieng (Haume).

After the formation of Village, Haikube (Heuna) of Gaili, who was on his way to settle at Heralwa; was invited by his uncles and elders of Ngwalwa Village in order to complete the rituals.

Haikube then settled down at Ngwalwa Village and he was given a land, and it is called as Haikululwa till today.

 
== Location ==
Ngwalwa shares its land boundary with the following villages [[Ndunglwa]], [[Mhaidungki|Dungki]], [[Benreu]], [[Gaili]] of [[Peren district|Peren]] district and [[Ruzaphema]]. The present Ngwalwa Village is a gateway for many Zeliangrong villages. It is 18 km away from [[Jalukie]] Town, 36 km from the commercial town [[Dimapur]] and around 70 km from the state capital [[Kohima]].

== Demographics ==

Apart from the original inhabitants the people permanently residing in Ngwalwa are influx mostly from [[Zeme people|Zeme]] villages like [[Benreu]], [[Poilwa]] and [[Ze, India|Ze]], plus a small number of [[Tenyimi]] tribes.

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Ngwalwa Village has 1020 people in 289 households (excluding [[Ngwalwa HQ|Ngwalwa Town]] and [[Heningkunglwa]] Village, in Ngwalwa). The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 80.41%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1311_PART_B_DCHB_PEREN.pdf |title=District Census Handbook - Peren |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Nagaland |access-date=2015-07-22 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1020 || 516 || 504
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 152 || 78 || 74
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 953 || 480 || 473
|-
| Literates || 698 || 367 || 331
|-
| Workers (all) || 846 || 428 || 418
|-
| Main workers (total) || 130 || 102 || 28
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 72 || 62 || 10
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 56 || 38 || 18
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 716 || 326 || 390
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 422 || 181 || 241
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 6 || 2 || 4
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 286 || 142 || 144
|-
| Non-workers || 174 || 88 || 86
|}

== Culture and religion ==
The [[British Empire|British]] and the Indian Officers addressed the people of Ngwalwa as [[Golomi]] in their written records. The people of Ngwalwa are [[Hill tribes of Northeast India|hill people]] depending basically on cultivation and livestock-rearing. According to myth, they are brave, courageous and powerful warriors. It is believed that they caught the tiger alive, stopped the jungle wildfires and floods with their mighty strength.

The people of Ngwalwa recently adopted [[Christianity]]. They are mostly of [[Baptist]] denomination and a minute of [[Christian revival]], [[Pentecostal]] denominations.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Peren district}}

[[Category:Villages in Pedi (Ngwalwa) Circle]]

Bureau of Civil Aviation Security

2025-07-31T18:49:48Z

Davidxbr: slightly corrected section for accuracy also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian government agency}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Bureau of Civil Aviation Security
| logo =
| logo_size = 350px
| logo_caption = Bureau of Civil Aviation Security
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| parent_department = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]]
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
The '''Bureau of Civil Aviation Security''' ('''BCAS''') is an attached office of the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)]]. It is the [[Regulatory agency|regulatory authority]] for civil aviation security in [[India]]. It is headed by an officer of the rank of [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] (DGP) and is designated as Director General of Bureau of Civil Aviation Security. The Director General, BCAS is the appropriate authority for implementation of Annexure 17(Security: Safeguarding International Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful Interference) to [[Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation|Chicago convention]] of [[International Civil Aviation Organization]]. The '''Director General, BCAS''' is responsible for the development, implementation and maintenance of the National Civil Aviation Security Programme.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bcasindia.nic.in/aboutus/aboutus.html |title=About BCAS |access-date=16 March 2014 |archive-date=10 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410151435/http://www.bcasindia.nic.in/aboutus/aboutus.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
The BCAS was initially set up as a Cell in the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation(DGCA)]] in January 1978 on the recommendation of the Pande Committee constituted in the wake of the hijacking of the Indian Airlines flight on [[List of hijackings of Indian aeroplanes|10 September 1976]]. The role of the Cell was to coordinate, inspect, monitor and train personnel in Civil Aviation Security matters.

The BCAS was reorganized into an independent department in April , 1987 under the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] as a sequel to the [[Air India Flight 182|Kanishka Tragedy]] in June 1985. The main responsibility of BCAS is to lay down standards and measures in respect of security of civil flights at International and domestic airports in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bcasindia.nic.in/aboutus/aboutus.html |title=About BCAS |access-date=16 March 2014 |archive-date=10 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410151435/http://www.bcasindia.nic.in/aboutus/aboutus.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The office of BCAS headquarter is located at "A" Wing, I-III floor, Janpath Bhawan, Janpath, [[New Delhi]]. The agency has twenty regional offices, located at various airports i.e. Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Bengaluru, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Chennai, Delhi, Dehradun, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Imphal, Jaipur, Kochi, Kolkata, Lucknow, Mumbai, Patna, Raipur, Ranchi and Srinagar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bureau of Civil Aviation Security|url=https://bcasindia.gov.in/#!/contactusreg|access-date=2021-01-28|website=bcasindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Director General ==
Rajesh Nirwan, a 1992 batch IPS officer of [[Rajasthan]] cadre, has been appointed as the Director General of Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS) in the Ministry of Civil Aviation. BCAS is a wing of the Civil Aviation Ministry looking after civil aviation security. His appointment was cleared by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet headed by the Prime Minister.

== See also ==
* [[Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (India)]]
* [[Airline codes]]
* [[Airports Authority of India]]
* [[Aviation safety]]
* [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)]]
* [[International Civil Aviation Organization]]
* [[Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bcasindia.nic.in Bureau of Civil Aviation Security]
* [http://www.bcasindia.nic.in/hindiwelcome.html Bureau of Civil Aviation Security] {{in lang|hi}}

{{Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)]]
[[Category:Aviation security]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1976]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in India]]

Lapung

2025-07-31T05:18:44Z

Davidxbr: New a entry

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lapung
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.1126|N|84.9423|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 903
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Lapung block#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835204
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 06522
| registration_plate = JH 01
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 70.80%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Mandar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandar]]
| website = {{URL|ranchi.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Lapung''' is a village in the [[Lapung block|Lapung]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Ranchi Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Ranchi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|23|23|0|N|85|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Ranchi district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, T: tourist centre, D: dam, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|24|26|N|85|29|6|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Angara | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Angara, Jharkhand]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|32|53|N|84|55|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Balsokra| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Balsokra]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|18|5|N|85|0|56|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bero| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bero, India]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|34|28|N|85|7|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Burmu| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Burmu]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|30|44|N|84|58|35|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Chanho| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Chanho]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|34|43|N|85|31|2|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chutupalu| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Chutupalu]] (R)
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|mark-coord25={{coord|23|41|55|N|85|1|11|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Churi | numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Churi]] (CT) |shape-color25= #A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|27|46|N|85|26|32|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Irba | numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Irba]] (CT) |shape-color26= #A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|26|8|N|85|18|20|E}} | label-pos27=bottom|label27= Kanke | numbered27=CT| mark-title27=[[Kanke]] (CT) |shape-color27= #A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|38|10|N|84|59|0|E}} | label-pos28=bottom|label28= Khelari | numbered28=CT| mark-title28=[[Khelari]] (CT) |shape-color28= #A40000
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|mark-coord30={{coord|23|19|50|N|85|22|36|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Namkum | numbered30=N| mark-title30=[[Namkum, Ranchi]] (N) |shape-color30=#C42222
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|mark-coord44={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|9|0|E}} |label44= Damodar |labela44= River |label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44= 0| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|mark-coord45={{coord|23|24|0|N|84|55|0|E}} |label45= Koel |labela45= River |label-color45 = #77A1CB| label-angle45= 0| label-pos45=top| label-size45=10| mark-size45=0| mark-title45 =none
|mark-coord46={{coord|23|38|20|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos46=right|label46=CCL North|labela46= Karanpura Area |numbered46=0 | mark-title46=[[North Karanpura Area]] | label-size46=12| shape-color46=#AA6666
|mark-coord47={{coord|23|23|18|N|84|57|45|E}} | label-pos47=left|label47= Narkopi| numbered47=R| mark-title47=[[Narkopi]] (R)
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|arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|10|N|85|57|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-95| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
Lapung is located at {{coord|23.1126|N|84.9423|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Ranchi plateau]], most of it at an average elevation of 2,140 feet above sea level. Only a small part in the north-eastern part of the district is the lower Ranchi plateau, spread over [[Silli block|Silli]], [[Rahe block|Rahe]], [[Sonahatu block|Sonahatu]] and [[Tamar block|Tamar]] CD blocks, at an elevation of 500 to 1,000 feet above sea level. There is a 16 km long ridge south-west of Ranchi. There are isolated hills in the central plateau. The principal river of the district, the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], originates near [[Ratu, Ranchi|Ratu]], flows in an easterly direction and descends from the plateau, with a drop of about 300 feet at [[Hundru Falls]]. Subarnarekha and other important rivers are marked on the map. The forested area is shaded in the map.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> A major part of the [[North Karanpura Area]] and some fringe areas of the [[Piparwar Area]] of the [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]], both located in the [[North Karanpura Coalfield]], are in Ranchi district.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php | title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – North Karanpura |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/pprwr.php| title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – Piparwar |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref> There has been extensive industrial activity in Ranchi district, since independence.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 14: Industry |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> Ranchi district is the first in the state in terms of population. 8.83% of the total population of the state lives in this district - 56.9% is rural population and 43.1% is urban population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
There is a police station at Lapung.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi| title = District Police Profile - Ranchi| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 7 September 2021| archive-date = 8 September 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210908124539/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Lapung CD block are located at Lapung.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Ranchi district on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Lapung had a total population of 903, of which 460 (51%) were males and 443 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 136. The total number of literate persons in Lapung was 543 (70.80% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2019_PART_B_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi , Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 374411, page 280-281|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
[[Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya]] is a Hindi-medium girls only institution established in 2006. It has facilities for teaching from class VI to class XII. It has a playground, a library with 250 books and has 5 computers for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20140504505/kgbv-lapung.html | title = KGBV Lapung | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

Model School Lapung is a government run English-medium coeducational institution established at Garai in 2010. It has facilities for teaching from class VI to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20140502503/model-school-lapung.html | title = Model School Lapung| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Ranchi district]]

Balvir Singh Luthra

2025-07-30T03:39:34Z

Davidxbr: Enhanced content and organization

{{short description|Indian politician and farmer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
'''Balvir Singh Luthra''' is an Indian politician from [[Rajasthan]]. He is a former member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from [[Raisinghnagar Assembly constituency]] . He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

== Early life and education ==
Luthra was born in [[Sri Ganganagar]] in 1962. In 1984, he graduated from the [[University of Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Balveer Singh Luthra (BJP){{!}}Member of Legislative Assembly {{!}}Raisanghnagar,Ganganagar|url=https://myrajneta.com/profile/Balveer-Singh-Luthra|access-date=2021-01-28|website=myrajneta.com}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Balveer Singh Luthra (Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)): Constituency- RAISINGHNAGAR (SC) (GANGANAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/rajasthan2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=2308|access-date=2021-01-28|website=myneta.info}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Luthra, Balvir Singh}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:University of Rajasthan alumni]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:People from Anupgarh district]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}